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PO 322 - 2677 Pembroke Army Cadets

1. 3 Confirm the 100 000 m square identifier Identifying MGRS Grid System on a Topographical Map Locating the MGRS grid system on topographical maps provides the navigator with another method to confirm the GPS receiver is reporting coordinates that correspond with the map being used If the coordinates are different the navigator will know that the GPS receiver is set to another datum and will have to be adjusted to provide the correct coordinates Locating the Grid Zone Designator The location of the grid zone designator is found in the marginal information The zone for the example in Figure 13 6 10 is 18 T ONE THOUSAND METRE UNIVERSAL TRANSVERSE MERCATOR GRID ZONE 18 GRID ZONE 100 000 m SQUARE DESIGNATION IDENTIFICATION 3 TE DE 49 UD TD Director Cadets 3 2008 Ottawa ON Department of National Defence Figure 13 6 9 Grid Zone Designator 13 6 11 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 Confirming the 100 000 m Square Identifier The 100 000 m square identifier is located in the same marginal information area as the grid zone designator The example in Figure 13 6 9 states that the map is adjacent to the 100 000 m square identifications UE and UD Additionally the 100 000 m square identifier on a topographical map joins an adjacent grid zone the identifier will be noted on the map in the 00 00 grid square This is illustrated in Figure 13 6 10 31 C 4 778000m E 8 299000m E ANS 300 77 30 X171 P aI
2. Ensure every cadet has an opportunity to participate One option is to go around the group and have each cadet answer the question with a short answer Cadets must also have the option to pass if they wish Additional questions should be prepared ahead of time Q1 What navigation skills were required to complete the activity Q2 What was the hardest part of the activity to complete Q3 What was the most exciting part of the activity Q4 How will the activity help you with navigation in the future Other questions and answers will develop throughout the group discussion The group discussion should not be limited to only those suggested Reinforce those answers given and comments made during the group discussion ensuring the teaching point has been covered 19 7 7 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 CONFIRMATION OF TEACHING POINT 3 The cadets participation in the group discussion will serve as the confirmation of this TP END OF LESSON CONFIRMATION The cadets participation in the navigation activities and the group discussion will serve as the confirmation of this lesson CONCLUSION HOMEWORK READING PRACTICE N A METHOD OF EVALUATION N A CLOSING STATEMENT Navigating using a GPS receiver or a map and compass are skills that can also be used in situations outside the Cadet Program True proficiency in the skills used during these activities can only be achieved by practicing These activities allow the cadets th
3. e Trip Time Also known as elapsed time the trip timer measures time from the last time it was reset This can be used to calculate average speed because it continues counting time regardless if a person is moving or not e Time Moving The amount of time that speed is not zero When you come to a stop the timer stops counting The time moving is used to calculate the average moving speed e Time Not Moving The time not moving timer counts only when you are standing still It represents the time you sit motionless If the times on the time moving and the time not moving timers are added together they should equal the trip timer e Time of the Day All receivers provide the time of the day The GPS satellites keep what is known as GPS time 13 3 6 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 L Letham GPS Made Easy 4 ed The Mountaineers p 54 55 Figure 13 3 2 Time Screens LOCATION GPS provides location in three dimensions latitude X coordinate longitude Y coordinate and altitude The location can be displayed in a number of coordinate systems eg latitude longitude Universal Transverse Mercator UTM The altitude calculation of a consumer GPS receiver is not very accurate 15 m 49 2 feet SPEED A receiver measures the time and distance between the point where a person is and the point where the person was a short time ago then divides the distance by the time it takes to travel there speed distance
4. Some GPS receivers use an arrow joystick that acts as a mouse providing a simple to use interface with the GPS receiver The buttons in the following list are found on the Magellan eXplorist 200 GPS receiver Other makes and models of GPS receivers may have different function buttons Consult the owner s manual for GPS receiver button functions On Off Turns the receiver on and off Backlight Turns the display backlight on and off and changes intensity Enter Used to access highlighted menu items or highlighted page menu options 13 6 2 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 Escape Cancels data inputs Closes the accessed function and goes back to the previous screen and moves backward through the navigation screens Zoom In Used on the map screen to zoom in on the map displayed The map display can be zoomed in to 35 m 100 feet Also used to move through the list of waypoints when using an alphabetical search Zoom Out Used on the map screen to zoom out on the map displayed The map display can be zoomed out to 2 36 km 1700 miles It is also used to move through the list of waypoints when using an alphabetical search Menu Displays a menu with available options Options may be selected by using the arrow joystick to highlight the option and pressing enter to access it NAV Moves through the navigation screens Map screen Compass screen Position screen Satellite screen Mark Used to save present position as a waypoint Waypoints
5. a river lakes forested areas Have the cadets list landmarks which could be in a classroom These may include desks chairs windows chalkboard door tables OHP etc The exact location of an object must be determined to ensure that the map user can easily find the site depicted without depending on another person for guidance To make this possible the earth s surface has been divided into a grid system of imaginary lines lines of longitude eastings and lines of latitude northings which provide map makers with the ability to place and locate landmarks with precision LATITUDE NORTHINGS LONGITUDE EASTINGS Director Cadets 3 2008 Ottawa ON Department of National Defence Figure 13 9 1 Representation of Lines of Longitude and Latitude STEP 2 DETERMING PROJECTION AND SCALE Any type of representation of the earth s surface on a flat piece of paper will have distortions because the world is round These are relatively insignificant on maps that show only small parts of the earth like street and road maps or 1 50 000 scale maps but are quite considerable for maps of countries and continents 13 9 5 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 Cadets will not be required to determine projection when developing a map It is important that they are familiar with the concept particularly Universal Transverse Mercator UTM Map Projection Map projection is a geometrical method of reducing the amount of distortion on
6. e he minimum number of satellites that are required to cover the entire Earth is 18 however the number of satellites in orbit fluctuates between 24 and 29 satellites due to spares and upgrading e Satellites orbit in a semi synchronous orbit orbits are coordinated but not identical e Each satellite completes an orbit every 12 hours e Satellites orbit the Earth at 20 200 km 12 552 miles airplanes routinely fly at 11 13 km 37 000 43 000 feet the shuttle orbits at 370 km 230 miles e Each satellite has three key pieces of hardware o Computer Controls its flight and order functions o Atomic Clock Keeps accurate time within three nanoseconds approximately three billionths of a second o Radio Transmitter Sends signals to Earth Ground Stations The ground control segment of the GPS is comprised of five ground stations that track the satellites monitor their condition and make any necessary adjustments to keep the system accurate The entire system functions and is monitored by the US Department of Defence Information from the stations are sent to a master control station the Consolidated Space Operations Centre CSOC at Schriever Air Force Base in Colorado where the data is processed and adjustments are made The five ground stations are in Hawaii Colorado Diego Garcia Ascension Island and Kwajalein 13 3 3 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 Receivers GPS receivers make up the user segment It is the GPS receiver whe
7. If a satellite is being monitored but not used the bar will appear hollow On Wide Area Augmentation System WAAS enabled GPS receivers the WAAS satellite signal strength is indicated on its own bar on the graph On this page it is common for GPS receivers to display the following information 13 6 4 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 satellite signal strengths e battery strength and e estimated position error EPE S Featherstone Outdoor Guide to Using Your GPS Creative Publishing International Inc p 45 Figure 13 6 2 Satellite Status Page Menu This page is used for customizing the GPS receiver All data fields can be changed to give a person the information they require including waypoints routes time and speed etc On this page it is common for GPS receivers to display the following information e customization options for the GPS receiver e waypoints and routes and e map datum 3 Time Advanced 1 Location Format hddd mm mmm x Hr oding Interfoce System k Ai Tristan Ast 68 Viti Levu 1916 Make Eniwetok WGS 72 a S Featherstone Outdoor Guide to Using Your GPS Creative Publishing International Inc p 54 AND Figure 13 6 3 Menu Page 13 6 5 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 Position The position page is used for confirming coordinates datum time date and the EPE This page is used infrequently for brief periods mostly in planning and after marking a
8. e A predetermined navigation route ACTIVITY LAYOUT e Clearly mark the start and finish lines e Position a clue at each point to direct the groups to the next point ACTIVITY INSTRUCTIONS To keep things interesting the clues should not be too easy or too hard for the cadets to find each checkpoint Stagger the clues to prevent groups from following each other or sharing answers 1 Divide the cadets into groups by the number of GPS receivers available Issue each group a map compass and GPS receiver Give the clue for the first checkpoint to the cadet leading the group Start groups at two minute intervals and record start times On a piece of paper have cadets record clues in the order they complete the checkpoints Have cadets alternate turns leading the group at least once Collect sheets and record the finish time for each group eo Ny OX ae o The group that locates the most checkpoints and has the fastest time is the winning group If available use an assistant instructor at each checkpoint to give cadets the next clue and answer questions SAFETY N A ACTIVITY 3 PHOTO FINISH OBJECTIVE The objective of the Photo Finish activity is to have the cadets as members of a small group use a GPS to locate a series of ten figure GRs RESOURCES e GPS receiver one per group e Photo Hunt activity sheet including 12 to 20 landmark photos and GPS setup information one per group 13 7 5 A C
9. field and selects a point to shoot the bearing a few degrees left or right of the path If a navigator shoots a bearing directly to the desired destination the path at the end of a wide open field and follows the bearing under conditions of poor visibility and the navigator travels off course just slightly the navigator upon arrival at the end of the field will be in a position that is unknown Trying to identify what side of the path they are on will be impossible and a guess will have to be made If the navigator follows the bearing directly to a point left of the desired destination the navigator knows where the location of the path is to the right of the current location Aiming off is used when the navigator will lose site of the final destination or sudden loss of visibility is expected because of weather The navigator even if some error is made during travel can be assured to travel one direction to find the desired destination path trail road way etc PACING The pace counting method pacing is used for measuring a given distance by counting every other step Two steps equal one pace Pacing is a very important skill in navigation as each person has a different pace and needs to establish their pace before it can become a useful measurement tool Pacing varies between individuals as it uses a natural stride an average adult will pace about 60 to 70 paces in 100 m While navigating over snow covered terrain use pacing to help
10. providing a simple to use interface with the GPS receiver The buttons in the following list are found on the Magellan eXplorist 200 GPS receiver Other makes and models of GPS receivers may have different function buttons Consult user manual for GPS receiver button functions BUTTONS On Off Turns the receiver on and off Backlight Turns the display backlight on and off and changes intensity Enter Used to access highlighted menu items or highlighted page menu options Escape Cancels data inputs Closes the accessed function and goes back to the previous screen and moves backward through the navigation screens Zoom In Used on the map screen to zoom in on the map displayed The map display can be zoomed in to 35 m 100 feet Also used to move through the list of waypoints when using an alphabetical search Zoom Out Used on the map screen to zoom out on the map displayed The map display can be zoomed out to 2736 km 1700 miles Also used to move through the list of waypoints when using an alphabetical search 13 4 3 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 Menu Displays a menu with available options Options may be selected by using the arrow joystick to highlight the option and pressing enter to access it NAV Moves through the navigation screens Map screen Compass screen Position screen Satellite screen Mark Used to save present position as a waypoint Waypoints are saved and stored in My Points of Interest GOTO Creates
11. 13 1 11 Taking a Magnetic Bearing To determine a magnetic bearing on a map 1 2 3 4 Set the predetermined declination on the compass Identify and mark the start point A and finish point B points on a map Draw a plotting line from point A to point B Lay the fully opened compass with the edge of the compass base plate along the plotting ray in the direction of travel point A to point B Hold the compass in place rotate the compass dial so that the compass meridian lines align with the easting lines on the map ensuring north on the dial indicates north on the map Read the number on the compass dial at the luminous index pointer 13 1 12 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 Prior to determining a magnetic bearing on a map it is good practice to first estimate the bearing by drawing a quick compass rose and looking at where the bearing would be on the compass rose This serves as a good check to ensure the cadet has not accidentally measured the back bearing If the bearing is taken from point B to point A the compass will be pointing 180 degrees or 3200 mils in the exact opposite direction of travel wanted This is also called a back bearing CONFIRMATION OF TEACHING POINT 1 The cadets participation in the review will serve as the confirmation of this TP END OF LESSON CONFIRMATION The cadets participation in the review will serve as the confirmation of this lesson CONCLUSION HOMEWORK READING PRACTICE N A MET
12. 44 15 N MOOOT OGY N uiooot O6v Director Cadets 3 2008 Ottawa ON Department of National Defence Figure 13 6 10 Topographical Map 100 000 m Square Identifier ACTIVITY OBJECTIVE The objective of this activity is to have the cadets identify location using a GPS receiver and plot that position on a topographical map 13 6 12 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 RESOURCES GPS receiver Topographical map of the area Compass Pen pencil First aid kit and Communication equipment ACTIVITY LAYOUT 1 2 Prepare a route along Class 1 or 2 terrain that does not exceed 6 km 3 7 miles Along the route mark off six specific checkpoints Record the six figure GR off of the topographical map and the 10 figure GR from the GPS for every point ACTIVITY INSTRUCTIONS 1 2 9 4 Divide the cadets into groups of no more than six Assign each cadet in the group one of the six checkpoints Have each cadet lead the group to their designated checkpoint navigating with a topographical map Before moving to the next sequential checkpoint have the designated cadet identify their current location using a topographical map through a six figure GR At the checkpoint have the cadet identify position using a GPS receiver to include a confirming the correct map datum is set on the GPS receiver b locating the geographical position page on the GPS receiver and confirm 1 grid zone is the same as printed on the topographic
13. 6 6 Map Page IDENTIFY THE MAP DATUM FROM A TOPOGRAPHICAL MAP The map datum of a topographical map is located in the lower right side of the marginal information under the conversion scale for elevations INFORMATION CONCERNING BENCH MARKS AND HORIZONTAL SURVEY MONUMENTS CAN BE OBTAINED FROM GEODETIC SURVEY CANADA CENTRE FOR SURVEYING OTTAWA CONVERSION SCALE FOR ELEVATIONS METRES 30 20 10 0 50 100 FEET 100 50 0 100 200 300 CONTOUR INTERVAL 10 METRES ELEVATIONS IN METRES ABOVE MEAN SEA LEVEL NORTH AMERICAN DATUM 1927 TRANSERVE MERCATOR PROJECTION N Director Cadets 3 2008 Ottawa ON Department of National Defence Figure 13 6 7 Map Datum Have the cadets locate the map datum on the topographical map 13 6 8 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 SETTING A DATUM ON A GPS To set a datum on a GPS 1 Identify the map datum of the topographical map being used as the reference 2 With the GPS go to the set up menu then navigation then system or units 3 Highlight the map datum s box 4 Scroll through the list of datums and find the map datum being used 5 Set the correct datum To set the datum of the eXplorist 200 GPS receiver 1 Power up the receiver Press the ENTER button Press MENU button Highlight preferences and press ENTER Highlight map units and press ENTER Highlight map datum and press ENTER Highlight correct datum and press ENTER EXTRACTING A 6 FIGURE GR FROM A 10 FIGURE GR A 10 figure grid re
14. Defence ON Department of National Defence Director Cadets 3 2007 Ottawa ON Department of National Defence Figure 13 1 8 Set Declination Figure 13 1 9 Set Compass to 00 Figure 13 1 10 Turn Until Red is in the Bed TAKE A MAGNETIC BEARING A compass can be used to identify the cardinal points such as north and south the direction of travel and the bearing from one s current location to a prominent object However the ability to take a magnetic bearing of a prominent object and to use that information to help identifying one s general location can save hours when trekking A magnetic bearing is a quick method for determining the direction of travel 13 1 11 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 There are two ways to determine a magnetic bearing To determine the magnetic bearing of a prominent object 1 2 3 4 5 Check and set the predetermined declination on the compass Hold the compass at eye level at arms length and face the prominent object Aim at the object using the compass sight ensuring the sighting line is in line with the index pointer Adjust the compass cover so the compass dial is seen in the sighting mirror Look in the mirror and turn the compass dial until the magnetic needle is over the orienting arrow red in the bed Read the number on the compass dial at the luminous index pointer The magnetic bearing of the prominent object is read at the luminous index pointer A CR CCP 121 PT 001 p 5 42 Figure
15. Each GPS receiver is set with a different datum for the same location The coordinates are identified as The coordinates are identified as e Grid Zone Designator 18 T e Grid Zone Designator 18 T 100 000 m square identifier TD and 100 000 m square identifier TP and 10 figure GR as 96785 86748 10 figure GR as 96830 86973 ae Note the difference between the coordinates of the same location using a different datum ge N PROCESS FOR CONFIRMING CORRECT MGRS COORDINATES MGRS coordinates allow a GPS receiver to work in conjunction with a topographical map To confirm the MGRS coordinates correspond with the topographical map the user will have to 1 Identify the MGRS grid system on the topographical map 2 Locate the grid zone designator 3 Confirm the 100 000 m square identifier 13 5 12 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 Identifying MGRS Grid System on a Topographical Map Locating the MGRS grid system on topographical maps provides the navigator with another method to confirm the GPS receiver is reporting coordinates that correspond with the map being used If the coordinates are different the navigator will know that the GPS receiver is set to another datum and will have to be adjusted to provide the correct coordinates Locating the Grid Zone Designator The location of the grid zone designator is found in the marginal information The zone for the example in Figure 13 5 10 is 18 T ONE THOUSAND
16. Norths Time 5 min Method Interactive Lecture Magnetic declination was identified in M222 03 Identify Compass Parts A CR CCP 702 PF 001 Chapter 12 Section 3 however it must be discussed again to support calculating magnetic declination Magnetic Declination Magnetic declination is the difference between true north map and magnetic north compass It is caused by the different locations of the geographic north pole and the magnetic north pole plus any local anomalies such as iron deposits Map users will identify the declination in the marginal information through a declination diagram depicting the true grid and magnetic bearing of any line within the area of the map sheet Declination will change annually due to the shifting magnetic pole There are only two lines in the northern hemisphere where magnetic and true north line up equalling declination of zero degrees One line runs through central Canada and the other through Russia Grid Magnetic Angle Grid magnetic angle is the horizontal angular difference between grid north and magnetic north This is the number that is applied when converting from magnetic to grid bearings Annual Magnetic Change Due to the dynamic forces on the earth magnetic north continually migrates Subsequently an annual adjustment calculation must be made to obtain the correct grid angle at the date of use The amount of adjustment to be made is provided in the declination diagram Th
17. ON Department of National Defence Figure 13 5 7 Eastings and Northings Military Grid Reference System MRGS The military traditionally identifies grid lines by stating the two digit short form of the grid line numbers These two digit numbers repeat over a large area every 100 km so the military has established a letter code for each 100 km by 100 km square The military grid codes come from the UTM projection that is broken down into smaller 100 000 m square identification as per Figure 13 5 8 The military grid code is found in the right margin underneath the UTM zone number Have cadets identify the MGRS code on the topographical map 13 5 9 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 KR LR MR INR PR kollo MO NOI PO LIT imelee NL PL OL ee PKK LK MK NK PR QK ts Ol Department of National Defence Military Training Volume 8 Map Field Sketching and Compasses Department of National Defence 1976 Department of National Defence p 75 Figure 13 5 8 Layout of MGRS CONFIRMATION OF TEACHING POINT 2 QUESTIONS Q1 UTM projection divides Canada into strips from north to south What do these strips represent Q2 How many UTM zones is the Earth s surface divided into Q3 Where is the 100 000 m square identifier found on a topographical map ANTICIPATED ANSWERS A1 The UTM projection that divides Canada into strips from north to south represent UTM zones A2 The Earth s surface is d
18. There are over 50 000 survey monuments used as starting points for more local surveying and mapping Use of this datum is gradually being replaced by the North American Datum 1983 NAD 83 NAD 83 NAD 83 is an earth centred datum based on the Geodetic Reference System of 1980 It was created to meet requirements for better accuracy and precision The size and shape of the earth was determined through 13 5 2 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 measurements made by satellites and other sophisticated electronic equipment The measurements accurately represent the earth within 2 m WORLD GEODETIC SYSTEM 1984 WGS 84 WGS 84 is the standard physical model of the Earth used for GPS applications The unified system became essential in the 1950s for several reasons e the beginning of international space science and of astronautics e the lack of intercontinental geodetic information e the inability of the large geodetic systems to provide a worldwide geo data basis and e aneed for a global map for navigation aviation and geography Geodetic is a branch of earth sciences It is the scientific discipline that deals with the measurement and representation of the earth including its gravitational field in a three dimensional time varying space Previous World Geodetic Systems have been in place WGS 60 WGS 66 and WGS 72 and the current WGS 84 A new model is now being created to replace WGS 84 tentatively called Earth Gravity Model 06 Use Ann
19. University of Colorado at Boulder The Geographer s Craft Project Copyright 1999 by Peter H Dana Retrieved May 1 2008 from http w3 impa br pcezar cursos GlS mapproj htm Figure 13 5 6 UTM Zone Numbers Each grid line in the 1 000 m grid is numbered Have a topographical map available for viewing purposes when presenting information about eastings and northings Eastings The vertical lines are numbered from an imaginary line 500 000 m west of the zone s centre meridian Each zone then starts at zero in the west and each 1 000 m line is numbered going toward the east Each vertical grid line s number usually a two digit number at the top and bottom ends of the line is located in the bottom and top margins The full number represented with an E printed behind it is located in the bottom left corner This number explains how many metres east the grid line is from the start point These lines are called eastings because they are numbered from west towards the east Northings The horizontal line is numbered starting with zero at the equator In the left and right margins there are two digit numbers at the ends of each horizontal line The full number of metres from the equator with the letter N printed behind it can be found in the bottom left These lines are called northings because they are numbered from the equator towards the north 13 5 8 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 EASTINGS NORTHINGS Director Cadets 3 2008 Ottawa
20. a one leg route from the present position to a destination selected from the POI database or by using the cursor on the background map and pressing GOTO on a point Arrow Joystick Moves the cursor on the map screen It also moves the highlighted bar to select menu options and data entry fields ANTENNA DISPLAY ON OFF BUTTON BACKLIGHT BUTTON MAGELLAN ENTER 4 ARROW JOYSTICK ZOOM OUT O ZOOM IN SD MENU FE NAV 3 coro MARK amp ESCAPE 0 Thales Navigation Inc Magellan eXplorist 200 Reference Manual Thales Nav Inc p 1 Figure 13 4 1 eXplorist 200 GPS Receiver CONFIRMATION OF TEACHING POINT 1 QUESTIONS Q1 Name three components of a GPS receiver 13 4 4 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 Q2 What is the purpose of the NAV button on the GPS receiver Q3 What is the GOTO button used for on the GPS receiver ANTICIPATED ANSWERS A1 Three components of a GPS receiver may be any of the following e antenna e screen e battery compartment and e buttons to include o on off o backlight o enter o escape o zoomin O zoom out o menu o NAV o mark o GOTO and o arrow joystick A2 The NAV button moves through the navigation screens Map screen Compass screen Position screen oatellite screen A3 The GOTO button creates a one leg route from the present position to a destination selected from the POI database or by using the cursor on the background map Teaching Poin
21. are saved and stored in My Points of Interest POI GOTO Creates a one leg route from the present position to a destination selected from the POI database or by using the cursor on the background map and pressing GOTO on a point Arrow Joystick Moves the cursor on the map screen It also moves the highlighted bar to select menu options and data entry fields 13 6 3 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 ANTENNA ON OFF BUTTON DISPLAY BACKLIGHT BUTTON MAGELLAN ENTER J ARROW JOYSTICK ZOOM our C ZOOM IN Sa MENU E NAV coro MARK amp ESCAPE 0 Thales Navigation Inc Magellan eXplorist 200 Reference Manual Thales Nav Inc p 1 Figure 13 6 1 eXplorist 200 GPS Receiver GPS SCREEN PAGES GPS receivers may differ in the way they present information from unit to unit Identify the screens that are similar to those contained in this TP The term Page refers to the different screens an operator can scroll through to locate different information in a GPS receiver Satellite Status The satellite status screen displays the acquisition of satellites satellite signal strength and satellite geometry and the progress of the collection of satellite data The receiver is constantly monitoring satellites The display on the satellite status page graphically depicts the activity As new satellites come into view a new bar appears in the graph Bars that were solid minutes ago disappear as satellites pass over the horizon
22. destination points along a navigational route Teaching Point 3 Discuss GPS Receivers and the Information They Provide Time 10 min Method Interactive Lecture The GPS receiver is a piece of equipment that processes the signals sent from satellites The information the receiver calculates from the signals can be used in many ways ACCURACY The accuracy of a GPS receiver depends on the number of satellites from which signals are being recieved and the use of augmentation systems A GPS receiver without WAAS measures to an accuracy of 5 m 16 4 feet 95 percent of the time and with WAAS to an accuracy of 3 m 9 8 feet 13 3 5 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 WAAS is most often found on GPS receivers for aircraft Landing safely in fog is difficult without an accurate location of the runway TIME A GPS receiver receives time information from atomic clocks so it is more accurate than a wristwatch Receivers report a variety of times as navigation statistics to include e Estimated Time of Arrival ETA The ETA is the time of day one will arrive at the destination eg 1230 hrs e Estimated Time Enroute ETE ETE tells how much longer one must travel before arriving at the destination and is measured in minutes or hours ETA and ETE are only useful when travelling in a straight line like in a boat or on a plane However if a route is planned with waypoints to guide the route the ETA and ETE timings Will be accurate to follow
23. error EPE Acquiring Sats oa oN sent ri EFE v a5 020713151926 S Featherstone Outdoor Guide to Using Your GPS Creative Publishing International Inc p 45 Figure 13 4 2 Satellite Status Page MENU This page is used for customizing the GPS receiver All data fields can be changed to give a person the information they require including waypoints routes time and speed etc On this page it is common for GPS receivers to display the following information e customization options for the GPS receiver e waypoints and routes and e map datum 13 4 6 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 1 Time Advanced I Location Format hddd mm mmm Map batum CEEL amis Display Heading i Timbalai 19 1948 1 E E M i Tristan ast 68 Interfoce System Viti Levu 1916 I z p Wake Eniwetok aw QUE gorea 3 MGS 72 s S Featherstone Outdoor Guide to Using Your GPS Creative Publishing International Inc p 54 Figure 13 4 3 Menu Page POSITION The position page is used for confirming coordinates datum time date and the EPE This page is used infrequently for brief periods mostly in planning and after marking a waypoint No easy to understand graphics like a compass rose are displayed This page is not ideally laid out for user friendly navigation After acquiring enough satellites to begin navigating many GPS receivers automatically go to the position page or the
24. group e Compass one per group and e A predetermined navigation route ACTIVITY LAYOUT Clearly mark the start and finish lines ACTIVITY INSTRUCTIONS To keep things interesting interchange the type of bearing and distance directions for each checkpoint eg magnetic or grid paces or metres Divide the cadets into groups by the number of GPS receivers available Issue each group a map compass and GPS receiver Have the cadet leading the group plot the bearing and distance onto the map Start groups at two minute intervals and record start times Have cadets record GRs and distance for each leg Have cadets alternate turns leading the group at least once Record the finish time for each group Compare the results of each group aoe IX oS oS D 9 The group with the most accurate GRs and distances between each checkpoint and the fastest time is the winning group If available use an assistant instructor at each checkpoint to answer questions and to prevent groups from following each other or sharing answers SAFETY N A ACTIVITY 2 NAVIGATION BRAIN TEASER OBJECTIVE The objective of the Navigation Brain Teaser activity is to have the cadets as members of a small group use their navigations skills to find as many checkpoints as possible RESOURCES e GPS receiver one per group 13 7 4 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 e Topographical map one per group e Compass one per group and
25. lecture was chosen for this lesson to present background information on maps and map making INTRODUCTION REVIEW N A OBJECTIVES By the end of this lesson the cadet shall have identified the principles of map making IMPORTANCE It is important for cadets to be able to identify the principles of map making because using maps is an integral component of expedition activities Cadets will be required to use a variety of maps throughout their cadet career Knowing how maps are made will provide the cadets with additional background information that they can use to assist them in navigating As well maps are something used in everyday life whether travelling from home to a relative s house or hiking in a provincial park Maps show a user where they are going and how they are going to get there 13 9 1 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 Teaching Point 1 Discuss Maps Time 5 min Method Interactive Lecture This TP is a review of material presented in previous star levels Cadets should already have a clear understanding of what a map is Guide the cadets through leading questions to ensure that they understand the main concepts Once a person understands the language of a map they will be able to go anywhere WHAT IS A MAP A map is a scale or proportionately smaller representation of the ground that uses universally accepted symbols to represent both natural and man made features found on the ground TYPES CHARACTERISTICS AND FEATURE
26. map page In addition to the information mentioned above an operator may find current speed heading and a trip odometer On some GPS receivers the information displayed can be changed 0 345 M 0150 mum SPEED TRIF TIMER 2 0 02 00 AG SPEED TRIP ODOM 20 014 40 0 SUNRISE SUNRISE SUNSET 0707 0554 E H 41 31 970 W081 38 349 02 01 25 12 FEB 00 S Featherstone Outdoor Guide to Using Your GPS Creative Publishing International Inc p 46 Figure 13 4 4 Position Page 13 4 7 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 COMPASS NAVIGATION This page shows the direction of travel track as it relates to the direction of the destination bearing It will show the distance from the destination and time to the destination This page is used frequently when navigating from point to point and for navigating around obstacles The digital compass graphic should not be confused with a real compass Although they look the same it can give a very different reading because without movement GPS receivers cannot display direction Read the owners manual and determine if the compass is an electronic compass capable of identifying a compass heading while the operator is standing still SPEED TIME TO HERT 60 05 46 07 DIST TO NEXT TIME OF DAY 30 7 11 29 S Featherstone Outdoor Guide to Using Your GPS Creative Publishing international Inc p 47 Figure 13 4 5 Compass Navigation Page MAP This page identifie
27. may choose to schedule and instruct only TPs 1 4 REFERENCES C2 158 ISBN 0 07 136417 X Conover G amp Conover A 2001 The Winter Wilderness Companion Traditional and Native AMERICAN Skills for the Undiscovered Season Camden ME Ragged Mountain Press C2 160 ISBN 0 89886 947 1 Lanza M 2003 Winter Hiking and Camping Managing for Comfort and Safety Emmaus PA The Mountaineers Books 13 8 12 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 C2 161 ISBN 1 878239 09 0 Gorman S 1991 AMC Guide to Winter Camping Wilderness Travel and Adventure in the Cold Weather Months Boston MA Appalachian Mountain Club Books 13 8 13 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 13 8 14 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 ROYAL CANADIAN ARMY CADETS SILVER STAR Gn INSTRUCTIONAL GUIDE SECTION 9 EO C322 03 IDENTIFY THE PRINCIPLES OF MAP MAKING Total Time 30 min PREPARATION PRE LESSON INSTRUCTIONS Resources needed for the delivery of this lesson are listed in the lesson specification located in A CR CCP 703 PG 001 Chapter 4 Specific uses for said resources are identified throughout the instructional guide within the TP for which they are required Review the lesson content and become familiar with the material prior to delivering the lesson Collect examples of different types of maps If available photocopy an early explorer s map of the local area as a handout PRE LESSON ASSIGNMENT N A APPROACH An interactive
28. of subdivided thousands where the A mark is to the left of the zero will determine the total distance x SNe B NBN A CR CCP 121 PT 001 p 5 25 Figure 13 1 6 Measuring Distance Along a Route Determining Individual Pace Pace Counting Method Pacing Used for measuring a given distance by counting every other step Two steps equal one pace Pacing is a very important skill in navigation as each person has a different pace and needs to establish their pace before it can become a useful measurement tool Pacing varies between individuals as it uses a natural stride an average adult will pace about 60 70 paces in 100 m To determine an individual pace practice taking uniform comfortable steps over a measured distance 100 m counting every second step of the dominant foot Do this three to five times to get an average This will be the individual s pace number and should be remembered 13 1 9 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 00 FINISH G B Kjellstrom Be Expert with Map amp Compass Hungry Minds Inc p 53 Figure 13 1 7 Determining Distance Using Pacing Remember pacing is an approximation A margin of error of 1 2 percent is considered reasonable eg 10 20 m for every 1 km walked Factors That Affect Pacing Pacing can be affected by different factors and the count may vary Some of the factors and the affect on individual pacing are Topography This is the most common factor Walking through mud thi
29. on a compass it is easier to hold the screwdriver and turn the compass especially in cold weather The declination shall never be turned past 90 degrees on the declination scale 13 1 6 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 Director Cadets 3 2007 Ottawa ON Department of National Defence Figure 13 1 3 Declination Screw DETERMINE DISTANCE Determining Distance on a Map Cadets can use their maps to measure the distance between two points on the ground All maps are drawn to scale therefore a specified distance on a map equals a specified distance on the ground The scale of a map is printed at the top and bottom of each map eg Scale 1 50 000 This means that 1 cm on the map equals 50 000 cm 500 m on the ground There are two ways to determine distance on a topographical map point to point and along a route Measuring Point to Point To measure a distance point to point 1 2 3 Lay the straight edge of a piece of paper against the two points With a sharp pencil mark the paper at the A start and B finish points Lay the paper just under the scale bar metres and move the B mark backwards to each thousands mark until the A mark falls within the subdivided thousands hundreds to the left of the zero To calculate the total distance add the number of thousands where the B mark is plus the number of subdivided thousands where the A mark is to the left of the zero 13 1 7 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 A CR CCP 121
30. the MGRS grid system on the topographical map e Locate the grid zone designator e Confirm the 100 000 m square identifier A3 The 100 000 m square identifier is located in the marginal information on the topographical map Teaching Point 4 Explain Demonstrate and Have the Cadets Practice Setting the Map Datum on the GPS Receiver Time 15 min Method Demonstration and Performance For this TP it is recommended that instruction take the following format Explain and demonstrate the complete skill while cadets observe Explain and demonstrate each step required to complete the skill Monitor cadets as they imitate each step Monitor the cadets performance as they practice the complete skill Note Assistant instructors may be employed to monitor the cadets performance Divide cadets into groups based on the number of GPS receivers and topographical maps available Distribute a GPS receiver and a topographical map to each group IDENTIFING THE MAP DATUM FROM A TOPOGRAPHICAL MAP The map datum of a topographical map is located in the lower right side of the marginal information under the conversion scale for elevations INFORMATION CONCERNING BENCH MARKS AND HORIZONTAL SURVEY MONUMENTS CAN BE OBTAINED FROM GEODETIC SURVEY CANADA CENTRE FOR SURVEYING OTTAWA CONVERSION SCALE FOR ELEVATIONS METRES 30 20 10 0 50 100 FEET 100 50 0 100 200 300 CONTOUR INTERVAL 10 METRES ELEVATIONS IN METRES ABOVE MEAN SEA LEVEL NORTH
31. the physical landscapes that will most accurately and vividly represent the area being mapped This is done by simplifying the features using symbols and colours Map Symbols Map symbols are graphic images that represent something else They may be depicted by pictorial images abstract combinations of points and lines or tonal shading and colour tints Have a selection of maps available so cadets can see the types of symbols used Map makers use a key or legend to indicate what symbols represent On topographical maps this legend is included on the back of the map and sometimes in the map margin Have the cadets brainstorm symbols which correspond to the features they previously t 10 x to symbolize a chair identified in the classroom An example is an 13 9 8 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 Placing Symbols on the Map Once the appropriate symbols have been identified the map maker must place them on the map This is done by 1 measuring the distance of the area location which is to be mapped and marking this on the graph paper 2 selecting a reference point This could be the centre of the area being mapped one of the four corners etc 3 selecting and plotting the first feature by placing the symbol on the map This initial feature should be something that is known and easily transferred from the ground to the map a All maps are drawn from a reference point The reference point is called the datum Most g
32. time Some of the speed statistics are Speed Over Ground SOG The SOG also known as ground speed is just like the speed displayed by the speedometer in a car It measures how fast you are going at that moment Speed does not take into consideration if you are on course It is a measurement of speed regardless of direction Velocity Made Good VMG The speed at which the destination is approached VMG takes into account the present course and destination Average Speed Divides the distance by the amount of time it took to travel that distance Average Moving Speed The average speed excluding the time the receiver stands still 13 3 7 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 e Maximum Speed The fastest speed travelled during the trip e Vertical Speed The instantaneous speed measured for up and down movements only e Average Ascent and Descent Much like average speed the average ascent and descent is the distance of vertical movement divided by the amount of time to make the movement It is the average rate of change in altitude e Maximum Ascent and Descent The maximum rate of a vertical change in position L Letham GPS Made Easy 4 ed The Mountaineers p 54 55 Figure 13 3 3 Speed Screens DIRECTION OF TRAVEL A GPS receiver can display the direction of travel if the receiver is moving If the unit is stationary it can not use satellite signals to determine which direction a person is facing some GPS units have a electr
33. track distances covered To determine an individual pace similar to summer treks practice taking uniform comfortable steps over a measured snow covered distance 100 m counting every second step of the dominant foot Do this three to five times to get an average This will be the individual s pace number and should be remembered PLANNING A ROUTE To plan a route during the winter the navigator must consider the changes winter brings Speed of travel prominent features and desired shelter all change Routes will change even arriving at the starting point may change Consider the following e Where is the destination e How much snow has fallen and accumulated on the route e What are the snow conditions 13 8 8 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 Is it a defined well travelled path Is the path groomed Will the route have readily identifiable navigational features lakes mountains valleys etc What is the weather forecast Is the distance to the destination a possible goal considering the conditions What is the skill level of the group What is the mode of travel foot skis or snowshoe What will be the anticipated travelling speed of the group Are there shelter options along the route in case of a storm ENFORCING GROUP TRAVEL TECHNIQUES Travelling on a clear day maintaining direction and staying within sight of party members is simple However consider walking across a 5 km 3 mile stretch of an open lake in a blizzard w
34. waypoint No easy to understand graphics like a compass rose are displayed After acquiring enough satellites to begin navigating many GPS receivers automatically go to the position page or the map page In addition to the information mentioned above an operator may find current speed heading and a trip odometer On some GPS receivers the information displayed can be changed la 245 M O15 n ra nr dbeaa d EAR rr dari SPEED TRIF TIMER 50 07 02 00 AYG SPEED TRIP ODOM 20 0 40 0 SUNRISE SUNSET 07 07 05 54 H 41 31 970 _ W081 38 342 03 01 25 12 FEB 00 S Featherstone Outdoor Guide to Using Your GPS Creative Publishing International Inc p 46 Figure 13 6 4 Position Page Compass Navigation This page shows the direction of travel track as it relates to the direction of the destination bearing It will show the distance from the destination and time to the destination This page is used frequently when navigating from point to point and for navigating around obstacles The digital compass graphic should not be confused with a real compass Although they look the same it can give a very different reading because without movement GPS receivers cannot display direction Read the owner s manual and determine if the compass is an electronic compass capable of identifying compass heading while standing still 13 6 6 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 ESPEED TIME TO NERT 60 01 4607 DI
35. 1 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 2122 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 3132 33 34 35 36 37 28 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 B4 71 TT Y EFE ien ot LLLLLLLI Lasse ERU SNPs RHET RENNES HENT AR HES sk zs Aste h ELA TL ILLE BEER TERTE HHHH H BFH x ERER BT oa a E TE E cg 40 32 s h Ti LI LR MICI LI LE 1 P L 3 ae E Aur b Tu ra EELLELLTELLLIS I T WELALSIAAE PI TITLT ERES eas L N TNL NET AATF TES sL T IT La 3 exe s I LLLLLLLLLLLLI T TS P A NUS NR m H S hl al r r i 1 ms ps he 480 UATTTTITITTIS it LITT SSL TT ENNE LLL NECERTE LOS Cis he COO raat T reg M E E ESESEEEEEEEEEEBE SEREEE PCP eet PN Ta COO aa i ri FITTEEEHEEEHEET EE BET ELES ee ea L T SHRECHARRRARH REEDS HS FARO TEMTE HARE ETLE RURE RRR HEARONARE BEST E UME DRADER RET MRR SICMEADRPALR OTHER ERE S HWE MSR ERE REESE ED a HA L S ALL L ET T t ETEL SERE z H TELLE pzas H H2H2 222 2 2H 42422 22422 PT ti 7 aie NEP TNI MIO p ER ED EE E i d T W 7 Pet A SA ari TaN 4 MATEA LL E Be Pe LU A DIN IL bae TI 1 NATI DAT 4 HF P EAHSH HER mun SL ure WP YI Rt eS a el ls HEE SYOLVNSISAG 3NOZ WLN id xd A UNIVERSAL TRANSVERSE MERCATOR UTM SYSTEM Peter H Dana 9 7 34 Department of Geography The
36. 57 2400 mils 202 5 3600 mils 157 5 2800 mils 180 3200 mils Director Cadets 3 2007 Ottawa ON Department of National Defence Figure 13 1 1 Compass Rose SCALES ON A COMPASS To express direction in an accurate and precise method the full circle of the compass rose is divided into equal measures of angle This measurement starts and ends at north top and always moves in a clockwise rotation There are two main scales used to measure a circle degrees and metric milli radian mils Degrees The most common method of dividing a circle There are 360 equal angles in a complete circle and they are represented by the degree symbol eg 360 On the compass rose north is located at 0 and 360 degrees east is located at 90 degrees south is located at 180 degrees and west is located at 270 degrees Mils When a more accurate division of the same circle is required the mils method is used The mils method has a military background and is based on the metric system with 6400 equal angles in a complete circle On the compass rose north is located at 0 and 6400 mils east is located at 1600 mils south is located at 3200 mils and west is located at 4800 mils There are 22 5 degrees or 400 mils between each point on a compass rose 13 1 3 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 DEFINITION OF A BEARING Bearing An angle that is measured clockwise from a fixed zero line north is always this zero line Simply a bearing is just another name
37. A CR CCP 703 PF 001 CHAPTER 13 PO 322 PLOT LOCATION ON A TOPOGRAPHICAL MAP USING A GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM RECEIVER A CR CCP 703 PF 001 ROYAL CANADIAN ARMY CADETS SILVER STAR GU INSTRUCTIONAL GUIDE SECTION 1 EO M322 01 REVIEW RED STAR NAVIGATION Total Time 30 min PREPARATION PRE LESSON INSTRUCTIONS Resources needed for the delivery of this lesson are listed in the lesson specification located in A CR CCP 703 PG 001 Chapter 4 Specific uses for said resources are identified throughout the instructional guide within the TP for which they are required Review the lesson content and become familiar with the material prior to delivering the lesson PRE LESSON ASSIGNMENT Mark off 100 m for pacing APPROACH An interactive lecture was chosen for this lesson to review the basic and background material covered during Red Star navigation INTRODUCTION REVIEW N A OBJECTIVES By the end of this lesson the cadet shall have reviewed Red Star navigation to include e describing bearings e identifying compass parts e Setting declination e determining distance on a map e determining individual pace e orienting a map using a compass and e taking a magnetic bearing using a compass 13 1 1 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 IMPORTANCE It is important for cadets to participate in a review of Red Star navigation as it is a foundation for building subsequent navigation skills The review will clarify an
38. AMERICAN DATUM 1927 TRANSERVE MERCATOR PROJECTION acce Director Cadets 3 2008 Ottawa ON Department of National Defence Figure 13 5 12 Map Datum 13 5 15 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 Have the cadets locate the map datum on the topographical map SETTING A DATUM ON A GPS To set a datum on a GPS 1 Identify the map datum of the topographical map being used as the reference 2 With the GPS go to the set up menu then navigation then system or units 3 Highlight the map datum s box 4 Scroll through the list of datums and find the map datum being used 5 Set the correct datum To set the datum of the eXplorist 200 GPS receiver Power up the receiver Press the ENTER button Press MENU button Highlight the preferences and press ENTER Highlight the map units and press ENTER Highlight the map datum and press ENTER Highlight the correct datum and press ENTER ACTIVITY Time 10 min OBJECTIVE The objective of this activity is have the cadets practice setting the map datum on a GPS receiver RESOURCES e Topographical map one per group and e GPS receiver one per group ACTIVITY LAYOUT N A ACTIVITY INSTRUCTIONS 1 Divide cadets into groups based on the amount of GPS receivers and topographical maps available 13 5 16 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 Provide one GPS receiver and topographical map to each group Have cadets identify the map datum on the topographical map Have each cadet in the group power up
39. ANADIAN ARMY CADETS SILVER STAR Gn INSTRUCTIONAL GUIDE SECTION 7 EO C322 01 PRACTICE NAVIGATION AS A MEMBER OF A SMALL GROUP Total Time 90 min PREPARATION PRE LESSON INSTRUCTIONS Resources needed for the delivery of this lesson are listed in the lesson specification located in A CR CCP 703 PG 001 Chapter 4 Specific uses for said resources are identified throughout the instructional guide within the TP for which they are required Review the lesson content and become familiar with the material prior to delivering the lesson Review the activities in TP 2 to confirm local resources required and prepare the route to be used to include grid references and bearings Prepare a route based on the area and activity If assistant instructors are not available determine a safety bearing to a known location PRE LESSON ASSIGNMENT N A APPROACH An interactive lecture was chosen for TP 1 to give direction on procedures and to illustrate the application of rules for the navigation exercise A practical activity was chosen for TP 2 as it is an interactive way to allow cadets to experience navigation in a safe controlled environment This activity contributes to physical fitness and to the development of navigation skills and knowledge in a fun and challenging setting A group discussion was chosen for TP 3 as it allows the cadets to interact with their peers and share their knowledge experiences opinions and feelings about
40. Creative Publishing International Inc p 50 Figure 13 4 6 Map Page CONFIRMATION OF TEACHING POINT 2 QUESTIONS Q1 Where is the battery strength information located Q2 What is the possible problem of using a GPS digital compass for navigating Q3 Which screen identifies the coordinates and datum of the GPS ANTICIPATED ANSWERS A1 The satellite status page identifies the battery strength information A2 The possible problem of using a GPS digital compass for navigating is if the navigator is standing still some GPS receivers cannot display direction It only knows how to identify direction when moving A3 The position page identifies the coordinates and datum END OF LESSON CONFIRMATION QUESTIONS Q1 What does the menu button display on the GPS receiver Q2 On a GPS receiver s compass navigation page what information can you expect to find Q3 On a GPS receivers satellite status page what information can you expect to find ANTICIPATED ANSWERS A1 The menu button displays a menu with available options Options can be selected by using the arrow joystick to highlight the option and pressing enter to access it 13 4 9 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 A2 On the compass navigation page a person can expect to find the following information e direction of travel e bearing e distance from destination e CDI and e time to destination A3 On the satellite status page a person can expect to find the following in
41. HOD OF EVALUATION N A CLOSING STATEMENT Map reading skills take a great deal of practice in order for a person to become efficient using them in the field Throughout expeditions cadets will always be required to navigate routes Take each and every opportunity to practice map and compass skills whether it is navigating a route or even riding a bike The skills learned in Green and Red Star navigation are building blocks There are still many more navigation skills to acquire INSTRUCTOR NOTES REMARKS Assistant instructors may be required for this lesson REFERENCES A2 041 B GL 382 005 PT 001 Canadian Forces 2006 Maps Field Sketching Compasses and the Global Positioning System Ottawa ON Department of National Defence CO 011 Canadian Orienteering Federation 1985 Orienteering Level Two Coaching Certification Ottawa ON Canadian Orienteering Federation C2 041 ISBN 0 07 136110 3 Seidman D amp Cleveland P 1995 The Essential Wilderness Navigator Camden ME Ragged Mountain Press 13 1 13 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 13 1 14 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 ROYAL CANADIAN ARMY CADETS SILVER STAR GU INSTRUCTIONAL GUIDE SECTION 2 EO M322 02 CALCULATE MAGNETIC DECLINATION Total Time 60 min PREPARATION PRE LESSON INSTRUCTIONS Resources needed for the delivery of this lesson are listed in the lesson specification located in A CR CCP 703 PG 001 Chapter 4 Specific
42. METRE UNIVERSAL TRANSVERSE MERCATOR GRID ZONE 18 GRID ZONE 100 000 m SQUARE DESIGNATION IDENTIFICATION Director Cadets 3 2008 Ottawa ON Department of National Defence Figure 13 5 10 Grid Zone Designator Confirming the 100 000 m Square Identifier The 100 000 m square identifier is located in the same marginal information area as the grid zone designator The example in Figure 13 5 10 states that the map is adjacent to the 100 000 m square identifications UE and UD Additionally when the 100 000 m square identifier on a topographical map joins an adjacent grid zone the identifier will be noted on the map in the 00 00 grid square This is illustrated in Figure 13 5 11 13 5 13 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 QUESTIONS 31 C 4 ost alts E 8 299000m E 300 77 30 VT 44 15 02 N 1000 TOGY N WoOo0v06r Director Cadets 3 2008 Ottawa ON Department of National Defence Figure 13 5 11 Topographical Map 100 000 m Square Identifier CONFIRMATION OF TEACHING POINT 3 Q1 What MGRS coordinates are identified by a GPS receiver Q2 Whatis the process for confirming correct MGRS coordinates Q3 Where is the 100 000 m square identifier located on a topographical map ANTICIPATED ANSWERS A1 The GPS receiver will identify e grid zone designator e 100 000 m square identifier and e GR 13 5 14 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 A2 The process for confirming correct MGRS coordinates is to e Identify
43. PT 001 p 5 24 Figure 13 1 4 Measuring Distance Point to Point MILES 3 Oy 1 3 MILES METRES 1000 aa DISTANCE TOTAL DISTANCE IS 4 800 METRES STRAIGHT EDGE OF PAPER A CR CCP 121 PT 001 p 5 25 Figure 13 1 5 Calculating Distance For a distance that is longer than 5 000 m measure the first 5 000 m and mark the paper with a new line and label it 5 000 m Place the new mark at the zero or thousands mark until the A mark fits within the subdivided thousands bar Add the total of that distance to the 5 000 m and that will be the total distance Measuring Along a Route Sometimes the cadets need to find the distance between A and B around curves in a road or along a planned route To measure a distance along a route between two points 1 Lay the straight edge of a piece of paper against point A 2 With a sharp pencil mark point A on the paper and the map 3 Line up the paper with the edge of the road until you come to a curve and make another mark on the paper and on the map 4 Pivot the paper so that it continues to follow the road edge Repeat until you reach point B 13 1 8 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 5 Mark your paper and the map at point B 6 Lay the paper just under the scale bar metres and move the B mark backwards to each thousands mark until the A mark falls within the subdivided thousands to the left of the zero 7 Adding the number of thousands where the B mark is plus the number
44. R CCP 703 PF 001 ACTIVITY LAYOUT Create a photo hunt activity sheet to include 12 to 20 photos of prominent landmarks in the area of the training location Landmarks should be small enough that an accurate grid reference can be obtained for the location 15 m eg an intersection street sign legion cenotaph advertising sign etc Landmarks must not be on private property without the express permission of the landowner The sheet must also include the applicable GPS setup information eg Datum NAD 83 and grid system MGRS Create an answer sheet using a GPS with the same setup information as prescribed on the photo hunt activity sheet Establish a finish time for the activity which may include a point score penalty system for late arrivals Ensure GPS units are not set to the same setup information as listed on the photo hunt activity sheet Establish a finish location ACTIVITY INSTRUCTIONS 1 2 3 4 o 6 T 8 To keep things interesting the difficulty of finding the landmarks should vary and point values should be based on difficulty eg distance and or obscurity of the landmark Divide the cadets into groups by the number of GPS receivers available Issue each group a photo hunt activity sheet and GPS receiver Have the cadets assign a peer leader for the group Groups may start at the same time or at intervals depending on the number of groups On a piece of paper have cadets record the GR of each landmark
45. S OF MAPS There are many types of maps each determined by the purpose for which it is designed Topographical Map A topographical map is the most common map used by the military The purpose of a topographical map is to present a picture of the ground as it really exists Topographical maps show as much detail as the scale allows generally 1 25 000 1 50 000 or 1 250 000 Features on a topographical map include physical features of the ground rivers woods contours roads buildings etc as well as names of specific features towns villages rivers etc Orienteering Map Through the International Orienteering Federation IOF specific rules and standards have been set for the production of an orienteering map including colour symbols and scales It is more detailed than a topographical map both with reference to vegetation and landforms They are usually produced in a scale smaller than 1 10 000 Street and Road Map A street and road map is designed to assist commuters and tourists to locate key sites such as roads and highways police stations fire halls hospitals schools and parks Relief Map A relief map is a three dimensional representation usually of terrain The terrain elevation is usually exaggerated by a factor between five and ten This helps to recognize the terrain features Digital Map A digital map such as those found on computer programs and when using a GPS receiver is useful as a reference tool a
46. ST TO HEAT TIME OF DAY 30 7 11 29 s I S Featherstone Outdoor Guide to Using Your GPS Creative Publishing International Inc p 47 Figure 13 6 5 Compass Navigation Page Map This page identifies position A GPS without a built in map will identify where a person is in relation to another waypoint A GPS receiver with a built in map will identify where a person is in relation to landmarks such as roads cities and bodies of water A GPS receiver with downloadable maps will identify where a person is in relation to city streets and topographical features The advantage of this screen is its ability to identify the current position by looking at the features on a map rather than just the coordinates Depending on the zoom level which is shown at the bottom of the page these features might be roads or cities or entire continents The map page allows an operator to pinpoint where one is and create a waypoint over a feature by pressing enter or mark making route building easier The map page can also serve as an address book By moving the cursor over a certain waypoint and pressing enter information is displayed such as phone numbers addresses and navigation information 13 6 7 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 20 Tl TO MEST 10 0650 TO NEXT 1 m a 0 ro Un mai 4 1 r e d Wr N d2 27 553 S Featherstone Outdoor Guide to Using Your GPS Creative Publishing International Inc p 50 Figure 13
47. WORKSHEET 1 What is the declination for the following map where a the current year is 2010 A 12 22 b the approximate mean declination is for 1995 and c the annual change is increasing 10 0 Answer East West circle one 2 What is the declination for the following map where o thecurrent year is 2011 rtf o the approx x swe mean declination is for 2001 and o the annual change is decreasing 7 2 Answer East West circi one 3 What is the declination for the following map o the current year is 2015 5 53 o the approximate mean declination is for 2004 and o the annual change is increasing 8 32 Answer East West circle one 4 Whatis the declination for the following map o the current year i5 2012 10 24 o the approximate mean declination is for 1998 and o the annual change is increasing 9 57 Answer East West circle one 13A 1 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 Chapter 13 Annex A V Y x x N V A CR CCP 703 PF 001 Chapter 13 Annex A 5 What is the declination for the following map o the current year is 2014 9 30 o the approximate mean declination is for 2001 and o the annual change is decreasing 18 0 Answer East West circle one 6 What is the declination for the following map o the current year is 2015 17 45 o the approximate mean declination is for 2003 and o the annual change increasing 2 0 Answer East West circle one 7
48. What is the declination for the following map o the current year is 2015 14 12 o the approximate mean declination is for 2003 and o the annual change is decreasing 11 0 Answer East West circle one 8 What is the declination for the following map o X the current year is 2016 7 39 o the approximate mean declination is for 2009 and o the annual change is decreasing 2 7 Answer East West circle one 13A 2 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 Chapter 13 Annex B ANSWER KEY TO DECLINATION PROBLEM WORKSHEET DECLINATION WORKINGS ANSWER 2010 1998 12 12 x 10 120 12 22 2 14 22 14 22 W 120 60 2 2011 2001 10 7 x 10 70 7 17 1 10 6 07 6 07 E 70 60 1 10 2015 2004 11 11 x 8 32 91 52 5 53 91 52 5 144 52 7 25 W 5 144 52 7 24 52 7 25 2012 1998 14 14 x 9 57 133 98 10 24 2 13 98 12 37 98 12 38 E 133 98 60 2 13 98 2014 2001 13 13 x 18 234 9 30 3 54 5 36 5 36 E 234 60 3 54 2015 2003 12 12 x 2 24 17 45 24 18 09 18 09 E 2015 2003 12 12 x 11 132 14 12 2 12 12 12 W 132 60 2 12 2016 2009 7 7X2 7 18 9 7 39 18 9 7 20 7 20 W 13B 1 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 Chapter 13 Annex B THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 13B 2 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 Chapter 13 Annex C SIMULATED MAP DATUM Director Cadets 3 2008 Ottawa ON Department of Nation
49. a flat map In very large countries such as Canada map makers divide the country into strips from north to south called zones and project each zone UTM UTM is a system of strip projection which is used by all National Topographical System maps For UTM Projection the earth s surface has been divided into 60 zones Sixteen of these zones numbered 7 22 cover Canada from west to east i Ler de 1200 114 108 102 96 090 84 79 72 66 Natural Resources Canada The Universal Transverse Mercator Grid Copyright 1969 by Department of Energy Mines and Resource Canada Surveys and Mapping Branch Ottawa ON Retrieved April 4 2008 from http maps nrcan gc ca topo101 utm2_e php Figure 13 9 2 UTM Zones Canada Scale Modern maps share one thing in common they are all drawn to scale meaning they are exact representations of the area they illustrate The scale of a map is an expression of the ratio between one unit on the map and the distance it covers in the same units on the ground For example If 2 cm on a map represents 1 km on the ground the scale is 2 cm 1 km 13 9 6 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 Natural Resources Canada Map Scale Copyright 1969 by Department of Energy Mines and Resource Canada Surveys and Mapping Branch Ottawa ON Retrieved April 4 2008 from http maps nrcan gc ca topo101 scale_e php Figure 13 9 3 Scale Map Natural Resources Canada Map Scale Copyrig
50. act on how people travel during the winter months When participating in a winter hiking activity there are some key factors which must be considered TRAILS FOOTPATHS Popular trails are easier to follow in winter than little used trails because staying on an unbroken trail can be extremely challenging Just a few inches of snow can obscure the footpath and can be as bewildering as scanning a forest or open meadow despite thinking or knowing that the trail is there somewhere it all looks the same TRAIL MARKERS A trail has specific details about it that tell the hiker they are on the trail The trail will show signs of previous travel a corridor through the trees blazes cairns and other markers When following a trail in the winter whether on a track that previous hikers have broken in the snow or on a trail you are breaking remain vigilant to watch for signs of the trail Cairns Cairns are piles of rocks They vary in size from a small grouping of three or four rocks to large piles that can be seen in thick fog During the winter with snow covering the ground trails marked with cairns may require more concentration to locate than a marking at eye level They are easy to miss K Berger Backpacking and Hiking DK Publishing Inc p 158 Figure 13 8 1 Sample Cairn Paint Blazes Paint blazes are markings on trees pieces of wood rocks etc The markings will differ from trail to trail A trail may have its own specific logo whic
51. al Defence Figure 13C 1 Simulated Map for Making a Datum 13C 1 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 Chapter 13 Annex C THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 13C 2 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 Chapter 13 Annex D GRID OVERLAY 28 27 26 25 24 23 47 48 49 50 51 52 Director Cadets 3 2008 Ottawa ON Department of National Defence Figure 13D 1 Grid Overlay 13D 1 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 Chapter 13 Annex D THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 13D 2 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 Chapter 13 Annex E CANADIAN UTM ZONES 66 72 3 108 102 96 90 114 120 o o Q T e e CN k A y qis Natural Resources Canada The Universal Transverse Mercator Grid Copyright 1969 by Department of Energy Mines and Resource Canada Surveys and Mapping Branch Retrieved April 4 2008 from http maps nrcan gc ca topo101 utm2 e php Figure 13E 1 Canadian UTM Zones 13E 1 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 Chapter 13 Annex E THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 13E 2 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 Chapter 13 Annex F GRAPH PAPER Map of Scale j Director Cadets 3 2008 Ottawa ON Department of National Defence Figure 13F 1 Graph Paper 13F 1 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 Chapter 13 Annex F THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 13F 2
52. al map 2 the 100 000 m square identifiers are the same and c reading the current 10 figure GR and extracting the 6 figure GR and d plotting the 6 figure GR on the topographical map of the area Confirm the plotted six figure GR corresponds with the assigned checkpoint Remember that a 6 figure GR is accurate to 100 m The plotted GR should be within 100 m of the actual group location SAFETY Communications and emergency first aid equipment shall be carried with each group in case of emergency 13 6 13 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 CONCLUSION HOMEWORK READING PRACTICE N A METHOD OF EVALUATION This EO is assessed IAW A CR CCP 703 PG 001 Chapter 3 Annex B Appendix 5 322 PC CLOSING STATEMENT Being able to use a GPS receiver to identify position and plot that position on a map provides the the cadet a secondary means to confirm position and backs up the location of the cadet in the case of a GPS receiver failure INSTRUCTOR NOTES REMARKS 322 PC shall be scheduled on the weekend bivouac survival FTX The route will consist of Class 1 or 2 terrain and will not exceed 4 km 2 5 miles REFERENCES A2 036 A CR CCP 121 PT 001 Director Cadets 3 2003 Royal Canadian Army Cadet Reference Book Ottawa ON Department of National Defence C2 143 ISBN 1 58923 145 7 Featherstone S 2004 Outdoor Guide to Using your GPS Chanhassen MN Creative Publishing International Inc 13 6 14 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 ROYAL C
53. angulation Q3 What is a waypoint ANTICIPATED ANSWERS A1 The GPS is a constellation of 24 satellites orbiting the Earth receivers and ground stations They are used to determine location speed and time A2 Triangulation is what GPS receivers do to determine their position based on data received from three or more GPS satellites A3 A waypoint is an intermediate position between the starting and destination points along a navigational route If one makes three stops along the route to the final destination the GPS receiver will consider each one of these stops a waypoint CONCLUSION HOMEWORK READING PRACTICE N A METHOD OF EVALUATION N A CLOSING STATEMENT GPS training will introduce cadets to a new tool to use while navigating The GPS is a technological advancement that is continuously evolving to present new ways and methods of navigating As these advances become available for the Cadet Program cadets will be challenged to learn and apply them while navigating 13 3 9 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 INSTRUCTOR NOTES REMARKS It is recommended that this EO be instructed outside REFERENCES C2 142 ISBN 0 7645 6933 3 McNamara J 2004 GPS for Dummies Hoboken NJ Wiley Publishing Inc C2 143 ISBN 1 58923 145 7 Featherstone S 2004 Outdoor Guide to Using Your GPS Chanhassen MN Creative Publishing International Inc C2 144 ISBN 0 07 223171 8 Broida R 2004 How to Do Everything With Your GPS Emerv
54. any necessary adjustments to keep the system accurate A3 The receiver uses the signal from one satellite to continuously monitor and be synchronized with the time maintained by the satellites The receiver collects the signals from the other satellites and calculates the difference between them This calculation positions the receiver from each satellite and triangulates its location This location gives the user latitude longitude and altitude Teaching Point 2 Explain GPS Terminology Time 5 min Method Interactive Lecture As cadets are introduced to and continue to use GPS receivers they may encounter the following terms Explain the terms to the cadets and give examples where possible GPS Global Positioning System a constellation of 21 satellites and three spares used to determine location speed time and altitude Three Dimensional 3D Coordinate Requires a four satellite signal lock giving a position as determined by latitude longitude and altitude 13 3 4 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 Assisted GPS A GPS GPS with assistance from cellular technology Found mostly in new GPS equipped phones A GPS relies on cellular networks to help do some of the tracking because GPS signals will not penetrate indoors Differential GPS DGPS A stationary receiver working in conjunction with the satellites to correct errors in the timing signals resulting in a more precise measurement of location Latitude Imaginary parallel horizo
55. arks or features visible to effectively determine position and direction through map orientation and e forcing the navigator to be more cautious and vigilant when map reading The concentration required because of these conditions reduces speed and increases travel time Falling Snow Blizzards Falling snow blizzards occur when a considerable amount of snow is falling It can be so heavy at times that the milky colour of the air blends seamlessly into the equally milky and featureless snow covered ground This condition is amplified with wind and creates whiteout conditions Falling snow blizzards can negatively affect navigation by e creating dangerous situations of very poor visibility to the point that one may be able to see only metres ahead of oneself e making it impossible to see surrounding prominent landmarks or features for navigation A GPS or compass is all that can be relied upon and e forcing the navigator to be more cautious and vigilant when map reading The concentration required because of these conditions reduces speed and increases travel time exponentially Whiteouts Whiteouts are weather conditions of heavy wind driven snowstorms that obliterate all natural landmarks and are not uncommon in the mountains Visibility and vegetation contrasts are severely reduced by snow and diffused lighting caused from an overcast cloud layer Whiteouts can negatively affect navigation by e creating dangerous situations of very
56. as they find it Have cadets alternate using the GPS to identify the GR Collect sheets and record the point score less any time penalty for each group The group that has the highest point score is the winning group SAFETY Cadets shall be briefed on boundaries which must take into account any dangerous obstacles or crossings If radios are available each group should be given a radio CONFIRMATION OF TEACHING POINT 2 The cadets participation in the navigation activities will serve as the confirmation of this TP 13 7 6 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 Teaching Point 3 Conduct a Debriefing Time 15 min Method Group Discussion BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE GROUP DISCUSSION TIPS FOR ANSWERING FACILITATING DISCUSSION Establish ground rules for discussion eg everyone should listen respectfully don t interrupt only one person speaks at a time no one s ideas should be made fun of you can disagree with ideas but not with the person try to understand others as much as you hope they understand you etc Sit the group in a circle making sure all cadets can be seen by everyone else Ask questions that will provoke thought in other words avoid questions with yes or no answers Manage time by ensuring the cadets stay on topic SUGGESTED QUESTIONS Listen and respond in a way that indicates you have heard and understood the cadet This can be done by paraphrasing their ideas Give the cadets time to respond to your questions
57. ate magnetic declination Use the provided steps and follow the sample calculations provided below CALCULATE THE MAGNETIC DECLINATION Locate the Declination Diagram and Information Calculating current declination uses the information provided by the declination diagram on a map and the information printed directly underneath This diagram is most often found on the right side of the map in the marginal information Calculate Declination To calculate declination use the angle between magnetic north and grid north ignoring true north This is because bearings taken from a map use grid north as their point of reference The annual change noted under the diagram will be either increasing the declination is getting larger or decreasing getting smaller The total annual change will then be added or subtracted from the declination printed on the map to get the current declination The degree system of bearings shares some structure and terminology with units of time There are e 360 degrees in a circle written as 360 e 60 minutes in a degree written as 60 and e 60 seconds in a minute written as 60 It is common to divide degrees into minutes instead of seconds eg 1 5 instead of 1 30 The steps to calculate magnetic declination are Step 1 Identify how long it has been since the map information was current by 1 Identifying the Current Year This is the actual current calendar year 2 Identifying Yea
58. c tasks that are generally performed in some capacity by all cartographers Liaising Cartographers do not work in isolation There is a requirement for them to work with outside agencies It is their responsibility to discuss and set guidelines for the project with the client 13 9 3 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 Editing Editing encompasses a number of tasks including the evaluation and processing of data selecting scales and projections making design decisions drawing up flow charts and specifications preparing compilations and checking the final product Drafting This is the process of constructing the map image It is completed using a combination of hand pen and ink work scribing etc and computer methods Researching A cartographer will have to complete research search out suitable data for a specific map analyze output from Global Information Systems GIS scientifically study maps and map making and map reading processes and develop new techniques for map making Teaching Many cartographers work as teachers in colleges and universities CONFIRMATION OF TEACHING POINT 2 QUESTIONS Q1 What is the definition of cartography Q2 What activities would be impossible without maps Q3 The process of constructing the map image is what job of a cartographer ANTICIPATED ANSWERS A1 Cartography as defined by International Cartographic Association is a discipline which deals with the conception production disseminat
59. ches or natural features rivers lakes forested areas A3 The scale of a map is an expression of the ratio between one unit on the map and the distance one unit covers on the ground OBJECTIVES By the end of this lesson the cadet shall have drawn a map of an area in the local training facility using the principles of map making IMPORTANCE It is important for cadets to be able to draw a map of an area in the local training facility because understanding the concept of map making will enhance the cadets ability to read a map Using maps is an integral component to the army cadet training program and it is critical that a cadet is able to use them effectively Drawing a map using the principles of map making will provide the cadet the opportunity to see a map as more than simply lines and symbols Teaching Point 1 Have the Cadets Draw a Map of an Area in the Local Training Facility Time 25 min Method Practical Activity ACTIVITY OBJECTIVE The objective of this activity is for the cadet to draw a map of an area in the unit s local training facility RESOURCES e Graph paper located at Annex F e Paper letter size e Measuring tape one per group e Ruler one per group e Pen pencil e Markers pencil crayons and e Notebook ACTIVITY LAYOUT N A ACTIVITY INSTRUCTIONS 1 Divide the cadets into groups of no more than three 13 10 2 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 2 Assign each group an area in the local t
60. ck bush and tall vegetation can shorten the paces Slopes Walking uphill will shorten paces while walking downhill can lengthen paces Fatigue Pacing may change from natural in the morning when cadets are rested to shorter in the afternoon as they start to get tired Equipment Equipment could affect pacing such as the wrong type of footwear Too much or too little clothing and the amount of equipment being carried can shorten the paces Weather Heavy rain wind velocity temperature and snow can shorten the paces Pacing beads can be used to keep track of the distance walked One bead is moved for every 100 m walked If pacing beads are not available stones can be used by moving them from one pocket to another to count every 100 m 13 1 10 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 ORIENT A MAP USING A COMPASS To orient a map using a compass set the current declination on the compass set the compass dial to read 00 zero mils or O degrees north lay the compass flat on the map with the cover open point the mirror to north top of the map align one side of the base plate with an easting line and gt i gw Qe T9 turn the map and compass together until the red end of the magnetic needle is over the orienting arrow The mnemonic used to remember putting the magnetic needle over the orienting arrow is Red in the Bed Director Cadets 3 2007 Ottawa Director Cadets 3 2007 Ottawa ON Department of National
61. d into sections and these sections are published as 1 250 000 scale maps by the NTS Each 1 250 000 scale map can then be divided into smaller areas like 1 50 000 scale maps The location of the topographical map zone number can be found in the marginal information in the grid zone designator box as seen in Figure 13 5 3 Have cadets identify their location in Canada from the handout in Annex E and identify what zone they would be located in 120 114 108 102 96 90 84 78 T2 66 Natural Resources Canada The Universal Transverse Mercator Grid Copyright 1969 by Department of Energy Mines and Resource Canada Surveys and Mapping Branch Retrieved April 4 2008 from http maps nrcan gc ca topo101 utm2 e php Figure 13 5 2 Canadian UTM Zones 13 5 5 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 ONE THOUSAND METRE UNIVERSAL TRANSVERSE MERCATOR GRID ZONE 18 GRID ZONE 100 000 m SQUARE DESIGNATION IDENTIFICATION Director Cadets 3 2008 Ottawa ON Department of National Defence Figure 13 5 3 Grid Zone Identifier GRID REFERENCE SYSTEMS When a map maker has projected a zone and divided it into sections a rectangular grid is laid over top of the projection as seen in Figure 13 5 4 These grid lines are shown in blue on a topographical map The grid lines are exactly parallel to each other The vertical grid lines are printed parallel to the meridian of the zone and the horizontal grid lines are parallel to the equator These horizo
62. e navigating in the winter RESOURCES e Topographical map one per cadet e Magnetic compass one per cadet and e Prepared navigation route 13 8 11 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 ACTIVITY LAYOUT The navigational activity must take place in an area with snow covered surroundings away from most man made features ACTIVITY INSTRUCTIONS 1 Provide each cadet with a topographical map and a compass 2 Have cadets navigate a short predetermined route that crosses open terrain 3 Have cadets practice aiming off of their destinations when trekking across the open area 4 Have cadets practice group travel techniques 5 Periodically stop cadets and have them orient their maps Point out conflicting features and discrepancies between visual features compared to map based features Identify the prominent features that will identify position SAFETY First aid equipment and a device for communicating with base camp are to be carried in case of emergency END OF LESSON CONFIRMATION The cadets participation in the navigation activity will serve as the confirmation of this lesson CONCLUSION HOMEWORK READING PRACTICE N A METHOD OF EVALUATION N A CLOSING STATEMENT Cadets who a participating in a trek in the winter may suddenly experience a rapid deterioration in weather conditions Using winter navigational skills can ensure the group remains on course and arrives safely at their destination INSTRUCTOR NOTES REMARKS Corps
63. e opportunity to develop their navigation skills and knowledge in a fun and challenging setting INSTRUCTOR NOTES REMARKS The intent of this activity is to give the cadet experience navigating with a map and compass determine distance and follow a bearing from point to point This activity may be conducted using any available map appropriate for this activity This complementary activity can be conducted up to three times during supported complementary days or sessions Participation is limited to a maximum of nine periods REFERENCES A2 041 B GL 382 005 PT 001 Canadian Forces 2006 Maps Field Sketching Compasses and the Global Positioning System Ottawa ON Department of National Defence 13 7 8 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 ROYAL CANADIAN ARMY CADETS SILVER STAR GU INSTRUCTIONAL GUIDE SECTION 8 EO C322 02 IDENTIFY FACTORS THAT IMPACT NAVIGATION IN THE WINTER Total Time 120 min PREPARATION PRE LESSON INSTRUCTIONS Resources needed for the delivery of this lesson are listed in the lesson specification located in A CR CCP 703 PG 001 Chapter 4 Specific uses for said resources are identified throughout the instructional guide within the TP for which they are required Review the lesson content and become familiar with the material prior to delivering the lesson PRE LESSON ASSIGNMENT N A APPROACH An in class activity was chosen for TP 1 as an interactive way to provoke thought and stimulate an interest on h
64. ed Review the lesson content and become familiar with the material prior to delivering the lesson Photocopy and create OHP slides of Annexes C and D Photocopy Annex E and distribute to each cadet Ensure there is a GPS receiver and topographical map of the area for each group in TP 2 PRE LESSON ASSIGNMENT N A APPROACH An interactive lecture was chosen for TPs 1 3 to orient the cadets to map datums Demonstration and performance was chosen for TP 2 as it allows the instructor to explain and demonstrate how to set a map datum while providing an opportunity for the cadets to practice under supervision INTRODUCTION REVIEW N A OBJECTIVES By the end of this lesson the cadet shall have identified map datum on a topographical map and set it on a GPS receiver IMPORTANCE It is important for cadets to know how to set a map datum because if an incorrect datum is set on the GPS receiver and the user identifies the coordinates from a GPS receiver on a map an incorrect location will be given 13 5 1 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 Teaching Point 1 Explain Map Datum Time 10 min Method Interactive Lecture MODEL PROJECTION OF THE EARTH The Earth is represented in many different forms including models globes maps atlases etc When these items are designed they are drawn using a reference point called datum Map Datum The reference point used to draw a map All maps are drawn using a reference point A grid is a series of li
65. ed from 133 minutes to 2 13 because there are 60 in a degree Annual change is decreasing so it is subtracted from the original declination Original declination E 19 52 Total change 2 13 Current declination E 17 39 This tells us that the magnetic needle on a compass will point to the east of grid north by 17 degrees and 39 minutes for the area depicted on this map in 2010 13 18 USE DIAGRAM TO OBTAIN NUMERIC VALUES APPROXIMATE MEAN DECLINATION 1993 FOR CENTRE OF MAP ANNUAL CHANGE INCREASING 1 7 Department of National Defence Instructional Guide IG DP1 Cadet Instructors Cadre CIC Environmental Performance Requirements Land Department of National Defence p 84 Figure 13 2 3 Declination Diagram Sample 13 2 6 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 Convert to degrees and minutes when there are 60 minutes or more Example With West Declination Figure 13 2 3 The declination as of 1993 is 13 18 West and the annual change increasing 1 7 The magnetic declination is calculated as Current year 2010 Year of declination information 1993 Difference in years 17 Difference in years 17 Annual change x 1 7 Total change 28 9 Annual change is increasing so it is added to the original declination Original declination W 13 18 Total change 28 9 Current declination W 13 46 9 rounded to 47 Round minutes up or down as required during calculations eg at or over 0 5 minutes round u
66. ellite jpg Figure 13 3 1 GPS Satellite The United States GPS is not the only satellite navigation system currently deployed in space Other nations that have begun or have established a similar satellite navigation system are e European Union GALILEO Satellite System e Russian GLONASS System and 13 3 2 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 e Chinese Beidou System HOW THE GPS WORKS The system is divided into three parts or segments space ground control and users The space segment consists of 24 satellites that orbit 20 200 km above the Earth and send radio signals toward Earth The radio signals broadcast the position of each satellite in the sky with an electronic code Each satellite performs a relatively simple primary task it transmits a timing signal using its built in atomic clock When a device on the ground receives that signal it can determine its distance from the satellite That single measurement alone does not accomplish much but when a GPS receiver collects timing signals from three different satellites the receiver can determine two precise coordinates latitude and longitude With four satellite signals the GPS receiver is able to determine altitude as well A GPS receiver is also capable of determining more than latitude longitude and altitude It can also determine other variables such as speed and heading COMPONENTS OF THE GPS Satellites The GPS and its satellites have the following characteristics
67. es 5 km 3 miles long Your destination is a small inlet along the vegetation line directly across the field There are definable mountains all around that make orienting the map easy There is light snow falling visibility at the moment is good If you were handed the map and asked to lead the group across the field to the inlet how would you proceed across the field safely to arrive at your destination Q4 How would pace be affected in the winter How would you test your pace prior to leaving on a trek in the winter Q5 What are some techniques a group could use when in a storm to ensure members do not get separated from the group What are some other methods you may have used ANTICIPATED ANSWERS AT A2 Using a topographical map in the winter would be different because when orienting the map the navigator will now have to look beyond the immediate surroundings and view the distant landscape for identifiable features The features that are more noticeable during winter months are e the mountains in the distance contour lines e large bodies of water open areas that are covered in ice e ridge lines e Visible archways of known paths and 13 8 10 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 e definable vegetation changes open fields that change into forest A3 The safest method to navigate across the field would be to shoot a bearing aiming off to one side of the destination Once arriving at the vegetation line follow the edge oppos
68. ex C Simulated Map Datum and Annex D Grid Overlay to illustrate a datum Place the two slides on an OHP laying the grid over the map Identify a fictitious fixed point mountain lake boulder as the map datum reference point eg NAD 27 Discuss how the reference point determines the grid s base point Make another fictitious map datum reference point eg WGS 84 Show how the uses of different datums relate to different positions dependant on the datum used as a reference point This will reinforce the importance of setting the appropriate datum before identifying position on a GPS receiver CONFIRMATION OF TEACHING POINT 1 QUESTIONS Q1 Whatis a map datum Q2 What is the NAD 27 Q3 Whatis the WGS 84 ANTICIPATED ANSWERS A1 A map datum is the reference point used to draw maps A2 The NAD 27 is the North American Datum 1927 based on the Clarke ellipsoid of 1866 The reference is located at Meads Ranch in Kansas 13 5 3 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 A3 The WGS 84 is the standard physical model of the Earth used for GPS applications The unified system became essential in the 1950s Teaching Point 2 Discuss the Universal Transverse Mercator UTM Grid System Time 10 min Method Interactive Lecture Because the world is round any type of representation of its surface on a flat piece of paper will have distortions These are relatively insignificant on maps that show only small parts of the earth like city
69. ference given from a GPS receiver has 10 digits and is accurate to 1 m To extract the 6 figure GR from the 10 figure GR one must understand how the figures work GRID REFERENCE WRITTEN FIGURES Definition Easting Northing A 10 figure GR accurate to 1 m is written as 96779 86744 A 8 figure GR accurate to 10 m is written as 9677 8674 A 6 figure GR accurate to 100 m of the same coordinates is 967 867 written as A 4 figure GR accurate to 1 000 m of the same coordinates is 96 86 written as As illustrated in the above chart the 10 figure GR has two sets of numbers The first five digits are eastings and the last five digits are the northing coordinates When taking a GR from a GPS receiver is important to identify the 10 digits and extract the first three numbers from the easting portion and the first three numbers from the northing portion eg 96779 86744 The 6 figure grid reference can then be plotted on a map as GR 967 867 13 6 9 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 IDENTIFYING MGRS GRID SYSTEM ON A GPS RECEIVER The provided examples correspond to the Trenton Ont 1 50 000 map 31 C 4 The map datum for this map is NAD 27 These examples should be reproduced using a GPS receiver and a local topographical map of the area This will provide cadets with realistic examples and hands on experience Ensure that the GPS receiver coordinate system is set to Military Grid Reference System MGRS GPS receivers will identify the MGRS coordinate
70. for an angle TYPES OF BEARINGS Bearings are divided into three different types Grid Bearing A bearing that is measured between two points on a map The ability to measure a bearing from a map allows a map user to plan routes or activities before going into the field and provides an easy method of communicating location or movement Magnetic Bearing A bearing that is measured between two points using a compass A magnetic bearing is a quick and efficient method of describing a route to take The bearing alone is usually not enough information to navigate with and must also have distance or a target object Back Bearing A bearing that is in the exact opposite direction of the bearing that has been measured A back bearing can be useful for different reasons to return to the start location after a hike or to calculate the bearing from an object to one s current location Depending on the compass being used the steps to calculate a back bearing are 1 When the bearing is less than 3200 mils or 180 degrees add 3200 mils or 180 degrees 2 When the bearing is greater than 3200 mils or 180 degrees subtract 3200 mils or 180 degrees COMPASS PARTS Refer to Figure 13 1 2 or an actual compass to identify the parts of a compass with the cadets A Sight Located at the top of the compass cover used to align an objective or bearing B Compass Cover Protects the compass dial and houses the sighting mirror C Sighting Mirror Used
71. formation e Satellite signal strengths e battery strength and e EPE CONCLUSION HOMEWORK READING PRACTICE N A METHOD OF EVALUATION This EO is assessed IAW A CR CCP 703 PG 001 Chapter 3 Annex B Appendix 5 322 PC CLOSING STATEMENT GPS receivers have become a very common tool for navigating Receivers vary from make to model each offering its own method of use By identifying the common features offered on a GPS receiver cadets will be familiar with the information a GPS receiver can provide Cadets who have an understanding of this information should be able to retrieve the required information from any make or model of GPS receiver INSTRUCTOR NOTES REMARKS N A REFERENCES C2 142 ISBN 0 7645 6933 3 McNamara J 2004 GPS for Dummies Hoboken NJ Wiley Publishing Inc C2 143 ISBN 1 58923 145 7 Featherstone S 2004 Outdoor Guide to Using Your GPS Chanhassen MN Creative Publishing International Inc 13 4 10 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 ROYAL CANADIAN ARMY CADETS SILVER STAR Gn pom INSTRUCTIONAL GUIDE SECTION 5 EO M322 05 SET A MAP DATUM ON A GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM GPS RECEIVER Total Time 60 min PREPARATION PRE LESSON INSTRUCTIONS Resources needed for the delivery of this lesson are listed in the lesson specification located in A CR CCP 703 PG 001 Chapter 4 Specific uses for said resources are identified throughout the instructional guide within the TP for which they are requir
72. h could be something as simple as a rectangle a circle or a triangle Paint blazes are the most common type of trail marking and during winter windblown snow may stick to the trees covering the markers 13 8 2 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 A 2 tw Director Cadets 3 2008 Ottawa ON Department of National Defence Figure 13 8 2 Sample Trail Blaze PROMINENT LANDMARKS Winter conditions change the way features may have looked in summer Snow masks and covers the normal route features by covering worn down paths masking slight elevation changes and covering streams marshes and valleys Navigators will have to resort to using more prominent and sometimes distant features to orient the map locate their position and follow a desired route The prominent features can be ridges peaks and communication towers Ridges A long narrow hilltop mountain range or watershed can easily be identified on a map and also be easily visible during wither conditions Peaks Mountaintops that form a point Peaks of mountains are defined and easily seen during trekking and can be good prominent landmarks for orienting the map during winter travel Communication Towers Cellular and radio communications towers are found on most current topographical maps and are good aids when orienting a map during winter navigation ACTIVITY OBJECTIVE The objective of this activity is to have the cadets in a group discuss how terrain features are affected in the w
73. has been divided into 60 zones Sixteen of these zones numbered 7 22 cover Canada from west to east CONCLUSION HOMEWORK READING PRACTICE N A METHOD OF EVALUATION N A CLOSING STATEMENT Being able to identify the principles of map making is an important concept to understand because using maps is an integral component to the army cadet training program Knowing how a map is made and developed will assist cadets in reading a map INSTRUCTOR NOTES REMARKS Cadets will be given the opportunity to create their own maps in EO C322 04 Draw a Map of an Area in the Local Training Facility Section 10 REFERENCES C2 166 Geomatics Yukon Kids 2002 Cartography Retrieved February 21 2008 from http www geomaticsyukpn ca kids cartography 1 html C2 168 EdGate 2006 Cartography Concepts A Student s Guide to Mapmaking Retrieved February 21 2008 from http www edgate com lewisandclark cartography html C2 170 Gorman J amp Morris M Eds 1998 April You Are Here The Backpacker April 74 81 C2 190 The Canadian Cartographic Association 2008 Digital Pamphlet Careers in Cartography Retrieved April 3 2008 from http www cca acc org careers asp 13 9 11 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 13 9 12 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 ROYAL CANADIAN ARMY CADETS SILVER STAR GU INSTRUCTIONAL GUIDE SECTION 10 EO C322 04 DRAW A MAP OF AN AREA IN THE LOCAL TRAINING FACILITY Tota
74. his lesson QUESTIONS Q1 What does the acronym GPS stand for Q2 What are ground stations responsible for Q3 How does a receiver calculate your position 13 4 1 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 QA Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 What is a 3D coordinate What is triangulation What is a waypoint What is the accuracy of a GPS receiver without WAAS What three dimensions will a GPS receiver provide location in How does a GPS receiver calculate speed ANTICIPATED ANSWERS A1 GPSstands for Global Positioning System A2 Ground stations are responsible for tracking the satellites monitoring their condition and making any necessary adjustments to keep the system accurate A3 The receiver uses the signal from one satellite to continuously monitor and be synchronized with the time maintained by the satellites The receiver collects signals from the other satellites and calculates the difference between them This calculation positions the receiver from each satellite and triangulates its location This location gives the user latitude longitude and altitude A4 A 3D coordinate is one s position as determined by latitude longitude and altitude A5 Triangulation is what a GPS receiver does to determine position based on data received from three or more GPS satellites A6 A waypoint is an intermediate position s between the starting and destination points along a navigational route A7 A GPS receiver without WAAS measures t
75. ht 1969 by Department of Energy Mines and Resource Canada Surveys and Mapping Branch Ottawa ON Retrieved April 4 2008 from http maps nrcan gc ca topo101 scale_e php Figure 13 9 4 Scale Real Distance Another way to represent scale would be DISTANCE ON THE MAP m 2 cm 2 cm DISTANCE ON THE GROUND 1 km 100 000 cm 1 50 000 SCALE Natural Resources Canada Map Scale Copyright 1969 by Department of Energy Mines and Resource Canada Surveys and Mapping Branch Ottawa ON Retrieved April 4 2008 from http maps nrcan gc ca topo101 scale_e php Figure 13 9 5 Scale Representation Ask cadets what scale should be used when drawing a map of the classroom The scale should be in cm given the size of a classroom The scale ratio will be very small as the map will show great detail Figures 13 9 6 and 13 9 7 are examples of the scale For the map of the classroom the scale will be 1 50 This means that 1 cm on the map is equal to 0 5 m 50 cm on the ground 13 9 7 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 0 5 cm 5cm P C Director Cadets 3 2008 Ottawa ON Department of National Defence Figure 13 9 6 Grid Square SCALE 1 50 1 2 3 4 5 meres 1 1 25 0 2 5 5 Director Cadets 3 2008 Ottawa ON Department of National Defence Figure 13 9 7 Map Scale STEP 3 IDENTIFYING FEATURES AND ADDING SYMBOLS Once the map s projection and scale are determined the next step is to add features of
76. ille CA McGraw Hill 13 3 10 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 ROYAL CANADIAN ARMY CADETS SILVER STAR CADE pom INSTRUCTIONAL GUIDE SECTION 4 EO M322 04 IDENTIFY FEATURES OF A GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM GPS RECEIVER Total Time 30 min PREPARATION PRE LESSON INSTRUCTIONS Resources needed for the delivery of this lesson are listed in the lesson specification located in A CR CCP 703 PG 001 Chapter 4 Specific uses for said resources are identified throughout the instructional guide within the TP for which they are required Review the lesson content and become familiar with the material prior to delivering the lesson Ensure GPS receivers are available and ready to use eg batteries charged PRE LESSON ASSIGNMENT N A APPROACH An interactive lecture was chosen for TP 1 to orient the cadets to components of a GPS receiver and to present background material Demonstration and performance was chosen for TP 2 as it allows the instructor to explain and demonstrate how to scroll through the different screen pages of a GPS receiver while providing an opportunity for the cadets to practice under supervision INTRODUCTION REVIEW Choose three to five of the questions provided to review the material covered in EO M322 03 Identify Components of the Global Positioning System GPS Section 3 If additional review is required to confirm understanding continue with questions Be mindful of the time remaining to complete t
77. ills required of a cadet in the expedition stream INSTRUCTOR NOTES REMARKS Cadets may use a calculator for calculating declination REFERENCES A2 041 B GL 382 005 PT 001 Canadian Forces 2006 Maps Field Sketching Compasses and the Global Positioning System Ottawa ON Department of National Defence 13 2 9 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 13 2 10 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 ROYAL CANADIAN ARMY CADETS SILVER STAR Gn pom INSTRUCTIONAL GUIDE SECTION 3 EO M322 03 IDENTIFY COMPONENTS OF THE GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM GPS Total Time 30 min PREPARATION PRE LESSON INSTRUCTIONS Resources needed for the delivery of this lesson are listed in the lesson specification located in A CR CCP 703 PG 001 Chapter 4 Specific uses for said resources are identified throughout the instructional guide within the TP for which they are required Review the lesson content and become familiar with the material prior to delivering the lesson PRE LESSON ASSIGNMENT N A APPROACH An interactive lecture was chosen for this lesson to orient the cadets to the components of the GPS and to present background material INTRODUCTION REVIEW N A OBJECTIVES By the end of this lesson the cadet shall have identified the components of the GPS IMPORTANCE It is important for cadets to be able to identify the components of the GPS so they have the background knowledge and information required to effecti
78. int use a radio if available or follow a safety bearing to a known location A2 This activity will last no more than 55 minutes A3 The answers to this question will vary based on the local area used 13 7 2 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 Teaching Point 2 Have the Cadets Participate in a Navigation Activity Time 55 min Method Practical Activity Conduct one of the following activities in the time allocated If time permits conduct both activities Prepare for each activity in advance using available resources NAVIGATION TRAIL Cadets will be given a map compass and GPS receiver Upon arrival at each point cadets will be given directions by a staff member travelling with the group or at a checkpoint magnetic or grid bearing and distance in metres or paces to follow from one checkpoint to the next The course will consist of a minimum of six legs approximately 100 200 m in length When each group arrives at the checkpoint they will compare the grid reference GR on the map with that on the GPS receiver determine the distance between each checkpoint and be given directions to the next checkpoint The group with the most accurate GRs and distance between each checkpoint and the fastest time is the winning group NAVIGATION BRAIN TEASER Using a map compass and GPS receiver cadets will navigate to predetermined points on the map The course will consist of a minimum of six legs approximately 100 200 m in length Following
79. inter RESOURCES e Flip chart paper and e Markers ACTIVITY LAYOUT N A 13 8 3 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 ACTIVITY INSTRUCTIONS 1 Divide the cadets into groups of no more than four 2 Provide each group with a sheet of flip chart paper and a marker 3 Read the scenario in the note box to the cadets Scenario Your cadet unit decided to conduct a three day expedition in late fall Prior to departure the weather and temperature was forecasted to be cool and partly sunny for most of the time but above the freezing point Starting out on the trek the group travels for the first day Camp is set up for the night and before lights out some precipitation begins to fall It is a cool night and all members decide to call it an early night and go to ground Waking up in the morning the group is surprised to find 20 cm of snow on the ground Luckily all members are prepared for the cool weather and clothing and equipment will not be a problem It is decided to continue the trek Before departing on the second day from base camp it is noticeable that the snow is hanging in the trees and makes a solid layer of cover on the ground While navigating some members are finding it difficult to identify features to orient the map 4 Askthe cadets the following question and have them record their answers in point form on the flip chart paper large enough to read from a distance a When navigating a person uses specific features to o
80. ion Right side is east left side is west Setting the Calculated Declination on a Compass On the back side of the compass there is a declination adjusting screw adjust the declination adjusting screw to the calculated declination east or west The zero declination line agonic line runs west of Hudson Bay near Churchill Manitoba Therefore maps east of here can assume a declination to the west and maps west will assume a declination to the east USE DIAGRAM TO OBTAIN NUMERIC VALUES APPROXIMATE MEAN DECLINATION 1991 FOR CENTRE OF MAP ANNUAL CHANGE DECREASING 7 0 Department of National Defence Instructional Guide IG DP1 Cadet Instructors Cadre CIC Environmental Performance Requirements Land Department of National Defence p 84 Figure 13 2 2 Declination Diagram Sample When the declination is recorded in writing it is written in degrees and minutes Degrees is represented by a number followed by a small circular symbol eg 19 The same is true for minutes as the number is followed by an apostrophe eg 52 13 2 5 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 Example With East Declination Figure 13 2 2 The declination as of 1991 is 19 52 East and the annual change is decreasing 7 0 The magnetic declination is calculated as Current year 2010 Year of declination information 1991 Difference in years 19 Difference in years 19 Annual change x 7 0 Total change 133 or 2 13 The total change is convert
81. ion Using East and West Declination Examples Time 30 min Method In Class Activity ACTIVITY OBJECTIVE The objective of this activity is to have the cadets practice calculating magnetic declination RESOURCES Declination problem worksheet located at Annex A ACTIVITY LAYOUT N A 13 2 8 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 ACTIVITY INSTRUCTIONS 1 Distribute a worksheet to each cadet 2 Have the cadets individually complete as many problems on the worksheet as possible in 20 minutes 3 Correct the declination worksheet with the cadets using the answer key located at Annex B 4 Answer questions and calculate declination on a visual aid to clarify questions SAFETY N A CONFIRMATION OF TEACHING POINT 3 The cadets participation in the in class activity will serve as the confirmation of this TP END OF LESSON CONFIRMATION The cadets calculation of magnetic declination will serve as the confirmation of this lesson CONCLUSION HOMEWORK READING PRACTICE Cadets are encouraged to complete or retry any problems that they have experienced trouble with METHOD OF EVALUATION This EO will be assessed IAW A CR CCP 703 PG 001 Chapter 3 Annex B Appendix 5 322 PC CLOSING STATEMENT Knowing how to calculate magnetic declination adds to basic map and compass skills and will allow cadets to plan route marches and navigate confidently during field training exercises Calculating magnetic declination builds on the essential navigation sk
82. ion and study of maps A2 Any activities related to the earth s surface property ownership road construction emergency response and navigation would be impracticable without maps A3 Drafting is the process of constructing the map image Teaching Point 3 Identify the Principles of Map Making Time 15 min Method Practical Activity Map making has become a technologically based skill Understanding the principles of making a map by hand is still very important Cadets will be introduced to the four step process used to develop a map during this TP Before people took pictures from airplanes maps were drawn by someone travelling over the terrain and drawing by hand With aerial photography map making has become much easier but still requires a great deal of work from the map maker cartographer Much of Canada was mapped by hand by European explorers like Champlain Tyrell MacKenzie and Thompson 13 9 4 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 If available distribute a copy of an early explorer s map of the local area STEP 1 DETERMINING LOCATION The first step in preparing a map is for the individual to determine their current location The location of any point or place on the earth s surface can only be understood with reference to its distance from another point or place The easiest way to do this is to use landmarks Landmarks are features that are man made houses buildings railroads churches or natural
83. is change is significant as adjustments to a compass may be required This is known as setting the declination Bearings and directions taken from the map would not be accurate if the magnetic change is not taken into account All maps have the required information to calculate the declination and this information is found in the margin of the map Review the three norths This material was covered in M222 02 Describe Bearings A CR CCP 702 PF 001 Chapter 12 Section 2 In navigation there are three different norths true north grid north and magnetic north Each north varies from each other and must be known for navigation A diagram representing the three norths can be found in the margin of the map being used 13 2 2 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 Draw Figure 13 2 1 on a visual aid and draw the symbol for each north as it is explained to the cadets GRID NORTH TRUE NORTH MAGNETIC NORTH B GL 382 005 PT 001 Canadian Forces Maps Field Sketching Compasses and the Global Positioning System p 51 Figure 13 2 1 Three Norths True North True north is located at the top of the earth where the geographic North Pole is found It is the point at which the earth rotates on its axis and is where all lines of longitude meet In the diagram on the map true north is represented by a star Polaris Grid North Grid north is the north indicated by the grid lines eastings on a topographical map Eastings are lines that run parallel t
84. ite the direction you aimed off left or right to the destination At any time the winds could pick up and without a bearing you would not know what direction to travel A4 Pacing would be affected in winter by the different conditions of the terrain being covered Snow conditions depth and the personal equipment you are using will all affect pace To determine an individual pace similar to summer treks practice taking uniform comfortable steps over a measured snow covered distance 100 m counting every second step of the dominant foot Do this three to five times to get an average This will be the individual s pace number and should be remembered A5 The techniques that can be used to ensure no members get separated from the group are making sure members stay in sight of each other assigning numbers and taking scheduled breaks Other questions and answers will develop throughout the group discussion The group discussion should not be limited to only those suggested Reinforce those answers given and comments made during the group discussion ensuring the teaching points have been covered CONFIRMATION OF TEACHING POINT 4 The cadets participation in the group discussion will serve as the confirmation of this TP Teaching Point 5 Conduct an Activity Where the Cadet Will Practice Navigating in the Winter Time 60 min Method Practical Activity ACTIVITY OBJECTIVE The objective of this activity is to have the cadets practic
85. ith only a few metres of vibisility and trying to maintain direction without getting lost or losing sight of party members This can be very difficult however the following practices can make such a trek a little easier Staying Within Sight of Each Other In a well led considerate group members will adjust their pace to the slowest member If caught in a storm it is best to put the slowest person first in line This way normal stride and pacing will keep the group bunched up Each person in line must be responsible to keep in sight one person behind and one person ahead of them No one should move until the last or sweep person is within sight of the second to last and so on up the line When each person is in sight of the next the whole line can continue to move Following this rule the line functions even when visibility is so poor that each person can see only one person in each direction Assigning Numbers Groups travelling may find it more comforting to use numbers to identify each member in a group Once the order is established the person in the rear of the party is assigned the first number This is sequentially followed to the lead person At any time any member of the group can call out for numbers and the group will number off starting with the rear person Any numbers that are not accounted for indicates a missing person The group can then stop and sort out the problem Taking Breaks as Required While trekking along a rou
86. ivided into 60 zones A3 The 100 000 m square identifier is found in the marginal information 13 5 10 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 Teaching Point 3 Discuss Using a GPS Receiver in Conjunction With a Topographical Map Time 15 min Method Interactive Lecture This TP will provide cadets with the knowledge on how to use a GPS receiver in conjunction with a topographical map The provided examples correspond to the Trenton Ont 1 50 000 map 31 C 4 The map datum for this map is NAD 27 These examples should be reproduced using a GPS receiver and a local topographical map of the area This will provide cadets with realistic examples and hands on experience Ensure that the GPS receiver coordinate system is set to MGRS IDENTIFYING MGRS GRID SYSTEM ON A GPS RECEIVER GPS receivers will identify the UTM coordinates when reading location to include e grid zone designator e 100 000 m square identifier and e grid reference GR GPS receivers depending on the make and model are capable of selecting a MGRS accuracy of four six eight and ten figure GR If the GPS receiver being used for this TP is enabled with this capability it is suggested that it be set to a 6 figure GR 13 5 11 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 MAGELLAN MAGELLAN Director Cadets 3 2008 Ottawa ON Department of National Defence Figure 13 5 9 GPS Receiver Coordinates The coordinates displayed on the GPS receivers in Figure 13 5 9 are set to MRGS
87. king a map What is the easiest way to do this Q2 What is map projection Q3 The scale of a map is an expression of what type of ratio ANTICIPATED ANSWERS A1 The easiest way to determine location is to use landmarks Landmarks are features that are man made houses buildings railroads churches or natural a river lakes forested areas A2 Map projection is a geometrical method of reducing the amount of distortion on a flat map In very large countries such as Canada map makers divide the country into strips from north to south called zones and project each zone A3 The scale of a map is an expression of the ratio between one unit on the map and the distance it covers in the same units on the real ground END OF LESSON CONFIRMATION QUESTIONS Q1 What is a map Q2 What are the five basic functions that are generally performed in some capacity by all cartographers Q3 What is the UTM ANTICIPATED ANSWERS A1 A map is a scale or proportionately smaller representation of the ground that uses internationally accepted symbols to represent both natural and man made features A2 The five basic functions that are generally performed in some capacity by all cartographers are liaising editing drafting researching and teaching 13 9 10 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 A3 The UTM is a system of strip projection which is used by all National Topographical System maps For UTM projection the earth s surface
88. l Time 30 min PREPARATION PRE LESSON INSTRUCTIONS Resources needed for the delivery of this lesson are listed in the lesson specification located in A CR CCP 703 PG 001 Chapter 4 Specific uses for said resources are identified throughout the instructional guide within the TP for which they are required Review the lesson content and become familiar with the material prior to delivering the lesson Photocopy Annex F for each cadet PRE LESSON ASSIGNMENT N A APPROACH A practical activity was chosen for this lesson as it is an interactive way to allow the cadet to experience map making in a safe controlled environment This activity contributes to the development of map making skills in a fun and challenging setting INTRODUCTION REVIEW The following review is from EO C322 03 Identify the Principles of Map Making Section 9 QUESTIONS Q1 What are the four principles of map making Q2 Determine location is the first step in making a map What is the easiest way to do this Q3 The scale of a map is an expression of what type of ratio ANTICIPATED ANSWERS A1 The four principles of map making are determine location e determine projection and scale 13 10 1 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 e identify features and add symbols and e apply geographical names to features A2 The easiest way to determine location is to use landmarks Landmarks can be in the form of manmade features houses buildings railroads chur
89. map datum only cover a portion of the earth like the North American Datum of 1927 NAD 27 which only covers the continent of North America 4 selecting the next feature measuring the distance and direction between it and the initial feature and then placing the symbol on the map and Director Cadets 3 2008 Ottawa ON Department of National Defence Figure 13 9 8 Adding Symbols to the Map In the example in Figure 13 9 8 the map maker selected the reference point the northeast corner of the classroom measured the actual position 0 5 m across 0 5 m down then plotted the symbol in the correct location using the scale 1 cm across 1 cm down and selected the next feature the desk and measured the actual distance across from the chair and then up to the desk 1 m 2 cm by 0 25 m 0 5 cm 5 for each new feature added to the map measuring its position in relation to those already added 13 9 9 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 The map maker should add symbols one grid square at a time Step 4 APPLYING GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES TO FEATURES The final step in the making of a map is selecting and applying geographical names that identify relevant features landmarks and places Geographical names are fundamental elements of maps Ks At this point most natural landmarks have already been named TY CONFIRMATION OF TEACHING POINT 3 QUESTIONS Q1 Determining location is the first step in ma
90. maps or 1 50 000 scale maps but quite considerable for maps of countries or continents UTM GRID Map Projection Map projection is a geometrical method of reducing the amount of distortion on a flat map In very large countries such as Canada mapmakers divide the country into strips from north to south called zones and project each zone One system of strip projection is the UTM projection All National Topographical System NTS maps use this system 6 0 EQUATOR CENTRAL MERIDIAN ees 80 S LATITUDE SOUTH Director Cadets 3 2008 Ottawa ON Department of National Defence Figure 13 5 1 Shape of a UTM Zone Six Minutes of Longitude Wide UTM Zone To picture a UTM zone imagine the earth as an orange All the geographical features are drawn on the peel Take a knife and after slicing small circles at each pole cut the peel into many narrow strips from pole to pole Then take the strip of peel and press it flat against a smooth surface Even though the details in the middle of the peel might become a little distorted the strip is narrow enough for the details to remain accurate enough for regular map users UTM Projection For the UTM Projection the Earth s surface has been divided into 60 zones Sixteen of these zones numbered 7 through 22 cover Canada from west to east Shown below are the numbered zones with their centre meridian 13 5 4 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 marked with a dotted line Each zone is divide
91. navigation training INTRODUCTION REVIEW N A OBJECTIVES By the end of this lesson the cadet shall have practiced navigation as a member of a small group 13 7 1 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 IMPORTANCE It is important for cadets to practice navigation skills taught in Silver Star using a map compass and a GPS receiver Participation in these activities contributes to the development of navigation skills and knowledge in a fun and challenging setting Cadets will rely on this skill set throughout navigation and expedition training Teaching Point 1 Attend a Safety Briefing Time 10 min Method Interactive Lecture This briefing is being conducted to pass on vital information and to answer any questions regarding the safe conduct of a navigation activity to include e actions that can be taken if they become lost may include o returning to the previous checkpoint o using a radio if available or o following a safety bearing to a known location a time limit for the activity of 55 minutes boundaries set for the conduct of the activity rules and safety procedures for the activity and a narrative of the activity being conducted CONFIRMATION OF TEACHING POINT 1 QUESTIONS Q1 What actions shall be taken if a group becomes lost Q2 What is the time limit for this activity Q3 What are the boundaries for this activity ANTICIPATED ANSWERS A1 If a group becomes lost they should return to the previous checkpo
92. nce C2 143 ISBN 1 58923 145 7 Featherstone S 2004 Outdoor Guide to Using Your GPS Chanhassen MN Creative Publishing International Inc 13 5 17 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 13 5 18 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 ROYAL CANADIAN ARMY CADETS SILVER STAR GU pom INSTRUCTIONAL GUIDE SECTION 6 EO M322 06 IDENTIFY LOCATION USING A GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM GPS RECEIVER Total Time 120 min PREPARATION PRE LESSON INSTRUCTIONS Resources needed for the delivery of this lesson are listed in the lesson specification located in A CR CCP 703 PG 001 Chapter 4 Specific uses for said resources are identified throughout the instructional guide within the TP for which they are required Review the lesson content and become familiar with the material prior to delivering the lesson Ensure GPS receivers have fully charged batteries Prepare a navigational route of six legs PRE LESSON ASSIGNMENT N A APPROACH A practical activity was chosen for this lesson as it is an interactive way to allow the cadets to identify location using a GPS receiver INTRODUCTION REVIEW The review for this lesson is from EO M322 05 Set a Map Datum on a Global Positioning System GPS Receiver Section 5 Review how to use the GPS receiver to identify position by 1 confirming the correct map datum is set on the GPS receiver 2 locating the geographical position page on the GPS receiver 3 reading
93. nes on a map that helps describe a location in reference to the datum point A map can have several grids but only one datum If one were to consider a map to be a two dimensional picture of the ground covered by a grid the datum tells where to line up the grid on the map the grid represents the lines of latitude and longitude used to define a location on a map Most datums only cover a portion of the earth The North American Datum of 1927 NAD 27 covers only the continent of North America There are many different kinds of datum in the world and each country may use a different datum to draw maps Countries often issue maps that have been created using a different datum to describe their own land area Depending on the datum used the coordinates you read can differ by almost 200 m Datums are important to the user because if the datum in the GPS receiver does not match the map s datum the coordinates will look the same but be describing two different places on the map When using a GPS receiver any time a coordinate is plotted using a map or manually inputted from some other source change the GPS receiver datum to match the map s datum The map s datum can be found in the legend area Ellipsoid Is a solid of which all the plane sections normal to one axis are circles and all the other plane sections are ellipses NAD 27 NAD 2 is a datum based on the Clarke ellipsoid of 1866 The reference is located at Meads Ranch in Kansas
94. ntal lines encircling the Earth measuring 90 degrees north and 90 degrees south from the equator The line at the equator represents zero degrees of latitude Longitude Imaginary vertical lines running from the North Pole to the South Pole The prime meridian zero degrees longitude runs through Greenwich England and serves as the reference line from which longitude is measured Latitude and longitude create a grid covering the planet from which one can extrapolate coordinates Triangulation What GPS receivers do to determine position based on data received from three or more GPS satellites Wide Area Augmentation Service WAAS Improves GPS accuracy and availability WAAS was designed with aviation in mind as it improves a GPS receiver s accuracy to within three metres Waypoint An intermediate position between the starting and destination points along a navigational route If one makes three stops along the route to the final destination the GPS receiver will consider each one of these stops a waypoint CONFIRMATION OF TEACHING POINT 2 QUESTIONS Q1 What is a 3D coordinate Q2 What is triangulation Q3 What is a waypoint ANTICIPATED ANSWERS A1 A 3D coordinate is one s position as determined by latitude longitude and altitude A2 Triangulation is what a GPS receiver does to determine position based on data received from three or more GPS satellites A3 A waypoint is an intermediate position between the starting and
95. ntal parallel lines to the equator make up the sub UTM grid zones as seen in Figure 13 5 4 The largest of the grids are squares 100 km by 100 km Each of these 100 km squares is identified by a letter which is stated after the UTM zone number In Figure 13 5 3 the Grid Zone Designation is 18 T Each large square is further divided into smaller squares of 10 km and then again into 1 km It is these 1 km by 1 km 1 000 m by 1 000 m squares that is depicted on a 1 50 000 scale topographical map 13 5 6 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 BAN A GRID NORTH UTM GRID 500000 0 EQUATOR Geology 350y Field Studies Geological Mapping Retrieved May 1 2008 from http instruct uwo ca earth sci 350y 001 acadimages utm2 jpg Figure 13 5 4 Grid Overlay e fn X3 1 SS EL LE Ll Al 2 1 1 1 1 i Iv ELT T1411 D f i d p 173 2 CER es Pd EL eumd e ATIL gg dq pL LIN LRL SN Ld ped 8 x I B 1 i 1 LN rr TT r i A gt P HIE E Bee E EG ER LT m m u m eee T Ir pe F Xx SUIS x Warner College of Natural Resources UTM Sub Zones Copyright 2007 Colorado State University Retrieved May 2 2008 from http welcome warnercnr colostate edu class info nr502 Ig3 datums coordinates utm html Figure 13 5 5 UTM Sub Zones 13 5 7 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 UTM ZONE NUMBERS 0
96. o an accuracy of 5 m 95 percent of the time A8 A GPS receiver provides location in the following three dimensions e latitude X coordinate e longitude Y coordinate and e altitude A9 To calculate speed a GPS receiver measures the time and distance between the point where a person was and the point where the person is and then divides the distance by the time to get to that speed speed distance time OBJECTIVES By the end of this lesson the cadet shall have identified features of a GPS receiver IMPORTANCE It is important for cadets to know the features of a GPS receiver because GPS receivers will be used during expeditions for navigation and planning The GPS is a navigational aid that will be used regularly 13 4 2 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 Teaching Point 1 Identify and Briefly Describe Components of a GPS Receiver Time 10 min Method Interactive Lecture Distribute GPS receivers If there is not a receiver for each cadet divide the cadets into groups so they may share Allow cadets to practice locating the information and pages being discussed The two terms Point of Interest and Waypoints mean the same thing an intermediate position on a navigation map In this lesson the term Point of Interest will be used COMPONENTS OF A GPS RECEIVER Antenna Allows the GPS receiver to receive satellite signals Screen Displays information Some GPS receivers use an arrow joystick that acts as a mouse
97. o each other and will never meet at the North Pole because of this grid north points off slightly from true north Grid north is symbolized by a square on the declination diagram Magnetic North Magnetic north is the direction in which the compass needle points This direction is to the magnetic pole which is located in the Canadian arctic and is slightly different from true north North Pole Magnetic north is symbolized by an arrow or half arrow head on the declination diagram CONFIRMATION OF TEACHING POINT 1 QUESTIONS Q1 Explain true north Q2 What symbol on a declination diagram represents magnetic north Q3 What is annual magnetic change ANTICIPATED ANSWERS A1 It is the point at which the earth rotates on its axis The geographic north pole or true north is located at the top of the earth where the lines of longitude converge On a map the direction of true north is shown by the lines of longitude True north is symbolized by a star on the declination diagram A2 Magnetic north is represented by an arrow A3 Due to the dynamic forces on the Earth magnetic north continually migrates Subsequently an annual adjustment calculation must be made to obtain the correct grid angle at the date of use 13 2 3 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 Teaching Point 2 Demonstrate Explain and Have the Cadet Practice Calculating Magnetic Declination Time 20 min Method Interactive Lecture Provide guidance to the cadets when learning to calcul
98. onic compass that shows the direction the receiver is pointed whether moving or standing still All directions calculated by a receiver can be expressed as a bearing or in degrees STORED LOCATION Locations can be stored in the GPS receiver It can store where a person has been and where a person wants to go These location positions are waypoints A GPS receiver can provide a person with directions and information on how to get to a waypoint CUMULATIVE DATA A GPS receiver can keep track of information such as the route travelled total distance travelled average speed minimum speed elapsed time and time to arrival at a specific location CONFIRMATION OF TEACHING POINT 3 QUESTIONS Q1 What is the accuracy of a GPS receiver without WAAS Q2 What three dimensions will a GPS receiver report location in 13 3 8 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 Q3 How does a GPS receiver calculate speed ANTICIPATED ANSWERS A1 A GPS receiver without WAAS measures to an accuracy of 5 m 95 percent of the time A2 A GPS receiver provides location in the following three dimensions e latitude X coordinate e longitude Y coordinate and e X altitude A3 A GPS receiver measures the time and distance between the point where a person is and the point where the person was a short time ago then divides the distance by the time it takes to travel there speed distance time END OF LESSON CONFIRMATION QUESTIONS Q1 What is the GPS Q2 What is tri
99. ow terrain features are affected in the winter An interactive lecture was chosen for TPs 2 and 3 to present background information to the cadet on the factors that affect visibility and weather conditions which can impact navigation in the winter A group discussion was chosen for TP 4 as it allows the cadet to interact with their peers and share their knowledge experiences opinions and feelings about navigating in the winter A practical activity was chosen for TP 5 as it is an interactive way to allow the cadet to experience navigating in the winter This activity contributes to the development of winter navigational skills in a fun and challenging setting under supervision INTRODUCTION REVIEW N A OBJECTIVES By the end of this lesson the cadet shall be expected to identify factors that impact navigation in the winter IMPORTANCE It is important for cadets to understand the impact of weather on winter navigation skills Navigating in the winter can become very confusing when the surroundings and weather conditions change unexpectedly Applying 13 8 1 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 some simple routine navigation techniques will ensure the cadets stay on course while enroute to their desired destination Teaching Point 1 Conduct a Brainstorming Activity Where the Cadet Will Discuss How Terrain Features Are Affected in the Winter Time 15 min Method In Class Activity BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE Winter weather conditions have a direct imp
100. p under 0 5 minutes round down This tells us that the magnetic needle on a compass will point to the west of grid north by 13 degrees and 47 minutes for the area depicted by this map in 2010 It is possible to have a very small original declination and a larger total annual change so that when calculated the current declination actually changed from what was originally a West declination to an East declination or vice versa 13 2 7 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 When subtracting there are times when the equation cannot be completed without borrowing from the next figure in the line 13542 45 To complete this equation one degree sixty minutes must be borrowed from 13 to allow subtraction from 12 When borrowing a degree 1 equals 60 reduce the degree portion by one and add 60 to the minute numbers 12 72 45 12 27 The equation can now be completed as seen above CONFIRMATION OF TEACHING POINT 2 QUESTIONS Q1 Where is the declination diagram found on a topographical map Q2 How many minutes are in a degree Q3 When the annual change is decreasing what difference will this make to your calculations ANTICIPATED ANSWERS A1 The declination diagram is located on the right side of the map in the marginal information A2 There are 60 minutes A3 When the annual change is decreasing it is subtracted from the original declination Teaching Point 3 Have the Cadet Calculate Magnetic Declinat
101. poor visibility to the point that one may be able to see only metres ahead of oneself e making it impossible to see surrounding prominent landmarks or features for navigation A GPS or compass Is all that can be relied upon and e forcing the navigator to be more cautious and vigilant when map reading The concentration required because of these conditions reduces speed and increases travel time exponentially CONFIRMATION OF TEACHING POINT 3 QUESTIONS Q1 What is a ground blizzard and how will it impact navigation Q2 What causes a whiteout Q3 How will wind impact navigation 13 8 6 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 ANTICIPATED ANSWERS A1 A ground blizzard is wind that is strong enough to pick up snow from open surfaces and whirl it through the air causing blinding conditions Typically such ground blizzards occupy the air to a height of 9 12 m 30 40 feet Ground blizzards can negatively affect navigation by e reducing visibility to the point that one may be able to see only 100 m ahead of oneself e reducing the visibility of prominent landmarks or features that are used to determine position and direction through map orientation and e forcing the navigator to be more cautious and vigilant when map reading The concentration required because of these conditions reduces speed and increases travel time A2 A whiteout is caused by weather conditions of heavy wind driven snowstorms obliterating all natural landmarks Visibili
102. r of Declination Information This date is found under the declination diagram defined as the approximate mean declination 3 Recording the Difference in Years Subtract the approximate mean declination year from the current year Step 2 Determine how much declination has changed since the map was current by 4 Multiplying the Difference in Years by the Annual Change Take the difference in years and multiply it by the annual change Step 3 Update the map declination with the amount of change calculated by 13 2 4 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 Determining if the Annual Change is Increasing or Decreasing The annual change found under the declination diagram also indicates whether the annual change is increasing or decreasing in degrees and minutes Adding or Subtracting the Annual Change from the Original Declination The original declination is found on the declination diagram It is the numbers represented in minutes and degrees between grid north and magnetic north Were the change is increasing add to the map declination if the change is decreasing subtract from the map declination Step 4 Set the current declination on the compass by T Determining if Declination is East or West This determines what direction the declination must be set on a compass East or west is determined by looking at the declination diagram and identifying true north and magnetic north The side magnetic north falls on represents east or west declinat
103. raining facility to map 3 Have each group draw a map which includes a the name of the map b the scale of the map and c alegend of symbols 4 Have each group present their map to the rest of the class 5 Debrief the cadets discussing the practicality of making a map by hand the difficulties they experienced and what they learned from the activity SAFETY If cadets are mapping outside there must be an adult supervisor with the group at all times CONFIRMATION OF TEACHING POINT 1 The cadets participation in the practical activity will serve as the confirmation of this TP END OF LESSON CONFIRMATION The cadets participation in the practical map making activity will serve as the confirmation of this lesson CONCLUSION HOMEWORK READING PRACTICE N A METHOD OF EVALUATION N A CLOSING STATEMENT Map reading is more than just looking at symbols and lines on a map Participating in making a map will provide the cadet the opportunity to further understand how each symbol and line represents real features on the ground INSTRUCTOR NOTES REMARKS This EO is to be scheduled after EO C322 03 Identify the Principles of Map Making Section 9 REFERENCES C2 168 EdGate 2006 Cartography Concepts A Student s Guide to Mapmaking Retrieved February 21 2008 from http www edgate com lewisandclark cartography html 13 10 3 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 13 10 4 DECLINATION PROBLEM
104. rient and guide their route of travel If you were on the trek in the scenario what navigation catching features would you expect to be difficult if not impossible to use because of the layer of snowfall b Have the cadets brainstorm for 10 minutes then have each group post their flip chart paper on the wall and present the work to the group Have one cadet from each group explain how they think snow will affect each of their answers SAFETY N A CONFIRMATION OF TEACHING POINT 1 The cadets participation in the activity will serve as the confirmation of this TP Teaching Point 2 Discuss the Three Most Common Factors That Can Reduce Visibility Time 10 min Method Interactive Lecture VISIBILITY Visibility is the range or possibility of vision as determined by the conditions of light and atmosphere In winter people will experience a loss of visibility in blizzard conditions and at night 13 8 4 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 Darkness Typically most people will not be navigating after dark but may choose to in the event they need to make up time On nights when the moon is not visible surroundings become shadowless the horizon and distant features blend into the darkness and the snow absorbs light Navigating on an overcast night is very difficult if not impossible Blowing Snow During this condition the wind picks up snow and whirls it about The strength of the wind combined with snow creates a thick barrier that limits visibili
105. s it is updated regularly This allows a digital map to be a more accurate reference than other types of maps Political Map A political map shows countries provinces or other political borders eg globes and atlases Statistical Map A statistical map shows statistical information such as the population and production levels of crops or minerals across a country Outline Map An outline map shows only borders rivers coastlines etc CONFIRMATION OF TEACHING POINT 1 QUESTIONS Q1 What is a map Q2 What type of map is most commonly used by the military 13 9 2 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 Q3 What type of map provides a three dimensional representation of terrain ANTICIPATED ANSWERS A1 Amapisa scale or proportionately smaller representation of the ground that uses universally accepted symbols to represent both natural and man made features A2 A topographical map is the most common map used by the military A3 Arelief map is a three dimensional representation usually of terrain Teaching Point 2 Discuss Cartography Time 5 min Method Interactive Lecture Cartography will be a new concept for most cadets Have a flip chart detailing the main headings of the TP as a visual aid for cadets CARTOGRPAHY Cartography as defined by the International Cartographic Association is a discipline which deals with the conception production dissemination and study of maps In essence cartography is the entire proce
106. s position A GPS without a built in map will identify where a person is in relation to another waypoint A GPS receiver with a built in map will identify where a person is in relation to landmarks such as roads cities and bodies of water A GPS receiver with downloadable maps will identify where a person is in relation to city streets and topographical features The advantage of this screen is its ability to identify the current position by looking at the features on a map rather than just the coordinates Depending on the zoom level which is shown at the bottom of the page these features could be roads or cities or entire continents The map page allows an operator to pinpoint where one is and create a waypoint on the map the cursor over a feature and pressing enter or mark making route building easier The map page can also serve as an address book By moving the cursor over a certain waypoint and pressing enter information is displayed such as phone numbers addresses and navigation information 13 4 8 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 SPEED TIME TO NEXT B 10 07 06 50 414 POINTER Map Pointer N 4z27 552 fete 20 9 wDBIDS 152 SPEED TIME TO NERT eO 0 sun DIST TO NEXT POINTER rm mi er m g ees ise N MN ROYAL OAK lsr boe j ferfalt af Mi giis To 8 Jes ME GARMIN E EV ATES UF AMERICA HOUSTON gt Emm stant S Featherstone Outdoor Guide to Using Your GPS
107. s when reading location to include grid zone designator 100 000 m square identifier and GR GPS receivers depending on the make and model are capable of selecting a MGRS accuracy of four six eight and ten figure GRs If the GPS receiver being used for this TP is enabled with this capability it is suggested that it be set to a six figure GR MAGELLAN_ MAGELLAN a Director Cadets 3 2008 Ottawa ON Department of National Defence Figure 13 6 8 GPS Receiver Coordinates 13 6 10 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 The coordinates displayed on the GPS receivers in Figure 13 6 8 are set to MRGS Each GPS receiver is set with a different datum for the same location GPS Receiver Datum Set to NAD 27 GPS Receiver Datum Set to NAD 83 The coordinates are identified as The coordinates are identified as e grid zone designator 18 T e grid zone designator 18 T 100 000 m square identifier TD and 100 000 m square identifier TP and 10 figure GR as 96785 86748 10 figure GR as 96830 86973 KB Note the difference between the coordinates of the same location using a different datum x h PROCESS FOR CONFIRMING CORRECT MGRS COORDINATES MGRS coordinates allow a GPS receiver to work in conjunction with a topographical map To confirm the MGRS coordinates correspond with the topographical map the user will have to 1 Identify the MGRS grid system on the topographical map 2 Locate the grid zone designator
108. ss of mapping Cartography is also an academic discipline which deals not only with the people who make maps but also with the people who teach about and complete research on maps It is an ever changing complex field which has the process of map making at its centre and all functions related to map making surrounding it TWO ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CARTOGRAPHY Level of Importance to Society The Canadian Cartographic Society states that maps perform a fundamental and indispensable role as one of the key elements of civilization Few if any activities related to the earth s surface property ownership road construction emergency response and navigation would be possible without maps Dynamic Nature The discipline of cartography is continuously changing Map making has always been impacted by technological change however the speed with which technology is advancing has enormous implications While there are still some who use pen and ink techniques for map making the majority of maps have been developed using the very latest computer hardware and graphic software Today images are being generated faster and with less cost and this will continue to improve with further advances in technology ROLE OF A CARTOGRAPHER Most cartographers are employed in map making occupations although that does not mean they do the same job A cartographer s job depends on individual specialties and areas of interest The following are basi
109. t 2 Explain and Have the Cadets Scroll Through the Screen Pages on a GPS Receiver Time 15 min Method Demonstration and Performance GPS receivers may differ in the way they present information from unit to unit Identify the screens that are similar to those contained in this TP and have the cadets practice finding the different pages and the information they display Allow the cadets time to become familiar with the GPS receiver and its functions Note The term Page refers to the different screens an operator can scroll through to locate different information in a GPS receiver 13 4 5 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 SATELLITE STATUS The satellite status screen displays the acquisition of satellites satellite signal strength and satellite geometry and the progress of the collection of satellite data The receiver is constantly monitoring satellites The display on the satellite status page graphically depicts the activity As new satellites come into view a new bar appears in the graph Bars that were solid minutes ago disappear as satellites pass over the horizon If a satellite is being monitored but not used the bar will appear hollow On Wide Area Augmentation System WAAS enabled GPS receivers the WAAS satellite signal strength is indicated on its own bar on the graph On this page it is common for GPS receivers to display the following information e satellite signal strengths e battery strength and e estimated position
110. te the leader can schedule routine rest stops During these stops count the group members This ensures all members are accounted for and provides time to address any issues 13 8 9 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 GROUP DISCUSSION TIPS FOR ANSWERING FACILITATING DISCUSSION Establish ground rules for discussion e listen and respond in a way that eg everyone should listen respectfully indicates you have heard and don t interrupt only one person speaks understood the cadet This can be at a time no one s ideas should be done by paraphrasing their ideas made fun of you can disagree with ideas but not with the person try to understand others as much as you hope they understand you etc Give the cadets time to respond to your questions Ensure every cadet has an opportunity to participate One option is to go around the group and have each cadet answer the question with a short Ask questions that will provoke answer Cadets must also have the thought in other words avoid questions option to pass if they wish with yes or no answers Sit the group in a circle making sure all cadets can be seen by everyone else Additional questions should be Manage time by ensuring the cadets prepared ahead of time stay on topic SUGGESTED QUESTIONS Q1 How would using a topographical map in the winter be different than in the summer Q2 What features are more noticeable during winter months Q3 You come upon a open field that stretch
111. the Bed is used to remember which end of the needle belongs between the arrows N Luminous Orienting Points There are two luminous orienting points located on either side of the orienting arrow O Luminous Index Point The luminous orienting point at the bottom of the compass dial where a back bearing is read from P Romer 1 50 000 Used to measure a GR on a map with a 1 50 000 scale Q Safety Cord or Lanyard Used to fasten the compass to the body R Adjustable Wrist Lock Used to attach the compass to the wrist S Screwdriver The tiny screwdriver at the end of the safety cord is used to turn the screw to adjust the declination scale T Declination Adjustment Screw Located on the back side of the compass dial and is used to adjust the declination scale not shown 13 1 5 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 A CR CCP 121 PT 001 Royal Canadian Army Cadet Reference Book p 5 33 Figure 13 1 2 Compass SET DECLINATION ON A COMPASS The compass s declination scale must be set to compensate for the difference between true north and magnetic north To set declination on a compass the amount of declination adjustment in degrees east or west is needed Turn the compass over and look at the back of the dial From the zero point use the screwdriver on the end of the safety cord and turn the declination screw to the right for west and to the left for east declination Each small black line is two degrees When setting declination
112. the GPS receiver and set the map datum DN de 9 3 Choose a random map datum in the list provided within the GPS receiver and have each cadet in the group set a different datum 6 If outside and the map is of the area have the cadets set the correct datum of the map and identify their position on the map using the coordinates provided by the GPS receiver 7 Once the location is identified have the cadets set a different datum and note the difference in their position 8 Discuss the importance of having the correct datum set on the GPS receiver when using maps SAFETY N A CONFIRMATION OF TEACHING POINT 4 The cadets participation in the activity will serve as the confirmation of this TP END OF LESSON CONFIRMATION The cadets setting the datum on a GPS receiver will serve as the confirmation of this lesson CONCLUSION HOMEWORK READING PRACTICE N A METHOD OF EVALUATION This EO is assessed IAW A CR CCP 703 PG 001 Chapter 3 Annex B Appendix 5 322 PC CLOSING STATEMENT Setting the correct datum on a GPS receiver ensures the position identified on the GPS will correspond with the map being used The simple mistake of using a different datum when identifying position on a GPS will result in errors when trying to identify position on a map INSTRUCTOR NOTES REMARKS N A REFERENCES A2 036 A CR CCP 121 PT 001 Director Cadets 3 2003 Royal Canadian Army Cadet Reference Book Ottawa ON Department of National Defe
113. the clues provided when each group arrives at the checkpoint they will record the GR on the GPS receiver to ensure they were at each checkpoint and be given clues magnetic bearing GR or distance directing them to another checkpoint The clues should make the cadets think about and use their navigations skills to find the next checkpoint The group that locates the most checkpoints and has the fastest time is the winning group PHOTO FINISH Create a sheet of 12 20 prominent but relatively small landmarks within the immediate area of the cadet training area Each landmark should be given a point value based on the difficulty to locate the object Instructions must include the Datum NAD 83 and the reference system MGRS to set on the GPS Groups of cadets will then seek out the landmark and upon finding one record the 10 figure MGRS grid reference of the object The group that gives the correct GR of landmarks to achieve the highest point score in the time allocated wins Depending on terrain selected and complexity of the navigation instructions a navigation trail can be as easy or as challenging as you wish to make it ACTIVITY 1 NAVIGATION TRAIL OBJECTIVE The objective of the Navigation Trail activity is to have the cadets as a member of a small group use navigation training taught during Silver Star RESOURCES e GPS receiver one per group 13 7 3 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 e lopographical map of the area one per
114. the current 10 figure grid reference GR extract the six figure GR from the 10 figure GR shown and 4 plotting the six figure GR on the topographical map of the area OBJECTIVES By the end of this lesson the cadet shall have identified their location using a GPS receiver 13 6 1 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 IMPORTANCE It is important for cadets to be able to identify location using a GPS receiver because it provides a more accurate position Being able to identify the position on a GPS receiver and translate and plot that position onto a topographical map will support one s location and provide a backup in the case of a GPS receiver failure Teaching Point 1 Have the Cadets Navigate Along a Predetermined Route Using a Topographical Map Time 110 min Method Practical Activity BACKGROUND INFORMATION Cadets have covered the following material in EOs M322 03 Identify Components Of The Global Positioning System GPS Section 3 M322 04 Identify Features Of A Global Positioning System GPS Receiver Section 4 and M322 05 Set A Map Datum On A Global Positioning System GPS Receiver Section 5 If required complete a quick review on e the components of a GPS receiver GPS screen pages identifying the map datum from a topographical map and setting a map datum on a GPS receiver COMPONENTS OF A GPS RECEIVER Antenna Allows the GPS receiver to receive satellite signals Screen Location where all information is displayed
115. the winter Seen from a distance a bunch of small islands blend together and look like part of the mainland or like a big island that does not appear on the map 13 8 7 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 In such situations where features become tricky to identify good habits will help For complicated areas full of bewildering features keep checking position and progress by lining up isolating and checking ground features with the map Predict what should come next if the predictions are wrong stop and locate position TAKING BEARINGS Before heading across a large body of frozen water an open field a valley or thick brush take a bearing to the next checkpoint or destination from the current known position Do this even in clear weather whenever it is possible to support the direction of travel If the winds build while crossing an open area or the weather changes a group may become disoriented Taking a bearing before making the journey across a valley will ensure the person reaches their desired destination If a person becomes disoriented because of a sudden change in weather conditions attempting to take a bearing on something they almost see will not work if they cannot identify where they are Aiming Off Aiming off is a method to ensure the navigator will not get disoriented or lost by planning a deliberate error in direction When taking a bearing the navigator identifies the desired destination eg a path at the end of a wide open
116. ther it is in an airplane a truck a boat or in a hiker s hand that detects the radio signals from the satellites and calculates the receiver s position When a receiver is turned on it interprets the radio signals and extracts the satellite location information The GPS signal broadcasts information that tells the receiver the location of each satellite in the system The receiver then interprets the radio signal to determine the exact time This is required to calculate position The orbits of the GPS satellites ensure that there will be a minimum of four satellites covering any spot on the globe at all times The receiver uses the signal from one satellite to continuously monitor and be synchronized with the time maintained by the other satellites The receiver collects the signals from the other satellites and calculates the difference between them This calculation positions the receiver from each satellite and triangulates its location Based on a four satellite fix the receiver will identify location giving the user latitude longitude and altitude altitude is only possible with a four satellite fix CONFIRMATION OF TEACHING POINT 1 QUESTIONS Q1 What does GPS stand for Q2 What are ground stations responsible for Q3 How does a receiver calculate your position ANTICIPATED ANSWERS A1 GPS stands for Global Positioning System A2 Ground stations are responsible for tracking the satellites monitoring their condition and making
117. to intensify and continue unabated As a result wind impacts navigation by contributing to the development of ground blizzards falling snow blizzards and whiteouts Fog Fog occurs when the air is unable to hold any more moisture and is caused when the temperature reaches the dew point During this weather condition a milky white mist forms above the surface of the ground Fog is common during early mornings as the sun rises and will not dissipate until the sun heats the surface of the earth causing an increase in air temperature Fog will affect navigation by restricting visibility and obscuring navigational features Snow Snow is a type of precipitation in the form of crystalline water that falls from clouds As snow falls it accumulates on the ground This accumulation over time will affect navigation by e covering well defined paths and routes and e reducing visibility during snowfall 13 8 5 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 Ground Blizzards Ground blizzards occur when the wind is strong enough to pick up snow from open surfaces and whirl it through the air causing blinding conditions Typically such ground blizzards occupy the air to a height of 9 12 m 30 40 feet It is actually possible to look straight up and see perfectly clear blue sky overhead Ground blizzards can negatively affect navigation by e reducing visibility to the point that you may be able to see only from 100 metres ahead e reducing the visibility of prominent landm
118. to see the compass dial while setting a bearing D Sighting Line Used when aligning the objective or bearing E Luminous Index Point Located at the top of the compass dial and is where a bearing is set and read from F Compass Dial Houses the magnetic needle the orienting arrow and the declination scale on the inside and the dial graduations on the outside G Dial Graduations The compass dial is graduated in 50 mil divisions from 0 to 6400 mils or two degree divisions from O to 360 degrees The dial is rotated by hand H Orienting Arrow The red orienting arrow is located inside the compass dial and is used to line up the magnetic needle The orienting arrow is always set at 00 mils degrees Romer 1 25 000 Used to measure a grid reference GR on a map with a 1 25 000 scale J Compass Base Plate Clear piece of flat plastic to which the cover dial and lanyard are attached 13 1 4 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 K Declination Scale Used to compensate for the variation of magnetic declination between the compass and the map being used L Compass Meridian Lines Black or red lines inside the compass dial and are used to line up the compass dial with the grid lines on a map M Magnetic Needle Spins freely and points to magnetic north The south end of the compass needle is black and the north end with a luminous patch is red When the magnetic needle is lined up with the red orienting arrows the mnemonic Red in
119. ty Falling Snow Falling snow can be so heavy at times that the milky colour of the air blends seamlessly into the equally milky and featureless snow covered ground If this occurs on terrain lacking trees or other vegetation conditions of zero visibility occur This condition is amplified with wind creating a whiteout condition During a whiteout in mountainous regions a person may not be able to see sudden drop offs CONFIRMATION OF TEACHING POINT 2 QUESTIONS Q1 What are three common factors which reduce visibility Q2 How does blowing snow affect visibility Q3 What can create a whiteout condition ANTICIPATED ANSWERS A1 Three common factors that reduce visibility are darkness blowing snow and falling snow A2 Blowing snow affects visibility when the wind picks up snow and whirls it about The strength of the wind combined with snow creates a thick barrier that limits visibility A3 Awhiteout condition can be caused by falling snow that is so heavy at times that the milky colour of the air blends seamlessly into the equally milky and featureless snow covered ground Teaching Point 3 Identify Weather Conditions and Discuss Their Impacts on Navigation in the Winter Time 10 min Method Interactive Lecture Wind Wind combined with cold temperatures is a marriage of harsh elements that can make a navigation exercise uncomfortable Wind transports moisture into a storm at the surface and aloft which allows the storm
120. ty and contrast are severely reduced by snow and diffused lighting from an overcast cloud layer A3 Wind impacts navigation by contributing to the development of blizzards falling snow blizzards and whiteouts Teaching Point 4 Discuss the Application of Individual Navigation Skills in the Winter Time 20 min Method Group Discussion BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE USING A TOPOGRAPHICAL MAP Winter conditions mask distort and blend together many prominent features a navigator would use to orient a map When navigating during winter conditions a navigator will have to look beyond the simple easy to find features such as the trail ahead a stream running nearby or the cluster of boulders up ahead All of these features are either covered by snow or have blended in with their surroundings making them indistinguishable The features that can be used are e the mountains in the distance contour lines e large bodies of water open areas that are covered in ice e ridge lines e Visible archways of known paths and e definable vegetation changes open fields that change into forest When orienting the map the navigator will now have to look beyond the immediate surroundings and view the distant landscape for identifiable features IDENTIFYING OBJECTS ON THE GROUND WITH OBJECTS ON THE MAP Winter conditions distort navigation features A well defined island in a lake in the summer may blend into the background and look like the mainland in
121. uses for said resources are identified throughout the instructional guide within the TP for which they are required Review the lesson content and become familiar with the material prior to delivering the lesson Photocopy the handout located at Annex A for each cadet PRE LESSON ASSIGNMENT N A APPROACH An interactive lecture was chosen for TP 1 to orient the cadet to calculating magnetic declination and to present basic material Demonstration and performance was chosen for TP 2 as it allows the instructor to explain and demonstrate calculating magnetic declination while providing an opportunity for the cadets to practice calculating magnetic declination under supervision An in class activity was chosen for TP 3 as it is an interactive way to reinforce calculating magnetic declination INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVES By the end of this lesson the cadet shall have calculated magnetic declination IMPORTANCE Itis important for cadets to know how to calculate magnetic declination and set it on a compass as it provides the cadet with confidence that they will arrive at their destination when navigating on a bearing Not accounting for declination may affect navigation as the cadet may travel off route For every one degree of error in declination setting a person would be approximately 52 m off of for every km travelled 13 2 1 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 Teaching Point 1 IAW M222 02 Describe Bearings Review Magnetic Declination and the Three
122. vely operate a GPS receiver when navigating 13 3 1 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 Teaching Point 1 Discuss the GPS Time 10 min Method Interactive Lecture Determine the level of understanding cadets have of the GPS by carrying out a short discussion It is expected that most cadets will assume the GPS is the unit a person looks at to determine position Prior to moving to TP 2 ensure cadets understand that the GPS is a constellation of satellites and is comprised of many components WHAT THE GPS IS Global Navigation Satellite System GNSS is the generic term for satellite navigation systems that provide autonomous geo spatial positioning with global coverage The Global Positioning System GPS is a constellation of satellites ground stations and receivers created owned and operated by the United States This system is used to navigate and enables anyone with a GPS receiver to know where they are 24 hours a day in any kind of weather The GPS is a group of 21 satellites and three spares that orbits the Earth and sends radio signals from their positions above the Earth back to Earth s surface A GPS receiver is an electronic device that detects the radio signals from the satellites and calculates the receiver s position on the Earth It is capable of giving location speed time and altitude Wikipedia Global Positioning System Satellite Retrieved March 27 2008 from http en wikipedia org wiki Image Global Positioning System sat
123. y areas in question providing an opportunity for cadets to work on their skills and retard progressive skill decay Red Star navigation is an important aspect of expedition training and before learning new skills the skills already taught should be reviewed All cadets should take every opportunity to practice and refine these skills Teaching Point 1 Conduct a Review of Red Star Navigation Time 25 min Method Interactive Lecture Briefly review Red Star navigation without spending too much time on any one point POINTS OF THE COMPASS ROSE Four Cardinal Points Measured at right angles clockwise they are 1 north N 2 east E 3 south S and 4 west W Four Inter Cardinal Points Located halfway between each of the cardinal points Measured clockwise they are 1 northeast NE 2 southeast SE 3 southwest SW and 4 northwest NW Eight Intermediate Points Located halfway between each cardinal point and inter cardinal point Measured clockwise they are 1 north northeast NNE 2 east northeast ENE 3 east southeast ESE 4 south southeast SSE 5 south southwest SSW 13 1 2 A CR CCP 703 PF 001 6 west southwest WSW 7 west northwest WNW and 8 north northwest NNW 0 360 6400 mils 22 5 400 mils 337 5 6000 mils 315 5600 mils ff 45 800 mils 270 4800 mils 90 1600 mils 247 5 4400 mils 112 5 2000 mils 225 4000 mils V 13

PO 322 - 2677 Pembroke Army Cadets

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