The Lighting Field Guide: Upgrading to LEDs for Multi
Contents
1. Incandescent A lamp Incandescent A lamp Incandescent A lamp Incandescent globe lamp Incandescent globe lamp BR30 incandescent reflector lamp BR40 incandescent reflector lamp BR30 halogen IR reflector lamp PAR30 halogen reflector lamp PAR30 halogen reflector lamp PAR38 halogen reflector lamp PAR38 halogen reflector lamp 4 foot T12 linear fluorescent lamp 3 foot T12 linear fluorescent lamp 2 foot T12 linear fluorescent lamp 4 foot T8 linear fluorescent lamp 3 foot T8 linear fluorescent lamp 21 inch T5 linear fluorescent lamp Screwbase CFL Screwbase CFL Covered CFL Covered CFL Covered CFL Covered CFL Covered CFL Covered CFL Covered CFL Covered CFL CFL GU24 Base CFL GU24 Base CFL GU24 Base CFL GU24 Base Screwbase LED A lamp shape A lamp shape globe shape globe shape globe shape with candelabra base capsule shape capsule shape reflector shape a a ee ee ee ee coe ee oe ee a aA ae reflector shape Screwbase LED A lamp shape Screwbase LED globe shape Screwbase LED reflector PAR20 shape Screwbase LED reflector BR30 shape PAR30 shape outdoor rated Screwbase LED reflector PAR38 shape outdoor rated Screwbase LED reflector 15 24 15 16 17 880 1 200 1 700 373 650 610 635 745 610 1 000 17320 1 800 2 900 2 390 1 265 2 860 2 150 920 825 1 600 800 500 800 450 800 1 100 720 1 200 500 900 1 200 1 800 800 1 100 4402. modate color sensitive tasks that happen in the home such as cooking or distinguishing between a pair of black or navy blue socks Lighting with a high CRI gt 80 is recommended CCT preference in North America is often 2700K 3500K however with so many choices available be sure that multiple lamps in the same room all have the same CCT In the Home Bathroom An important visual task in a bathroom is view ing oneself in the mirror Directing light to the person not to the mirror will improve visibility for this task Wall mounted vanity fixtures page 13 are often used in bathrooms and can be supplement by ceiling mounted fixtures page 13 for larger bathrooms requiring more 19 ambient lighting It is also important to maintain high ambient light levels in the bathroom and in the shower to help those with low vision to keep surfaces clean and to maneuver safely in and out of the tub or shower 20 Exterior Lighting Outdoor security lighting is meant to create an environment around the periphery of a property that feels safe and secure to residents using the entrances and exits at night The main factors to consider when deciding on outdoor security fixtures are illuminance uniformity and distribution Traditional outdoor lighting fixtures and lamps are able to produce a high amount of light People may see better with more light they can respond faster and have better acuity and color vision which i
3. 500 730 900 1 300 1 000 750 750 2 000 2 000 2 000 2 000 3 600 2 800 3 000 3 500 3 000 20 000 18 000 9 000 25 000 20 000 7 900 10 000 10 000 8 000 8 000 8 000 8 000 8 000 10 000 8 000 8 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 10 000 25 000 25 000 50 000 40 000 25 000 30 000 25 000 21 22 Glossary A lamp A screw base lamp with a bulbous envelope that surrounds the light source The number after the A des ignation e g A19 refers to the diameter of the bulb at the widest point in eighth inches an A19 is 2 3 8 inches at its widest point ambient lighting Lighting that is designed to provide a substantially uniform light level throughout an area exclusive of any provision for special local requirements ballast A device that is used with a fluorescent or high intensity discharge lamp to provide the necessary circuit conditions voltage current and wave form for starting and operating the lamp BR lamp A reflector lamp with a bulged neck that is wider in diameter than the screw base color rendering index CRI A metric for describing the effect of a light source on the color appearance of objects being illuminated with a CRI of 100 representing the reference condition and thus the maximum CRI pos sible In general a lower CRI indicates that some colors may appear unnatural when illuminated by the lamp The CRIs of two or more lamps should only be co
4. THE LIGHTING FIELD GUIDE UPGRADING TO LEDs FOR MULTI FAMILY HOUSING ASSIST Alliance for Solid State Illumination Systems and Technologies Lightin Revearcl Center Zor TECHN eS nss acr Acknowledgments The funding to develop this field guide was provided by the Alliance for Solid State Illumination Systems and Technologies ASSIST and the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority NYSERDA ASSIST Members 3M Acuity Brands Lighting Amerlux Bridgelux China Solid State Lighting Alliance Cirrus Logic Cooper Industries Cree Dow Corning Federal Aviation Administration GE Lighting Solutions Industrial Technology Research Institute TTRI Intematix LG Electronics LG Innotek e Lighting Science Group e Lite On e NeoPac Lighting e New York State Energy Research and Development Authority NYSERDA e OSRAM SYLVANIA OSRAM Opto Semiconductors e Philips Lighting e POSCO LED e Samsung e Seoul Semiconductor e Sharp Laboratories of America e Toshiba e United States Environmental Protection Agency e WAC Lighting e WattStopper Editors Daniel Marcus Kate Sweater Hickcox Nadarajah Narendran Jean Paul Freyssinier Jennifer Taylor and Russ Leslie Special thanks to Mary Cimo Dennis Guyon Alicia Miksic and Lochana Palayangoda for their help in creating this publication Please note that references to external organizations within The Lighting Field Guide do not imply e
5. if applicable 3 0 1 3 4 6 8 9 11 13 14 16 Typical Hours per Day of Use 4 6 1 1 2 3 4 6 6 9 8 13 10 16 13 19 15 22 17 26 19 29 21 32 Kitchen Bathroom Hallway LobDy seeisrsne Hours per Day of Use 12 3 6 13 19 26 32 39 45 52 59 65 by location 24 6 13 26 39 52 65 78 91 105 118 131 24 see local codes 24 see local codes Varies Payback Calculations The simple payback on a given project will depend reduction over the lifetime of that lamp or fixture Simple on the initial cost of the LED lamp or fixture being payback can be calculated using the formula below The purchased and the total savings accrued from energy table below shows some generic payback scenarios payback in years new lamp or fixture cost annual energy cost savings per year page 10 Payback for a lighting product s based on initial cost and savings per year HluypyRPoyMml s N NEP OT AIVI Wh Co O0 NIAI IAN Ri BRlowlhm AIAN AI AISI VN COlI AIAI VININ Jalal AIAI VININ AIAILVIVINININI gt wI VvINININ 100 50 e Years shown in the chart have been rounded to the nearest year ee These payback values do not take into account sav years based on how many hours per day the lamp or fix ings that may be derived from reduced maintenance costs ture is used The payback period for any
6. per unit area incentive A reimbursement of a portion of the cost of a product Incentives commonly are offered by electric utilities and manufacturers on some energy saving light ing products Also known as rebates initial cost The original cost of equipment lamps and installation exclusive of operating costs such as energy maintenance and lamp replacement kelvin K The standard unit of temperature that is used in the Systeme Internationale d Unites SI system of measurements The kelvin temperature scale is used to de scribe the correlated color temperature of a light source lamp A manufactured light source including the bulb the base and the internal structure that produces light either a filament or an arc tube Lamps are often referred to as light bulbs The term lamp also is commonly used to refer to plug in luminaires such as desk floor and table lamps light distribution The pattern of light that is produced by a lamp or a fixture or the patterns of light created in a room See also directional distribution and omnti direction al distribution light emitting diode LED A semiconductor chip that emits light when an electrical current flows through it The color of the LED light depends on the chip s sub strate materials and packaging LEDs in the past have been used as indicator lights and in emergency exit signs and traffic signals Today white LED lighting is available for many types of gene
7. A fixture that is mounted above the ceil ing or behind a wall or other surface with the opening of the fixture flush with the surface simple payback A term to define the time required to save enough in operating costs by using any retrofit de sign compared with the existing design to pay back the incremental cost of the retrofit socket The fitting on a fixture that electrically connects the fixture to the lamp surface mounted fixture A fixture mounted directly on a ceiling or other surface switch A device that turns a lamp or lamps on or off by completing or interrupting the power supplied to the lamp s task lighting Lighting that is directed to a specific surface or area Task lighting provides illumination for visual tasks troffer An inverted trough or ceiling coffer that serves as the support connection and sometimes reflector for a fluorescent or LED lighting unit vanity light A wall mounted fixture located next to a mirror Zo ASSIST e for Solid Sta ae ystems and Technol Lighting Research Center Rensselaer
8. manufac turer does not sell a specific product directly they will often be able to assist in finding a local sales representative Lighting sales representatives often work with a vari ety of manufacturers and should be able to provide pric ing information for products as well as the performance metrics of the lamps or fixtures being sold However not all sales reps work with all manufacturers so contacting more than one sales representative may be necessary Clicking on a product will show specific information often including a manufacturer website Contacting a manufacturer can help identify purchasing options LightingFacts com Product Detail PRINT PAGE Product Details Lamp Fixture Brand Name and or Part Number Brand Brand name here Product certifications and awards Is product available Yes No Back order etc ba ENERGY STAR qualified Type Recessed downlight A lamp etc SKU Part number Description Detailed description of lamp fixture Product Specifications LABEL METRICS OPTIONAL METRICS Light Ouput lumens Watts W Lumens Per Watt Zonal Lumen Density 0 60 Zonal Lumen Density 60 90 Zonal Lumen Density 90 120 Color Accuracy Zonal Lumen Density 120 CRI 180 Light Color K Input Voltage Power Factor m w Power Type Additional Product Data URL optional Manufacturer s website here The ENERGY STAR website offers lists of qualified l
9. of power watts and time hours expressed in watt hours WH Energy used for lighting can be saved either by reducing the amount of power required or by reducing the amount of time lighting is used fixture A complete lighting unit consisting of a lamp or lamps together with the parts designed to distribute the light to position and protect the lamps and to connect the lamps to the power supply Also referred to as a light fixture luminaire fitting or unit fluorescent lamp A lamp containing mercury under low pressure relative to high intensity discharge lamps The mercury is ionized by an electric arc producing ultravio let energy which in turn excites phosphors coating the inside of the lamp to fluoresce footcandle Imperial unit of illuminance equal to one lu men per square foot One footcandle equals 10 76 lux glare The loss of visibility and or the sensation of dis comfort associated with bright light within the field of view IC rated Fixtures that are IC rated are rated by Under writers Laboratories UL for direct contact with insu lation up to a maximum power value such as 75 W Fixtures that are non IC rated require a space of at least 3 inches between housing and insulation illuminance The density of luminous flux incident on a surface lluminance is the luminous flux divided by the area of the surface when the surface is uniformly illumi nated Illuminance is calculated as the amount of lumens
10. product warranty Most manufacturers claim their lamps to have a useful life of 25 000 hours 2 8 years at 24 hours per day and their fixtures to have a useful life of 50 000 hours 5 7 years at 24 hours per day Examine the warranty terms carefully and make sure to keep any packaging required in case the product fails within the warranty period The Facts about Lighting Labels The U S Department of Energy U S DOE produces a Lighting Facts label for LED lighting products that lists the light output lumens watts lumens per watt efficacy light color CCT and color accuracy CRI Optionally the percentage of initial light output after 25 000 hours and warranty availability may also be listed not shown The label can often be found in product literature and on product packaging for LED lighting other than medium screw base lamps ENERGY STAR now requires all qualified products to carry this om ae i aC lt 4 Se at a a Nos F gr a i ia tie k HE racy hak 7 7 4 _ f i ks i k Soie mh Abo yh ko i Sonat SS __ Ih tery pam a al Le sath Calor ae Ree ZO PN arm White F TIEN C N a n lighting facts U S DOE Lighting Facts label found on ENERGY STAR lamps and fixtures if FTC label is not used 2 Brightness 820 lumens lt y Estimated Yearly Energy Cost 7 23 label however this program is voluntary for products that are not ENERGY STAR qualified so not every LED produ
11. A lamps and BR PAR replacement lamps can usually be found at big box home improvement stores and large retail chains These stores may also offer integrated LED fixtures however the selec tion of these fixtures may be limited Linear LED lamps for replacing T5 T8 and T12 linear fluorescent lamps and integrated LED fixtures are usually sold online either from a lighting website or less often directly from a manufacturer Often the best way to get accurate information for LED products is through the U S DOE Lighting Facts website lightingfacts com or the ENERGY STAR website energystar gov U S DOE Lighting Facts website Select fixture or lamp type then narrow the search by limiting the light output lumens watts lumens per watt efficacy color accuracy CRI and light color CCT LED Lighting Facts Products Search Tool Show only fixture type All Fixture Types Light Output between hee O and 61200 Im Watts between 0 and soo w 7989 Lumens per Watt between EEEE 0 and 200 Im W Soars A Your Criteria Light Color CCT between _ 0 and 9900 K Search Within Your Criteria The information on the website as well as a manufac turer website will be the same as the label on the product packaging In addition the product model number will be listed so you can specify what you are looking for often with the website for the manufacturer If a
12. CO per mWh 1 000 kWh x 2 204 6 lbs Application Notes Operating Temperature LED products will often specify a range of tempera tures within which to operate the lamp Be sure this range covers the desired installation environment Specifically some LED replacement lamps state that they are not to be used in enclosed fixtures while other lamps are de signed for enclosed fixtures Some recessed LED fixtures are rated for direct contact with insulation in ceilings or use in wet locations while others are not Operating an LED product in an environment where the temperature is above the rated product temperature can reduce the overall lifetime of that product Measuring Light Depreciation The light output of LED lighting fixtures depreciates over time In some applications it is important to keep track of the light level in the space to ensure it remains within code and standard requirements A photo detector called an illuminance meter is used to measure light level Performing illuminance measurements at least once a year will let you know if the fixtures are producing light levels that meet regulation as well as give you an indication if the lamps need to be replaced Refer to the user manual of the illuminance meter for measurement instructions Weight Many LED replacement lamps and fixtures can be heavier than their incandescent or fluorescent counter parts Make sure the in
13. D lamp pay attention to the distribution of LED replacement lamps which may not be the same as an incandescent lamp or CFL As seen in the image the table lamp on the right uses a lamp that emits light in all directions Both incandescent lamps and twist CFLs have this type of distribution The table lamp on the left uses a lamp that does not emit light in all of distribution Globe lamps which are often used in vanity fixtures 15 directions Many LED replacement lamps have this type are similar to A lamps when comparing technologies 16 BR and PAR Lamps Recessed downlights traditionally use BR or PAR type lamps and generally range in size from R20 to R38 These reflector lamps emit light in a specific direction and can be found labeled as narrow or flood to denote the size of their distribution Replacing incandescent or halo gen BR or PAR type lamps with LEDs can save energy without having to replace the housing in which they are being placed Make sure that the fixture into which an LED lamp is being placed can accommodate the size and weight of the lamp as LED lamps are heavier than their incandes cent or CFL counterparts Lighted Rooms and Areas ya me LIL The following section has design notes that can assist in selecting the right fixture or lamp for the room being lit While many different lamp or fixture types may be suitable for a particular room some lamps or fixtures will p
14. amps and fixtures available for download i A E About ENERGY STAR News Room FAQs IDS B g U S ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Search a PRODUCTS HOME IMPROVEMENT NEW HOMES BUILDINGS amp PLANTS PARTNER RESOURCES Products Home gt Products gt Find ENERGY STAR Products gt Lighting gt Light Fixtures Fang ene STAR Light Fixtu FES for Consumers Are you a partner For Partners Product Finder How a Product Earns Did You Know Light Fixtures Resources the Label By replacing the five most frequently used light fixtures in your home with ENERGY STAR qualified gt Qualified Light Fixtures Save Energy at Home Join Our Movement About ENERGY STAR Light Fixtures Overview Specifications Lighting products that have earned the ENERGY STAR deliver exceptional features while using less energy Saving energy helps you save money on utility bills and protect the environment by reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the fight against climate change Light fixtures that have earned the ENERGY STAR combine quality and attractive design with the highest levels of energy efficiency available today ENERGY STAR Qualified Fixtures use 1 4 the energy of traditional lighting save money on energy bills and bulb replacements light lasts between 10 000 50 000 hours about seven twenty two years of regular use distribute light more efficiently and evenly than standard fixtures come in hundreds of deco
15. ange of lighting technolo gies in use most typically fluorescent and incandescent indoors and high pressure sodium or metal halide outdoors An attractive means of controlling costs for a building is through energy saving measures In March 2012 the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development invested 23 million in researching methods strategies and technologies that could reduce the energy consumption and in turn the carbon foot LED Lighting Overview LED technology has matured to a point where it is now becoming the light source of choice for many il lumination applications LED light sources have several advantages when compared with traditional light sources including incandescent halogen high intensity discharge HID and fluorescent lamps In many cases LED prod ucts are able to reduce energy consumption and lower replacement costs due to long service life LEDs are suitable for many indoor and outdoor ap plications and can often be used with different types of lighting controls for extra energy savings LED products can be dimmed or switched on and off without sacrific ing lamp life while compact and linear fluorescent lamps and HID cannot be easily dimmed or switched frequently without negatively impacting lamp life Therefore it is more difficult to reap benefits using lighting controls technologies that employ frequent switching with com pact and linear fluorescent lamps or HID lamp lumi nair
16. ct packaging If you are buying new lighting fixtures this information is available from the manufacturer or dealer representative or on the fix ture s specification sheet U S HUD 2012 HUD awards 23 million to test new energy saving approaches in older multi family housing developements 12 051 1 11 Accessed February 6 2013 from http portal hud gov hudportal HUD src press press_releases_media_advisories 2012 HUDNo 12 051 Metrics to Consider When Selecting LED Lighting There are many LED lighting products on the market today that can meet the requirements of multi family and affordable housing however not all LED lighting products are created the same Performance is key to the success of any lighting technology Prior to selecting an LED light ing product it is important to research a product s perfor mance on websites such as ENERGY STAR energystar gov and Lighting Facts lightingfacts com 1 Luminous flux lumens When upgrading to LED lighting matching the lamp or fixture lumens of the existing lighting often yields good results Lamp lumens can be used to compare replacement lamps Fixture lumens are the total amount of light leaving the fixture taking into account losses from the housing op tics and ballast driver and are used to compare two fixtures in terms of light Make and model are typically printed on a lamp output If the space seems dark or if elderly residents live in this h
17. ct will have this label Another lighting label issued by the Federal Trade Commission FTC is also called Lighting Facts This label is mandatory for all screw base lamps regardless of technology This label gives the brightness lumens estimated yearly energy cost lifetime estimate light appear ance CCT and energy used watts This label is conve nient for comparing different lamps in stores Brightnes Lighting Facts rer sup Based on 3 hrs day 11 kKVVh _Gost depends on rates and use Life 4 Based on 3 hrafday 1 4 years Light Appearance 4 Warm Cool mi 2700 K Energy Used FTC Lighting Facts label found on all medium screw base lamps and incentives see below ENERGY STAR Incentives There may be incentives and rebates available to switch to energy efficient fixtures and lamps as well as manufacturer rebates for purchasing LED fixtures Certain programs also offer incentives for using quali fied products such as those listed with ENERGY STAR energystar gov U S DOE Lighting Facts lightingfacts com or DesignLights Consortium designlights org to Environmental Considerations Another benefit of reducing energy consumption beyond cost savings is a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions This reduction in greenhouse gas emissions or carbon footprint can contribute to reducing the impact electricity use has on our environment In addition to the incentives and rebat
18. d downlights are often used to light hallways For more information see page 12 regarding troffers and downlights Common Areas Lobby Lobbies in multi family housing are often illumi nated 24 hours per day Some lobbies may have large windows with plenty of daylighting in which case it may be possible to dim or turn lights off when the space has sufficient daylight using photosensor controls High efficacy should be balanced with reasonable CRI over 80 and CCT should be consistent across all lamps or fixtures Review local codes to determine the minimum acceptable lighting level for a dimmed setting In the Home The lighting of a home s interior is important to the resident s comfort and ability to conduct daily tasks Permanently installed lighting in a multi family housing apartment usually consists of overhead lighting in the kitchen and bathroom and perhaps in the apartment entrance CRI and CCT are important in living spaces The CRI of light sources should be high in order to accom In the Home Kitchen Choosing lamps and fixtures with high CRI is an important factor for a kitchen in order to perceive colors Most food preparation occurs on the kitchen counter top and lamps with a CRI above 80 will help occupants to differentiate subtle colors in food and labels Kitchens will typically have ceiling mounted fixtures page 13 for more information or surface mounted troffers page 12 for more information
19. e to use similar correlated color temperature sources especially in the same room The preference for CCT can vary amongst people In general in North America warmer lights are typically used in residential spaces 4 CRI When lighting areas where people are doing tasks that require identifying colors such as cooking or choos ing clothing it can be beneficial to have lighting with high CRI 80 or higher Typically a high CRI is also preferred for security areas where identifying colors at night may be important 5 Rated Lifetime The rated life indicates how many hours or years it will be before the lamp or fixture needs to be replaced Conventional lighting technologies like incandescent lamps fail by breaking e g the filament and therefore fail to produce any light However most LED replacement lamps and fixtures will degrade in light output slowly over time and eventually come to a point where there is not enough light by which to see The LED lighting industry typically defines the end of useful life as the point at which the light output reaches 70 of its initial value known as L70 This is a common replacement time frame Before selecting an LED product look at the specifica tion sheet for the rated L70 value The L70 value should be greater than 50 000 hours for fully integrated LED fixtures and at least 25 000 hours for LED replacement lamps Warranty Look for a 5 year minimum
20. erform better than others due to the particular needs of that room Lobbies and hallways for instance may need to be on 24 hours per day to meet code requirements and would benefit from large area light sources such as a 2 x4 ceiling fixture either recessed troffer or surface mounted The same troffer however would not be suitable for a small bathroom Kitchens may need large area lighting but may not have the space to accommodate a 2 x4 fix ture so a ceiling mounted fixture with either integrated LEDs or multiple LED lamps may be more suitable Common Areas Common areas are often in use at all hours of the day meaning that often the lighting is on for long peri ods of time Choosing LED fixtures will result in energy savings The amount of light needed will vary depending on the space so be sure to pay attention to the activities that take place in each common area For some spaces such as community rooms good color rendering of objects and a warm white color appearance help make the space visually attractive For areas such as hallways and stairwells it is important to meet minimum light levels specified by building code For increased energy savings controls such as occu pancy sensors can be used in many areas that have light ing on for long periods of time with low traffic Be aware that when utilizing dimming although LEDs are inher ently dimmable compatibility issues exist between some 1 d
21. es Of all the light source technologies used in indoor print of multi family and affordable housing sites One method to reduce energy consumption using available technology is to replace existing lighting with LED lamps and fixtures The Lighting Field Guide is designed to help managers operators and maintenance staff of multi family and affordable housing to choose better quality LED products that are appropriate for their site as a way of reducing energy use and lowering lamp replacement and maintenance costs while maintaining a well lighted environment and outdoor applications it is the performance and life cycle cost of linear fluorescent lamps that is difficult to match with present day LEDs with the exception of a very few products Even though LEDs are expected to reduce in price in the next few years today they have a higher initial cost compared with most traditional light source technologies However because LED light sources can save energy and reduce maintenance cost many elec tric utilities state and federal agencies have introduced rebate programs that can buy down the initial cost thus making them cost effective It is important to note that not all LED lighting products are created equal The following section outlines the most important metrics to look for when selecting an LED lighting product regardless of the type of room or space to be lighted Usually these metrics are shown or listed on the LED produ
22. es discussed above there may also be additional incentives from environmental organizations for offsetting greenhouse gas emissions carbon dioxide saved For more information on calculating carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions visit the U S EPA s website at www epa gov cleanenergy energy resources calculator html ENERGY STAR Qualified Products When choosing LED lighting look for ENERGY STAR qualified products These can be found on lists published by ENERGY STAR energystar gov Qualified products have been tested for lifetime light output and color consistency These products may also be candidates for rebates name a few One comprehensive resource for finding state and federal incentives is DSIRE dsireusa org which is a database of current incentives available that could assist in offsetting the initial cost of a lighting project In addition check with local energy companies to find out if they offer any rebates or assistance when switching to LED lighting In order to calculate your greenhouse gas emissions offset you need to be able to calculate your current annu al electricity use before upgrading your lighting system and your projected annual electricity use after upgrading your lighting system The following formula includes the values needed to calculate the amount of CO saved from upgrading your lighting system current electricity use projected electricity use x 1 301 31 lbs
23. full fixture replacement with a LED fixture that uses less overall power may be more justifiable Stairwell Wall Mount Wall mount fixtures in stairwells are either linear fluorescent type fixtures or round fixtures with one or two sockets Local building code generally requires a minimum light level in stairwells 24 hours per day Linear LED fixtures available at the time of this publication typically reduce energy use by approximately 10 20 which in the case of stairwells can yield substantial overall energy savings However fixture prices are currently high making a reasonable payback difficult As fixture prices come down over time the time to payback will also come down making LED fixtures an attractive option For fixtures with one or two screw base sockets using long lasting LED lamps may offer some energy and money savings Wall Packs Wall packs are used outdoors to light up walkways and parking lots and to provide visibility and security for nighttime outdoor activities Traditional wall packs use metal halide MH or high pressure sodium HPS lamps These fixtures are often inefficient wasting much of the light produced by the lamp LED wall packs are offered in a broad range of light outputs ranging from 500 lumens to over 11 000 lumens A typical traditional wall pack will emit around 4 000 lumens using a 175 W MH lamp An LED wall pack on the other hand can deliver the same 4 000 lumens using on ave
24. immers and dimmable LED lamps and fixtures which Check lamp product information for a list of compatible 7 can result in flicker reduced light output and buzzing dimmers Common Areas Stairwells Stairwell lighting is important as it must satisfy vari ous codes in terms of minimum light levels and time on often 24 hours per day as well as be bright enough for residents to feel safe As in hallways efficacy is most im portant to achieve energy and cost savings however CRI should be greater than 80 and CCT should be less than 5000 K Choosing surface mount LED fixtures page 13 for more information will result in energy savings Common Areas Community Room A community room is a space that can be used for many different kinds of activities reading TV watching puzzles parties meetings and more For general lighting troffers page 12 for more information are often used Adding task lighting such as floor or table lamps page 15 for more information to a general lighting scheme can provide enough versatility to a common space to suit its many uses Common Areas Hallways Hallways often due to building code need to have lighting on 24 hours per day Large savings can be realized by reducing the total power consumption of the lamp and or fixture Efficacy is more important in hallways than CRI and CCT however CRI should still be greater than 80 and CCT should be less than 5000 K Troffers an
25. lighting product Additionally the initial fixture cost does not include any should not exceed the lifetime of the product based on its discounts and or rebates that may be available from state intended use agencies or power utilities which can reduce the initial For example if an LED fixture having a rated lifetime investment for a lighting project of 50 000 hours and is typically used 12 hours per day 7 Below is a table for converting the listed lifetime of a days per week then the payback should be no more than lamp or fixture usually given in hours to the lifetime in 11 4 years Lifetime of a lighting product based on rated lifetime and use 54 8 27 4 18 3 13 7 9 1 4 6 2 3 E 95 9 47 9 32 0 24 0 16 0 8 0 4 0 137 0 68 5 45 7 34 2 22 6 11 4 eni Fixture Replacement Guide Troffers Troffers can be either recessed or surface mounted and traditionally are offered in sizes of 2 x4 1x4 or 2 x2 Many LED fixtures exist in varying qualities and at a wide range of price points Benefits over fluorescent troffers include lower power consumption with matched lumen output equal or better CRI and precise CCT often with internal color man agement technology In addition regular maintenance or lamp replacement is not necessary and they are often dimmable For recessed LED troffers select fixtures that are rated for the ceiling environment in which they are being installed C rated fixtures are rated for direct co
26. ly 2950 lumens can be replaced with a 4 ft linear LED lamp that emits around 2200 lumens This is because 30 or more of the light that is emitted by a linear fluorescent lamp is lost inside the fix ture while the losses from a linear LED lamp are typically lower than 10 Make sure the fixture into which an LED lamp is Caution being placed can accommodate the extra weight LED When purchasing replacement lamps for linear fix lamps are heavier than their fluorescent counterparts tures make sure you read the installation guide care Also inspect the warranty information included with the fully Many LED linear replacement lamps require a lamp As of this printing many linear LED lamps have a certified electrician to bypass the fluorescent ballast for tendency to have individual LEDs fail before the warran proper use Connecting a lamp to a fluorescent ballast ty period is over Also important is the color information included with the lamp Make sure that the CCT is the same for all lamps used in a single space for which it is not designed can result in catastrophic failure electrical malfunction or worse A lamps and Globes Table and floor lamps are used in living rooms and bedrooms inside the home as well as in recreational common areas These fixtures often provide task light as well as ambient light for the room in which they are used When switching the lamps in the fixture from an incandescent lamp to an LE
27. mpared if the lamps have the same correlated color temperature control A mechanism to turn lamps on and off or to dim lamps Controls include switches dimmers timing devices motion detectors photosensors and central control systems correlated color temperature CCT Describes the color appearance of the light that is produced in terms of its warmth or coolness The CCT relates the color appear ance of the lamp to the color appearance of a reference source when the reference source is heated to a particular temperature measured on the kelvin K temperature scale A low color temperature 3500 K and lower describes a warm source such as a typical incandescent lamp and a warm fluorescent lamp A high color tempera ture 4500 K and higher describes a cool source such as a cool white fluorescent lamp dimmer A device used to lower the light level or amount of light emitted by a fixture by controlling the voltage or current available to it directional distribution Radiating in a specific direction Directional light sources provide illumination on work surfaces or on objects or in a particular direction This type of light distribution is typically used to provide a higher light level than that of the surrounding area See also omni directional distribution efficacy The total light output of a light source divided by the total power input Efficacy is expressed in lumens per watt lm W energy The product
28. ndoresement recommendation or favoring of those programs Any data gathered from external organizations is solely the responsibility of that organization It is the responsibility of the end user or purchaser to verify performance claims made regarding a particular product 2013 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute All rights reserved Table of Contents The Lighting Field Guide AN Overview cst cece ccsesceattexauccnsecesacesescesdvevsscaserenasteraccusecnsseeste a LEDT o hne OEN ag cds E E cane E E 4 Metrics to Consider When Selecting LED ight ines ccscosssacscsvasedescczes censcneseacesaacessacconsdes 5 gato gore tcaw ac Yo bh at Ds Ted E e e eee eee ner ee ene eer cnn E ornare ner tree Sennen rere 6 PSII CATON TN 5 ceca cece ee EEEE E eee eee ee 8 Purchasing LED Products cc cscsesceseccevsuseaticans eicssceectmaieceenscesbeabasetactaddtnsiectenaczedbenstocadeeesoes 2 ears Selle a EE EE A E ET T AEE 10 Ee o E r E E E E A AE E eee eee 11 Fixture Replacement Guide 2s c52 2cc0seccsesoesatesenessisnsannesecotenesdescandnctaceeeecnsisctsdnceousdueewsdceast 12 Lamp Rep haccment G dE eei n re teeta Sas enn ee eee 15 Lighted Rooms and FT CAG susirna Er e TEE E 17 Typical Metrics for Common Lamp Types sssesssesessseseessersssrssreseressressesserssersseessressees 21 Ele Sa E E E OA IE ee ee 22 The Lighting Field Guide An Overview More than half of renters live in multi family hous ing These buildings have a r
29. ntact with insulation in ceilings while non IC fixtures are not Downlights Traditional downlights are often offered as three com ponents a recessed housing a lamp and a trim with or without a lens When replacing a downlight with LEDs the lamp can be replaced with an LED lamp an inte erated LED lamp and trim package or the entire fixture can be replaced with an integrated LED package which includes the housing lamp and trim All three options offer the potential for energy savings When replacing an existing lamp with an LED lamp it is important to recognize that the recessed housing was likely designed for a specific technology such as incandescent lamps Therefore an LED lamp replacement has the potential to yield different light output distribution and heat proper ties to name a few than the intended lamp In addi tion a replacement lamp may not be the same size as the intended lamp and may not fit into the housing It is rec ommended to test a desired LED lamp in a single fixture before fully investing to ensure a satisfactory outcome Some benefits of LED downlights include improved efficacy no loss of life from rapid switching CFLs will suffer loss of life from this and matched lumen output When replacing downlights with LED products pay attention to the operating temperature of the LED product so that the lifetime of the product is not compro mised see page 8 for more information Ceiling Mo
30. ousing an increase in lumens will be benefi cial To find the lumen output of existing lighting look for the make and model of the existing lamp information is often printed on the lamp itself Using this infor mation a quick Internet search should provide lumen output data 2 J Efficacy Efficacy indicates how efficiently a light fixture or lamp converts electric power into light and is described as lumens per watt This can be calculated by dividing the lumen output by the wattage Unlike traditional lighting LED lighting can be delivered as either a screw base lamp or as a full fixture lamp optics electrical drivers etc Look for an efficacy of at least 50 lm W when selecting an LED product 3 CCT CCT refers to the color appearance of white light and is measured in kelvin K Lamps with CCTs in the range of 2700 K to 3500 K are considered warm The most common performance metrics used to describe a light source or lighting system include lumi nous flux lumens luminous efficacy lumens per watt Im W color appearance correlated color temperature CCT in kelvin color rendering color rendering index CRI life in hours and lumen maintenance rate of decrease in light output over time white while 3500 K 4100 K is typically considered neutral white Any CCT higher than 4100 K is consid ered cool white Incandescent lamps typically measure at about 2700 K To maintain aesthetics it is advisabl
31. rage 56 watts Some LED products will use as little as 40 W for the same output LED wall packs will generally have better color maintenance and lifetimes up to five times longer than traditional wall packs Retrofit kits are also available for existing wall packs however they come with a number of problems that are better avoided by simply upgrading to LED wall pack fixtures Post top Fixtures Post top fixtures are used in conjunction with wall packs distributing light to areas of walkways and parking lots that wall packs are unable to illuminate Traditional post tops use MH or HPS lamps which will have the same properties as wall packs Integrated LED post top fixtures have the potential for high energy savings for the same output as traditional technologies as well as offering a wider variety of CCTs from which to choose While retrofit kits are available for post tops they come with a number of problems that are better avoided by upgrading to integrated LED fixtures Lamp Replacement Guide Linear Lamps While traditional fluorescent lamps emit light in all directions most typical LED linear replacement lamps only emit light in one direction Due to the directional ity of these lamps a lower lumen output is often accept able as a replacement for linear fluorescent lamps There is a limit to how much lower the lumen output can be however In many cases a 4 ft T8 linear fluorescent lamp which emits approximate
32. ral lighting applications light output Luminous flux measured in lumens The light output rating of a lamp is a measure of its total inte grated light output See also umen linear fluorescent lamp LFL Any of the family of straight tubular fluorescent lamps Lamps are available in 6 inch to 8 foot lengths with the most common length being 4 feet lumen The unit of luminous flux The lumen is the time rate of flow of light lumens per watt Im W See efficacy lux Standard international unit of illuminance equal to 1 lumen per square meter One lux equals 0 0929 foot candles metal halide MH lamp HID light source in which radiation from a mixture of metallic vapor and additives of halides e g sodium thallium indium produces vis ible light mounting height The distance from the floor to the lamp center of the fixture or to the plane of the ceiling for recessed equipment Motion detectors also have a recom mended mounting height nadir The direction pointing directly below a particular location The nadir at a point on the earth is the local vertical direction pointing in the direction of the force of gravity at that location omni directional distribution Radiating equally in all directions See also directional distribution PAR lamp PAR stands for parabolic aluminized reflector A PAR lamp uses an aluminized reflector to create a beam of light in the shape of a parabola oval recessed fixture
33. rative styles including portable fixtures such as table desk and floor lamps and hard wired options such as front porch dining room kitchen ceiling and under cabinet hallway ceiling and wall bathroom vanity fixtures and more deliver convenient features such as dimming on some indoor models and automatic daylight models you can save 70 each year in energy costs Excel POF E gt Find a Store Special Offers 3 gt Savings Calculat Buying Guidance gt Savings Calculator Related Products 9 Commercial Light Fixtures Decorative Light Strings gt Fans Ceiling Fans Ventilating 2 gt Light Bulbs Savings Calculations LED products have the potential to offer consider able energy savings Below is a table illustrating the cost 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Reduction in Power W Assumptions e Savings assume 0 15 per kWh e Assumed energy cost includes generation and delivery e Savings does not account for potential savings from annual savings savings available by reducing energy These savings are calculated using the following simple formula use per day hours x reduction in power W 1000 x energy cost kWh x 365 days per year W watts kWh kilowatt hours U S dollars Annual savings based on power reduction and use 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 reduced demand charges
34. s impor tant for identification On the other hand too much light can cause glare problems It is important to try to match the lumen output of an existing installation when com pleting an LED lighting upgrade Non uniform lighting caused by poor fixture placement or poor distribution can create confusion and can limit people s ability to see or identify people or objects that are potentially danger ous Non uniform lighting can be even more disturbing for the elderly who may have a harder time adapting from areas of high light to areas of low light and may in terpret shadows as edges In most cases higher light levels for an outdoor lighting installation is better However lights shining into the sky into neighboring properties or into resident s eyes can be problematic r NADIR PT Cut off When buying exterior light fixtures it is important to make sure the lighting is reaching only the places where it is needed and not throwing light onto neighboring properties into residences or upward to the sky Spill light leads to many issues such as light pollution glare and wasted energy If the fixture is emitting a significant amount of light more than 90 above nadir shown in the figure it can contribute to a type of light pollution called sky glow When choosing fixtures for exterior spaces choose partial cut off or fully cut off fixtures Typical Metrics for Common Lamp Types f Ery y y
35. stallation location including the inside of a fixture can accommodate the extra weight of the LED lamp Delayed Start Time LED lamps and fixtures require a driver to operate properly When an LED product is switched on this driver may take 1 2 seconds to start delaying the initial output of the lighting device The LED product once on will come to full output immediately This delay in start up is normal for LED devices Dimmer Compatibility Many LED products are dimmable However there is a wide variety of dimming performance among products Different products can have different dimming character istics such as flicker and audible noise that can be mark edly different from incandescent lamps The best option is to use compatibility tables pro vided by the dimmer manufacturers and lamp or fixture manufacturers These tables can be accessed online before purchasing the products Selecting dimmer and LED products that are listed as being compatible improves but does not fully insure the likelihood of system compatibil ity Finding a product that is compatible with an exist ing dimmer may be more difficult If possible test out the combinations of LED products and dimmers under consideration to ensure functionality before making a full commitment Purchasing LED Products Since LED lighting products are relatively new to the lighting market not all types of LED lamps and fixtures are available at every store LED
36. unt Ceiling fixtures are often found in kitchens and bathrooms They offer a central often diffuse light source that is easy to manage Traditional ceiling fixtures have sockets for 1 to 3 lamps When considering LEDs an existing fixture can be either re lamped using LEDs or completely replaced with a new LED fixture When re lamping a ceiling mounted fixture inside a residence it is important to consider the number of hours per day that the fixture will be on which is often difficult to gauge If the fixture is going to be used for less than 3 hours per day it is possible that the cost benefit of replac ing CFLs with LED lamps in an existing fixture may not result in a reasonable payback For ceiling mounted fixtures used for 4 or more hours a day as in a kitchen the payback may occur more rapidly A full fixture replacement with a LED fixture that uses less overall power may be more justifiable Bathroom Vanity Wall mount fixtures found in bathrooms cast light on an occupant s face making it easier for them to see themselves in a bathroom mirror When re lamping van ity fixtures inside a residence it is important to consider the number of hours per day that the fixture will be on which is often difficult to gauge If the fixture is going to be used for less than 3 hours per day it is possible that the cost benefit of replacing CFLs with LED lamps in an existing fixture may not result in a reasonable payback A
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