Use of RFID tags for data storage on quality control in cheese
Contents
1. readout Reading only on request a b Fig 7 Procedure to establish the communication between the reader and tags a Flow diagram b Software code The routine includes a format tag option which stores zeros in all blocks in order the tag to be reused for future activities A scheme representing the mode in which data are stored in the tag memory and the data appearance on the PPC screen can be observed in Figure 8 Regarding the data to be recorded in the tags the writing process has to be optimized in order to store as much as possible cheese production parameters The fields that will be saved on tags can contain numerical values temperature fat etc alphanumerical values type of milk manufacturer Batch batch qualification etc and data concerning key dates on production elaboration reception ripening etc Numerical data will be codified in binary differentiating between integer and decimal part The number of bits required for each part depends on the range of values and the precision used In some cases a data manipulation is performed For example if a variable varies from 3 to 5 for a value of 4 57 the integer and the decimal part are codified separately Data provided by the factory Data in PPC Stage 6 Milk Reception or Variable Gatos generaics ameca a fo 28 TreLanvieeier che sgur iia hao tare Reforma poucto I aiina f Packet PE Fields associated2. West Shanghai 200040 China 51000 Rijeka Croatia A ber ME Pe 5 LAE aA EDA R405 470 Phone 385 51 770 447 Phone 86 21 62489820 Fax 385 51 686 166 Fax 86 21 62489821 www intechopen com
3. certificate the quality making easier the location immobilization and in some cases the effective and selective recall when problems arise In this way the device RFID would operate as an interface making easier and more efficient the exchange of data and information between the company and the technical staff of the Regulatory Board of the P D O A sketch of this procedure can be seen in Figure 3 Diary Technical staff RFID tag Technical staff manufacturer Fig 3 Use of RFID tags in the integrated system of quality control Company Regulatory Boards of P D O 2 System implementation The system developed is similar to that shown in Figure 2 It consists of two complementary systems one is based on a personal computer PC and the other in a PocketPC PPC The PocketPC utility was implemented as a complement to the PC due to its portability The Figure 4 presents a simplified block diagram of the two systems implemented Software Hardware Interface Interface External Antenna RS232 Reader Fig 4 A simplified block diagram of the two systems implemented www intechopen com 218 Data Storage The PC system includes the 56350 midrange reader and the gate antenna series 6000 Texas Instruments_RFID 2002 The reader operates at 13 56 MHz and is able to communicate with tags that accomplish ISO 15693 protocol The communication to the reader is done through a PC serial port using a RS 232 data transmission
4. on the tag pmj Qa d k r N a Fig 8 Data recorded in tag and its representation on the PPC screen Effective range of integer part has only 3 values 3 4 and 5 and an offset of 3 is subtracted so only 2 bits are needed 0 to 2 instead of the 4 bits needed if offset is not considered 0 to 5 On the other hand alphanumerical values will be stored as a simple database that is assigning a numerical value to each data i e type of milk can contain 4 values null www intechopen com 222 Data Storage Ml cow goat and sheep that will be linked to numerical values 0 1 2 and 3 respectively Once all the fields and its associated number of bits are defined the next step is to arrange the whole tag The purpose is that each stage of the production process will be associated with a collection of blocks Around two hundred variables related to the parameters involved in the different phases of the cheese fabrication can be recorded in a tag Some of them appear in Table 1 Variable Range General Data Product Code 1000 2000 Lot 010111 311299 Volume 500 Its 2500 Its Pieces 50 uds 300 uds Fit for consumption yes no Number of tags 000000 999999 Specific data for the different stages Reception date 01 01 11 31 12 99 Raw milk supplier Alphabetical Tank Alphanumerical pH 4 00 upH 7 00 upH Acidity 13 00 D 18 00 D Temperature 02 0 C 12 0 C Chemical analysis Fat 3 00 8 00 Protein
5. protocol with one start bit 8 data bits 1 stop bit and no parity Several speeds can be selected within the range from 9600 bps to 57600 bps The PC starts the communication with the reader through a pair of request response sequences accomplishing ISO 15693 standard which establishes the request stream format as well as the fields size Some of the commands supported by the reader can be used with addressing i e read write and lock If addressing is used the command will be sent to a single tag and in the other case the command will be broadcasted to all tags in the visible range of the reader For example Figure 5 shows the display of the reader utility after sending the command inventory As it can be seen as a response to this command all transponders visible to the reader appear on the screen 6350 Reader Utilit lo x Main Host Protocol Files Help About Commands Options Transponder Data Command Inventory J Execute Send Command Start Continuous Node Display ott Clear Window Con Data TX Raw Data 010D0000000060110701007B84 RX Raw Data j 0135000000006003C00000002560EF2802000007E0002561E F280200000 7ECO0FFSEEF 28020000 56350 150 Direkt to Comi 9600 5N1 no Logging Fig 5 Display of the reader utility in response to the command inventory The system is also able to detect errors in such a way that if an error occurs during the communication the reader will send an error code in the response str
6. 13 Use of RFID tags for data storage on quality control in cheese industries Raquel P rez Aloe Jos M Valverde Antonio Larat Fernando Castano Juan M Carrillo Jos Gonzalez and Isidro Roa Universidad de Extremadura Instituto Tecnol gico Agroalimentario Spain 1 Introduction The current laws that regulate the food security in the European Union lay down the principles and general requirements of the food legislation In the article 3 of the Regulation 178 2002 the traceability is defined as the ability to trace and follow a food feed food producing animal or substance intended to be or expected to be incorporated into a food or feed through all stages of production processing and distribution In addition the food traceability must be guaranteed in all the stages described above production transformation and distribution which implies the obligation of being able of identifying every product in the company providing a complete information about it Regulation 178 2002 Depending on the activity in the food chain three different types of traceability can be distinguished 1 Back traceability called suppliers traceability as well refers to the possibility of having knowledge of what products are coming into the company where are they coming from as well as which farmers are their suppliers 2 Internal traceability or process traceability refers to the information about what
7. ate Antenna September 2002 Texas Instruments 2005 Tag it HF I Plus Transponder Inlays December 2005 www intechopen com Data Storage Edited by Florin Balasa Dale Slorage ISBN 978 953 307 063 6 Hard cover 226 pages Publisher InTech Published online 01 April 2010 a Published in print edition April 2010 The book presents several advances in different research areas related to data storage from the design of a hierarchical memory subsystem in embedded signal processing systems for data intensive applications through data representation in flash memories data recording and retrieval in conventional optical data storage systems and the more recent holographic systems to applications in medicine requiring massive image databases How to reference In order to correctly reference this scholarly work feel free to copy and paste the following Raquel Perez Aloe Jose M Valverde Antonio Lara Fernando Castano Juan M Carrillo Jose Gonzalez and Isidro Roa 2010 Use of RFID Tags for Data Storage on Quality Control in Cheese Industries Data Storage Florin Balasa Ed ISBN 978 953 307 063 6 InTech Available from http www intechopen com books data storage use of rfid tags for data storage on quality control in cheese industries INTECH open science open minds InTech Europe InTech China University Campus STeP Ri Unit 405 Office Block Hotel Equatorial Shanghai Slavka Krautzeka 83 A No 65 Yan An Road
8. aves the field the communication gets interrupted and the chip on the tag stops working but the data on the tag keeps stored Finkenzeller 2003 To provide the system with portability a PDA Personal Digital Assistant with reader and embedded antenna can be used Figure 2 shows the usual components of a RFID system RF Antenna N E S at Terminal Host RFEID Reader PDA Reader Fig 2 Usual components of a RFID system www intechopen com 216 Data Storage There are different RFID technologies available passive tags have no own power source and take their energy directly from the magnetic field of the reader Passive RFID tags do not need any maintenance but the reading distance depends on the size and frequency of the transponder and antenna Active tags are much more complex than passive tags and have an internal battery to increase the reading distances The life time of active tags is limited through the battery The semi passive tags contain a power source such as a battery to power the microchip s circuitry Unlike active tags semi passive tags do not use the battery to communicate with the reader Communication is done in the same manner than passive tags do Semi passive tags might be dormant until activated by a signal from a reader This conserves battery power and can lengthen the life of the tag There are systems with 134 kHz 125 kHz 13 56 MHz 868 MHz 915 MHz 2 45 GHz available having different proper
9. eam to the PC Some errors are tags not found in the vision range a write attempt to a read only block or an addressing to a non existing block Regarding the PPC system it consists of PDA with Windows PocketPC 2003 Hewlett Packard iPAQ 2003 Compact Flash reader with built in antenna ACG 2006 The hardware interface runs also at 13 56 MHz Both ASCII and binary transmission modes are supported by the reader but only ASCII mode has been developed because it simplifies the process The transmission protocol is ASCII mode at 9600 bps The PocketPC and the PC version are fully compatible so that a tag written by one application can be read by the other without problems The software was implemented with Microsoft Embedded Visual C environment and the source code includes the library supplied by the reader manufacturer All the data stored in a tag are accessed and read in just 8 seconds www intechopen com Use of RFID tags for data storage on quality control in cheese industries 219 Two different types of labels running at 13 56 MHz have been used in this application Individual tags to be used to identify each cheese Batch tags which store all data set and parameters related to its manufacturing process as well as information about the cheeses that belong to it Besides two different rounded shape tags with different sizes have been tested for individual labels both on casein plate in order to improve the adherence
10. ein plate Order 25 4 1997 Laying down the regulations of the Denomination of Origin Ibores cheese and its Regulatory Board Order 11 1 1999 Official recognition of the Designation of Origin Torta del Casar Order 9 10 2001 Adoption of the Rules of the Designation of Origin Torta del Casar Order 6 5 2002 Ratification of the Rules of the Designation of Origin Torta del Casar P rez Aloe R Valverde J M Lara A Carrillo J M Roa I amp Gonzalez J 2007 Application of RFID tags for the overall traceability of products in cheese industries Proceedings of 1 Annual RFID Eurasia Conference pp 268 272 ISBN 978 975 01566 0 1 Turkey September 2007 Istanbul Philips Semiconductors 2003 I Code SL2 ICS20 Smart Label IC Rev 3 0 January 2003 Regulation 178 2002 Laying down the principles and requirements of food law establishing the European Food Safety Authority and laying down procedures relating to food safety Regulation 1491 2003 Registration of Protected Designation of Origin Torta del Casar in the Register of Protected Designations of Origin and Protected Geographical Indications Spanish Agency for Food Security 2004 Guide for the application of traceability in food companies Coiman S L NIPO 355 04 001 9 Madrid Texas Instruments_RFID 2002 HF Reader System Series 6000 S6350 Midrange Reader Module September 2002 Texas Instruments_RFID 2002 HF Reader System Series 6000 G
11. es in charge of quality control and technical staff of Regulatory Board of P D O responsible for quality certification could use the system easily Fig 11 Data update in cheeses with attached RFID tags 4 Conclusion Two different systems that perform the reading writing task with RFID tags in a cheese industry have been implemented One of them is based on a Personal Computer whereas the other solution uses a PocketPC providing the application with the required portability The main objective has been to make available to the factory the complete traceability of the products in individual and by batches mode as well as to provide the technical staff of Regulatory Boards of P D O with a tool that facilitates the process of quality certification The tags have been tested under different conditions of temperature humidity acid corrosion ammoniacal gases and immerse in saline solutions with inhibiting substances sugars colorant pigments preservative substances and oils Besides physical tests have been also made which include friction and flexibility In all the situations no significant negative effects have been reported in communication with tags excepting for metallic materials in the range of the reader Around two hundred variables related to the parameters involved in the different stages of the cheese production can be stored in the tag which improve considerably the quality and yield control of the production plant www in
12. he dairy companies in terms of traceability and the Regulatory Boards of P D O with respect to their quality systems to certificate products In this way the binomial Company Regulatory Board would have the necessary tools hardware software that would enable compliance with current legislation regarding traceability as well as a continuous quality improvement thanks to the optimization of the technological process according to the information obtained respectively The key points here would be the speed on getting the required information the time saved and the simplification of tasks that would provide the implemented tool compared to the manual records of data usually done by both the employees of the cheese industry and the technical staff of the Regulatory Board of P D O in charge of the quality certification To achieve this goal a system which deals with the use of Radio Frequency IDentification RFID has been developed The RFID is a contactless method for data transfer in object identification The transmission of data is carried out through electromagnetic waves The tag transponder consists of a microchip as well as an antenna which are usually put in some form of casing for protection against different environments The RFID read write device creates a weak electromagnetic field If a RFID tag passes this field the microchip of the transponder wakes up and can send or receive data without any contact to the reader If the tag le
13. idea for example the Ibores cheese Spanish Southwest P D O has to be made with milk of mountain goats with a preservation temperature less than 6 C a minimum protein content of 6 fat around 4 pH higher than 6 5 and so on One of the elaboration steps is the salting which can be wet or dry using only sodium chloride In case of wet salting the maximum stay time shall be 24 hours in a saline solution with a maximum concentration of 20 Regarding the ripening time it should be at least sixty days being the finished product cylindrical with a height from 6 to 9 cm diameter comprised between 12 and 15 cm and a weight from 750 to 1200 g In the most traditional presentation the cheese is coated with paprika or smeared with olive oil appearing diverse colorations due to different moulds Order 25 4 1997 This is only a brief summary of the conditions that Ibores cheeses should meet in order to be qualified as product with P D O The agency responsible for accrediting the P D O is the Regulatory Board Usually a technical expert visits the cheese industry requesting to the manufacturer a collection of data corresponding to the elaboration process to certify if appropriate the guarantee of origin and quality Besides the Regulatory Boards of P D O are recognized as entities of product certification according to the European Standard EN 45011 This regulation shows in detail the criteria to be applied by these entities to perfor
14. is made from what it is made how and when it is made and the identification of the product 3 Forward traceability or client traceability means the possibility of knowing what products the company delivers when and to whom they have been supplied Coscar6n et al 2007 Spanish Agency for Food Security 2004 Although the law imposes a generic obligation of traceability it is not mentioned the way in which companies can achieve that goal Decree 1808 1991 Decree 217 2004 Nowadays the sector of cheese production has no a procedure that exhaustively guarantees a proper traceability throughout all the fabrication stages The main problem is the cheese ripening done in special chambers as shown in Figure 1 The surrounding conditions in these rooms such as humidity temperature product handling turning mould and flora growing avoid the individual labeling of the products Is for this that the production and quality control are performed by batches and the data storage of the information is done manually by the company staff www intechopen com 214 Data Storage Moreover if the cheese produced by a specific manufacturer has a Protected Denomination of Origin P D O then the product must satisfy stringent requirements about the milk origin characteristics and preserving and the elaboration ripening and physical and physicochemical characteristics of the final result Fig 1 A traditional ripening chamber To have an
15. l these cases no significant negative effects have been reported in communication with tags with the exception of data reading with metallic materials in the range of the reader which reported erroneous reading Finally in order to confirm that tags were suitable to be attached to the products from the start of the fabrication to the end the tags were placed on the surface of the cheese at the www intechopen com 224 Data Storage beginning of the production As can be seen in Figure 10 which corresponds to photographs taken at different stages of production both types of tags used as individual labels remained 4 be g rt hy i WE OTT hia ik SN ie ALLEE Fig 10 Tags in different stages of production www intechopen com Use of RFID tags for data storage on quality control in cheese industries 225 a Before molding b After pressing c At the end of production attached to the rind of the cheese until the end of the process without reporting errors in the reading writing process Figure 10 also shows the containers with their batch labels Regarding the signal range for the PC application the system is able to read write tags inside a radius of around 20 cm whereas the PPC reader has a limited range of around 25 mm in both cases enough for our purposes Finally Figure 11 displays the way in which data are updated using the PPC system The application is user friendly so that employees of factori
16. m a certification of products reliable and transparent For instance in the document that details the criteria to be evaluated by the technical staff of the Regulatory Board of P D O Torta del Casar other Spanish Southwest P D O Order 11 1 1999 Order 9 10 2001 Order 6 5 2002 Regulation 1491 2003 appears that the Regulatory Board lays down a control based on sampling and analysis of milk and cheese The results will be used in the development of a set of measurable data which will serve as basis for the accreditation process and to verify the adequacy of the dairy industry to the certification system This system in fact is based on a procedure of self control that includes several actions to be done by the person in charge of quality www intechopen com Use of RFID tags for data storage on quality control in cheese industries 215 control in the company These actions must be the periodic checking as determined by the regulations of the physical physicochemical microbiological and organoleptic parameters of the batches to be issued to the market having a record of the results CC 3 2005 CC 4 2007 As it is clear from above it is desirable that the cheese industry and the Regulatory Board of P D O interact effectively and efficiently to achieve that the final product reaches the consumer with full guarantee of its origin manufacturing process or quality Therefore the main objective here will be to join efforts between t
17. matter 2 50 7 00 Lactose 3 00 6 00 sodium chloride 0 80 2 20 Microbiological analysis Listeria monocytogenes yes no Salmonella spp yes no Staphylococcus aureus 0 20 000 ufc gr Yield control Lot weight 50 0 ker 400 0 ker Lot yield Volume Weight O Average unit weight 750 gr 1400gr Control of Clients Client Reference Alphanumerical Order number units kgr 1 300 0 80 400 Table 1 Some parameters stored in the tags 3 Experimental results The systems have been tested in the industries that collaborate in this work Previous to place the prototypes in the companies exhaustive tests were done on tags in laboratory in www intechopen com Use of RFID tags for data storage on quality control in cheese industries 223 order to prove proper working under identical operation conditions than in factory The simulated conditions were temperature humidity biological contamination acid corrosion ammoniacal gases and immersion on saline solutions inhibiting substances sugars colorant pigments preservative substances oils action Figure 9 a and mould growing Figure 9 b Fig 9 Test on tags in laboratory a Immersion on saline solution olive oil and paprika b Mould growing Besides physical tests have been also made which include friction and flexibility because in ripening chambers cheeses with its corresponding tags are subject to turns shelving changes frictions and personnel manipulations In al
18. techopen com 226 Data Storage 5 Acknowledgements This work has been financially supported by the Ministry of Infrastructures and Technological Development of the Government of Extremadura under Grant PDT05A042 and PDT08A041 with the economic assistance of the European Union FEDER 6 References ACG Multi ISO Plug In Reader 2006 ACG Identification Technologies RDHP 0206P0 02 ACG RFID Reader DLL 2006 User Manual Rev 1 0 January 2006 Certification Criteria CC 3 2005 Requirements to be met by the dairy industry Manual of quality of the Regulatory Board of P D O Torta del Casar 4 1 8 Casar de Caceres Certification Criteria CC 4 2007 Characteristics of the Torta del Casar Produced Manual of quality of the Regulatory Board of P D O Torta del Casar 5 1 6 Casar de Caceres Coscaron C Gil M amp Legaz E 2007 Revista Alimentaria No 383 May 2007 48 55 ISSN 03005755 Decree 1808 1991 Which governs the indications or marks identifying the batch to which a foodstuff belongs Decree 217 2004 Which regulate the identification and registration of staff facilities and containers involved in the dairy sector and record the movements of the milk Finkenzeller K 2003 RFID Handbook Fundamentals and Applications in contactless smart cards and identification John Wiley and Sons ISBN 0 470 84402 7 Hewlett Packard iPAQ h5550 with Windows Pocket PC 2003 Labelys tracabilit 2007 RFID cas
19. tes which refer to the block number to be read and the NULL byte Moreover the reader has a 512 bytes buffer so once the command is sent and the reader receives the data the utility can extract the required word from the buffer The 512 bytes size allows the hardware to read all the tag blocks Data are sent to the tags by means of a software application This application is easy to use so that any employee of the Detect serial port Open a communication device Close a reader Close a communication device company of Regulatory Boards will be able to use it without difficulties company or Regulatory Boards will be able to use it without difficulties Initialise and open the communication port presetSettings settings new presetSettings settings gt baudRate 460800 settings gt protocol 0 ASCII mode char puerto 30 Detects the PDA port where the CF reader is connected RDR_DetectSerialPort puerto www intechopen com Use of RFID tags for data storage on quality control in cheese industries 221 if RDR_OpenComm puerto 0 settings 0 and check if successful Open the port If command returns a 0 an error has occurred MessageBox CString Error CString Informaci6 n MB OK no need to specify the first parameter in ASCII mode jelse I port has been opened successfully then activate the reader RDR_OpenReader 1 6 RDR_AbortContinuousRead Stop the continuous
20. ties and reading distances depending on the environmental conditions Hence the main characteristics of a RFID system are Communication done without physical contact between the reader and the tags Soil resistant No line of sight required Read Write memory Possibility to store production and or product data into the tag s memory Multi read write capability Obviously the use in dairy products of these smart cards or tags allows obtaining the benefits that come from the fact of providing the product with a certain kind of intelligence such as To have only one identity To be able to communicate with his environment in a efficient way To be capable of obtaining and retaining the information about itself Also in this context the RFID solution offers versus the traditional bar code the following advantages Huge number of data in a reduced physical space Automatic writing reading in either individual or by batch mode This is performed thanks to the use of anti collision algorithms which allow reading several RFID tags without interferences Bar code needs visibility to work properly and the information stored can not be changed using the same tag Bar code identifies a type of object The RFID tag identifies an only object in an only way Bar code is easily damaged in wet environments like are the ripening chambers where mould growing exists In this case a RFID tag can be
21. to the cheese The smaller one has a diameter of 9 mm and uses the chip I Code SL2 ICS20 Philips Semiconductors 2003 The other one consists of a similar chip and has a size of 20 mm Labelys 2007 I Code chip has a user memory of 128 bytes divided into blocks of 32x32 bits Of these 128 bytes only 108 are addressable bytes 27x32 bits The tags HF I ISO 15963 Texas Instruments 2005 have been selected to be utilized as batch labels due to their characteristics of thinness and flexibility The tags have a 2 kBs user memory organized in 64 blocks x 32 bits as shown in Figure 6 a dat Bal Ul A ambar nhi bmi O asikari a ee ait fi eget j r aa a me ISU 15693 Mandatory and Optional Commande Tt Cusiom Commands Vinte 2 Blocks Lock 2 Blicks Vi onplervented Net apphcob le Fig 6 Characteristics of the tags used a Memory organization b List of commands Tags can contain read only data ROM and read write data R W The stored data on blocks can be locked on factory or by user on an irreversible process so data can not be modified any more In other cases tags can be reused for future utilizations All the tags have a locked field the individual identification code UID Unique IDentifier of the transponder which is a 64 bits code provided by the manufacturer and defined in ISO 15693 standard AFI Application Family Identifier such as transportation finance
22. wrapped for example by biofilm without affecting the reading writing process Barcodes are of course cheap to create but they are limited in their storage capacity and are not flexible when data needs to be changed Taking into account all the features mentioned above a system based on the use of RFID transponders seems to be the most appropriate to carry out the proposed tasks The idea is to use RFID tags as physical support for storing the information required to perform a complete traceability in cheese industries as well as facilitate the collection of data required by the technical experts of the Regulatory Boards in charge of quality certification P rez Aloe et al 2007 The application will perform the three types of traceability vendor process and customer and an individual register of analysis and controls done in all the www intechopen com Use of RFID tags for data storage on quality control in cheese industries 217 production stages milk reception storage fabrication ripening quality and yield control and pH measures as well In this way the collected data corresponding to the process conditions humidity temperature pressure ventilation including microorganism biochemical and pH analysis and the connection of these data with the products provided by the different suppliers are increased Then the traceability will be granted both on batches and on individual cheeses This contributes to assure and
23. www intechopen com 220 Data Storage code allows storing the type of application and DSFID Data Storage Format Dentifier the data format Both of them are 1 byte blocks The HF I tags commands list is seen in Figure 6 b Basically two modes of reading writing tags are available single and multiple tag operation In single tag operation the first action is to detect a single tag then the reader identifies the UID and the subsequent reading writing commands are referred exclusively to it On the other hand in the multiple tag operation the information is broadcasted to all the tags in the reader range The PPC utility includes routines for data interpretation and the communication protocol between the compact flash reader and the tags AGC DLL 2006 The procedure to establish communication between both devices and start sending commands is shown in Figure 7 a As it can be seen the port where the reader is connected has to be detected and opened If the port has been opened successfully then the reader is activated and ready to send a set of commands Figure 7 b details the software code that performs the steps previously mentioned The writing tag command consists of 11 bytes in ASCII mode so that the first two bytes indicate the address of the block to write the following 8 bytes are the data to write and the last byte is the NULL or stop chain with all bits to zero However the reading tag command contains only 3 by
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