MAXQDA 2007 MAXDictio
Contents
1. E 75 There are two different ways to add words to a stop list L First you can enter them by hand by clicking on the New button found on the top of the stop words window and then typing the appropriate word Q Second you can select words form a word frequency list and add them to a stop list by dou ble clicking on them This allows you to avoid entering these words individually It is also possible to transfer several words into a stop list at once To do this select all of the desired M 7 Stop Lists 29 words Ctrl button amp left mouse button Then click on one of the words with the right mouse button and select the option ADD To STOP LIST The words in a stop list are automatically arranged in alphabetical order This order is pre set and cannot be modified 7 3 Saving and Printing Stop Lists Stop lists can be saved as files which allows you to manage as many stop lists as you d like Such lists can then be opened when needed Two stop lists can also be merged button ADD If you wish to print out a stop list for means of documentation first save it using the Save option The file will automatically be saved in txt format which can be read with all conven tional programs Now you could for instance double click on the file in Windows Explorer which will open the Editor from where you can print the file You can also open the file in MS Word or Excel Stop List Excluded Words X2. New a all also and are as be but by came come do for from had hath have he him his if in M 7 Stop Lists 7 4 Dynamic Stop Lists 30 The active stop list is managed dynamically When a word from the word frequency list has been moved to the stop list a red stop sign appears next to it By clicking on the word anew so that the stop icon disappears the word will be removed from the stop list 7 5 Creating and Editing Stop Lists in MS Office Programs Stop lists are saved as normal text files and can therefore be opened and edited in any MS Office program The most suitable program for this would be Excel Open the stop list by selecting the option FILE gt OPEN in Excel The file type must be changed to All Files In Excel you can add new words to the list or edit the existing list and then save it You don t have to bother sorting the list as MAXQDA will automatically arrange it in alphabetical order when it is opened there Stop lists can be employed for multiple projects simultaneously It is recommendable to modularize them which means you could create stop lists of certain types for instance conjunc tions which can be used universally Then the single modules can be merged in the Stop Lists window so that you can create a list that is appropriate for the current project button ADD EA Microsoft Excel stop list txt DeM Slay amp Arial 10 M 8 Show Last Frequenc
3. 601 times which is 1 48 percent of the total of 40 666 words In quantitative content analysis the so called type token ratio is a measure for the elaboration of a text The type token ratio is the quotient of different words types divided by the total number of words tokens It can be a maximum of 1 The results can be sorted by the individual columns namely L an alphabetical wordlist in ascending or descending order L by word length ascending or descending Q by absolute frequency of occurrence in the text ascending or descending L by percentage of the word in the text word frequency divided by tokens M 4 Word Frequencies for All Texts 19 Example To simplify matters and for means of comparability we will be using a text section from a fairy tale that is also used as an example in Textpack To be able to insert the text we must generate a new project and a new text group in MAXQDA Then we type in the text in the MAXQDA text browser Just like in MS Word MAXQDA creates a new paragraph each time the Return key is pressed The short text appears as follows feb Text Browser Text 5 N zx 1 Once upon atime there was a programmer who was very proud of his program Everyday he went to his magic mirror and asked Mirror mirror on the wall whose programs are best of all And each time the mirror answered Sweetie sweetie this old mirror assures you that yours are 2 But one day in 1983 the mirro
4. Off Activating and DeactivatingWords 40 9 9 SettingOptons 10 amaaan 41 9 10 Transferring Words form the Word Frequency ListintotheDictionaly 42 9 11 Transferring Search Items from OneCategorytoAnother 44 9 12 PrintingandDocumentingaDictionany m 45 9 13 EditingDictionariesinMSExcel 46 Construction of GO EISES ikinin ap 47 10 1 Whatare G L S S ancra eaa E a EARE RE KENNE 47 10 2 Accessing the FunctionandSettingUpGo WordG 47 10 3 Analysis of GO WOldS iss saa alsan testbed inna anal lin ga entiation A 48 M Table of Contents 11 The Coder anaga eee A ME ee eaa a ea Eea ee ee 49 11 1 Accessing the Coder ik larla la azalan adal ekran sallan he he 49 11 2 What Does the Coder Accomplish eee 51 11 3 FurherProcessingoftheResults 53 11 4 Coder Option seslen alal m anana aaa isale an alakadan aylin 53 11 5 ThevValidationfile een 54 11 6 CodingofStructuredTets nenn 55 11 7 ResultlableofStructuredData 0 eee 59 12 Further Processing of the Coder Results with Excel orSPSS 63 12 1 Questions 63 12 2 HowtolTran
5. category appears in each of the texts on the list will be shown in the column of the variable matrix entitled Legal Aspects To start the conversion process click on the icon Results of the MAXDictio Coding in the table s toolbar This type of variable cannot be updated by importing a variable matrix Because the variables in MAXQDA are case variables i e only one data set is available per text the results matrix can only be converted into variables that have the same case structure This is however only the case at coding level O hence converting category frequencies into variables is limited to this level M 13 Tips and Hints for Working with MAXDictio 65 13 Tips and Hints for Working with MAXDictio For MAXDictio to operate efficiently it is advisable to create a suitable working environment Set ting up a functional directory structure is the first priority It is best to create a maxdictio folder in your My Files folder There you can save project files such as stop lists dictionaries or exported results Files created by MAXDictio can be recognized by the following file extensions Type Extension Dictionary mxd Word Frequencies txt Index of Finding Locations txt Stop Lists txt As long as you only use MAXDictio occasionally and the number of the files you create stays man ageable it will be sufficient to just save all of the files in this folder With a gro
6. in the text browser select the first section with the mouse and assign the code Chapter 1 to it Do the same with the sections two three and four In the following example this has been done with the first four chapters of the Gospel of Mark Now start the MAXDictio CoDER once more If the setting of the coding depth were to be left at O the text would only be analyzed as a whole that means the table of results would only contain one line for the four sections Results of MAXDictio Coder SEE 1 Text Units Al x et Tet Ten dede Medal genin persons paces Group 1 As soon as the depth is set to a value greater than O the codes contained in the window will be re leased for selection In the selection window all level O codes from the LIST or Copes will be offered these are the codes on the highest hierarchy level M 11 The Coder 57 Now you can click on the newly created subdivision codes Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 and Chapter 4 The text will now be counted on a more differentiated level relating to the individual sec tions here 4 MAXDictio Coder M 11 The Coder 58 The following table of results will be created PEx 4 Text Units Group 1 EIE 1 Group 1 Chapter 2 Group 1 Chapter 3 Group 1 Chapter 4 When comparing this table with the overall table you can see that in the column words the total of 3 398 words is distributed among the four sections When adding the rele
7. in the text can be created for each word in the list of word fre quencies Click on the desired word with the right mouse button then select the function CREATE INDEX from the context menu see illustration below 2 Word Frequency SEES In 4 Texts 40259 Words Total 3641 Words jesus 5 man Create Index things Father a Add to Stop List lord son In the illustration the word god was selected which appears exactly 320 times in the processed texts M 6 Creating a Word Index 25 6 2 The Index The above requested index appears as follows Search Results SEE in 4 Texts 320 Hits Ala M o SearehSiing Paragraph o A Group 1 John god 4 E Group 1 John god 4 Group 1 John god 5 Group 1 John god 9 Group 1 John god 15 Group 1 John god 16 Group 1 John god 21 Group 1 John god 32 Users of MAXQDA are already familiar with the representation of search results in this form as it is the same as in the MAXQDA search function In the table heading information is displayed regarding how many texts the word has been found in and how many located positions there are all together in the text The column Text in the table indicates the name of the text group and of the text in which the word has been found In the column to the right the search item here god is listed and the number of the relevant paragraph in the text is shown in the third column M 6 Creating a Wor
8. mouse button and selecting the option CREATE INDEX in the context menu L By double clicking on a word it can be added to the active stop list MAXQDA users are already familiar to the window search results from MAXODA s text search functions and know that from this window the locations and their context can be coded as desired M 5 Word Frequencies for Activated Texts and Text Sets 5 Word Frequencies for Activated Texts and Text 21 Sets 5 1 Starting the Function The counting of words may be restricted to selected text files or text sets As usual in MAXQDA this selection is done by activation To work only with the activated texts select the option only ac tivated text located in the upper part of the dialogue window It is also possible to restrict the analysis to certain texts or text sets The selection of those items is as usual in MAXQDA done by activation After having activated the text files or text sets the word frequency procedure starts and the option Only activated texts can be chosen Word frequency Minimal number of characters MV Only activated text I Only coded segments MW Apply stop list lt Standard gt Differentiation None By texts By text sets Cancel M 5 Word Frequencies for Activated Texts and Text Sets 22 In this option only the vocabulary of activated texts will be analyzed So if you only want to analyze the vocabulary of one certain tex
9. one or more words which are attached to a category in a dic tionary Coding The word coding in MAXDictio carries the same meaning as in quantitative content analysis Based on the words in the dictionary MAXDictio counts how frequently the categories appear in the texts or text passages The table of results shows the number of times a category appeared within each text unit With the aid of this information it is then possible to carry out statistical calcu lations Text Format RTF ASCII ANSI RTF and ASCII are common file formats in Windows Rich Text Format allows for use of different font types and sizes as well as text characteristics like bold italic or text colors ASCII files are consid erably more limited They only contain characters of the American Code for Information Interchange M 3 Basic Principles of Working with MAXDictio 12 ASCII Font types and sizes as well as other text characteristics are not included In MAXDictio such RTF specific characteristics will be ignored 3 2 Schematic Course Based on well known textbooks like KRIPPENDORF 2004 an outline of the following classical quantitative content analysis schema is possible The starting point of the analysis is a certain number of texts often called the text corpus If neces sary the texts can be subdivided into individual sections such as a book is divided into chapters These sections are also called text units They can also function as cou
10. passages L Word frequencies in text groups or in text sets which have been put together based on tex tual criteria Q Free definition of text units whereby these may overlap M 2 What does MAXDictio offer 8 O O Oooocvooo Editing texts and assigning them to text units is possible throughout the whole process Exportability of the frequency analysis outcomes to MS Office programs Such as Excel or Word and to SPSS also by using the Windows clipboard Index of selected words of one or more texts Possibility to jump from each index entry to the underlying text passage Limitation of the analysis by go lists containing a list of words which should be analyzed ex clusively and stop lists which contain a list of those words that should be blocked for analy sis Selective analysis by selected criteria such as the value of socio demographic variables fil tering by numeric data Creation of word based dictionaries basic dictionaries as well as hierarchical Transfer of words from the word frequency table into the dictionary by double clicking or by drag and drop Export of dictionaries to MS Office programs e g from Excel Import of previously used dictionaries Coding on the basis of word based dictionaries Results of the coder as editable and sortable Excel like table Further processing of the results in SPSS and Excel Creation of a validation file for verification of codes Total integration in the functionalit
11. qualitative social science The more text to be processed simultaneously the more time the computer needs All functions also have a bar that indicates the progress Hence it is visible how much text MAXDictio has al ready processed and thus possible to calculate how much time will still be needed to complete the entire analysis
12. search item matches will be counted L CASE SENSITIVITY case will be taken into consideration L STARTING LETTERS the search item must appear at the beginning of a word Examples Only Exact Matches president will code President but not presidential Only Exact Matches and president will not code President Case Sensitivity Starting letters activated tree will code trees and treehouse Starting letters deactivated tree not only codes Tree but also street M 9 Creating and Managing Dictionaries 42 9 10 Transferring Words form the Word Frequency List into the Dictionary Each word that is contained in a word frequency list can be sent directly to the dictionary The best way to do this is to open both lists and arrange the windows on the screen so that they are next to each other and can be seen at the same time Select the desired category in the dictionary window by double clicking on it All of words you select from the word frequency list will be added to this category There are three ways to select search items The recommended and simplest way involves double clicking on the desired word in the frequency list This will add it directly to the search item list in the dictionary Or you can drag and drop the word into the dictionary These two options are new additions to the 2007 version of MAXDictio Another option is to click on the desired word with the right mouse button and select ADD To DICTIONA
13. would allow them to create an index of the words used in a text so that they have access to an additional explorative aid for the evaluation of the text Such a dictionary and content analysis module would make it easy to explore the vocabu lary used in a text as well as to find out which words can be found in which texts or text passages It would also make the differences between the vocabulary of the various texts within one project visi ble Besides the vocabulary functions the MAXDictio module offers a number of techniques which originate from the area of classical quantitative content analysis MAXDictio was not intended to be a competitive software product for quantitative content analysis but rather it aims to utilize these techniques for qualitative data analysis and provide these as an additional set of analysis methods in a manageable form MAXDictio is not intended to be a software program for quantitative content analysis The func tionality offered makes this software attractive for researchers who have managed their analysis with less convenient content analysis software up to now The functionality of MAXDictio software is comparable to other established software programs such as Textpack designed by ZUMA On the contrary the way MAXDictio allows the user to build up indexes should convince even experienced Textpack users More precisely MAXDictio provides following functions L Word frequencies in the whole text or in marked
14. MAXDictio Add on Module for Content Analysis MAXQDA 2007 Support Distribution VERBI Software Consult Sozialforschung GmbH Tel 49 0 6421 3400730 Fax 49 0 6421 3400727 E Mail support maxqda com Internet http www maxqda com All rights reserved Trademarks MAXQDA and MAXDictio are registered trademarks of VERBI Software Consult Sozialforschung GmbH Berlin Germany SPSS Windows Word Excel are registered trademarks All other trade marks are the property of their respective owners and may be registered in the United States and or other jurisdictions VERBI Software Consult Sozialforschung GmbH Berlin 2007 For this manual Udo Kuckartz Berlin 2007 Table of Contents L Stellan iO Miki ni a ki ab ia ln gali dememizin 6 2 What does MAXDictio offer safya sin saim libas sald y nden iso 7 3 Basic Principles of Working with MAXDictio 9 3L BASIC TOMS EE KEN fae pent 9 32 Sehematit o KN EN MR ei 12 4 WordrFreguenciesforAllTexits 0 100 0mm 14 Al Starting the FUNGON sales divers sist anena anoa aces aetna aha al Hazal le 14 A D Table of RESUMS A AN EN AN A TEATRA 17 5 Word Frequencies for Activated Textsandlext5Sets 0 21 bii Starting the FUNCTION esimle ilkel raya an ella Simba Bi sin ie ede cl alakam ila dan 21 5 2 Output of the Results sma akli neler ak a n asena ana 22 6 Creat
15. RY In the illustration below the word jesus was selected After accessing the option ADD To DICTIONARY the word will be forwarded to the dictionary as new search item in the presently opened category in the left dictionary window in our example this is the category persons You can also select several words from the word frequency list using the conventional key combina tions Ctrl amp left mouse button for selecting diverse words one after the other Shift amp left mouse button for selecting a list of words between the first selected and the last requested word M 9 Creating and Managing Dictionaries 23 Word Frequency In 4 Texts 40259 Words Total god things Add to Stop List Father lord PEK 3641 Words 43 Sl ss s g Bul apostels Di persons places Categories Search Items jesus Abraham Adam Barabbas Mary Pilate M 9 Creating and Managing Dictionaries 44 9 11 Transferring Search Items from One Category to Another It is easy to transfer search items from one category to another Just click on the term and hold the left mouse button down as you move it into the desired category This is also known as the drag and drop function The search item will be removed from the old category immediately The setting options for the given search item Such as whole word accompany the word to the new category M 9 Creating and Managing Dictionaries 45 Ea M
16. Usually these are the punctuation marks hy ty Some problems might occur with hyphens If compound words should be counted as one word and not be split up into their separate parts the hyphen may not be declared as a delimiter It is best to experiment a little with different possibilities As the counting of the word frequencies can be re peated with no significant loss of time it is advisable to look through the results for any conspicu ities change the options if needed and then repeat the analysis M 4 Word Frequencies for All Texts 16 After starting the Word Frequency function the following dialogue window appears Here you may select all the options you need Word frequency Minimal number of characters F Only activated texts Only coded segments MW Apply stop list lt Standard gt Differentiation None By text sets Cancel The following options may be set U minimal number of characters words with less characters will be skipped L only activated text the frequencies procedure will be restricted to the activated text files L only coded segments the frequencies procedure will be restricted to the coded segments actually displayed in the Retrieved Segments window L use stop list when the check box is set a stop list will be applied M 4 Word Frequencies for All Texts 17 Q differentiation here you may select if the table of results displays any differentiation none
17. be comprised of two times four lines total 8 lines as in the illustration below Here the text Mathew only consists of three text units a fourth chapter didn t exist This is visible by the entry O in the last line in the column words of the table of results Mathew Chapter 4 Results of MAXDictio Coder SEE 8 Text Units Group 1 Matthew 4 Chapter 1 Group 1 Matthew 4 Chapter 2 Group 1 Matthew 4 Chapter 3 Group 1 Matthew 4 Chapter 4 Group 1 Mark 3 Chapter 1 Group 1 Mark 3 Chapter 2 Group 1 Mark 3 Chapter 3 Group 1 Mark 3 Chapter 4 M 11 The Coder 60 There are cases in which it is not desired to create empty lines for non existing text units This can be prevented by selecting the appropriate setting in the options menu MAxDictio Coder T Count Same Words Only Once Coding Documentation File c MAxdictiol Validate rtf Now only the actual existing text units will be counted and listed The illustration below conse quently contains only 7 lines the last line for the non existing Chapter 4 has been left out Many diverse possibilities result from subdividing texts on a more differentiated level Analogue to a book you can divide a text into Chapter 1 Paragraph 1 Chapter 1 Paragraph 2 Chapter 1 Paragraph 3 Chapter 2 Paragraph 1 Chapter 2 Paragraph 2 Now you can carry out the analysis on the lowest level of the text the paragraphs To do this se lect level 2 as coding d
18. by texts or by text sets As soon as you click OK again the frequency procedure will start 4 2 Table of Results The word frequency result table appears as follows 23 Word Frequency Sel In 4 Texts 40666 Words Total 3677 Words Word WordLength Frequency man god things father lord son disciples The table depicted above contains the following information 1 number of analyzed texts top left here 4 2 total number of counted and separated words tokens here 40 666 M 4 Word Frequencies for All Texts 18 3 number of different words in the texts types here 3 677 4 The first column serves to define a word as a stop word By double clicking you can change its status At first the default for each word is the status go word The symbol depicted then is green After double clicking on it it changes into a red stop sign The word will then be sent to the active stop list automatically 5 In the next column the words appear as they appear in the text Whether capitalization will be displayed or not depends on the option selected in the OPTIONS menu 6 The third column contains the word length counted in characters 7 Column 4 contains the absolute frequency of each word in the processed texts 8 Column 5 contains the percentage of the word referring to the tokens i e the total number of counted words in all texts In our example the word jesus was counted
19. d Index 26 This table can also be sorted by the single columns just like other tables in MAXQDA either in ascending or in descending order Clicking once on the column title will sort the table by column By clicking on the column title with the right mouse button you can open the context menu which among other functions offers to search in this column 6 3 Going to Located Positions Exporting and Coding By clicking on a located position the text passage will be opened and loaded directly into the win dow TEXT BROWSER The window SEARCH RESULTS will stay in the front so that for optimal working con ditions it is advisable to arrange the windows on your screen in such a way that this window won t cover the window TEXT BROWSER The function CREATE INDEX is directly integrated into the lexical search functions and the coder of MAXQDA which means that the located positions can be coded directly by clicking on the Auto code button in the toolbar located on top of the Search Results window More details can be found in the MAXQDA user s manual Click here to code the located positions automatically Search Results SEE in 2 Texts 184 Hits Bible Luke Bible Luke Bible Luke Bible Luke Bible Luke M 6 Creating a Word Index 27 It is also possible to export all the hits along with their surrounding text into a new file either in Datei Bearbeiten Mozilla Firefox Ansicht rtf format or as a table
20. ed Category 4 at the top of the list M 9 Creating and Managing Dictionaries 37 Dictionary C MAXDictio dictionary mxd Slimane gt BBHB x x Categories Search Items apostels persons places In most cases you will want to change the title into a more meaningful title To do so double click on Category 4 and enter the new title It is also possible to insert a string of characters from the Windows Clipboard with help of the shortcut CTRL V 9 4 Sorting and Organizing the Category System As mentioned above the category system can be displayed as a list or as a hierarchical tree When using the hierarchical view the category system may be organized in the same way as the code system in MAXQDA By dragging the mouse categories can be placed at the desired posi tion If you d like to make a category a sub category of another category just press the Shift key while moving the category to its new position M 9 Creating and Managing Dictionaries 38 Categories Root Da Category 4 a places persons a apostels When working in list view see the following figure you may sort the whole category system by click ing on the column s header Categories Category lt Number Main category apostels persons persons places By clicking on the column title Category the table will be arranged in ascending alphabetical or der Clicking again on the title will cause the reve
21. epth Even after differentiating a text this way there still remains the possi bility to analyze the text on the first level Then the text will be counted on the level of the chapters This only functions if there are no allocations to the first order codes Chapter 1 or Chapter 2 the text must be coded consistently on the lowest level This means that MAXDictio demands pro M 11 The Coder 61 ceeding the same as when making a book If a chapter is subdivided each chapter starts with the first sub chapter Hence there are no paragraphs that do not belong to a sub chapter Example The text below has been processed so that each sentence in the chapters has been coded indi vidually beginning with the codes Chapter 1 1 Chapter 1 2 and so on 5B Text Browser Group 1 Matthew MATTHEW Chapter 1 The genealogy of Christ he is conceived and born of a virgin 4 1 The book of the generation of Jesus Christ the son of David the son of Abraham 5 2 Abraham begot Isaac And Isaac begot Jacob And Jacob begot Judas and his brethren 6 3 And Judas begot Phares and Zara of Thamar And Phares begot Esron And Esron begot Aram 7 4 And Aram begot Aminadab And Aminadab begot Naasson And Naasson begot Salmon 8 5 And Salmon begot Booz of Rahab And Booz begot Obed of Ruth And Obed begot Jesse 6 And Jesse begot David the king And David the king begot Solomon of her that had been the wife of U
22. es 1 persons 2 places 3 The following lines are a short extract from a validation file M 11 The Coder 55 1 Now in the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar Pontius Pilatel2j being governor of Judea and Herod being tetrarch of Galilee and Philipjaj his brother tetrarch of Iturea and the country of Trachonitis and Lysanias tetrarch of Abilina 2 Under the high priests Annas and Caiphas the word of the Lord was made unto Johniai the son of Zachary in the desert 3 And he came into all the country about the Jordan g preaching the baptism of penance for the remission of sins The validation file may not be opened with another program while starting the coder Otherwise the coder will abort the process with an error message 11 6 Coding of Structured Texts The coder offers very complex possibilities of counting structured texts Texts can be structured in many different ways Suppose a text is divided into four sections text units This corresponds to a book with four chapters This results in the following structure Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 The chapter names are managed by MAXQDA as codes The subdivision of texts into sections can be achieved simply by coding the relevant paragraphs in the text browser Proceed as follows 1 Create the codes Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 and Chapter 4 in the MAXQDA code system window M 11 The Coder 56 2 Open the text
23. hat means that only these words will be counted In MAXDictio go lists are created and managed as dictionaries But these dictionaries consist mostly of only one dummy category This category then contains all of the go words 10 2 Accessing the Function and Setting Up Go Words First you access the dictionary using the MAXDictio menu or the quick button DICTIONARY 21 Then proceed as follows 1 If there are still categories listed use the button DELETE ALL to delete these Attention You should save the dictionary in use beforehand Click on New Category Now Category 1 will be created Go words can be entered here or transferred from any word frequency list by double clicking on selected words with the left mouse button or simply dragging and dropping them into the appropriate category M 10 Construction of Go Lists 48 Dictionary C WAXDictio go list mxd ass BBH x Categories Search Items category Number Search Items Only Exact M Case Sensitivit GO List When creating go lists the options Only Exact Matches and Starting Letters do not play a role because only exact matches are taken into consideration when using go lists 10 3 Analysis of Go Words The analysis e g the word frequencies of all texts is limited to the words in the go list when you click the button ONLY DICTIONARY WORDS ETEL 11 The Coder 11 1 Accessing the Code
24. icrosoft Excel dictionary mxd fe apostles 9 12 Printing and Document Fe ing a Dictionary Documenting and printing a dictionary apostle 0 0 0 are best done with MS Word or Excel Simon 0 0 0 Dictionaries are saved as mxd files Peter 0 0 0 They are written in normal text format Andrew 0 0 0 and can be opened with Word or Excel James 0 0 0 John 0 0 D The illustration to the right shows a dic Philip 0 0 0 tionary when opened with Excel In Col Bartholomew 0 0 0 umn A are the categories in B the Thomas 0 0 0 search items Columns C D and E con Matthew 0 0 0 tain the selected options 1 for se Judas 0 0 0 lected O for not selected 0 Abraham 0 0 0 Adam D 0 D Pilate 0 0 0 Barabbas 0 D 0 Mary 0 0 0 Joseph 0 1 0 M 9 Creating and Managing Dictionaries 46 9 13 Editing Dictionaries in MS Excel Dictionaries can also be edited in Excel For instance search items may be added or category titles can be changed However in Excel all of the names of categories and search items must be keyed in while in MAXDictio they can simply be added from the results of the word frequency analysis M 10 Construction of Go Lists 47 10 Construction of Go Lists 10 1 What are Go Lists Go lists are pretty much the opposite of stop lists While stop lists contain a list of words which are disabled for the analysis and are supposed to be excluded from the counting go lists consist of words to which the analysis should be limited T
25. ies and Export 31 8 Show Last Frequencies and Export By selecting LAST FREQUENCIES in the MAXDictio menu or clicking on the relevant quick button the last counting results of a word frequency function will be displayed anew The format of the then displayed frequencies table is the same as described above EH St lL 25 Word Frequency Seles In 1 Texts 164 Words Total 122 Words the mirror a of was programmer The displayed results can be transformed into a txt file by clicking on the EXPORT button in the win dow s toolbar The file will be created in the so called Tab Delimited format which means that the fields of the table are separated by a tab sign and there is a return sign at the end of one row The first row of the table contains the column titles Word Word Length Frequency Percent M 8 Show Last Frequencies and Export 32 This exported txt file can be edited with the Windows Editor as well as with MS Word or Excel Word or Excel are to be preferred as they maintain the structure of the table with its rows and columns which makes reading the table much easier M 9 Creating and Managing Dictionaries 33 9 Creating and Managing Dictionaries 9 1 Starting the Function There are two ways to access the MAXDictio dictionary function L the Dictionary option in the MAXDictio menu OQ the quick button in the MAXDictio toolbar ZJ L 9 2 The Dictionary Window When using the dictionary funct
26. in HTML format Both kinds of export files can be printed without problem Chronik Lesezeichen Extras Hilfe Gi Text BibleyLuke BibleyLuke BibleyLuke BibleyLuke Search Results Preview Paragraph 31 Behold thou shalt conceive in thy womb and shalt 34 bring forth a son and thou shalt call his mame Jesus 21 And after eight days were accomplished that the child should be circumcised his name was called JESUS which was called by the angel before he was conceived in the womb And when his parents brought in the child Jesus to do for him according to the custom of the law 43 And having fulfilled the days when they returned the child Jesus remained in Jerusalem and his parents knew it not M 7 Stop Lists 28 7 Stop Lists 7 1 Function of the Stop Lists Stop lists are collections of uninteresting words such as definite and indefinite articles conjunc tions or numerals Such words are usually sources of irritation when analyzing a text For that rea son it is advisable to exclude them from the analysis MAXDictio allows you to create as many stop lists as you d like as well as to edit and manage them Words that are in the stop lists will automatically left out of the table of counting results 7 2 Creating Stop Lists To create a stop list you can either call up the option Stop List in the MAXDictio menu or click on the quick button in the MAXDictio tool bar
27. indow will appear in which you can de termine on which level a text should be analyzed and coded The simplest selec tion would be just clicking on OK and so determining level O as coding depth the least possible degree In this case each whole text counts as one text unit and so for each text only one issue line will be created The texts will not be differentiated any further 11 2 What Does the Coder Ac level 0 r complish OK Cancel The MAXDictio CoDER carries out an auto M 11 The Coder 52 matic quantitative content analysis The procedure is as follows Starting with the first word of the first text the program checks the active dictionary to see whether this word is contained in it as a word or word segment If so and the word is active for the analysis the category counter increases by one The search continues with this word as it is possible to assign one word to more than one category If a further allocation has been found MAXDictio will also increase the counter for this category by one After the whole dictionary has been assessed the coder proceeds to the next word in the text This automatic coding results in a data matrix in which the texts are represented in the lines and the categories in the columns DEK 4 Text Units Group 1 Matthew Group 1 Mark Group 1 Luke Group 1 John Such a matrix resembles the illustration above Each line contains the results of one text and be gins by nami
28. ing a Word MOSK anesini lala Bl eda 24 6 1 Accessing The FUNCTION sissies el Male Bn sa Bi alani i ll aa diyeli 24 O2 WTS IGEN GE EEE 25 6 3 GoingtolocatedPositions Export ng andloding 26 NY a 28 7 1 Funct onoftheStop isis eee 28 M Table of Contents 8 9 10 G2 Creating Stop LiStS iiien aaan aaa eaa ia ia na aie areia ariaa ninani adia 28 7 3 SavingandPrintingStopliss A A A A A Am A 29 T A DynamicStop lists eee eeneenenenasnanan 30 7 5 Creating and EditingStop listsinMSOfficeProsrams 30 Show Last Frequencies and EKDON asenalar esasi ned esd aa dal 31 Creating and Managing Dictionaries 0 0 000000 ear 33 9 1 Starling he FUNCTION ccicet seis cseet vee eens eet gi Salk es doe 33 9 2 TheDictionayWindmw eee 33 9 3 Creating a Dictionary with CategoriesandSub categorles 35 9 4 Sor ngandOrganizingtheCategorySystem 37 9 5 TumingClategoriesOnandoOlf seen eeaeeesaaeseeeaeeneeeeeneees 39 9 6 Adding Search Items to the Dictionary A A A A gt gt gt gt gt 39 9 7 DeletingWordsfromthelistofSearchlteems 40 9 8 Turning Search Items On and
29. ion an empty window will appear at first M 9 Creating and Managing Dictionaries 34 18 Dictionary C WAXDictio default mxd CA a bB BBX E Categories Search Items Category O Ea Search Items Only Exact M Case Sensitivity The header of the window indicates the name of the dictionary currently being used The default dictionary default mxd appears automatically unless other dictionaries have been programmed into MAXDictio There is a toolbar underneath the title that contains the majority of the functions available in MAXDictio including the following from left to right Change view switches from the hierarchical display of the categories to the basic view in Excel style New category creates a new category or sub category Delete category deletes the selected category as well as its sub categories if any New search item creates a new search item for the given category on the left side Delete search item deletes one or multiple selected search items M 9 Creating and Managing Dictionaries 35 Open opens an already existing dictionary Add merges two dictionaries Save saves the current dictionary as a file Delete All deletes all categories and search items in the current dictionary Close closes the dictionary window 9 3 Creating a Dictionary with Categories and Sub categories 18 Dictionary C WMAXDictioldictionary mxd a als BBHD x Categories Search Items Category G Ci apostels per
30. n below M 9 Creating and Managing Dictionaries 40 Sf Dictionary C WAXDictio dictionary mxd mea n n e e a A A m E E amp Categories Search Items __ category O Category 4 apostels persons places 9 7 Deleting Words from the List of Search Items Individual or multiple search items can be deleted from the list by selecting them and then clicking on DELETE Several words can be selected by using the combinations Ctrl amp left mouse button or Shift amp left mouse button to select all of the words between an already selected word and another 9 8 Turning Search Items On and Off Activating and Deactivating Words Each search item of a category can be turned on or off individually for the analysis The procedure is the same as with the categories The symbol next to each word indicates its state green on red X off M 9 Creating and Managing Dictionaries 41 9 9 Setting Options Options for future codings with the MAXDictio Coder may be set for each search item Search Items are strings of characters whose occurrences are supposed to be investigated in the text These can be individual words parts of words such as the stem of a word or terms consist ing of several words or strings of characters The Default setting is Word Stem which means that all words in the text that contain the search item as a subset will be coded The following options are available L ONLY Exact MATCHES only exact
31. nas 10 7 And Solomon begot Roboam And Roboam begot Abia And Abia begot Asa 11 8 And Asa begot Josaphat And Josaphat begot Joram And Joram begot Ozias xl b NR FS m o b w in m la ee ee The results for the first 8 sections that have been analyzed with coding depth 2 appears as follows M 11 The Coder 62 Results of MAXDictio Coder SEE x z Matthew Chapter 141 Matthew Chapter 112 Matthew Chapter 113 Matthew Chapter 114 Matthew Chapter 115 Matthew Chapter 116 Matthew Chapter 117 Matthew Chapter 118 EN CO EM e a O EN O ey ir om O Se Se amp You can see that each sentence has been counted individually an the results are represented by an individual line in the table In the first sentence of Chapter 1 for instance 17 words have been counted and in sentence 2 there were 15 M 12 Further Processing of the Coder Results with Excel or SPSS 63 12 Further Processing of the Coder Results with Excel or SPSS 12 1 Questions The result matrix is an initial point for further statistical analysis This can help answer further ques tions such as 1 Which category is named most frequently in which texts or text units 2 In which text or texts is a category coded especially often Where does it appear very sel dom 3 How do the categories correlate 4 Can patterns be found in the category frequencies 12 2 How to Transport the Matrix into Excel The simplest way to
32. ng the text group and text name The next column Code contains the name of the code of this particular text unit if any see below Then comes a column that contains the total number of counted words in the text These numbers are followed by the frequencies of the catego ries M 11 The Coder 53 There are numbers in the cells that specify how many times a given category has been found in the given text This matrix is like other tables in MAXQDA similar to a table in MS Excel By clicking on a column title the whole table will be assorted in ascending or descending order 11 3 Further Processing of the Results The contents of the matrix can be copied and pasted into other Windows or MS Office programs by way of the Windows Clipboard By clicking on the button Export in the toolbar the whole matrix will be saved as a text file 8 a The table of results can also be saved in HTML format by way of the HTML table button This can easily be printed or imported into other programs 11 4 Coder Options In the OPTIONS menu of MAXDictio you can determine how the words or search items should be counted that appear more than once in the same text unit If you only want the counter to count them once select the appropriate option If for instance a category contains the search item Pe ter a text unit will be counted once no matter whether Peter is found one or more times in the given text unit Suppose the catego
33. nting units so that if the automatic MAXDictio Coder is applied each text unit will be counted separately Independent from the texts you work with a dictionary or encyclopedia This dictionary consists on the one hand of an unlimited number of categories On the other hand it includes the words that are attached to these categories In the example below the words Belgium and Netherlands be long to the category Europe The Coder allows automatic coding of all of the texts individual texts or a collection of selected texts on the basis of the dictionary It is as if a certain number of savings boxes are put up for each text exactly as many as there are categories The text editing starts with the first word of the text Then for each word that is also contained in the dictionary a counting piece will be put into the sav ings box in the assigned category After the whole text has been processed the number of counting pieces in each savings box is determined A statistical evaluation for this text will be calculated which contains among others the following information total number of coded words number of coded places for Category 2 and so on M 3 Basic Principles of Working with MAXDictio 13 DICTIONARY CATEGORIES Abbey 1 Asia 2 North America Belgium 3 Europe i 4 Australia si 5 South America Netherlands Zucchini CODER Searches all texts upon appearance of words contained in the dictionary and
34. oup 3 all texts of a project 4 acertain text set M 11 The Coder 50 To access the coder go to the list of texts and click on the desired level with the right mouse but ton Then select the option MAXDictio CoDER Alternatively you may click on the CoDER button in MAXDictio s toolbar As the illustration below shows the option is the last one in the context menu in the DOCUMENT SYSTEM ts oja Bi Texts E Group 1 El John e Activate All Texts E Luke E Mark fi Deactivate All Texts E Matthew 24 Sort Texts fam Sets IS Memo Create Text i Import Text s Import Structured Text X Delete Text Group Rename Text Group th Overview of Coded Segments l Overview of Memos Overview of Attributes Overview of Links Teamwork Export Teamwork Import MAXDictio Coder M 11 The Coder 51 MAXDictio can carry out such a guantitative content analysis for a whole text or single parts of texts Texts can be divided into paragraphs or sections These so called text units are Erme counting units for the coder which means that for each counting unit individual issue lines will be created in the results file This option must be selected first as the coder will not automatically consider the units when analyzing the text When a text has been divided into sections it is still possi ble to analyze it as a whole When accessing the coder an additional w
35. r The MAXDictio Coder automatically codes the texts on the basis of an active dictionary If nothing has been defined the standard dictionary is called default mxd However the term coding in MAXDictio has a different meaning than the usual qualitative coding of text segments in MAXQDA Normally coding in MAXQDA means that a text section is selected and then assigned a code or sub code in the List OF Copes The coding process in MAXDictio does not assign such codes to text sections but performs more of a quantitative analysis of one or more texts on the ba sis of the categories and search items in a dictionary So the coding process corresponds to the approach in quantitative content analysis in which the actual text is redundant and substituted by counted results and categories To explain this In MAXQDA qualitative coding would mean when coding the Bible for instance to select a text sec tion and then allocate it to the code Apostle gt Peter Later then by activating this code the ac cording passage could be found again When working with the MAXDictio coder you would define the category Apostle with Peter as an attributed search item If the coder finds the search item this will be registered as a counting result for this category Processing the material with MAXDictio results in a matrix that contains the frequencies of the categories The coder can be accessed for 1 asingle text 2 atext gr
36. r answered My good man how purely bred now it s TEXTPACK instead Thereupon the programmer s face turned red with rage and his eyes green with envy He grew redder and greener and redder and greener Finally a crash of thunder sounded and the programmer descended towards hell The moral of the story is this Don t envy other s programmed bliss Now we will start the word frequency counting for all texts After clicking twice on the column fre quency we get a list arranged by frequencies in descending order Clicking once will assort the list in ascending order which means that words with the frequency of 1 are on the top of the list M 4 Word Frequencies for All Texts 20 23 Word Frequency ER In 1 Texts 164 Words Total 122 Words the mirror a of was programmer As you can see the words the and and are the most common words which were each counted 7 times This relates to a percentage of 4 27 per cent for each word The following demonstrate possible ways to handle the table 0 An alphabetical list in ascending order is generated by clicking on the column title Word Q By clicking on the column title Word with the right mouse button a context menu opens which contains among other things the option SEARCH This option calls up an input field in which you can type the desired word 0 A list of all locations of a word in the text can be created by clicking on the given word with the right
37. records their frequency SUMMARY TABLE a matrix of text units X categories Categories Asia North America Australia 3 31 8 8 9 2 SPSS Statistical Analysis of the exported summary table M 4 Word Frequencies for All Texts 14 4 Word Frequencies for All Texts 4 1 Starting the Function The simplest function of MAXDictio determines the vocabulary of all of a current project s texts This function can be accessed by either L selecting the option WoRD FREQUENCIES ALL TEXTS in the MAXDictio menu or L just clicking on the corresponding quick button in the tool bar 2 4a Depending on the size of the textual material some time might pass after activating the function as MAXDictio will now work through the material text by text All words will be isolated transferred into a list and counted What is a word in MAXDictio A word is as showed above any sequence of characters between two delimiters Delimiters can be space tabs or punctuation marks For example work as the last word of a sentence would be limited by a space on its left and by a period on its right Before starting the analysis you should decide which characters are supposed to act as delimiters This option is set in the Menu MAXDictio gt OPTIONS M 4 Word Frequencies for All Texts 15 MAXDictio Options In the dialogue field Characters to be cut off all delimiting characters should be entered
38. rse order which means the list would start with categories that begin with the letter Z The same thing is possible with the columns Main category and Number The Number Column contains an identification number that is created in the sequence the categories were created Thus the category defined first is associated with the number 1 M 9 Creating and Managing Dictionaries 39 9 5 Turning Categories On and Off 88 Dictionary C WMAXDictioldictionary mxd When working in the list view the categories may be CA in a BiH x switched on and off so that you can decide which catego Categories ries will be counted by MAXDictio Category In the left column in front of each category is a symbol Category 4 which indicates whether a category is turned on or off for x apostes the counting The initial state of a category is the on state persons 2 This is indicated by a small green icon Double clicking on places 3 the icon will change into a red X This demonstrates that the category will not be considered in the analysis 9 6 Adding Search Items to the Dictionary To add category search items select the desired category by clicking on it with the left mouse but ton Then click the NEW SEARCH ITEM button in the toolbar Now it is possible to enter a new search item However it is much easier to take a search item directly from a word frequency list and add it to the appropriate category see descriptio
39. ry Apostles contains the names of the 12 apostles as search items The counting result 12 means that all 12 apostles have been found in this counting unit given that the option COUNT SAME WORDS ONLY ONCE has been selected Otherwise if this option hadn t been selected the counting result would not allow such a conclusion M 11 The Coder 54 M xDictio Coder Count Same Words Only Once P Results List Only Existing Text Units Coding Documentation File c Wvalidate rtf The second option only concerns structured texts Here you can set the quality of the result table Further you have the possibility to create a validation file Such a file allows you to carefully review the coding process To create the file select the appropriate option and enter the file name under which the coding process protocol should be saved 11 5 The Validation File The validation file contains the original text of each text unit The locations where search items have been found are marked Behind each search item you can find an identification number ID number in brackets which points to the assigned category The ID number is determined when the category is created and is shown in the categories window Categories can also be assorted by their numbers and so you can create an assorted printout of the dictionary This printout might be help ful when monitoring the validation file category Number _ apostl
40. sons places In MAXDictio basic and hierarchical types of dictionaries can be created Hierarchical dictionaries are similar to the Code System of MAXQDA or Windows Explorer as subordinated levels can be switched on or off as desired There is no limit to the number of levels but a dictionary normally doesn t have more than three levels M 9 Creating and Managing Dictionaries 36 A dictionary consists of categories and sub categories as well as a list of the search items that are allocated to each category A dictionary in MAXDictio can contain any number of categories Exactly one list of search items belongs to each category The number of search items is unlimited as well To add a new category click on the NEW CATEGORY button on the left side of the toolbar Then a new category title can be entered The title is not restricted to a certain length or form It can also con sist of several words such as old age pension The title of a category can be modified later with out effecting the dictionary itself After clicking on NEW CATEGORY MAXDictio will add a category named Category Here the char acter stands for the sequential number of the category in the existing category system This means it always begins with Category 1 The illustration above shows that there are already three defined categories namely LJ apostles Q persons L places After clicking on New MAXDictio will add a new category nam
41. sporttheMatrixintoExcel en 63 12 3 HowtolransporttheMatrixintoSPSS 64 12 4 Convert the Results Matrix into MAXODAVariables 64 13 Tips and Hints for Working with MAXDICtIO cseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeseeeeeees 65 14 Limits OU OE D ye A aae anaiei 66 M 1 Installation 6 1 Installation The MAXDictio setup program will setup a new folder called MAXDictio under C Program Files on your hard disc You can also find the user s manual in PDF format in this folder MAXDictio can only be used in connection with an already existing and licensed version of MAXQDA MAXDictio is not a separate software it is accessed as a plug in within MAXQDA It can only be used with an extra license code using it for more than one MAXQDA license is not possible After the installation you will find the familiar MAXQDA interface the menu supplemented by the option MAXDictio next to the help symbol in the menu bar Project Edit Text Codes Memos Attributes Analysis Visual Tools Windows MAXDictio gt Word Frequencies All Texts Stop List Z Only Dictionary Words Dictionary MAxDictio Coder Options By clicking on MAXDictio a pull down menu will open and you can select one of the offered op tions M 2 What does MAXDictio offer T 2 What does MAXDictio offer MAXQDA users have repeatedly asked for a tool that
42. t it is the only option that may be activated If more texts or a text group are supposed to be analyzed the appropriate texts must be activated If the option DIFFERENTIATION gt BY TEXT SETS has been chosen separate frequencies for your different text sets will be computed and listed in the table of results With help of the function LOGICAL ACTIVATION of MAXQDA vocabulary analysis for new selections of interviews can also be carried out First you have to use the function LOGICAL ACTIVATION then create a new set of activated texts and select the option DIFFERENTIATION gt BY TEXT SETS Like when using the function WoRD FREQUENCIES ALL TEXTS a certain amount of time may pass until all texts have been processed Here the time needed is proportional to the amount of selected material to be processed Again all words will be isolated transferred into a list and counted The results will be displayed in a table as shown above in Chapter 4 5 2 Output of the Results The form and meaning of the output of the results is the same as in the table of results for all texts Additionally new columns will be added on the right side of the table containing the percentage val ues for single texts or text sets 5 Word Frequencies for Activated Texts and Text Sets 23 Word Frequency In 2 Texts 19721 Words Total 23 M 6 Creating a Word Index 24 6 Creating a Word Index 6 1 Accessing the Function An index of the located positions
43. transfer the data would be to use the Windows Clipboard Select the whole re sult table copy it and then paste it into a spread sheet in Excel The second possibility would be to create a text file of the matrix by clicking on the option EXPORT Then you can open this file in Excel Both versions work with the same grade of reliability M 12 Further Processing of the Coder Results with Excel or SPSS 64 12 3 How to Transport the Matrix into SPSS To export the matrix to SPSS select to export the file in txt format by way of a button on the toolbar in the results window Exporting by saving the file temporarily on the clipboard does not work well due to SPSS s restrictions regarding variable names In addition only numerical variables can be copied into the SPSS data editor so string variables would be lost 12 4 Convert the Results Matrix into MAXQDA Variables It is possible to save the columns of the results matrix permanently in MAXQDA in the 2007 ver sion of the program by converting them to MAXQDA variables The category frequencies have been added to MAXODA s variable function as individual variable types They appear in a different color yellow so that they are easier to recognize The dictionary name serves as the variable name for the converted category frequencies If for example a dic tionary category is called Legal Aspects this will serve as the variable name in MAXQDA s vari able list The number of times the
44. uch as Word Stem With a modification of the general terminology in MAXDictio a word stem is to be understood as any part of a word This means it is not only the left part or the stem form of the word the word stem can also be situated in the middle of the word so go would be a word stem of going bingo and undergoes Stop List Stop lists contain collections of words that are supposed to be ignored in the word frequency analy sis Generally these are indefinite and definite articles numerals and so on Go List A go list functions pretty much conversely to a stop list It contains words to which the frequency analysis should be confined i e only words that are on the list will be considered in the analysis M 3 Basic Principles of Working with MAXDictio 11 Index An index is a list of words that includes their references i e the passages where they can be found in the text s Dictionary A dictionary is composed of categories and words or character strings which are assigned to the categories For instance the words Italy Great Britain Germany Belgium Netherlands and Spain could be assigned to the category Europe Yu Yu Yu In principle dictionaries are not project dependent They can be used again for other projects The dictionary represents a classification scheme for the coder Search Item A search item is a string of characters
45. vant category frequen cies their sum will be the same as the numbers contained in the overall table However this only applies when the option COUNT SAME WORDS ONLY ONCE has not been selected Otherwise subdividing a text into sections can produce results that would differ from those of the overall analysis If you had only selected Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 in the coder window the result table for this text would only consist of two lines one for each of the counted text units Chapter 1 and 2 of the Gospel of Mark The following norms for structured texts should be taken into consideration L The structuring features must be level O codes on the highest level of the CODE SYSTEM L Overlapping of structuring features is allowed Q The number of structuring features is unlimited M 11 The Coder 59 Structuring texts can be simplified considerably by using the MAXQDA text pre processor option IMPORT STRUCTURED TEXT With its help structuring features can already be created while a text is be ing imported meaning that they can be written directly into the imported text 11 7 Result Table of Structured Data When analyzing structured texts the analysis is itemized by the existing or selected text units In the example above the text has been differentiated by chapters Suppose we want to analyze two texts the first text consists of four chapters the second of only three In this case the table of re sults still will
46. wing number of files however it might become necessary to set up sub directories such as a folder results or a folder for all your dictionaries When working with the functions it is advisable to have MS Excel opened at the same time Then data can easily be moved using the Windows Clipboard and results of the word frequency function or dictionaries these only via the Export function though can be inserted in Excel as a spread sheet and printed out in a clear form Besides this it is important that MAXQDA has sufficient resources so that that the program can work as efficiently as possible Other Windows programs should be closed when starting the func tion for the word frequencies The more central memory available the quicker the word frequency function and the coder can work M 14 Limits of MAXDictio 66 14 Limits of MAXDictio Neither the number or size of the texts nor the amount of text units or words per text unit are lim ited The same applies to the dictionary the number of categories and allocated words are also unlimited To a high degree working with MAXDictio depends on how fast the computer is and how many re sources it has If the number of texts to be counted at the same time reaches a certain quantum the computer becomes noticeably slower Projects of up to a million words are manageable for to day s average computers with around 1 4 GHz and 256 MB RAM This should be sufficient for usual projects of
47. y of MAXQDA using convenient functions such as key word in context or automatic coding of text passages M 3 Basic Principles of Working with MAXDictio 9 3 Basic Principles of Working with MAXDictio 3 1 Basic Terms In the following section some important and in this manual frequently used terms will be explained including Q text text section or unit word word stem stop list go list search item dictionary coding text format RTF ASCII ANSI OoooOovoovocodsdo Text A text is a DOC file in Word or a single document in the DOCUMENT SYSTEM in MAXQDA The format of the text is Rich Text Format MAXDictio only analyzes the mere text which means for the word frequencies it is irrelevant which font is being used or if words are written in bold or italic M 3 Basic Principles of Working with MAXDictio 10 Text Section Text Unit Similar to a book texts can be subdivided into chapters and subchapters Chapters may not over lap just as in a book Chapter 3 and 4 may not overlap During import a text can already be subdi vided into sections text units with the text pre processor But it is also possible to make the text units in MAXQDA simply by coding text passages The MAXDictio Coder can analyze text pas sages separately Each text unit will appear individually in a line of the table of results Word For MAXDictio a word is any string of characters which are situated between two blanks or cut off punctuation characters S
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