Managing References - Research Design Service Yorkshire and the
Contents
1. Electronic Reference Management Software At the time of writing there are three major software packages namely e Reference Manager e EndNote e Procite Table 1 provides corresponding URLs Uniform Resource Locators commonly referred to as Web addresses for each of these packages Table 1 The four major electronic reference management software packages The NIHR RDS for the East Midlands Yorkshire amp the Humber 2009 14 MANAGING REFERENCES Software Package URL Reference Manager EndNote Procite http www refman com http www endnote com http www procite com Table 2 Other electronic reference management software packages Software Package URL Biblioscape GetARef Library Master Nota Bene SquareNote Papyrus http www biblioscape com http www getaref com index_en htm http www balboa software com http www notabene com http sqn com sqn5 html htto www researchsoftwaredesign com NB SquareNote and Papyrus are available to download free Compatibility It is important to make sure that everyone who will need to access your database has access to the software it runs on Most packages will produce a database which runs only its own software Reference Manager Endnote and Procite however do offer some compatibility and it is usually possible to download the contents of for example a Reference Manager database and upload it into Endno2. Exercise 4 In order to input references into your RMS you will need to know the following basic details about the reference the type of reference eg journal article book book chapter book conference proceeding report etc the title of the article the author s and the bibliographic details ie publication year journal name volume number page numbers etc Using one of your references as an example write down the corresponding details in the spaces below e The type of reference e The title of the reference e The author s e The bibliographic details Now enter these details into your reference management system either as a new record in your electronic database or spreadsheet or on index cards if using a manual system If using a software package write down the procedure involved in entering a new reference in your database For example Step 1 From the lt References gt menu select lt New gt etc The NIHR RDS for the East Midlands Yorkshire amp the Humber 2009 19 MANAGING REFERENCES As you will have probably discovered by now entering references can be extremely time consuming If you are typing it the reference also has the drawback of not including the full abstract unless of course you have laboriously typed them all in The prospect of entering tens if not hundreds of references obtained from electronic literature searches therefore does not seem very appealing Electronic reference m
3. based at SCHARR at the University of Sheffield She co ordinated training including reference management training conducted by the Information Resources section at SCHARR Louise also taught on various courses related to literature searching and systematic reviews She is currently Fields Trial Search Co ordinator for the Cochrane Behavioural Medicine Field at Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York Update Authors Angie Rees is an Information Officer at SCHARR She specialises in systematic literature searching and has a long standing interest in PBMS systems and their relevance to research Angie works as part of SCHARR s Technology Assessment Group undertaking Systematic Reviews for NICE and NHS HTA Angie also teaches on ScHARR s various MSc courses and also on the jointly run MSc Health Informatics Course with the Dept of Information Studies Colin Lynch is Information Services Manager for The NIHR RDS EM YH based in the Information Resources section of SCHARR at the University of Sheffield He manages the RDSU s Information Service and co ordinates the training provision for the RDSU on a range of subjects including reference management The NIHR RDS for the East Midlands Yorkshire amp the Humber 2009 41 MANAGING REFERENCES
4. reference style based on the Harvard system or Vancouver system What were the distinguishing characteristics that led you to that conclusion Are there any aspects of the style which appear to be unique to the particular journal in question For example although the British Medical Journal conforms in most respects to the Vancouver style the volume numbers are not given in bold two authors are not linked by and or amp and the date of publication appears in a different place From the issue of the journal that you have in front of you identify the following i A journal reference ii A book reference iii A chapter in a book iv A government report v Web Page Reference vi E mail For each of these reference types map the different elements paying particular attention to the bold and italics used and to the punctuation For example for a journal Author lt space gt Year lt comma gt lt space gt Article title lt comma gt lt space gt Journal Title lt fullstop gt lt space gt vol Volume Number lt comma gt lt space gt pp Start Page lt hyphen gt End Page lt fullstop gt You may find it helpful to refer to the examples given in Appendix 4 The NIHR RDS for the East Midlands Yorkshire amp the Humber 2009 13 MANAGING REFERENCES 4 The reference management process Having introduced you to the three basic steps in the reference management process input retrieval and output in t
5. Handbook of Skills and Methods Second Erlbaum UK Taylor amp Francis Hove East Sussex Raymon H Mulford Library Medical College of Ohio 4 5 2000 Instructions to Authors Raymon H Mulford Library Medical College of Ohio http www mco edu lib instr libinsta html Accessed 11 4 2007 Shapland M 31 3 2000 Evaluation of reference management software on NT Computing Services University of Bristol http www cse bris ac uk ccmjs rmeval99 htm Accessed 11 4 2007 The University of Sheffield Library 15 12 1998 Harvard referencing guide The University of Sheffield Library http www shef ac uk library libdocs hsl dvc1 pdf Accessed 11 4 2007 The University of Sheffield Library 10 11 1998 Citing electronic sources of information The University of Sheffield Library http www shef ac uk library libdocs hsl dvc2 pdf Accessed 11 4 2007 Virtual Librarian Monash University Library 7 12 1999 How to acknowledge what you ve read citing and referencing Monash University Library http www lib monash edu au tutorials citing Accessed 11 4 2007 The NIHR RDS for the East Midlands Yorkshire amp the Humber 2009 30 MANAGING REFERENCES Appendix 3 Further reading and sources of information Referencing and referencing styles Monash University Library 16 7 1998 Guide to referencing http www lib monash edu au tutorials citing Accessed 11 4 2007 The University of She
6. T 2000 A Z of Medical Writing BMJ Books Hall G M ed 2003 How to Write a Paper 3 edition BMJ Books Murray R 2005 Writing for Academic Journals Open University Press The NIHR RDS for the East Midlands Yorkshire amp the Humber 2009 24 MANAGING REFERENCES Parry G 1996 Writing a research report in Parry G amp Watts F N eds Behavioural and Mental Health Research A Handbook of Skills and Methods 2 edition Erlbaum UK Taylor amp Francis Hove East Sussex You may also find it helpful to consult the following guide Lacey A 2007 Presenting and disseminating research The NIHR RDS EM YH Resource Pack Exercise 9 Produce a short sample manuscript and bibliography on your word processor based on your reference management system and in the format of your chosen journal lf using a software package you may find it includes an add on to your word processor eg in the case of Reference Manager Version 11 Cite while you write Such a facility allows you to incorporate references directly from your database into your manuscript and to automatically generate a reference list or bibliography at the end of your manuscript In order to do this you will need to investigate how to indicate in text citations in your word processor which are recognised by your software package Revising your manuscript At some stage in the writing process it is strongly recommended that you consult the Uniform R
7. access to the database or will you maintain the database alone e ls there anyone locally who can provide ongoing technical support or would you expect this to be provided by the software company themselves or a third party e Are your existing hardware and or software likely to create any problems regarding compatibility e How much money are you prepared to spend on y Purchasing the software initially y Running costs eg upgrades Now visit the web sites of two or more of the software packages and determine the extent to which your criteria are met by these packages Below write down the name s of the software package s that best meet your needs Before actually purchasing your chosen package you may find it useful to download a trial version Doing so will also help you to follow subsequent exercises in this resource pack Write down the URL from which you can download a trial version of your chosen package For example a trial version of Reference Manager can be downloaded from http www refman com rmdemo asp Designing a Manual System If using a manual system you will need to think about the media you are going to use Normally it will be a series of cards You will then need to decide what information you wish to record about each reference This will usually be the type of reference title author bibliographic details keywords and a notes field though this may vary according to your needs Designing a Spread
8. bibliographic details ie author s year of publication editor s book title or title of article journal name volume number issue number page number s publisher etc at the time of collecting the information e Citing the reference in the appropriate place and in the appropriate format within your report or manuscript e Providing either a reference list ie a list of all the sources you have referred to in you text or bibliography ie an alphabetical list by author of all the material you have consulted at the end of your manuscript 3 4 What are the major referencing styles There are two main styles of referencing e The Harvard also referred to as author date referencing style and e The Vancouver also referred to as footnote endnote referencing style In addition there are numerous variations based upon these two styles such as those recommended by specific journals and professional associations eg the American Psychiatric Association APA The NIHR RDS for the East Midlands Yorkshire amp the Humber 2009 11 MANAGING REFERENCES Both the major styles of referencing have advantages and disadvantages Harvard The Harvard system is more commonly seen in the social sciences literature with the author s surname in brackets together with the year accompanying each citation eg Beverley 2000 For a reader who is familiar with a particular field this information provides a useful memory aid to what each previous writer has di
9. journal OK an unlikely scenario but let s imagine One of the first things you should do before actually starting to write is to determine which is your target journal Having done so you will then need to obtain a copy of the journal s Instructions to Authors This will not only detail the precise format your manuscript should take but will help you to put the appropriate slant on your article The Instructions to Authors may be obtained from 1 An issue of the printed journal in question It should be noted that some journals publish these instructions in every issue whilst others only publish them at the beginning of a volume or the beginning of the year The actual instructions can usually be found near the front or back of the issue The journal s own website should always have Instructions to authors easily accessible You should be able to find the journal s own website quite easily using a general search engine such as Google The Instructions to Authors in the Health Sciences Web site available at http mulford meduohio edu instr This is produced by the Raymon H Mulford Library at the Medical College of Ohio It includes links to publisher Web sites providing Instructions to Authors for over 3 000 journals in the Health Sciences arranged into an alphabetical list of journals The NIHR RDS for the East Midlands Yorkshire amp the Humber 2009 23 MANAGING REFERENCES Select a journal in your field t
10. premium on any tool that can assist in the writing process In addition evidence based practice EBP requires that practitioners are able to identify relevant and applicable research speedily and efficiently Much EBP work such as systematic reviews often requires the collection of a large amount of references On the next page Figure 1 illustrates the integral nature of reference management in the research process An effective RMS has a vital role to play throughout the research process from identifying a research problem through conducting a systematic literature review and interpreting the results to submitting an article for publication Also RMS can be used to build up a set of references on a subject over a longer period of time than a single research project If you begin another project on a related subject your existing RMS can provide an invaluable starting point The NIHR RDS for the East Midlands Yorkshire amp the Humber 2009 6 MANAGING REFERENCES Identify research problem Make a note of Preliminary literature search Creation of a new RMS key papers Develop research idea Generate inter library loan requests from RMS Incorporate search results into RMS Systematic literature review Retrieve articles from RMS Consult Instructions to Interpretation and Authors for the conclusions journal Incorporate citations from Consult Requirements fo
11. Conflict in a Gender Conflict in a Qualitative Qualitative Study Qualitative Study Qualitative Health Health Research vol 9 no 4 Research 1999 9 4 455 467 July pp 455 467 Journal Author s surname Author s initial Author s surname Author s initial supplement Year of publication Title of Title of article Title of the Journal citation article Title of the Journal vol Year of publication Volume Volume number no Suppl number Suppl Supplement The NIHR RDS for the East Midlands Yorkshire amp the Humber 2009 MANAGING REFERENCES 35 HARVARD STYLE VANCOUVER STYLE Supplement number pp Page number SPage numbers of numbers of article article Conference Author s surname Author s initial Author s surname Author s initial paper Year of publication Title of Title of paper In Editors citation paper In Editor s first name or surname Editor s first name or initial ed Title of the conference initial editor Title of the Date of Conference Publisher s conference Date of conference name Place of publication pp Place of publication Publisher s Page numbers name Year of publication p Page numbers Government Author s surname Author s initial Author s surname Author s initial report or common report title Year of or common report title Official publication Official title of report Publishers name Place of pu
12. National Institute for Health Research The NIHR Research Design Service for the East Midlands The NIHR Research Design Service for Yorkshire amp the Humber Managing References Authors Catherine Beverley Andrew Booth Louise Falzon Colin Lynch Angie Rees This Resource Pack is one of a series produced by The NIHR RDS for the East Midlands The NIHR RDS for Yorkshire and the Humber This series has been funded by The NIHR RDS EM YH This Resource Pack may be freely photocopied and distributed for the benefit of researchers However it is the copyright of The NIHR RDS EM YH and the authors and as such no part of the content may be altered without the prior permission in writing of the Copyright owner Reference as Beverley C Booth A Falzon L Lynch C and Rees A Managing References The NIHR RDS for the East Midlands Yorkshire amp the Humber 2007 Catherine Beverley School of Health and Related Research Andrew Booth ScHARR Louise Falzon University of Sheffield Colin Lynch Regent Court Angie Rees 30 Regent Street Sheffield S1 4DA Last updated 2009 The NIHR RDS for the East www rds eastmidlands nihr ac uk Midlands Division of Primary Care Leicester enquiries LNR rds eastmidlands org uk 14 Floor Tower building University of Nottingham Nottingham enquiries NDL rds eastmidlands org uk University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD Tel 0115 823 0500 The NIHR RDS for www rds yh nihr ac uk Y
13. Oxford Radcliffe Medical Press Oxford Radcliffe Medical Press Standard Author s surname Author s initial Author s surname Author s initial journal Year of publication Title of Title of article Title of the Journal citation article Title of the Journal vol Year of publication Volume Volume number Date month of number Page numbers of article publication pp Page numbers of article Example Bull C Yates R Sarkar D Bull C Yates R Sarkar D Williamson P R amp Smyth R L Williamson PR amp Smyth RL 2000 Temperature measured Temperature measured at the at the axila compared with axilla compared with rectum in rectum in children and young children and young people a people a systematic review systematic review British British Medical Journal vol 320 Medical Journal 2000 320 1174 28 April pp 1174 1178 1178 Journal Author s surname Author s initial Author s surname Author s initial paginated by issue citation Year of publication Title of article Title of the Journal vol Volume number no Issue number Date month of publication pp Page numbers of article Title of article Title of the Journal Year of publication Volume number Issue number Page numbers of article Example Hamberg K amp Johansson E E Hamberg K amp Johansson EE 1999 Practitioner Researcher Practitioner Researcher and and Gender
14. RDS for the East Midlands Yorkshire amp the Humber 2009 27 MANAGING REFERENCES Appendix 1 Glossary Bibliography Citation Database EndNote Harvard referencing style Manuscript Papyrus Procite Reference list Reference Manager Reference Referencing style An alphabetical list by author of ALL the material you have consulted in order to prepare your manuscript in contrast to a reference list Quoting of words or passages by an author or publication usually by way of example and or to support an argument Collection of related data The term is now usually used to describe the management of a collection of formatted data by a computerised information system One of the major software packages supplied by Research Information Systems RIS One of the two major referencing styles often referred to as the author date method the other major style being the Vancouver referencing style The author s copy of a piece of written work Here manuscript is used to refer to your word processed document such as your article for publication Previously a major software package supplied by Research Software Design However it has not been updated since January 2004 and there is no intention to do so One of the major software packages supplied by Research Information Systems RIS A list of all the sources you have referred to in your text in contrast to a bibliography One of the four major software
15. anagement software packages have an option to download also referred to as importing or capturing references directly from internet databases such as MEDLINE In order to import your references directly from a literature database into your software package you will need to know two things Firstly the database used eg MEDLINE CINAHL EMBASE etc and secondly the interface host service provider of that database ie the software company or organisation responsible for providing access to the database eg Ovid SilverPlatter Dialog PubMed In addition you must save the search results in tagged or labelled text txt format x Please note that you need to know this information in advance It is not possible to import previously saved search results unless you know the database and service provider and have saved the results in tagged format Also note that not all databases have corresponding capture formats import filters The availability will vary between electronic reference management systems The filters are provided with the software rather than with the database software It may be possible to create your own filters for databases when one is not provided for However this can be a time consuming and frustrating process References for which no filter is available must be entered as in Exercise 4 If you have an electronic list of references it is possible to use the copy and paste function of your word processor to insert the
16. blication title of report Place of publication Publishers name Year of publication Dissertation Author s surname Author s initial Author s surname Author s initial or thesis Year of publication Title of Title of dissertation thesis thesis dissertation thesis PhD thesis Place of publication Academic Name of academic institution institution Year of publication Newspaper Author s surname Author s initial Author s surname Author s initial article Year of publication Title of Title of article Title of the article Title of the newspaper newspaper Year of publication Date month of publication p Date month of publication Page Page number col Column number col Column number number Web page Author editor s surname Author editor s surname citation Author editor s initial eds if Author editor s initial Editor if appropriate last update or appropriate Title of page Place copyright date Title of page of Publication Publisher Last Place of Publication Publisher update or copyright date URL Available URL Accessed Access date Access date Example Loft B amp Jones R M 28 April Loft B amp Jones RM Referencing 2000 Referencing styles styles Harvard and Vancouver Harvard and Vancouver systems BMA Library 28 April systems BMA Library Available 2000 http library oma org uk html refs http l
17. by a The NIHR RDS for the East Midlands Yorkshire amp the Humber 2009 8 MANAGING REFERENCES particular author e The software has other functions such as SORT which can be useful eg to list references by date published However you must remember that there are also considerable disadvantages compared to an electronic reference management system These include no way of importing references apart from cutting and pasting them field by field and no way of exporting them in particular styles 2 4 The pros and cons of using a manual system to manage references In a world where access to computers is almost ubiquitous and computer literacy high the use of a paper system to record references may seem outdated However there are a number of reasons why you may consider using a manual system The system will be designed by you and so can be tailored to your exact needs You will be able to access it anywhere and so not restricted to where you have access to a computer e f you are including references of diverse types and sources then you may find it easier than having to work out how to import references into an electronic system e You do not have to worry about access to appropriate software compatibility issues or the software crashing Of course there are a considerable number of disadvantages including no way to produce reference lists apart from typing them out data will have to be entered manually and you cannot share the da
18. ecipient s email address Reference list The references made in the text are listed in alphabetical order by author s at the end of the paper If the author is unknown the title is used The sources you have referred to in the test are listed in numerical order The NIHR RDS for the East Midlands Yorkshire amp the Humber 2009 MANAGING REFERENCES 37 Appendix 5 Some common abbreviations used in Citations anon anonymous used in some style when the author is unknown caca circa used for approximate dates ch chs chapter chapters eg eg for example ed eds editor editors et al and others et alii used when there are more than 3 authors ibid in the same work cited just above ibidem loc cit in the place or work cited oco citato n d no date op cit in the work cited opere citato p pp page pages rev revised suppl supplement trans translated by v vol vols volume volumes Taken from Monash University Library 2000 The NIHR RDS for the East Midlands Yorkshire amp the Humber 2009 38 MANAGING REFERENCES Appendix 6 Comparison of the major personal bibliographic management software pbms packages REFERENCE ENDNOTE PROCITE MANAGER e URL http www refman com http www endnote com http www procite com e Current version 11 X 02 5 0 e Manual entry of Yes Yes Yes references e Importing Yes Yes Yes references directly from databas
19. ence details manually e Share reference details with your colleagues though they are likely to need to have access to the same software as you However an electronic reference management system is not appropriate for everyone For example such packages are often expensive particularly for an individual subscription although educational institutions are likely to have site licences You must also be aware of the Garbage In Garbage Out computer phenomenon ie you need to be clear about what you want the software to do and decide on the structure of your database at the start 2 3 The pros and cons of general spreadsheet or database software to manage your references As well as the specifically designed software you may consider developing your own system using a spreadsheet such as Excel or a database such as Access There area number of advantages to such a solution e Such software is widely available and does not need to be purchased specially You can also share the data on a network and send it as an attachment to colleagues who will almost certainly have access to the same spreadsheet or database as you e You may have existing skills in using that particular software and so you can tailor the system to your own advantage However particularly if using a database package such as Access you may need advanced skills in order to develop the system fully e The search functions on the software make it easy to find references eg
20. equirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals This is produced by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors ICMJE and can be found at the following URL www icmje org It details the precise format your manuscript should adhere to before being submitted to the journal editor Open the Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals at www icmje org List below the three major issues to consider before submitting a manuscript Read the Requirements for Submission of Manuscripts section Now check to see that e Your manuscript conforms to the necessary criteria e Your references are cited appropriately The NIHR RDS for the East Midlands Yorkshire amp the Humber 2009 25 MANAGING REFERENCES Read the Sending the Manuscript to the Journal section e What should accompany your manuscript e What information should this include Sharing references Imagine your recent enthusiasm for doing research has encouraged a pharmacist affiliated to your practice to embark on her own small scale study Although she is working in a slightly different field you recognise that some of your references could be relevant to her investigation Having an effective RMS will help you to easily identify articles in each of your reference collections which will be of mutual interest software packages can help enormously with this task They offer the ability not only to export reference details
21. er 2009 33 MANAGING REFERENCES Appendix 4 A companison between the Harvard and Vancouver referencing styles HARVARD STYLE VANCOUVER STYLE Description An author date style A footnote endnote style references are numbered in the order in which they are cited in the text Each quote or paraphrase is numbered and then details of where to find it are given either at the bottom of the page footnoting or in a reference list at the end of your manuscript endnoting Format of in text citation Example Requires only the name of the author s and the year of publication with no punctuation between the two items Citations should be whenever possible placed at the end of a sentence before the concluding punctuation If there is more than one reference by an author in the same year they are generally labelled in order of publication with a lower case letter eg Smith 1999a Smith 1999b Bond 2000 Each reference is consecutive given a number in parentheses _ the first time referral is made to it The authors name may also be provided in the text but a number must always be used If the same work is cited later in the text the same number must be used 1 Book citation Example Author s surname Author s initial Year of publication Title of the book Edition if not the first Publishers name Place of publication Clifford C amp Gough S 1990 Nur
22. es e Checking of Yes Yes Yes duplicate references e Retrieving Yes Yes Yes references e Sorting Yes Yes Yes references e Preparing Yes Yes Yes bibliographies e Inserting Yes Yes Yes references into a word processed manuscripts e Searching the Yes Yes Yes Internet e Ability to share Can run on network but Multi user access on Can run on network references no multi user access network or web e Easeofuseand Good on line help and Good on line help and Attractive interface with documentation user manual user manual on line help The NIHR RDS for the East Midlands Yorkshire amp the Humber 2009 39 MANAGING REFERENCES e Technical support e Program updates e Major advantages e Disadvantages The NIHR RDS for the East Midlands Yorkshire amp the Humber 2009 Yes Yes usually entails additional cost Runs on Mac amp PC Ability to search the Internet directly Wide range of biomedical reference input and output formats Good for developing multiple databases Good technical support Expensive both to purchase and upgrade Limited search abilities MANAGING REFERENCES Yes Yes usually entails additional cost Runs on PC Ability to search the Internet directly Good on line help Good technical support Expensive Limited search facilities Yes Yes usually entails additional cost Runs on PC Ability to search the Internet directly Attractive interface and good on line hel
23. ffield Library 16 12 1997 Writing a bibliography http www shef ac uk library libdocs ml rs11 pdf Accessed 11 4 2007 The University of Sheffield Library 15 12 1998 Harvard referencing guide http www shef ac uk library libdocs hsl dvct pdf Accessed 11 4 2007 The University of Sheffield Library 10 11 1998 Citing electronic sources of information http www shef ac uk library libdocs hsl dvc2 pdf Accessed 11 4 2007 The University of Southern Queensland Library 7 6 1999 Guide to citing online sources the Harvard style http www usq edu au library help ehelp ref_quides harvardonline htm Accessed 11 4 2007 Virtual Librarian Monash University Library 7 12 1999 How to acknowledge what you ve read citing and referencing http www lib monash edu au tutorials citing Accessed 11 4 2007 Electronic Reference Management Software Balboa Software 8 3 2000 Library Master Bibliographic and Textual Database Manager Balboa Software http www balboa software com _ Accessed 11 4 2007 Biblioscape com 16 5 2000 Biblioscape http www biblioscape com Accessed 16 4 2007 Brahmi F A and Gall C 2006 EndNote and Refer4ence Manager citation formats compared to instructions to authors in top medical journals Medical Reference Services Quarterly vol 25 no 2 49 57 Cibbarelli P 1995 Cibbarelli s surveys user ratings of bibliographic citation manage
24. ftware package e Will you mainly be using the package to enter references one by one or for importing a batch of references directly from internet databases such as Medline and CINAHL e Will you need to generate bibliographies from your database in specific referencing styles The range of output styles varies considerably between software packages However in many cases output styles refer to that used by particular journals which are usually either Vancouver or Harvard Whilst this does not actually mean there are additional output styles at least you do not have to find the reference style for the particular journal e How wide a range of import filters you require This will depend upon the range of databases you are searching This in turn will depend upon your subject eg if you are involved in clinical research you may only be searching a number of databases such as Medline and Embase and so use only a limited number of filters However if you are researching on a topic that covers a number of disciplines such as social care health care education etc you may be using a far higher number of databases and sources Thus a large range of import filters may be more important to you e Are you likely to make use of the facility to insert citations from your database directly into your word processed manuscript The NIHR RDS for the East Midlands Yorkshire amp the Humber 2009 17 MANAGING REFERENCES e Will several researchers need
25. g would an electronic system prove too expensive On balance which approach seems most appropriate for you The NIHR RDS for the East Midlands Yorkshire amp the Humber 2009 16 MANAGING REFERENCES Choosing an electronic reference management software package Exercise 3 attempts to guide you through selecting a package although it should be noted that there is no clear cut answer as to which is the best package to use In addition to the major packages already mentioned there are an ever increasing number of shareware and Internet options refer to Table 2 and Appendix 3 for further information Each package has its own strengths and weaknesses some of these are highlighted in Appendix 6 References to more in depth evaluations are provided in Appendix 3 For example although the shareware and Internet options tend to be much cheaper usually less than 100 per single user licence sometimes even free compared to over 100 for the more established packages this is usually at the expense of ongoing technical support or advanced features Firstly it is useful to check to see whether you already have access to one of the electronic software packages listed above eg via a University computer network if you are affiliated to an academic institution If so write down the name and version of the package below Try to answer the following questions regardless of whether you already have access to an electronic reference management so
26. hat is likely to publish your research for example The British Journal of General Practice NT Research Social Science and Medicine Qualitative Health Research etc Now obtain an up to date printed copy of the Instructions to Authors for this particular journal e Below write down the date for the nstructions to Authors e What is the word length for original research articles e What is the preferred referencing style e How many copies of the article should be submitted to the journal e To whom should all correspondence be addressed Use the web site given above or the journal s own homepage to find the Internet version of the instructions available Record the Unique Resource Locator URL below For example the URL for the British Medical Journal Instructions to Authors is http resources bmj com bmj authors bmj house style Creating a manuscript and bibliography Having decided on your target journal read the corresponding nstructions to Authors and browsed through recent issues the time comes to actually write your article It is beyond the scope of this resource pack to describe in detail how to write a paper however this section does attempt to offer guidance on how to incorporate references directly from your reference management system into your manuscript and how to revise your manuscript accordingly amp The process of actually writing a research paper is covered in the following books and chapter Albert
27. he Introduction this section will now consider the reference management process in more detail from initially setting up your reference management system to finally generating a bibliography for inclusion in your manuscript submitted to a peer reviewed journal The principles described here may be applied to either a manual or an electronic system Sections or exercises devoted entirely to electronic reference management are denoted by The four stages are 1 Creating a new reference management system 2 Inputting and storing your references 3 Retrieving your references 4 Outputting your references 4 1 Creating a New Reference Management System The first thing you will need to do is to create a system in which to store all the references you use during the course of your research study It is a good idea to do this at the same time as conducting your initial literature search Will this be a manual or electronic system Working through Exercise 2 will help you to make a choice between a manual or electronic reference management system If you decide to use an electronic reference management system it is strongly recommended that you read the following section on the current software available It describes the major software packages currently available as well as helping you to select the package which best meets your needs If you have opted for a manual system you may prefer to skip the following section and move onto Section 2
28. ibrary oma org uk html refs ystem html Accessed 8 May ystem html 2000 8 May 2000 Electronic Author editor s surname Author s surname Author s initial journal Author editor s initial eds if Title of article Title of the Journal citation appropriate Year of publication online Year of publication The NIHR RDS for the East Midlands Yorkshire amp the Humber 2009 MANAGING REFERENCES 36 HARVARD STYLE VANCOUVER STYLE Title of article Title of the Journal online vol Volume number no Issue number Date month of publication pp Page numbers of article Available URL Accessed Access date Volume number Page numbers of article URL Access date Discussion list citation Author s surname Author s initial Day Month Year Subject of message Name of discussion list online Available Discussion list URL Accessed Access date Author s surname Author s initial Subject of message Name of discussion list online Day Month Year Discussion list URL Access date Personal email citation Senders surname Sender s initial Senders email address Day Month Year Subject of message Personal email to Recipient s initial Recipient s surname Recipients email address Sender s surname Sender s initial Sender s email address Subject of message Day Month Year Personal email to Recipient s initial Recipient s surname R
29. laws of dissemination Firstly the probability that a disseminated document will arrive on someone s desk the moment it is needed is infinitesimally small Secondly the probability that the same document will be found three months later when it is needed is even smaller Too much knowledge whizzes past the clinician to become but a memory Now think I did see something about Muir Gray 1998 While finalising your research proposal on leg ulcers you recall having seen a recent systematic review on compression bandaging for leg ulcers which had led you to embark on this research in the first place but where was that review now You flick through the pile of papers on your desk check the journal collection in the Common Room but all to no avail Then you remember you had actually torn the article out and placed it in your filing cabinet However was it filed under leg ulcers compression or bandages Meanwhile one of the secretaries is grumbling because she has to stay late to type out all the references from your hurriedly scrawled notes for the article that you are writing on your previous study It would not be so bad but the last time she did this for a colleague the article was rejected by NT Research and she then had to spend nearly as much time again in reformatting the references for her second choice journal A General Practitioner having requested an updated literature search from a local health librarian for his stud
30. ld eg a search for the word Head may retrieve records based on the article title the journal title or the author Most software packages however provide the option of combining such searches together using something called Boolean logic There are three Boolean operators namely AND OR and NOT They are used in the same way as when conducting a literature search of databases such as Medline AND is used to narrow searches eg combining both the author Smith A and topic terms leg ulcers together in order to retrieve only those articles on leg ulcers by Smith A OR is used to broaden searches eg to look for either the author or the topic thus retrieving all articles by Smith A whether or not they were on leg ulcers as well as retrieving those about leg ulcers regardless of who the author was NOT is used to narrow searches eg to retrieve references by Smith A but not on leg ulcers Now investigate in your software package how the two previous searches in this exercise the author and topic search can be combined using Boolean operators Note how you can retrieve references based on each of the major fields eg authors title keywords publication year etc 4 4 Outputting Your References The NIHR RDS for the East Midlands Yorkshire amp the Humber 2009 22 MANAGING REFERENCES Instructions to authors Imagine you have finally found the time to write up your research for publication in a peer reviewed
31. m into the electronic reference management system or spreadsheet You will have to do this a field at a time so although it is faster than typing them in by hand it can still be time consuming Exercise 5 This exercise requires you to have access to a database such as MEDLINE and to be able to conduct a simple literature search If you are unsure about this or would like assistance in developing a more effective search strategy please contact your local health librarian amp You may also find it helpful to consult the following The NIHR RDS EM YH guide which covers the basics of literature searching Hewitt M 2006 Literature Search amp Critical Evaluation The NIHR RDS EM YH Resource Pack The NIHR RDS for the East Midlands Yorkshire amp the Humber 2009 20 MANAGING REFERENCES Now perform your literature search for your research study in an electronic bibliographic database such as MEDLINE If using a software package save your search results tagged or labelled text txt or other appropriate format Below write down the name and location of this file as well as the steps involved in saving the search results If using a manual or spreadsheet RMS enter these references into your reference management system as outlined in Exercise 4 If using a software package go to Exercise 6 M T For the literature search you have conducted in Exercise 5 make a note of the e Database used eg Medline AMED e The h
32. ment software Computers in Libraries vol 15 no 4 25 40 DatAid A B 13 2 2000 Welcome to GetARef s Homepage DatAid AB http www getaref com index_en htm Accessed 16 4 2007 Dell Orso F 28 12 2000 Bibliography formatting software an evaluation template The NIHR RDS for the East Midlands Yorkshire amp the Humber 2009 31 MANAGING REFERENCES E S Burioni Ricerche Bibliografiche http www lurioni it forum ors bfs4 ors bfs htm Accessed 16 4 2007 Evans P 15 4 1999 Personal Bibliographic Managers http www biblio tech com html pbms html Accessed 16 4 2007 ISI ResearchSoft 21 2 2000 Reference Manager http www refman com_ Accessed 16 4 2007 ISI ResearchSoft 4 2 2000 ProCite http www procite com Accessed 16 4 2007 ISI ResearchSoft 25 5 2000 EndNote http www endnote com _ Accessed 16 4 2007 Kelly J 1994 Downloading information using bibliographic management software CD ROM Professional vol 7 no 4 123 126 128 Mattison D 2005 Bibliographic Research Tools Round up A Review of Thomson ISI ResearchSoft s Bibliographic Management Software Searcher vol 13 no 9 16 27 Moore C 1991 Personal reference management software how to evaluate it Health Libraries Review vol 8 no 1 4 10 NotaBene 2000 Nota Bene Software for Scholars http www notabene com _ Accessed 16 4 2007 Shapland M 31 3 2000 E
33. orkshire amp the Humber ScHARR Sheffield rds yh sheffield ac uk The University of Sheffield Leeds rds yh leeds ac uk Regent Court York rds vyh york ac uk 30 Regent Street Sheffield S1 4DA Copyright of The NIHR RDS EM YH 2009 The NIHR RDS for the East Midlands Yorkshire amp the Humber 2009 2 MANAGING REFERENCES Table of Contents 1 IATROGUCHION 220 c6ssccasetstieedseteneraatodetteeeedieedecetdadiaeaanactedeties 2 What is a reference management system RMS 3 Major referencing styles 2 cccccceeee sees eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 4 The reference management procesS 0seeeeeeeeerereeeeeees Di SUMIMALY ss sess sabe eke ee e e Aia E eanna Appendix 1 Glossary Of termS 0cceceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees Appendix 2 References 2 2 ececeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeceeeseceseseseeeeeeesees Appendix 3 Further reading amp sources of information Appendix 4 A comparison between the Harvard and Vancouver referencing Styles ceseeeeeeeees Appendix 5 Abbreviations cceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeneneeeaes Appendix 6 Comparison of the major personal bibliographic management software pbms packages Appendix 7 About the Authors 2 ccceceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee The NIHR RDS for the East Midlands Yorkshire amp the Humber 2009 MANAGING REFERENCES Page 11 14 27 28 30 1 Introduction There are two
34. ost service provider interface eg Ovid SilverPlatter Dialog PubMed Now return to your software package and find out how to import these search results directly into your database You may find you need to consult the online help or user manual associated with your software package Importing records is likely to involve specifying e The name and location of the text file of search results you have just saved e The database and service provider from which the search results originate You are also likely to be given the option of assigning several keywords to the references If this facility is available on your software package then it is strongly recommended that you make best use of it by being consistent in your approach and using the pop up browser ie the list of terms you have already used in your database and if you are sharing the database with other users making sure they do as well Doing so will make retrieval of references much easier later on Assigning keywords to references is also strongly recommended if using a manual or spreadsheet system It is important to consider the keywords you are going to use before you begin What keywords did you choose to assign Below write down each of the steps involved in importing these references into your database 4 3 Retrieving Your References The NIHR RDS for the East Midlands Yorkshire amp the Humber 2009 21 MANAGING REFERENCES Several months into your research study yo
35. p Good technical support 40 Appendix 7 Details about the authors Original Authors Catherine Beverley was an Information Officer specialising in Systematic Reviews at the School of Health and Related Research ScHARR University of Sheffield between 2000 and 2005 She was responsible for creating and managing reference databases for several systematic reviews She also provided one to one tuition in the use of Reference Manager software Catherine has devised training guides and exercises on the use of Reference Manager as the basis for further training courses She is currently Knowledge Manager in the Adult Social Care Directorate of Cumbria County Council Andrew Booth is the Director of Information Resources and Reader in Evidence Based Practice at the School of Health and Related Research ScHARR University of Sheffield He has extensive experience of reference management having collaborated in a number of systematic reviews for clients including the Health Technology Assessment Programme He is an experienced teacher on the methodology and practice of systematic reviews Andrew has contributed an appendix on reference management for Evidence Based Healthcare by J A Muir Gray and wrote a chapter about organising a personal knowledge base in the book Managing Knowledge in Health Services that he edited with Graham Walton Louise Falzon was a Senior Information Officer for the Trent Institute for Health Services Research TIHSR
36. packages produced by Research Information Systems RIS To reference or cite is to point to evidence authority or proof To reference correctly you need to provide sufficient information to allow the reader to trace the original source material A standardised method of acknowledging sources of information There are two main referencing styles The NIHR RDS for the East Midlands Yorkshire amp the Humber 2009 28 MANAGING REFERENCES Harvard and Vancouver although there are many variations Vancouver referencing One of the two major referencing styles often referred style to as the footnote endnote method which involves numbering each reference the other major style being the Harvard referencing style The NIHR RDS for the East Midlands Yorkshire amp the Humber 2009 29 MANAGING REFERENCES Appendix 2 References Evans P 15 4 1999 Personal Bibliographic Managers Biblio Tech Ltd http www biblio tech com html pbms html Accessed 11 4 2007 International Committee of Medical Journal Editors 2000 Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals ACP ASIM Online www icmje org Accessed 11 4 2007 Monash University Library 16 7 1998 Guide to referencing Monash University Library http www lib monash edu au tutorials citing Accessed 11 4 2007 Parry G 1996 Writing a research report in Parry G and Watts F N ed Behavioural and Mental Health Research A
37. r Manuscripts Article for publication Generate bibliography from RMS Revise Resubmission 5 of article to referencing style another journal Figure 1 Managing references in the research process RMS refers to Reference Management System The NIHR RDS for the East Midlands Yorkshire amp the Humber 2009 7 MANAGING REFERENCES 2 2 The pros and cons of using electronic reference management software Electronic reference management software such as Reference Manager EndNote and Procite also provide an affordable potentially labour saving and practical means to create and maintain a personal database of references for your research needs Such software will enable you to e Improve the management of your existing reference collection e Easily organise and keep track of new references eg to record when the full text of articles have been ordered received etc e Rapidly retrieve articles on the basis of the author s or journal or title or specific keyword s or their unique identifying number something which is rather more restrictive with a manual system because articles can only be filed in one of the above ways e Produce manuscripts and bibliographies in a swift and straightforward manner including being able to automatically change the output format to conform to a specific journal style e Use data directly from databases accessible via the internet such as MEDLINE saving you having to record all the refer
38. scussed However such notation takes up precious space and in a text where one or two authors are cited frequently it can make the prose stilted and repetitive Vancouver The Vancouver style is much more economical typically employing a single number often in superscript eg and allows multiple citations eg However the numbers are meaningless without recourse to the bibliography and on occasions where an additional reference is inserted or where a sentence or even paragraphs are moved around the complete number sequence has to be reordered and rechecked Choosing a reference style Usually your choice of referencing style will be determined by your target journal or by the house style of the institution to which you submit any academic coursework Remember regardless of the style you choose you should BE CONSISTENT IN YOUR APPROACH Being aware of the differences between referencing styles can save you much time at a later and often pressurised stage of the writing process Please refer to Appendix 4 for a detailed comparison between the Harvard and Vancouver referencing styles Some of the common abbreviations used in citations are provided in Appendix 5 The NIHR RDS for the East Midlands Yorkshire amp the Humber 2009 12 MANAGING REFERENCES EXERCISE 1 Examine several articles in a recent issue of a journal that you read regularly eg The British Journal of General Practice Journal of Advanced Nursing etc Is its
39. sheet or Database based System If using a spreadsheet system based on for example Excel normally references will be in rows and the different fields in the columns The fields will usually include type of reference title author bibliographic details keywords and a notes field though again The NIHR RDS for the East Midlands Yorkshire amp the Humber 2009 18 MANAGING REFERENCES they will vary according to your needs It is possible to add additional fields as you go along though it is still preferable to try to design it correctly initially Similarly if using a database package such as Access again you will need to decide which fields you wish to include and design the system appropriately 4 2 Inputting and storing your references You are likely to have several papers lying around that stimulated your initial interest in conducting your research Before you lose track of these and embark on a full literature search it makes sense to record details of these references in your newly created reference management system If using a software package it is helpful to note at this stage that your reference management database is composed of a number of subsections referred to as fields into which different parts of your bibliographic record can be entered eg title author publication year etc At a later stage each of these fields may then be searched individually eg the author field for a specific search term eg Smith
40. sing Research A skills based introduction Prentice Hall International UK Ltd Hemel Hempstead Hertfordshire Author s surname Author s initial Title of the book Edition if not the first Place of publication Publishers name Year of publication Clifford C amp Gough S Nursing Research A skills based introduction Hemel Hempstead Hertfordshire Prentice Hall International UK Ltd 1990 Based on Monash University Library 1998 University of Sheffield 1998a University of Sheffield 1998b and Monash University Library 2000 The NIHR RDS for the East Midlands Yorkshire amp the Humber 2009 MANAGING REFERENCES 34 HARVARD STYLE VANCOUVER STYLE Book chapter Author s surname Author s initial Author s surname Author s initial citation Year of publication Title of Title of chapter In Editors chapter in Editors surname surname Editor s initial editor Editors initial ed Title of the Title of the book Edition if not book edition if not first first Place of publication Publishers name Place of Publishers name Year of publication publication Example Wearn A amp Rogers D 1997 Wearn A amp Rogers D Mastering Mastering MEDLINE and MEDLINE and managing managing references in Carter references In Carter Y amp Y amp Thomas C eds Research Thomas C editor Research Methods in Primary Care Methods in Primary Care
41. ta with colleagues These disadvantages are significant and in many cases an electronic system will be the best solution However it is worth noting that one of the authors of the original version of this manual who was an experienced user of and trainer on the use of electronic reference management systems chose a manual system to hold the references for her own PhD 2 5 Maximising the benefits of any system The important thing to note is not what type of system you use but how having a reference management system can assist you in the research process Reference management involves far more that just developing your own system and learning how to use it effectively You will also need to be able to recognise the difference between the two main styles of presenting references as well as have an awareness of the availability of Instructions to Authors so that your prized manuscript is not returned to you without even being read This resource pack will attempt to guide you through both the tools and techniques of reference management The NIHR RDS for the East Midlands Yorkshire amp the Humber 2009 9 MANAGING REFERENCES Key to symbols used in this pack It is strongly recommended that you do whatever is stated next to this symbol Optional section or exercise This is usually related to a section devoted entirely to electronic reference management which may not be applicable to all readers amp This symbol is used to indica
42. te or Procite One advantage of using ordinary database software such as Microsoft Access is that the software is more likely to be available to a variety of potential users The NIHR RDS for the East Midlands Yorkshire amp the Humber 2009 MANAGING REFERENCES Exercise 2 This pack has already introduced you to some of the pros and cons of using a manual and or spreadsheet and or electronic reference management system Now take a few minutes to consider this is more detail In your particular case what are the advantages of having a manual RMS eg are you already familiar with this approach has this approach worked well for you in the past What are the disadvantages of having a manual RMS eg are you likely to lose track of paper based index cards are you unsure of how to store your articles in your filing cabinet by author by subject etc What are the advantages of having a spreadsheet RMS eg are you already an experienced user of an application such as Excel What are the disadvantages of having a spreadsheet RMS eg will you need to produce list of references regularly in different styles What are the advantages of having an electronic RMS eg would a computerised system save you time by automating tasks such as generating bibliographies in different reference styles and importing references directly from bibliographic databases eg MEDLINE What are the disadvantages of having an electronic RMS e
43. te useful extra points such as additional reading In order to do the following you will need to have or do whatever is stated next to this symbol x Warning Please note whatever is written next to this symbol The NIHR RDS for the East Midlands Yorkshire amp the Humber 2009 10 MANAGING REFERENCES 3 Major referencing styles Before describing the reference management process in more detail it is important for you to understand the importance of referencing and be aware of the two major referencing styles 3 1 What is referencing Whenever you quote from another source refer to it or even allude to it you are expected to reference it ie to identify the place where the original citation can be found Referencing therefore is the standardised method of acknowledging sources of information Knowledge of referencing is thus essential to the research process 3 2 Why is referencing important Important reasons for referencing include e To avoid plagiarism ie The action or practice of taking someone else s work idea etc and passing it off as one s own literary theft The Oxford English Dictionary 2006 To enable the reader to trace verify and or follow up the source material To demonstrate that you are not just giving your own opinions but are substantiating this with evidence 3 3 What are the steps involved in referencing There are three basic steps involved in referencing e Recording all the necessary
44. the Instructions to Authors for a journal likely to publish your research findings The NIHR RDS for the East Midlands Yorkshire amp the Humber 2009 5 MANAGING REFERENCES 2 What is a reference management system RMS A reference management system RMS is any systematic means of organising your references Such a system may be either manual ie involving recording reference details on index cards and storing articles in a filing cabinet or electronic ie involving the use of specialist software previously referred to as Personal Bibliographic Management Software PBMS or Citation Management Software or a spreadsheet such as Excel or a database such as Access or a combination of the two Whichever approach is chosen the process of reference management can be broken down into the following three basic steps 1 Input and storage of references ie recording basic reference details such as author title source etc on paper based index cards in a manual system or entering these same details onto an electronic database record 2 Retrieval of stored references ie locating the desired references for a specific purpose 3 Output of retrieved references eg the generation of a bibliography based on your reference collection 2 1 How can a reference management system help you in your research project Increased interest in reference management in recent years has had several drivers The imperative to research and to publish places a
45. to a word processed document but also to export references from one database to another sometimes referred to as merging databases removing duplicate references in the process Spreadsheet based RMS references can also be transferred from one to another by cutting and pasting Of course the fields in each spreadsheet will need to be identical to allow this It is possible to remove duplicates semi automatically by sorting references and then deleting rows which have duplicate references in them The NIHR RDS for the East Midlands Yorkshire amp the Humber 2009 26 MANAGING REFERENCES 5 Summary This resource pack has introduced you to the concept of reference management It has highlighted the importance of referencing emphasised the need for effective reference management throughout the research process demonstrated the major tasks involved in reference management both manual and electronic and introduced the major electronic reference management software packages currently available In addition you should now be aware of the nstructions to Authors for a journal in your field and be familiar with the standard requirements for submitting manuscripts to peer reviewed journals You may find it helpful to return to Page 3 of this guide and review the original learning objectives If you would like to know more about reference management please refer to Appendix 3 which provides numerous references for further reading The NIHR
46. u will probably decide to conduct another quick literature search to check that you have not missed anything that has been published since your original search How will you know whether or not you already have these references in your collection This demonstrates the importance of effectively storing your references to aid the retrieval process Exercise 7 From your RMS retrieve all the articles by a particular author Now try to search for all articles on a particular topic eg leg ulcers To do this it is important that you have used consistent subject headings keywords when entering your references Has this exercise made you reconsider how you have stored your references If so in what way could you improve your storing procedures One of the advantages of using a software package over a manual system is the ability to rapidly retrieve articles in a variety of ways For example imagine you wanted to retrieve articles both by a particular author AND on a particular topic The only way of doing this with a manual system is to find all those by a particular author and then search through these by hand to find those on the required topic or vice versa A spreadsheet system such as Excel should allow you to undertake a search that specifies more than one term eg author and topic This search is likely to be across all the fields in the spreadsheet Thus there can be a problem in retrieving the term you are searching for from another fie
47. valuation of reference management software on NT Computing Services University of Bristol http www cse bris ac uk ccmjs rmeval99 htm Accessed 16 4 2007 Shapland M 28 4 2000 Papyrus Page Computing Service University of Bristol http www cse bris ac uk ccmjs papyrus section html Accessed 16 4 2007 SQN Inc 20 5 2000 SquareNote Software http sqn com sqn5 html_ Accessed 16 4 2007 Srinivasan M 2005 Endnote an end to all notes J Indian Prosthdont Soc vol 5 161 162 Wikipedia 8 4 2007 Comparison of Reference Management Software http en wikipedia org w index php title Comparison of reference management software amp action history Accessed 16 4 2007 Writing a manuscript International Committee of Medical Journal Editors 1999 Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals http www icmje org index html The NIHR RDS for the East Midlands Yorkshire amp the Humber 2009 32 MANAGING REFERENCES Accessed 16 4 2007 Parry G 1996 Writing a research report in Parry G and Watts F N ed Behavioural and Mental Health Research A Handbook of Skills and Methods Second Erlbaum UK Taylor amp Francis Hove East Sussex Raymon H Mulford Library Medical College of Ohio 4 5 2000 Instructions to Authors htto mulford meduohio edu instr Accessed 22 11 2007 The NIHR RDS for the East Midlands Yorkshire amp the Humb
48. y on frequent attenders finds himself in the embarrassing position of being unable to remember which references he already has in his collection The scenarios given above illustrate the importance of having a reference management system to handle such information management problems This resource pack will guide you through the reference management process and provide some useful tips on how to manage your references effectively LEARNING OBJECTIVES The aim of this resource pack is to introduce the reader to the need for and practicalities of managing bibliographic references as part of the research process Therefore having successfully completed the work in this resource pack you will be able to 1 List several reasons why you might want to manage your references for your research study 2 Discuss the pros and cons of manual versus electronic reference management systems either specialist software or spreadsheets databases 3 Describe and compare the different types of referencing systems 4 List the major stages involved in the reference management process 5 List the major software packages available for managing references and if appropriate select a package that meets your own needs The NIHR RDS for the East Midlands Yorkshire amp the Humber 2009 4 MANAGING REFERENCES 6 Revise your word processed manuscript in accordance with the Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals and
Download Pdf Manuals
Related Search