MammalForm User Manual
Contents
1. 33 Population Density a a A he a did boa 34 A es ta ss ns oe dado 34 68 Estimation Method 240064425 EE 36 69 Study Area Size s lt o e e fhe o er e Zombie Ate a aa 36 E Study Area een e dee e Eechen ea e 36 77 Study Area id ee e al e Ek ee oa 37 Group Composition and Size it A BEE E a e A e o ST oes 37 77 Group Type y e a a is ege AE EE E d 39 A E RE 39 80 Study Duration and 81 Study Start Date 39 82 Mating Group Type pe ri Monga DA io E 39 83 86 Numbers of males and females o o 40 Habitat Layer Seo s doe edits Ea idide E EE EES 40 89 92 Habitat Layer types 1402 a a da 40 93 Habitat Measure de A9 A AA ie 41 Appendix 1 Datafile contents 42 Appendix 2 Conversion tables 45 Introduction MammalForm is a Visual Basic program running in the Microsoft Excel VBA environment The program contains a series of linked forms designed to speed up the process of collecting mammalian life history data from the literature whilst also improving data quality by redu cing the number of data entry errors MammalForm is not intended to be a ubiquitous data entry method its design reflects decisions made about data requirements by the Mammal SuperTeam project members The goal is to provide a systematic database that reflects key trait variation across all mammals This manual contains user instructions for the program along with design notes about the choice of data us2. Data Detail fields These fields are used to record further key information about data values The information needed by different data types varies and so these fields change with the data type The standard contents of the lists and their interpretation is as follows Definitions of options when the lists differ from these standards is included in the data type specifications 16 Source Type This field is used to record whether the data is taken from primary or secondary literature or in some cases whether the data has been extrapolated from data in previous studies e Primary data gathered from direct observations by individual s that both gathered the data and authored the source paper e Secondary data presented in a source which the author s of the source did not personally gather regardless of whether the source is acknowledged For example either of Gittleman 1993 found that mountain lions are 155g at birth or mountain lions have neonates that are 155g 15 e Extrapolated data that is extrapolated from primary data For example body mass is sometimes extrapolated from shoulder heights in ungulates and forearm lengths in bats 17 Measure This field is used to record the measure that the data value represents The options given below and in MammalForm are in decreasing order of preference i e most preferred is first Only one measure should be recorded for a data type from
3. MammalForm User Manual Version 2 1 May 27 2003 Copyright Information MammalForm Version 2 1 David Orme MammalForm Version 2 1 Manual David Orme and the Mammal SuperTeam Project principally Kate Jones Marcel Cardillo and Jon Bielby for the original data collection spe cifications and subsequent modifications Contents Introduction 6 User Instructions 6 Obtaining MammalForm et e ee bts ae Bad E OMe Re 6 Installing MammalPorma cng 8 A 2d ee AGERE RE Ee ee ee BB ot ened 6 Starting MammalForm 3 Ai e Bad BS A E AA IS 6 Entering Data Ca at di ie Brahe Some de ebe A T7 Multiple Yale ys A e T Navigating MammalForm aaa e es A A te 7 Wnknowi Data ss enert SD A A ti bs A 8 Data Files and Correcting Data aa e Go eee sd 8 Submitting data aooaa aa id de E ate tt 9 MammalForm main form Figure 1 9 Stage 1 Information Source and User ID 24 44 wa eee 0 don sa 9 SUMMAT sis ca a cit d E ey e a ci Gk 9 MUS sad al A Bee yace yt 9 ASES a EN es PR ra ce 5 9 3 amp 4 Data collection information De AAN ee ge we 11 IER EES 11 6 Order NN 12 6 Family e ah hares a evan ee a 12 A IS og ee a eh EE te Yee es eg es ee 12 9 Subspecies Name Optional Field o 13 10 Authority Optional Field Le as ADS Pe Gog 13 Stages Dato pu Vio e Se he hohe ede Behn ic Garde Aon OG Ge Suis do BY ols 13 12 ate field type y ai eet EE ee Be oe ag E ae 13 LS WMS Tata Se See hh Sante oS EE 15 14 D
4. used only to indicate periods that are reported to entirely consist of active foetal growth e Inactive used only to indicate periods that are reported to have no active foetal development e Uncertain used when a source reports that some of the time period recorded as gestation length includes a period of delay but not when this occurs or for how long e Unspecified used when a source does not record whether foetal growth is known to be active throughout the specified gestation length These options should be used to accurately record how a source measures gestation length Typically this will only involve one data point e g 23 days First observed copulation Birth Unspecified However if reproductive delay is reported then separate entries should be made detailing the timespan of periods of active and inactive growth e g 12 days First observed copulation Implantation Inactive 23 days Implantation Birth Active If there is more than one pregnancy during the same breeding season using the same defin itions then the gestation lengths should be averaged Litter size Litter size data must be qualified using the Count made 22 list which specifies whether the given litter size is evaluated before birth at birth or after birth It is not necessarily the 21 number emerging from a pouch or den or hibernation such surrogates are not acceptable without justification or additional evidence that this represent
5. 23 Sexual Maturity Age Ae a4 oa A A A RI Ae Ne er BS 23 Sexual Maturity Age Definitions 0 0 000 eee 23 Dispersal Age AA RAR A AR a a RS aR 24 AE First Birth teanas A RS ARA A AA AE AAA 24 EE Zb O O Ae doa broad sek eR ee H 24 Maximum Longevity e a A E AA pied as 25 Longevity Estimation 42 400 ET eo eee oe RO ee eed 25 ee 214 24 no E Soe ea Sie ook EECH 26 Mortality Data age aena EI Aere ds iia ao tes tela om eed eS 26 Migratory Behaviour EE ra a a a ro o eg aS 26 Activity Cycle a EE 26 Metabolic Hate dps ht te Boke E E e ADA a Be ors 2T 34 Data Vale et re Ser See sere ee Se te AS SP eRe pao 27 Lt Bet dis de ro See Spe et Al nents rl El Sais E ds 28 36 Rate Definition tea Sy hs la Be ee Ee 28 37 Adult Body Mass tg A ti eS tl oid Se oi 28 38 Adult Body Temperature e te tans deters das Weds bale 28 B9 Cancel ln ue Mite Ea bles Be ale ola fe eke AA 29 40 Write Data at a SC ge pa a a e RO BOAT Pes AE 29 Dietr ars he Raa hia de Bh ee Seats A ee Ses ts Be ge arte ete aot en eo ot od 29 49 Diet Measures digna Soy ae re EE 29 50 Measurement Duration 44 4244 444446 44 044 2 08 eo woe 31 51 Diet Assessment Method 2 4 2 2 20 e0h ee oe ee ee a 31 Ranging Behaviour 24 as Poe Rag EERE PARADE ES ee Et 31 560 Usa o ht a A A aa NE ee 31 51 Range Type ia wt ke Oe ke AEDS eS a Ree Bo 33 58 Estimation Method 442643 af as de kek Bede 33 58 Study Duration and 60 Study Start Date
6. a given data set e Mean an arithmetic average of all the data points e Median the middle value of a ranked data set e Mode the is the most common value in a set of data e Midrange the middle value of the range calculated as the average of the largest and smallest observations in a dataset e Unspecified value this should be recorded when there is no qualification of the measure used For example mountain lion neonates are typically 155g e Maximum this should only be used when an upper limit is given by itself For example mountain lion neonates are up to 155g If a range is given then the midrange is preferred although the range should also be recorded see 15 e Minimum similarly this should only be used when a lower limit is presented 18 Sample Size Use this field to record the number of data points used to calculate the data value The field defaults to Unspecified 19 Captivity Status Choose one of e Captive individuals have spent the majority of their lives in captivity e Wild individuals have spent the majority of their lives in the wild including wild caught individuals that were placed in captivity for data collection purposes 16 e Provisioned individuals have spent the majority of their lives in the wild but the population has been provided with supplemental food e Unspecified it is
7. enter a reference into MammalForm e Select the correct reference in EndNote e Copy the reference as formatted Edit Menu gt Copy Formatted or Control k PC or Command k Mac e Move back to MammalForm and paste the reference into the Source field Note that the paste keyboard combination is Control v regardless of operating system If the information entered into the Source field is incorrectly formatted MammalForm issues a warning and clears the field 3 amp 4 Data collection information On the whole a user will find a reference and systematically collect all the reported data This is known as gutting and is the default value for the drop down list 3 A different value should only be selected under the following circumstances in either of which cases explanatory information is required in the adjacent notes field 4 e Partial There is remaining uncollected data either because the user has had to stop collecting or because another data collecter is responsible for collecting some of the data in the reference e Unmined No information has been collected either because the reference does not contain any useful information or because another data collecter is responsible for that taxon Once this option is selected the Write Data 30 button becomes available the information should be written to file and MammalForm will then be reset for the next reference to be entered Stage 2 Taxonomy Mam
8. macros since this will disable MammalForm When the workbook has opened click the button marked Launch MammalForm Entering Data MammalForm has been designed to ensure that all relevant information is recorded along with each data point To this end the form is arranged heirarchically with three levels of data entry the controls for lower levels are disabled until the information in the level above has been completed The levels are chosen to reflect the frequency with which that information will change as data is entered so that information need not be re entered as details change at lower levels Some fields are optional the names of these are italicized on the form and are noted as optional in this manual As from version 2 1 text boxes have restrictions placed on the characters that can be entered into them The allowed set of characters for a given box has been selected to enforce uniform data entry styles Attempting to enter invalid characters results in an audible beep Multiple values Where a source provides multiple data covering different aspects of a data type the user should enter all the recorded data For example if a paper records gestation lengths for both captive and wild populations of a species then both should be recorded as separate data entries This does not apply to different types of measure so for instance if a source reports the mean and median of body mass then the mean should be recorded following th
9. one of e Unspecified details of measurement method not given e Basal rate measured from individuals that are experiencing neither heat nor cold stress i e are in their thermoneutral zone are resting and calm and are post absorbative are not digesting or absorbing a meal e Field Active measured from individuals enagaged in normal activity This is usually measured using doubly labelled water 37 Adult Body Mass Record the body mass in grams of the individual s that the metabolic rate data came from Note that this body size measure should also be entered into the body size variable field but serves here as a double check of the data 38 Adult Body Temperature Record the body temperature in C of the individual s that the metabolic rate data came from 28 39 Cancel This button returns the user to the main MammalForm and also clears non location data from the Data Input section of the form 40 Write Data This button writes the metabolic rate data to the same datafile described for the main form Write Entry button 29 The form is then closed and non location data is cleared from the Data Input section of the main form Diet Figure 3 Diet data is recorded using a subform Once the data details 16 22 have been recor ded then press the Continue button to access the subform Diet contains a series of 8 fields 41 48 for specifying the use of different dietary
10. unknown whether these individuals are from captive or wild populations 20 Sex Record whether the data is collected from e Male male individuals only e Female female individuals only e Both both male and female individuals e Unspecified sex of the individual s is unknown 21 Life Stage Record the life stage of the measured animals from the following list e Adult individuals that have reached sexual maturity Note that data for subadults and juveniles are not recorded e Neonate individuals immediately after birth up to an age of 7 days Data from foetal individuals are not included unless they are noted as being near term nor is data from individuals greater than 7 days old e Weanlings individuals after the primary nutrionally dependency on the mother ends and when independent foraging begins to make a major contribution to the off spring s energy requirements e Unspecified the lifestage of the individual s is unknown Location Data 23 Location Optional Field If the source gives the location of data collection record it in as a brief description in this field e g Yellowstone National Park 17 Latitude and Longitude Optional Fields If no latitude or longitude data are available then leave the default option button none checked otherwise select one of DEC or D M S 24 enabling the text entry boxe
11. a source Drop down lists are not problematic since the option Unspecified is always provided Text fields on the other hand require some user input in order to proceed with data entry mandatory text fields therefore contain the default value Unspecified In many cases character restrictions on text fields may prevent users from actually typing Unspecified If a user has typed over the default but then needs to restore it to Unspecified the simplest solution is to use the reset button for that stage in the form Data Files and Correcting Data MammalForm saves data as tab delimited text to a data file stored in the same folder as the MammalForm workbook Data files are named using the following convention UserID ttdata_ day month year e g Dave0_ttdata_040702 If a file already exists with this name then new data is appended to the existing file other wise the file is created It is therefore impossible to overwrite existing data but users should take care to keep copies of all datafiles especially when a datafile has been submitted to the project manager There is no facility within MammalForm for correcting mistakes during data entry Since the datafile is stored as tab delimited text mistakes may be corrected manually using a text editor although care must be taken not to remove any tab characters Microsoft Excel can also be used to import and export tab delimited files the data fiel
12. ata Valles tdt le qee Se bs e Gland yas Wain Oca ares 15 15 Data Range Optional Field dite ye ele e Gt ee ON 15 Data Detail fields im age e a e e aldo DS BOM BOE Ca esa dan ay 15 16 Source Typera si gis oe dates ten hae afar tes fee olen og A Si edits A 15 CU Measure gipa e Te ty eTe e Te bs hs lr he at Bnd ist Wrst Aid Ys 16 18 Sampl Size stad tow ee A A A SB ae ER 16 19 Captivity Status s s i bia o eer a p eS eo AGE Aa 16 CA BEK Y er a ne ee ee ae ee a ea oe ee eee ee ere 17 21 Tife EE 17 Location Datas a d eS SE RSE Eet eg ge 17 23 Location Optional Field calada 4 ah oe ds Bede 17 Latitude and Longitude Optional Fields 18 29 Write Data kasad stress ita a al da 18 Data Type specifications 18 Body M ss NI cad al Th cil ll pce ak te otal Re eed AM ae Ma 18 Head Body Lento a ek ee oS ee Pe BS ed A 19 Adult Limb sen Oe ed 8 Ge SEE OA AA og 19 ee Ae Recht PG echt Pages ark A ohne Marke hag E nite Stee oS nse 19 Gestation Length gms sin a Sew a de ee ADS ee Ga 20 Gestation Start Point yi ie II EE 20 Gestation End Point EE 20 Gestation Growth Type EE idos 21 Pitter Siere n een e eh nade es ea e Se ee Be aa a a aaa Aa a aas Aalt ta 21 Teat N mber xpo dp sde a dde a pta le o e a 22 rt Ge E EEGENEN EE 22 Jnterbirth Interval asusta caos EE 22 Are at Eye Opening aee ens 2 Y Wy a bs a dl a hal ey 22 Weaning ABE a op AA A A A SR ENEE 23 Weaning Age Definitions o a RA a A EO BS SS
13. ata entry subform ew 8 77 Group Type This field has the same options and definitions as the group type field 62 on the Ranging Behaviour subform 78 Size Units This field records whether a group size entered in the Group Size 79 field is the total number of individuals in a group the number of adults or whether this information is not given in the source 80 Study Duration and 81 Study Start Date As with other subforms use these fields to record the duration of the study in days and the start date of the study The start date should be recorded as precisely as possible but if only month or season are reported then record this information in the Study Start Date 80 field Details of mating group composition can be recorded when the Mating Group option is selected in the Group Type 77 field The following information can be recorded 82 Mating Group Type Choose one of e Polygnous one male breeds with more than one female but each female breeds with only one male e Monogamous each male and female breeds with only one individual e Promiscuous both male and female breed with more than one individual e Polyandrous one female breeds with more than one male but each male only breeds with one female e Unspecified 39 83 86 Numbers of males and females Use these fields to record any information about the size of mating groups and the number of sexually active animals of ei
14. d 24 Data Value 35 NA Field 25 Rate Definition 37 Measurement Duration 50 Field 26 Adult Body Mass 38 Diet Assessment Method 50a Field 27 Adult Body Temperature 39 Vertebrates 41 Field 28 Invertebrates 42 Field 29 Fruit 43 Field 30 Flowers etc 44 Field 31 Seeds 45 Field 32 Grass 46 Field 33 Leaves etc 47 Field 34 Roots etc 48 Subform gt gt gt Ranging Behaviour Population Density Field 23 Units 55 Units 67 Field 24 Ranging Area Size 54 Population Density 66 Field 25 Range Type 56 Estimation Method 68 Field 26 Estimation Method 57 Study Area 69 Field 27 Study Duration 58 Study Area Units 69a Field 28 Study Start Date 59 Study Area Type 70 Field 29 Range Group Type 62 Study Duration 71 Field 30 Range Group Size 63 Study Start Date 72 Field 31 Prey Data 73 Field 32 Field 33 Field 34 Subform gt gt gt Group Composition Habitat Layer Field 23 Size Units 77 Habitat Measure 93 Field 24 Group Size 78 NA Field 25 Group Type 76 Fossorial 88 Field 26 Study Duration 79 Ground dwelling 89 Field 27 Study Start Date 80 Arboreal 90 Field 28 Mating Group Type 81 Aquatic 91 Field 29 Males 82 Field 30 Females 82 Field 31 Active Males 85 Field 32 Active Females 84 Field 33 Field 34 44 Appendix 2 Conversion tables Table 3 Conversion of units Mass 1 ounce oz 1 pound lb 1 stone 1 metric t
15. ds will be easier to distinguish in an Excel workbook and the tab structure will be preserved but the corrected data must be saved as tab delimited text not as a workbook Submitting data Data files should be submitted after correction if neccessary by going to the Trait Database website and following the MammalForm text file Up Download link The file server has password access the username and password can be obtained from Kate Jones kate jones virginia edu Corrections to files that have already been uploaded to the file server should be e mailed to Kate At the end of each week Friday all files are collated by Kate and transferred off the server A copy of the reference and mining information for all data gathered to date is left on the Trait Database server and will be available to upload and import into EndNote by clicking on the Trait reference list DOWNLOAD link MammalForm main form Figure 1 This manual provides illustrations of both the main form and all subforms throughout this manual bracketed numbers refer to the labelling of the data entry fields in these illustrations Stage 1 Information Source and User ID Summary MammalForm requires a UserID 1 and details of the reference from which data is to be taken 2 before proceeding There is also the option to provide information on whether all the data in a reference has been collected 3 amp 4 1 UserID UserID can be selected from the drop d
16. e males and females e Age at First Estrus females only Age at Spermatogenesis males only Age at First Mating males and females Age at First Pregnancy females only 23 e Age at Testes Descent males only e Unspecified Dispersal Age Use this data type to record the age when young permanently leave the parent parental group social group or any associated territories Young that become independent of the parent but remain within the same population or social group should not be recorded as having dispersed Note that for many mammal species dispersal may only ever occur in one sex users should therefore be particularly precise in specifying the sex of individuals along with dispersal age data Age at First Birth This is the age at which females give birth to their first litter Note that this includes any delays in reproduction as it just records the age of the female at her first birth Birth is defined as infants existing independent of the female s internal system according to the following criteria e Futherians birth e Metatherians either when the young leave the mothers birth canal or the start of the period of teat attachment both of which will occur nearly simultaneously e Monotremes egg hatching Average Lifespan Definition of average lifespan varies greatly in the literature particularly in the life stage at which lifespan is assessed Average lifespan of neonates is often refer
17. e following list Limb Section e foot e shin e femur e foot shin e foot shin femur e shin femur e hand e forearm e humerus e hand forearm e hand forearm humerus 19 e forearm humerus As an example bat forearm length data should specify forearm elbow to wrist This variable can be measured on live specimens freshly dead specimens museum specimens and even skeletons Values that are reported only because they are unusual should be ignored Gestation Length This is the length of time of active foetal growth from fertilization to birth However this is often poorly recorded and different defintions are used for eutherian and metatherian mammals Therefore this data type has three specialized drop down lists Start Point 20 End Point 21 and Growth Type 22 Additionally Date of Birth 18 should be recorded as precisely as possible if only month or season are reported then record this information Gestation Start Point e First observed copulation Fertilization Implantation Palpably pregnant e Laying monotremes only Unspecified Gestation End Point e Fertilization Implantation Palpably pregnant e Birth End of obligate teat attachment marsupials only First pouch emergence marsupials only 20 e Permanent exit from pouch marsupials only e Hatching monotremes only e Unspecified Gestation Growth Type e Active
18. e order of preference for data measures Navigating MammalForm Users can move between fields on MammalForm either using a mouse to select active fields or by using the tab key to proceed to the next active field The tab order is set up to follow the hierarchical data entry structure but note that if a user tries to tab move to an inactive field then the next active field in the tab order will be selected Note that as of version 2 1 users are now required to exit a particular field either using the mouse or by tabbing in order to register any changes in that field This is most apparent when users are expecting a change to unlock further parts of the form if MammalForm appears to have stalled unexpectedly then hitting tab is nearly always the solution To select options from a drop down box the user can mouse click on the arrow on the right hand side of the field to display the contents of the list from which a selection can be made Alternatively the user can type the initial letters of one of the options in a list to select that option On Mac computers entry matching only works to the first character of a name and does not work on the taxonomy drop down boxes The arrow keys may also be used in drop down list fields to cycle through the options contained in the list Unknown Data MammalForm is intentionally designed to require user input for the majority of fields In many cases data required by MammalForm will not be available from
19. ed by the Mammal SuperTeam project User Instructions Obtaining MammalForm The latest version of MammalForm is available online from http faculty virginia edu gittle man superteam traits as a compressed file archive 760 Kb The website has PC and Mac versions but note that these differ only in the compression method used Installing MammalForm The MammalForm archive contains the MammalForm workbook a folder Mammal Form Data containing 5 data files Orders Families Genera Species and Valid Details two EndNote files MammalForm Style and MammalForm Filter and this manual Mam malForm pdf Once the archive has been unzipped expands to around 2 3 MB Mam malForm is ready to run The Mammal Form Data folder must be in the same folder as the MammalForm workbook It is unwise to change the contents of any of the taronomy data files and still expect MammalForm to work Starting MammalForm Open the MammalForm workbook in Microsoft Excel MammalForm should run in any ver sion of Excel later than Excel 97 98 and will also run on both Windows and Mac systems As of version 2 1 MammalForm runs in Excel v X for Mac OS X Jaguar although the Aqua styleform interface causes some problems with control location and size Note that Excel 6 can be configured to warn users when a workbook contains macros i e Visual Basic code if given the option do not choose to disable
20. elements Vertebrates Inverteb rates Fruit Flowers Pollen Nectar Gum Seeds Grass Leaves Branches Bark and Rooots Tubers Information for each should be entered in the box below the label The information entered in these fields must be qualified using two drop down lists 49 Diet Measure Brief definitions of these measures are displayed in the Measure Description box 52 when a selection is made from the list The measures are given in order of preference In all cases should only be used to indicate the definite absence of an element from that species diet e volume enter the percentages of each dietary element Values must not exceed 100 but can be less than 100 e mass as above e time spent as above energy as above e unspecified as above e Ranked number all dietary elements reflecting the ranked importance of each cat egory 1 most to 8 least Several categories can have the same number if they contribute equally to the diet Where ranks are used and two or more categories are 29 Diet Measure ps Measurement duration D ser Diet assessed from did 51 m Measure Description lech Flowers Nectar PollenGurn i Seeds 52 Grass Leaves BranchesBark 7 Roots Tubers 53 Write Entry 54 Figure 3 Diet data entry subform el 30 given equal rank number the ranks including the tied
21. en observed then the user should choose NA from Units 13 and type Yes in the Data Value 14 field If a source gives the extent of migratory behaviour then choose the approprriate units 13 and enter the distance or areas in Data Value 14 Activity Cycle The user should choice one of the following from the drop down list in the Data Value 14 field 26 Diurnal mostly active during daylight hours e Crepuscular mostly active around sunrise and sunset only Nocturnal mostly active at night only Diurnal Crepuscular active during day and around sunrise amp sunset Nocturnal Crepuscular active at night and around sunrise sunset e Cathemeral no easily definable pattern of daily activity Metabolic Rate Figure 2 Metabolic rate data is recorded using a subform Once the data details 16 22 have been recorded then press the Continue button to access the subform Note that metabolic rate data should only be collected from adult animals The Metabolic Rate subform contains the following fields Data Value Units Rate Definition Adult Body Mass q 37 Adult Body Temperature C Write Data Cancel 40 39 HARREN Figure 2 Metabolic Rate data entry subform 34 Data Value Enter the metabolic rate data value 35 Units Choose from one of e cm 0 hr7 e cm 0o g hr e ml br e ml fal br e mm br e mm Dal br 36 Rate Definition Choose
22. en select Unspecified from the IBI Defn list Age at Eye Opening Age at which both eyes are fully open after birth This is a measure of how well developed infants are at birth and how fast they develop Data from embryos is only acceptable when they are reported to have their eyes open therefore at birth they will also have open eyes 22 Weaning Age Weaning is the age when primary nutrionally dependency on the mother ends and independ ent foraging begins to make a major contribution to the offspring s energy requirements This is rarely reported accurately and the precise measure used should be recorded in the weaning age definition WA Defn field 22 The options are given in order of preference Weaning Age Definitions e Weaning Lactation Length e Nutritionally Independent First Solid Food Last Observed Nursing Age at First Flight bats only Age at Pouch Exit marsupials only Length of Teat Attachment marsupials only Unspecified Sexual Maturity Age Sexual maturity is the age when individuals are first physically capable of reproducing re corded by a first estrous or first spermatogensis This is rarely recorded accurately and definitions are dependent on the sex of the individual The data must be qualified using the sexual maturity age definition SMA Defn field 22 The options given are in order of preference Sexual Maturity Age Definitions e Physically Sexually Matur
23. en the list contains all Wilson and Reeder 1993 species for the genus Again select the species from the list or if the species is not listed enter the species name exactly as it appears in the reference If a valid species or synonym has been selected the taxon display box 11 will present a brief summary of the appropriate valid species details taken from Wilson and Reeder 1993 For example Cynocephalus volans Philippine Flying Lemur Philippine Isls Dinagat Mindanao Basilan Samar Siargao Leyte and Bohol 12 9 Subspecies Name Optional Field If the reference identifies the subspecies from which data has been taken then the information should be entered here 10 Authority Optional Field If the reference gives the authority for a taxonomic name then type the authority in here exactly as it appears in the reference including any brackets Once all four taxonomy boxes contain information the data input section will be enabled Stage 3 Data Input This section is used to record the actual data for the species Fields in this section are generally only accessible after some other information has been entered in order to ensure that all important information about the data is collected The protocol is as follows Data field type gt Units gt Data Value gt All Data Details boxes gt Write Entry When the label of a field and its contents are grey the field is either invariant or not applicable contai
24. ions and the units used Body Mass Users should enter the wet mass of live or entire freshly killed animals not for example dressed mass Values that are reported only because they are unusual should not be entered as they may represent pathologies Values from pregnant females should not be included When body mass data is recorded for weanlings the Weanling Definition 22 dropdown should be used to indicate the precise life stage used by the source For all other life stages 18 Weanling Definition should be set to NA Head Body Length Miner should enter the total length from tip of nose to anus or base of tail i e tail length is excluded Sometimes sources will report total length and tail length head body length is then the difference between these two numbers For whales and seals use total length the tail length is typically not listed separately This variable can be measured from live specimens freshly dead specimens museum specimens and even skeletons Values that are reported only because they are unusual should not be entered As for Body Mass above clarification of Weanling Definition 22 is required when the weanling is chosen as the life stage Adult Limb Length This data type has been extended from the Forearm Length option in MammalForm v1 0 Data should only be recorded for adult animals and in addition to the usual data details users need to specify Limb Section 22 from th
25. litical or administrative boundaries such as a national park e Ecological boundaries natural boundaries such as a forest or other ecological unit e Transect boundaries the extent of the area directly sampled in obtaining counts of individuals e g the area directly covered in a line and point transect The user must also specify the length of the study in days 72 and the start date of the study 73 The start date should be recorded as precisely as possible but if only month or season are reported then record this information in the Study Start Date 73 field The user should also record using the check box 74 whether the source contains data on prey abundance or density Again the behaviour of the Write Entry 75 and Cancel 76 buttons is identical to that of the same buttons 40 amp 39 respectively on the Metabolic Rate subform Group Composition and Size Figure 6 Enter as much information as is available about group composition and size in the form The form requires the specification of a group type 77 and a group size 79 with the exception that for mating groups a user can enter information on the mating group type alone and still write the data to file 37 Group Type 77 MM Size units 78 Group Size 79 Study Duration days Study Start Date dd mm yyy Mating group details Males Females Total Number Number sexually active 87 88 Figure 6 Group Composition and Size d
26. lometres for linear ranges e miles for linear ranges 57 Range Type Choose one of e Home Range size of the area within which everyday activities of individuals or groups are typically restricted e Day Range linear distance typically traversed by individuals or groups in a 24 hour cycle e Territory size size of the area actively defended by individuals or groups 58 Estimation Method Choose one of e Direct observations direct recordings of individual animals by field observers Radio telemetry tracking movements of animals fitted with radio transmitting device e Trapping capture of live animals Unspecified 58 Study Duration and 60 Study Start Date Use these fields to record the duration of the study in days and the start date of the study The start date should be recorded as precisely as possible but if only month or season are reported then record this information in the Study Start Date 60 field 33 The user must also record whether the range is individual or group range using the Group and Individual radio buttons 61 If the data is for a group range then the record the group size 63 and select the Group Type 62 from the following list e Population group individuals that spend the majority of their time in a 24 hour cycle together This includes all data on aggregations including loose aggregations of individuals such as bat roosting groups ungulate migra
27. malForm uses detailed information on mammalian taxonomy taken from Wilson and Reeder 1993 The four taxon choice fields in the taxonomy section present this information as a series of drop down lists Taxonomic information can only be entered in order of 11 decreasing taxonomic level and at each stage the list contains all valid names and synonyms marked reported by Wilson and Reeder 1993 for the taxonomic level above Wilson D E amp Reeder D M ed 1993 Mammal species of the world Second Edition Washington DC Smithsonian Institution 5 Order The drop down list gives all the orders of mammals If the order for a taxon is not given in the reference and the user has no way of determining the order then Unspecified should be typed into this box The entries in the remaining taxonomy boxes will then also have to be typed 6 Family If a valid order has been chosen then this list will contain the relevant Wilson and Reeder 1993 family names Again if the family for a taxon is not given in the reference and the user has no way of determining the family then Unspecified should be typed into this box 7 Genus If a recognized family has been chosen then the list contains all Wilson and Reeder 1993 genera for the family Select the genus from the list or if the genus is not listed enter the genus name exactly as it appears in the reference 8 Species If a recognized genus has been chosen th
28. ns NA and cannot be altered In general there is no default value for drop down lists in this section and a choice must be made from each list When geographic location data has been entered it is not erased until a reset button is pressed This prevents the user having to retype location data where a block of life history data shares a location but the user should be careful to ensure the same geographic location data applies to a data point before writing the data to file Some of the data types need more detailed specification and MammalForm contains a series of subforms designed for entry of these more complex data 12 Data field type This drop down contains a list of all the different types of data sought for the project Once a user selects a data type from this list the next mandatory field becomes active and the 13 form settings for that data type are loaded Usually the next field will be Units 13 but if the data type is unitless then the Data Value 14 box is activated If the data type requires a subform both Units 13 and Data Value 14 are inactivated and the data detail controls 16 22 are made available Once these are complete the user can proceed to enter data in the subform by pressing Continue 30 The data type specifications are given in a later section and should be consulted if the user is in any doubt about the kind of information required in any box or the definiti
29. onne 1 long ton UK 1 short ton US Distance 1 inch in or 1 foot ft or 1 yard yd 1 mile 1 nautical mile Area 1 square foot 1 square yard 1 acre 1 hectare 1 square mile Temperature C 28 35 grams g 0 4536 kilograms kg 6 3503 kilograms kg 1000 kilograms kg 1 016 metric tonnes t 0 907 metric tonnes t 2 54 centimetres cm 0 3048 metres m 0 9144 metres m 1 6093 kilometres km 1 8520 kilometres km 0 0929 square metres m 0 8361 square metres m 0 4047 hectares ha 0 01 square kilometres km 2 59 square kilometres km 3 18 45
30. ons of any terms Table 1 summarizes the data types available as they appear on the data field type drop down list The data types have been roughly arranged into 4 classes size reproduction life cycle and subform data types Table 1 Listing of data field types 12 Size Body Mass Adult Limb Length Head Body Length Reproduction Gestation Length Litter size Teat Number Litters Per Year Interbirth Interval Life Cycle Age at Eye Opening Weaning Age Sexual Maturity Age Dispersal Age Age at First Birth Average Lifespan Maximum Longevity Growth Data Mortality Data Activity Cycle Migratory Behaviour Subforms Metabolic Rate Diet Ranging Behaviour Population Density Group Composition amp Size Habitat Layer 14 13 Units The user must select one option from this list of allowable units for the data type Some data types are unitless in which case the control will be inactive and will contain NA and the user should proceed to entering a data value 14 14 Data Value Enter the data into this field Take care to enter data accurately and check that you have done so 15 Data Range Optional Field If the reference contains information on the numeric range of a given data point then enter it here Note that if only a range is given then the midpoint should be entered in Data Value 14 and the range recorded here Separate the minimum and maximum values using a comma e g 13 19
31. own list or typed into the UserID box and is used to label both the output data file and each data point within the data file If typing in a UserID users should take care to stick to a single UserID for all MammalForm sessions 2 Source In order to ensure that the source for any data point can be traced MammalForm uses EndNote to manage reference data MammalForm is distributed with an EndNote style Sa qeI4BA 13430 ez ST megaman E E ev LEZ mner 31 ebay erea HT aten ewa er J sin snyeys APANdeS es E amp a C e TE IC Jam ad plats eyed abeys au xag SWwAQ aaO NS of ees DE EE L 9b _J ad aounog A n EEG abels LL fe a as ae ee ALOUOKEL Z SEIS READY BEEN SOIIB SGAS Le A aes EA Qe saldads snuag AJIWE4 4apig Co canoe FJ so Cp Ee osn pve 02 1005 eier 1 2015 ce oN SE DD ALO p eua ZOOZ AWW preg Aq paUleWiew pue payee _uo ssas pua w04 Kug EIS seiseds ueyewwey Figure 1 Main data entry form 10 MammalForm Style which is required for inputting reference data into the form Once this file has been placed in the EndNote Styles folder the MammalForm style will become available in the EndNote Styles Manager and must be selected when using MammalForm The distribution also includes an EndNote Filter this is used by the database managers to import annotated reference data from MammalForm datafiles into EndNote and is of no particular use to anyone else To
32. ranks sequentially ie 1 1 2 2 rather than 1 1 4 4 e Qualitative enter a 1 for each category listed in the source 50 Measurement Duration Chose one of Unspecified Year round or Part of year 51 Diet Assessment Method Indicate how diet was assessed from the following list Unspecified the source does not report how diet was assessed Feeding Observation observation of feeding in live animals Stomach Contents analysis of stomach contents Scat Contents analysis of scats droppings etc The behaviour of the Write Entry 53 and Cancel 54 buttons is identical to that of the same buttons 40 amp 39 respectively on the Metabolic Rate subform Ranging Behaviour Figure 4 This subform is used to record space use by either individual animals or population groups The data is recorded in the Ranging Area Size 55 field and all the following fields must then be completed 56 Units Users should be particularly careful with the choice of units in this list and note that some units are lengths whilst others are areas Choose one of e metres e hectares 31 Ranging Area Size 55 Units Study Duration days Study Start Date ad nm yyy 61 O Individual Range Gi Group Range Range Group Size 64 65 Figure 4 Ranging Behaviour data entry subform 32 e kilometres e acres e square miles e metres for linear ranges e ki
33. red to in the literature as average life expectancy at birth and the average lifespan of adults is the average age at death of adults It is often much longer than the average lifespan of neonates because juvenile mortality is often much higher than adult mortality A variable sometimes given in the literature is the average life expectancy at maturity this can be turned into average adult lifespan by adding the age at maturity 24 Sample size in estimation of lifespan is the number of individuals that died not the number of individuals observed since it is only by dying that individuals contribute lifespan data Particular care must be taken to record the lifestage of animals from which lifespan data has been taken from the expanded list of lifestages 21 given e Embryo e Neonate e Weanling e Juvenile e Before Sexual Maturity e After Sexual Maturity e Before First Birth females only e At First Birth females only e After First Birth females only e Adult e Unspecified The lifespan estimation method Lifespan Estimation field 22 must also be completed using the same definitions presented for the Longevity Estimation field see the Maximum Longevity data type Maximum Longevity Use this data type to record information provided about the expected maximum age reached by adults Details of the method used for estimation of maximum longevity must be provided from the following list Longevi
34. s below Use DEC to indicate data in decimal degrees e g 32 111 as 32 111 and D M S to indicate colon delimited data in degrees minutes and seconds e g 32 6 40 as 32 6 40 The Latitude 25 and Longitude 26 text fields do not accept minus signs use the toggle boxes to indicate whether values are north south 27 and east west 28 29 Write Data This button only becomes available when all compulsory fields have been completed For simple data types clicking the button writes the data in the form to the datafile and then clears the details in the Data Input section to allow the next data point to be entered For subform data types the button allows the user to proceed to the subform for data entry and is renamed Continue for these data types The button is also made accessible when a source is flagged as Unmined in order to record that information in the datafile There are three reset buttons 30 32 on MammalForm Each button clears the contents of the adjacent section and the contents of sections lower down the heirarchy For example the Data Source section reset 32 clears all information from MammalForm with the exception of User ID The End Session 33 button closes MammalForm and returns the user to the workbook in Excel Data Type specifications This section sets out the precise data requirements for each of the possible data types along with definitions of type specific opt
35. s the true number of infants Note that for marsupials litter size is the number of young born including supernumary young i e those in excess of the number of teats and therefore certain to die The number of teats is recorded separately so where litter size exceeds teat number this will be adjusted before analysis Teat Number Record the total number of teats present If information is recorded on the number of functional teats then the data should be recorded using the Functional teats 22 drop down list If there is no information on functional teats select Unspecified from the list Litters Per Year This is the number of litters per female per year Data are preferred from females that have already given birth Care must be taken not to confuse litters per year with the number of birth seasons in a population For instance many populations have two birth peaks but individual females may only produce one litter per year Interbirth Interval The length of time between successive births of the same female s Often this is directly inversely correlated to the number of litters per year but this is not always the case e g it will not be for species with multiple fixed birth seasons in seasonal environments The data must be qualified according to whether the interval follows a successful or unsuccesful litter using the Interbirth Interval Definition IBI Defn field 22 If this information is not recorded th
36. te idd mm Zugang Le Prey abundance density measures reported 74 75 76 Figure 5 Population Density data entry subform 35 68 acres square miles metres for transects kilometres for transects miles for transects Estimation Method Choose one of 69 Unspecified Direct counts sample or census of individuals directly observed with no processing of raw count data apart from transformation eg logarithmic or multiplying dividing by study area Indirect counts numbers of individuals inferred from indirect traces such as scats tracks or hair traps Mathematical functions based on direct counts e g distance sampling or mark recapture methods Mathematical functions based on indirect counts Home Range extrapolation expressing population density as some function of mean home range size and size of study area Study Area Size Record the size of the population density study area 70 Study Area Units These units will generally be the same as for the population density measure units 67 and this field defaults to those units after they have been specified If this is not the case then specify the study area units as one of e metres 36 e hectares e kilometres e acres e square miles e metres for transects e kilometres for transects e miles for transects 77 Study Area Type Choose one of e Unspecified e Human boundaries po
37. ther sex Again the behaviour of the Write Entry 87 and Cancel 88 buttons is identical to that of the same buttons 40 amp 39 respectively on the Metabolic Rate subform Habitat Layer Figure 7 This subform is similar to the Diet subform in that it requires data about the relative usage of habitat layers There are four habitat layer fields Habitat Measure EE Ground dwelling Arboreal 94 Aquatic Measure Description Write Entry Cancel t 95 96 Figure 7 Habitat Layer data entry subform 89 92 Habitat Layer types e 89 Fossorial below the land surface e 90 Ground dwelling on the land surface e 91 Arboreal Above ground above the land surface in trees or other vegetation or on cliffs or walls of caves e 92 Aquatic living in fresh estuarine or marine water 93 Habitat Measure The data entry styles for the different measures given in this field Percentage Ranked and Qualitative are indentical to those for the Diet Measure field 49 and are also displayed in Measure Description box 94 Again the behaviour of the Write Entry 95 and Cancel 96 buttons is identical to that of the same buttons 40 amp 39 respectively on the Metabolic Rate subform 41 Appendix 1 Datafile contents Each line in the datafile contains a single data value and all associated information entered into the form with the fields delimited b
38. tion groups carnivore ungulate hauling out groups and bat mating swarms e Social group individuals that spend the majority of their time in a 24 hour cycle together where there is some indication that these individuals form a social cohesive unit unlike the esamples given above In most instance this will be social group size will be the same as population group size e Feeding group individuals gathering to feed e g grazing herds of ungulates prim ates around a fruit tree carnivores gathering around a kill e Hunting group individuals actively cooperatively hunting for food e Parental care group individuals grouping for the purposes of care of infants during the period of primary dependency e Mating group aggregation of individuals for the purposes of reproduction including size of harem groups mating swarms and leks Again the behaviour of the Write Entry 64 and Cancel 65 buttons is identical to that of the same buttons 40 amp 39 respectively on the Metabolic Rate subform Population Density Figure 5 Record the data in the Population Density 66 field and then complete all the following fields 67 Units Specify the units as either individuals or groups per e metres e hectares e kilometres 34 Population Density Units 57 Estimation Method 68 sl Study Area Size Study Area Units 70 E Study Area Type 71 Y Study Duration 72 days Study Start Da
39. ty Estimation e Observation lifespan estimated from observations of the same individual s e Capture Recapture lifespan estimated from capture recapture studies of the same individual s in the wild e g banding studies 25 e Projected lifespan projected from physical wear e g teeth e Unspecified no method recorded Growth Data This is a simple field used only to record when a source contains a sequential series of body size measures from birth to adult size MammalForm automatically sets the Data Value field 14 to Yes and since none of the data detail fields is required Write Entry 30 is also automatically enabled Mortality Data This is a simple field used to indicate that a source provides information about mortality rates in a species This could include any of the following life tables where a number of individuals are monitored and the number surviving over time is noted details of life expectancy or calculations of mortality or survivorship rates Such data does not have to cover all lifestages MammalForm automatically sets the Data Value field 14 to Yes and since none of the data detail fields is required Write Entry 30 is also automatically enabled Migratory Behaviour This data type should be used to record either the fact that a species exhibits migratory behaviour or if available the extent of migrations If a source only indicates that migratory behaviour has be
40. y tab characters For all data values the contents of the first 22 fields are as follows with the sole exception of data lines for sources recorded as unmined which only contain the first 4 lines in the same order For optional fields the information is written to file if present but otherwise the field order and number is preserved by a blank tab delimited field in the datafile e Unique user reference code e g DaveO_tt_123 e Gutting Status i e Gutting Partial or Unmined e Gutting Notes e Source a long string containing information for import into EndNote e Order e Family e Genus e Species e SubSpecies if given e Authority if given e Source Type e Measure e Sample Size e Captivity Status e Sex e Life Stage e Other Variables e Location if given e LatLongSys if given e SignedLat if given e SignedLong if given 42 e Data Range if given e Data Type Note that the contents of fields marked with an asterisk vary according to Data Type but are generally those shown above For non subform data types these fields are followed by e Units e Data Value For subform data types Table 2 shows the contents of fields following the data type 43 Table 2 Order of appearance of subform data fields in the data file Subform gt gt gt Metabolic Rate Diet Field 23 Units 36 Diet Measure 49 Fiel
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