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1. Conclusion The camera detects different objects in the designated area very well The MATLAB code manages to detect mosquitoes by wing beat frequency to an acceptable level Due to the fact that this is tested on a prototype the acceptance criteria is not as high as if it was a finished product 10 Component Overview In Table 50 a full overview of the components for the prototype can be seen Table 50 Component overview for the system Visual Video Capture Canon EOS 1 Captures video stream Detection Device 550D System Lens Sigma 1 70 300mm Tripod Velbon C 600 1 Camera support Mini USB 1 Interface to computer Immobilization Laser Laser pointer 1 Weak generic laser pointer unit Processing unit Computer Alienware 1 Image processing CPU M14 Mini USB 1 Connector to Laser Control System Galvanometer Galvanometer RGB 2 7mm 11mm 0 6mm System mirrors SCAN20 close loop scanner Control boards RGB 2 SV 5V SCAN20 close loop scanner Power Supply KAIHUI 1 15V 1A 15V 0 5A Cooling fan Cooler master 2 DC 15V 1A Galvanometer DAC MCP4922 1 12 bit Control Circuit Operational TLO82CN 1 Dual 4 MHz amplifier Operational TLO84ACN 1 Quad 3 MHz amplifier Resistor 8 10kQ ohm Microcontroller Arduino UNO 1 Transmits digital signal received from computer and outputs it through the digital output pins Microphone Microphones Panasonic 11 Electret microphones
2. d m 0 425 0 315 0 234 0 173 0 128 0 095 Though it seemed appropriate with three sub arrays considering the maximum frequency for each of the sub arrays the use of four sub arrays seems to result in a better fit when the fundamental is in the frequency range of 400 500 Hz second harmonic at 800 1000 Hz and the third at 1200 1500 Hz 2 6 3 Sparse Array Design with Four Sub Arrays In order to evaluate if a sparse array may result in a narrower main lobe across the frequency range of interest in comparison to the microphone array in chapter 2 5 3 a proposed design with nine microphones will be presented The spacing between the microphones will be as stated in Table 3 with the corresponding upper frequency limits for the sub arrays Hence the microphone array will equal that of Fig 11 in regards to layout of the microphones Fig 12 illustrates the spacing for a better understanding o_o 00000 o_o d 0 095 3 d 0 233 3 ka d 0 365 Figure 12 Sparse Array with 9 microphones and 4 sub arrays Minimum frequency of 300 Hz and maximum frequency of 1800 Hz It is clear from the Fig 12 that length of the microphone array will be twice that of the inter microphone spacing for sub array 1 with a maximum frequency of 470 Hz corresponding to 0 365m 2 0 73 m This is considerably shorter than 1 12 m as for the microphone array with equally spaced microphones though it is seen that sub array 1 will consist of 3
3. Need for concept change architecture or design units Extra time put aside for test specification Several different architectural and design unit concepts have been made 2 9 Project Team An overview of the MDS team members are represented in Table 8 Table 8 Project team overview Software Engineering Embedded Systems Mohammad Jawad Shabbir Qureshi Electrical Engineering Audio Technology Christoffer Marius Ness Olsen Hege Jeanette Blikra Electrical Engineering Cybernetics and Mechatronics Eirik Haavaldsen Software Engineering Embedded Systems Electrical Engineering Cybernetics and Mechatronics Ann Christin Tjensvold Barstad Max Moeschinger Software Engineering Embedded Systems 11 2 10 Expense Report An overview of prototype expenses for the Mosquito Defence System is represented in Table 9 Table 9 Expenses Laser pen Clas Ohlson 1 249 NOK Galvanometer Scanner Set Ebay 1 984 44 NOK Thermal Sensor Rs Components AS 1 566 36 NOK Pitch Housing 4 way Rs Components AS 10 369 89 NOK SSHL Crimp Pin Connector Rs Components AS 100 Female DAC Elfa Distrelec 3 115 80 NOK TLO82CN Op amp IC Elfa Distrelec 5 13 15 NOK TL084ACN Op amp IC Elfa Distrelec 5 36 00 NOK DC DC converter Elfa Distrelec 1 141 00 NOK Capacitor 100nF Elfa Distrelec 10 6 39 NOK Aluminium electrolytic Elfa Distrele
4. 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 https www1 elfa se datal wwwroot assets datasheets uno_eng_tds pdf Accessed 2015 H J Blikra Galvanometer Scanner Technical Document Mosquito Defence Systems Kongsberg 2015 Microchip Elfa Distrelec 2007 Online Available https www1 elfa se datal wwwroot assets datasheets MCP49214922_eng_tds pd f Accessed 25 March 2015 W Kester Analog Online Available http www analog com library analogDialogue archives 39 06 Chapter 206 20Interfacing 20to 20Data 20Converters 20F pdf Accessed 27 April 2015 ST Elfa Distrelec 2008 Online Available https www1 elfa se datal wwwroot assets datasheets t1082_a_b_eng_tds pdf Accessed 28 March 2015 Texas Instruments Elfa Distrelec 2004 Online Available https www 1 elfa se data1 wwwroot assets datasheets tl08 1 tl084_eng_tds pdf Accessed 28 March 2015 A C Barstad Laser Mosquito Defence Systems Kongsberg 2015 S M Goldwasser Photonlexicon 2010 Online Available http www photonlexicon com repairfaq sam laserpic glpdpics htm Accessed 2015 J Kare Backyard Star Wars IEEE Spectrum 30 04 2010 Online Available http spectrum ieee org consumer electronics gadgets backyard star wars Accessed 02 05 2015 Statens Str levern www nrpa no 10 01 2014 Online Available http www nrpa no fakt
5. fmin where fin and fmax is the lower and upper frequency of interest and N is the number of sub arrays The required inter microphone distance for each sub array is then computed by E mas 4 where c is the speed of sound 343 m s at 20 degrees Celsius and fina the upper frequency in the sub array With three sub arrays the upper frequency for each sub array will be as seen in Table 2 with its corresponding inter microphone distance Table 3 shows the same data when four sub arrays are employed Table 4 when five sub arrays are used and finally Table 5 when six sub arrays are employed respectively Table 2 Upper frequency of the sub arrays and inter microphone spacing with 3 sub arrays hi max Hz 545 991 1800 d m 0 315 0 170 0 095 Table 3 Upper frequency of the sub arrays and inter microphone spacing with 4 sub arrays max Hz 470 735 1150 1800 d m 0 365 0 233 0 150 0 095 Table 4 Upper frequency of the sub arrays and inter microphone spacing with 5 sub arrays Jmax HZ 429 614 879 1258 1800 dim 0 400 0 280 0 195 0 136 0 095 17 MDS Detecting Mosquitoes with Microphone Arrays Bachelor Assignment v2 0 I 14 04 2015 Table 5 Upper frequency of the sub arrays and inter microphone spacing with Fax HZ 404 545 734 991 1335 1800
6. 2 Ann Christin Barstad Max Moeschinger Hege Jeanette Blikra and Christoffer Olsen Mosquito Detetction 2015 MosquitoDetectionConceptsAndMethods_v0 5_19 02 2015 Web 20 Feb 2015 Pages 5 7 Photonic Fence Concept Mosquito Defence Systems v1 0 e 13 03 2015 MDS Photonic Fence Concept Document Bachelor Assignment v1 0 I 13 03 2015 Abstract This paper is a literary study of the photonic fence concept a technology developed with the purpose of protecting humans against disease carrying mosquitoes This document will provide information about how the photonic fence works and how we may apply some of the same techniques for our own project MDS Photonic Fence Concept Document Bachelor Assignment v1 0 I 13 03 2015 Document Version 0 1 19 02 2015 Eirik Haavaldsen Document Creation 1 0 13 03 2015 Hege J Blikra Document revision 1 0 08 05 2015 Ann Christin Barstad Proofreading MDS Photonic Fence Concept Document Bachelor Assignment v1 01 13 03 2015 Table of Contents PAYS EC tes cao ceti Sse sad Comat ba dico cde ek setae iride Do conico culi Laue ciiale air es R 2 Document Version nun seen aan 3 Bist 01 Flores ee eek ee ie leisten 4 li Introduction iii A elia 5 2 Pholonie Fente sense lillo ssi 6 2 1 How the Photonic Fence WOrks nzi irrisoria 6 Dll Concepts q re y A rr ele de 6 21 2 Concept Components arcano ro rato 7 2 2 Activity Diagram ir RARI ira R 9 2 3 List of Prot
7. Array WM 61 ADC PCM1804 Q1 6 Sigma delta analog to digital converter Amplifier That 1583 11 Microphone pre amplifier Clock Fanout CDCLVC1310 1 High performance crystal Buffer buffer Crystal Silicon Labs 1 100 kHz to 250 MHz Oscillator Si510 Oscillator Operation 93 frequency at 8 192 MHz Safety Thermal sensor Omron D6T 1 Detects far infrared rays Measures 1x8 Resistor 2 4 7kQ 11 Post Analysis The outcome of this project is a prototype capable of tracking moving objects while steering a laser directly at it It can determine if a mosquito is in fact present and avoid firing the laser if a human or animal is within the designated area of effect This is a system with strict real time constraints and the group had some doubts due to the necessary expertise to develop a system of such complexity The galvanometers had to be calibrated and adapted to the designated area of effect automatically while maintaining a satisfactory accuracy for the laser to target the mosquito or some part of it for immobilization The system had to be capable of determining if a mosquito is present and distinguish it from other insects such as a bee while avoiding unintentional harm to humans animals and also the environment The group was able to overcome each of these obstacles through comprehensive research as well as an extensive knowledge base from the group members with each of their specialized fields withi
8. MDS Laser Bachelor Assignment v1 01 08 05 2015 different from normal light because of the specific wavelength i e one specific color This case is referred to as monochromatic light In addition the released light is coherent it is organized in a way that each photon moves in step with each other It is also directional meaning that the laser light has a tight beam it is strong and concentrated 2 The laser includes two key components a pair of mirrors These are placed next to the lasing medium one at each side Photons reflect off the mirrors and travel back and forth through the lasing medium In this process the photons stimulate other electrons to make the same jump and cause emission of more photons of the same wavelength and phase resulting in a cascaded effect One of the two mirrors has a partially transmitting coating half silvered i e it reflects some light and lets some light through The light that goes through is the laser light 2 3 2 3 Types of Lasers Lasers are often described by the kind of lasing medium they use solid state gas excimer dye or semiconductor 4 2 3 1 Solid State Lasers Solid state lasers consist of a host and an active ion doped in the solid host material The Active ion must have sharp fluorescent line broad absorption bands and high quantum efficiency for the wavelength of interest The host material must be strong and fracture resistant with high thermal conducti
9. Omron D6T sensor works on the Seebeck effect 46 Every object emits radiated heat and the silicon cap on Omron D6T collects their far infrared rays into the thermopile sensor in the module The radiated heat produces electromotive force on the thermopile sensor The analog circuit inside then calculates the temperature by using the electromotive force created and saves the measured value inside the logical circuit which then sends the value out through the PC bus onto the microcontroller Since OMRON uses a vacuum sealed design sensor it seals the thermopile in a vacuum preventing the heat created from the rays to disperse into the air thus increasing the sensitivity of the sensor 41 as seen in Figure 32 Conventional design Omron s new without vacuum sealing vacuum sealed design Cold junction Hot junctions Cold junction Cold junction Hot junctions Cold junction Figure 32 Conventional vs Omrons new vacuum sealed design 41 63 Since the system is connected to the 8L the sensor has 8 pixels and they are shown in Figure 33 Figure 33 Thermal data GUI QT application 6 3 4 Interface To get reliable IC connection the SDA and SCL needs to be connected to a 4 7kQ resistor which is then connected to a stable 5V reference in order to keep the signals steady Figure 34 shows a circuit diagram on how to get a stable connection with the OMRON DET and microcontroller Figure 34 Microcontroller and thermal se
10. Step 2 Find peaks in the coefficient correlation graph The peaks represent at which lags there is high correlation the peak at time lag 0 is ignored In this instance the distance between peaks represents the periodicity in the signal in terms of frequency Step 3 Calculate the fundamental frequency by dividing the sample rate with the sample rate times the time between peaks Step 4 If the calculated frequency is between 320 and 480Hz the program will interpret that as a signature match for the wing beat frequency of a mosquito 7 1 5 Future Contingencies At this stage the software was written in MATLAB as a prototype to test different methods and concepts However for the module to become an integral part of the final system and possibly more efficient rewriting it in lower level languages such as C or C is recommended Since the majority of software in the system is written in C using the QT framework this platform would constitute the methods well with the rest of the software When it comes to rewriting the code digital signal processing libraries such as Aquila 50 70 may be used to implement the mentioned methods For example the cepstrum requires Fast Fourier Transform Natural Logarithm and Inverse Fast Fourier Transform functions to process the signal These are common libraries and are found in many forms both open source and proprietary The three methods described above all provide the fundamental frequency o
11. This text concerns an outpost concept based on the Mosquito Killing System MKS MKS is an existing trap based system used to reduce mosquito populations in designated areas Using this system as inspiration this text discusses a similar concept with added features such as singular detection and related immobilization methods MDS Bachelor Assignment Document Version Outpost Concept v1 01 14 03 2015 0 1 19 02 2015 Hege J Blikra First draft 1 0 14 03 2015 Hege J Blikra Document revision 1 0 08 05 2015 Ann Christin Barstad Proofreading MDS Outpost Concept Bachelor Assignment v1 01 14 03 2015 Table of Contents A aree 2 Document Version nun HB Ra aria 3 li IMTrOdUEA OA ad hallo an 5 D A Gunde E E E E rai 5 A ERASE ne O 5 22 OUMES CONC 6 2 a Monella 6 222 O NE 6 2 2 3 IDELECHON iii I ATI SATIRA sane 6 224 O A ea a E e E aeae eiio 6 O 7 220 Porcile 7 2240 EEN A O 7 3 VCONEIUSIONI ci kl ki 8 LT 8 MDS Outpost Concept Bachelor Assignment v1 01 14 03 2015 1 Introduction Most insects serve an important task such as pollination of flowering plants nutrition and population control Mosquitoes act as a major part of the aquatic food chain yet they are carriers of deadly diseases As the tropical weather is predicted an appearance in Nordic countries in the future control of the mosquito population is an absolute necessity in order to save lives On today s market there are no
12. eleven microphones this results in five ADCs with two channel input and six ADCs with only one input With six ADCs it is necessary with a clock fanout buffer which can provide at least six clock outputs such that every ADC are synchronized by the same clock Texas Instruments CDCLVC1310 The CDCLVC10 by Texas Instruments is a high performance clock buffer with ten clock outputs and a noise floor of 169dBc Hz manufactured for e g high end Audio Visual equipment 10 It is equipped with crystal oscillator input supporting frequencies from 8 to 50 MHz Thus an ADC with a sampling frequency of e g 32 kHz and a oversampling factor of 128 results in a system clock frequency of 32000 Hz 256 8 192 MHz the minimum master clock frequency the PCM1804 Q1 supports A crystal oscillator such as SIS10 11 is appropriate There are four unused clock outputs hence the microphone array may be further expanded with an additional eight microphones two per ADC respectively AC Termination An important aspect regarding the connection between the clock output from clock fanout buffer and the clock input on the ADC is proper termination Hence a brief presentation is appropriate The importance of proper termination comes especially about when the distance between the fanout buffer and ADC is rather long as for a microphone array When the length Tr 2Ta L gt 6 where L is the length of the line T is the signal rise time and 77 is t
13. gt 180 the green values greater than 180 will be set to 1 as well G gt 150 And if the blue values will be set to 1 only if they are less than 10 B lt 10 giving us a threshold value of R gt 180 amp G gt 150 amp B lt 10 These values will render a binary image 3 figure 3 Sometimes the binary image that is rendered will not be perfect and have holes inside that looks like noise as shown in figure 3 In Matlab there is a function called imfill x holes that can easily filter these holes where x is the object that should be filled Figure 4 shows the binary image with the imfill function applied It is still not perfect so we can either dilate or erode this binary image to further clarify our foreground object By eroding we would increase the amount of black pixels and by dilating we would increase the amount of white pixels Figure 5 and 6 shows the results of eroding and dilating where figure 5 has the clearest object representation left The object that is left now is called a blob MDS Image Processing Bachelor Assignment 2 0 13 05 15 Figure 2 The input picture that should be threshold to keep only yellow colored objects Figure 3 Resulting binary image after initial color thresholding Figure 4 imfill x holes function has been applied and most of the noise is gone MDS Image Processing Bachelor Assignment 2 0 13 05 15 Figure 5 Eroding the object increases the black pixels Figure 6
14. 02 o9 16 23 30 o 13 20 27 oa m 18 25 0 Inception 17 days Wed 14 01 15 i Initiate Project 2days Wed 14 01 15 Pa Prepare Project Environment 2days Wed 14 01 15 Clean and Organize Project Location 3hrs Wed 14 01 15 Pa Create and Organize File Structure 1 day Wed 14 01 15 Find and inform Richard of needs hr Wed 14 01 15 Pa Set up Project Management Tool ASANA1 day Wed 14 01 15 Documentation 12 days Fri 16 01 15 Requirements Specification 7 days Fri 16 01 15 Test Specification 5 days Mon 26 01 15 Project Plan 5 days Fri 16 01 15 Project Charter 6 days Fri 16 01 15 Create Webpage 4 days Fri 16 01 15 Presentation 1 4 days Mon 02 02 15 Prepare presentation 3 days Mon 02 02 15 Presentation 1 0 days Thu 05 02 15 Elaboration 20 days Mon 09 02 15 caua Iteration 1 8 days Mon 09 02 15 Iteration planning day Mon 09 02 15 i Requirements S days Tue 10 02 15 H le Test Specifictation 2 days Mon 16 02 15 i n Architectual Concepts 4 days Mon 09 02 15 Research 7 days Mon 09 02 15 i Mosquito Entomology 7 days Mon 09 02 15 H Mosquito Immobilization Destruction Te 7 days Mon 09 02 15 i Mosquito Detection Technology 7 days Mon 09 02 15 Pa Photonic Fence Methods and Technology 7 days Mon 09 02 15 i TI Iteration report 1 day Wed 18 02 15 i iteration 2 12 days Thu 19 02 15 i Iteration plan 1 day Thu 19 02 15 i U Concept studies 5 day
15. Document Version sennen HB Bl Ra 3 TESTS OE BU SUT ES ee ek ee leisten 4 Lo Introduction scor RI RIINA IRR A RIE taria 5 2 Iimmobilzaionsys estraendo 5 21 Galvanometer Laser si areali io 5 Zilli O ars een 5 2 12 Miola rile orata 6 VA E A ORE IR CE ENO 6 a BEIDE laica 6 A ON 7 2ko kiamare ia 8 22 SERVO Laser Systema E E E E RI 9 221 Servo BASICS soe ara ala einer lr i aaa 9 222 VEIL nei 10 DZ SOEU Pi ses Reel 10 22 Incidente Me 11 32 Conclisionia ro ia 12 4 ARCE aaa 12 List of Figures Figure 1 Galvanometer as Ammeter Indicator 10 iii 6 Figure 2 Two Mirror Laser Set Up Mi essen 7 Figure 3 Dual Axis Galvo Mirror Assembly 1 7 Figure 4 Galvanometer Laser System Interfaces 8 Piste 9 Laser RG BLS CULO EEE E E ENE E EET 9 Figure 6 Servo Rotation Positions Bla nn 10 Figure 7 Dual Axis Servo Set Up 11 sans arie 11 Figures Servo baser MOI iaa 11 Figure 9 Servo Lascr Unit Interface S ts l1 MDS Immobilization Systems Bachelor Assignment v1 0 I 15 03 2015 1 Introduction Most insects serve an important task such as pollination of flowering plants nutrition and population control Mosquitoes act as a major part of the aquatic food chain yet they may also transmit diseases Due to changing climate there is an increasing risk of tropical mosquitoes in Nordic countries and thus tropical diseases Hence it might be a scope for protecting
16. Everyone has had something to work on at all times and everyone has participated in each field 11 6 Individual Reflection 11 6 1 Ann Christin Barstad This project has been an educational process I have learned a lot about working in a group over time collaboration gained new knowledge about technological issues and learned a lot about how to test requirements The task we were assigned was fun to work with because it was to some extend innovative and there were no guidelines from IDS on how we should 97 solve it This gave us the opportunity to create the system exactly how we wanted The fact that we barely had any requirements that IDS wanted us to fulfill made the project really complex from the start of We had to decide everything regarding requirements design and which technology to use This has given me good experience on how to solve complex projects from the beginning to a prototype 11 6 2 Christoffer M N Olsen During this project I have gained insight in how a project may be handled during a short period and what it involves to work together as a group with a common objective It can be demanding to merge the path from six different members in order to achieve a successful system involving compromises and democratic decisions This has resulted in a better understanding of the importance of an open dialogue in every step of the project Furthermore I have gained a better technical insight in regards to designing and
17. Image Processing Mosquito Defence Systems v2 0 13 05 2015 MDS Image Processing Bachelor Assignment 2 0 13 05 15 Abstract This document contains an initial research about computer vision and a brief overview of how it is used in image processing to extracts objects out of a digital image MDS Image Processing Bachelor Assignment 2 0 13 05 15 Document Version 0 1 26 03 15 Jawad Initial document v0 1 created 1 0 11 05 2015 Ann Christin Barstad Proofreading 1 1 11 05 2015 Jawad Qureshi Added more detailed content in thresholding 2 0 13 05 2015 Jawad Qureshi Added conclusion MDS Image Processing Bachelor Assignment 2 0 13 05 15 Table of Contents DA Riese leon ela Se 5 A ee 5 2 1 Imagesermentation ana a ee tail 3 22 Tired onelioo iaia 5 ST 5 2 2 2 Color threshollins ass sn nada 6 dibatte 8 DI Ess Oy de Soka Go cd AON ai 9 doris 9 A ee Dun entre 10 MDS Image Processing Bachelor Assignment 2 0 13 05 15 1 Introduction Computer vision is a very large field in today s technology to be used in autonomous applications such as robots Computer Vision includes methods for acquiring images and process analyze and to some extent understand images The direction of computer vision technology lately has been to duplicate the abilities of human vision 2 Image processing 2 1 Image segmentation Image segmentation is to partition an image into multiple sets of
18. THD Noise is measured by o vivi THD N Sei 5 Yo where yn is the noise amplitude 6 The SNR of THAT1583 is measured to 128 9 dBu at 60 dB gain It has a bandwidth of up to 1 7 MHz Adjustable gain from 0 to gt 60dB and differential outputs suitable for Analog to Digital Converters The amplifier is suitable for a vast range of low to high cost microphones hence the amplifier may still be used even though one would choose another microphone than the WM 61A The amplifier only requires three external components consisting of two matched feedback resistors and a third that is used to set the amplification gain in the range of 6 to 60dB If different feedback resistors are used it is possible to adjust the gain higher than 60dB if necessary The value of the resistor that sets the amplification Rc must be in the range of 10 to 10kQ for an amplification of 60 down to 6dB In order to evaluate the necessary amplification it will require some field trials and measurements which will not be performed due to time constraints Hence in this note it will only be stated what range it may be set to and not a final value With a low unit price of about 20 NOK and good SNR amplification and THD N the THAT1583 serves the purpose of amplifying the signals from each microphone with parameters beyond what the WM 61A can produce Hence there are no shortcomings due to the amplifier 6 1 4 Analog to Digital Converter In order to process
19. Technologies AC Termination BI Technologies Online Available http www bitechnologies com pdfs acterm pdf Accessed 2015 J Patoux Termination of High Speed Converter Clock Distribution Devices Analog Devices 01 2014 Online Available http www analog com library analogdialogue archives 44 01 clock_termination pdf Accessed 2015 T Corporation That Corporation Design Note 140 Input and Output Circuits for THAT Preamplifier ICs Phantom Power Mic Input Pads Line Inputs THAT Corporation 2014 Online Available http www thatcorp com datashts dn140 pdf Accessed 2015 S Gudvangen Introduction to microphone arrays Sigmund Gudvangen Kongsberg 2014 H J Blikra and A C Barstad Immobilization System Mosquito Defence Systems Kongsberg 2015 Damo Building a laser show 05 11 2013 Online Available http www damow net 2013 11 05 building a laser show Accessed 23 03 2015 Me amp Mr Cranky Pants Me amp Mr Cranky Pants 21 09 2012 Online Available http www fab favreau com index php Main OLSDRev3 Accessed 02 05 2015 Floyd Electronic Devices Conventional Current Version New Jersey Pearson 2012 Electro Labs Bypass Capacitors Why and How to Use them Sana Syed 30 01 2014 Online Available http www electro labs com bypass capacitors why and how to use them Accessed 14 05 2015 Arduino Elfa Distrelec Online Available 100 22 23
20. The USB delivers power to run the Arduino and a variety of components in the system 6 2 5 Galvanometer Scanner A RGB SCAN20 galvanometer scanner is the main driver for the system as seen in Figure 17 It runs the mirrors x and y which steers the laser in the obtained trajectory and is thus an essential part of the system It is supplied with a 15V power supply for it to be able to run A control signal is also required to perform operations and this is obtained by amplifier circuits coupled to the scanner s control boards through a digital to analog converter The speed is rated to 20 000 points per second with an optical angle of 20 Further information regarding the scanner is presented in the Galvanometer Scanner Technical Document 22 The galvanometer scanner is interchangeable and can be replaced by other commercial or non commercial products of own preference Control input signals may be unique depending on the device which might lead to different implementations of creating the required control circuit In Table 27 the inputs required to drive the scanner are presented Internal connections are out of scope for this text Figure 17 Physical galvanometer setup 22 46 Table 27 Input connectors Power Input 3 15V Supply voltage for x and y drivers 2 GND 1 15V Supply voltage for x and y drivers Signal Input 3 Control signal of 5V 5V 2 GND 1 Control signal of 5V 5V
21. This opening is made small such that larger insects will not fit through 2 2 3 Detection There are several methods that can be used to detect and identify mosquitoes For this specific concept two detection methods will be discussed microphones and image recognition Using microphone as detection method is possible because of the mosquitoes buzzing sound This detection method is explained in 2 If the background noise is not interfering using microphones is an option The second detection method is image recognition which will use a camera to detect the shape of the mosquito and run this image through a database If it is a match the system proceeds to immobilization and if not the insect will be let out of the unit 2 2 4 Immobilization There are several possible immobilization methods to be used for this concept laser electrocution grid water etc The existing concepts MKS contain an electrocution grid which immobilizes the mosquitoes in an instance It is also possible to use a high powered laser to kill the mosquitoes This method is more advanced and requires more fast response components than the electrocution grid MDS Outpost Concept Bachelor Assignment v1 0 14 03 2015 2 2 5 Disposal A disposal bag will be attached at the bottom of the system and collect the immobilized mosquitoes This bag will be removable and changeable Insects not identified as mosquitoes will be let out through a gate on the side The gate
22. and adjacent support post 24 The width of support posts 22 and 24 is selected to provide adequate support and surface area for components including retroreflective surface 14 in the illustrated embodiment the support posts are 10 20 cm wide and are placed 100 m apart The width of retroreflective surface 14 and of the field of view of imager 10 may be selected as a function of the flight speed of the target s of interest and the frame rate of imager 10 such that the silhouette of an insect will be within the field of view for at least one full frame interval and as a function of the flight speed and the desired wingbeat sensing accuracy such that the silhouette will be within the field of view for a sufficient period to make a measurement of the desired accuracy 2 Dosing laser In some embodiments once the organism has been identified or otherwise categorized or characterized it may be desirable to take action to disable or destroy the organism For example in some embodiments when a mosquito has been detected as entering the field of view a countermeasure such as a laser beam may be used to disable or destroy the mosquito In such embodiments location information for the organism 26 may be passed from the imager 10 the processor 16 the targeting laser 18 or an associated targeting processor not shown to a dosing laser 28 In some embodiments other countermeasures might include a sonic countermeasure transmitted by
23. and the corresponding software Expected Results It is expected that the software is able to distinguish the different wing beat frequencies and return true when the fundamental frequency is within 350 450 Hz Environmental Needs A sound isolated room in order to test the features without unwanted noise contributions is needed 8 2 4 REQ 6 The test design and test case for REQ 6are presented in Table 41 Table 44 T REO 6 Requirement Shall not harm humans or animals Description Related to REQ 6 requirement ID Responsible Ann Christin Barstad Hege Jeanette Blikra Jawad Qureshi and Max Moeschinger Verification Test case Acceptance criteria Ensure that the system implements functionality that provides human and animal safety Status Tested Approved Yes Features to be Tested The following features will be tested thermal sensor and the corresponding software Feature Pass Fail Criteria If the system immobilizes or harms humans or animals the acceptance criteria is not met Procedure for Proof of Principle Prototype Insert an object with thermal heat in the area of effect Verify that the thermal sensor detects the test object and that the system refrains from immobilizing it 86 Test Items The test items will consist of human animal or an item that emits the same amount of heat the thermal sensor and the rest of the hardware components and also the corresponding software Expected
24. microphones while sub array 2 through 5 will consist of 5 microphones respectively Hence for lower frequencies the main lobe will be slightly wider That is for the frequency range of 300 Hz to 470 Hz Now it is of interest to see how the different sub arrays will perform at the key frequencies of interest 400 800 1200 Hz Considering that the number of microphones per sub array is less than the nine microphones for the equally spaced microphone array it might not prove appropriate 18 MDS Detecting Mosquitoes with Microphone Arrays Bachelor Assignment v2 0 1 14 04 2015 2 6 4 Sparse Array Performance An easy way to evaluate whether or not the sparse microphone array presented so far outperforms the microphone array presented in chapter 5 3 1 is by evaluating where the first zero in the polar pattern is located in regards to 0 degrees on axis In Table 6 the results are presented Table 6 First null in the polar pattern for equally spaced microphone array and sparse microphone array with 9 microphones First null for equally 39 0 degrees 19 5 degrees 13 0 degrees spaced microphone array First null for sparse 45 degrees 33 degrees 35 degrees microphone array As a Sparse array shall it is seen that the first null for 800 Hz and 1200 Hz is almost the same at 33 and 35 degrees which is the premise for a sparse array equally narrow main lobe in the intended frequency range At 400 Hz the first null is at 45
25. y plane The laser beam first hits mirror X reflected beam then hits mirror Y and appears on the x y plane as a spot When mirror X and Y are rotated the beam moves in x and y direction The relation between optical angles and x and y coordinates is expressed in equation 1 and 2 6 x r y d y tan 6 1 y dtan 2 In equation 1 and 2 x and y coordinates are calculated by optical rotation angles of mirrors 8 0y the distance between the mirrors r and the distance from mirror Y to the x y plane d The necessary voltage to rotate the actuators to the desired x and y coordinates are presented in equations 3 and 4 these are based on vendors specifications 6 1 V z Ex K 0 3 1 Vy 3 ty Ky 4 According to vendors applied voltage is half of mechanical rotation angle where mechanical angle is proportional to optical angle 6 K and Ky are scaling constants due to commercial driver input voltage to output mirror angle relations Substituting equation 3 and 4 into 1 and 2 results in equation 5 and 6 6 x r a y tan 5 MDS Immobilization Systems Bachelor Assignment v1 0 I 15 03 2015 y dtan 6 y If x and y coordinates are known required voltages can be obtained by equation 7 and 8 V K tan x ge 0 Vy Ky tan 8 When x and y coordinates for the target is obtained by the camera the reference voltages Vy and V are calcul
26. 3 2 External Counselor The group s external counselor was Andr Ruud a project engineer at KDA dep IDS He has helped the group with technical issues and given advices about technical documentation The communication has been through e mail and meetings and he has been of great help 11 4 Requirement Specification and Test Specification Not every requirement was fulfilled due to the rather short amount of time allocated to the project All the A priority requirements and one B priority requirement was fulfilled and all of them have been tested The group has been very fortunate when it comes to fulfilling requirements and testing them First of all all the parts that were ordered to build a prototype arrived quickly and all the parts worked as stated It did not take long to put the parts together and making them work with the software made resulting in more time to upgrade the system in more detail Second of all all of the tests were approved either the first second or third time they were tested With these two factors combined there was no need to extend the allocated time to testing 11 5 Group Reflection The team collaboration has worked well In the beginning of the project the group worked with the same types of tasks There was a lot of discussions and everyone participated in the decisions considering the system Further on in the project every group member had their own field of responsibility that they primarily worked on
27. 47 steradian sr This type of microphone is known as a pressure microphone and only receives sound waves through a single active opening It is worth noting that at the main axis of the microphone some directionality is introduced due to diffraction when the wavelength approaches the circumference of the diaphragm This is mainly from ka 1 where k 2zf c is the wavenumber c is the speed of sound and a the radius of the diaphragm A directional microphone at the other hand is not equally sensitive for all angles of arrival The basic working principle of pressure microphone is that it only receives sound waves through a single active opening meaning the front of the diaphragm and thus not sensitive to a pressure difference acting at the back of the diaphragm A directional microphone has an opening to the back of the diaphragm A single sound wave acting at the front of the diaphragm will have a small delay until it reaches the back of the diaphragm causing constrictive and destructive interference By adjusting this time difference it is possible to achieve different directional polar patterns as seen in Fig 2 In order to make some sense of this it is common to use the Directivity Index DI and the Distance Factor DF The Directivity Index is referenced as 0 dB for an omnidirectional microphone and e g 6 dB for a microphone with a hypercardioid polar pattern as seen in Fig 2 As previously stated doubling the distance from a soun
28. 60 K i n l __ cult 90 a b 040009 Figure 3 a Incoming sound wave off axis relative to the array b main lobe of a delay sum beamformer array From 5 2 4 2 Spatial Sampling The position of the mosquito can be found by the time delay between e g two omnidirectional microphones and correspondingly a microphone array can be steered to be more sensitive to certain angles by delaying the signal from one of the microphones relative to the other This will result in a reduced sensitivity to sound sources with other directions of arrival and an increased SNR Since a mosquito is rather small and the SPL accordingly it is of interest to avoid noise from all other directions as much as possible How sensitive the array is to sound waves approaching at other directions of arrival relative to the steered angle of the array depends on the distance between the microphones relative to the wavelength of the incoming 9 MDS Detecting Mosquitoes with Microphone Arrays Bachelor Assignment v2 0 I 14 04 2015 sound wave The spatial sampling theorem 6 states that the distance between the microphones d in an array must be less than half the wavelength of the incoming sound wave d lt 7 2 where 2 C finax Where c is the speed of sound and fina the maximum frequency of the incoming sound wave For an incoming sound wave with a max frequency of 1000 Hz the distance between each microphone must be no more than 0 1715 m Incr
29. BCK and DATA all three lines are outputs to the receiver This is important since the ADC may then provide the clock sampling frequency BCK to the receiver and the quality of this clock may be chosen by the designer according to the needs This is why the high performance low jitter CDCLVC1310 with a crystal oscillator is chosen as the master clock The ADC can be set to operate at single rate dual rate and quad rate meaning sampling frequencies from 32 to 192 kHz Since the frequency range of interest extends to no more than about 2 kHz the sampling frequency should be set to 32 kHz and an oversampling ratio of 128 as stated above In order to achieve this sampling frequency the Crystal Oscillator connected to the XIN and XOUT pin 11 and 12 on the CDCLVC1310 must operate at a frequency of 256 32 kHz 8 192 MHz The output from the CDCLVC1310 e g YO pin 1 is then connected to the system clock input SCKT pin 18 on the ADC Capacitors Texas Instruments recommends that capacitors C 0 C11 C12 and C17 in Appendix I are 0 1uF ceramic and capacitors C9 and C2 are 0 luF tantalum respectively Between the positive and negative inputs for the left channel VINL and VINL and right channel VINR and VINR pin 4 5 24 and 25 Texas Instruments recommends 0 01 uF film capacitors as seen by capacitor C 8 in Appendix I Note that the right channel has no inputs though the required connections are the same as for the left channel as se
30. C with the Cross Platform Application Framework QT Integrated Development Environment IDE meaning all the libraries which ships with it Camera The initial research showed that the optimal distance between the laser and the target would be 5 meters based on the depth of the killing zone width of the laser and the distance from the camera to the laser 53 If a camera is put 5 meters away and still detects small objects such as mosquitoes a zoom lens is required A Digital Single Lens Reflex DSLR mounted on a tripod with a long range zoom lens is then required The Canon 550D and the Sigma 70 300mm macro lens 54 was used but any DSLR with zoom lens can work SparkoCam The OpenCV library and MATLAB Image processing mainly uses USB web cameras as a video source To get live feed from a DSLR to the computer SparkoCam 55 is needed SparkoCam is a cheap 50 solution and can transmit live feed from all Canon and Nikon DSLR cameras and emulate them as webcameras with HD resolution and a good frame rate PC To run SparkoCam and image processing in OpenCV QT Dell Alienware M14X has been used as the processing unit for the prototype This computer has a quad core 17 processor that runs at 2 3 GHz and 8GB DDR3 ram Application Overview The goal of this system is to put together the laser hardware the camera feed and the thermal sensor and make them all work together The application is created in a modular way so that i
31. Data Input SDI Data on this pin is clocked into the CLK pin The most significant bit is loaded first 8 LDAC Simultaneous updates for all outputs 9 SHDN Hardware shutdown input 5V 10 Voltage output cannel B to operational amplifier TLO82CN 11 Voltage reference input B Analog signal utilized to set the reference signal on the string DAC Equals 5V with decoupling capacitor 12 Analog ground pin GND 13 Voltage reference input A Analog signal utilized to set the reference signal on the string DAC Equals 5V with decoupling capacitor 14 Voltage output cannel B to operational amplifier TLO82CN 49 6 2 7 Operational Amplifiers Operational amplifiers are used to rescale the voltage output from the DAC from 0 5V to control signals for the galvanometer drivers with voltage ranging from 5V to 5V for both input control signals This amplifier circuit includes six operational amplifiers with a variety of arrangements to form the desired output signals 17 Amplifier Circuit In order to split the signal from the DAC into four separate signals two level shifting circuit using op amps is implemented in the first stage Figure 18 illustrates this level shifter Vout Vin Figure 18 Level shifter using op amp The output voltage is calculated using the following equation 24 R R Vour 1 ES Vin Veer 13 The reference voltage is set to a stable 5V throughout the operation and bo
32. ES Concept Documents ES Tteration Documents Prototype User Manual Electrical Design Schematics Software Source Code UML Project Weekly Reviews Meeting Convenings Meeting Minutes Timesheets Expense Report Brainstorming Charts EEES Presentations Blog posts X Document Links THESIS Final Report TECHNOLOGY DOCUMENTS Detecting Mosquitoes with Microphone Arrays Immobilization Systems Laser Image Processing RESEARCH DOCUMENTS Mosquito Entomology Mosquito Detection Concepts and Methods Microphone Array Concepts Immobilization of Mosquitoes CONCEPT DOCUMENTS Concept Study Result Entrance Concept Outpost Concept Photonic Fence Non MDS concept Final Report Mosquito Defence Systems v1 0 e 16 05 2015 Abstract In this document the reader will be presented with the design process and documentation surrounding the Mosquito Defence System MDS MDS is a solution that may prevent the spread of mosquito borne diseases Due to a changing climate there is an increasing risk of tropical mosquitoes in Nordic countries and thus tropical diseases There are currently no solutions available that has proven to solve this problem that is disrupting the life cycle of tropical mosquito borne diseases The Mosquito Defence System consists of three main features detecting and identifyin
33. Figure 6 Black Box Photonic Fence 2 7 4 Functional input output The infrared LEDs are driven by voltage input Output will be an object classification based on wing beat frequency shape and size contained by image processing 3 References 1 Tom Harris How Radar Detectors Work http auto howstuffworks com radar detectorl htm 2 Sigmund Gudvangen Introduction to microphone arrays Nov 2014 http acoustics ippt gov pl index php aa article viewFile 716 634 3 University of Michigan How Does Motion Capture Work http um3d dc umich edu portfolio how it works mocap 4 Jablocom How do the camera detectors and sensors work http jablocom com help how do the camera detectors and sensors work 5 Xandem Tomographic Motion Detection http www xandem com motion detection 6 Wikipedia wikipedia thermographic camera 08 02 2015 Online Available http en wikipedia org wiki Thermographic_camera Accessed 17 02 2015 7 Wikipedia Infrared Wikipedia 08 02 2015 Online Available http en wikipedia org wiki Infrared Accessed 17 02 2015 8 How Stuff Works How Stuff Works How Stuff Works Online Available http electronics howstuffworks com gadgets high tech gadgets nightvisionl htm Accessed 19 02 2015 9 Gustavo Batista Eamonn Keogh Agenor Mafra Neto Edgar Rowton SIGKDD Demo Sensors and Software to Allow Compuational Entomology an Emergin Application of Data Mining http users
34. Results It is expected that the system will stop the process of immobilizing any object while there is a human or animal in the thermal sensors active area Environmental Needs There are no environmental needs for this test 8 2 5 REQ 8 The test design and test case for REQ 8 are presented in Table 45 Table 45 T REO 8 Requirement Detect individual mosquitoes Description Related to REQ 8 requirement ID Responsible Ann Christin Barstad Christoffer M N Olsen Eirik Haavaldsen Max Moeschinger Verification Test case Acceptance criteria The system is able to detect the presence of mosquitoes in the designated area Status Tested Approved Yes Features to be Tested The following features will be tested microphone array camera and corresponding software Feature Pass Fail Criteria If the system is not able to detect individual mosquitoes the test fails Procedure for Proof of Principle Prototype Insert several test objects test sounds with the wing beat frequency of a mosquito in the area of effect The camera software will provide a constant stream of coordinates These coordinates have to correspond with the actual relative position the mosquito has to the 87 camera Verify that the microphone array and the camera are able to detect the test objects individually Test Items The test items will consist of several items sounds with the wing beat frequency of a mosquito microph
35. Supply 2 Screw Terminals 56 Fan2 2 Fan Connector 26 BK 15V Power Supply 2 Screw Terminals 57 3 Fan Connector 26 BK 58 Laser 2 Soldered 24 BK GND Power Supply 2 Screw Terminals O W N Wiring Number Connector describes the connection between the wire and the related component with no reference to gender 3 AWG American Wire Gauge Colors are coded RD Red BK Black WH White N A not applicable 6 2 3 PCB Design Laser Control System For future developments of the system a PCB design is created out of the schematics using the EAGLE editor The created board has as much as 4 layers Even though this means the board probably will be more expensive to manufacture it is a cleaner design and a more appropriate way to do it The layer numbered 1 and 16 are signal layers layer 2 is a ground layer and 15 is a 5V layer There is via between each layer except layer 2 and 15 because there is no need for any connections between the power and the ground layer Figure 14 illustrates the layer system 4 15 16 Figure 14 PCB layer system The system should be as small as possible thus a compact design is desirable However wide tracks are used in order to have a security margin in case of unexpected behavior This results in a track size of signals of 25 mils thousands of an inch and 12 5 mils for necking 50 mils for current tracks with 20 mils for necking and if the component pads are e
36. Table 10 Requirement ID abbreviations ssi oiran lione 13 Table 11 Stakeholder abbreviations 4 22 22 lalla ne ea u 13 Table 12 Requirement priority definitions 14 Table 13 Business 50418 scr ea aa Rn ai 14 Table 14 Fish levelreg uiremenis sin de lern 15 Table 15 ID abbreviations siii ll 16 Table LO FREQ tota diia 17 Table AEREO O ei if ot hase a i cia 17 Tablo 153 A een ef 17 O sprecata 18 Table 20 TREO allea ara 18 Table 21 FREQ 8 een oa cumming 18 Table 22 FREOD ss ARR rita 19 Table 23 gt Data for microphone Array see Rn 26 Table 24 WL DACOPAMP module iniciacion tas le La 39 Table 257 Arduino UNO specifications san an O A a 45 Table 262 Arduingd UNO Pin A NEO 45 Table 27 put COnneClOEs na A ea 47 Table 28 DAC specifications tn oler aid 48 Table 29 Pin map DAC MCP492 cria idilio ra 49 Table 30 Op amps PE ON eb ee ee 53 Table 31 Table 32 Table 33 Table 34 Table 35 Table 36 Table 37 Table 38 Table 39 Table 40 Table 41 Table 42 Table 43 Table 44 Table 45 Table 46 Table 47 Table 48 Table 49 Table 50 Table 51 TEOS2ZCN POUT AAP is hee arta a eva do On 54 TOS AACN pr aD a eines 54 O a aa a E ES 55 Fa ipin map each TAN olearia 56 Fan specific ON ira tiri leali aa 56 POWET SUPPLY Specifications seele ke eisen ia 57 LONLA ALINIA etm MMos E EE E EE E EE 57 Breadboard specilicatrons crisis le 58 R ststor SCCM GALLONS ine REDEN In Ten 58 Schedule Torsystemstesing na
37. Technology Active Beam Stabilization Application Note Opto Mechanics 2 1 5 Print 3 Galvanometer HowStuffWorks HowStuffWorks com 25 Aug 2009 Web 26 Feb 2015 http science howstuffworks com galvanometer info htm 4 Mishin Hannah Laser Scanner Camera projector RSS 25 Oct 2010 Web 9 Mar 2015 http hannahmishin com blog 2014 10 25 laser scanner cameraprojector 5 Laser Scan Mirrors Galvo Motors Cambridge Technology Web 5 Mar 2015 http www camtech com index php option com_content amp view article amp id 89 amp Itemid 77 6 Zhakypov Zhenishbek Edin Golubovic and Asif Sabanovic Galvanometric Optical Laser Beam Steering System for Microfactory Application Print 7 Whats a Servo Seattle Robotics Society Web 11 Mar 2015 http www seattlerobotics org guide servos html 8 How Do Servos Work How Do Servos Work Web 11 Mar 2015 https www servocity com html how_do_servos_work_ html VQADi_mG_vE 9 A C Barstad Laser MDS MDS 2015 10 Galvanometer Wikipedia Wikimedia Foundation 5 Mar 2015 Web 15 May 2015 11 Pan and Tilt Bracket Coolcomponents co uk Web 7 Mar 2015 https www coolcomponents co uk pan and tilt kit no servos html 12 Galvanometer Galvanometer Hyper Physics Web 11 Mar 2015 http hyperphysics phy astr gsu edu hbase magnetic galvan html 12 Laser Mosquito Defence Systems v1 0e 08 05 2015 MDS Laser Bachelor Assignme
38. Vin B poi S7 Figure 21 Amplifier circuit EV a en r 6V4 i i t t t t t i 0 0s 0 5s 1 0s 1 5s 2 0s 2 5s 3 0s 3 5s 4 0s 4 5s 5 0s Figure 22 Output voltages The above simulation shows the output voltages on the x1 and x2 nodes The same output is obtained on the yl and y2 nodes This simulation is run with input voltage varying from OV to 52 5V reference voltage of 5V and 10kQ resistors The two output signals increase decrease with the same value of voltage for the given time and correspond with the desired galvanometer control signals The components used for this purpose were two operational amplifier ICs TLO82CN and TLO84ACN which includes two and four op amps respectively TLOS2CN is a general purpose JFET dual operational amplifier with wide common mode and differential voltage range TLO84ACN is a JFET quad operational amplifier with similar specifications as TLO82CN Both devices feature high slew rates and low input bias and offset current 25 26 Table 30 presents specifications Table 31 and Table 32 presents the pin maps of both amplifiers Table 30 Op amps specification Part nr name TL082CN TLO84ACN Power Input 4 15V 3 5 18V Package DIL 8 DIL 14 Connector 8 pin 14 pin Bandwidth 4 Mhz 3 Mhz Slew Rate 16 V us 13 V us Design Dual Quad Dimensions 10x10x10mm 20x8x8mm Weight 0 45 g lg Operational temp range 0 70 C 0 70 C Manufacturer ST Microelectronics
39. a human presence detector instead of a conventional Passive Infrared Sensor PIR This is due to the fact that PIR sensors have certain flaws that Omron DET sensor can solve One of the shortcomings of a PIR sensor is that it cannot detect stationary people because the sensor only detects the signal from people in motion while Omron DET will keep detecting the far infrared ray of an object A PIR sensor also has a delay of approximately 2 seconds to 9 minutes 42 This problem may be solved by changing one of the internal resistors The IC doing all the work in the PIR sensor is the BISS0001 Motion Detector 43 and via the timing diagrams in the data sheet it is seen that the master output called VO goes high for a period called Tx and goes low for a period called T 44 It can be seen that when Tx equals 0 Ti will approximately equal 5 seconds By changing out one of the resistors it is possible to shorten Ti hence desoldering the old resistor and soldering a smaller resistor in place will solve this issue This results in a much lower Ti time but the sensor will become unstable and hence the PIR sensor is not usable and the OMRON DET is deemed appropriate to use 6 3 2 System Overview Structure The OMRON DET is a high precision sensor with a silicon cap to collect far infrared rays It consists of a MEMS thermopile sensor with a dedicated analog circuit and a logic circuit for converting data to digital temperature values and emitti
40. a reference for the fundamental frequency of the wing beat the second harmonic is 1000 Hz and the third harmonic at 1500 Hz Hence it is a scope for removing frequencies above e g 2000 Hz by a high pass filter This results in a band pass filter with a lower cut off frequency of 300 Hz and an upper cut off frequency of 2000 Hz The computed power spectrum in Fig 1 has a noise level of 20 to 29 dB in this range compared to 13 to 43 dB for 30 to 8000 Hz A band pass filter may be achieved by e g an analogue RLC filter or a digital filter Power Spectrum 1 3 Oct Integrated WinMLS 2008 L7 8000 Hz d F 13 027 BE anos Gaza 20 9 SPL dB Figure 1 Power spectrum of background noise in auditorium B120 University College in Kongsberg MDS Detecting Mosquitoes with Microphone Arrays Bachelor Assignment v2 0 I 14 04 2015 2 3 Directional Microphones Doubling the number of microphones or the effective area of the diaphragm will increase the SNR by 3 dB In connection with a band pass filter a further improvement in SNR is likely though it might be necessary to implement other tools in order to suppress the ever surrounding noise contributes from traffic speech other insects etc The main difficulty of an omnidirectional microphone is not so surprisingly that the microphone will be equally sensitive to sound waves arriving at arbitrary angles in
41. an acoustic transducer a physical countermeasure such as a solid or liquid projectile or a chemical response in lieu of or in addition to dosing laser 28 In some embodiments targeting laser 18 and dosing laser 28 may be the same component 8 MDS Photonic Fence Concept Document Bachelor Assignment v1 01 13 03 2015 for example using a higher amplitude for dosing than for targeting In other embodiments targeting laser 18 and dosing laser 28 may be separate components In this case they may optionally use a common aiming mechanism such as a beam splitter or beam combiner that allows dosing laser 28 to fire along the same path as targeting laser 18 FIG 3 is a control flow diagram for an implementation of the tracking and dosing system illustrating cooperation of imager assembly 40 processor 42 targeting laser assembly 44 and dosing laser assembly 46 2 2 2 Activity Diagram Figure 2 illustrates how the photonic fence works presented as an activity diagram 2 Return wingbeat frequency Image for large objects Aim and kill Figure 2 Activity Diagram for the photonic fence MDS Photonic Fence Concept Document Bachelor Assignment v1 0 I 13 03 2015 2 3 List of Prototype Components Modules as written on the photonic fence website 3 e Three Femotosecond Lasers e Zeiss BioRad Multiphoton and Scanning Laser Confocal Microscope e Optical Parametric Oscillator e Ultrafast Amplifiers e Hig
42. connectors are appropriate for the environment the system is designed for and that it is enclosed in a safe manner to prevent any accidents The power supply used for this system is a power supply of 15V 1 0A 15V 0 5A It is coupled directly to a standard Norwegian AC socket Detailed specifications are presented in Table 36 and a pin map is presented in Table 37 34 This power supply was included in the galvanometer scanner set but is interchangeable and can be procured by other means Wires and connectors for 15V GND and 15V JST connectors were included in the galvanometer scanner set To connect the ports of FG N and L a regular CEE7 7 to IEC320C13 power cord was applied Table 36 Power supply specifications Part nr name KHD15 15 Power Input 100 240VAC 0 5A Input Frequency 47 63Hz Output 15V 1 0A 15V 0 5A Casing Metal case aluminum base Connector 6 ports Operating temp range 10 50 C 100 60 C 60 load Efficiency 78 Dimensions 74x68x27 mm Weight 0 15 kg Brand Kaihui Table 37 Power supply pin map 1 15V 2 GND 3 15V 57 6 2 11 Breadboard The DAC TL082CN TLO84ACN resistors and connection wires are placed on a solderable small sized breadboard This is optional but may provide less noise which is important for the signals in the system Detail specifications regarding this breadboard are presented in Table 38 35
43. design and test cases Health Safety and Environment HSE should be a focus during all tests 81 8 1 4 Schedule for Testing 18 30 04 2015 Table 40 Schedule for system testing T REQ 1 School Dronesonen Ann Christin Barstad Max Moeschinger 19 05 05 2015 T REQ 5 School Audio room Ann Christin Barstad Christoffer Marius Ness Olsen and Eirik Haavaldsen 19 05 05 2015 T REQ 6 School Audio room Ann Christin Barstad Hege Jeanette Blikra Jawad Qureshi and Max Moeschinger 19 05 05 2015 T REQ 8 8 1 5 Risks and Contingencies School Audio room Ann Christin Barstad Christoffer Marius Ness Olsen Eirik Haavaldsen and Max Moeschinger There are not too many risks associated with this project but there are some The laser and the galvanometer could potentially cause harm to a human while the system is tested If the laser beam is too strong it can cause a burn to the skin or cause impaired vision If the galvanometer is up and running it is possible to get fingers stuck or squeezed To prevent this the laser beam has to be with an effect that is not dangerous and while the galvanometer is running no one should touch it 82 8 2 Test Design and Test Cases 8 2 1 REQ 1 The test design and test case for REQ 1 are presented in Table 41 Table 41 T REQ 1 Requirement Immobilize destroy mosquitoes in order to Description reduce the chance of
44. ee 89 922 Report on REQ Oroes ae 90 9 3 Report T REQ 5 and FTREQOS sascha LES ripari iaia 91 10 Component Overview isonish eds 93 TL P st Analysis as RER nee 94 A KAM Process Nase Bene np ken 96 11 2 Group Dynamik Ra arnesi 96 LIS Con SE TOES sy Seine Gc Se hes Bares alitalia 97 11 3 I Internal Counselor iena 97 DTD EROICO elle 97 11 4 Requirement Specification and Test Specification ner nnersnnennnennne en 97 11 3 Group Reflect Onen aan rasi ae 97 11 6 Individual Rele as 97 11 6 1 Ann Christin Bar stad ci dea 97 16 2 Christoffer M N Olsen asus ils a lano 98 O A NA UI 98 11 6 4 Hege Jeanette BITS RR 98 LID NI RAISI RO TEE 99 40 0 Max Mo iui 99 II CADA mr mini 99 T2 Referentes AAA o a ias E E eE a ES s iens iaia 99 13 APpendices a rina 104 13 1 Appendix I Microphone Array Schematic en 104 13 2 Appendix II Laser Control Schematics iii 105 13 3 Appendix II Power Supply SchematiC 109 vil List of Figures Figure 1 Incremental development from a systems engineering perspective 1 2 Figure 2 Unified process project phases Riise tea ra 3 Figure Time ne ee 22 a ale ieri T 3 Figure 4 Gantt Chart a tea 6 Figure 5 Illustration of the system provided by MDS 20 Figure 6 LES Prototype silicati ella e ae 20 Fig re 7 System block Miagtainisis seien ads 22 Figure 8 Polar pattern for a microphone array consi
45. fluctuations ns Laser E g Mi 13 ircuit a qe Insect Detected z i ect detection threshold 5 500 500 Figure 2 Photodetector with Targeting Laser MDS Mosquito Detection Concepts and Methods Bachelor Assignment v1 0 I 13 03 2015 2 6 3 Black Box Figure 3 shows a black box presentation of the concept Power Black Box Dr Electrical Response Figure 3 Black Box Photodetector with Targeting Laser 2 6 4 Functional input output A probable system input will be a battery driven low powered laser which is driven by e g a battery Solar driven lasers are also a possibility The functional output of the system will be a measurable electrical response either current or voltage from the chosen photo detector 2 6 5 Interfaces Photo detector and laser interfaces must be carefully considered The photo detector responds to a certain frequency range similarly the laser output frequency is specific These two have to match in order to get the expected results 2 7 Electronic Imager with IR LED Illumination and Retro Reflective Surface 2 7 1 What is it This is a system that can detect the presence of moving objects by combining an electronic imager e g CCTC with infrared LEDs and a retro reflective surface Infrared LEDs light emitting diodes sends out light with longer wavelengths than visible light Even though it s not visible to the eye some digital cameras can see it These kinds of LE
46. future of the photonic fence as a sign that the concept is feasible as shown at TED 2010 but not adequate as of now All the blog posts and articles on their website are several years old and they have rarely given public statements concerning the status of the project I believe that Intellectual Ventures has been struggling trying to make a cost effective version of photonic fence Feasible for parts of the third world The most recent posts on their website suggest that they are still researching vector defense They might have chosen a different direction Perhaps they focus on other solutions such as vaccines or biological warfare against mosquitoes 4 References 1 Intellectual Ventures The Photonic Fence Intellectual Ventures Online Available http www intellectualventureslab com work photonic fence Accessed 19 February 2015 2 Intellectual Ventures Photonic Fence patent Intellectual Ventures Online Available http www google com patents US20100186284 Accessed 19 February 2015 3 Intellectual Ventures Photonics Intellectual Ventures Online Available http www intellectualventureslab com lab photonics Accessed 19 February 2015 4 Intellectual Ventures Prototype First Half Intellectual Ventures Online Available http www intellectualventures com assets_inventions 142 mobile photonic fence top view __large jpg Accessed 19 February 2015 5 Intellectual Ventures Pro
47. infection caused by mosquitoes Related to REQ 1 requirement ID Responsible Ann Christin Barstad and Max Moeschinger Verification Test case Acceptance criteria The system is able to accurately hit the targets within the target area Status Tested Approved Yes Features to be Tested For this test the galvanometer precision and the corresponding targeting software is to be tested Make sure to verify that the laser covers all of the target area Features Pass Fail Criteria The system has to be able to accurately hit mosquitoes while they are in motion The system must be able to hit mosquitoes anywhere within the target area If these criterions are not obtained the test fails Procedure for Proof of Principle Prototype Since it is not possible to test on mosquitoes at this time of year the test object will be a fake fly instead Let the camera track the moving fly and manually shoot the fake fly at the white background Verify the test by visual inspection and analysis of the video recording Verify that the system is able to accurately hit the target regardless of whether the target is moving or standing still and within the entire target area Test Items The test items will consist of a fake fly white background camera galvanometer and laser 83 Expected Results The system has to be able to track the fake fly It also has to hit the fly regardless of whether the fly is moving or standing still
48. is controlled and does only open when non mosquitoes are identified 2 2 6 Power The system will need to be powered by an electrical source standard power outlet battery solar panel to run the fan and other electrical components In addition a standard CO tank is needed to run the system This tank needs to be non flammable non explosive and non toxic and easy to store and transport The system will be implemented with functions so that it is on when needed and otherwise off In this way electricity and CO is saved 2 2 7 Concept Sketch Figure 2 illustrates the outpost concept There are some parts missing from the sketch such as the CO tank and power source A en Figure 2 Outpost Concept Sketch MDS Outpost Concept Bachelor Assignment v1 01 14 03 2015 Legend Infrared Light Source Mosquito Opening Fan Detection Area Microphone Array Insect Gate Immobilization Area Electrocution Grid Disposal Bag cao ie 3 Conclusion In this text a trapping method to reduce the mosquito population is discussed A system using attraction detection and immobilization is theoretically a good way to control mosquitoes However such a system will not fully protect human beings from deadly diseases The outpost will work as a supplement to partly clear areas for mosquitoes and prevent some potential bites 4 References 1 Healthilife Healthilife Web 20 Feb 2015 http www healthilife net mks html
49. is to transfer the data to while master mode lets the ADC provide the receiver with the clock frequency sampling 33 frequency Due to this the PCM1804 Q1 is set to operate as master by setting pin 8 to logic low since the clock provided by e g a microcontroller or FPGA has far too much jitter OSRO0 OSR1 OSR2 The oversampling ratio is determined by pin 9 10 and 11 respectively Setting pin 10 and 11 to a logic high and 9 to a logic low as seen in Appendix I results in a single rate sampling frequency and an oversampling ratio of 128 This is sufficient when the upper frequency of interest for detecting mosquitoes is about 2 kHz BYPASS in order to prevent DC offset the ADC is provided with the choice of a high pass filter By setting pin 12 to a logic low as seen in the Appendix high pass mode is active SCKI LRCK BCK and DATA As mentioned in the chapter concerning I S the serial audio interface consists of three lines namely clock SCK word select WS and data SD respectively The same three lines and system clock input can be seen on pin 15 16 and 17 on the ADC LRCK is the same as word select WS providing information regarding whether channel one or channel two is currently being transferred BCK is the same as clock SCK providing the receiver with the sampling frequency of the data that is transferred DATA is the same as data SD which is the line that transfers the PCM bit stream Since the ADC is set as master LRCK
50. items will consist of software alarm and other hardware components Expected Results It is expected that the alarm will go off if an error is imposed to the system such as hardware or software issues Environmental Needs There are no specific environmental needs for this test It can be tested wherever as long as there is electricity available at the test scene 8 2 3 REQ 5 The test design and test case for REQ 5 are presented in Table 43 Table 43 T REQ 5 Requirement Should not harm other insects Description Related to REQ 5 requirement ID Responsible Ann Christin Barstad Christoffer M N Olsen Eirik Haavaldsen Verification Test case Acceptance criteria Able to differentiate between mosquitoes and other insects Status Tested Approved Yes Features to be Tested The following feature will be tested mosquito identification software Feature Pass Fail Criteria The system has to be able to differentiate between different sound frequencies and only return true when the frequency is within 350 450 Hz Procedure for Proof of Principal Prototype Produce sounds resembling different wing beat frequencies from different insects including mosquitoes in the area of effect Verify that the software is able to distinguish the different wing beat frequencies 85 Test Items The test items will consist of sounds with wing beat frequencies from different insects including mosquitoes
51. main GUI Figure 33 shows a screenshot of the thermal sensor GUI 7 3 3 Laser Controller The laser controller class is the one controlling the laser and galvanometers It communicates with the galvanometer controller via serial communication this means that the serial controller component is applied The main tasks this class can perform are to convert the coordinates obtained by the camera to the coordinates of the galvanometers turn on and off the laser and calibrate the camera axis to the galvanometer axis To convert the coordinates the calibrate class is used which is described earlier in this text The current setup allows for flexibility when it comes to controlling the laser and the galvanometers The laser can by choice be turned on off dependent on object detection and is in addition turned off if there is no activity for 100 milliseconds The galvanometers are able to move regardless if the laser is on or off However because of security measures the laser is never firing if the safe flag is on This is constantly controlled prior to each laser firing 7 3 4 Settings QT provides a class which handles the storing and retrieving of settings QSettings It stores these settings in a key value pair so in order to modify a setting all that is needed is the key which is a static component Since the key is static a static variable with the key for each setting in the class that handles the user interface is created and allows for c
52. mosquitoes as fast as possible 31 The laser would need a 110 240V input of 50 60 Hz Which type of laser to use is irrelevant as long as it contains the characteristics that are needed for a laser for MDS use An example for a laser that has the given characteristics is called L404P400M 32 6 2 9 Fan There are components in the laser control system that can be exposed to overheating In order to prevent this two fans are coupled to the configuration The fans should preferably run on the same power supply as the other components and have sufficient effect in terms of cooling the exposed components The fans used for this purpose were regular computer fans running on 15V 1 0A They are coupled to the power supply and are constantly running when the system is on The fans are optional and interchangeable as to own preference in regards to amount of heat dissipated in the system A pin map for the fans is presented in Table 34 Detailed specifications are presented in Table 35 33 Table 34 Fan pin map each fan 1 GND DI Input voltage supply 15V 3 Unconnected Table 35 Fan specification Part nr name Case Fan Power Input 15V 1A Casing Plastic Dimensions 120x120x21 mm Connector 3 pin Quantity 2 Manufacturer Cooler Master 6 2 10 Power Supply The Laser Control System requires a supply voltage of 15V to run a majority of all the components It is important that the power supply s
53. of D6T 44L D6T 8L Thermal sensor 1 1 2013 Online Available http www mouser com pdfdocs D6T01_ThermalIRSensorWhitepaper pdf Accessed 6 May 2015 OMRON OMRON OMRON 29 May 2013 Online Available http www omron com media press 2013 05 e0529 html Accessed 06 May 2015 Luxo PIR Sensor 8 September 2014 Online Available http glamox com upload 2014 09 08 pir sensor bru 303 0106 rev no 0 pdf Accessed 06 May 2015 S Studio BISS0001 Micro Power PIR Motion Detector IC Seeed Studio Online Available http www seeedstudio com wiki images 2 2f Twig_ _BISS0001 pdf Accessed 14 05 2015 K Neufeld Parallax Motion Sensor from Radio Shack 5 January 2008 Online Available http www neufeld newton ks us electronics p 208 Accessed 06 May 2015 OMRON OMRON 2015 Online Available http www omron com media press 2013 05 e0529 html Accessed 2015 FAMU FSU College of Engineering Thermoelectric effects Quantum Mechanics for Engineering 1 1 2009 Online Available http www eng fsu edu dommelen quantum style_a nt_pelt html Accessed 6 May 2015 SimonSKChan Test and concept video of D6T 1616L prototype 17 October 2014 Online Available https www youtube com watch v 18EbrEiepkg Accessed 2015 E Haavaldsen and C M N Olsen Auditive Detection Kongsberg Mosquito Defence Systems 2015 D G Childers Cepstrum IEEE 10 10 1977 Online Available http
54. of the brain The Aedes mosquito is a vector of yellow fevers acute viral disease vaccine exist and of encephalitis The Anopheles is the deadliest mosquito it is a carrier of the most threatening disease malaria flu like symptoms The Anopheles can also transmit W bancrofti filarial worms various arboviruses onyongnyong tataguine elephantiasis equine encephalitis and other viruses 3 As mentioned above malaria is the most serious vector borne disease affecting humans Most deaths caused by Malaria occur in Africa south of Sahara where malaria vectors exist in large numbers and are very difficult to control 1 The malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum has good living conditions in this part of the world mainly because of the warm and tropical climate As for now the temperatures in Norway are too low for the parasites to develop within the mosquitoes but as the climate gets more tropical it might become a problem in the future Antimalarial drugs have been available for many years but there are no highly effective vaccines offered today 3 3 Conclusion Mosquitoes are arguably annoying to most people but they also serve an important role in the eco system especially in freshwater habitats The larvae for instance are usually at the base of the food chain It is food for small fish which is thereafter food for larger fish These fish might be a meal for animals or humans and so forth It is important to consider the c
55. servo has the same amount of potential rotation in the clockwise direction as it has in the counter clockwise direction The amount of milliseconds for the different positions will always vary from servo to servo Examples of these positions are shown in Fig 6 8 F wane O N E Pulse Width 1 ms E 90 u III TEN Pulse Width 1 5 ms 180 Maximum Pulse Pulse Width 2 ms Figure 6 Servo Rotation Positions 8 2 2 2 Laser The laser specifications are mostly the same for this unit as for the galvanometer laser system discussed in above sections However the size of the laser will in this case be crucial because of the servo s torque specifications It is important to consider these specifications and compare to the size and weight of the laser module More information about lasers is presented in Laser Technology Document 9 2 2 3 Set Up A possible set up for this unit would be to use two servos aligned on top of each other for it to be used to steer a laser beam in both x and y direction This configuration have to allow the laser to be mounted either on top of the second servo or placed in an excess module coupled to the servos Fig 7 illustrates how two servos can be coupled together where motion in x direction is generated by the bottom servo and the y direction is generated by the upper servo Fig 8 illustrates a possible mount solution for the servo laser unit 10 MDS Immobilization Systems Bachelor A
56. simulating microphone arrays audio signal processing electrical circuits IC amplifiers ADCs and clocking with its corresponding pitfalls It has given me the opportunity to practice the knowledge I have gained during my electrical engineering degree with audio technology in order to gain a bigger view of what this involves 11 6 3 Eirik Haavaldsen This project has given me experience in project management signal processing and a better understanding of analog electronics This project has in my opinion given me a much greater understanding and familiarity with project models and methods than before Unified process was something the group experienced for the first time during this project including myself and it has worked well for us It has given us a taste of iterative and incremental work methodologies and I believe each of us benefitted greatly from it As for technical work I spent most of my time prototyping in MATLAB and researching methods for identify mosquitoes by their wing beat frequency I have been working close with our audio engineer Christopher on the detection module and we have learned a lot while working on the auditive detection module I feel very lucky that we got this assignment Not only is it an exciting subject but we had a great amount of freedom of choice regarding design and technology Through our imagination and by the inspiration of other solutions we designed a system from scratch I am proud of wha
57. streams 2 Ponded streams 3 Lake edges 4 Swamps and marshes 5 Shallow permanent ponds 6 Shallow temporary pools 7 Intermittent ephemeral puddles 3 Natural containers plant origin 9 Natural containers animal and other origins 10 Artificial containers Culex fuscocephala gelidus Anopheles kochi An spp An kochi Cx annulus bitaeniorhynchus Lutzia fuscanus An farauti maculipennis An quadrimaculatus pseudopunctipennis Cx annulirostris squamosus An farauti gambiae kochi punctulatus An sinensis An spp Cx annulus bitaeniorhynchus gelidus sitiens Cx tritaeniorhynchus Lutzia fuscanus Aedes longirostris An kochi sinensis Cx gelidus tritaeniorhynchus Mansonia uniformis Mimomyia chamberlaini Ae communis excrucians hexodontus impiger An dirus An gambiae kochi punctulatus Cx annulus fuscocephala tritaeniorhynchus Aedes Aedimorphus Finlaya Stegomyia spp Anopheles spp Armigeres spp Culex spp Ficalbia spp Haemagogus sp Orthopodomyia spp Sabethes spp Toxorhynchites spp Tripteroides spp Uranotaenia spp Wyeomyia spp Aedes Cancraedes Geoskusea Levua Lorrainea Ae Rhinoskusea Skusea Stegomyia spp Anopheles spp Culex spp Culiseta spp Deinocerites spp Eretmapodites spp Uranotaenia spp Aedes spp Culex spp Toxorhynchites spp Adapted from Laird 1988 and other references Include creeks drainage and i
58. target type is chosen the start detection button starts the 79 detection mechanism which disables the calibration mode The detection label turns green in this mode Under the detection square the calibration setup is located The calibration includes several values that represent the camera field of view on the galvanometer field of view To start calibration the start calibration button is pressed The system goes in calibration mode which means that the system detects the red laser automatically When the calibration is done a message is displayed in the log box on whether it was successful or not The last component on the GUI is the log box which is placed in the bottom left corner of the window It displays the log information in order to update the user of occurrences Settings Screen The settings screen of the GUI is presented in Figure 44 In this section the user has the possibility to adjust the settings of the application 1 Serial com port Change the serial port where the laser controller is located 2 Serial baud rate Change the baud rate of the serial communication Com Status Com Port COM5 Baudrate 115200 Figure 44 GUI settings S Test Plan Testing a system is vital to evaluate whether the system complies with the specified requirements or not If a system is not tested there is no way to verify that it will work as stated Due to time constraints it will not be possible to
59. the capacitor may be given a greater value e g 150uF resulting in a lower cut off frequency of 106Hz at 6dB gain and 0 1 Hz at 60dB gain THAT Corp recommends a low voltage electrolytic type capacitor and 6 3V is usually sufficient 5 Radio frequency interference It is important to consider Radio Frequency Interference RFI in regards to high gain amplifiers since they cause audible interference 14 The problem is remedied by using two Radio Frequency RF bypass capacitors shunting the input connectors to chassis ground as seen in the Appendix by C and C2 Inserting a third bypass capacitor C3 as in Appendix I further reduces incoming differential RFI and any RFI generated in the amplifier enclosure 14 By doing so RF will be stopped from entering the amplifier Note that CZ and C2 must be connected to chassis ground PCM1804 Q1 The PCM1804 Q1 is configured by logic high and lows in order to ensure the desired functions and performance of the ADC These will be explained as well as a few remarks on the components 9 FMTO FMTI The format of the audio that is to be transferred is determined by pin 6 and 7 FMTO and FMTI respectively By setting FMTO to logic high and FMTI to logic low the audio data format is set to 24 bit PCM with PS serial audio interface S M The PCM1804 Q1 can be set to operate as either a slave or a master Setting it to slave mode makes it dependent on receiving a master clock from the unit it
60. the picture during detection e g movement of branches of a tree in the picture The detector is suitable for outdoor applications 4 2 4 Motion Sensor TMD 2 4 1 What is it It is a device that detects motion in a given area 2 4 2 How does it work Several sensors are placed in a room to be able to cover every corner wall floor and ceiling 5 This basic principle could possibly be used to detect movement and position without any other components ex IR HD camera 2 5 Infrared camera 2 5 1 What is it Infrared camera is a device that forms an image using infrared radiation This radiation has a longer wavelength than the visible light Visible light has a wavelength of 380 nm 700nm and Infrared from 700 nm Imm Infrared camera can also be called thermographic camera 6 7 2 5 2 How does it work Infrared light has a different wave length than visible light and therefor a different sensor There is two type of sensors The first one is cooled infrared detectors The negative with this cooling is that it is both energy intensive and time consuming The camera might need several minutes to cool down before I can begin working The positive is that it provides superior image quality The second type is uncooled infrared detectors This type is smaller and less costly but the resolution is not as good as cooled detectors 6 7 The resolution of this kind of camera is mostly only 160x120 or 320x240 although it is p
61. the signals from the microphone array it is necessary to digitize the continuous voltage into discrete signals These signals consists of binary words that represent the analog signal This is achieved by an Analog to Digital Converter ADC Concerning ADCs there are general purpose ADCs and Sigma Delta 2 A ADCs Sigma Delta ADCs are made specifically for audio applications using noise shaping and over sampling to achieve a good dynamic range low noise floor with few bits 7 Over sampling is also of interest due to the anti aliasing filter prior to the conversion In order to reduce the required order of the filter it is possible to use oversampling resulting in a much wider transition region between the maximum frequency of interest and half the sampling frequency fs 2 no frequency components above f 2 can be included since this will result in aliasing 7 There are a few parameters of interest that needs to be taken into consideration when choosing an ADC for the microphone array namely Signal to Noise ratio which depends on the number 28 of bits THD Noise sampling frequency and the serial audio interface The serial audio interface is of interest since it is used to transfer uncompressed raw format audio Pulse Code Modulation to a processing unit For ease of connection and programming it is desirable to use a standardized communication structure for equipment and ICs such as PS 8 a serial link designed for digital
62. vital for e g military defence and commercial airlines Hence there are developed several technologies that are in use every day such as radars motion sensors and microphones Though for the most part these techniques of detecting moving targets are designed for rather large objects such as planes boats vehicles and humans Detecting smaller targets such as insects introduces thus a challenge though this will not be presented in detail in this document 2 Concepts 2 1 Radar 2 1 1 What is it Radar is the use of radio waves to detect and monitor various objects 2 1 2 How does it work A radio transmitter is a device that oscillates an electrical current so the voltage goes up and down at a certain frequency This electricity generates electromagnetic energy and when the current is oscillated the energy travels through the air as an electromagnetic wave A transmitter also has an amplifier that increases the intensity of the electromagnetic energy and an antenna that broadcasts it into the air A radio receiver picks up electromagnetic waves with an antenna and converts them back into an electrical current The radar device emits a concentrated radio wave and listens for any echo If there is an object in the path of the radio wave it will reflect some of the electromagnetic energy and the radio wave will bounce back to the radar device Radio waves move through the air at a constant speed the speed of light so the radar devi
63. 0kQ depending on the required amplification of the signal from the microphone The gain in dB may be computed by R5 R6 Gain 20log o 1 2 8 32 where R5 and R6 are the feedback resistors and R4 is the gain resistor respectively As mentioned it will require some field trials in order to choose a reasonable value for the gain resistor hence a final value will not be stated in this document The differential gain of THAT1583 amplifier extends down to DC and thus the differential DC offset at the output varies with the gain It is recommended to prevent this concerning audio recording since a DC offset may cause the clipping of the signal or low frequency distortion This comes about since the waveform will not be centered on OV but e g 1V This is easily prevented by inserting a capacitor in series with the gain resistor C8 in Appendix 1 which will force the DC gain to unity regardless of the differential gain 5 It is worth noting that the capacitor in series with the gain resistor will create a high pass filter with a lower frequency cut off 3dB computed by 1 k a 9 2nr R4 C8 where R4 is the gain resistor and CS is the capacitor in series with the gain resistor THAT Corp recommends a 330uF capacitor as seen in the Appendix resulting in a lower cut off frequency of 48 Hz at 60 dB gain R4 10Q and 0 048 Hz at 6 dB gain R4 10kQ Considering that frequencies below 300 Hz are not of interest
64. 15 Online Available http en wikipedia org wiki Image RationalUnifiedProcess png Accessed 2015 3 C M N Olsen Detecting Mosquitoes With Microphone Arrays Mosquito Defence Systems Kongsberg 2015 99 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 L Riley Linkwitz Lab Linkwitz Lab 11 04 2015 Online Available http www linkwitzlab com sys_test htm Accessed 2015 T Corporation Low Noise Differential Audio Preamplifier IC THAT Corporation 2015 Online Available http www thatcorp com datashts THAT_1583_Datasheet pdf Accessed 2015 S Gudvangen ADC and DAC Errors Sigmund Gudvangen Kongsberg 2014 C M N Olsen Digital Audio Course Work II Christoffer M N Olsen Kongsberg 2014 P Semiconductors I2S Bus Specification Phillips 1995 T Instruments Full Differential Analog Input 24 Bit 192 kHz Stereo A D Converter Texas Instruments 08 2012 Online Available http www t1 com lit ds symlink pem1804 q1 pdf Accessed 2015 T Instruments Ten Output Low Jitter Low Power Clock Buffer and Level Translator Texas Instruments 01 2014 Online Available http www ti com lit ds symlink cdclvc1310 pdf Accessed 2015 S Labs S1510 511 Crystal Oscillator XO 100 kHz to 250 MHz Silicon Labs 2013 Online Available https www silabs com Support 20Documents TechnicalDocs si5 10 11 pdf Accessed 2015 B
65. 24 N A D4 LASER 1 Soldered 2 Arduino D9 Female 1 pin header 24 N A LDAC MCP4922 8 Soldered 3 Arduino D10 Female 1 pin header 24 N A CS MCP4923 3 Soldered 4 Arduino Dil Female 1 pin header 24 N A SDI MCP4924 5 Soldered 5 Arduino D13 Female 1 pin header 24 N A SCK MCP4925 4 Soldered 6 24 RD 5V MCP4926 1 Soldered 7 24 RD 5V MCP4922 13 Soldered 8 Arduino SV Female 1 pin header 24 RD 5V MCP4922 9 Soldered 9 24 RD 5V R3 1 Soldered 10 24 RD 5V RS 1 Soldered 11 Cl 1 Soldered 24 N A MCP4922 1 Soldered 12 Cl 2 Soldered 24 BK GND Power Supply 2 Screw Terminals 13 MCP4922 14 Soldered 24 N A VOUTA TLO82CN 3 Soldered 14 MCP4922 12 Soldered 24 BK GND Power Supply 2 Screw Terminals 15 MCP4922 10 Soldered 24 N A VOUTB TLO82CN 5 Soldered 16 R3 2 Soldered 24 N A TLO82CN 2 Soldered 17 R4 1 Soldered 24 N A TLO82CN 1 Soldered 18 R4 2 Soldered 24 N A TLO82CN 2 Soldered 19 TLO82CN 4 Soldered 24 WH 15V Power Supply 1 Screw Terminals 39 20 C3 1 Soldered 24 N A TLO82CN 4 Soldered 21 C3 2 Soldered 24 N A GND Power Supply 2 Screw Terminals 22 RS 2 Soldered 24 N A TL082CN 6 Soldered 23 R6 1 Soldered 24 N A TL082CN 6 Soldered 24 R6 2 Soldered 24 N A TL082CN 7 Soldered 25 TL082CN 8 Soldered 24 RD 15V Power Supply 3 Screw Terminals 26 C2 1 Soldered 24 N A TLO82CN 8 Soldered 27 C2 2 Soldered 24 N A GND Power Supply 2 Screw Terminals 28 1 Sold
66. 2423 Response pie eni ai ie ai 11 2 5 Simple 1D Microphone Array Design with Electret Microphones 12 NN e Microphone nn 12 2 3 2 Panasomie WM 6l A snnunstesselitesnsetiittis eating 12 259 Microphone Positions 22 2 Da a EI 13 2 6 Sparse Mier phoneAttay A een 15 2 6 1 Working Principle ica 16 2 6 2 Inter Microph ne Spacing sc unse rr 17 2 6 3 Sparse Array Design with Four Sub ArrayS ii 18 284 Sparse Array Per ot ame latita 19 CONCLUSION AG Oe o ae elle le 19 A a a a s a e S a A S S 20 MDS Detecting Mosquitoes with Microphone Arrays Bachelor Assignment v2 0 I 14 04 2015 1 Introduction The main issue with acoustic location detection of insects by microphones is the rather low sound pressure level produced by e g mosquitoes According to studies on behalf of the U S Department of Agriculture 1 a swarm of Aedes taeniorhynchus more commonly referred to as black salt marsh mosquito may produce sound pressure levels in the range of 25 35 dB In a remote area away from traffic and other urban disturbances the background noise might be as low as around 20 dB and thus the mosquito swarm is detectable That being said in urban areas the background noise is in the range of 60 dB speech conversation to 80 dB traffic at a distance of a few meters or higher This means that even a swarm of mosquitoes will be rather difficult to detect yet alone a single mosquito At a distance o
67. 6 2 6 Digital to Analog Converter The system requires a device that is able to convert binary numbers into voltage levels in order to control the galvanometer scanner A 2 channel 12 bit Digital to Analog Converter DAC is used for this purpose MCP4922 This is a device with low power low DNL differential non linearity and 2x buffered output with SPI interface With 12 bits the DAC is able to map numbers from 0 to 4095 into a voltage range of 0 5V This device provides high accuracy and low noise performances which is important for the functionality of this system The main specifications of the DAC are presented in Table 28 further specifications regarding the DAC are presented in the datasheet 23 The device is selected in regards of the chosen scanner set and is interchangeable as there are many DAC ICs on the market Table 29 presents an overview of the DACs pin map 47 Table 28 DAC specifications Part nr name MCP4922 Power Input 2 7V 5 5V Package DIL 14 Connector 14 pin Bus SPI Resolution 12 bit Design 2 channels Dimensions 40x15x10 mm Weight 2g Operational temp range 40 to 125 C Manufacturer Microchip Vendor Elfa Distrelec 48 Table 29 Pin map DAC MCP4922 1 VDD 5V with decoupling capacitor 3 SS Slave Select CS on DAC which requires an active low signal to enable serial clock and data functions 4 SCK the SPI compatible serial data input 5 Serial
68. 6 2 7 OperationalAmplifiers nissan 50 20 A suis 55 A RR RO 56 6 2 10 Power SUD IV SA etl A te LIDIA Ra 57 OZIIO BCC DOI ORRORE 58 6 242 RESTOS a RA NT 58 6 2313 a Wires dnd Connectors ilaria E EE E E A 59 6 3 Thermal Sensor di tt di 59 6 3 1 Thermal Sensor vs PIR SENSORIALI 60 6 3 2 System OVervieW A O 60 6 3 3 perdano PENEDES AAN AA 63 6 3 4 Mierface sa sek ahnen 64 6 3 5 Future CONTA LENDLES ila il ee 65 7 Software Modules nananana 65 Tale Auditive Detection urna aiar ia 65 ih ZOVEFVIEW eee 65 7 1 2 Frequency Domain ARSS na eS 66 Tal SC CISITTT GINS biella 67 LAR Autocorrelation lee 69 7 1 5 EUMECONMPINA SEDERE lai oe 70 72 Maser Control Solares ans a i 71 2 1 System VEIVIEW aa araea AREE O I 71 7 22 TOYSTEID ATCRULEINTE ESS 71 TR O AN TR ana 73 2 Ih rmal Sens AA O 73 T3 Computer Visioi rasen leeres 73 LIDO System OVE a TE 74 Dal y LA IAN CE A ispanica il alia 74 AIS Laser CONO anziane diana 78 ZI SIMONA MORBO AAA A TA 78 7 3 5 Human Interface DIESTRA lara 79 S Test Planen anne 80 sl A A A 81 OL lo Requirements tobe Tested parole 81 8 1 2 Requirements not to be Tested 81 Oto Responsibilities iaia li 81 Sdi Schedule for IE une eisen 82 8 1 5 Risks and CONS CS lib ie 82 8 2 Test DesronandilestCases riale isla 83 SLI REO A dc 83 2 RE lalla 84 vi Oo BED AS AAA OR 85 2A REDIGE 86 8 2 3 RE Sessel Sees ss 87 82 03 EOS le ere 88 9 Test Repo uri vai caa 89 Ol REPO om EOL
69. 9 G Danavaras Testing Panasonics WM 61A Mike Cartridge Audio Xpress 2007 10 S Linkwitz Linkwitz Lab 10 03 2015 Online Available http www linkwitzlab com sys_test htm 11 P Corporation Omdicrectional Back Electret Condenser Microphone Cartridge WM 61A Panasonic Online Available http industrial panasonic com lecs www data pdf AB A5000 ABASO000CE22 pdf SS aa MB ara 20 Immobilization Systems Mosquito Defence Systems v1 0 e 15 03 2015 MDS Immobilization Systems Bachelor Assignment v1 01 15 03 2015 Abstract This document includes a technical overview of possible immobilization systems with component explanations and set up examples in order to give a basis for further design selections High speed galvanometers with coupled mirrors are used to move laser beams to desired positions and are in this text introduced as an immobilization system In addition a dual axis servo system with an implemented laser module is presented for the same purpose MDS Bachelor Assignment Immobilization Systems v1 01 15 03 2015 Document Version 0 1 11 03 2015 Hege J Blikra First draft 0 2 15 03 2015 Hege J Blikra Added Ann Christin s section 2 1 1 Galvanometer 1 0 15 03 2015 Hege J Blikra Document Revision 1 0 09 05 2015 Ann Christin Barstad Proofreading MDS Immobilization Systems Bachelor Assignment v1 01 15 03 2015 Table of Contents ANo iTe A E a 2
70. Bea 82 AERO N a a Eu a EN 83 TREO SS Erb Faded ase avs RG AR oa aN 84 CREO een 85 TREO Oise 86 TREO Saca 87 TREO Q ii da 88 Test results with recording of a female MOSQUIto ii 92 Test results with recording of WAPA 92 Test results with recording of a Dee ira rire 92 Component overview for IHesyslen en nsihbebn ae 93 Requirements ul meti a iii 94 xi 1 Introduction Most insects serve an important task such as pollination of flowering plants nutrition and population control Mosquitoes act as a major part of the aquatic food chain yet they may also transmit diseases Due to a changing climate there is an increasing risk of tropical mosquitoes in Nordic countries and thus tropical diseases Hence it might be a scope for protecting citizens from this problem in the garden or at windows and entrances Kongsberg Defence and Aerospace KDA provided a mission brief concerning this issue describing the requirements as well as the scope of the project effort The main goal for this project is to protect humans against disease bearing mosquitoes as well as non carriers of disease while avoiding unintended consequences to the environment This implies a preventative system that may decrease the spread of mosquito borne diseases especially in urban well populated environments where rapid spread of diseases can have a major impact on the society As a result Mosquito Defence Systems MDS has developed a system that will in
71. Dilating increases the amount of white pixels 2 2 3 Blob A Blob is a group of connected pixels in an image that share some common property for example connected pixels in a binary image 1 By connecting a group of pixels that are connected it is possible to filter out noise and get a stronger representation of an object By using dilation it can cause the bright regions in the image to grow If to grow the darker parts is wanted the Erosion operation can be used By using dilate and erosion it is possible to make blobs appear stronger in the binary image 4 MDS Image Processing Bachelor Assignment 2 0 13 05 15 Figure 7 from left Original image dilated image and eroded image 2 3 Stereovision A single camera that is calibrated can determine the pose of an object where the geometry of the model is known This is called model based pose estimation and works only for known models Systems with two cameras that are calibrated and the relative pose between them is known we can find 3d information from an arbitrary scene where we don t have to know the geometry of the objects in the scene Stereovision is two cameras that are placed horizontally from one another and are used to obtain images from two different sources of the same scene to get 3d information from 2d images of an arbitrary scene Stereovision is similar to human vision By comparing two different images information such as depth ca
72. Ds are used as illumination in the dark Retro reflective surfaces reflect light back at the light source See Figure 4 for illustration of a retro reflective surface compared to diffusing surface and specular surface 11 MDS Mosquito Detection Concepts and Methods Bachelor Assignment v1 0 1 13 03 2015 N v x bio Ce A a E N af Na Diffusing surface Specular surface Retro reflective surface e Figure 4 Different Reflective Surfaces The electronic imager detects if objects are positioned in between the reflective surface and the light source by capturing the shadows of the object 2 7 2 How does it work This system is similar to photonic fence by Intellectual Ventures An array of IR LEDs is with an electronic imager is placed in one end while the retro reflective surface is placed at a distance If an insect or any moving objects are positioned in between this area it is detected by the imager With secondary imager sensor using e g a laser and a photodiode the system can provide accurate information on the wing beat frequency even the object s shape and size This system includes using a powerful processor 12 13 See figure 5 for illustration Figure 5 Photonic Fence Idea 10 MDS Mosquito Detection Concepts and Methods Bachelor Assignment v1 01 13 03 2015 2 7 3 Black Box Figure 6 shows a black box description of the photonic fence concept Power Black Box Object classification
73. Future Contingencies In order to obtain the sound waves produced by insects for processing a microphone array has the benefit of suppressing noise contributions from surrounding sound sources such as humans animals vehicles etc This makes it possible to employ the system in urban well populated environments where the sound pressure level of a mosquito is easily masked by other sound sources 3 The system presented has the benefit of being versatile in the sense that the components are chosen such that there is room for further development in regards to different microphones number of microphones amplification and clock frequency Hence it is possible to tailor the system to some degree depending on the operational environment For future work there are a few tasks that need to be examined e Designing and manufacturing the PCBs in a manner that will result in a noise resilient circuit 36 e When the microphones are mounted in a windowsill or similar surface it might be necessary to calibrate the microphones due to diffraction when the sound waves are short compared to the size of the surface Hence this must be taken into consideration when designing the final product e The microphone array should be expanded to two or three dimensions in order to increase the effective area of the array A one dimensional array is only presented due to time constraints and the complexity of several dimensions e Programming an FPGA with at le
74. IDE integrated development environment which supports C and C programming languages Application Overview The goal of this system is to create an interface from the computer to the DAC that is controlling the galvanometer and the laser It should be very easy as it will only take commands from the main controller application This application will communicate through serial at a baud rate of 115200 7 2 2 System Architecture Architectural Design The system is waiting for serial data in order to steer the mirror galvanometers When this 71 data arrives it assumes that the message is 11 bytes of which 5 bytes is for each galvanometer and 1 byte is for the laser For outputting to the DAC a library called OLSD Open Laser Show DAC is used 18 The important function of this library is OuputPoint which takes five arguments Only the first two are used in the configuration as the other three are for controlling the color of the laser which is not included in the system hardware The two first arguments should be unsigned int which is a 16 bit number on the Arduino The function transforms the 16 bits number to a 12 bits number as the DAC is 12 bits and then outputs it using SPI In order to control the laser a digital pin is set high when 1 is received otherwise it is low The digital pin 4 on the Arduino is used for this purpose SPI SPI is a short distance communication protocol for serial full duplex data transmi
75. IDIRECT IONAL OMNI DIRECTIONAL CAMAS ce ee ee 1 1 7 2 1 9 Polar response pattern Polar formula Acceptance anale Output at 90 rel 0 Output at 180 rel 0 Angle at which output 0 Random energy efficiency REE Distance factor DF Figure 2 Directivity patterns from 4 2 4 Microphone Array The use of directional microphones filters and an increase in the effective diaphragm area will improve the SNR and thus the possibility of detecting mosquitoes in a noise filled environment Hence it seems appropriate to combine these methods in a system that can detect the mosquito as well as the position Using e g two directional microphones with a certain amount of space between will only be sensitive to sound waves arriving on axis and might not be able to detect the mosquito if it is positioned between the microphones Hence it seems rather impractical to use directional microphones to compute where the mosquito is positioned relative to the microphones making omnidirectional microphones in an array a more attractive approach It will be assumed that the sound source is in the far field which is true for sound sources at a distance of re gt 2L A where L is the length of the array and A the wave length of the incoming sound wave 2 4 1 Beamforming When a mosquito is omitting sound between e g two spaced pressure omnidirectional m
76. II DAC HEGEL H200 integrated amplifier Martin Logan vantage loud speakers and MATLAB code 91 Test Results The first part of the test half of T REQ 8 the camera and corresponding software was tested Two different black objects were placed in the designated area and the camera detected both of them The test was approved on the first try The second part of the test T REQ 5 and half of T REQ 8 started with some problems with the MATLAB software Eirik and Christoffer managed to fix it and the tests could begin The three test subjects were mosquito wasp and bee recordings The purpose of the test was to see if the system was able to distinguish between them and how well it performed The mosquito and bee sounds are very different in the spectrum but the wasp sometimes overlap with mosquito sound The tests were run for 30 seconds for each recording The results are listed in Table 47 Table 48 and Table 49 It shows that the system managed to detect individual mosquitoes as well as detecting other insects Table 47 Test results with recording of a female mosquito Cepstrum 322 319 3 Autocorrelation 161 161 0 Frequency Spectrum 192 192 0 Table 48 Test results with recording of a wasp Cepstrum 322 3 319 Autocorrelation 161 0 161 Frequency Spectrum 188 79 109 Table 49 Test results with recording of a bee Cepstrum 322 2 320 Autocorrelation 161 0 161 Frequency Spectrum 183 13 170
77. NWT CA So A Sensur av hovedoppgaver HBV H gskolen i Buskerud og Vestfold Gon ewe Fakultet for teknologi og maritime fag UN Prosjektnummer 2015 09 For studie ret 2014 2015 Emnekode SFHO3201 Prosjektnavn Mosquito Defence Systems Utfert i samarbeid med Kongsberg Defence and Aerospace avd Integrated Defence Systems Ekstern veileder Andr Ruud Sammendrag Grunnet et stadig varmere klima er det storre sjanse for at mygg med tropiske sykdommer far fotfeste i nord For kunne beskytte seg mot dette har Mosquito Defence Systems utviklet ett system som kan identifisere og immobilisere mygg Stikkord Mygg e Detektere Identifisere e Immobilisere Destruere Tilgjengelig JA Prosjektdeltagere og karakter Navn Karakter Ann Christin Tjensvold Barstad Christoffer Marius Ness Olsen Hege Jeanette Blikra Jawad Qureshi Max Moeschinger Eirik Haavaldsen Po Dato 19 mai 2015 Sigmund Gudvangen Karoline Moholth Hans Ivar Ostensen Intern Veileder Intern Sensor Ekstern Sensor Document Overview Final PDF Copy for school library Sensor Binder Green binder for sensor DVD Documents stored digitally on a CD DVD Website Documents available at Website Final Report X X X x e Project Plan e Requirements Specification e Test Specification e Test Plan e Test Report e System Overview e Technical Specifications e Post Analysis Technology Documents Research Documents
78. Table 38 Breadboard specifications eae pesriion Part nr name Adafruit Perma Proto 1 2 Sized Breadboard Connection Holes 30 rows of double 5 hole rows Power Connections 4 power rails with markings Dimensions Board 82x55x1 6 mm Connection Holes 1 2 mm diameter Mounting Holes 2x3 2 mm diameter 6 2 12 Resistors Resistors are used in the control circuit to reduce the current and for stabilization means Detailed specifications are added in Table 39 with a pictorial representation in Figure 24 36 For the laser control system all resistors are 10kQ Table 39 Resistor specifications eae peseripion Part nr name Metal Oxide Power Resistors Series 282 Case Size Small Watts 2W Quantity 8 Value 10kQ Operational Temp range 55 C 235 C Tolerance 5 58 Dimensions 12x5x25 mm Manufacturer Xicon Dimensions are measured in length of resistor head x diameter x length of wires 3 mm see Figure 11 for the Metal Oxide Power Resistors Figure 24 Xicon resistor 36 6 2 13 Wires and Connectors An overview of all connectors and wires are added in the wiring list Table 24 Consistently wires of size 26 and 24 according to American Wire Gauge and Arduino connectors on jumper wires with both female and male connectors are applied The galvanometer scanner set contained its own connectors of the type JST XH 3 37 which are coupled to
79. Texas Instruments Vendor Elfa Distrelec Elfa Distrelec 53 Table 31 TLO82CN pin map 1 1OUT Forms an level shifter with pin 2 and 3 Vout for x signals xout 2 1IN Coupled as an level shifter with voltage reference 5V 3 1IN Input voltage reference A 5V 4 VCC VCC 15V with decoupling capacitor 5 2IN Input voltage reference B 5V 6 2IN Coupled as a level shifter with pin 5 and 7 with voltage reference 5V 7 20UT Forms a level shifter with pin 6 and 7 Vout for y signals yout 8 VCC VCC 15V with decoupling capacitor Table 32 TLO84ACN pin map 1 1OUT Forms a voltage follower with pin 2 and 3 output control signal x 2 1IN Forms a voltage follower with pin 1 and 3 coupled to pin 1 3 1IN Forms a voltage follower with pin and 2 input signal xout 4 VCC VCC 15V with decoupling capacitor 5 2IN Forms an inverter with pin 6 and 7 coupled to GND 6 2IN Forms an inverter with pin 5 and 7 input signal xout 7 2OUT Forms an inverter with pin 5 and 6 output control signal x 8 30UT Forms a voltage follower with pin 9 and 10 output control signal y 9 3IN Forms a voltage follower with pin 8 and 10 coupled to pin 8 10 3IN Forms a voltage follower with pin 8 and 9 input signal yout 11 VCC VCC 15V with decoupling capacitor 12 4IN Forms an inverter with pin 13 and 14 coupled to GND 13 4IN Forms an inverter with pin 12 and 14 input sig
80. This means that the clock fanout buffer CDCLVC1310 will be mounted separately from the six PCBs though it should be as close as practically possible Note that proper termination must be taken into consideration as seen by capacitor C 5 and resistor R8 The capacitor value must be computed according to 7 and the resistor set equal to the transmission line impedance This must be performed for each output YO to Y9 6 1 8 Receiver The PCM audio bit streams from each of the ADCs transferred over I S must be received by a unit for either processing or transmission to a processing unit To ensure that the transfer and processing delay is kept as small as possible it is recommended to transfer the bit streams to an FPGA It will process the signals in regards to steering the main lobe of the microphone array and determine whether or not a mosquito is present In regards to development and testing it might be sufficient to use e g a microcontroller with Ethernet output that may be connected to a computer by cat6 cable as seen in Figure 10 and then process the signals in software such as MATLAB Since the ADC is set to operate in master mode each ADC will have three outputs to the receiver This results in a total of eighteen lines and the receiver must then be equipped with a minimum of eighteen digital inputs 6 1 9 Steering the Main Lobe of the Microphone Array The main lobe of the microphone array must be steered towards a certain angle of
81. VDDO 4 3 8 6 EA ee Ps i Eh i LRCK Channel1 2 cL ia Clock Out _ E Q 1uF Q 1uF u PCM Data Output i a C11 C16 AGND gt u z Toone 9 a o amp Ser 7 DA ei O O DGND ASSI Sek iS Y A GND CLK co oO AGND Crystal Oscillator 8 192 MHz Figure 45 Microphone Schematics 104 13 2 Appendix II Laser Control Schematics THERMAL1 LASER a Q D lt z 15U a FANL y amp lt zu E a To s Q o y o 150 GALVOX 15UKK 5U a o R2 LEDA lt lt lt a 2 15U 226 da FAN2 MDS 12 05 2015 11 54 40 Sheet 1 of 4 3 4 5 6 Figure 46 Module overview 105 5U GND GNO GND cia ca ca SERIAL FT232RL GND GND TSERIAL ATMEGA328P_TOFP MDS Arduino Module 12 05 2015 11 54 40 Sheet 2 of 4 Figure 47 Arduino wiring diagram 106 6 MCP4922 E ST TL 84ACN TL 840 MOS DAC OPAMP Module 12 05 2015 11 54 40 Sheet 3 of 4 Figure 48 DAC and op amp wiring diagram 107 6 MOS Thermal Module 12 05 2015 11 54 40 Sheet a of 4 Figure 49 Thermal sensor wiring diagram 108 6 13 3 Appendix III Power Supply Schematic 199nf PT30 2 18 100n4 MOS Power Supply 10 05 2015 11 56 41 Sheet 4 al 2 3 4 5 6 Figure 50 Power supply wiring diagram 109 Detecting Mosquitoes with Microphone Arrays M
82. a 908 13 laserklasser Accessed 29 03 2015 CW Welding vs Pulse Welding LITRON 2011 Online Available http www litron com CW vs Pulsed Weldings asp Accessed 02 05 2015 T Labs Laser Diodes Thor Labs 2015 Online Available https www thorlabs com newgrouppage9 cfm objectgroup_id 5260 amp pn L404P 400M Accessed 05 05 2015 Cooler Master Cooler Master Online Available http www coolermaster com product Lines case fan Accessed 27 April 2015 1688 KAHUL Online Available http detail 1688 com offer 39288020912 html Accessed 29 April 2015 Adafruit Adafruit Online Available http www adafruit com products 571 Accessed 30 April 2015 Xicon Metal Oxide Power Resistor 6 April 2009 Online Available http www arduino cc documents datasheets Resistors pdf Accessed 1 May 2015 Farnell XH Connector Online Available http www farnell com datasheets 5448 pdf Accessed 30 April 2015 Arduino Connectors Arduino 2015 Online Available http store arduino cc product C000028 Accessed 30 April 2015 101 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 Arduino Jumper Wires Arduino 2015 Online Available http store arduino cc index php main_page advanced_search_result amp search_in_ description 1 amp keyword jumper wires amp btnG search Accessed 30 April 2015 OMRON Usage
83. a permanent electrostatic charge by placing it under a strong electric field as well as under heat 7 Removing the heat does not alter the electric charge and it might not decay for hundreds of years This makes electret microphones a reasonable choice in connection with microphone arrays Where several microphones might be necessary This comes especially about when making prototypes 2 5 2 Panasonic WM 61A Panasonic WM 61A is an omnidrectional electret microphone with a cost of roughly 20 to 40 NOK per unit and measures 3 4 mm in height and 6 mm in diameter It can be connected 12 MDS Detecting Mosquitoes with Microphone Arrays Bachelor Assignment v2 0 1 14 04 2015 directly to e g a computer or sound card as long as a voltage is applied to the JFET The maximum sound pressure level is approximately 109 dB before clipping 8 For higher SPLs the microphone must be modified in order to reduce high distortion levels because of a lacking source resistor in the inbuilt JFET amplifier Several measurements have been conducted of the WM 61A showing a flat frequency response up to 2 to 3 kHz though with no more deviation than about 2 dB up to 20 kHz Hence for applications where accuracy is not necessary beyond 2 to 3 kHz no means of calibration is necessary 9 This good news considering that the third harmonic of a female mosquito is about 1 5 kHz The drawback of using a microphone of this size is that the sensitivity will be v
84. area around the house All of these concepts with different detection and immobilization methods are discussed in 1 2 3 and 4 2 Concept Study 2 1 Pugh Matrix Figure 1 shows a pugh matrix of the three possible concepts discussed by the project group Several criteria are rated and are given appropriate weighted points and each concept is given points from 1 to 1 for each criterion which is summarized at the bottom The concept ending up with the most points have scored highest on the criteria listed and can be considered as the best concept selection at this point on Comments regarding the evaluation are listed and a table briefly describing the concepts Table 1 Fence Entrance Outposts 1 Sustainability in regards to power consumption 1 1 1 2 Susceptible to weather 1 1 1 1 3 Shall not cause harm to humans animals and surroundings 3 1 1 1 3 Performance in regards to protecting humans 3 1 1 1 4 Maintainability Location amp number of units 2 0 1 1 5 Adaptability 1 1 0 1 6 Portability 1 1 1 1 7 Noise exposure in regards to e g wind and movement 1 1 0 1 8 Independence Stand Alone System 1 1 1 1 Sum 0 3 1 Weighted Sum 0 4 2 Figure 1 Pugh Matrix of Concepts MDS Concept Study Bachelor Assignment v2 0 I 08 05 2015 Comments to criteria and concept evaluation 1 2 Fence The concepts for detection and immobilization may
85. ast 18 digital inputs to receive the PCM bit streams over PS The FPGA must process the received signals in order to steer the main lobe based on the provided x and y positions from the camera and finally determining if a mosquito is present If a mosquito is in fact present the immobilization module must be alerted 6 2 Laser Control System It was concluded that mirror galvanometers were the best choice in terms of steering a lethal laser in order to immobilize mosquitoes 16 This came about due to their ability to respond very quickly something that is a necessity for the system to be able to hit the detected targets The Laser Control System LCS is a vital part of the system as a whole and includes several important elements such as the mirror galvanometers the laser and the control circuitry All of the above is needed to communicate with the computer that is continuously fed by target coordinates obtained by the camera 6 2 1 System Overview The LCS consists of mirrors attached to galvanometers which deflects a laser beam in a specified direction The purpose of the system is to aim the laser at approved targets through software commands The system includes a hardware control circuit needed to interface the software module and the galvanometers control inputs Figure 13 describes the system in a block diagram Power Supply Laser DAC ip Stet Stage E X Ga
86. ate by the number of samples between 0 and the largest peak in the cepstrum Step 4 If the calculated frequency is between 320 and 480Hz the program will interpret that as a Signature match for the wing beat frequency of a mosquito 7 1 4 Autocorrelation Another approach is to look for the fundamental frequency in the time domain This can be done by using autocorrelation on the signal directly The autocorrelation function takes a segment of a waveform and correlates it with itself at different time lags Given that the waveform is periodic it will correlate well with itself at short delays and delays corresponding to a multiple of the fundamental frequency E g 44100 samples s 44100 samples s 0 0027s 370Hz Sample rate Hz Sample rate Hz Peak Correlation s Fundamental frequency 17 As seen in Figure 38 the correlation is high for a specific interval In this case it is easy to see that the correlation peaks are periodic and the decline in each successive peak is naturally proportional to the amount of lag 69 Waveform n Amplitude A 8 0 5 5 IWW W W N I M Y In W W W W 0002 0015 001 0 008 0 0 005 0 01 0 015 0 02 Delay s Figure 38 Waveform top and autocorrelation bottom of a mosquito sound signal Program Details Step 1 Obtain the correlation coefficients by cross correlating the signal with itself A maximum lag may be specified in order to spend less computation time
87. ated and fed to the galvanometer system to get a position for the lethal laser 6 Figure 5 Laser Reflection 6 2 2 Servo Laser System The servo laser system consists of two servos and a laser module How these components function and how they are coupled together including overall system interfaces are described in the following sections 2 2 1 Servo Basics A servo is a small device that has an output shaft that can be positioned to angular positions when receiving a coded input signal 7 The servo s position will remain the same as long as the input signal is the same if not it will change Servos have a built in control circuitry and are generally powerful compared to their small size Most servos contain a control circuit and a potentiometer that is connected to the output shaft The potentiometer makes it possible for the control circuitry to monitor the current angle of the servo motor The possible rotation angle depends on the servo s specifications but normally it rotates somewhere between 0 and 180 degrees The amount of power is proportional to the distance it rotates The angle is MDS Immobilization Systems Bachelor Assignment v1 0 I 15 03 2015 determined by the duration of a pulse that is applied to the system pulse coded modulation 7 where the length of the pulse will decide how far the motor turns The parameters of this pulse are that it has a minimum neutral and maximum pulse In neutral position the
88. audio Due to S being a standard for two channels and the fact that stereo two channel ADCs are very common it seems like a rational choice for interfacing between the ADCs and Digital Signal Processing DSP unit PS In 8 a comprehensive description of I S is provided though there are a few points that are worth mentioning for a quick introduction to the interface S consists of three lines between the sender such as an ADC and the receiver These are clock SCK word select WS and data SD Clock is the sampling frequency of the signal that is to be transferred word select provides the necessary information for the receiver to determine whether it is channel one or two that is being transferred e g low for channel one and high for channel two and data is the data output such as a Pulse Code Modulation PCM bit stream When using PS as the interface between an ADC and receiver the ADC may be set to operate as slave or master When the ADC is set to operate as master the receiver is provided with the clock from the ADC while when the ADC is set to operate as slave the receiver provides the clock to the ADC This has significance in audio applications since the provided clock by the receiver when the ADC is set to operate as slave may not have sufficiently low jitter resulting in a reduced SNR This means that when an ADC is connected to e g an FPGA it is necessary to set the ADC as master with a high precision clock on the mas
89. backs are minimized Loss of project directory and containing files Make sure to order with a time margin in case of delay Order from reliable vendors and choose secure transportation methods Place orders with appropriate time margins Interface incompatibility Make sure that there is always a backup of all the project documents Negative impact on the environment and potential harm to humans Unsuccessful testing unable to proceed with test Be sure to review all parts for interface compatibility Unable to complete development Be sure to always test in a safe environment and store potentially dangerous substance in a safe area Be sure to carefully write test procedures and make sure test equipment is adequate and functional for testing Verification and validation in project plan Research is more extensive than expected e Perform high level planning An iterative approach is deemed appropriate to secure completion of the most fundamental requirements first and complete more advanced complementary requirements in later iterations e Take the project group members competence into consideration while making design concept decisions Extensive requirements specification rework The schedule is flexible enough to handle 2 3 days of delay in the current iteration Extensive test specification rework Extra time put aside for requirement specification
90. ble to implement in the given time frame Further investigation on the specific components is needed in order to go into more technical detail 4 References 1 MDS Outpost Concept Document OutpostConcept_v1 0_14 03 2015 2015 Web 14 Mar 2015 2 MDS Photonic Fence Concept Document Concept_Photonic_Fence_v1 0_13 03 2015 2015 Web 14 Mar 2015 3 MDS Entrance Concept Document Entrance_concept_v1 0_13 03 2015 2015 Web 14 Mar 2015 4 MDS Concepts on Detecting Mosquitoes with Microphone Arrays MicrophoneArrayConcepts_v1 0_14 03 2015 2015 Web 14 Mar 2015 Entrance Concept Mosquito Defence Systems v1 0 e 13 03 2015 MDS Entrance Concept Document Bachelor Assignment v1 0 I 13 03 2015 Abstract This document concerns a concept development regarding entrance protection It includes a selection of detection methods as well as immobilization means with accompanying figures MDS Bachelor Assignment Entrance Concept Document v1 0 I 13 03 2015 Document Version 0 1 19 02 15 Max Moeschinger Initial document created 1 0 13 03 2015 Hege J Blikra Document revision 1 0 08 05 2015 Ann Christin Barstad Proofreading MDS Bachelor Assignment Table of Contents Abstract Document Versioni hal List oft Hours saio elia lo Introduction sicari 2 Entrance Concept asien DEM O A rear 2 1 1 Infrared Camera and Directional Microphone 2 1 2 Infrared Ca
91. bout com od physicsitol g laser htm Concept Study Mosquito Defence Systems v2 0 e 08 05 2015 MDS Concept Study Bachelor Assignment v2 0 1 08 05 2015 Abstract This document includes a short concept study conducted by the project group It includes a Pugh matrix regarding three possible concepts that are further investigated in separate documents a current concept sketch as well as an activity diagram illustrating how the current system will work MDS Concept Study Bachelor Assignment v2 0 I 08 05 2015 Document Version 1 0 15 03 2015 Hege J Blikra First version initiated 1 1 17 03 2015 Max Moeschinger Updated Figure 3 2 0 08 05 2015 Ann Christin Barstad Proofreading edited document setup MDS Concept Study Bachelor Assignment v2 0 1 08 05 2015 Table of Contents A aree 2 Document Version nun He Re 3 l i Introduction radio 5 2 Concept Study osese iai n ains 5 2 AN E lia lai 5 22r A RN 6 L2 SACHVUVDiasram lie 8 3 COn OM 9 4 A NO 9 MDS Concept Study Bachelor Assignment v2 0 I 08 05 2015 1 Introduction By means of how and where detecting individual mosquitoes and immobilization will take place there are many possibilities The main goal is to protect people from disease carrying mosquitoes in an effective and safe manner and this can be done by placing a system at entrances and windowsills setting up a fence around the house or setting up outposts in the
92. bstract fixed Jawad Qureshi figure labels and size 3 MDS Bachelor Assignment Table of Contents Jide 2 Immobilization Techniques seen nn 2 1 High Powered Falls di A nn aaia 2 52 Mow GOES war au 2 123 Black BOX nun 2 1 4 Functional input output 213 Ile rats 2 1 6 PIO sarei 2 1 7 Compatibilit said 2 1 8 Recommendation ccccccccnsseccecasscessesssesscesssatces 22 Electric tens calici 22 MDAC Muse anta 223 How does it Work een 22 2 babbo 2 2 4 Functional input output A a a 2 ASC A E A EA 23 1 A 2 3 2 How does WWE een a 2 3 4 Functional input output 3 Iena 2 3 6 Recommendalioni u riali gt Rarit 4 Immobilization of Mosquitoes v1 0108 05 15 RR RR RIE 5 Latera 5 landi 6 aaa 1 ee ehe 7 E E pied 8 MDS Immobilization of Mosquitoes Bachelor Assignment v1 0 I 08 05 15 1 Introduction It is necessary to have good knowledge about the different ways to immobilize mosquitoes By gathering information about the different methods in one document it easier to get an overview of all the possibilities 2 Immobilization Techniques 2 1 High Powered Fans 2 1 1 What is it Using fans against mosquitoes is a well known practice in many countries A low powered fan is very effective against mosquitoes and a table fan in your room may protect you from getting bitten 1 as mosquitoes are generally very weak fl
93. c 6 3 84 NOK capacitor 4 7 uF Aluminium electrolytic Elfa Distrelec 4 12 96 NOK capacitor 100 uF Shipping taxes Elfa Distrelec 161 80 NOK MO layer Resistor 1kOhm Elfa Distrelec 4 18 04 NOK SparkoCam Full Version sparkosoft com 1 396 62 NOK Sum 3075 29 NOK 2 11 Documentation Documents and reports are named as followed Name_vVersion_Date Month Year e g Requirements_v0 1_21 01 2015 or ProjectPlan_v0 1_21 01 2015 The version control works as follows all officially approved documents will increment the number on the left side of the dot Internal version will increment the number on the right 2 12 Meetings As a formality the group conducts meetings every Thursday at 09 00 This is noted as Kernel hours which will act as a weekly update where everyone report their activities and plans to the project group The group also has meetings every Thursday at 10 00 with the internal supervisor Sigmund Gudvangen 12 3 Requirements This section provides the requirements deemed necessary to achieve a successful system in regards to the assignment delivered by KDA Integrated Defence Systems IDS within the development and operational environment 3 1 Abbreviations All requirements are issued an ID that briefly describes the type of requirement as seen in Table 10 The requirements are divided into two groups high level requirements referred to as REQ and business goals referred to as BUSG Ea
94. ce can calculate how far away the object is based on how long it takes the radio signal to return Radar can also be used to measure the speed of an object due to a phenomenon called Doppler shift 1 Most radar systems determine position in two dimensions 2 1 3 Black box Figure 1 shows a black box of the radar system MDS Mosquito Detection Concepts and Methods Bachelor Assignment v1 01 13 03 2015 Calculates distance Transmitts signal Recieves backfired speed precence of signal object Figure 1 Black Box Radar 2 2 Microphones 2 2 1 What is it Microphones operate by sensing the difference in sound pressure by displacing a small diaphragm The diaphragm may only sense the pressure difference from sound in front of the diaphragm or both front and back This results in pressure and pressure gradient microphones respectively These are of interest since the pressure microphone is Omni directional up to a certain frequency where diffraction makes the microphone increasingly directive This happens when the wave length is short compared to the diameter of the microphone What this means is that the microphone is equally sensitive in all directions The pressure gradient microphone on the other hand is designed to be directive for all frequencies This by having an opening to the back of the diaphragm giving it a delay compared to the direct sound wave at the front of the diaphragm This makes it possible to make the micro
95. ch requirement is issued a unique 113 29 number referred to as x starting with 1 proceeding to 2 and so forth Table 10 Requirement ID abbreviations REQ Requirement BUSG Business Goals The requirements are traced back to a stakeholder under the column Issued by in the tables below The abbreviations for the stakeholders can be seen in Table 11 Table 11 Stakeholder abbreviations KDA Kongsberg Defence amp Aerospace MDS Mosquito Defence Systems HBV University College Buskerud and Vestfold Department of Engineering in Kongsberg H gskolen i Buskerud og Vestfold 3 2 Requirement Grading In order to define the importance of each requirement they are graded on a scale from A to C A is regarded as the most important and C the least The definition of importance in this document is in regards to whether or not it is critical for a successful system that the requirement is achieved Failing to meet a requirement issued priority A is synonymous with system failure All definitions can be seen in Table 12 Table 12 Requirement priority definitions A Necessary in order to achieve a successful system B The system will lack important features for a final system E Desirable requirement that will not affect the system considerably 3 3 Business Goals Business goals provide the necessary information in regards to schedule and cost for final de
96. chniques can be used to lure mosquitoes to come so close that the circuit will close A combination of a high powered fan sucking mosquitoes into a high voltage electric fence is even more effective as you can suck in targets and immobilize them instantly 2 3 Lasers 2 3 1 What is it Laser is a term originated as an acronym from Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation 2 When you have atoms that are in an excited state that is hit by a photon of particular energy it will simultaneously emit a daughter photon that has exactly the same energy and direction This is called stimulated emission and it essentially means that you can amplify a photon 7 MDS Immobilization of Mosquitoes Bachelor Assignment v1 0 I 08 05 15 signal and produce a million photons that emit light This process is called Light amplification by stimulated emission or LASER A container with a mirror in both ends filled with excited atoms that are excited either by light electricity or chemicals will start emitting photons in all direction almost simultaneously Most of these photons are absorbed by the walls of the container except for the ones that are bouncing back and forth between the mirrors One of the mirrors is engineered so it only reflects 99 of the light and with a tiny hole in the mirror the 1 of the light is allowed to escape and that is the laser beam The light in a laser beam is coherent and will not spread that is why th
97. cis fiu edu 1zhen001 activities KDD2011Program docs p761 pdf 11 MDS Mosquito Detection Concepts and Methods Bachelor Assignment v1 0 I 13 03 2015 10 Patent US7511624 Optical Detection of Oscillating Targets Using Modulation of Scattered Laser Light Google Books 31 Mar 2009 Web 17 Feb 2015 http www google com patents US7511624 11 Mims III Forrest M How to Make and Use Retroreflectors Make 7 Oct 2013 Web 17 Feb 2015 http makezine com projects make 35 how to make and use retroreflectors 12 How the Photonic Fence Works How the Photonic Fence Works 17 Feb 2010 Web 18 Feb 2015 http www intellectualventureslab com invent how the photonic fence works 13 Patent US20140226860 Photonic Fence Google Books 14 Aug 2014 Web 17 Feb 2015 http www google com patents US20140226860 12 Concepts on Detecting Mosquitoes with Microphone Arrays Mosquito Defence Systems v1 0 14 03 2015 MDS Concepts on Detecting Mosquitoes with Microphone Arrays Bachelor Assignment v1 01 14 03 2015 Abstract It is a scope for detecting mosquitoes in e g window and door openings in order to reduce the risk of being bitten by disease bearing mosquitoes at home work etc Hence two potential concepts on how microphone arrays may be implemented in order to detect mosquitoes will be presented This is only intended to be a brief non technical document MDS Concepts on Detecting Mosquitoes with Micropho
98. control system Both the x galvanometer and y galvanometer including mirrors and control board are added in one set This set is a commercial galvanometer scanner used mostly in laser shows but which in addition works well for tracking objects The galvanometer scanner is not added as a module in the electrical design since wiring is made internally on the control boards by the manufacturer and thus out of scope for this project However there are some external connectors that needs to be coupled manually and that are present on the schematic These connections are also included in the wiring list 38 Wiring List The wiring list is an addition to the design to make the couplings easier to trace It includes wire and connector descriptions and is presented in Table 24 The list is to be used as a tool to do the actual coupling The wires are equal in size and the signals are identical on the actual prototype but may be interchanged after own choice The wire colors serve no significant effect except of clarity of signals Positive power signals are assigned the color red negative power signals are assigned white wiring and wires coupled to ground are assigned the color black This is interchangeable and only a matter of own preference 2 Connector Table 24 WL DACOPAMP module Connector 2 1 Arduino D4 Female 1 pin header
99. corporate these key features with an innovative and cost effective design 1 1 Scope The reader will be introduced to the project planning requirements and test specification prior to an in depth technical overview of the different modules and how they interact Subsequently the test plan and results will be presented prior to a conclusion and after analysis of the project Note that this document will not include all of the aspects of the project from the beginning to the end The reader will be referred to other documentation while maintaining the focus on the architecture from a technical and functional perspective The reasoning for this is to avoid an exhaustive examination 2 Project Planning 2 1 Goals The main goals of the project are to design analyze and if possible build a mosquito immobilizing unit The minimum requirements from KDA are that the project will provide drawings of the electrical and software design and if time and scope allows it build and test the design This is in order to ensure that the design is capable of meeting the requirements for a successful system 2 2 Milestones The major milestones of the project are seen in Table 1 The first presentation involved mainly the inception phase consisting of project planning and defining a set of appropriate requirements The second presentation involved deciding on the concept with its corresponding sub systems For the third and final presentation the enti
100. cycle is the one containing a frame The current system has three different detection tracking objects 1 Red laser for calibration purposes 2 Green laser 3 Fish fly attached to a thin fishing thread There is room for expanding the number of tracking objects A future contingency may be to track other kinds of objects This is perfectly doable with the current setup The following sections will go into more details concerning how the detection algorithms work When the detection methods are called the image input is provided in HSV format The image is used as an argument to a function called inRange with the following description Checks if array elements lie between the elements of two other arrays 57 The two other arrays are representing lower and higher threshold The output image is in binary format that is only black and white pixels The white pixels are where the inRange algorithm detected a pixel that was in between the two arrays Then the image is dilated so that all the white spots are expanded The last step is to actually detect the circles such as the laser points This is achieved by calling an OpenCV function called HoughCircles The output of this function is a vector of circles The procedure to detect the red laser is the same as the green laser except for the arguments of the inRange function Next up is the fish fly which is used to simulate the shape of a mosquito for testing purposes The background of
101. d apart by 0 14 m when the incoming sound wave has a frequency of 300 800 1200 and 1800 Seis Az 26 Ned menta 1 0008 ERETTE FUE eins 6 1 2 Panasonic WM 61A Microphone In 3 Panasonic WM 61A was found to be a cheap electret microphone with a flat frequency response up to about 2 3 kHz and beyond this point it is only a matter of slight calibration Since the frequency range of interest is limited from 300 to 1800 Hz this will not pose as an issue It was also discussed that the maximum allowable Sound Pressure Level SPL before clipping is approximately 109 dB The WM 61A may be modified to handle greater SPLs as shown in 4 though considering that the microphone array is intended for recording mosquitoes it is not considered necessary Due to the microphones low cost of approximately 20 to 40 NOK per unit and good frequency response it is considered as a good choice for the array It is worth noting that Micro Electro Mechanical System MEMS microphones are designed and manufactured for mobile applications and microphone arrays with digital S outputs Thus there is no need for a separate amplifier and ADC These have generally a very uneven frequency response hence WM 61A is a more reasonable choice though it may be of interest if cost is a major constraint and worth following for future developments 6 1 3 Microphone Amplifier Due to the rather low sensitivity of the Panasonic WM 61A 3 it may be necessar
102. d source will result in a 6 dB decrease in SPL Hence a directional microphone with a DI of 6 dB will make it possible to be distanced twice that of an omnidirectional microphone from the sound source for the same measured SPL Hence a hypercardioid microphone will have a Distance Factor of 2 compared to an omnidirectional microphone since it can be twice as far away from the sound source and still detect the same SPL Another interesting parameter is the acceptance angle as seen in Fig 2 The acceptance angle is a measure of how wide an angle a sound wave can arrive from referenced to on axis without a greater reduction in SPL than 3 dB Fora hypercardioid the acceptance angle is seen to be 105 degrees What this means is that a sound source arriving at an angle of 105 2 52 5 degrees referenced to on axis will be 3 dB lower in SPL compared to on axis Beyond this point the sensitivity will only decrease to a minimum at110 degrees where the sensitivity is 0 and there will be no output from the microphone for sound waves arriving at this angle Sound waves arriving at an angle of 90 degrees in reference to on axis 0 degrees will have a 6 dB decrease in SPL as seen in Fig 2 and will thus be perceived as being twice as far away as a sound wave with equal SPL arriving on axis MDS Detecting Mosquitoes with Microphone Arrays Bachelor Assignment v2 0 I 14 04 2015 CHARACTER ISTIC SUPER CARDIOID HYPER CARDIOID B
103. deemed reasonable that some damage to other insects is within acceptance though humans and animals must not be disturbed or subjected to harm This implies a major constraint to the system since it may be deployed in the vicinity of animals and humans who must not be disturbed in their daily activities e The system is intended to decrease the potential risk of being bitten by disease bearing 15 mosquitoes This means that the system must be capable of immobilizing mosquitoes with a certain precision and efficiency This comes especially about due to the fact that mosquitoes have a rather unpredictable flight pattern This implies that the system must be capable of tracking moving objects with good precision and immobilize within the designated area of effect prior to the mosquito potentially reaching a human and bites This results in demanding real time constraints It is worth noting that mosquitoes that are not carrying a disease will be infected after biting a human host of the disease Hence all female mosquitoes are in fact of interest to immobilize 4 Test Specification This section contains a test specification for each of the system tests that are conducted and processed for the high level requirements It is important to test requirements in order to verify that they meet the expectations they have been issued Each test includes verification methods and acceptance criteria description as well as test responsibility current statu
104. degrees This should not come as a surprise considering that there are only 3 microphones used in sub array 1 From Table 6 it is seen that the equally spaced microphone array outperforms the sparse array for the same amount of microphones though there are room for more microphones in a sparse array due to the varying spacing between the microphones Hence it is expedient to increase the number of microphones to at least equal 9 microphones per sub array though by doing so the length of the array will be far longer than that of the equally spaced microphone array of 9 microphones 3 Conclusion It is clear that the SNR can be improved by numerous methods in regards to detecting and localizing mosquitoes with a microphone array Even though it is possible to make the main lobe of the beamformer very narrow and thus suppress sound sources with other directions of arrival than the angle the beam is steered it will not be able to separate two sound sources from each other if the fundamental frequency is 400 Hz without making the array at least 4 meters long at a distance of 0 5 m This might be impractical in regards to private houses and homes Hence it seems appropriate to use a microphone array to record the sound produced by the mosquito in order to process the signal and determine if it is in fact a mosquito This is possible if the position of the mosquito is first determined by other means than a microphone array and then sending the informatio
105. der to detect them as two separate sound sources In other words they must be separated more than the length of the array Increasing the array length D to 2 m results in a necessary separation of 0 22 m and increasing D further to 4 m results in a necessary separation of 0 11 m Hence it is clear that the length of the array must be long compared to the wavelength which might prove troublesome A microphone array may be used in order to detect that the incoming sound waves are in fact coming from a female mosquito by steering the sensitivity towards its position if it 1s obtained by other means Obtaining the position by the array on the other hand will be troublesome 11 MDS Detecting Mosquitoes with Microphone Arrays Bachelor Assignment v2 0 I 14 04 2015 Focus Plane R 0 W k k Wk k Blk o Ry Figure 5 Beamformer resolution W k k and W k k2 are two separate sound sources plane waves B x w are the beamformer output From 5 2 5 Simple 1D Microphone Array Design with Electret Microphones A brief presentation of electret microphones and how they may be implemented in a simple one dimensional microphone array design will be presented This is strictly theoretically 2 5 1 Electret Microphone Electret materials makes it possible to design capacitor microphones with good performance at a low cost eliminating the need for polarization voltage The electret is given
106. develop and manufacture the entire system and thus testing a final system The modules that are provided with a prototype will be tested Therefore these will be marked with procedure for proof of principal prototype while the modules that are not prototyped nor ready for testing will be marked procedure for final system The test design specifies how to test each individual requirement while the test case specifies what the test items will be expected results and implementation terms 80 8 1 Test Planning 8 1 1 Requirements to be Tested The following requirements shall be tested REQ 1 Immobilize destroy mosquitoes in order to reduce the chance of infection caused by mosquitoes REQ 3 Issue warning when unintentionally inactive REQ 5 Should not harm other insects REQ 6 Shall not harm humans or animals REQ 8 Detect individual mosquitoes REQ 9 The system should not cause collateral damage to inventory and environment 8 1 2 Requirements not to be Tested The following requirements shall not be tested BUSG 1 Commercially available parts modules BUSG 2 Consumer affordable BUSG 3 Final delivery May 19 2015 REQ 4 Area of effect may be adapted to the operational environment 8 1 3 Responsibilities Everyone in the group are responsible for safety during the testing concerning both their own safety and others Everyone is responsible for making sure that the tests are completed according to the test
107. e 49 Figure 50 RA ae RE 63 Conventional vs Omrons new vacuum sealed design 41 63 Thermal data GULOT application id ta 64 Microcontroller and thermal sensor circuit 40 64 Activity diagram covering function execution cycle i 66 Frequency spectrum of a mosquito audio recording iene 66 Waveform top frequency domain middle and cepstrum bottom of a mosquito a el e tages do 68 Waveform top and autocorrelation bottom of a mosquito sound signal 70 A a A eS ce as 72 Activity Diagram OpenCV Controller class 20 ennennnnennnersnneennen 75 Activity diagram for serial controller Class 76 Mapping illustration sei 77 GUI MAn Sree On ea else enlarge 79 GUS old nia 80 Microphone Schematics AAA Siena 104 Modus O Akne 105 Arduino wiring AA iii 106 DAC and op amp wiring diagram iii ire iene 107 Thermal sensor wiring diagram een in 108 Power supply wiring diagram iaia aa iaia 109 ix List of Tables Table t Majormilestonesi iii lara a ln 2 Table 2 K y stakeholders a aaa ao 7 Table USES A ER Reel eci 8 Table 4 Risk consequence table dd lan 8 Table 3S Risk probability able an ER EIER 9 Table 6 Risk Overview una search enlarge 9 Table 7 Risk MatriX aan ie lei oe 10 Table 8 Project team overview null conser bend nn sn 11 Table 9 EXPENSES as ouaawaidstededes ES 12
108. e Arrays Bachelor Assignment v2 0 I 14 04 2015 400 Hz 90 1 120 i 60 gt 15 y od op AN 1200 Hz AX q 120 MN 60 10 08 0 6 1 30 240 300 LERA 270 A jo2 180 y 0 800 Hz IN 90 1 120 aA 60 210 3 10 6 po bi 240 300 n 180 A 3 0 Figure 8 Polar patterns for incoming sound waves of 400 800 and 1200 Hz 9 microphones with 0 14 m between each Microphone Array Microphones 7 90888890868 NY 0 14m between each microphone Figure 9 Microphone Array 2 6 Sparse Microphone Array From chapter 2 5 3 it is clear that the array will require several microphones in order to achieve a narrow main lobe when using a microphone array with equally spaced microphones This might be unpractical considering the length of the array if it is to be installed in e g a windowsill or other openings to a building Hence it is of interest to explore possible means of reducing the width of the array while achieving as good or preferably better results considering the main lobe of the microphone array This may possibly be achieved by a sparse microphone array 15 MDS Detecting Mosquitoes with Microphone Arrays Bachelor Assignment v2 0 I 14 04 2015 2 6 1 Working Principle In sparse arrays the microphones are positioned with different spacing A dense equally spaced packing of microphones are concentrated in the center of the array with increasing distance towards the ends as seen in Fig 10 B
109. e laser beam is so focused and straight 2 3 2 How does it work A strong enough laser beam will also emit heat at its focused point A laser beam focused on a target can immobilize it almost immediately depending on the laser strength To immobilize mosquitoes using laser beams we need to know the exact position of each mosquito at any given time and a way to aim a strong enough laser beam at the mosquitoes This can be done using galvanometer and two mirrors that aim the laser beam and get the targets position dynamically from the desired detection system that we intend to use 2 3 3 Black Box HIGH POWERED TARGETS LASER BEAM TS Figure 2 Black box of laser galvanometer system 2 3 4 Functional input output It needs to know the mosquito s position at any given time Before firing a lethal beam for the mosquitoes it needs to have a confirmation that it is safe to fire 2 3 5 Interfaces Galvanized mirrors 2 3 6 Recommendation Using lasers to immobilize mosquitoes you can always keep track of how many mosquitoes that have been immobilized you have a set perimeter that you can keep control of and immobilize almost all of the mosquitoes Safety of using lasers is the concern MDS Immobilization of Mosquitoes Bachelor Assignment v1 0 I 08 05 15 3 References 1 American Mosquito Control Association Frequently Asked Questions http www mosquito org faq 2 Andrew Zimmerman Jones Lasers http physics a
110. e throughout the system to meet real time constraints it may be necessary to connect the signals from the ADCs to e g a FPGA where the signals may be processed Hence using a microcontroller and a computer is reasonable for testing and developing though not for a final product Microphones 0 14m apart CDCLVC1310 S1510 O THAT1583 Clock Fanout Crystal Amplifier Buffer Oscillator THAT1583 PCM1804 Q1 TT 12S Amplifier ADC THAT1583 Amplifier O THAT1583 PCM1804 Q1 RS Amplifier AC THAT1583 O Amplifier Parallel THAT1583 PCM1804 Q1 RS to serial Ethernet Amplifier ADC and framing THAT1583 Amplifier D THAT1583 PCM1804 Q1 PS Amplifier ADC THAT1583 O Amplifier O THAT1583 PCM1804 QI Amplifier ADC THAT1583 PCM1804 Q1 Amplifier ADC Figure 10 Block diagram of the microphone array with the appropriate components 6 1 7 Microphone Array Schematic The schematic for connecting the microphone to the amplifier and ADC can be seen in Appendix I As stated earlier each microphone will be connected to an amplifier and ADC mounted as close as possible to the microphone The reasoning for doing so is to ensure that possible noise contributions will be as low as possible Hence six PCBs should be manufactured as seen in Figure 11 with two THAT1583 amplifiers a PCM1804 Q1 ADC ground plane and separate ground for analog and digital connections These should then be placed equally spaced in between two microphones with a
111. easing the distance will result in side lobes who are equally sensitive as the main lobe Decreasing the distance will result in an increased sensitivity to sound waves from other directions This can be seen in Fig 4 where the polar patterns for a microphone array consisting of two omnidirectional microphones an incoming sound wave with a frequency of 1000 Hz and four different inter microphone distances It is clear that the distance should be d 2 2 that is 0 1715 m Figure 4 Polar pattern for equi spaced microphone array with two omnidirectional microphones an incoming sound wave with a frequency of 1000 Hz and an inter microphone distance of 0 1715 m 0 14 m 0 10 m and 0 05 m If the distance between each microphone is equal it will have a good Directivity Index and Distance Factor for wavelengths who are equal to twice the distance between the microphones If the incoming sound wave has a wave length shorter than this meaning a higher frequency the microphone will be more sensitive to sound waves approaching from other angles This means that the equally spaced microphone array will only work well for detecting mosquitoes at a certain frequency Considering that the wing beat of a mosquito contains several harmonics this reduces the efficiency of the microphone array This may be solved by using a sparse array Sparse arrays have equal directivity DI DF and thus noise suppression for all frequencies by varying the distance be
112. ectrical design Appendix II and on the wiring list Table 24 Not all I O pins are used in the configuration since they are not required for the system features as shown in the schematic The necessary features are thus listed in Table 26 44 Table 25 Arduino UNO specifications Microcontroller ATmega328 Operating Voltage 5V Digital I O Pins 14 6 provide PWM output Analog Input Pins 6 DC Current per I O Pin 40mA DC Current for 3 3V Pin SOmA Flash Memory 32KB SRAM 2KB EEPROM 1KB Clock Speed 16MHz Connector USB 2 0 Dimensions 68 58x53 34 mm Dimensions describes length and width respectively USB connector and power jack may be extended beyond the former dimensions Table 26 Arduino UNO pin map Supply voltage for DAC and reference voltage for amplifiers SV D4 On off switch connected to laser D9 Simultaneous updates for all outputs connected to LDAC on DAC D10 SS Slave Select CS connected to DAC which requires an active low signal to enable serial clock and data functions Serial Data Input SDI connected to the DAC Data on this pin is clocked into the D11 CLK pin The most significant bit is loaded first SCK the SPI compatible serial data input connected to the DAC D13 45 Microcontroller Communication and Power Communication and power goes from the computer to the microcontroller through a USB cable USB type A to mini USB type B
113. en in Appendix I CDCLVC1310 The CDCLVC1310 is configured by logic high and low in order to ensure the desired functions and performance of the clock fanout buffer These will be explained as well as a few remarks on the components 10 IN_SELO IN_SEL1 Pin 30 and 29 IN_SELO and IN_SELI is used to select the desired input Setting IN_SELO to a logic low and IN_SELI to a logic high enables crystal oscillator XTAL input as seen in Appendix I As mentioned the crystal must operate at a frequency of 34 8 192 MHz in order to achieve a sampling frequency of 32 kHz and oversampling ratio of 128 in each of the ADCs Note that the inputs that are set to a logic low as well as those that are not in use primary and secondary in pin 13 14 27 and 28 are set to ground with pull down resistors of 150kQ as recommended by Texas Instruments XIN XOUT The crystal oscillator circuit connected to pin 11 and 12 respectively should be provided with 18pF parallel capacitors as seen by C5 and C 4 in Appendix I The capacitors are provided to reduce parts per million ppm error that is deviation from the nominal frequency oscillation value If necessary a resistor may be inserted in series with XIN pin 11 YO Y9 CDCLVC1310 has a total of 10 clock outputs In Appendix I it is seen that only one of the outputs are used namely YO pin 1 The rest of the five outputs of interest Y7 to YS will be connected to the remaining PCBs with its ADC
114. ensure high speed laser output on the desired position In Fig 3 an actual dual axis galvo mirror assembly is presented 1 Figure 3 Dual Axis Galvo Mirror Assembly 1 2 1 5 Interfaces The input of the immobilization system is x y coordinates obtained by the detection position unit camera and processing unit These coordinates need to be converted into voltages applied to the galvanometer due to the fact that the galvanometer system moves certain degrees for the certain induced current a DAC digital to analog converter is the interface between the camera output and the galvanometer system input as seen in Fig 4 MDS Immobilization Systems Bachelor Assignment v1 01 15 03 2015 Power Supply PC Microcontroller Galvanometer Laser System Figure 4 Galvanometer Laser System Interfaces 2 1 6 Kinematics A kinematic model must be derived in order to find the relation between the angular positions of the mirrors that correspond to the applied voltages and the position of the reflected laser beam The theoretical model from 6 is based on ideal assumptions whereas in practice the positioning of the laser beam in x and y direction is very sensitive to mirror size orientation of the laser distance between mirrors distance from the sample of interest and limitations in drive electronics 6 Fig 5 illustrates the geometry of laser light reflection and effect of the galvanometers rotation on the beam reflected to the x
115. entation A lud 12 2 12 Mec insbe lila 12 A aaa 13 Sul Abbreviations sienn antenata alpes 13 3 2 Requirement Grading iaia runica bu 13 3 3 Business Goals ilaria elle rare iatale aio 14 34 A E RA ai 15 I Constraints arei a tahoe lodi 15 A Test jojo a ile lo 1 AC UPe 16 A ADD AOS N AS 16 1v 4 2 Hish Lovel Requirements lidia edo 17 5 System Architecture nin A aa 19 5 1 Feature Oyeryiew aussah 19 A E Rn aE E E EET E ROE ERER 20 DA Auditive DA ECON AAA A AA A A A A 21 E A led ee ee 21 3 1 4 Inadvertent Damage Prevention a aan ia 21 52 A uaar lara 21 6 Hardware Modules sl a 23 GE Microphone Ataf leali NOIR 23 6 1 1 Equally Spaced Microphone Array rrrrrrerrerecrrerer icone rione ericine sione ezicinecione 23 6 1 2 Panasonic WM LA Microphone ia tose cases conc iii 2 6 1 3 Microphone Amplifier nn iii tira 27 01 4 Analog to Digital Converter 28 6 1 3 CLOCK Fano t Buffer anna lio ea aas 29 6 1 6 Microphone Array Block Diagram ii 30 6 1 7 Microphone Array Schema Silla 31 6 1 8 Rda 35 6 1 9 Steering the Main Lobe of the Microphone Array ii 35 6 1 10 Future Connie ittero de dora relitti 36 6 2 Laser Control Systeemin e utile RBB la aaa 37 6 2 1 System OVERVIEW diri cea tai 37 6 2 2 TLC LD ESA A A a a i 38 62 3 BEBE A A ASE SI 4 024 Hardware COMPONEN a att oda 44 6 2 3 2 Galv omet Y CONE a AA oogenesis 46 6 2 6 Digital to Analog CONVE lilla 47
116. ered 24 N A XOUT TLO48ACN 3 Soldered TLO82CN 29 1 24 N A XOUT R7 1 Soldered 30 7 Soldered 24 N A YOUT TLO84ACN 10 Soldered TLO82CN 31 7 24 N A YOUT R9 1 Soldered 32 1 Soldered 24 N A TLO84ACN 2 Soldered TLO84ACN 33 1 Soldered 24 N A X Galvo Scanner JST XH 3 34 TLO84ACN 4 Soldered 24 RD 15V Power Supply 3 Screw Terminals 35 CS 1 Soldered 24 N A TLO84ACN 4 Soldered 36 CS 2 Soldered 24 N A GND Power Supply 2 Screw Terminals 37 TLO84ACN 3 Soldered 24 BK GND Power Supply 2 Screw Terminals 38 R7 2 Soldered 24 N A TLO84ACN 6 Soldered 39 R8 1 Soldered 24 N A R7 2 Soldered 40 R8 2 Soldered 24 N A TLO84ACN 7 Soldered 41 TLO84ACN 7 Soldered 24 N A X Galvo Scanner JST XH 3 42 TLO84ACN 8 Soldered 24 N A TLO84ACN 9 Soldered 43 TLO84ACN 8 Soldered 24 N A Y Galvo Scanner JST XH 3 44 TLO84ACN 11 Soldered 24 WH 15V Power Supply 1 Screw Terminals 45 C4 1 Soldered 24 N A TLO84ACN 11 Soldered 46 C4 2 Soldered 24 N A GND Power Supply 2 Screw Terminals 47 TLO84ACN 12 Soldered 24 BK GND Power Supply 2 Screw Terminals 48 R9 2 Soldered 24 N A TLO84ACN 13 Soldered 40 49 2 Soldered 24 N A R10 2 Soldered 50 R10 1 Soldered 24 N A TL084ACN 14 Soldered 51 TL084ACN 14 Soldered 24 N A Y Galvo Scanner JST XH 3 52 1 Fan Connector 26 BK GND Power Supply 2 Screw Terminals 53 Fanl 2 Fan Connector 26 BK 15V Power Supply 2 Screw Terminals 54 3 Fan Connector 26 BK 55 1 Fan Connector 26 BK GND Power
117. ery high density of mosquitoes and the areas are being cleared of mosquitoes this way 2 1 7 Compatibility Not very compatible inside homes but outside on open areas this works good especially for use in gardens or other open areas where you want a mosquito free zone 2 1 8 Recommendation Although a very low tech solution with minimal risks a high powered fan is too noisy and consumes too much power to be considered a good solution 2 2 Electric fence 2 2 1 What is it An electric fence is a barrier that uses electric shock as a way to prevent mosquitoes or other things trying to breach through a barrier A small version of this is commonly used in a bug zapper MDS Immobilization of Mosquitoes Bachelor Assignment v1 0 I 08 05 15 2 2 2 How does it work An electric fence delivers a voltage that is lethal to small flying objects but only causes discomfort for humans It can instantly kill mosquitoes if they get close enough 2 2 3 Black Box ELECTRIC BARRIER Figure 1 Black box of electric fence 2 2 4 Functional input output Feed in power and your fence will be looking for ways to complete the circuit As a bug or a mosquito comes too close the desired voltage will flow through the target and immobilizing it depending on the output voltage and how much voltage the target can tolerate 2 2 5 Efficiency Electric fence is quite effective given that a mosquito comes close enough Different attraction te
118. ery poor and high distortion levels at moderate SPLs due to the lacking source resistor 10 A proposed schematic with the WM 61A drawn from 10 can be seen in Fig 6 From the datasheet of WM 61A 11 a supply voltage of 2V in series with a 2 2kQ resistor is recommended thus using a 9V battery as the voltage supply results in a 10kQ resistor 9V R 10 kQ WM 61A Figure 6 WM 61A with supply voltage resistor and DC blocking capacitor 2 5 3 Microphone Positioning In order to determine the distance between the microphones that is the position on an array one must consider the maximum frequency of the incoming sound wave The maximum frequency can be set to the third harmonic of the wing beat of a female mosquito of 400 Hz that is 1200 Hz Hence the distance between each microphone must be less than half the wavelength of 1200 Hz d lt 4 2 The wavelength at 1200 Hz is 2 c f 343 m s 1200 s 0 2858 m This yields a distance d lt 0 1429 m This means that a reasonable distance between each microphone will be 0 14 m With a distance of 0 14 meters between each microphone using five microphones and an incoming sound wave of 400 Hz 800 Hz and 1200 Hz the resulting polar patterns will be as seen in Fig 7 For 800 and 1200 Hz the microphone array is highly directive with heavily suppressed side lobes At 800 Hz the first null in the polar pattern is seen to be 30 degrees off axis considering 90 degrees as refere
119. escription of each component as written in the patent 2 Please take note that the patent contains more information about the components and their context Imager In some embodiments processor 16 may incorporate a graphics processing unit graphics card for analysis The graphics processing unit GPU may have a parallel many core architecture each core capable of running many threads e g thousands of threads simultaneously In such a system full frame object recognition may be substantially speeded as compared to traditional processors e g 30 times as fast In some embodiments a field programmable gate array may be directly connected to a high speed CMOS sensor for fast recognition 2 Illumination Source This may be for example a laser an LED an incandescent light a mirror reflecting sunlight or any other suitable light source 2 Retroflective surface The width of retro reflective surface 14 and of the field of view of imager 10 may be selected as a function of the flight speed of the target s of interest and the frame rate of imager 10 such that the silhouette of an insect will be within the field of view for at least one full frame interval and as a function of the flight speed and the desired wingbeat sensing accuracy such that the silhouette will be within the field of view for a sufficient period to make a measurement of the desired accuracy 2 Processor In some embod
120. f furthermore connectors to which the modules are connected e g the fan connectors It is arranged with inputs located on the left side of the sheet and outputs on the right side The module overview includes three modules Arduino Thermal and DACOPAMP These modules contain wiring diagrams displaying all connections in between the related components The wiring for module DACOPAMP is listed in a wiring list as this module s interconnections are essential for the actual prototype Notice that the Arduino module contains a wiring diagram but no wiring list The prototype includes an Arduino UNO which is replaced on the schematic as it contains hardware that is not necessary for the system s functionality Future developments of the system may include PCB design and thus replacing Arduino UNO with only a serial controller and ATmega328P will lead to desired system functionality with minimal board size design The THERMAL module is not described in this section as a detailed explanation will be presented later on The power supply is one of the main components of the system but is not added in this design A commercial component is used to power the system thus there is no need for further wiring explanation However similar to the microcontroller it is intended to make PCB design to develop a power supply featuring desired functionality A proposed design is seen in Appendix II The galvanometers are the most important part of the laser
121. f 0 03 m a single mosquito will produce a sound pressure level of approximately 23 dB in the range of 0 3 to 3 4 kHz 1 In order to make some sense of what this means the sound pressure level from a single mosquito according to 2 is shown in Table 1 with a few different distances The SPL is readily seen to decrease by 6 dB per each doubling of distance Table 1 Sound Pressure Level from a Single Aedes taeniorhynchus recorded with one omnidirectional microphone 0 03 25 0 12 13 0 24 0 48 1 2 Detecting Mosquitoes in Environments with Noise The data from Table 1 does introduce some difficulties in regards to the ever present background noise and especially in urban areas with considerable traffic The sound pressure level of the mosquito must be greater in order to detect it 2 1 Microphone Sensitivity The sensitivity of a microphone is proportional to the effective area of the diaphragm Doubling the number of microphones e g from one to two will thus increase the sensitivity for correlated sounds by 6 dB and 3 dB for uncorrelated signals such as noise This means that the Signal to Noise Ratio SNR is increased by 3 dB In other words the noise is 3 dB lower than the sound from the mosquito when using two microphones compared to one This holds true per each doubling of microphones hence increasing the number of microphones from one to four results in an increased SNR of 6 dB and the mosquito may be pos
122. f the input signal However the autocorrelation method does not cover over harmonic components like the others but is the fastest of the three methods Cepstrum analysis looks at the periodicity in the frequency spectrum and will return the strongest results for the most dominant signal Unlike Frequency Spectrum Analysis the cepstrum will only confirm one harmonic but is more capable of detecting frequencies for various levels of amplitudes The bottom line is that autocorrelation is better when it comes to performance compared to the cepstrum However the cepstrum provides estimations of higher quality and reliability Again this only applies when there are harmonic components in the signal which is the case for sound produced by mosquitoes in flight 7 2 Laser Control Software In the preliminary work it was determined that galvanometers would be used In order to control these a control system is required Thus several interfaces has to be taken into consideration e The thermal sensor on the prototype uses I C for communication with the microcontroller e The main computer and LCS communicates through UART e The DACs communicate with the microcontroller through the SPI protocol Considering that this system is a prototype an Arduino microcontroller is sufficient and this document will be written assuming that an Arduino microcontroller is being used 7 2 1 System Overview Technologies The system is coded using the Arduino
123. f the laser beam will not be strong enough to cause damage to any inventory or environment Environmental Needs It will be necessary to have furniture to test on and for example some grass or a tree It is important that the attendees wear safety goggles 9 Test Report This section provides the result of every test that is conducted This is to get an overview of what has been tested how it has been done and whether the test was approved or not The safety precautions that had to be considered are listed under each test as well as the equipment used in each test 9 1 Report on T REQ 1 Immobilize destroy mosquitoes in order to reduce the chance of infection caused by mosquitoes Attendees The following group members were present Ann Christin Barstad and Max Moeschinger Safety Precautions The following safety precautions had to be taken to consideration safety goggles no humans or animal in testing area while the test is performed and no reflective surfaces windows mirrors etc in the test area Equipment The following equipment was tested the whole system except the human animal tracking device consisting of all the hardware components and all the finished software and a white background plasterboard The test object is a fake fly 89 Test Results The galvanometer works better than first anticipated It changes angles fast and aims the laser beam precisely The test of the targeting software had to be done tw
124. f this was a final product If the test person walked fast only the software was able to function properly The laser would not have enough time to be turned off before the test person was already past the designated area At this phase of the project that is not critical If a test was carried out on a final system the test would not have been approved Test Conclusion For a prototype the test results are acceptable If this was tested on a finished product the test would not have been approved To increase the performance a better microcontroller or a FPGA is needed 9 3 Report T REQ 5 and T REQ 8 REQ 5 Should not harm other insects REQ 8 Detect individual mosquitoes Attendees The following group members were present for the first part of the test Ann Christin Barstad and Max Moeschinger The following group members were present for the second part of the test Ann Christin Barstad Christoffer Marius Ness Olsen and Eirik Haavaldsen Safety Precautions The following safety precautions had to be taken into consideration for the first part of the test safety goggles no humans or animal in testing area while the test is performed and no reflective surfaces windows mirrors etc in the test area For the second part of the test no safety precautions needed to be considered Equipment The following equipment was tested camera and corresponding software RODE nt 5 condenser microphone EDIROL UA 25 sound card Stello DA220MK
125. g mosquitoes elimination of female mosquitoes and operate in close proximity without causing harm to humans animals other insects and inventory il Document Version 0 1 11 05 2015 Christoffer M N Olsen Document created and inserted chapter 1 through 9 0 2 13 05 2015 Eirik Haavaldsen e Grouped hardware and software separately e More technical details appended concerning the actual laser e Evaluation sheet inserted First page e Document overview inserted second page e Fixed other minor issues 0 3 15 05 2015 Christoffer M N Olsen e Added abstract Eirik Haavaldsen Max Fixed minor mistakes Moeschinger Ann Christin Barstad Hege J Blikra and Jawad Qureshi 1 0 16 05 2015 Christoffer M N Olsen MDS approved Eirik Haavaldsen Max Moeschinger Ann Christin Barstad Hege J Blikra and Jawad Qureshi 111 Table of Contents Abbraccio ii AAA ii iii PAS CGE Figures ii RR Viii Estoril x T Introduction iure 1 Ii Spera 1 2 Project PRAT alice 1 ZI Goal a address 1 22 Milestone NR ia do 1 2 3 Projee Model A oa 2 24 Project Lie Cycle A keinen 3 2450 TCI ON AR A AAA id 3 24 2 TADA a a a 4 24 3 CONICO AA IAA A LA 4 DADO IR Rea 3 232 BrojeetScheduless ciclici lillo alal 5 2 0 A E EN a aT E AAE 7 Dok Wes ehi alri lidia li alia 8 Zoe RISK A A A G E E E EE E O EE EE 8 29 Pioli aule E E el ET E E ae 11 2 10 Expense Ro a lil dl 12 2 11 Docum
126. gram Another important part of this diagram is the loop at the top which is only running when there is no connection to a serial port It is not necessary to check the COM port setup if a connection to a serial port is confirmed If however a new COM port setup is detected a signal is emitted with the new setup 76 Calibration The calibrate component is very important as this is where the camera field is mapped to the galvanometer field This is illustrated in Figure 42 Galvanometer field of view 65000 Camera field of view 40000 0 480 720 480 gt DI v Oo gt 0 0 720 0 20000 4 Galvanometer x 20000 45000 65000 Figure 42 Mapping illustration The purpose of the calibration is to establish a relationship between the camera field of view and the mirror galvanometers deflection angle By achieving this the laser may be emitted at a point by referencing it from the camera perspective As an example the bottom left corner of the camera field of view contains the value 0 0 which equals 20000 20000 on the galvanometer field of view To detect the camera field of view a simple method is applied consisting of swiping the entire area until the camera detects the laser The start point is 0 0 on the galvanometer field of view with increments to the right When the end of the galvanometer field of view is reached the laser goes back to the start po
127. h Sensitivity Spectrometers e Beam Profilers e Auto Correlators e Reflective and Refractive Optics Figure 3 and 4 illustrates the prototype module of the photonic fence in two parts from 4 and 5 Figure 3 Prototype First half 10 MDS Photonic Fence Concept Document Bachelor Assignment v1 0 I 13 03 2015 Figure 4 Prototype Second Half 11 MDS Photonic Fence Concept Document Bachelor Assignment v1 01 13 03 2015 2 4 Operational Concepts This section provides several figures showing different uses and purposes of the system Found in the image gallery at the intellectual ventures webpage 6 Figure 5 Photonic Fence Clinic Protection Figure 6 Photonic Fence Household Protection 12 MDS Photonic Fence Concept Document Bachelor Assignment v1 0 I 13 03 2015 Figure 7 Photonic Fence Agriculture Protection 13 MDS Photonic Fence Concept Document Bachelor Assignment v1 0 I 13 03 2015 3 Conclusion A user going by the name of Katherine Clouse on quora com which also happens to be the name of a senior manager at Intellectual ventures wrote the following From Intellectual Ventures The prototype Nathan Myhrvold showed at TED in 2010 proved that the basic idea of a photonic fence is feasible The company s focus since has been on adapting the technology to fight malaria in the developing world It s not yet been commercialized 8 I find the lack of information concerning the
128. hanges in the settings Typically COMport or baud rate are types of settings stored with QSettings 78 7 3 5 Human Interface Design Overview of User Interface The user will always be presented with the main screen of the application be able to access a setting tab and adjust some of the settings On the main screen there are different parameters the user will be able to change which is further described in the below sections Main Screen Detector What to detect Red Laser x Start Detection Calibration x min 17149 y min 15359 x max 38790 ymax 30150 Start Calibration Start Fine Tuning 4 What to display Original Image Figure 43 GUI main screen Figure 43 represents how the graphical user interface is designed and it includes many components The black area is the frame obtained by the camera which includes two different modes 1 Original Image 2 Processed Image Above the frame area there are four status labels 1 Laser Status confirms whether the laser is on or off 2 Detection Status confirms if the system is currently detecting something 3 Serial Status confirms if the serial port is connected 4 Safe Status confirms that no humans animals are present in the killing zone Status labels turn green when the confirmation criterions are reached In the top left area there is a square called detection which gives the user the possibility to choose what to detect When a
129. hat to use to kill the mosquitoes and a laser was the solution The reason a laser was chosen is because there is no other device that is proven to work All the existing products mosquito spray gas creams candles with odor are actually not proven to have a good effect With a laser the mosquitoes would be burnt hence they die The downside of using a laser is that it comes with some risks If a laser is effective enough it could possibly cause harm to the environment humans and animals If some precautions are made it should not be a high risk to use a laser to kill the mosquitoes 2 Laser Laser is a short word for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation It is a designation of sources where the radiation is amplified by stimulated emission A laser may emit visible light or be in the ultraviolet or infrared range The radiation that is amplified in lasers occurs in atoms or molecules The light emitted from a laser the laser beam is characterized by its very intense and sharply defined direction it is monochromatic and coherent 1 2 1 Application The laser light or laser beam has been applied in a number of areas where its light coherence is useful The coherent beam can be strongly limited in space and therefore it is suitable for light transmissions over great distances Lasers have many applications in everyday life for example by reading bar codes in DVD and CD players and laser printers It can also be u
130. he propagation of the line termination is strictly necessary 12 This also holds true for high clock frequencies gt 20 MHz Improper termination results in an impedance mismatch between the output from the clock fanout buffer Zour the clock input on the ADC Zy and the impedance of the line Zo which can severely degrade the clock signal and thus overall performance 13 This can be remedied by AC termination of the transmission line consisting of a resistor Rrerm in series with a capacitor Crerm parallel to Ziv The value of the resistor should be set equal to the resistance of the line Riermm Zo and the capacitor may be computed by aT Crerm Z 7 where Cierm is the termination capacitor 6 1 6 Microphone Array Block Diagram A block diagram of the theoretical system is shown in Figure 10 Each of the eleven omni directional microphones are connected to an amplifier prior to an ADC From each ADC the signal is transferred by the I S interface standard to e g a microcontroller The microcontroller will convert the signals from parallel to serial form and frame the signal to Ethernet packets in order to transport the Ethernet frames over a twisted pair cable cat6 By doing so the signals may be transferred to a computer that will process the signals in order to 30 steer the main lobe of the microphone array and process the resulting audio signals It is worth noting that in order to ensure as low delay as possibl
131. header male strips on opposite ends 38 39 Wires and connectors are interchangeable and may vary in size 6 3 Thermal Sensor In order to prevent the laser from causing harm to humans and animals a thermal sensor is implemented as an inadvertent prevention damage system The OMRON D6T MEMS thermal sensor is a high sensitivity sensor that uses unique MEMS and ASIC technology to achieve a high signal to noise ratio SNR There are two different sensors that OMRON manufactures 40 the D6T 44L 06 and the D6T 8L 06 hereby referred to as 44L and 8L The D6T MEMS use infrared thermal sensors in arrays with each entry being a pixel The 44L has a 4 x 4 array and the 8L has a 1 x 8 array DET thermal sensor as seen in Figure 25 can detect human presence by detecting body heat from humans as well as animals The significance of OMRON DET is that it does not rely on motion to detect humans or animals as it detects different temperatures within each of its pixels The sensor element arrays are connected to an amplifier which then talks to a digital processor which sends data over to the microcontroller through PC 39 Thermal Sensor Configuration Diagram Sensor element Amplifier Digital processor Pixel 0 4 SCL 3 SDA 2 VCC 1 GND Pixel 15 Note The 1x8 type has pixels 0 to 7 Figure 25 Thermal sensor configuration diagram 41 6 3 1 Thermal Sensor vs PIR Sensor Omron DET is used in the system as
132. hen motion is sensed The sensor is not triggered by mosquitoes hence the system is able to perform as required The system will be working on standard power outlet and will not be energy consuming A concept sketch is shown in Figure 1 Door Detection System Figure 1 Concept Sketch 2 1 Detection The detection of the mosquitoes can be implemented in several different ways explained in the below sections MDS Entrance Concept Document Bachelor Assignment v1 0 13 03 2015 2 1 1 Infrared Camera and Directional Microphone In this case we have two step detection At first an infrared camera detects the presence of objects but because infrared cameras do not have the needed resolution to distinguish between mosquitoes and other similar insects a directional microphone has to be added The microphone is directed towards the detected object and by frequency comparisons it is possible to determine whether it is a mosquito or not 2 1 2 Infrared Camera Laser and Photodiode This detection method is similar to the above method The difference is in the second detection step where a laser and a photodiode are replacing the microphone This concept also requires a retro reflective surface The infrared camera obtains an object s contour and by pointing a laser in this direction the beam will reflect off the retro reflective surface hit the object and the scattered beam will be sensed by the photodiode Insect identification is
133. ial controller outputs connected to the ATmega328 are e RXD connected to the TX pin of the Arduino e TXD connected to the RX pin of the Arduino e DTR connected to the reset pin of the Arduino via a 100nF capacitor 7 2 4 Thermal Sensor In order to communicate with the thermal sensor the Arduino sends a start signal to the sensor and then receives data as it operates This thermal data is partially parsed and sent to the computer serially where further computations are made The main application is running in QT and to supplement it with human presence sensor technology OMRON DET is connected through an Arduino The Arduino collects the sensor data in a buffer and transmits it serially to the computer The data is split up and stored in an array the array is then displayed in QLabels and the color of the QLabel is changed according to the temperature of the pixel 7 3 Computer Vision In the preliminary work it was determined that the software would control all the different components of our system such as the laser galvanometer and the thermal sensor would be needed To connect these modules together the software implements the following interfaces e The communication with the LCS will be done using Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter UART e The live feed from the camera is transferred via an USB cable and through a driver on the computer 73 7 3 1 System Overview Technologies Used The system is coded using
134. iate species by the wing beat frequency is possible This is researched by many scientists using different methods One way to identify insects is by the noise of their beating wings The wing beat frequency differs slightly between the species also between males and females For instance culex stigmatosoma female has a wing beat frequency of about 350 Hz whereas culex tarsalis male wing beat frequency is around 550 Hz Figure 4 illustrates different wing beat frequencies by type of mosquito Theoretically because of this information it should be possible to separate the different species even the sex However in practice it is a lot more complicated 7 Ae aegypti 2 Cx stigmatosoma Cx tarsalis 3 Ae aegypti Q Cx stigmatosoma Y Cx tarsalis 3 Figure 4 Mosquito Wing Beat Frequency 7 9 MDS Mosquito Research Document Bachelor Assignment v1 01 13 03 2015 2 5 Vectors The Culicidae family is divided in three sub families where two is relevant in this case Anophelinae and Culicinae In the sub family Anophelinae genera like Anopheles are carriers of deadly diseases and within the Culicinaes we find Aedes and Culex as the most dangerous ones 3 The Culex mosquito is a vector of elephantiasis parts of a person s body swell to massive proportions encephalitis inflammation of the brain and the West Nile Virus mostly no signs or symptoms in some cases infected people suffer from inflammation
135. ice The first test was not approved There was a calibration error that made the laser hit the fake fly about 5 mm off to the left For the second test Max Moeschinger modified the software and this time the calibration was more precise and the laser hit the fake fly 2 mm from the middle of the fly This means that the fly was hit and would be immobilized or destroyed if the laser beam was effective enough Due to this the test was now approved The test for making sure that the laser covered all of the designated area also needed two tries The first test showed that there was a deviation when the laser reached the end corners When it reached either the upper left upper right lower left or lower right corner the laser jumped approximately 2 cm above the test object Except from this the laser managed to track the fly perfectly all over the designated area For the second test Max Moeschinger modified the software and managed to eliminate the error This resulted in the laser being able to follow the fly in all of the designated area also the corners The test was now approved Test Conclusion The reason the software did not work properly the first times it was tested was because the system and hardware components were moved to another location and therefore some modifications had to be made The software had been customized for the surroundings at the bachelor room and therefore had to be modified to fit the surroundings at Dronesonen Af
136. icrophones the sound wave will be captured at different times in the time domain and thus with a different phase in the frequency domain at each microphone since the microphones are omnidirectional they are equally sensitive for all directions of arrival as seen in Fig 3 This is a result of the varying distance from the sound source to the microphones As previously MDS Detecting Mosquitoes with Microphone Arrays Bachelor Assignment v2 0 1 14 04 2015 mentioned for microphones who are directional a single sound wave acting at the front of the diaphragm will have a small delay until it reaches the back of the diaphragm resulting in constructive and destructive interference and thus an increased sensitive on axis What this means for the two spaced omnidirectional microphones is that by delaying the signal from one omnidirectional microphone relative to the other the summed signal from the microphones will result in constructive and destructive interference This is known as a Delay and Sum beamformer The microphone array can therefore be set to be highly sensitive to a certain direction of arrival by an appropriate time delay This is computed by N 1 D f x a Vo na an f ejknd cos cos N 1 where k the wavenumber n the number of microphones d the inter microphone distance a f the frequency dependent amplitude and the exponent the delay term Plane wave Sidelobe _30 Main lobe 60 NoE
137. ieeexplore ieee org stamp stamp jsp tp amp arnumber 1455016 Accessed 30 04 2015 Aquila Aquila DSP Aquila Online Available http aquila dsp org features Accessed 02 05 2015 rwb ermicro rwb 12 09 2010 Online Available http www ermicro com blog p 1846 Accessed 05 05 2015 SFUptownMaker Sparkfun Sparkfun Online Available https learn sparkfun com tutorials i2c Accessed 05 05 2015 J Q Max Moeschinger MDS Controller Mosugito Defence Systems Kongsberg 2015 Sigma Photo Sigma Photo Sigma Photo 2015 Online Available http www sigmaphoto com product 70 300mm f4 56 dg macro undefined Accessed 08 May 2015 102 55 SparkoCam Sparkosoft Sparkosoft 1 2012 Online Available http sparkosoft com sparkocam Accessed 08 May 2015 56 M Moeschinger OpenCV_v0 1_25 03 2015 Mosquito Defence Systems Kongsberg 2015 57 OpenCV OpenCV Itseez 2015 Online Available http opencv org Accessed 30 04 2015 103 13 Appendices 13 1 Appendix I Microphone Array Schematic CH a AGND N C NO CONNECTION 3 3V 15V C6 a 5 a Dati n di 3 A Ww o Microphone ui Cl o ia 2 5 VDDO 2 VDDO 3 a COS Io co bs O 22pF C3 A pa i x vi AND AZ E e Clock Fanout Buffer f gt i N C15 4 enpa Th CDCLVC1310 C2 NC Y E re z i Ed nn Amplifier NIC 7 5 H r IC 7 RI 22pF ox I THAT1583 I Jun C17 AND 6 vono 1
138. iers To amplify this effect there is a possibility to use high powered fans to disrupt mosquitoes flight to redirect them away from the area you want free of mosquitoes A high powered fan will also suck in mosquitoes if the direction of the blade is reversed That way you can put in a meshed screen on one side of the fan and the mosquitoes will be sucked into this screen and be trapped there and eventually die 2 1 2 How does it work A high powered fan will generate heavy airflow to disrupt mosquitoes designated flying pattern causing the mosquitoes to either blow away or suck them in and through depending on the direction of the blades are turning After the fan sucks in a mosquito it will not be able to fight the airflow current and will be stuck against a meshed screen 2 1 3 Black Box POWER IN AIRFLOW OUT Een Figure Black box high powered fan MDS Immobilization of Mosquitoes Bachelor Assignment v1 0 I 08 05 15 2 1 4 Functional input output Electricity will run the fans preferably from solar panels The fans are going to consume a lot of power as fans tend to do that 2 1 5 Interfaces Choose direction of airflow 2 1 6 Efficiency Is proven to be very effective compared to cost on small fans so much that the AMCA American mosquito control association lists using a table fan as one of the most effective ways to repel mosquitoes There are several implementations using a high powered fan in an area with v
139. ignals are recorded in short segments or frames allowing the computer to obtain the signals in real time When the computer obtains such a frame it runs software that filters out noise and transforms the signal from the time domain into the frequency domain This will reveal properties of the signal such as the fundamental frequency and over harmonic frequency components This means that the software is able to distinguish certain sound signatures from each other allowing the system to distinguish mosquitoes from other flying insects given that they have different fundamental frequencies and over harmonics 5 1 3 Laser Control In order to immobilize destroy a mosquito the system deploys a powerful laser The amount of watts the laser should produce is determined by the amount of time needed to destroy the wings It is necessary to aim the laser in the right direction relative to the given position by the camera continuously in order to immobilize the mosquito as they tend to move sporadically In order to meet the requirements for speed and accuracy the system deploys mirrors attached to the galvanometers One mirror galvanometer controls the x direction while the other controls the y direction As mentioned earlier the relative position of the object being tracked is obtained through image processing The computer sends the positioning data through a microcontroller and circuitry with digital to analog converters which then tilts the mirror
140. ilde 2 Matthew Weschler How Lasers Work 30 04 2015 http science howstuffworks com laser3 htm 3 Basic Laser Principles 30 04 2015 http www bgu ac il glevi website Guides Lasers pdf 4 Oregon State University Laser Types and Classifications 30 04 2015 http oregonstate edu ehs laser training laser types and classification 5 Solid State Lasers 01 05 2015 http www worldoflasers com lasertypes solid htm 6 Gas Lasers 01 05 2015 http www worldoflasers com lasertypes gas htm 7 Gas Lasers 01 05 2015 http www edmundoptics com lasers gas lasers 8 Subhash Chandra Singh Haibo Zeng Chunlei Guo and Weiping Cai Lasers Fundamentals Types and Operations 01 05 2015 http www wiley vch de books sample 3527327150_c01 pdf 9 Chris Woodford Semiconductor diode lasers 01 05 2015 http www explainthatstuff com semiconductorlaserdiodes html 10 Frequently Asked Questions General interest questions 02 05 2015 http www laserpointersafety com FAQ FAQ html When_does_a_laser_pointer_get_d 11 Laser Safety 02 05 2015 http www worldoflasers com lasersafety htm 12 Jordin Kare Backyard Star Wars 02 05 2015 http spectrum ieee org consumer electronics gadgets back yard star wars 13 CW Welding vs Pulse Welding 02 05 2015 http www litron com CW vs Pulsed Weldings asp 14 Laser Diodes 05 05 2015 https www thorlabs com newgrouppage9 cfm objectgroup_id 5260 amp pn L404P400M 11
141. iments processor 16 may incorporate a graphics processing unit graphics card for analysis The graphics processing unit GPU may have a parallel many core architecture each core capable of running many threads e g thousands of threads simultaneously In such a system full frame object recognition may be substantially speeded as compared to traditional processors e g 30 times as fast In some embodiments a field programmable gate array may be directly connected to a high speed CMOS sensor for fast recognition 2 Targeting laser In addition to the higher speed camera imaging of the organism the system may also employ a targeting laser 18 or other suitable nonlaser light source and detector such as photodiode 20 to confirm characteristics of organism 26 For example if processor 16 identifies a morphology or frequency suggestive of an organism of interest such as a mosquito targeting laser 18 may be directed at organism 26 using location information from processor 16 The reflection of targeting laser 18 from organism 26 is detected by photodiode 20 In some MDS Photonic Fence Concept Document Bachelor Assignment v1 0 I 13 03 2015 embodiments this reflection may have relatively lower image resolution but a very fast frame rate wide frequency response or a high sensitivity to changes in cross section of the organism The signal from the photodiode may be used for example to measure wingbeat frequency or harmo
142. in Table 4 Table 5 Table 6 and Table 7 respectively Table 4 Risk consequence table Consequences Description Scale Insignificant The project is barely affected 1 consequences Minor consequences The project experience problems without 2 stopping Medium consequences The project is very affected and measures should 3 be evaluated Major consequences The project stops and measures must be evaluated 4 Disaster The project is cancelled 5 Table 5 Risk probability table Unlikely Less than 1 occurrence every 1000 hours 1 Less Likely Average of 1 occurrence every 1000 hours 2 Likely Average of 1 occurrence every 100 hours 3 More Likely Average of 1 occurrence every 10 hours 4 Very likely More than 1 occurrence every 10 hours 5 Table 6 Risk overview 5 Disaster 4 Major consequences 3 Medium consequences 2 Minor consequences 1 Insignificant consequences Acceptable risk no measures must be taken Acceptable risk measures must be considered Unacceptable risk measures must be initiated Equipment damaged beyond repair Loss of group member Table 7 Risk matrix Have documentation of all hardware at any time Delay on delivery concerning prototype components Critical parts are defect Have weekly summaries concerning the project objectives in order to keep the group members informed such that potential set
143. int and moves about 1000 points in the y direction Then it proceeds with increments to the right until the end field is reached This process continues until the camera detects the laser meaning the laser is in the camera field of view and is moved to every border of this field in order to obtain the values to map the camera coordinates 77 This process takes time but once it is completed the system is calibrated and unless the hardware setup is rearranged there is no need to repeat the process If the program finds stored calibration information it will use this data unless the calibration routine is started over Protection Controller The ProtectionController class takes in data from the SerialController class and parses it into an array After parsing the input data it checks for thermal presence of humans and or animals If such presence is detected meaning a human or animal is residing in front of the OMRON D6T thermal sensor a safety flag is generated in order to stop the laser Whenever new data is parsed and is available for the system to use for safety and other purposes a signal is emitted It is called newDataReady and includes all parsed data and flags The protectionController class also updates the GUI colors to get a visual representation of the thermal values in front of the sensor The system is using a 1x8 pixels thermal sensor which means that it is possible to have an 8 pixel array of QLabels on the right side of the
144. interest based on the x and y position provided by a camera with a live feed Hence when the processing software that detects objects within the view of the camera confirms that there is an object of interest the x and y position of this object will be provided to the microphone array processing unit The microphone array processing unit must then convert the relative x and y positions to an angle This means that the center of the microphone array microphone nr 6 must be aligned with the center of the cameras view alternatively the arrays position must be calibrated digitally relative to the camera A microphone array of n microphones is steered to a certain angle by delaying the microphones relative to each other this is seen by 35 N 1 D f p x a di ap Me Maas 20229 10 2 27T i P where k ra the wavenumber n the number of microphones d the inter microphone distance a f the frequency dependent amplitude and the exponent is the delay term 15 and tant 11 where y is the relative position of the object in meters parallel from the surface of the microphone array and x is the relative position of the object in meters perpendicular to the microphone array as seen in Figure 12 Camera view y pos relative to the array Object x pos relative to the array Microphone array jj Center microphone Figure 12 Position of the object relative to the microphone array 6 1 10
145. iple To implement parts of this concept in a system that complies with MDS s vision some necessary features have to be implemented In addition the design architecture will be different The system has to be able to detect individual mosquitoes and then proceed to execution to fulfill requirements MDS Outpost Concept Bachelor Assignment v1 01 14 03 2015 2 2 Outpost Concept The outpost system will work as a lure to capture mosquitoes of different types The attractants will similar to MKS be heat and CO in order to develop an effective system as well as to shield the environment as much as possible When insects are located on the specific unit they will be drawn inside by a fan and selectively identified by audio or image processing Captured mosquitoes are immobilized by chosen execution method while other insects will be led to a separate gate and released to the free The system will be enabled at the time mosquitoes are most active and disabled at the time they re not The outpost will include different parts and these are explained further in the following sections 2 2 1 Attraction The system will use CO and heat as attractants to mimic the presence of human beings and animals By using a CO tank and e g infrared light for the illusion of warmth the system is able to attract mosquito blood feeders 2 2 2 Trap When mosquitoes are located on the unit a fan inside will work as a vacuum and drag the mosquitoes inside
146. irms that a mosquito is present and that the thermal sensor confirms that no humans or animals are present An illustration of the system can be seen in Figure 5 and the prototype in Figure 6 Further explanation of the different systems is presented next 19 Figure 5 Illustration of the system provided by MDS Camera 1 laser emitter 2 microphone array 3 data processing unit 4 mosquitoes 5 and thermal sensor 6 Figure 6 LCS Prototype Power supply 1 thermal sensor 2 Arduino UNO 3 prototype board 4 laser 5 mirrors 6 galvanometers 7 control boards 8 and fan 9 5 1 1 Visual Detection The system is able to detect the presence of a mosquito in the designated area of effect by using image processing The system deploys a digital single lens reflex camera that sends a video stream through USB to a computer running the image processing software The image processing software detects any moving target about the size of a mosquito in the specified target area The computer will obtain the objects relative position to the camera but will not be able to classify or identify the objects as mosquitoes or other entities 20 5 1 2 Auditive Detection When a mosquito flies the wing beat has a specific sound signature consisting of a fundamental frequency and over harmonic frequency components The system deploys a microphone array within the target area to obtain these sound waves as signals The s
147. itioned twice as far away for the same SPL as with one microphone MDS Detecting Mosquitoes with Microphone Arrays Bachelor Assignment v2 0 I 14 04 2015 2 2 Noise Measurements Noise measurements conducted at the University College in Kongsberg in a classroom and an auditorium 3 resulted in a noise level that decreases with frequency This is readily seen in Fig 1 where the power spectrum of noise in a quiet auditorium is shown This means that the SNR can further be improved by band pass filtering Since the male and female mosquitoes has a wing beat fundamental frequency of 700 to 800 Hz and 400 to 500 Hz 1 respectively any noise components below a minimum frequency of e g 300 Hz can be removed by a low pass filter In Order to detect the species of a mosquito and whether it is a female or male it might be of interest to preserve the first harmonic frequencies of the fundamental wing beat This is of interest considering that only female mosquitoes bite humans According to recordings of mosquitoes 2 the fundamental first harmonic of a mosquito has a sound pressure level of 26 dB compared to adjacent inter peaks the second harmonic a SPL of 8 dB compared to adjacent peaks and the third harmonic a SPL of 4 dB compared to adjacent peaks Hence it might not be of practical interest to preserve any higher frequency components for detection A female Aedes taeniorhynchus has a fundamental frequency of 400 to 500 Hz If 500 Hz is used as
148. ization from the State Radiation Protection to use a laser with that amount of effect A 500mW laser is strong enough to set fire to solids Therefore a fireproof board of some sort is needed where the laser beam hits the wall The board has to be non reflective The beam diameter should be up to 5 mm more than that is not necessary The color of the beam is irrelevant as long as it is visible That means that the laser beam wavelength has to be between 400nm to 700nm The wavelength should be a continuous wave due to the fact that a large concentration of heat is needed to burn the mosquitoes as fast as possible 13 The laser would need a 110 240V input of 50 60 Hz Which type of laser to use is irrelevant as long as it contains the characteristics that are needed for a laser for MDS use An example for a laser that has the given characteristics is called L404P400M 14 10 MDS Laser Bachelor Assignment v1 01 08 05 2015 2 7 Conclusion There are many different kinds of lasers They have different characteristics but some of them also share some of the same properties Which type of laser to use is irrelevant as long as it contains the characteristics that are needed for a laser for MDS use A laser effect of 500mW could potentially be harmful but if the right precautions are made it should be possible to use without high risks 3 References 1 Store Norske Leksikon laser intens lyskilde 29 04 2015 https snl no laser 2Fintens_lysk
149. l CW dyes range from 300 to 4000 hours depending on the dye Average output power is a few milliwatts to a few watts 5 2 3 5 Excimer Lasers The name excimer refers to the electronically excited types such as monomers dimers and other complexes which exist in the electronically excited state only Excimers are characterized by short radiative lifetimes of the order of nanoseconds and large cross sections for stimulated emission which enables an efficient laser operation The term excimer stands for excited dimer where a dimer refers to a molecule of two identical or similar parts The excimer laser is really an exotic laser in the sense that the lasing molecule exists only in the excited state and separates into the original atoms in the ground state The excimer laser contains about 90 95 helium or neon less than 0 2 of halogen the rest being the corresponding noble gas The entire laser unit consists of discharge chamber gas tube an optical resonator high voltage system and the system serving for pumping and mixing of gases The electrical high voltage discharge is transverse with respect to the length direction of the gas tube As the gain of the laser medium is high it is sufficient to use a fully reflecting rear mirror and an ordinary window as the output coupler The wavelength output of an excimer laser can be changed simply by changing the gas mixture However the laser mirrors may have to be replaced to obtain maximum outp
150. laser pumps the laser the dye laser s beam will also be continuous The energy absorbed by the dye creates a population inversion moving the electrons into an excited state Typically the dye molecule de excites spontaneously into a meta stable state having relatively longer lifetime The most important attribute of the dye laser is its tunability which gives the user access to essentially any wavelength in the visible and near visible spectrum The spectral range of ion laser pumped CW dye lasers is essentially complete coverage from 400 to 1000 nm It is even possible to extend their CW tuning range by using nonlinear optical methods to generate wavelengths further into the ultraviolet and infrared region Since most organic dyes have a large range of wavelengths over which amplification can occur called the gain bandwidth lasers built around them can be composed of light waves spanning a range of wavelengths in the spectrum This makes possible the ability to select the wavelength of the laser light through the adjustment of a prism or grating This tunability feature allows certain specific applications to be performed at minimal cost as compared to having large number of different monochromatic lasers A Negative aspect of dye lasers is that the dyes have limited productive lifetimes The factors that limit the lifetime of laser dyes are mainly the chemical and photochemical degradation of the dye in solution Representative lifetimes of the typica
151. livery of the system as presented in Table 13 Table 13 Business goals BUSG 1 Commercially KDA B available parts modules BUSG 2 Consumer affordable KDA B BUSG 3 Final delivery May HBV A 19 2015 3 4 High Level Requirements High level requirements provide essential information regarding what is expected of the system in a testable manner which do not constrain the solution but states what is deemed necessary as presented in Table 14 Table 14 High level requirements REQ 1 Immobilize destroy KDA A mosquitoes in order to reduce the chance of infection caused by mosquitoes REQ 3 Issue warning when MDS C unintentionally inactive REQ 4 Area of effect may be MDS C adapted to the operational environment REQ 5 Should not harm other KDA insects REQ 6 Shall not harm humans KDA or animals REQ 8 Detect individual KDA mosquitoes REQ 9 The system should not KDA cause collateral damage to inventory and environment w gt gt w 3 5 Constraints In order to create a successful system there are primarily two tasks that must be fulfilled namely safety and performance Even though performance may not be a constraint in itself it does pose some challenges that will eminently affect the design e The operational environment might consist of e g humans animals insects other than mosquitoes and inventory Hence these shall not be disturbed significantly It is
152. ll not emit the laser unless a harm other mosquito is detected through the auditive insects detection system However there are many insects that may have similar sound signatures but the system is able to distinguish mosquitoes from bees wasps flies and many other insects Shall not harm The system has a thermal sensor which will humans or detect the presence of humans and animals in animals the designated area of effect If the sensor detects heat the system will not be allowed to emit the laser Detect The detection of individual mosquitoes is individual fulfilled by combining several detection mosquitoes methods First computer vision software will detect the presence of any flying insect about the size of a mosquito Then it will in collaboration with a microphone array extract the audio signal produced by the flying insect s wing beats The properties of this signal will determine whether the system identifies the flying insect as a mosquito or not The system Although there are three conditions that must should not be true in order to emit the laser the fact that cause the system deploys a powerful laser may cause collateral damage to inventory and environment This damage to may be everything from misuse to inventory and unanticipated flaws However for the system environment to emit the laser the following conditions must be met A small object or visual phenomena must be spotted by the computer
153. lvo Driver Amplifier Amplifier Microcontroller Stage 1 Stage 2 j DAC e Amplifier Amplifier gt Y Galvo Driver Power Supply Fan Figure 13 Laser Control System LCS block diagram 17 37 As seen in the above diagram a control circuit interfaces the microcontroller and the input signals of the galvanometers This circuit includes several hardware components digital to analog converters operational amplifiers and power supplies Electrical schematic of the LCS is attached and displays the actual components the prototype consists of and how they are coupled The upcoming sections include a description of how the system is designed and the components that are used in order for the system to perform the desired functionality Components are chosen after thorough research where especially sources of building laser shows were helpful 17 18 6 2 2 Electrical Design In Appendix II the electrical design for the LCS is attached This design is developed in CadSoft EAGLE which is a PCB design software It illustrates how the system is designed and how the components are coupled on the prototype The first sheet of the electrical design as seen in Figure 46 includes a module overview and the following sheets presents wiring diagrams for the applicable modules of the system The first sheet also includes a LED coupled to a resistor and 5V as an indicator if the power is on or of
154. mera Laser and Photodiode 2 1 3 Microphone Array 2 14 SSUCK and SOM ae een 22 A a E S 22 Lace 2 2 2 Biectie Y A A G ene DL 3 Conclusion Figure 1 Concept Sketche nn curioso italia Figure 2 Entrance Microphone Array Figure 3 Suck and SOM ira lid Figure 4 Entrance Faser net an Entrance Concept Document v1 0113 03 2015 MDS Entrance Concept Document Bachelor Assignment v1 0 13 03 2015 1 Introduction Most insects serve an important task such as pollination of flowering plants nutrition and population control Mosquitoes act as a major part of the aquatic food chain yet they are carriers of deadly diseases As the tropical weather is predicted an appearance in Nordic countries in the future control of the mosquito population is an absolute necessity in order to save lives In this regard the entrance concept is an idea developed to decrease the mosquito population around the entrances of houses The system will be able to detect individual mosquitoes and proceed to immobilization when position is obtained 2 Entrance Concept The entrance concept consists of a detection unit and an immobilization unit Both the detection and immobilization can be implemented in different ways and these are explained further on in this document The entrance system will detect and immobilize mosquitoes without causing harm to humans or animals by the use of a motion detector which deactivates the system w
155. microphones will outperform a sparse array in regards to the required number of microphones for a satisfactory narrow main lobe and thus the necessary length of the array Hence it is deemed appropriate to design a microphone array with equally spaced microphones Inter microphone spacing In order to determine the spacing between the microphones the wing beat frequency of a mosquito must be taken to consideration The wing beat frequency of a mosquito depends on both the species and the sex Anopheles is a genus of mosquitoes where several of the species are known carriers of malaria The wing beat frequency of a female mosquito is generally in the range of 300 to 500 Hz though commonly around 400 Hz In 3 it was determined that any harmonic frequency components beyond the third harmonic may be difficult to recognize due to the rather low amplitude compared to adjacent peaks in the frequency domain It is of interest to preserve these over harmonic frequency components in order to distinguish between mosquitoes and other noise contributions with the same fundamental frequency Hence the upper frequency of interest is 1500 Hz though some headroom is deemed appropriate An upper frequency of 1800 Hz resulting in a 23 potential fundamental frequency of 600 Hz and the third harmonic at 1800 Hz respectively seems Satisfactory The filtering of the audio signal to the frequency range of interest should be performed digitally on a processing uni
156. mple 44100 divided by 123 equals about 359 This means that the fundamental frequency is estimated to be 359 Hz and there is at least one harmonic component present Note that the number of samples between periodicities also may be obtained by dividing the sample rate by peak position in seconds multiplied by the sample rate Sample rate Hz Sample rate Hz Se 1 Fundamental Frequency Samples Sample rate Hz peak position s 6 This confirms not only the presence of the fundamental frequency but also at least one harmonic However if the cepstrum analysis is performed on a signal with only one peak such as a pure sinusoidal tone it will not be able to detect the fundamental frequency This is useful considering a signal may have the same fundamental frequency as a mosquito but not contain the harmonics such as a pure sinusoidal tone 68 Program Details Step 1 Discrete Fourier Transform Function obtains the power spectrum of the segment using a hamming window to reduce leakage With a sampling rate of 44100 Hz and 4410 samples per segment this gives a frequency resolution of 10 Hz Step 2 Acquire the cepstrum of the signal by using the natural logarithm of the power spectrum and use Inverse Fourier Transform on the result Step 3 Now that the cepstrum of the signal is obtained one may find periodicity between the major peaks in the frequency domain if present The fundamental frequency is obtained by dividing the sample r
157. mputer to automatically select the threshold Computation of threshold value is difficult but there are some algorithms that can automate the process and give decent results For example Otsu s method that takes histograms of pictures and calculates the best T value for the image Otsu s method performs best on histograms that has bimodal distribution Bimodal distribution often occurs in images with high contrast and the objects are easily separable The bimodal distribution histogram looks like the back of a two humped camel In Matlab there is a function called graythresh is using Otsu s method to select a threshold value to create binary images MDS Image Processing Bachelor Assignment 2 0 13 05 15 be gt an Bb gt Figure 1 Before and after thresholding using Otsu s method 2 2 2 2 Color thresholding Color thresholding is a method to find and separate specific colored objects To threshold for a specific color each of the RGB channels has to be used and a threshold applied to each of them Once a threshold has been applied to all the channels the resulting binary image is made up of only the desired object For example to only keep yellow colored objects from an input picture figure 2 The perfect yellow color is R 255 G 255 B 0 therefore the threshold values of each channel should be close to these values The red channel pixels will be set to 1 in the binary image If the pixel value is above 180 R
158. n be obtained using disparities Computational stereovision has been studied for over 25 years and is still a difficult problem that is being researched but some commercial products are available To be able to rectify a stereovision setup it is necessary to calibrate cameras By using printed out checkered board where the size of each pixel is known we can determine the position of the cameras relative to all the objects in the scene and compare sizes against the reference squares Image rectification is a transformation process to project several images onto a common plane This way it is possible to evaluate the object distance and get a disparity map 5 3 Conclusion Stereovision is an interesting concept but the algorithms require hardware implementation FPGA or other ways of hardware acceleration to be able to use it in real time applications Computer vision in general has made huge advancements lately and although it may seem like basic operations it is a huge step in right direction There are several ways of detecting what the segmented object is but they require large databases to compare and decide what the object is MDS Image Processing Bachelor Assignment 2 0 13 05 15 4 References 1 Rob Phillips Group 2015 May Online http www rpgroup caltech edu courses PBL bootcamp2011 protocols_and_references AdvancedMatlabTutorial pdf 2 Engineering Virtual Organization for CyberDesign 2014 August Enginee
159. n electrical audio and computer engineering The amount of time that was allocated to this project made it necessary to prioritize which aspects of the system that would be prototyped and which that had to be performed theoretically through extensive documentation and simulations This means that the group has indeed proven that the system is capable of performing as required by KDA IDS and MDS Table 51 shows an overview of the requirements and how they were fulfilled as well as which aspects that were not prioritized Table 51 Requirements fulfillment Immobilize destroy mosquitoes in order to reduce the chance of infection caused by mosquitoes The laser control system demonstrates that accurately hitting small objects with a laser is possible However the prototype does not deploy a high powered laser and the actual destruction of mosquitoes is not demonstrated by MDS Issue warning when This requirement is important because the system should not give the user a false sense of unintentionally safety However MDS decided that inactive implementation of such a feature depends on the final hardware and software and is not rewarding to implement on a conceptual prototype Area of effect The system may operate on backgrounds with may be various surface area and at different distances adapted to the from the system 94 operational environment Should not The system wi
160. n to the microphone array that then may be steered towards this particular angle of interest Both equally spaced microphone array and sparse microphone array have been evaluated for the best performance without resulting in an excessively long array since it should be possible to mount it in homes and other buildings in windowsills and the like It is seen that the sparse array must be very long in order to meet the performance of an equally spaced microphone 19 MDS Detecting Mosquitoes with Microphone Arrays Bachelor Assignment v2 0 I 14 04 2015 array when the length of the array is kept short Hence it seems appropriate to employ an equally spaced microphone array with e g 9 microphones or more for a narrower main lobe at low frequencies 4 References 1 R W Mankin Acoustical detection of Aedes taeniorhynchus swarms and Emergence exoduses in remote salt marshes 1994 2 D R Raman R R Gerhardt and J B Wilkerson Detecting insect flight sounds in the field Implications for acoustical counting of mosquitoes 2007 3 C M N Olsen Acoustics and sterephony Course Work 2 2014 4 S Gudvangen Directional microphones 2014 5 J H B amp K J J Christensen Technical review Beamforming 2004 6 S Gudvangen Introduction to microphone arrays 2014 7 J Eargle The Microphone Book Second Edition Focal Press 2005 8 S Gudvangen Notes on electret microphones and JFET amps 2015
161. nal environment Related to REQ 4 requirement ID Responsible All of the group members Verification Analysis Acceptance criteria Confirm that the system functions within the adapted area of effect Status Untested Approved N A Table 19 T REQ 5 Requirement Should not harm other insects Description Related to REQ 5 requirement ID Responsible All of the group members Verification Test case Acceptance criteria Able to differentiate between mosquitoes and other insects Status Approved Tested Yes Table 20 T REQ 6 Requirement Shall not harm humans or animals Description Related to REQ 6 requirement ID Responsible All of the group members Verification Test case Acceptance criteria Ensure that the system implements functionality that provides human and animal safety Status Tested Approved Yes Table 21 T REQ 8 Acceptance criteria Requirement Detect individual mosquitoes Description Related to REQ 8 requirement ID Responsible All of the group members Verification Test case The system is able to detect the presence of mosquitoes in the designated area Status Tested Approved Yes 18 Table 22 T REQ 9 Requirement The system should not cause collateral Description damage to inventory and environment Related to REQ 9 requirement ID Resp
162. nal yout 14 40UT Forms an inverter with pin 12 and 13 output control signal y 6 2 8 Laser The laser is vital for the system capability as it is the lethal component of the system but due to regulations a lethal laser is not used in this context 27 For illustration purposes it is important that the used laser is visible and at the same time not harmful to people animals or other nearby objects The laser needs interfaces that match the other components of the system especially with regards to turning on off by commands The laser used in the prototype of this project is a low powered generic laser pen It has a wavelength of 630 660nm which produces a clear red color The laser pen is disassembled in order to be used in the required configuration The maximum output is less than ImW which is within the Norwegian laser regulations The laser is interchangeable as it is a generic laser module Table 33 presents the laser pin map Table 33 Laser pin map 1 On off switch signal from computer signal D4 5V 2 GND Figure 23 is added for illustration purposes only It does not represent the actual device but it has identical design The laser pointer was disassembled and the laser module was modified such that it could be used as desired The push button in the center of the LD driver was bypassed on the actual device in order to control the laser from the microcontroller The battery was also removed for the
163. nce on axis For 1200 Hz the first null is already at approximately 15 degrees For an incoming sound wave of 400 Hz the fundamental 13 MDS Detecting Mosquitoes with Microphone Arrays Bachelor Assignment v2 0 1 14 04 2015 frequency of a female mosquito the polar pattern is seen to inherent no nulls and only a reduction from 1 0 to 0 8 in sensitivity is achieved for incoming sound waves 30 degrees off axis In order to suppress noise from other directions the directivity of the microphone array must be increased This may be achieved by increasing the number of microphones from five to nine microphones respectively The resulting polar patterns can be seen in Fig 8 Now the first null for an incoming sound wave of 400 Hz at approximately 40 degrees With nine microphones the length of the array will be L 0 14 9 1 1 12m as seen in Fig 9 The acceptance angle at 400 Hz will approximately be 34 degrees resulting in a main lobe radius r of r tan 34 2 x where x is the distance from the microphone array to the sound source Hence at a distance of 0 5 m the radius will be 0 15 m and at 1 m it will be 0 3 m This is rather large considering that it might be several insects within a diameter of 0 3 and 0 6 m 400 Hz 1200 Hz 180 A o 800 Hz IN 240 ALL 300 Figure 7 Polar patterns for incoming sound waves of 400 800 and 1200 Hz 5 microphones with 0 14m between each 14 MDS Detecting Mosquitoes with Microphon
164. ne Arrays Bachelor Assignment v1 01 14 03 2015 Document Version 0 1 20 02 2015 Christoffer M N Olsen First draft 1 0 14 03 2015 Hege J Blikra Document revision 1 0 08 05 2015 Ann Christin Barstad Proofreading MDS Concepts on Detecting Mosquitoes with Microphone Arrays Bachelor Assignment v1 01 14 03 2015 Table of Contents A en ee En ROT ee ne Res 2 Document Version sul ka ish ill 3 1 Introduction piglia leali lilla 5 2 Microphone Array u a ais 5 2 1 Detecting Mosquitoes in Window and Door Openings ie 5 2 2 Detecting Mosquitoes in a Room su ae 6 A ele ea 7 A e a e a ira ae deco 7 MDS Concepts on Detecting Mosquitoes with Microphone Arrays Bachelor Assignment v1 01 14 03 2015 1 Introduction In order to reduce the risk of being bitten by a disease bearing mosquito it is a scope for finding a method of determining that it is in fact a mosquito that is present and not another flying insect such as a Bumble Bee This may be possible by using microphone arrays in e g door and window openings Microphone arrays are typically used in connection with e g conferences and meetings with several persons attending The main lobe of the array can be steered towards the different persons in the room in order to avoid background noise from other noise contributions such as ventilation people talking at the same time traffic from outside the building etc The very same me
165. ng and surveillance of mosquitoes 2 3 Repellents There are many known sources of consumer repellents against mosquitoes e g mosquito spray and candles These are not highly effective and are not sufficient enough as protection against deadly mosquito carriers However DEET NN diethyl meta toluamide yellow oil is used as personal protection against biting insects and proves to me more effective than its predecessors 1 2 4 Flight Behavior Tracking insect flight behavior is not an easy task However recent studies show that it is not impossible and at the same time important when it comes to overcome e g disease carrying mosquitoes According to Jeroen Spitzen amp CO female mosquitoes use odor and heat as cues to navigate to an appropriate landing site on their blood host Many insects flight patterns are affected by the host s pheromones and they navigate upwind while making reiterative contact with packets of odor in a relatively narrow odor plume Heat from hosts is also a parameter which affects the mosquitos flight but only at close range 5 This study is conducted by a group of scientists The results are included in Figure 3 which presents flight tracks of Anopheles gambiae affected by different sources MDS Mosquito Research Document Bachelor Assignment v1 01 13 03 2015 A Noodor B C no heat y i he Wind E Wind tag Z y a nn Y x x x D Heat E F Figure 3 Anopheles Gambiae Flight Tracks Different
166. ng through I C The connector is a special connection made by JST Japan Solderless Terminals 40 On OMRON DET there is a female housing called SM04B GHS TB as seen in Figure 26 To connect to the board it is necessary to buy the male equivalent housing and a contact called GHR 04V S as seen in Figure 27 The cables used to connect the sensor to the microcontroller must be coated with SSHL 002T P0 2 using a SSHL hand crimp tool Figure 28 40 60 Figure 26 GHR 04V S 40 Figure 27 SM04B GHS TB 40 Figure 28 SSHL 002T P0 2 40 61 44L vs 8L The 44L as seen in Figure 29 has an X and Y view angle of 44 2 and 45 7 degrees and this sensor has 16 different pixels While the 8L as seen in Figure 30 has 8 sensors in the same row its view angles are 62 8 degrees in x direction and 6 degrees in the y direction Detection Area for Each Pixel X direction Figure 29 44L 41 Detection Area for Each Pixel Y direction X direction GERPE Figure 30 8L 41 62 PC To communicate with the microcontroller the sensor sends data through the two wire protocol called PC SMO4B GHS TB JST Figure 31 PC Connector 45 The PC address of the sensor is 0x0a and the start command is 0x4c To initiate communication the start command has to be sent from the microcontroller When the sensor receives the start command it will transmit thermal data until it is reset 6 3 3 Operating Principle
167. nics very accurately to identify the organism or to otherwise classify the organism into an appropriate category or otherwise distinguish the organism Targeting laser 18 may also or alternatively provide additional light for higher frame rate or higher resolution image acquisition by imager 10 2 Photodiode In addition to the higher speed camera imaging of the organism the system may also employ a targeting laser 18 or other suitable nonlaser light source and detector such as photodiode 20 to confirm characteristics of organism 26 For example if processor 16 identifies a morphology or frequency suggestive of an organism of interest such as a mosquito targeting laser 18 may be directed at organism 26 using location information from processor 16 The reflection of targeting laser 18 from organism 26 is detected by photodiode 20 In some embodiments this reflection may have relatively lower image resolution but a very fast frame rate wide frequency response or a high sensitivity to changes in cross section of the organism The signal from the photodiode may be used for example to measure wingbeat frequency or harmonics very accurately to identify the organism or to otherwise classify the organism into an appropriate category or otherwise distinguish the organism Targeting laser 18 may also or alternatively provide additional light for higher frame rate or higher resolution image acquisition by imager 10 2 Support post 22
168. nment v1 0 13 03 2015 cutting stylets which slide against each other and slice through the skin at the end of the proboscis 1 Figure 2 shows the anatomy of mosquitoes Foreleg Tarsomeres tarsus Culex pipiens Head Tibia Proboscis Flagellomere Wing Longitudinal veins j i Costa x P Antennae Palps Compound eye Femur Subcosta Radius Occiput Media Cubitus mia em Antepronotum Thorax ee SOUL A SOS a Postnotum Halter Anal Crossveins Abdomen Radial medial _ Medial cubital si H y Abdominal segments i to VII Humeral a l Mid leg Hind leg Figure 2 Mosquito Anatomy 7 Both male and female mosquitoes gather nutrition from nectar and sugar from plants However female mosquitoes also feed on blood from tiny blood vessels as one of the hollow tubes of the proboscis injects salvia into the wound and the other extracts blood This is necessary for the production of eggs After a meal she can lay 50 200 eggs Some mosquitoes have preferable victims while others feed on blood from a random selection of humans or animals Some species feed on humans one year and switches off to animals the next In this way they can transmit diseases from animals to humans and vice versa Mosquitoes can live from 5 7 days to about a month depending on the different species The different species of mosquitoes each have their
169. ns Ivar stensen Create project description and contribute with help regarding specifications and requirements of the project Sigmund Gudvangen Internal supervisor Help with execution of represented by HBV documentation and project management as well as technical guidance Government The Norwegian Concerns regarding government Norwegian rules and regulations Ensures the project complies with this Suppliers Online and or physical Provide products and store vendors with services appropriate products Community Environment surrounding Concerns regarding the system noise pollution and disturbance 2 7 Users The main users of the system and their requests are presented in Table 3 They are defined as the end users or intermediate users of the final system Table 3 Users Users at risk A commercial system to remove disease carrying mosquitoes Users for comfort A commercial system to remove mosquitoes Scientists Use parts of the system for research e g detection module for insect count Companies and or organizations System to remove disease carrying and or irritating mosquitoes in extensive areas 2 8 Risk Analysis A preventative approach to the project involves risk analysis and management Minor issues can result in major time constraints and thus it is of much importance to consider the risks involved with the project These are presented
170. nsor circuit 40 64 6 3 5 Future Contingencies Omron is currently developing a 16x16 version of D6T sensor This sensor broadens both the view angles and pixels of the system and will dramatically improve the safety system With the 1616L one can easily find the approximate position of humans and animals in a room and also using simple algorithms to see movement and try to predict the movement path 47 This will be a reasonable choice for future development 7 Software Modules 7 1 Auditive Detection Detecting a female mosquito through computer technology is no trivial task Mosquitoes have revealing signatures such as their shapes and the sound produced by their wing beat frequency For a wide range of female mosquitoes from various species the fundamental frequency tend to be in the frequency range of 300 500 Hz as well as several over harmonic frequency components This may be extracted from the physical world in the form of sound waves into the virtual domain of computing as discrete signals The purpose of this module is to inspect input signals and determine whether they match the properties of a mosquito audio signal or not In addition there are real time requirements for this task forcing the system to process on a limited number of samples 7 1 1 Overview The basic idea of auditive detection of mosquitoes is to obtain their wing beat frequency in the form of a signal When such a signal is obtained one may extract re
171. nt v1 01 08 05 2015 Abstract This is a paper about lasers It is written to get an overview of how they work the different laser types laser effect etc It was necessary to collect all this information to be able to figure out which kind of laser the mosquito immobilizing system would need MDS Laser Bachelor Assignment v1 01 08 05 2015 Document Version 0 1 05 03 2015 Ann Christin Barstad First draft 0 2 12 03 2015 Hege Jeanette Blikra Added sections 2 1 2 2 0 3 27 04 2015 Ann Christin Barstad Continued to write the document 0 4 28 04 2015 Ann Christin Barstad Changed the setup and most of the content in the document In section 2 2 I only rewrote some sentences 1 0 08 05 2015 Hege Jeanette Blikra Proofreading MDS Laser Bachelor Assignment v1 01 08 05 2015 Table of Contents i troduction electra 5 2 laser E E rl 5 21 APP AOI areas eu 5 2 2 Operating Principles alan 5 Dede DE ot Las E E A E S 6 22 1 Sold State Lasers rear 6 23 2 SEMEN O AS A 6 2 39 Gas Lasers ne lontra oa iero 7 2 34 Dye BT alri s 7 2 39 Excimer ers nn nes 8 2 Ribelle loto 9 29 Merita 10 2 6 What type of laser is needed for MDS ss Lie nie 10 Ded O A lila et Re apra 11 A o A airs ana cavs ania Man EEE te 11 MDS Laser Bachelor Assignment v1 01 08 05 2015 1 Introduction A laser is to be used in the mosquito immobilizing system to kill the mosquitoes It was thoroughly discussed w
172. ntal frequency of a signal as well as the over harmonics one may look for them in the frequency domain By taking the Fast Fourier Transform of the signal the frequency spectrum is obtained Frequency Spectrum 50 4 Magnitude dB 4 L L 4 L 4 L L 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 Frequency Hz Figure 36 Frequency spectrum of a mosquito audio recording As seen in Figure 36 the Fourier transform displays quite unambiguous peaks However Figure 36 is the Fast Fourier Transform of a 10 seconds long mosquito recording In real time 66 working on sound samples of 100 milliseconds producing the same result but has variations in the height of the peaks for each segment Program Details Step 1 Take the Fast Fourier Transform of the filtered signal to obtain the frequency spectrum In order to reduce leakage one may apply a hamming smoothening window to the function Step 2 To obtain the first four harmonics the signal is not required to contain information about higher frequencies than about 2000Hz From the Fourier transform the peaks may be found and their corresponding frequencies between 0 2000Hz Step 3 If four peaks are discovered and the first thee harmonics are multiples of the fundamental frequency the program interprets the results as a match 7 1 3 Cepstrum Analysis To obtain an estimate of the fundamental frequency of a signal one may apply cepstrum analysis Cepstrum is a Fou
173. o in flight runs a safety check to ensure no innocent bystanders are in view and then activates a laser to zap the mosquito The Photonic Fence could be set along the perimeter of clinics or other strategic areas to control mosquitoes without endangering humans or other animals Alternate uses Elements of the Photonic Fence could also be used to monitor and catalog the presence of mosquitoes or other flying insects in a given area of interest In this scenario the device might be useful as a passive means of evaluating potential insect repellants attractants or other interventions Outside of malaria eradication efforts alternative applications for the Photonic Fence could include crop protection against pests or as a research tool to better understand insects 1 MDS Photonic Fence Concept Document Bachelor Assignment v1 01 13 03 2015 2 Photonic Fence 2 1 How the Photonic Fence Works 2 1 1 Concept sketch Figure 1 illustrates the concept sketch of the photonic fence with accompanying legend 2 Figure 1 Concept Sketch Legend 10 Imager Camera 12 Illumination source 14 Retro Reflective Surface 16 Processor Analyze images 18 Targeting Laser 20 Photodiode 22 Support Post 24 Adjacent Support post spaced apart from 22 26 Undesirable Organism 28 Dosing Laser MDS Photonic Fence Concept Document Bachelor Assignment v1 0 I 13 03 2015 2 1 2 Concept Components This section provides a d
174. ocess called resonance This repeated conversion of incoming electrons into outgoing photons is analogous to the process of stimulated emission that occurs in a conventional gas based laser In a conventional laser a concentrated light beam is produced by pumping the light emitted MDS Laser Bachelor Assignment v1 01 08 05 2015 from atoms repeatedly between two mirrors In a laser diode an equivalent process happens when the photons bounce back and forth in the microscopic junction roughly one micrometer wide between the slices of p type and n type semiconductor The amplified laser light eventually emerges from the polished end of the gap in a beam parallel to the junction 9 Today reliable laser diodes stacks with powers in the range of kilowatts are available on the market In addition compared to other types of lasers laser diodes use very little power Most laser diodes can operate with voltage as low as 2 V with power requirements determined by their current setting In this way laser diodes have thus grown to a key component in modern photonics technology As compared to other lasers semiconductor lasers are compact and rugged This ruggedness and small size allow laser diodes to be used in environments and spaces in which other types of lasers cannot operate It has a high efficiency direct excitation with small electric currents possibility of direct modulation with applied current small beam waist low costs due to mass producti
175. on and high reliability However there are few drawbacks in semiconductor laser diodes as compared to other solid state and gas lasers These include their sensitivity to temperature large beam divergence and lower spectral purity 5 2 3 3 Gas Lasers Gas Lasers are used in applications that require laser beams with long coherence lengths very high beam quality or single mode operation Gas Lasers are lasers that use an electric current discharged through a gas medium to produce a beam Common Gas Lasers include helium neon argon or carbon dioxide The type of gas used can determine or influence the laser s wavelength efficiency or power 7 In gas lasers the active medium is in the gaseous state Since the laser media is a gas it is kept in a plasma tube with proper electrodes for electrical discharge to produce ionization enclosed with dielectric mirrors One may think that gas laser is a simple device as there is no basic preparation required for the lasing medium as in the case of a solid state laser But in practice it is a complex device as it needs optimization of gas mixture gas discharge parameters mirror and container configuration etc The same have to be properly designed to create suitable conditions for population inversion Further gas discharge produces heat and it has to be removed to avoid detrimental effect on gas discharge and the optical components 6 Gas lasers are widely available in almost all power milli
176. one array camera and corresponding software Expected Results It is expected that the system will be able to detect the different test items sounds Environmental Needs The microphones poorly tolerates wind and humidity therefore it ought to be tested inside or outside when it is not windy nor raining It is necessary with daylight because the camera will not be able to function properly in darkness It is also necessary to have a white background so that the camera can perceive the different test items 8 2 6 REQ 9 The test design and test case for REQ 9 are presented in Table 46 Table 46 T REQ 9 Requirement The system should not cause collateral Description damage to inventory and environment Related to REQ 9 requirement ID Responsible All of the group members Verification Not to be tested at this phase Acceptance criteria No vulnerable items are damaged Status Untested Approved N A Features to be Tested The following feature will be tested laser beam Features Pass Fail Criteria If the laser beam is so effective that it sets marks or sets fire to any inventory or the environment the test fails 88 Procedure for Proof of Principle Prototype Power up the system and set the laser software to activate the laser Aim the laser at inventory and environment Test Items The test items will consist of laser and corresponding software Expected Results It is expected that the effect o
177. onsequences before large quanta of insects are removed because it might cause even bigger problems However deaths caused by mosquito borne diseases are hundreds of thousands today and an effective solution to this problem is absolutely necessary 4 References 1 Rueda Leopoldo M Global Diversity of Mosquitoes Insecta Diptera Culicidae in Freshwater 2007 477 89 Web 10 Feb 2015 http www mosquitocatalog org files pdfs MQ0307 pdf 2 Powell Stephen Insects That Are Attracted to Infrared Light EHow Demand Media 26 Nov 2010 Web 11 Feb 2015 http www ehow com list_7560697_insects attracted infrared light html 3 Gjerde Bjorn Parasittiske Arthropodar I Veterinermedisinen Kompendium I Veterinarmedisinsk Parasittologi 11 2011 66 68 Print 10 MDS Mosquito Research Document Bachelor Assignment v1 01 13 03 2015 4 Freudenrich Craig How Mosquitoes Work HowStuffWorks HowStuffWorks 5 July 2001 Web 13 Feb 2015 http animals howstuffworks com insects mosquito htm 5 Spitzen Jeroen Cornelis W Spoor Fabrizio Grieco Cajo Ter Braak Jacob Beeuwkes Sjaak P Van Brugge Sander Kranenbarg Lucas P J J Noldus Johan L Van Leeuwen and Willem Takken A 3D Analysis of Flight Behavior of Anopheles Gambiae Sensu Stricto Malaria Mosquitoes in Response to Human Odor and Heat PLOS ONE A 3D Analysis of Flight Behavior of Anopheles Gambiae Sensu Stricto Malaria Mosquitoes in Response to Human Od
178. onsible All of the group members Verification Not to be tested at this phase Acceptance criteria No vulnerable items are damaged Status Untested Approved N A 5 System Architecture Prior to developing a system architecture comprehensive research into already manufactured systems for immobilizing and detecting mosquitoes was deemed appropriate It is of interest to develop an innovative system with a cost effective design that will result in wide spread use This resulted in a system that will be presented next 5 1 Feature Overview The system architecture developed from the requirements resulted primarily in four sub systems e Visual Detection System VDS deploys a camera and a processing unit that performs image processing on a video stream to detect if there are objects in the designated area of effect e Auditive Detection System ADS deploys a microphone array that captures the sound waves produced by an insect s wing beat The signal is then analyzed to determine if the recorded sound source is in fact a mosquito e Inadvertent Damage Prevention System IDPS uses a thermal sensor and detection software which prevents the LCS of emitting its laser if humans or animals are exposed e Laser Control System LCS consists of two mirrors attached to a galvanometer each for x and y positions deflecting a laser beam in a specific predetermined direction to immobilize a mosquito It is required that the microphone array conf
179. or and Heat 2 May 2013 Web 10 Feb 2015 http journals plos org plosone article id 10 1371 journal pone 0062995 s3 6 Entomologists Have Never Been Able To Identify Flying Insects Automatically Until Now Medium 19 Mar 2014 Web 13 Feb 2015 https medium com the physics arxiv blog entomologists have never been able to identify flying insects automatically until now ee4d93067443 7 Mosquito Anatomy Diagram Insect Pictures Photos amp Images of Animals Mosquito Anatomy Diagram Insect Pictures Photos amp Images of Animals Web 10 Mar 2015 http www sciencekids co nz pictures animals mosquitoanatomydiagram html 11 Mosquito Detection Concepts and Methods Mosquito Defence Systems v1 0 e 13 03 2015 MDS Mosquito Detection Concepts and Methods Bachelor Assignment v1 0 I 13 03 2015 Abstract This document is intended to give a brief overview of some existing methods and concepts of detecting moving objects The working principles for each method will be presented without a need for technical insight MDS Bachelor Assignment Mosquito Detection Concepts and Methods v1 01 13 03 2015 Document Version 0 1 11 02 2015 Ann Christin Barstad First draft 0 2 19 02 2015 Ann Christin Barstad Added Christoffer s research 0 3 19 02 2015 Ann Christin Barstad Added Hege s research 0 4 19 02 2015 Ann Christin Barstad Added Max s research 0 5 19 02 2015 Ann Ch
180. osquito Defence Systems v2 0 e 14 04 2015 MDS Detecting Mosquitoes with Microphone Arrays Bachelor Assignment v2 0 1 14 04 2015 Abstract This document gives an introduction to whether or not it is practical to implement a microphone array in order to localize and detect mosquitoes The reader will be presented with a brief presentation of why mosquitoes might be difficult to record in urban environments noise measurements basic principles of pressure and pressure gradient microphones and microphone arrays MDS Detecting Mosquitoes with Microphone Arrays Bachelor Assignment v2 0 I 14 04 2015 Document Version 0 1 01 03 2015 Christoffer M N Olsen First complete draft 0 2 05 03 2015 Christoffer M N Olsen Added Chapter 2 5 1 0 12 03 2015 Christoffer M N Olsen First final version 1 1 13 04 2015 Christoffer M N Olsen Added Chapter 2 6 some extra information to 2 5 3 and the conclusion 2 0 14 04 2015 Christoffer M N Olsen Document complete 2 0 09 05 2015 Ann Christin Barstad Proofreading MDS Detecting Mosquitoes with Microphone Arrays Bachelor Assignment v2 0 14 04 2015 Table of Contents AA ota ella dae peated aes 5 2 Detecting Mosquitoes in Environments with NO SE non 5 O ela A si naia 5 22 Noise Measuremenis polonia e oca aS 6 2 3 Directional Microphones aironi rn 7 24 NACO POS ATA ea e mass N E E 8 24 1 O 8 242 RA 9
181. ossible to find camera up to 1280x1024 but these are really expensive There is 3 categories of infrared 8 MDS Mosquito Detection Concepts and Methods Bachelor Assignment v1 0 I 13 03 2015 e Near infrared closest to visible light e Mid infrared e Thermal infrared this one is occupying the largest part of the infrared spectrum 2 6 Photodetector with Targeting Laser 2 6 1 What is it A system consisting of a targeting laser and a photodetector can detect the presence of objects The photo detector provides a measurable electrical response current voltage to the incident light the laser produces This response is coherent with the amount of light that hits the detector i e detecting passing objects is possible 2 6 2 How does it work This system can be constructed as it is in Figure 2 or it can simply be constructed of only a laser pointer and a photo detector The principle of operation is the same in both arrangements The system from 9 consists of a low powered laser a phototransistor connected to an electronic board and a total internal reflector a surface with reflective index a equal to 1 where 0 lt a lt 1 The laser and phototransistor is mounted side by side pointing at the reflective surface as seen in Fig 2 When an insect flies by the sensor the slightly scattered laser beam is reflected and is perceived by the phototransistor Due to the wings of the insect the reflected lights will inherent minor light
182. otype Cmp nsiB neun 10 24 Operational Concepts Nero tas 12 3 Conclusione ee ae A 14 A References E E ia e ie eee ee el 14 List of Figures Figure 12 GC onvept Sketch aufs tee eil ag Het cole Sten ari lie a 6 Figure 2 Activity Diagram for the photonic fence i 9 Figure 3 Prototype First hal tido a a id 10 Figure 4 Prototype Second Hall sui 2a N 11 Figure 5 Photonic Fence Clinic Protection p 12 Figure 6 Photonic Fence Household Protection a2 12 Figure 7 Photonic Fence Agriculture Protection nennen 13 MDS Photonic Fence Concept Document Bachelor Assignment v1 0 I 13 03 2015 1 Introduction Malaria is a serious problem in some areas today it is the cause of hundreds of thousands deaths every year It is important to decrease these numbers and several programs have been developed in that matter However there are no programs or methods that have proven to be very effective so far and that was the basis for the Photonic Fence developed by Intellectual Ventures On their website 1 they write the following about malaria and their product According to the World Health Organization an estimated 207 million cases of malaria and an estimated 670 000 malaria deaths occurred worldwide in 2012 Governments and aid agencies have set up many programs to distribute antimalarial drugs insecticides and bed nets in endemic areas and these important tools have curbed malaria s
183. ourselves from this problem in the garden or at windows and entrances In order to immobilize possible threats the system is in need of a unit that receives position data and hits the target within a short time frame Tracking a flying object s position requires fast responding and precise equipment because in spite of mosquitoes low flight speed they tend to have unpredictable flight patterns In this regard to hit a mosquito in flight with e g a pointing laser sets high demands to the equipment and its interfaces with the rest of the system There are several applicable immobilization methods to solve this problem though in this text a galvanometer laser system and a servo laser system are of main interest 2 Immobilization Systems 2 1 Galvanometer Laser System The galvanometer system consists of galvanometers mirrors and a laser module How these components function and how they are coupled together including overall system interfaces are described in the following sections 2 1 1 Galvanometer A galvanometer is an instrument for detecting electric current It is an electromechanical actuator that experiences a torque that is proportional to the current through its coil in a magnetic field 12 It is used to indicate the presence direction or strength of a small electric current It is also used to detect and compare currents 3 HowStuffs Works asserts the following about galvanometers The galvanometer makes use of the fac
184. over vast areas the beam can cause harm Because of this the laser beam is sometimes called the death ray 1 Eye hazard For direct damage to the eye the exact severity will be due to many factors beam power exposure time beam eye relative motion distance from the laser and retinal injury location If a person deliberately stares into a laser even a small 1 milliwatt beam could cause a spot on the retina Fortunately the eye s natural aversion response causes a person to involuntarily blink and or turn away from a bright light Taking this into account an accidental exposure to a 5 milliwatt beam is considered tolerable as long as the person is not overriding their blink reflex After some point even blinking and moving isn t fast enough to prevent injury As a very rough approximation for laser pointer use above 10 milliwatts the potential hazard from general use outweighs the benefit of a brighter beam At around 100 milliwatts an accidental exposure at close range will cause a change to the retina which can be defined as an eye injury The victim may or may not notice it depending on where the spot is on the retina The injury may heal after a few days or weeks if the exposure is not too severe 10 Skin hazard At around 150 milliwatts the beam from a laser can be felt on the skin depending on the beam focus skin color absorption etc At roughly 500 milliwatts the laser beam begins to be a skin burn hazard if the person is wi
185. own preferences of what time they like to feed e g Anopheles prefer to feed at dusk twilight or nighttime while e g Aedes bite mostly during the day 1 MDS Mosquito Research Document Bachelor Assignment v1 01 13 03 2015 2 2 Sensors and Attractants Equipped with chemical visual and heat sensors mosquitoes locate hosts They are attracted to body temperature odors movement and exhaled carbon dioxide from both humans and animals including mammals and birds They are also attracted to IR light this is because mosquitoes have poor eyesight and have to rely on body warmth to know where to find hosts Infrared light based traps trick mosquitoes into believing a warm blooded host is near Emitted infrared light also reflects off of water in a way that allows mosquitoes to recognize potential breeding areas 2 The sense of smell seems to be most important when the mosquitoes are near a victim For flight orientation visualization has greatest significance Mosquitoes that bite during the day seem to orientate after moving humans or animal hosts 1 Wearing clothing that contrasts with the background are easier to see thus a more attractive victim 4 Humans release more than 300 compounds as by products of metabolism and 100 of these can be detected from human breath Carbon dioxide is primarily released from breath and skin and is known as the most common attractant Both carbon dioxide and octenol are used as attractants in monitori
186. phone less sensitive at certain angles due to the phase differences causing cancellation 2 2 2 Microphone Array In certain situations such as a conference it might be a lot of noise reflections and reverberation When someone in the audience is given the opportunity to ask a question it is cumbersome to pass the microphone around and thus a steerable microphone array can solve this problem The sensitivity of the microphone can be set in such a manner that reflections and other disturbances will be excluded at least to a certain extent and the person in the audience will be the main sound source An adaptive algorithm can be used in order to identify the direction of arrival 2 2 3 Camera 2 3 1 What is it Motion Capture mocap is simply the recording or capturing of motion They accurately capture a movement for later use on digital characters numerical analysis or simple archiving and study 3 MDS Mosquito Detection Concepts and Methods Bachelor Assignment v1 01 13 03 2015 2 3 2 How does it work The sensor regularly compares snapshots taken by the camera If the picture changes the camera will interpret this as an alarm in the monitored area The sensitivity of the detection is adjustable The detector will register either only bigger changes in the picture e g opening a gate low sensitivity or also smaller changes in the picture e g a ball flying in the air high sensitivity It is also possible to ignore parts of
187. pixels The goal is to simplify the representation of an image so it is easier to analyze Image segmentation is typically used for object detection boundary detection and object tracking The simplest method of image segmentation is called the thresholding method 1 2 2 Thresholding Thresholding separates pixels of an image into classes that are distinct based on a defined threshold Thresholding is a conversion from gray level image to a binary image You can use grey level image or the individual channels red green and blue A gray level image has pixel values from 0 to 255 as does each of the channels of a picture while a binary image has either a 0 or as pixel value The resulting binary image contains all information concerning the number position and shape of objects Since the desired objects should be segmented out the background is considered noise and you want to get rid of most of it Foreground objects pixels are set to 1 and the background objects are set to 0 in a binary image Thresholding is done by selecting a value T and compare each pixel to the value Each pixel X in a gray level image is then compared to T if T is greater than X then it is set to 1 ifT lt X 0 2 2 1 Otsu s method Thresholding is an effective way of partitioning an image into foreground and background elements and is most effective in images with high levels of contrast To make thresholding completely automated it is necessary for the co
188. possible because of the laser flickering made by the insect s wing beat A distinct frequency is obtained and can be read by a processing unit 2 1 3 Microphone Array This detection method contains a microphone array placed in an entrance It will both detect the presence of objects by sound and hereby determine the specie and also obtain its exact position This concept is illustrated in Figure 2 Door System Figure 2 Entrance Microphone Array 6 MDS Entrance Concept Document Bachelor Assignment v1 0 13 03 2015 2 1 4 Suck and Sort In this detection method a vertical tube with holes are placed in or near the door frame When insects are close to the entrance a fan mechanism pulls them through the holes to the inside of the tube The holes are of certain size so only small insects such as mosquitoes fit through Inside the vertical tube there is a sorting mechanism which distinguishes between mosquitoes and other insects This particular method can be performed in several different ways e An infrared camera might be able to distinguish mosquitoes from other insect when there is only a small area to cover e A laser and a photodiode including a retro reflective surface are able to identify mosquitoes by their wing beat frequency as described above This concept is illustrated in Figure 3 Door Vacuum tube nl Figure 3 Suck and Sort 2 2 Immobilization Two different ways to immobilize mosquitoes a
189. present and the processed audio signals confirm this the relative x and y positions are transferred to the Laser Control System LCS as seen in Figure 7 The LCS has a thermal tensor attached to the Thermal Sensor Reader software module If the thermal sensor does not detect heat from humans or animals the laser is activated and the relative x and y position of the mosquito are transferred to the galvanometers The mosquito will be immobilized and the system may proceed with the next object within the area of effect The reader has been presented with a basic understanding of the different sub systems and how they interact It is now of interest to provide an in depth technical presentation of the entire system including the microphone array auditive detection software laser control system with its corresponding hardware and software computer vision and thermal sensor 6 Hardware Modules 6 1 Microphone Array This section provides the necessary information for further development and production regarding the microphone array module The reader will be presented with the rationale for the design decisions concerning inter microphone spacing type of microphones amplifiers Analog to Digital Converters ADCs clock buffer and circuitry with the corresponding concerns and how they may be remedied for a satisfactory result 6 1 1 Equally Spaced Microphone Array In 3 it was confirmed that a microphone array consisting of equally spaced
190. r capacitors are chosen after specifications of the low dropout regulator LDO the first input capacitor is an electrolytic aluminum type capacitor of 470uF second input capacitor is a ceramic capacitor of 100nF The electrolyte has a large value and reduces the ripple to a reasonable level and a smaller value ceramic capacitor is as well needed in order to filter high frequency noises from the AC voltage 20 The same method applies on the output filter Note that a satisfactory result can only be obtained by practical measurements Because this proposal is achieved by theoretical analysis it is not an ideal solution and needs further testing The preliminary PCB design is illustrated in Figure 16 Figure 16 Power supply PCB design 43 6 2 4 Hardware Components The following sections concerns the actual hardware used in the prototype Microcontroller The microcontroller is an important part of the laser control system The software running on the computer will direct the laser to the desired coordinates of the target obtained by the camera The microcontroller communicates further with the DAC by deploying SPI serial peripheral interface which is a short distance communication protocol for serial full duplex data transmission The microcontroller used in this system is ATmega328 on Arduino Uno Specification regarding the microcontroller board and the ATmega328 are presented in Table 25 21 Connections are illustrated on the el
191. rd playground house etc The mosquitoes will be detected and immobilized when passing through Entrance Immobilize mosquitoes within building entrances and openings such as doors and windows The mosquito will be detected and immobilized when passing through Outposts Immobilize mosquitoes within a larger area by placing traps that attract them into an enclosure where the mosquitoes are detected and immobilized May be positioned at difference locations in a neighborhood forest etc 2 2 Current Concept The current concept is illustrated in Figure 2 This system is based on the entrance concept but with some modifications An activity diagram is added to give a better explanation on how the system will operate MDS Bachelor Assignment Concept Study v2 0 08 05 2015 Legend 1 ae E 1 Camera Immobilization System Microphones Processing Unit Targets Figure 2 Current Concept MDS Concept Study Bachelor Assignment v2 0 08 05 2015 2 2 1 Activity Diagram Figure 3 presents how the concept works Visual Paradigm Professional Edition Buskerud University College Object detected NO NO Object mosquito YES Figure 3 Activity Diagram MDS Concept Study Bachelor Assignment v2 0 I 08 05 2015 3 Conclusion This document presents a concept study and a current concept selection This concept is considered as a possible solution for the problem and seems doa
192. re described in the following sections lethal laser and electric fence MDS Entrance Concept Document Bachelor Assignment v1 0 13 03 2015 2 2 1 Laser A precise and lethal laser covering the entrance at all points can be used as immobilization technique in detection methods 2 1 1 2 1 12 1 2 and 2 1 3 as illustrated in Figure 4 Figure 4 Entrance Laser 2 2 2 Electric Fence An electric fence would be used on detection method 0 by means of forcing the mosquitoes inside a separate chamber where they are pushed onto and executed by an electric fence 3 Conclusion By conducting this research study it seems doable to implement a similar concept as a design for the final system The entrance concepts show that it is possible to fully protect entrances from disease carrying mosquitoes when and if they were to invade this country Compared to existing mosquito nets which only prevents mosquito entrance these entrance concepts have the advantage of both keeping the mosquitoes from entering the house and immobilize them in a safe manner In this regard the entrance concepts are considered as much more effective solutions However the different detection and immobilization techniques have to be further researched and discussed in order to ensure that they will work optimally in a final system Outpost Concept Mosquito Defence Systems v1 0 e 14 03 2015 MDS Outpost Concept Bachelor Assignment v1 01 14 03 2015 Abstract
193. re project with its documentation was delivered and presented respectively Table 1 Major milestones TRAE AI Oe ee 1 presentation and documentation Week 6 2015 2 4 presentation and documentation Week 11 16 2015 Hand in of project Week 20 2015 3 presentation Week 22 2015 2 3 Project Model An incremental approach is chosen as the best project management model for this project This approach is executed sequentially from project conception until the architectural design is complete The reasoning for using such an approach has its roots in the requirements for the system The expected output of this project is a complete system hence the group is responsible for the architecture as well as the modules Although evolutionary and incremental development are similar in many ways there are many different interpretations and implementations of both concepts Figure 1 illustrates how MDS use the incremental approach The main reasoning for choosing this model is early verification during iterations in contrast to the waterfall model Single design Tim implemented in stages e Operational system Fan cone a ae Si Operations Figure 1 Incremental development from a systems engineering perspective 1 2 2 4 Project Life Cycle The life cycle for this project is decomposed into four major phases namely inception elaboration construction and transition The generic unified proces
194. require a lot of power Hence a battery as a voltage source may not be practical in regards to the outpost Temperature humidity wind rain snow hail etc Both the fence and outposts concepts are intended for outdoor use hence the entrance concept is less vulnerable to such weather conditions Humans and animals are potentially exposed to immobilization concepts The outposts will only cause harm to objects within the enclosure and is thus not considered as a potentially harmful The entrance and fence concepts are in the vicinity of humans and thus may provide a greater assurance in regards to reducing the risk of being bitten by a mosquito The Outposts concept may require several units over an area resulting in a greater maintenance effort The Fence is outside in the vicinity of humans animals etc which makes it exposed to external impacts The Outposts effective area may be adapted to the area by the number of units as with the Fence concept The Entrance concept requires a vast number of window door sizes The Fence may be difficult to relocate and calibrate as with the Entrance concept The fence is highly susceptible to noise the Entrance concept may be less exposed and the Outpost can be shielded by the enclosure The Outposts requires a wireless transmission of alarms in case of errors Table 1 Concept Description Immobilize mosquitoes within a confined area by implementing a virtual fence in the outskirts of e g a ya
195. rier analysis of the logarithmic amplitude spectrum of a signal In practice this is treating the spectrum as a signal by looking for periodicity which allows for estimating the fundamental frequency 49 The x axis of the cepstrum has units of quefrency which is a measure of time in the sense of samples not the time domain The unit displayed at the x axis will be in seconds but each entry in the storage vector will represent samples successively The y axis has units of rhamonics which relate to periodicities in the spectrum A peak will indicate periodicity at a given number of samples expressed in quefrency seconds 67 Waveform Amplitude Time s Magnitude dB o 100 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 Frequency Hz 4 x 10 5 ya E gt 6 To O 0 002 0 004 0 006 0 008 0 01 0 012 0 014 0 016 0 018 0 02 Quefrency s Figure 37 Waveform top frequency domain middle and cepstrum bottom of a mosquito recording Figure 37 graphically demonstrates how this works in practice It shows the waveform in the time domain frequency domain and cepstrum for a mosquito recording The waveform is sampled at 44100 samples per second The peaks are found at multiples of 359Hz and represent the frequency components of the mosquito signal In the cepstrum a great peak is found at position 123 in the cepstrum vector which reveals that there is a strong periodic component every 123 sa
196. ring Virtual Organization for CyberDesign Online https icme hpc msstate edu mediawiki index php Image_ Processing with MATLAB 1 3 Mathworks 2015 Jan Mathworks Online http se mathworks com help images ref im2bw html 4 OpenCV 2011 Jan OpenCV documentation Online http docs opencv org doc tutorials imgproc erosion dilatation erosion dilatation html 5 J B Calvert 2000 November Online http mysite du edu jcalvert optics stereops htm 10 Mosquito Research Document Mosquito Defence Systems v1 0 e 13 03 2015 MDS Mosquito Research Document Bachelor Assignment v1 01 13 03 2015 Abstract This document contains general information regarding mosquitoes It is to be used as a tool for further research for the members of the project group The text concerns mosquito species lifecycle and breeding attractants repellents flight behavior and spreading of deadly diseases MDS Mosquito Research Document Bachelor Assignment v1 0 I 13 03 2015 Document Version 0 1 20 02 2015 Hege J Blikra Initial draft 1 0 13 03 2015 Jawad Qureshi Proof Reading 1 0 08 05 2015 Ann Christin Barstad Proofreading edited the introduction MDS Mosquito Research Document Bachelor Assignment v1 01 13 03 2015 Table of Contents AA ila 5 2 MOSQUITOES url rale 5 2 11 Gulicidas Litecyele and Breeding nenne 5 2 2 Sensors and Attractants neeseikiatinben iia 8 23 Bepellenges
197. ristin Barstad Sorting sources 0 6 03 03 2015 Jawad Qureshi Proof reading Formatting 1 0 13 03 2015 Christoffer M N Olsen Editing removed chapter 2 7 5 to 2 7 8 1 0 08 05 2015 Ann Christin Barstad Proofreading MDS Mosquito Detection Concepts and Methods Bachelor Assignment v1 0 I 13 03 2015 Table of Contents i Introduction cacare 5 2 CONCEDA E des 5 2 1 Radar See een ele 5 DAI WAS ads 5 2 1 2 How dos EME ts 5 A O ON 5 2 2 gt Microphones ee lee ia 6 22 Miola abate 6 2 2 2 Microphone Array kl sa seczeconseavaate ssaa 6 23 Camerae ee i A a a e E EA Ea ei SEn 6 Dal Mabellini 6 DI TOW OOS STE WOK a a 7 24 Moton Sensor O a DAL Whatislt see elle 7 2 49 HOW does tt work nei 7 2 9 O 7 Salo Waste T 25 Howe Writer E E T 2 6 Photodetector with Targeting Laset ice it idas 8 Delt WIkio clio ias 8 2 6 2 HowdoesitWwork capillari 8 2 06 37 Black BORK en na lalla lla lele 9 2 6 4 Functional input output ale bel a Oe aces oes 9 2 063 hidden 9 2 7 Electronic Imager with IR LED Illumination and Retro Reflective Surface 9 Zid Wii alare a alia 9 2 1 2 HOW doestwork ee essen 10 2 1 3 Black Box ie aia l1 2 44 gt Functional Input Output nase aa iui 11 3 7 ERBIETERCES E E ee ne E 11 MDS Mosquito Detection Concepts and Methods Bachelor Assignment v1 0 I 13 03 2015 1 Introduction The need for tracking moving targets both under water in air and ground are
198. rocessing the input signals it may be determined whether or not it is a good chance for being a mosquito Figure 2 2 Dimensional microphone array in a room MDS Concepts on Detecting Mosquitoes with Microphone Arrays Bachelor Assignment v1 01 14 03 2015 3 Conclusion With a sufficiently narrow main lobe of the array that suppresses noise from other directions it may be possible to detect mosquitoes even though there is some noise present The number of microphones position and realistic distance from the array to the microphones must be investigated further References 1 Christoffer M N Olsen Localizing Mosquitoes With Microphone Arrays v1 0 12 03 2015 Immobilization of Mosquitoes Mosquito Defence Systems v1 0e 08 05 15 MDS Immobilization of Mosquitoes Bachelor Assignment v1 0 I 08 05 15 Abstract This document contains an overview of different ways to immobilize mosquitoes and how the different immobilization techniques work There is also a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of the different immobilization techniques MDS Immobilization of Mosquitoes Bachelor Assignment v1 0 I 08 05 15 Document Version 0 1 11 02 15 Jawad Qureshi Initial version 0 2 20 02 15 Ann Christin Barstad Document setup 0 3 20 02 15 Jawad Qureshi References update 0 4 20 02 15 Ann Christin Barstad Introduction document setup 1 0 08 05 2015 Ann Christin Barstad Proofreading edited the a
199. roject model was appropriate The group ended up using an incremental approach the unified process framework This framework is focused towards architecture risk and incremental iterative development Considering that the members are an interdisciplinary team and were aware of many concerns and risks early on this approach seemed suitable The architectural focus has been very useful considering that the system is running software on several hardware units where their collaboration is essential for the system to function The project was planned in cohesion to the unified process terminology Transition between major phases are referred to as increments and transitions between sub phases are referred to as iterations An increment should not occur unless a certain criteria is met which is different for each phase E g one should not increment from elaboration to construction without a stable complete architecture This has been the guiding principle during the project planning Each increment concluded with a meeting with the external counselor providing feedback and validation All iterations were planned with an iteration document specifying purpose context tasks deadlines quality control responsibility and category In order to keep track of different tasks Microsoft project was used for general progress and to estimate remaining hours while Asana served as a platform for assigning tasks Asana is a simple web application that allows
200. rrigation ditches Include flooded stream beds Chlorophyta rich habitats polluted ponds Margins of lakes Include coastal marshes mangrove swamps irrigated fields Include fishponds duckweed ponds Include snowmelt pools Common in road construction sites resulting from rainy season downpours Include tree holes internodes leaf axils flower bracts fronds nuts pods pitchers Graminae bamboo Pandanaccac screwpines Palmae palms Agavaceae Dracaena Araceae taro Musaceae banana abaca Bromeliaceac bromeliads pineapples Cytanaccae rafflesias Nepenthaceae climbing pitcher plants Sarraceniaceae terrestial pitcher plants Include shells of snails clams arboreal ant nests crab holes Include tires cans flower vases bottles tanks troughs drums gutters etc Figure 1 Habitats of the mosquito larvae 1 This figure presents information on where mosquitoes breed which is of great importance in order to control the mosquito population thus eventually prevent diseases of spreading Sources of standing water are most common for mosquito breeding which makes it important to eliminate as many of these as possible e g empty flower pots and clogged gutters After the egg larvae and pupa stages the adult mosquito is ready to fly The adult Culicidaes are between 5 8 mm long have a tenuous body and long legs 3 They have two pairs of 6 MDS Mosquito Research Document Bachelor Assig
201. s 5 1 4 Inadvertent Damage Prevention Three criterions must be fulfilled before the system is allowed to emit the laser e The visual detection module must have detected a target about the same size as a mosquito e The audio detection module must obtain an audio signal that matches that of a mosquito e The safety module signals that there are no humans or animals within the target area When these three criterions are met the system will emit the laser without posing a threat to humans or animals 5 2 System Overview In order to present the reader with a basic understanding of how the system interacts internally a block diagram of the complete system is seen in Figure 7 Since a presentation of each of the sub systems is already presented it will suffice with a brief overview of the entire 21 system Embedded Ethemet Controlle Ethemet Parallelto Controller Serial Control board X pos il i Galv eter X Y La ENTE ay Thermal Sensor Microphones Figure 7 System block diagram 22 The uppermost module in Figure 7 consists of a PC that processes the camera and audio feed The camera feed is used to detect moving objects and the relative x and y positions These positions are then used to steer the sensitivity of the microphone array to the relative angle of the object on the camera feed The resulting audio signals are processed and used to determine if a mosquito is present Given that a mosquito is
202. s and whether they are approved or not Traceability back to the requirement being tested is also emphasized 4 1 Abbreviations All tests are issued an ID consisting of a T followed by the requirement identification ID The T marks that it is a test the requirement ID here REQ X is the ID belonging to the requirement being tested with the accompanying number This is presented in Table 15 Table 15 ID abbreviations T Marks a test REQ X Requirement ID T REQ X Complete test ID 16 4 2 High Level Requirements The test specification for the high level requirements are presented in Table 16 to Table 22 Table 16 T REQ 1 Requirement Immobilize destroy mosquitoes in order to description reduce the chance of infection caused by mosquitoes Related to REQ 1 requirement ID Responsible All of the group members Verification Test case if possible Acceptance criteria The system is able to accurately hit the targets within the target area Status Tested Approved Yes Table 17 T REQ 3 Requirement Issue warning when unintentionally inactive Description Related to REQ 3 requirement ID Responsible All of the group members Verification Not to be tested at this phase Acceptance criteria Confirm that warnings are issued Status Untested Approved N A Table 18 T REQ 4 Requirement Area of effect may be adapted to the Description operatio
203. s Thu 19 02 15 i Concept Selection 6days Thu 26 02 15 CSI na Iteration report 1 day Fri 06 03 15 i Construction 46 days Mon 09 03 15 i Iteration 1 12 days Mon 09 03 15 i LA Iteration plan iday Mon 09 03 15 Test Plan amp Cases 7 days Mon 09 03 15 H High level Design 11 days Mon 09 03 15 Presentation 2 3 days Fri 13 03 15 i Preperations 3 days Fri 13 03 15 Presentation 2 0 days Wed 18 03 15 Iteration 42 33 days Thu 26 03 15 Iteration plan 1 day Thu 26 03 15 i Unit Design 21 days Fri 27 03 15 na Testing S days Fri 01 05 15 i Iteration report O days Sat 09 05 15 H 10 05 Transition 15 days Sun 10 05 15 i Iteration 1 15 days Sun 10 05 15 i m Final report 7days Sun 10 05 15 Iteration report 2days Wed 20 05 15 Final delivery 0 days Tue 19 05 15 Presentation 3 0 days Thu 28 05 15 Figure 4 Gantt chart 2 6 Stakeholders The stakeholders the individuals or groups with interests in the project or the final outcome of it are presented in Table 2 Table 2 Key stakeholders Mosquito Defence Systems MDS Developers represented by group manager Eirik Haavaldsen and group members Ann Christin Barstad Christoffer Olsen Max Moeschinger Jawad Qureshi and Hege Jeanette Blikra Design analyze and develop a mosquito immobilizer unit Integrated Defence Systems IDS Employer represented by external supervisor Andr Ruud and external sensor Ha
204. s directly inspires this and each phase will contain tasks and methods tailored for this project Figure 2 illustrates the unified process project overview Business Modeling Disciplines Requirements Analysis amp Design ee Implementation Test Deployment Configuration amp Change Mgmt Project Management Environment Figure 2 Unified process project phases 2 2 4 1 Inception Inception is the starting point where project planning begins and has focus towards e Project environment establishment Project charter vision O O O Background Goals Milestones overview e Project planning O 0000 O Project model Scope constraints and assumptions Preliminary scheduling Work activities Risks Documentation e Requirements O High level requirements e Test o High level test specification o Acceptance criteria 2 4 2 Elaboration The major parts of the elaboration phase consist of e Project planning o Update schedule o Risk assessment and acceptance e Research o Concepts o Mosquito entomology e Capture majority of system requirements o Detailed requirements o Validate e Test o Evolve test specification e Architecture system design o Identify and validate o Interfaces e Plan for construction phase o Plan iterations o Plan communication iteration plans and reports 2 4 3 Construction The construction phase moves the implementation and integration for
205. s little cable length as possible The schematic is only presented since an appropriate PCB design is rather time consuming and is deemed appropriate for potential work later on The schematic design is based on 31 recommended components and connections from the data sheets of THAT1583 PCM1804 Q1 and CDCLVC1310 Note that only one THAT 1583 amplifier is present on the schematic in the Appendix in order to make the schematic easier to read Before manufacturing it must be two amplifiers present though this is only a manner of copying the amplifier with its corresponding components and connect the outputs to the right inputs on the ADC There are some aspects of the schematic in the Appendix that requires some further explanation which will be presented next Mic array PCB 1 of 6 THAT1583 PCM 1804 QI THAT1583 PCB 6 of 6 THAT1583 PCM1804 QI THAT1583 Figure 11 PCB setup illustration a a O O O O O O O O 3 THAT1583 Amplifier Feedback resistors The feedback resistors in the Appendix R5 and R6 should be equal though a tight tolerance is not necessary Hence 5 tolerance may be sufficient The value of the feedback resistors should be as low as possible in order to reduce low gain noise It is recommended that they are no lower than 2kQ 5 hence 2k21Q as used in the datasheet for noise measurements seems reasonable Gain resistor The gain resistor R4 may be chosen anywhere between 10Q and 1
206. same purpose On the right the actual coupling is shown with wires and signal names SV T WD PE GND Battery LD Driver LO Module LD Driver LD Module Figure 23 Laser coupling 28 After extensive research it was clear that to kill one mosquito per second a 50 100mJ laser would be needed with an effect of 100mW 29 To kill five mosquitoes per second a 500mW laser is needed It is not guaranteed that all of the 500mW will hit the mosquito fully some of the beam might hit the wall This is because the calibration has to be extremely accurate to hit only the mosquito and MDS have neither the time nor the knowledge to accomplish this Therefore some of the 500mW might be lost and a 500mW laser could possibly kill less than 5 mosquitoes per second A laser that has an effect of 500mW is a class 3B laser It is necessary to apply for authorization from the State Radiation Protection to use a laser with 55 that amount of effect 30 A 500mW laser is strong enough to set fire to solids Therefore a fireproof board of some sort is needed where the laser beam hits the wall The board has to be non reflective The beam diameter should be up to 5 mm more than that is not necessary The color of the beam is irrelevant as long as it is visible That means that the laser beam wavelength has to be between 400nm to 700nm The wavelength should be a continuous wave due to the fact that a large concentration of heat is needed to burn the
207. sed to drill holes in diamonds it is possible to direct the beam so that the hole is shaped as desired In the electronic industry lasers are used for welding they are used for micro drilling and to burn away excess fabric and thereby obtain the correct size of electrical resistors and capacitors A laser is also used to process the surface of metals to achieve desired properties for example sharp edges with great durability Lasers are also used for medical purposes It is used to treat skin tumors during operations on the liver and eye surgeries The greatest medical application has been laser with endoscope which has made it possible to treat internal bleedings and tumors in the gastrointestinal tract bladder and respiratory tract without a usual operation Those kinds of operations are pain free and do not lead to internal bleedings It has also been discussed if lasers should be used in the military to destroy missile weapons at an early stage after launch In short it is the major energy concentration within a well defined region that is utilized 1 2 2 Operating Principle The laser contains a lasing medium which is pumped to get the atoms into an excited state The medium contains a collection of atoms with electrons in excited levels When the electrons return to their original level they release energy This emitted energy comes in the form of photons light energy with a specific wavelength The laser light is therefore very
208. snse Bring 8 24 A A io aae 8 Li ALASSIO RICE 10 3 CONCISO areale nasale bela ono eroe ias 10 4 References ra dia oia 10 MDS Mosquito Research Document Bachelor Assignment v1 0 I 13 03 2015 1 Introduction Mosquitoes are insects that have surrounded humans and animals for millions of years They are known for their annoying buzzing sound and their itchy bites In the northern part of the world they are annoying but they do not carry any diseases Unfortunately this is just a fraction of what they are really capable off In the southern parts of the world mosquitoes are also carriers vectors of several deadly diseases prevalent in tropical regions 2 Mosquitoes 2 1 Culicidae Lifecycle and Breeding Mosquitoes are groups of arthropods with a significant role in ecological food chain at the same time they are prominent bloodsuckers and a bi cause of many deaths a year 1 The Culicidae familiy of mosquitoes are biting mosquitoes and these can transmit diseases by transmitting parasites Culicidae contains 3500 species of mosquitoes divided in 41 genera around the world They go through four stages in life egg larvae pupa and adult The three first stages are mostly aquatic while the adult stage takes place on shore The aquatic habitats can vary significantly and are presented in Figure 1 MDS Bachelor Assignment Habitats Examples of mosquitoes Mosquito Research Document v1 01 13 03 2015 Remarks 1 Flowing
209. spread through the poorer parts of the world However existing measures have only held the epidemic in check To have a real chance of conquering this disease we need truly new approaches One way to break the malaria transmission cycle is to prevent the primary vector the female Anopheles mosquito from reaching the age where it can infect a healthy host As part of IV s Global Good program our team at IV Lab is developing a device capable of identifying the discriminating characteristics of a mosquito wing beat frequency shape size airspeed etc training a laser on it and delivering adequate photonic energy to kill or incapacitate it This approach could offer a new tool for mosquito control that works without constant human attention and with no collateral damage to the local ecology It would be used to complement bed nets insecticides and other existing vector control techniques One potential use of the Photonic Fence is to create a virtual fence that detects insects as they cross its plane When an invading insect is detected our software is able to estimate the insect s size and measure its wing beat frequency Using this method not only can the system distinguish between mosquitoes butterflies and bumblebees but it can even determine whether a mosquito is male or female This is important to know because only female mosquitos bite humans Once the software establishes that the insect is a valid target it tracks the mosquit
210. ssignment v1 01 15 03 2015 Figure 7 Dual Axis Servo Set Up Figure 8 Servo Laser Mount 11 2 2 4 Interfaces X and y coordinates are obtained by the camera and processed through a PC or microcontroller This position signal is then converted to a readable signal for the servos i e a pulse modulated signal that matches the rotation angle required See Fig 9 for illustration Power Supply PC Microcontroller Servo Laser System Figure 9 Servo Laser Unit Interfaces 11 MDS Immobilization Systems Bachelor Assignment v1 0 I 15 03 2015 3 Conclusion In regards of immobilizing mosquitoes by receiving position data from a detection unit a galvanometer laser system would work Galvanometers are fast and precise and with the right calibration it would be able to hit a moving target in a short time frame without trouble However this requires further investigation and thoroughly considerations when choosing components A servo laser system would also work as an immobilization system but it is not as fast or precise as a galvanometer laser system For the system as a whole a galvanometer laser system is the best option of these two systems based on the preliminary research 4 References 1 GVSO11 and GVS012 Large Diameter Scanning Galvo Systems User Guide ThorLabs 7 July 2011 Web 5 Mar 2015 http sites fas harvard edu phys191r Bench_Notes D4 Thorlabs_gvs012 pdf 2 Mitchell Phillip V Fast Steering Mirror
211. ssion illustrated in Figure 39 SPI Master SPI Slave SDO Serial Data Out This pin also called Out as MOSI Master Out Serial In in AVR Type Microcontroller SDI Serial Data In Ths pin also caled as In MISO Master In Serial Out in AVR Type Microcontroller SCK__ Serial Clock SPI Master Out SS Serial Select could be any I O Port Out Figure 39 SPI 51 SPI consists of at least two devices one master device and at least one slave device There may be several slave devices in such as system The communication pins are usually referred to as 51 SCK serial clock MOSI master output slave input MISO master input slave output SS slave select The master is setting the slave select to low when it wants to talk to a device and sends a clock signal to the slave The slave and master then swap their buffers The buffer size varies but is usually 8 bit 12 bit or 16 bit 72 PC PC is also a communication protocol which uses only two signals e SCL clock signal e SDA data signal The setup consists of at least one master and one slave The masters communicate with a specified slave device by addressing them with a specific address The current protocol with 10 bit addresses allows for communication with up to 1008 slave devices 52 7 2 3 Serial Controller The serial controller is used to communicate with the ATmega328 from the computer via an USB cable The ser
212. sting of 13 microphones 25 Figure 9 Polar patterns for a microphone array consisting of 11 microphones 26 Figure 10 Block diagram of the microphone array with the appropriate components 31 Figure 11 PCB setup Illustration anne I en 32 Figure 12 Position of the object relative to the microphone array 36 Figure 13 Laser Control System LCS block diagram 17 i 37 Figure 14 PCB layer Systems ar Heben 42 Figure 15 Preliminary PCB design eiii aaa an 42 Figure 16 Powersupply PCB desi os gliele oi 43 Figure 17 Physical galvanonieter setup 22 2 rn 46 Figure 18 Level shifter using opsamp a itn at peek ee 50 Freure 9 Voltasetollowet iia 51 Figure 20 inverting op amp al ne baie 51 Figure 21 Amphlierarelit a its 32 Figure 22 Output Volta ges ui A a K Eaa Eiai 52 Figure 23 Laser coupling Pilsen a 55 Figure 24 Xicon resistor 1301 miii ica dida A ni a Kan 59 Figure 25 Thermal sensor configuration diagram 41 nono nonnnos 60 Fig re 20 GHR04V S AO rar Sh ORs EAS ROSS 61 Fis re 272 8 MOAB GHS TB AOI ee 61 Fisure 28 SS HL 0021 PO 2 Olot 61 Eigure 29 44 AU ninia Rn UR 62 Figure 350 SLs Al esse iaa 62 Figure 31 Figure 32 Figure 33 Figure 34 Figure 35 Figure 36 Figure 37 recording Figure 38 Figure 39 Figure 40 Figure 41 Figure 42 Figure 43 Figure 44 Figure 45 Figure 46 Figure 47 Figure 48 Figur
213. sufficient solutions for this purpose However commercially available supplement systems exist To decrease the number of mosquitoes in residential areas systems such as the Mosquito Killing System MKS are available With inspiration from this system MDS is able to develop a similar concept that is safe In addition the outpost system will reduce the mosquito population by singular detection and destruction 2 Outpost 2 1 Existing Concept Systems referred to as Mosquito Killing Systems MKS are commercially available products with the purpose of reducing mosquito populations in residential areas MKS use heat and carbon dioxide CO2 as attractants to mimic the presence of human beings and animals including a vacuum effect to trap mosquitoes inside a small area and then proceed to destruction 1 Working principle is illustrated in Figure 1 1 Photocell Activates unit at dusk and powers off at dawn 2 Heat Source Mimics the body temperatures of humans livestock poultry and domestic pets 3 NEW Automated CO2 Release Mimics the breathing of warm blooded animals 4 Fan Provides vacuum source to force the mosquito through the unit 5 Mosquito point of entry 6 Electronic Grid Provides electrical charge to safely eliminate the mosquito 7 Safety Guard Figure 1 Mosquito Killing System Working Principle There are several versions of this product available on the market and all work by the same princ
214. t is possible to replace components easily as the concept evolves It is a simple design which does not set high demands to the user s technical background 7 3 2 System Architecture Architectural Design The components are mostly communicating with slots and signals which emphasizes a modular architecture The main interfaces from the software are to the laser controller and to the SLR Camera Image Processing Controller The image processing controller uses a library called OpenCV 56 This is the place where 74 everything in relation to the image processing is performed such as detecting mosquitoes or other targets Figure 40 illustrates an activity diagram describing the use of the image processing controller Visual Paradigm Professional Edition Buskerud University College is something detected 20ms elapsed are we detecting Figure 40 Activity Diagram OpenCV Controller class The figure above explains how the process of the OpenCV Controller class is working Every 20 millisecond a signal is triggered which runs the process frame slot The first step is to grab a picture from the DSLR Camera A tracking algorithm may be chosen in the graphical user interface displaying results or effects on a monitor The user may choose whether to display original frames or processed frames If a detection algorithm function is selected it will return detected points through an emitted signal The last signal being triggered in a
215. t such as a computer or Field Programmable Gate Array FPGA The spacing between the microphones is determined by A d lt 1 where 4 is the wave length of the maximum frequency of interest and d is the spacing The upper frequency of interest to preserve while avoiding aliasing is fmax 1800 Hz The wavelength may then be computed by C A fmax 2 where c is the speed of sound 343 m s at 20 degrees Celsius This results in an inter microphone spacing of 0 095 m The microphone array may be positioned in e g a windowsill in a house or office building hence it should be kept short in length while maintaining a rather narrow main lobe This is rather difficult since the width of the main lobe is proportional to the inverse of the length of the array Hence a compromise is necessary Simulations in MatLab by linArrayDirectivity m and ArrayPerformance m script proved that the spacing between the microphones did not result in major side lobes due to aliasing until the microphone spacing was set to 0 18 m with a maximum frequency of 1800 Hz This is readily seen in Figure 8 though care must be taken since these are simulations In order to ensure that the aliasing terms are indeed avoided the spacing should ideally be 0 095 m though this results in a very wide main lobe for frequencies in the range of 300 to 500 Hz This may be dealt with by increasing the number of microphones though this will result in a microphone array tha
216. t is rather long Hence a compromise is struck with an inter microphone spacing of 0 14 m 24 d 0 095 m d 0 16 m Lunas Bene Range 14 0000 Figure 8 Polar pattern for a microphone array consisting of 13 microphones and three different inter microphone spacings The frequency of the incoming sound wave is set to 1800 Hz The number of microphones in 3 was seen to result in good results with nine microphones with a minimum frequency of 400 Hz Since a mosquitos wing beat might reach as low as 300 Hz though closer to 400 Hz is more common it should be taken into consideration An inter microphone spacing of 0 14 m with nine microphones results in a length of 1 12 m which is rather long and with eleven microphones a length of 1 4 mis necessary Though 1 4 meter might be excessive in some windowsills it is appropriate for a narrow main lobe at low frequencies The resulting polar patterns at different frequencies can be seen in Figure 9 and corresponding data of interest in Table 23 25 Table 23 Data for microphone array with eleven microphones equally spaced apart by 0 14m 300 39 0 42 5 13 5 350 33 0 36 4 13 0 400 28 0 32 0 13 0 450 25 5 28 0 13 0 500 22 0 25 5 13 0 800 14 0 16 0 13 0 1200 9 0 10 6 13 0 1500 7 0 8 5 13 0 1800 6 0 7 0 13 0 f 300 Hz f 800 Hz f 1200 Hz f 1800 Hz Figure 9 Polar patterns for a microphone array consisting of 11 microphones equally space
217. t that an electric current flowing through a wire sets up a magnetic field around the wire In the galvanometer the wire is wound into a coil When current flows through the coil one end of the coil becomes a north magnetic pole the other a south magnetic pole When a permanent magnet is placed near the coil the two fields the one from the coil and the one from the magnet interact The like poles will repulse each other and the unlike poles will attract The amount of attraction and repulsion increases as the strength of the current increases In the moving magnet galvanometer the permanent magnet is a needle much like a compass needle mounted on a pivot and surrounded by the coil see Fig 1 In the moving coil galvanometer the most common type the coil is mounted on pivots or suspended by thin metal strips The coil lies between the poles of a permanent magnet in such a way that it rotates when current flows through it The direction of the rotation depends on the direction of the current through the coil and the amount of rotation depends on the strength of the current A galvanometer is often used to indicate when the current in a circuit has been reduced to MDS Immobilization Systems Bachelor Assignment v1 01 15 03 2015 zero as in the operation of the Wheatstone bridge a device for measuring electrical resistances precisely 3 Figure 1 Galvanometer as Ammeter Indicator 10 2 1 2 Mirrors To obtain x and y coordina
218. t the group has achieved during this project and I have enjoyed the experience 11 6 4 Hege Jeanette Blikra Working on this bachelor thesis has been an educational journey By getting the chance to develop an innovative system from scratch working in a group for a long period of time as well as cooperating with engineers at Kongsberg Group and personnel at HBV I feel very fortunate and more prepared to enter a work environment I have gained technical knowledge through such as designing schematics by using new tools and contribute in building a 98 prototype which made us use theory acquired in courses in practical manners Overall I am pleased on how we as a group worked together and solved problems and the results that came out of it 11 6 5 Jawad Qureshi During this project I have learned enormously about working together as a group During this whole process I have used a good amount of knowledge I have acquired through my time at this school at the same time I have learned about technology such as computer vision and tools as MATLAB I have also been responsible for communications such as the web site which I built from ground up using PHP and MySQL I also developed a blog and a backend system to manage the website content directly from the website I am very satisfied with the end product and have learned valuable lessons concerning teamwork and have gained a lot of technical knowledge 11 6 6 Max Moeschinger During the co
219. ter these modifications the system worked as anticipated and the tests were approved 9 2 Report on T REQ 6 Shall not harm humans or animals Attendees The following group members were present Ann Christin Barstad Hege Jeanette Blikra Jawad Qureshi and Max Moeschinger Safety Precautions The following safety precautions had to be taken to consideration safety goggles no humans or animal in testing area while the test is performed except when it is planned and no reflective surfaces windows mirrors etc in the test area Equipment The following equipment was tested the whole system consisting of the hardware components including the human animal tracking device and the finished software The test object was a green laser 90 Test Results The following equipment was tested first the software was tested A green test laser was used to check that the red laser turned off when the green laser was turned off This proved to work at the first try Further on the thermal sensor was tested with the previous tested software For this part of the test the green test laser was also needed A test person walked into the designated area with the lasers aiming at the feet for safety reasons When the thermal sensor sensed the body heat the red laser turned off The test was therefore approved It turns out though that the hardware components in the system are not operating at the speed that is needed for the test to be approved i
220. ter clock input to ensure a Satisfactory clock signal Texas Instruments PCM1804 Q1 Texas Instruments has several low cost 24 bit Sigma Delta ADC ICs with good SNR THD N and several options regarding sampling and over sampling frequencies for improved SNR The PCM1804 Q1 is a Sigma Delta ADC intended for digital recorders digital mixers and audio visual amplifiers for mid to high grade professional applications 9 making it a good fit PCM1804 Q1 has differential inputs making it resilient to noise built in linear phase anti aliasing digital filter as well as a high pass filter to prevent DC offset Thus there is no need for an external low pass filter prior to the ADC reducing the number of external components It has both PCM and Direct Stream Digital DSD output though DSD is not of interest It may be used in master or slave mode which is practical since all of the ADCs must be synchronized by the same low jitter clock The SNR is stated at 111 dB dynamic range at 112 dB and THD N at 102 dB The PCM1804 Q1 has a low cost of 30 to 60 NOK with great performance making it suitable for the application of a microphone array 6 1 5 Clock Fanout Buffer The ADCs must be provided with a low jitter master clock in order to ensure that the analog audio signal is sampled at the correct time ensuring a satisfactory SNR Since S is a two channel serial audio interface each ADC may convert the signal from two microphones With 29
221. tes of the flying targets the system needs two mirrors The mirrors are usually mounted at the end of the actuator and deflect the light beam over the angular range of the motor shaft 1 When choosing mirrors it is important to look at the performance parameters of the rest of the system such as the laser s wavelength power beam diameter and spot size 5 A balance between low inertia and high stiffness is also significant for selecting the right mirrors for the specific application 2 1 3 Laser There are several factors that are important when choosing the laser module as mentioned above For a lethal laser power has to be carefully considered and for illustration purposes wavelength is significant The size of the module is also important for mounting and on off button or switch circuit is also relevant More information about lasers is presented in Laser Technology Document 9 2 1 4 Set up A normal set up would be as illustrated in Fig 1 Mirror 1 is used to set the beam to the desired point on the surface of the second mirror which is placed at a small distance 2 The 6 MDS Immobilization Systems Bachelor Assignment v1 0 I 15 03 2015 second mirror is used to direct the beam in the required direction A x y 2Z Angle Adjustment 0 0 Z axis Beam Height and Position Adjustment x y z Figure 2 Two Mirror Laser Set Up 2 Galvanometers are coupled to the two mirrors one galvo for each mirror and
222. th resistors are equal while the input voltage varies from 0 5V which is the DAC output The minimum voltage will be 5V and the maximum output voltage will be 5V with this alignment Two op amps are configured as level shifters one for each direction Continuing another two op amps for each direction is added in stage two This configuration allows the signal to be split into four separate signal outputs to be coupled directly to the control signal inputs of both galvanometer drivers In stage two one op amp is coupled as a voltage follower while the other is coupled as an inverter for both x and y direction see Figure 19 and Figure 20 respectively with associated equations 50 Vout Vin Figure 19 Voltage follower Vin Vour 14 R1 R2 Vin EFE 7 U3 Vout Figure 20 Inverting op amp R Vour gt Vin 15 This results in a total of six op amp circuits for amplifier stage one and two two level shifter op amp circuit for stage one and two inverting op amps and two voltage followers for stage two The design for the whole control circuit showing the amplifier stages are presented in Figure 21 The circuit is simulated using LT Spice and following output voltages are shown in Figure 22 Notice that ideal op amps are used in this simulation and that signals may differ in practice 51 R1 Vref_A 10000 poo ETA 15 15 R7 Vref_B 10000 5 _
223. the image should be white to facilitate high contrast between the tracking object and background The image becomes converted to gray scale and thresholding is performed on each pixel If the pixel is greater than the threshold the pixel fe value will be set to 1 or else the value is set to 0 Then a contour finding function is applied to the binary image and returns a vector of vector points This vector is then transformed into a list of rectangles which is returned from the function Serial Controller QT has many components that are integrated where serial communication is one of them The serial controller runs in its own thread using QTs serial library The component checks if there are changes on the serial setup if new a COM port is available and performs two way serial transmission serial controller running Yes 7 No Yes Connect to serial Yes new Com setup detected is com port running Yes Yes No is portlopen change dgm port Yes is there message in queue Figure 41 Activity diagram for serial controller class Figure 41 illustrates how the serial thread works The diagram emphasizes especially on the transition between different states As seen in the bottom right end of the diagram there is a loop This is where the serial port opens so that messages on the queue are sent Received messages are obtained using signals which is handled with a slot and is therefore not included in this dia
224. the user to assign tasks set deadlines update progress and give a project overview This is a simple tool but for communication purposes the simplicity of Asana was much appreciated 11 2 Group Dynamics The major decisions concerning both the design and the process were made as a group The decision making process was rather democratic meaning that decisions the group disagreed upon were decided by vote However since there were six group members the group leaders vote would count as two if the vote resulted in a draw Luckily there were few disagreements about the fundamental design decisions The group recalls two such occasions when major design decisions were settled by vote due to disagreements Although discussions were sometimes heated and intense the issues were always resolved Both sides were able to present their views and their justification and later on the decisions were made by vote Furthermore everyone always accepted the decisions regardless of their opinion 96 11 3 Counselors 11 3 1 Internal Counselor The internal counselor for the group was Sigmund Gudvangen He is an audio and electrical engineer and lecturer and his expertise in microphones and audio was much needed He has done a good job mentoring the group on microphones and electrical schematics There has been weekly meetings with Sigmund where he has been updated on the projects process and discussions about technical issues the group has faced 11
225. thin a few meters of the beam 10 Direct exposure to very high power radiation above 800nm may produce irreparable damage like ulceration depigmentation blisters skin burn scarring etc If the power of the laser is very high underlying connecting tissues and organs like sweat glands blood vessels nerve cells and hair follicles could also be damaged 11 MDS Laser Bachelor Assignment v1 01 08 05 2015 2 5 Visibility RADIO MICROWAVE INFRARED VISIBLE ULTRAVIOLET X RAY GAMMA RAYS p gt 3 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 fo 107 10 108 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 102 10 10 ffo 10 10 107 102 102 10 Visible Light HN gt 700 600 500 400 Wavelength nanometres Figure 1 Visibility Chart 2 6 What type of laser is needed for MDS After a lot of research it was clear that to kill one mosquito per second a 50 100mJ laser would be needed with an effect of 100mW 12 To kill five mosquitoes per second a 500mW laser is needed It is not guaranteed that all of the 5 00mW will hit the mosquito fully some of the beam might hit the wall This is because the calibration has to be extremely accurate to hit only the mosquito and MDS have neither the time nor the knowledge to accomplish this Therefore some of the 500mW might be lost and a 500mW laser could possibly kill less than 5 mosquitoes per second A laser that has an effect of 500mW is a class 3B laser It is necessary to apply for author
226. thod may be used to steer the microphone array towards individual mosquitoes or sound sources considering that it may be several different insects present such that the sound signal can be processed and determined to be e g a certain species and sex This is possible by having a constant input signal from each microphone and then process the signals in real time By doing so the microphone array can be steered towards several positions at once For further information the reader is referred to 1 2 Microphone Array 2 1 Detecting Mosquitoes in Window and Door Openings 2 Dimensional microphone arrays may be implanted in a windowsill as seen in Fig 1 If the microphone array s main lobe is sufficiently narrow and thus suppresses noise from other directions it may be possible to have a 2 dimensional array in one of the four surfaces of the windowsill By doing so the direction in both x and y direction can be obtained and an immobilizing system can be directed at this exact point A similar system might be possible to implement in a doorway in the same mannet MDS Concepts on Detecting Mosquitoes with Microphone Arrays Bachelor Assignment v1 01 14 03 2015 Windowsill Microphones Figure 1 2 Dimensional microphone array in a windowsill 2 2 Detecting Mosquitoes in a Room A 2 Dimensional array can be implanted in a room as seen in Fig 2 The principle is the same as for the windowsill The array will sweep the room and by p
227. totype Second Half Intellectual Ventures Online Available http www intellectualventures com assets_inventions 142 mobile photonic fence full cart __large jpg Accessed 19 February 2015 6 Intellectual Ventures Image gallery Intellectual Ventures Online Available http www intellectualventures com inventions patents our inventions photonic fence Accessed 19 February 2015 7 Photonics media YouTube 29 October 2014 Online Available https www youtube com watch v 0sELkJVqyDs Accessed 20 02 2015 8 K Clouse quora 14 November 2014 Online Available http www quora com Where is Nathan Myhrvolds anti mosquito laser now 2014 Accessed 19 February 2015 14
228. tween the microphones 10 MDS Detecting Mosquitoes with Microphone Arrays Bachelor Assignment v2 0 I 14 04 2015 2 4 3 Resolution The angular resolution that is the microphone arrays ability to distinguish between e g two closely spaced mosquitoes at a distance from the array is inversely proportional to the diameter of the array measured in units of wavelength 5 This means that in order to distinguish between two closely spaced mosquitoes in regards to localizing the position the length of the array must be much larger than the wavelength from the wing beat of the mosquito for a fine resolution The fundamental frequency of 400 Hz for a female mosquito 1 equals a wavelength of c f 343 m s 400 si 0 8575 m 1 m where c is the speed of sound and f the frequency in Hz Hence the diameter of the array must be considerably larger than 1 meter for a fine resolution The beamformer resolution may be expressed by a z cos30 D R 0 A 2 Where a 1 for a linear array z is the distance from the array to the sources D is the length of the array 0 is the angle to the closest sound source relative to on axis and the wavelength See Fig 5 If the array is D 0 5 m long the sound sources are z 0 5 m away from the array the wavelength is A 343 m s 400 Hz 0 8575 m and 0 0 523598 Rad s 30 in accordance to Fig 5 1 results in 0 8849 m This means that the two sound sources must be separated by 0 8849 m in or
229. urse of this project I have learned many things I have learned how to work in a group how it is to have a project over a period of time and many technical aspects as well such as how to create schematics and PCBs how to work with image processing libraries how to program in a modular way how to design software with UML and surprisingly a lot of electronic as I contributed quite a bit in the electrical design But I think the most important thing I have learned is how to work in a group and that you don t know anything until you have actually done it All in all I am very happy with the result of this project and with the group even though we had our differences but it is part of the game 11 7 Conclusion This project has been very educational and given the group a thorough introduction to engineering work The group is very satisfied with the outcome of the project it could be argued in favor for the MDS being an innovative and new way to immobilize mosquitoes and possibly other insects if that is desired The group has developed a lot in terms of professional skills and knowledge of general project work and cooperation The project has taken the group far beyond the curriculum and subject areas which have proved to be challenging exciting and educational 12 References 1 R Stevens P Brook K Jackson and S Arnold Systems engineering coping with complexity Edinburgh Pearson Education Limited 1998 2 Wikipedia 29 01 20
230. ut The efficiency of these lasers is relatively high as a result of the high quantum efficiency and the high efficiency of the pumping processes With time the corrosive gases used in excimer lasers chemically react with the laser tube and its components This process can significantly limit the lifetime of a gas fill and can affect laser beam quality and pulse energy stability Further corrosion also limits overall tube lifetime and increases the frequency of routine optics component cleaning and 8 MDS Laser Bachelor Assignment v1 01 08 05 2015 replacement The development of ceramic technology has helped to extend the life of excimer lasers Specifically all insulators and high voltage feed through in the laser chamber are made from corrosion resistant high density ceramics Excimer lasers are typically used in machining materials which are hard to machine with other types of lasers or where very high precision is required These lasers are also useful for cutting biological tissue where a clean cut is required without thermal damage to the surrounding tissue 6 2 4 Risk When a laser beam is absorbed in a substance a huge energy concentration arises with a strong local heating The total energy transmission could be small enough to not cause any harm but any solids can be made to evaporate or burn when hit by a laser beam Due to the large energy density from the beam it can be harmful to be exposed to direct light from a laser Even
231. vealing features such as fundamental frequency over harmonics and power The signals captured by this system are obtained by recording sound with a microphone array The different methods for signal processing have been tested and developed in MATLAB 48 The signal is recorded in segments where each individual segment is processed independently At a sample rate of 44100 samples per second the signals are recorded in segments with 4096 samples This is roughly 100 milliseconds of data for each processing cycle For the purpose of detecting mosquitoes finding the first four harmonics is sufficient The harmonics are always multiples of the fundamental frequency but may vary in amplitude The programs execution cycle as shown in Figure 35 has four major tasks The first task is to capture an audio frame The second task is filtering the signal to remove unnecessary data to reduce the amount of data to process The third task determines properties of the signal that may be compared with a predefined signature in this case that of a mosquito The last conditional task will alert any subscribers if there is a signature match and repeat the process If there is not a signature match the module will start again from the beginning 65 Y J Pamdgm Potesseon Edton Susteud Unve Signature Match W Signature Mismatch Figure 35 Activity diagram covering function execution cycle 7 1 2 Frequency Domain Analysis To obtain the fundame
232. ven smaller the same width as the pad is applied It is assumed that the track thickness is loz as this is a common value This can be changed to a greater value if it is desired to have a smaller track width The board is setup of laying out the different groups with components together and making the connections in groups The USB plug and the USB controller were laid out first continuing with the ATmega328 microcontroller and the components that are coming with it The DAC and op amps were laid out last Figure 15 illustrates the preliminary developed PCB design This design is not yet manufactured as time did not allow it Figure 15 Preliminary PCB design 42 Power Supply A proposed power supply design is made in EAGLE consisting of transformer rectifier filter and regulator This design is found in Appendix III As the system requires a source of constant dc a power supply converting 230V 50 Hz ac voltage from wall outlet is needed The transformer changes ac voltage based on the turns ratio which in this case is stepped down The full wave rectifier converts the ac input voltage to a pulsating dc voltage whereas the following filter eliminates fluctuations and produces a relatively smooth dc voltage The regulator is added to maintain a constant dc voltage for variations in the input voltage or load 19 Components for all measures are chosen after desired output voltages and currents 15V 833mA 15V 833mA The filte
233. vision An audio signal with specific properties must originate in close proximity to the object And finally no thermal signatures are detected by the thermal sensor Many milestones were reached and completed during this project and the final prototype is better than what the group anticipated The detection and tracking algorithm operates in real time with little delay and great accuracy Humans and animals are protected by the thermal sensor which is proven to be very reliable Detecting the wing beat frequency of a mosquito was proven possible using algorithms made in MATLAB Several proof of principals were achieved and the result is beyond satisfactory 95 11 1 Working Process In the beginning the group wanted to use the V model as a guideline for the project process The reasoning for this was that time limitations would not allow for do overs or major changes in regards to hardware It was quite certain that the system would consist of several hardware components and therefore not as susceptible to change as software The bottom line is that it was deemed appropriate with a process that would favor stability and quality over rapid and changeable development Although the V model favor such things it is rather sequential if not practiced properly Remove the Verification amp Validation mantra bend the V to a straight line and what is left is the waterfall model However the group decided early on that changing the p
234. vity and high optical quality Glasses and crystalline materials have shown to have these characteristics when doped with rare earth ions Pumping of the gain media is usually performed with optical pumping electrical pumping or chemical pumping As far as solid state lasers are concerned it is mainly the optical pumping which is being used Optical pumping uses either continuous wave or pulsed light emitted by a powerful lamp or a laser beam Optical pumping can be realized by light from powerful incoherent sources The incoherent light is absorbed by the active medium so that the atoms are pumped to the upper laser level This method is especially suited for solid state or liquid lasers whose absorption bands are wide enough to absorb sufficient energy from the wide band incident incoherent light sources 5 2 3 2 Semiconductor Laser Semiconductor lasers are referred to as diode lasers or laser diodes The main challenge was to operate these lasers at room temperatures continuously with low threshold current densities Continuous developments have resulted in laser diodes with shorter and shorter wavelengths increasing output power and an improved beam quality 5 The semiconductor lasers works like this electrons are injected into the diode they combine with holes and some of their excess energy is converted into photons which interact with more incoming electrons helping to produce more photons and so on in a kind of self perpetuating pr
235. ward Feedback is provided at the end of iterations allowing for further elaboration as the project goes along The major activities of this phase include e Project plan o Update schedule o Evolve Iteration plans o Transition phase planning e Model o HW modeling o SW modeling e Build o Prototyping if feasible e Test o Add and improve test plans o Execute tests e Documentation o Iteration report 2 4 4 Transition Transition is the final phase where the system goes through its final validation and testing The major activities of this phase include e Project plan o Update schedule o Evolve transition iteration plan e System testing o High level testing o Validation e System rework o Correct defects e Stakeholders acceptance e Documentation o Final report o Transition report 2 5 Project Schedule Figure 3 roughly illustrates the ideal timespan for each phase and Figure 4 shows a Gantt chart for the entire project 05 01 2015 04 02 2015 08 03 2015 28 04 2015 Inception Construction 04 02 2015 08 03 2015 28 04 2015 16 05 2015 Elaboration Transition 01 Feb 2015 01 March 2015 01 April 2015 01 May 2015 June 2015 01 January 2015 01 July 2015 01 02 2015 04 02 2015 17 03 2015 pri mati Presentation 1 Presentation 2 17 05 2015 24 05 2015 03 06 2015 veo Project Delivery Presentation3 Figure 3 Timeline Lan 15 IFen 15 Mar 15 lapr 1s May 15 jun als 12 19 26 02 09 16 23
236. watts to megawatts and wavelengths UV IR and can be operated in pulsed and continuous modes Most of the gas lasers are pumped by electrical discharge Electrons in the discharge tube are accelerated by electric field between the electrodes These accelerated electrons collide with atoms ions or molecules in the active media and induce transition to higher energy levels to achieve the condition of population inversion and stimulated emission 8 2 3 4 Dye Lasers Dye Lasers use an organic dye as the gain medium The wide gain spectrum of available dyes allows these lasers to have high degree of tunability with high resolution and high power Since the dyes used in tunable dye lasers are fluorescent another light source is always required to pump the dye in order to achieve the population inversion The pump beam used to excite the large dye molecules and produce the population inversion is a strong light source MDS Laser Bachelor Assignment v1 01 08 05 2015 either a flash lamp or another laser focused on the dye stream The dye will absorb only those wavelengths of light which are shorter than those which it emits since some input energy will always be absorbed in the form of vibrations or heat The characteristics of the light used in the excitation determine the characteristics of the laser If a pulsed source like flash lamp is used to pump the dye laser the beam will also be pulsed further on if a continuous wave laser like argon
237. within the entire target area Environmental Needs For this test it is necessary with daylight The camera will not be able to function properly in darkness It is also necessary to have a white background so that the camera can perceive fly in great contrast to the background 8 2 2 REQ 3 The test design and test case for REQ 3 are presented in Table 42 Table 42 T REQ 3 Requirement Issue warning when unintentionally inactive Description Related to REQ 3 requirement ID Responsible All of the group members Verification Not to be tested at this phase Acceptance criteria Confirm that warnings are issued Status Untested Approved N A Features to be Tested The system will have a built in alarm system that has to be tested If the system unintentionally does not work how it is supposed to the alarm is supposed to go off Feature Pass Fail Criteria For this test to pass the alarm has to go off by the time there is a fault in the system That is for example if the power is cut or a system component fails If this criteria is not met the test fails Procedure for Final System The testing of the alarm could be done by making the system fail and see if the alarm goes off In order to test if the alarm goes off components and power could be set to intentionally fail A functional component could be changed with one that is defected or the power could be intentionally cut 84 Test Items The test
238. y combining the microphones with equal spacing to a sub array it will result in several sub arrays with different inter microphone spacing Band pass filtering each of the outputs from the sub arrays will then result in a constant beam width microphone array over a frequency range of interest fin tO finax as seen in Fig 11 Hence the problematic nature concerning the beam width of equally spaced microphones are avoided and the array will obtain good noise suppression for the fundamental and over harmonic frequencies from a mosquito Sub Array 1 Sub Array 3 Sub Array 4 o o cocco O Figure 10 Sparse Array and corresponding sub arrays Sub Array 1 Figure 11 Spare Array Signal Processing 16 MDS Detecting Mosquitoes with Microphone Arrays Bachelor Assignment v2 0 I 14 04 2015 2 6 2 Inter Microphone Spacing Since there is a fundamental frequency and two over harmonic frequencies that might be of interest to preserve it seems expedient to arrange the sparse array with three sub arrays in order to suppress unwanted sound waves at this frequency range Since the female mosquito have a fundamental frequency of 400 500 Hz and thus a third harmonic at approximately 1500 Hz if 500 Hz is considered as the fundamental the frequency range of interest will be Fmin 300 to fmax 1800 Hz to ensure some headroom The upper frequency of the sub arrays may be computed by 1 l fmax_subarrays fmin e for i 12 N 3
239. y to amplify the signal from each of the microphones in the array There are several manufacturers of Integrated Circuit IC amplifiers for Printed Circuit Board PCB applications such as Texas Instruments Analog Devices THAT Corporation and Cirrus Logic There are a few considerations to take when searching for an appropriate amplifier such as Signal to Noise Ratio SNR number of channels complexity in regards to necessary external components band width outputs and last but not least gain THAT1583 After some comprehensive research a strong candidate from THAT Corporation came about namely THAT 1583 5 THAT Corporation specializes in high quality audio technology The amplifier is a single channel amplifier intended for e g microphone preamplifiers sonars and instrumentation making it a good fit for the application of a microphone array The Total Harmonic Distortion Noise THD N is 0 001 measured at an amplification factor of lt 40dB and 0 006 at 60dB 5 Note that THD is a measurement of the powers of all of the harmonic components relative to the fundamental frequency by 22 Yi THD 4 Yo where yo 1s the amplitude of the fundamental frequency and y is the amplitude of the different harmonic components 6 21 When an amplifier is fed a sine wave frequency component it will add over harmonic frequency components that are not present in the input signal hence a low THD is a relevant parameter to consider

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