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User`s manual FLIR Reporter - FLIR Customer Support Center

1. 52 10 3 Creating a custom infrared report template based on an existing template 53 Creating Microsoft Word document properties es 54 11 1 Creating amp editing Microsoft amp Word document properties 54 11 2 Creating a Microsoft Word field and linking the field to a document property 56 11 2 1 In Microsoft Word XP teet e tte ied eee 56 Software reference section 12 14 FER Reporter menu ee ar eere el e den eeu 12 2 Shortcut menu for IR Viewer objects sss 12 25 Settings dialog POX resistensi yeeie nun 12 2 1 1 Colors ende deese ve do densa 12 2 1 2 Isotherms tabD secrete e oet peri d inr ee vea dedi ende 12 2 1 3 Annotations tab 12 2 1 4 Object Parameters tab 12 2 1 5 Preferences tab nennen nn 12 3 Shortcut menu for isotherms and IR scales 12 4 Shortcut menu for measurement tools uueseesessennsunnsnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnennnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn IZAT Settings dialog eee ve ve ln 12 4 1 1 Cic llo 12 4 1 2 Object Parameters tab 12 421 3 Size Position tab onte vec ne ve re er 12 5 Shortcut menu for IR Profile objects sss 12 54 Settings dialog nie eve ede pa ee dea dr 12 5 1 1 General RO 12 512 taie er 12 5 1 3
2. 95 17 2 The electromagnetic spectrum isn esii riniki aeai 95 17 3 Blackbody radiation 96 17 3 1 Planck s law 97 17 3 2 Wien s displacement law 98 17 3 3 Stefan Boltzmanris law seinen dta dh mtb rcd eere tere 100 17 3 4 Non blackbody anaia 101 17 4 Infrared semi transparent materials 2 222 103 18 The measurement formula sse eene nnns 105 19 Emissivity tables 19 1 References DER we 19 2 Important note about the emissivity tables sssssssseen en 111 SERIO e 112 20 GOSS ANY c 127 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 Xi xii Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 Typographical conventions User to user forums Additional license information Notice to user This manual uses the following typographical conventions Semibold is used for menu names menu commands and labels and buttons in dialog boxes Italic is used for important information Monospace is used for code samples UPPER CASE is used for names on keys and buttons Exchange ideas problems and infrared solutions with fellow thermographers around the world in our user to user forums To go to the forums visit http www infraredtraining com community boards This software is sold under a single user license Thi
3. nere teme ee e aee Pert doeet 5 Installation AA 4 1 System requirements 7 4 2 Installation of FLIR Reporter 8 4 2 1 Windows installation een ea RR Ba 8 4 2 2 Windows Vista installation 9 4 3 Removing FEIR BepOrter suede eere rry be eor ete n en u an nate 10 Managing licenses de e qase Ras INA 11 5 1 Registering your prOGUct oci nn 11 5 27 Activating out liCeFiSe ied 12 5 8 JTransterring your license to err cete er eec nn vec eia 14 5 4 Updating VOU Produts erisir iessen iige oe ee 15 About FLIR Report Center ee e pe EE EE R 17 S rchingforfile Sy etre N neeaaea 19 Creating areport Eso Erde E E AT don e NA AA ARA 20 8 1 Creating a report using the Wizard esssessesssnnnnnennnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn 20 Screen elements amp how to use them sss 24 9 1 Toolbars amp toolbar 24 9 1 1 1 24 9 1 2 IR Viewer object toolbar eterni 26 9 1 3 IR Profilex bjectit6olbar z 2 2 ciatecussniassucudstentasvasestutdatestatescasoanastassstencetena 28 9 2 Infrared objects 9 2 1 IR Viewer object 9 2 2 IR Profile object 9 2 3 Digital RhOtO ObD
4. 55 2 Customer help INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 4 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 3 Documentation updates General Our manuals are updated several times per year and we also issue product critical notifications of changes on a regular basis To access the latest manuals and notifications go to the Download tab at http support fli com It only takes a few minutes to register online In the download area you will also find the latest releases of manuals for our other products as well as manuals for our historical and obsolete products Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 5 3 Documentation updates INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 6 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 4 4 1 Operating system Hardware Software Related topics Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 Installation System requirements Microsoft Windows XP Microsoft Windows XP Pro 32 bit with Service Pack 3 SP3 Microsoft Windows Vista 32 and 64 bit with Service Pack 1 SP1 Microsoft Windows 7 32 and 64 bit Personal computer with an Intel 800 MHz Pentium processor or an AMD Opteron AMD Athlon 64 or AMD Athlon XP processor 512 MB of RAM or greater 20 GB of available hard disk space CD ROM or DVD ROM drive Super VGA 1024 x 768 or higher resolution monitor Internet access requ
5. ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 19 Emissivity tables Plastic polyurethane isola 70 LW 0 55 tion board Plastic polyurethane isola 70 SW 0 29 tion board Plastic PVC plastic floor 70 LW 0 93 dull structured Plastic PVC plastic floor 70 SW 0 94 dull structured Platinum 17 T 0 016 Platinum 22 T 0 03 Platinum 100 T 0 05 Platinum 260 T 0 06 Platinum 538 T 0 10 Platinum 1000 1500 T 0 14 0 18 Platinum 1094 T 0 18 Platinum pure polished 200 600 0 05 0 10 Platinum ribbon 900 1100 T 0 12 0 17 Platinum wire 50 200 T 0 06 0 07 Platinum wire 500 1000 T 0 10 0 16 Platinum wire 1400 T 0 18 Porcelain glazed 20 T 0 92 Porcelain white shiny T 0 70 0 75 Rubber hard 20 T 0 95 Rubber soft gray rough 20 iT 0 95 Sand T 0 60 Sand 20 T 0 90 Sandstone polished 19 LLW 0 909 Sandstone rough 19 LLW 0 935 Silver polished 100 T 0 03 Silver pure polished 200 600 T 0 02 0 03 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 123 19 Emissivity tables Skin human 32 T 0 98 2 Slag boiler 0 100 T 0 97 0 93 1 Slag boiler 200 500 T 0 89 0 78 1 Slag boiler 600 1200 T 0 76 0 70 1 Slag boiler 1400 1800 T 0 69 0 67 1 Snow See Water Soil dry 20 T 0 92 2 Soil saturated with wa 20 T 0 95 2 ter Stainless steel alloy 8 Ni 18 500 T 0 35 1 Cr Stainless steel rolled 700 T 0 45 1 Stainless steel sandblasted 700
6. ues and click Apply Max Temperature See above Min Temperature Threshold See above To display a horizontal line at a certain temperature in the IR Profile object enter a value in the text box and click Apply Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 12 Software reference section 12 5 1 2 Color tab Explanation Label Explanation Background To change the color of the table background select a new color from the drop down list box and click Apply Plot Area To change the color of the plot area select a new color from the drop down list box and click Apply Text Axes Grid Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 To change the color of the table text select a new color from the drop down list box and click Apply To change the color of the axes select a new color from the drop down list box and click Apply To change the color of the grid lines select a new color from the drop down list box and click Apply 75 12 Software reference section 12 5 1 3 Lines tab Explanation To select the line you want to connect the IR Profile object to select a check box and click Apply Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 12 Software reference section 12 6 Shortcut menu for Digital Photo objects Note To display this menu right click the object Open To open a visual im
7. 10 7 A When the plate becomes opaque this formula is reduced to the single formula 1 This last relation is a particularly convenient one because it is often measure reflectance than to measure emissivity directly 104 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 18 The measurement formula As already mentioned when viewing an object the camera receives radiation not only from the object itself It also collects radiation from the surroundings reflected via the object surface Both these radiation contributions become attenuated to some extent by the atmosphere in the measurement path To this comes a third radiation contribution from the atmosphere itself This description of the measurement situation as illustrated in the figure below is so far a fairly true description of the real conditions What has been neglected could for instance be sun light scattering in the atmosphere or stray radiation from intense ra diation sources outside the field of view Such disturbances are difficult to quantify however in most cases they are fortunately small enough to be neglected In case they are not negligible the measurement configuration is likely to be such that the risk for disturbance is obvious at least to a trained operator It is then his responsibil ity to modify the measurement situation to avoid the disturbance e g by changing the viewing direction shielding off intense rad
8. Click the globe to display the position on amap Indicator that the image file has a text comment Indicator that the image file has a voice comment Slider to control image fusion Drag the slider left or right to fuse an infrared image with a digital photo For more information about image fusion see section 12 2 Shortcut menu for IR Viewer objects on page 59 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 9 Screen elements amp how to use them An IR Viewer object with a sequence file Callouts Explanation Common tasks T638210 a1 47 5 C 1 46 44 42 40 38 o ER Sn This table gives information to the figure above Infrared sequence first frame only Sliders to adjust scale limits Temperature scale Indicator that the image file has embedded GPS data Click the globe to display the position on amap An IR Viewer object is a placeholder for infrared images and sequence files An infrared image contains valid temperature information that may be output by overlaying dif ferent kinds of measurement tools such as spotmeters profiles areas etc Common tasks related to the IR Viewer object include the following To change the scale limits move the sliders left or right To control image fusion drag the slider left or right to fuse an infrared image with a digital photo You can also use one of the following shortcuts t
9. cavity radiator color temperature An IR radiating equipment with blackbody properties used to calibrate IR cameras Atransmission value computed from the temperature the relative humidity of air and the distance to the object A bottle shaped radiator with an absorbing inside viewed through the bottleneck The temperature for which the color of a blackbody matches a specific color conduction continuous adjust The process that makes heat diffuse into a material A function that adjusts the image The function works all the time continuously adjusting brightness and contrast according to the image content convection dual isotherm emissivity emissivity factor emittance environment estimated atmospheric transmission Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 Convection is a heat transfer mode where a fluid is brought into motion either by gravity or another force thereby transferring heat from one place to another An isotherm with two color bands instead of one The amount of radiation coming from an object compared to that of a blackbody A number between 0 and 1 Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time and area W m Objects and gases that emit radiation towards the object being measured Atransmission value supplied by a user replacing a calculated one 127 20 Glossary Term or expression Explanation external optics
10. do the following 1 Click Remove 2 Click Next 3 Follow the on screen instructions NOTE You can also remove FLIR Reporter from your computer by using the Microsoft Windows Add or Remove Programs procedure Start Settings gt Add or Remove Programs 10 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 5 Managing licenses 5 1 Registering your product General It is important that you register your product By registering your product you are entitled to Free program updates Free unlimited technical support at http flir custhelp com Timely information about new releases Figure T638251 a1 product Required First name Last name Email Company Country Optional Welcome to the world of infrared Please take a few moments to register After registration you can try the product for a period of time or decide to activate your purchased 7 1 would like to receive FLIR newsletter Title Telephone Address Postal code city At FLIR we respect and protect Your privacy and assure you State z Den what cameras a Adem secure You are welcome to use 5 660 review our privacy policy Of 7 P620 course FLIR product 1 dm registration is totally voluntary Add and failure to register will not Building diminish your limited warranty Electrical Mechanical rights Privacy polic
11. one or several files to the report or report template by using a drag and drop operation The task pane will not be displayed if you have one of the following Microsoft Office versions Microsoft Office 2003 Standard Microsoft amp Office 2007 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 19 8 8 1 General NOTE Different ways to start the Wizard 20 Creating a report Creating a report using the Wizard Using the Wizard gives you opportunities to fine tune and adjust your report before it is created In the Wizard you can select different report templates for different pages move pages up and down and so on Before your create an infrared report a report template a Microsoft Word dot file must have been previously created However FLIR Reporter ships with several differ ent report templates which you may find useful You can start the Wizard in three different ways By going to the Start menu and selecting a task on the program menu Start gt Programs FLIR Systems FLIR Reporter By going to the Start menu and selecting a task using FLIR Report Center Start Programs FLIR Systems FLIR Report Center By clicking the FLIR button on the main toolbar Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 8 Creating a report INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 201
12. 2 2 Inserting IR Profile objects Procedure Follow this procedure to insert an IR Profile object On your template page click where you want the IR Profile object to appear The IR Profile object will be inserted after and below the cursor On the toolbar click we An empty IR Profile object will now appear on your page When you create your report the IR Profile object will automatically display the values of any line tools that are saved in the infrared image Related topics Section 9 1 3 IR Profile object toolbar on page 28 Section 9 2 2 IR Profile object on page 33 Section 12 5 Shortcut menu for IR Profile objects on page 73 42 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 10 Creating a custom report template 10 2 2 3 Inserting Result Table objects Procedure Follow this procedure to insert a Result Table object On your template page click where you want the Result Table object to appear The Result Table object will be inserted after and below the cursor On the toolbar click Result Table object will now appear on your page When you create your report the Result Table object will automatically display the values of any measurement tools in the infrared image NOTE If a result table is connected to an infrared image and you delete either the table or the image you will not be able to recreate the connection again Related topics Section 9 2 4 R
13. 5 travers a 12 6 Shortcut menu for Digital Photo objects 12 7 Shortcut menu for Result table objects sss Supported file formats in the IR Viewer 79 About FLIR Systems n sense la 81 14 1 More than just an infrared camera 82 14 2 Sharing our knowledge 83 14 8 Supporting our customers 83 14 4 few images from our facilities essssseeennnnnneenenemeenn 83 Thermographic measurement techniques sss een 85 1941 Ihtroduction mp 85 MM ZIEL 85 15 2 1 Finding the emissivity of a sample 86 15 2 1 1 Step 1 Determining reflected apparent temperature 86 15 2 1 2 Step 2 Determining the emissivity 00 0 0 eens 88 15 3 Reflected apparent temperature uesssssnnensnnennnnnnnennnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn 89 15 4 Distance 15 5 Relative humidity i en n e pee eee Ded e EAS E reta ee 89 15 6 Other parameters 5 t camcn re enne ye e ger v ea vede edad 89 History of infrared technology sssssssssssesseeeneeneeenrenennenrenenntnrnne nennen tenent 91 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 17 Theory of th rm gr phy issie a nie ala an a sun 95 TAT IMtodueti nz es ti rs Area eh era rer ERS RES
14. Extra lenses filters heat shields etc that can be put between the camera and the object being measured filter A material transparent only to some ofthe infrared wavelengths FOV Field of view The horizontal angle that can be viewed through an IR lens FPA Focal plane array A type of IR detector graybody An object that emits a fixed fraction of the amount of energy of a blackbody for each wavelength IFOV Instantaneous field of view A measure of the geometrical reso image correction internal or external infrared IR isotherm isothermal cavity Laser LocatlR lution of an IR camera Away of compensating for sensitivity differences in various parts of live images and also of stabilizing the camera Non visible radiation having a wavelength from about 2 13 um infrared A function highlighting those parts of an image that fall above below or between one or more temperature intervals A bottle shaped radiator with a uniform temperature viewed through the bottleneck An electrically powered light source on the camera that emits laser radiation in a thin concentrated beam to point at certain parts of the object in front of the camera laser pointer level manual adjust An electrically powered light source on the camera that emits laser radiation in a thin concentrated beam to point at certain parts of the object in front of the camera The center value of the temperature scale usually express
15. Fiber board masonite 70 SW 0 75 Fiber board particle board 70 LW 0 89 Fiber board particle board 70 SW 0 77 Fiber board porous untreated 20 SW 0 85 Gold polished 130 i 0 018 Gold polished carefully 200 600 T 0 02 0 03 Gold polished highly 100 T 0 02 Granite polished 20 LLW 0 849 Granite rough 21 LLW 0 879 Granite rough 4 different 70 LW 0 77 0 87 samples 116 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 19 Emissivity tables Granite rough 4 different 70 SW 0 95 0 97 samples Gypsum 20 T 0 8 0 9 Ice See Water Iron cast casting 50 T 0 81 Iron cast ingots 1000 T 0 95 Iron cast liquid 1300 T 0 28 Iron cast machined 800 1000 T 0 60 0 70 Iron cast oxidized 38 0 63 Iron cast oxidized 100 T 0 64 Iron cast oxidized 260 T 0 66 Iron cast oxidized 538 T 0 76 Iron cast oxidized at 600 C 200 600 T 0 64 0 78 Iron cast polished 38 0 21 Iron cast polished 40 T 0 21 Iron cast polished 200 T 0 21 Iron cast unworked 900 1100 T 0 87 0 95 Iron and steel cold rolled 70 LW 0 09 Iron and steel cold rolled 70 SW 0 20 Iron and steel covered with red 20 T 0 61 0 85 rust Iron and steel electrolytic 22 T 0 05 Iron and steel electrolytic 100 T 0 05 Iron and steel electrolytic 260 T 0 07 Iron and steel electrolytic careful 175 225 T 0 05 0 06 ly polished Iron and steel freshly worked 20 T 0 24 with emery Iron and
16. Non blackbody emitters So far only blackbody radiators and blackbody radiation have been discussed However real objects almost never comply with these laws over an extended wave length region although they may approach the blackbody behavior in certain spectral intervals For example a certain type of white paint may appear perfectly white in the visible light spectrum but becomes distinctly gray at about 2 and beyond 3 um it is almost black There are three processes which can occur that prevent a real object from acting like a blackbody a fraction of the incident radiation a may be absorbed a fraction p may be reflected and a fraction may be transmitted Since all of these factors are more or less wavelength dependent the subscript is used to imply the spectral depen dence of their definitions Thus The spectral absorptance a the ratio of the spectral radiant power absorbed by an object to that incident upon it The spectral reflectance p the ratio of the spectral radiant power reflected by an object to that incident upon it The spectral transmittance T the ratio of the spectral radiant power transmitted through an object to that incident upon it The sum of these three factors must always add up to the whole at any wavelength so we have the relation a p 7 1 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 101 17 Theory of thermography For opaque materials T 0 an
17. Open Save As To save the currently displayed image to your hard disk drive click Save As Show IR Scale To show hide the IR scale at the far right in the infrared image click Show IR Scale Zoom To zoom in on the currently displayed image click 1x 2x 4x or 8x on the Zoom menu Settings For more information see section 12 2 1 Settings dialog box on page 61 Image Fusion To display the image fusion dialog box click Image Fusion In this dialog box you can fuse an infrared image with a digital photo Fusing images can make it easier to identify the exact position of temperature anomalies Follow this procedure to fuse an infrared image with a digital photo Click Open IR Image and select an infrared image Click Open Photo and select the corresponding digital photo In the infrared image define the positions of interest by moving the three reference crosshairs to these positions In the digital photo move the three reference crosshairs to the correspond ing positions To display the fused image click OK In the IR Viewer object you can adjust the exact position of the digital photo in the fused image by doing one or more of the following Tomove the digital photo up down or left right in 1 pixel increments use the arrow keys on your keyboard a To rotate the digital photo clockwise counter clockwise in 1 increments use the Page Up and Page Down keys on your keyboard Explanation of additional
18. buttons and controls View Full Image To view the full image click View Full Image Ref 1 To zoom in on crosshair 1 click Ref 1 Ref 2 To zoom in on crosshair 2 click Ref 2 Ref 3 To zoom in on crosshair 3 click Ref 3 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 59 12 Software reference section Explanation Picture in Picture PiP To display the digital photo in its original size select Picture in Picture PiP Visual image in black To display the digital photo in grayscale select Visual and white image in black and white Open Photo To open a digital photo click Open Photo Threshold To use one temperature interval for the infrared image and use the digital photo for lower and higher temper atures select Threshold and enter the desired tem perature values in the corresponding text boxes You can adjust the temperature levels by dragging the sliders in the IR Viewer object once you have closed the dialog box Blending To mix the image from infrared pixels and digital photo pixels select Blending You can adjust the mixing levels by dragging the sliders in the IR Viewer object once you have closed the dialog box Rotate Left To rotate the image 90 to the left click Rotate Left Rotate Right To rotate the image 90 to the right click Rotate Right 60 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 12 Software reference section 12 2 1 12
19. line in an infrared image Common tasks Common tasks related to the IR Profile object include the following To create a three dimensional rendering click the appropriate toolbar button or right click the IR Profile object and select 3D View To turn on turn off the grid lines click the appropriate toolbar button or right click the IR Profile object and select Grid Lines To turn on turn off the legend right click the IR Profile object and select Legend To swap X and Y axes right click the IR Profile object and select Swap X amp Y Axes To change settings related to general settings color and lines right click the IR Profile object and select Settings Section 9 1 3 IR Profile object toolbar on page 28 Section 10 2 2 2 Inserting IR Profile objects on page 42 Section 10 2 2 5 Resizing infrared objects on page 45 Section 10 2 2 11 Deleting infrared objects on page 51 Section 12 5 Shortcut menu for IR Profile objects on page 73 Related topics Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 33 9 Screen elements amp how to use them 9 2 3 NOTE Inserting a Digital Photo object Figure Explanation Common tasks Related topics 34 Digital Photo object Only use this method to insert a photo when designing a report template In all other situations insert photos by clicking Picture on the Insert menu Insert Picture From File To insert a Digital P
20. objects on page 45 Section 10 2 2 6 Moving measurement tools on page 46 Section 10 2 2 7 Selecting measurement tools on page 47 Section 10 2 2 8 Moving between measurement tools on page 48 Section 10 2 2 9 Cloning measurement tools on page 49 Section 10 2 2 10 Deleting measurement tools on page 50 Section 10 2 2 11 Deleting infrared objects on page 51 Section 10 2 2 12 Deleting Result Table objects on page 52 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 10 Creating a custom report template 10 2 2 1 Inserting IR Viewer objects and Digital Photo objects Procedure Follow this procedure to insert IR Viewer objects and Digital Photo objects On your template page place the cursor where you want the IR Viewer object or Digital Photo object to appear The placeholders will be inserted after and below the cursor On the toolbar click a for an IR Viewer object or I for a Digital Photo object An placeholder will now appear on the page Since you are creating a template you should not open any infrared images or photos at this stage Related topics Section 9 1 2 IR Viewer object toolbar on page 26 Section 9 2 1 IR Viewer object on page 30 Section 9 2 3 Digital Photo object on page 34 Section 12 2 Shortcut menu for IR Viewer objects on page 59 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 41 10 Creating a custom report template 10 2
21. temperature Outdoor air temperature This text box is only displayed when an insulation alarm is active This parameter refers to the air temperature inside the building in question when setting up insulation alarms An insulation alarm is an alarm that can detect an area where there may be a risk of humidity in a building structure This text box is only displayed when an insulation alarm is active This parameter refers to the air temperature outside the building in question when setting up insulation alarms 62 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 12 Software reference section Explanation Insulation factor This text box is only displayed when an insulation alarm is active The insulation factor is the accepted energy loss through the wall Different building codes recommend different values but typical values are 0 70 0 80 for new buildings Note Refer to your national building code for recom mendations Atmospheric Tempera ture This text box is only displayed when a humidity alarm is active This parameter refers to the atmospheric temperature when setting up humidity alarms A humidity alarm is an alarm that can detect what may be an insulation deficiency in a wall Relative air humidity This text box is only displayed when a humidity alarm is active This parameter refers to the relative air humidity when setting up humidity alarms H
22. to select Show Hide 1 on the main toolbar in Microsoft Word Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 37 10 Creating a custom report template 10 2 Typical structure of a report template Few or many report templates Related topics 38 Creating a custom infrared report template A custom infrared report template usually consists of the following types of pages Afront cover Anumber of different pages containing combinations of IR Viewer objects Digital Photo objects Result Table objects etc A back cover It is not uncommon that you will use one specific template for one specific customer If this is the case you may want to include your customer s company specific infor mation in the template rather than entering it manually after the infrared report has been generated Consequently if several of your customers request an infrared report that could be met with one or a few single templates company specific information should probably not be included in the template since that kind of information may easily be entered after the Wizard has generated the report Section 10 2 1 About the front amp back covers on page 39 Section 10 2 2 Creating the infrared report template pages on page 40 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 10 Creating a custom report template 10 2 1 About the front amp back covers Gener
23. 0 13 Supported file formats in the IR Viewer object Radiometric file The IR Viewer object supports the following radiometric file formats formats ThermaCAM radiometric jpg ThermaCAM radiometric img ThermaCAM radiometric 8 bit tif ThermaCAM radiometric 8 12 bit tif ThermaCAM radiometric 12 bit tif a ThermoTeknix tgw a ThermoTeknix amp tmw a ThermoTeknix amp tlw a ThermaCAM radiometric seq radiometric sequence files Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 79 13 Supported file formats in the IR Viewer object INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 80 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 14 About FLIR Systems FLIR Systems was established in 1978 to pioneer the development of high performance infrared imaging systems and is the world leader in the design manufacture and marketing of thermal imaging systems for a wide variety of commercial industrial and government applications Today FLIR Systems embraces five major companies with outstanding achievements in infrared technology since 1958 the Swedish AGEMA Infrared Systems formerly AGA Infrared Systems the three United States companies Indigo Systems FSI and Inframetrics and the French company Cedip In November 2007 Extech Instruments was acquired by FLIR Systems T638608 a1 PATENT SPECIFICATION H DRAWINGS ATTACKED United States Patent Office 3 253 498 P
24. 0 21 8 Creating a report Procedure 22 Follow this procedure to create a report using the Wizard Start the Wizard In the left pane go to a folder that contains infrared and visual images that you want to use When you have selected a folder the images will be dis played in the middle pane You can change the size of the thumbnail images by moving the slider at the top of the middle pane 10743003 2 select the template you want to use click Select Template and select atemplate A preview of each page in the report template will be displayed in the preview window Ifthe report template contains several pages you must select which page you want to base your report on Click OK 10743103 a2 Select Template g 2RPhoto 2 Template Preview La z sj 24 building a 7 g rain a ElecticaliR Electrical IR aj s simple SMR simple7 0 a BR ion 0 t ElecticallR Electrical IR onlemp only temp ElecticallR Electrical IR Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 8 Creating a report 4 Select the images you want to include in your report To add them to your report template do one of the following Move the images to the right pane using a drag and drop operation Add the image or images to the right pane b
25. 010 14 About FLIR Systems camera software combination Especially tailored software for predictive maintenance R amp D and process monitoring is developed in house Most software is available in a wide variety of languages We support all our infrared cameras with a wide variety of accessories to adapt your equipment to the most demanding infrared applications 14 2 Sharing our knowledge Although our cameras are designed to be very user friendly there is a lot more to thermography than just knowing how to handle a camera Therefore FLIR Systems has founded the Infrared Training Center ITC a separate business unit that provides certified training courses Attending one of the ITC courses will give you a truly hands on learning experience The staff of the ITC are also there to provide you with any application support you may need in putting infrared theory into practice 14 3 Supporting our customers FLIR Systems operates a worldwide service network to keep your camera running at all times If you discover a problem with your camera local service centers have all the equipment and expertise to solve it within the shortest possible time Therefore there is no need to send your camera to the other side of the world or to talk to someone who does not speak your language 14 4 A few images from our facilities 10401303 a1 Figure 14 3 LEFT Development of system electronics RIGHT Testing of an FPA detector Publ
26. 100 T 0 95 0 98 1 thick Water snow T 0 8 1 Water snow 10 T 0 85 2 Wood 17 Sw 0 98 5 Wood 19 LLW 0 962 8 Wood ground T 0 5 0 7 1 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 125 19 Emissivity tables pine 4 different samples pine 4 different samples planed planed oak 70 20 20 0 81 0 89 0 67 0 75 0 8 0 9 0 90 planed oak 70 0 88 planed oak 70 0 77 plywood smooth dry 36 0 82 plywood untreat ed 20 0 83 white damp 20 0 7 0 8 oxidized at 400 C 400 0 11 126 oxidized surface polished sheet 1000 1200 200 300 50 0 50 0 60 0 04 0 05 0 20 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 20 Term or expression Glossary Explanation absorption absorption factor The amount of radiation absorbed by an object relative to the received radiation A number between 0 1 atmosphere The gases between the object being measured and the camera normally air autoadjust A function making a camera perform an internal image correc tion autopalette The IR image is shown with an uneven spread of colors display ing cold objects as well as hot ones at the same time blackbody Totally non reflective object All its radiation is due to its own temperature blackbody radiator calculated atmospheric transmission
27. 118 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 19 Emissivity tables Iron tinned sheet 24 T 0 064 4 Krylon Ultra flat Flat black Room temperature LW Ca 0 96 12 black 1602 up to 175 Krylon Ultra flat Flat black Room temperature MW Ca 0 97 12 black 1602 up to 175 Lacquer 3 colors sprayed 70 LW 0 92 0 94 9 on Aluminum Lacquer 3 colors sprayed 70 SW 0 50 0 53 9 on Aluminum Lacquer Aluminum on 20 T 0 4 1 rough surface Lacquer bakelite 80 T 0 83 1 Lacquer black dull 40 100 T 0 96 0 98 1 Lacquer black matte 100 T 0 97 2 Lacquer black shiny 20 T 0 87 1 sprayed on iron Lacquer heat resistant 100 T 0 92 1 Lacquer white 40 100 T 0 8 0 95 1 Lacquer white 100 T 0 92 2 Lead oxidized gray 20 T 0 28 1 Lead oxidized gray 22 T 0 28 4 Lead oxidized at 200 C 200 T 0 63 1 Lead shiny 250 T 0 08 1 Lead unoxidized pol 100 T 0 05 4 ished Lead red 100 T 0 93 4 Lead red powder 100 T 0 93 1 Leather tanned T 0 75 0 80 1 Lime T 0 3 0 4 1 Magnesium 22 T 0 07 4 Magnesium 260 T 0 13 4 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 119 19 Emissivity tables Magnesium 538 T 0 18 4 Magnesium polished 20 T 0 07 2 Magnesium pow T 0 86 1 der Molybdenum 600 1000 T 0 08 0 13 1 Molybdenum 1500 2200 T 0 19 0 26 1 Molybdenum filament 700 2500 T 0 1 0 3 1 Mortar 17 SW 0 87 5 Mortar dry 36 SW 0 94 7 Nextel Velv
28. 2 1 1 Explanation Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 Settings dialog box Colors tab Label Explanation Browse To open palette files pal stored at a different loca tion click Browse Advanced To open a dialog box where you can select advanced parameters click Advanced Max Temperature To define the maximum level temperature ofthe scale type a temperature value in the text box Min Temperature To define the minimum level temperature ofthe scale type a temperature value in the text box Invert palette Show out of range col ors To invert the color distribution in a palette vertically select this check box To assign a special color for temperatures outside the calibrated temperature range of the infrared camera select this check box Show saturation colors To assign a special color for the temperatures outside the scale limits select this check box Use bilinear filtering to enhance image quality To improve the image quality select this check box Histogram equalization Signal linear This is an image displaying method that evenly dis tributes the color information over the existing temper atures of the image This method to distribute the in formation can be particularly successful when the image contains few peaks of very high temperature values This is an image displaying method where the color information in the image is
29. 203 xml a6 20280603 xml a10 20280703 xml a12 20281203 xml a2 20281403 xml a6 20281503 xml a5 20287303 xml a9 20292403 xml a5 20294403 xml a6 R0101 rcp a20 config xml a5 132 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010
30. 70 LW 0 97 9 gray dull Aluminum anodized light 70 SW 0 61 9 gray dull Aluminum anodized sheet 100 T 0 55 2 Aluminum as received plate 100 T 0 09 4 Aluminum as received sheet 100 T 0 09 2 Aluminum cast blast cleaned 70 LW 0 46 9 Aluminum cast blast cleaned 70 SW 0 47 9 Aluminum dipped in HNO 100 T 0 05 4 plate Aluminum foil 27 0 09 3 Aluminum foil 27 10 um 0 04 3 Aluminum oxidized strongly 50 500 T 0 2 0 3 1 Aluminum polished 50 100 iT 0 04 0 06 1 Aluminum polished sheet 100 T 0 05 2 Aluminum polished plate 100 0 05 4 112 Publ 1558573 Rev 476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 19 Emissivity tables Aluminum roughened 27 3 um 0 28 Aluminum roughened 27 10um 0 18 Aluminum rough surface 20 50 T 0 06 0 07 Aluminum sheet 4samples 70 LW 0 03 0 06 differently scratched Aluminum sheet 4 samples 70 SW 0 05 0 08 differently scratched Aluminum vacuum deposited 20 T 0 04 Aluminum weathered heavily 17 SW 0 83 0 94 Aluminum bronze 20 T 0 60 Aluminum hydrox powder T 0 28 ide Aluminum oxide activated powder T 0 46 Aluminum oxide pure powder alu 3H 0 16 mina Asbestos board 20 T 0 96 Asbestos fabric T 0 78 Asbestos floor tile 35 SW 0 94 Asbestos paper 40 400 T 0 93 0 95 Asbestos powder T 0 40 0 60 Asbestos slate 20 T 0 96 Asphalt paving 4 LLW 0 967 Brass dull tarnished 20 350 T 0 22 Brass oxidized 70 SW 0 04 0 09 Brass o
31. 8 different colors 70 SW 0 88 0 96 9 and qualities Paint Aluminum various 50 100 T 0 27 0 67 1 ages Paint cadmium yellow T 0 28 0 33 1 Paint chrome green T 0 65 0 70 1 Paint cobalt blue T 0 7 0 8 1 Paint oi 17 SW 0 87 5 Paint oil black flat 20 SW 0 94 6 Paint oil black gloss 20 SW 0 92 6 Paint oil gray flat 20 SW 0 97 6 Paint oil gray gloss 20 SW 0 96 6 Paint oil various colors 100 T 0 92 0 96 1 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 121 19 Emissivity tables Paint oilbased average 100 T 0 94 2 of 16 colors Paint plastic black 20 SW 0 95 6 Paint plastic white 20 SW 0 84 6 Paper 4 different colors 70 LW 0 92 0 94 9 Paper 4 different colors 70 SW 0 68 0 74 9 Paper black io 0 90 1 Paper black dull T 0 94 1 Paper black dull 70 LW 0 89 9 Paper black dull 70 SW 0 86 9 Paper blue dark T 0 84 1 Paper coated with black T 0 93 1 lacquer Paper green T 0 85 1 Paper red T 0 76 1 Paper white 20 T 0 7 0 9 1 Paper white 3 different 70 LW 0 88 0 90 9 glosses Paper white 3 different 70 SW 0 76 0 78 9 glosses Paper white bond 20 T 0 93 2 Paper yellow 1 0 72 1 Plaster 17 SW 0 86 5 Plaster plasterboard un 20 SW 0 90 6 treated Plaster rough coat 20 T 0 91 2 Plastic glass fibre lami 70 LW 0 91 9 nate printed circ board Plastic glass fibre lami 70 SW 0 94 9 nate printed circ board 122 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476
32. 98 Aus um This is Wien s formula after Wilhelm Wien 1864 1928 which expresses mathemati cally the common observation that colors vary from red to orange or yellow as the temperature of a thermal radiator increases The wavelength of the color is the same as the wavelength calculated for Ajax A good approximation of the value of Ajax for a given blackbody temperature is obtained by applying the rule of thumb 3 000 T 98 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 17 Theory of thermography um Thus a very hot star such as Sirius 11 000 K emitting bluish white light radiates with the peak of spectral radiant emittance occurring within the invisible ultraviolet spectrum at wavelength 0 27 um un 10399403 a1 1 7 Figure 17 5 Wilhelm Wien 1864 1928 The sun approx 6 000 K emits yellow light peaking at about 0 5 um in the middle of the visible light spectrum At room temperature 300 K the peak of radiant emittance lies at 9 7 um in the far infrared while at the temperature of liquid nitrogen 77 K the maximum of the almost insignificant amount of radiant emittance occurs at 38 um in the extreme infrared wavelengths Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 99 17 Theory of thermography 10327203 a4 10 104 10 Figure 17 6 Planckian curves plotted on semi log scales from 100 K to 1000 K The dotted line represents the locus of ma
33. No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 83 14 About FLIR Systems 10401403 a1 Figure 14 4 LEFT Diamond turning machine RIGHT Lens polishing 10401503 a1 Figure 14 5 LEFT Testing of infrared cameras in the climatic chamber RIGHT Robot used for camera testing and calibration 84 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 15 Thermographic measurement techniques 15 1 Introduction An infrared camera measures and images the emitted infrared radiation from an object The fact that radiation is a function of object surface temperature makes it possible for the camera to calculate and display this temperature However the radiation measured by the camera does not only depend on the tem perature of the object but is also a function of the emissivity Radiation also originates from the surroundings and is reflected in the object The radiation from the object and the reflected radiation will also be influenced by the absorption of the atmosphere To measure temperature accurately it is therefore necessary to compensate for the effects of a number of different radiation sources This is done on line automatically by the camera The following object parameters must however be supplied for the camera The emissivity of the object The reflected apparent temperature The distance between the object and the camera The relative humidity Temperature of the atmosphere 15 2 Emiss
34. SH EN October 18 2010 51 10 Creating a custom report template 10 2 2 12 Deleting Result Table objects Procedure Follow this procedure to delete a Result Table object Click anywhere in the Result Table object On the Microsoft Word Table menu point to Delete and then click Table to delete the currently selected table Related topics Section 9 2 Infrared objects on page 30 52 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 10 Creating a custom report template 10 3 Creating a custom infrared report template based on an existing template General The easiest way to create a custom infrared report template is to modify an existing template By doing this you can take advantage of the existing infrared objects already laid out on the report template page and you will save a lot oftime compared to creating an infrared report template from scratch Procedure Close all open infrared reports Point to New on the File menu Select New from template Select the infrared report template you want to use under the IR tab Make sure you have selected Template Click OK To avoid overwriting the original template save the template under a different file name before making any changes When saving it make sure you save it with the dot file name extension Make your changes in the template according to the following sections Section 10 2 1 About the front amp ba
35. Section 9 1 2 IR Viewer object toolbar on page 26 Section 9 2 1 IR Viewer object on page 30 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 10 Creating a custom report template 10 2 2 9 Cloning measurement tools Procedure To clone a measurement tool press and hold CTRL when you move the measurement tool This will create a clone of the measurement tool Related topics Section 9 1 2 IR Viewer object toolbar on page 26 Section 9 2 1 IR Viewer object on page 30 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 10 Creating a custom report template 10 2 2 10 Procedure Related topics 50 Deleting measurement tools To delete a measurement tool do one of the following Select the tool and press DELETE Select the tool right click and select Delete Section 9 1 2 IR Viewer object toolbar on page 26 Section 9 2 1 IR Viewer object on page 30 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 10 Creating a custom report template 10 2 2 11 Deleting infrared objects Procedure Follow this procedure to delete an infrared object except Result Table objects Click anywhere on one of the following a IR Viewer object IR Profile object a Digital Photo object On the main toolbar click Xx Related topics Section 9 2 Infrared objects on page 30 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLI
36. T 0 70 1 Stainless steel sheet polished 70 LW 0 14 9 Stainless steel sheet polished 70 SW 0 18 9 Stainless steel sheet untreated 70 LW 0 28 9 somewhat scratched Stainless steel sheet untreated 70 SW 0 30 9 somewhat scratched Stainless steel type 18 8 buffed 20 T 0 16 2 Stainless steel type 18 8 oxi 60 T 0 85 2 dized at 800 C Stucco rough lime 10 90 T 0 91 1 Styrofoam insulation 37 SW 0 60 7 Tar T 0 79 0 84 1 Tar paper 20 T 0 91 0 93 1 Tile glazed 17 SW 0 94 5 Tin burnished 20 50 T 0 04 0 06 1 Tin tin plated sheet 100 T 0 07 2 iron 124 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 19 Emissivity tables Titanium oxidized at 540 C 200 T 0 40 1 Titanium oxidized at 540 C 500 T 0 50 1 Titanium oxidized at 540 C 1000 T 0 60 1 Titanium polished 200 T 0 15 1 Titanium polished 500 T 0 20 1 Titanium polished 1000 T 0 36 1 Tungsten 200 T 0 05 1 Tungsten 600 1000 p 0 1 0 16 1 Tungsten 1500 2200 T 0 24 0 31 1 Tungsten filament 3300 a 0 39 1 Varnish flat 20 SW 0 93 6 Varnish on oak parquet 70 LW 0 90 0 93 9 floor Varnish on oak parquet 70 SW 0 90 9 floor Wallpaper slight pattern light 20 SW 0 85 6 gray Wallpaper slight pattern red 20 SW 0 90 6 Water distilled 20 T 0 96 2 Water frost crystals 10 T 0 98 2 Water ice covered with 0 T 0 98 1 heavy frost Water ice smooth 10 T 0 96 2 Water ice smooth 0 T 0 97 1 Water layer gt 0 1 mm 0
37. User s manual FLIR Reporter Version 8 5 Publ No 1558573 Revision a476 Language English EN Issue date October 18 2010 Notice to user Customer help Documentation updates Installation Managing licenses About FLIR Report Center Searching for files Creating a report Screen elements amp how to use them Creating a custom report template Creating Microsoft Word document properties Software reference section Supported file formats in the IR Viewer object About FLIR Systems Thermographic measurement techniques History of infrared technology Theory of thermography The measurement formula Emissivity tables Glossary FLIR Reporter User s manual FLIR v Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 Legal disclaimer All products manufactured by FLIR Systems are warranted against defective materials and workmanship for a period of one 1 year from the delivery date of the original purchase provided such products have been under normal storage use and service and in accordance with FLIR Systems instruction Products which are not manufactured by FLIR Systems but included in systems delivered by FLIR Systems to the original purchaser carry the warranty if any of the particular supplier only FLIR Systems has no responsibility whatsoever for such products The warranty extends only to the original purchaser and is not tran
38. age click Open Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 77 12 Software reference section 12 7 Shortcut menu for Result table objects Note To display this menu right click the object NOTE Contents New feature in version 8 5 SP1 Refresh 78 The menu items Borders and Shading and Spelling will not be described here since these are standard Microsoft Word features To select a label and value for a Result Table object select the label in the left pane and its value in the right pane and click Apply A major new feature in version 8 5 SP1 is the ability to retrieve any existing MeterLink data from an infrared image and display this data in the result table MeterLink data can be stored in the infrared image by using an external Extech sensor such as a clamp meter or a moisture meter together with the infrared camera In FLIR Reporter you can retrieve the MeterLink data from the infrared image by se lecting an Extech sensor in the left pane e g EX845 and then selecting a value in the right pane e g capacitance For information on how to include MeterLink data in an infrared image when using the camera refer to the user documentation for one of the following camera series FLIR bXX series FLIR iXX series FLIR BXXX series FLIR TXXX series To update the Result Table object click Refresh Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 201
39. al You create the front and back covers of the report template using existing features in Microsoft Word Types of The front and back covers of an infrared report template typically include the following information information Your and your customer s company names Other contact information Current date Title of the infrared report Your and your customer s company logotypes Any additional artwork or information that you may want to include Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 39 10 Creating a custom report template 10 2 2 General Types of infrared objects NOTE Related topics 40 Creating the infrared report template pages You create an infrared report page either by clicking the buttons on the FLIR Reporter toolbar or by clicking the commands on the FLIR Reporter menu There are three different infrared objects and one table object IR Viewer object Digital Photo object IR Profile object Result table object The procedures on the following pages assume that you click the toolbar buttons However you can also click the commands on the FLIR Reporter menu Section 10 2 2 1 Inserting IR Viewer objects and Digital Photo objects on page 41 Section 10 2 2 2 Inserting IR Profile objects on page 42 Section 10 2 2 3 Inserting Result Table objects on page 43 Section 10 2 2 4 Connecting objects on page 44 Section 10 2 2 5 Resizing infrared
40. ap X amp Y Axes swap the X and Y axes of the IR Profile object click Swap X amp Y Axes Settings For more information see section 12 5 1 Settings dialog box on page 74 55 Publ 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 7 12 Software reference section 12 5 1 12 5 1 1 Explanation 74 Settings dialog box General tab Label Explanation Grid Lines To display a grid of horizontal lines in the IR Profile object click Grid Lines Legend To display a legend below the IR Profile object click Legend Show Only Visible Pro file Lines in Legend If two or more lines are laid out in the infrared image clicking Show Only Visible Profile Lines in Legend will remove any cleared line results from the legend below the IR Profile object 3D View To create a three dimensional rendering of the graph of the IR Profile object click 3D View Swap X amp Y Axes To swap the X and Y axes of the IR Profile object click Swap X amp Y Axes Columns To add or remove columns in the IR Profile object select or clear these boxes IR Scale Auto Fixed To use the IR scale as the temperature axis select this option button and click Apply To let FLIR Reporter automatically define the temper ature axis select this option button and click Apply To manually define the maximum and minimum axis temperature select this option button enter new val
41. aph 10399003 a2 Figure 16 4 Samuel P Langley 1834 1906 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 93 16 History of infrared technology The improvement of infrared detector sensitivity progressed slowly Another major breakthrough made by Langley in 1880 was the invention of the bolometer This consisted of a thin blackened strip of platinum connected in one arm of a Wheatstone bridge circuit upon which the infrared radiation was focused and to which a sensitive galvanometer responded This instrument is said to have been able to detect the heat from a cow at a distance of 400 meters An English scientist Sir James Dewar first introduced the use of liquefied gases as cooling agents such as liquid nitrogen with a temperature of 196 C 320 8 F in low temperature research In 1892 he invented a unique vacuum insulating container in which it is possible to store liquefied gases for entire days The common thermos bottle used for storing hot and cold drinks is based upon his invention Between the years 1900 and 1920 the inventors of the world discovered the infrared Many patents were issued for devices to detect personnel artillery aircraft ships and even icebergs The first operating systems in the modern sense began to be developed during the 1914 18 war when both sides had research programs devoted to the military exploitation of the infrared These programs included ex
42. aphic measurement techniques on page 85 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 12 Software reference section 12 2 1 5 Explanation Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 Preferences tab Label Explanation Pre defined measure ment symbols and isotherms Pre defined palette and color distribution If this box is selected all new images will use the analysis symbols and isotherms you set up in the Settings dialog box instead of using the image s own settings from the camera If his box is selected all new images will use the palette and color distribution you set up in the Set tings dialog box instead of using the image s own settings from the camera Pre defined object pa rameters If this box is selected all new images will use the ob ject parameters you set up in the Settings dialog box instead of using the image s own settings from the camera Scale limits from image To use the new image s scale limits select this check box Auto adjust Max Temperature Min Temperature Temperature To autoadjust the image upon importing it select this check box To pre define the scale limit for the new image enter the maximum temperature level here and click Apply To pre define the scale limit for the new image enter the minimum temperature level here and click Apply To output the pixel information as temperature in de grees K
43. arent temperature of the aluminum foil 2 Step 2 Determining the emissivity Select a place to put the sample Determine and set reflected apparent temperature according to the previous procedure Put a piece of electrical tape with known high emissivity on the sample Heat the sample at least 20 K above room temperature Heating must be reasonably even Focus and auto adjust the camera and freeze the image Adjust Level and Span for best image brightness and contrast Set emissivity to that of the tape usually 0 97 Measure the temperature of the tape using one of the following measurement functions Isotherm helps you to determine both the temperature and how evenly you have heated the sample Spot simpler Avg good for surfaces with varying emissivity Write down the temperature Move your measurement function to the sample surface Change the emissivity setting until you read the same temperature as your previous measure ment Note 88 Write down the emissivity Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 15 Thermographic measurement techniques Avoid forced convection Look for a thermally stable surrounding that will not generate spot reflections Use high quality tape that you know is not transparent and has a high emissivity you are certain of This method assumes that the temperature of your tape and the sample surface are the sa
44. atch search engine and accepts alphabetic characters a z A Z and numerical characters 0 9 However numerical characters will be treated as text When you enter a search string the search engine searches for this string in any lo cation of a file This means that a search string such as 25 can for example return the following results R_0025 jpg 25 in the file name An image file with a modified date containing 25 You can combine search strings using boolean operators Example To find an image file that contains both a text comment containing 10 and a spotmeter that has a measurement result of 25 C use the AND boolean operator To find all files that either contains a text comment containing 10 or a spotmeter that has a measurement result of 25 C use the OR boolean operator However you can not use boolean operators in the following two example cases To search for IR_0025 jpg 25 in the file name and a spotmeter that has a mea surement result of 25 C To search for IR_0025 jpg 25 in the file name or a spotmeter that has a mea surement result of 25 C Follow this procedure to search for the files you have indexed In the task pane in Microsoft Word type a search string To start the search click Go The search engine will now search through all indexed files on your com puter and display thumbnail images in the result table You can now move
45. atented May 31 1966 PER JOHAN LINDBERG and HANS GUNNER ALMBERG 1 1057 624 P Pete of Application and fling Complete Specification Nov 15 1963 scanning I ron ELECTRO No 45167763 Complete Specification Published Fab 1 1967 Crown Copyright 1967 1 057 624 COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Scanning Mechanism Figure 14 1 Patent documents from the early 1960s The company has sold more than 100 000 infrared cameras worldwide for applications such as predictive maintenance R amp D non destructive testing process control and automation and machine vision among many others FLIR Systems has three manufacturing plants in the United States Portland OR Boston MA Santa Barbara CA and one in Sweden Stockholm Since 2007 there is also a manufacturing plant in Tallinn Estonia Direct sales offices in Belgium Brazil Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 81 14 About FLIR Systems China France Germany Great Britain Hong Kong Italy Japan Korea Sweden and the USA together with a worldwide network of agents and distributors support our international customer base FLIR Systems is at the forefront of innovation in the infrared camera industry We an ticipate market demand by constantly improving our existing cameras and developing new ones The company has set milestones in product design and development such as the introduction of the first battery ope
46. ble for all measurement tools except spotmeter delta and marker To create a spotmeter at the hottest location in the area Hot Spot Settings For more information see section 12 4 1 Settings dialog box on page 70 Image This section is identical to section 12 2 Shortcut menu for IR Viewer objects on page 59 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 6 12 Software reference section 12 4 1 Settings dialog box 12 4 1 1 General tab Explanation Label Explanation To specify a label i e a name appearing in the in frared image for this measurement tool enter aname here and click Apply Show label To show the label for the measurement tool select Show label Show value To display the value of the measurement tool i e the measurement result in the infrared image select the value type and click Apply The number of possible value types differs between different measurement tools Font size To specify the font size of the label select a font size in the Font size box and clickApply Measurement symbol To specify the color of the symbol for the measure ment tool select a color in the Measurement symbol box and click Apply Text To specify the color of the label text select a color in the Text box and click Apply Text background To specify the color of the background select a color in the Text background box and click Apply Set as default To use these
47. cedure Start Settings gt Add or Remove Programs If a previous program version of FLIR Reporter is not installed on your computer go to Step 2 below Close down all running programs including Microsoft Outlook Insert the FLIR Reporter CD ROM into the CD ROM drive on the computer The installation should start automatically Should the installation not start automatically start Windows Explorer and double click SETUPEXE on the CD ROM Follow the on screen instructions NOTE A Neevia docCreator will be added to your computer by this installation procedure After installation make sure the security level for macros in Microsoft Word is not set to Very high Tools gt Macros Security If it is set it to High When opening a report you will be asked whether to disable or enable the macros Always click Enable Macros 8 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 4 Installation 4 2 2 Windows Vista installation NOTE lf your software license agreement depends on using a security device insert the security device in an available USB connector ofthe computer before you enter the license number a The license number is printed on the back of the CD ROM case Procedure Follow this procedure to install FLIR Reporter Do one of the following previous program version of FLIR Reporter is installed on your computer remove this version by using the Microso
48. cessfully activated FLIR Reporter Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 5 Managing licenses Activating FLIR Reporter by e mail Follow this procedure Start FLIR Reporter In the web activation dialog box click Activate the product by e mail Enter your serial number name company and e mail address The name should be the name of the license holder Click Request Unlock Key by E mail Your default e mail client now opens and an unsent e mail with license in formation is displayed Send this e mail without altering the content The main purpose of the e mail is to send the license information to the activation center Click Next The program will now start and you can continue working while waiting for the unlock key You should receive an e mail with the unlock key within two days When the e mail with the unlock key arrives start the program and enter the unlock key in the text box See the figure below T638430 a1 Enter Unlock Key Tyo Apply Key Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 13 5 Managing licenses 5 3 General Figure Procedure NOTE 14 Transferring your license You can transfer a license from one computer to another computer as long as you do not exceed the number of purchased licenses on one computer at the same time This lets you use the software on for examp
49. ck covers on page 39 Section 10 2 2 Creating the infrared report template pages on page 40 Save the new infrared report template When saving it make sure you save it with the dot file name extension Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 53 11 11 1 Types of document properties Procedure 54 Creating Microsoft Word document properties Creating amp editing Microsoft Word document properties When creating an infrared report FLIR Reporter extracts the Microsoft Word docu ment properties for the report template and inserts these properties in corresponding Microsoft Word fields in the final report You can use these document properties to automate several time consuming tasks when creating a report For example you may want FLIR Reporter to automatically add information such as the name address and e mail address of the inspection site the model name of the camera that you are using your e mail address etc There are two different types of document properties Summary document properties Custom document properties For the former you can only change the values but for the latter you can change both the labels and the values Follow this procedure to create and edit a Microsoft amp Word document property 1 Start Microsoft amp Word and then open one of the infrared report templates dot that are shipped with FLIR Reporte
50. d the relation simplifies to a py 1 Another factor called the emissivity is required to describe the fraction e of the radiant emittance of a blackbody produced by an object at a specific temperature Thus we have the definition The spectral emissivity the ratio of the spectral radiant power from an object to that from a blackbody at the same temperature and wavelength Expressed mathematically this can be written as the ratio of the spectral emittance of the object to that of a blackbody as follows Wy Wo Ey Generally speaking there are three types of radiation source distinguished by the ways in which the spectral emittance of each varies with wavelength A blackbody for which 1 A graybody for which constant less than 1 A selective radiator for which e varies with wavelength According to Kirchhoff s law for any material the spectral emissivity and spectral ab sorptance of a body are equal at any specified temperature and wavelength That is Ey Ay From this we obtain for an opaque material since a p 1 amp p 1 For highly polished materials approaches zero so that for a perfectly reflecting material i e a perfect mirror we have p 1 For a graybody radiator the Stefan Boltzmann formula becomes W ec T Watt m This states that the total emissive power of a graybody is the same as a blackbody at the same temperature reduced in proportion to th
51. display online help be Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 25 9 Screen elements amp how to use them 9 1 2 IR Viewer object toolbar General This toolbar is only displayed when an IR Viewer object is selected Figure 10733903 a2 dato 06 vadh a Explanation This table gives an explanation to the figure above B Click to display the selection tool which works similar to other selection tools in word processing and desktop publishing programs You use the selection tool to select measurement tools a Click to display a spotmeter with an attached flag that you can use to identify temperature values by moving it over the infrared image If you click the image the flying spotmeter tool will create a fixed spotmeter on the image To stop the flying spotmeter mode press ESC Click to create fixed spotmeters on infrared images The measurement result can then be displayed in a Result Table object x Click to create areas on infrared images The measurement result can then be displayed in a Result Table object Click to create ellipsoidal areas on infrared images The measurement result can then be displayed in a Result Table object Click to create polygon areas on infrared images The measurement result can then be displayed in a Result Table object p o Click to create a line on infrared images The measurement result can then be displayed in a
52. distributed linear to the signal values of the pixels Output linear This selection works in conjunction with the settings under Preferred output on the Preferences tab This is an image displaying method where you can distribute the colors either according to temperature or according to object signal 61 12 Software reference section 12 2 1 2 Isotherms tab Explanation Label Explanation Delete To delete an isotherm click this button Solid To assign a solid color to an isotherm select this op tion button and select a color in the drop down list box Contrast To assign a contrasting color to an isotherm select this option button and select a color in the drop down list box Palette To open a palette and use this palette for the isotherm Max Temperature Min Temperature select Palette and click Open To setthe maximum temperature of an isotherm enter a new value here and click Apply Isotherms may exist outside the temperature range of the current image which will make the isotherm invisible By changing the maximum temperature in visible isotherms can be brought back into range To setthe minimum temperature of an isotherm enter a new value here and click Apply Isotherms may exist outside the temperature range of the current image which will make the isotherm invisible By changing the minimum temperature in visible isotherms can be brought back into range Indoor air
53. e value of from the graybody 102 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 17 Theory of thermography 10401203 a2 Figure 17 8 Spectral radiant emittance of three types of radiators 1 Spectral radiant emittance 2 Wavelength 3 Blackbody 4 Selective radiator 5 Graybody 10327303 a4 Figure 17 9 Spectral emissivity of three types of radiators 1 Spectral emissivity 2 Wavelength 3 Blackbody 4 Graybody 5 Selective radiator 17 4 Infrared semi transparent materials Consider now a non metallic semi transparent body let us say in the form of a thick flat plate of plastic material When the plate is heated radiation generated within its volume must work its way toward the surfaces through the material in which it is partially absorbed Moreover when it arrives at the surface some of it is reflected back into the interior The back reflected radiation is again partially absorbed but Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 103 17 Theory of thermography some of it arrives at the other surface through which most of it escapes part of it is reflected back again Although the progressive reflections become weaker and weaker they must all be added up when the total emittance of the plate is sought When the resulting geometrical series is summed the effective emissivity of a semi transparent plate is obtained as t 0 7
54. ed as a signal value Away to adjust the image by manually changing certain param eters NETD Noise equivalent temperature difference A measure of the image noise level of an IR camera noise Undesired small disturbance in the infrared image object parameters object signal 128 A set of values describing the circumstances under which the measurement of an object was made and the object itself such as emissivity reflected apparent temperature distance etc A non calibrated value related to the amount of radiation re ceived by the camera from the object Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 20 Glossary Term or expression Explanation palette The set of colors used to display an IR image pixel Stands for picture element One single spot in an image radiance Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit oftime area and angle W m2 sr radiant power Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time W radiation The process by which electromagnetic energy is emitted by an object or a gas radiator A piece of IR radiating equipment range The current overall temperature measurement limitation of an IR camera Cameras can have several ranges Expressed as two blackbody temperatures that limit the current calibration reference temperature reflection relative humidity A temperature which the ordinary measured values can be c
55. ed topics Section 12 1 FLIR Reporter menu on page 58 Section 12 2 Shortcut menu for IR Viewer objects on page 59 Section 12 4 Shortcut menu for measurement tools on page 69 Section 12 5 Shortcut menu for IR Profile objects on page 73 Section 12 6 Shortcut menu for Digital Photo objects on page 77 Section 12 7 Shortcut menu for Result table objects on page 78 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 57 12 Software reference section 12 1 IR Viewer IR Profile Digital Photo Insert Table Delete Connect Export document to DB99 Create PDF Document Help Check for updates Open Reporter 8 manual Select Units Select Language 58 FLIR Reporter menu Click to insert an IR Viewer object for infrared images and sequence file An infrared image or sequence file contains valid temperature information that may be output by overlaying different kinds of measurement tools such as spotmeters profiles areas etc Click to insert an IR Profile object An IR Profile object contains a graph showing pixel values along a line in an infrared image Click to insert a Digital Photo object This photo may be taken with a stand alone digital camera or with the digital visual camera featured on some FLIR Systems in frared cameras Only use this method to insert a photo when you design a report template In all other situations insert photos by clicking Picture on t
56. elvin Celsius or Fahrenheit select this option button Object signal To output the pixel information as an object signal select this option button 67 12 Software reference section 12 3 Shortcut menu for isotherms and IR scales Note To display this menu right click the object Delete Palette Isotherm 68 To open delete an isotherm select Delete Note This menu command is not available when right clicking IR scales To change the palette select Palette This will display the Colors tab in the Settings dialog box For more information about palettes see section 12 2 1 1 Colors tab on page 61 To change the isotherm select Isotherm This will display the Isotherm tab in the Settings dialog box For more information about isotherms see section 12 2 1 2 Isotherms tab on page 62 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 12 Software reference section 12 4 Shortcut menu for measurement tools Note To display this menu right click the object Cursor Applicable for lines only Click to create a cursor that you can move along the line Delete To remove the currently selected measurement tool from the infrared image click Delete Cold Spot Applicable for all measurement tools except spotmeter difference calculation and marker To create a spotmeter at the coldest location in the area click Cold Spot Hot Spot Applica
57. esult Table object on page 35 Section 12 7 Shortcut menu for Result table objects on page 78 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 43 10 Creating a custom report template 10 2 2 4 NOTE Procedure 44 Connecting objects This description assumes that you have one IR Viewer object and one IR Profile object on your template page The objects you connect must be on the same page when you connect them If the document is repaginated and one of the objects falls on a different page the connection will however still be maintained On the main toolbar click a This will display a dialog box where you can select the IR Viewer object you want to connect the IR Profile object to Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 10 Creating a custom report template 10 2 2 5 Resizing infrared objects Procedure Follow this procedure to resize an infrared object Click anywhere on an IR Viewer object a Digital Photo object etc To change the size drag one of the handles that will be displayed when you select the object NOTE The procedure above does not apply to resizing Result Table objects To resize these types of objects select the object and use the menu commands on the Table menu Related topics Section 9 2 Infrared objects on page 30 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 45 10 Creating a custom report te
58. et 811 Flat black 60 150 LW gt 0 97 10 and 21 Black 11 Nichrome rolled 700 T 0 25 1 Nichrome sandblasted 700 T 0 70 1 Nichrome wire clean 50 T 0 65 1 Nichrome wire clean 500 1000 T 0 71 0 79 1 Nichrome wire oxidized 50 500 T 0 95 0 98 1 Nickel bright matte 122 T 0 041 4 Nickel commercially 100 T 0 045 1 pure polished Nickel commercially 200 400 T 0 07 0 09 1 pure polished Nickel electrolytic 22 T 0 04 4 Nickel electrolytic 38 y 0 06 4 Nickel electrolytic 260 iT 0 07 4 Nickel electrolytic 538 T 0 10 4 Nickel electroplated pol 20 d 0 05 2 ished Nickel electroplated on 22 T 0 045 4 iron polished Nickel electroplated on 20 T 0 11 0 40 1 iron unpolished 120 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 19 Emissivity tables Nickel electroplated on 22 T 0 11 4 iron unpolished Nickel oxidized 200 T 0 37 2 Nickel oxidized 227 T 0 37 4 Nickel oxidized 1227 T 0 85 4 Nickel oxidized at 600 C 200 600 T 0 37 0 48 1 Nickel polished 122 T 0 045 4 Nickel wire 200 1000 J 0 1 0 2 1 Nickel oxide 500 650 T 0 52 0 59 1 Nickel oxide 1000 1250 T 0 75 0 86 1 Oil lubricating 0 025 mm film 20 T 0 27 2 Oil lubricating 0 050 mm film 20 T 0 46 2 Oil lubricating 0 125 mm film 20 T 0 72 2 Oil lubricating film on Ni base Ni 20 T 0 05 2 base only Oil lubricating thick coating 20 T 0 82 2 Paint 8 different colors 70 LW 0 92 0 94 9 and qualities Paint
59. fer to the user documentation for one of the following camera series FLIR bXX series FLIR iXX series FLIR BXXX series FLIR TXXX series Section 10 2 2 3 Inserting Result Table objects on page 43 Section 10 2 2 5 Resizing infrared objects on page 45 Cc 9 Screen elements amp how to use them Section 10 2 2 12 Deleting Result Table objects on page 52 Section 12 7 Shortcut menu for Result table objects on page 78 36 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 10 Creating a custom report template 10 1 A note about working in the Microsoft Word environment General Due to the fact that FLIR Reporter is an add in to Microsoft Word basically all existing features you usually use when creating a Microsoft Word document template can be used when creating your report templates FLIR Reporter adds a number of commands that are specific to the industry of infrared imaging and reporting and these commands can be accessed on the FLIR Reporter menu as well as on the different toolbars You use these features along with the usual Microsoft Word features when you create infrared report templates NOTE Creating a report template requires skill in creating document templates in Mi crosoft Word For more information about this please refer to your Microsoft Word documentation or the Microsoft Word online help When creating a custom report template you may it useful
60. ft amp Windows Add or Remove Programs procedure Start Settings gt Add or Remove Programs If a previous program version of FLIR Reporter is not installed on your computer go to Step 2 below Close down all running programs including Microsoft amp Outlook Insert the FLIR Reporter CD ROM into the CD ROM drive on the computer The installation should start automatically Should the installation not start automatically start Windows Explorer and double click SETUPEXE on the CD ROM In the Autoplay dialog box click Run setup exe Published by FLIR Sys tems In the User Account Control dialog box confirm that you want to install FLIR Reporter Follow the on screen instructions NOTE A Neevia docCreator will be added to your computer by this installation procedure After installation make sure the security level for macros in Microsoft amp Word is not set to Very high Tools gt Macros Security If it is set it to High When opening a report you will be asked whether to disable or enable the macros Always click Enable Macros Publ No 1558573 Rev 476 ENGLISH October 18 2010 4 Installation 4 3 Removing FLIR Reporter Procedure Follow this procedure to remove FLIR Reporter from your computer Close down all applications Insert the FLIR Reporter CD ROM into the CD ROM drive on the computer When the InstallShield Wizard dialog box is displayed
61. g Kern Evaluation of infrared emission of clouds and ground as measured by weather satellites Defence Documentation Center AD 617 417 Ohman Claes Emittansm tningar med AGEMA E Box Teknisk rapport AGEMA 1999 Emittance measurements using AGEMA E Box Technical report AGEMA 1999 Mattei S Tang Kwor E Emissivity measurements for Nextel Velvet coating 811 21 between 36 C AND 82 C Lohrengel amp Todtenhaupt 1996 ITC Technical publication 32 ITC Technical publication 29 19 2 Important note about the emissivity tables The emissivity values in the table below are recorded using a shortwave SW camera The values should be regarded as recommendations only and used with caution Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 111 19 Emissivity tables 19 3 Tables Figure 19 1 T Total spectrum SW 2 5 um LW 8 14 um LLW 6 5 20 um 1 Material 2 Specification 3 Temperature in C 4 Spectrum 5 Emissivity 6 Reference 3M type 35 Vinyl electrical lt 80 LW Ca 0 96 13 tape several col ors 3M type 88 Black vinyl electri lt 105 LW Ca 0 96 13 cal tape 3M type 88 Black vinyl electri lt 105 MW lt 0 96 13 cal tape 3M type Super Black vinyl electri lt 80 LW Ca 0 96 13 33 cal tape Aluminum anodized black 70 LW 0 95 9 dull Aluminum anodized black 70 SW 0 67 9 dull Aluminum anodized light
62. h Copyright 2010 FLIR Systems All rights reserved worldwide No parts of the software including source code may be reproduced transmitted transcribed or translated into any language or computer language in any form or by any means electronic magnetic optical manual or otherwise without the prior written permission of FLIR Systems This documentation must not in whole or part be copied photocopied reproduced translated or transmitted to any electronic medium or machine readable form without prior consent in writing from FLIR Systems Names and marks appearing on the products herein are either registered trademarks or trademarks of FLIR Systems and or its subsidiaries All other trademarks trade names or company names referenced herein are used for identification only and are the property of their respective owners Quality assurance The Quality Management System under which these products are developed and manufactured has been certified in accordance with the ISO 9001 standard FLIR Systems is committed to a policy of continuous development therefore we reserve the right to make changes and improvements on any of the products described in this manual without prior notice viii Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 Table of contents 10 Notice to User 2 teet ih e e recie Le reet endi vete RE 1 C stomer help ettet IR dt nera Pee av na 3 Documentation updates
63. he Insert menu Insert Picture From File Click to insert an Result Table object into your current document A Result Table object displays the results of the measurement tools laid out in the infrared image as well as other information that is related to the infrared image Click this toolbar button and then click an infrared object to remove the infrared object from your report Click to connect infrared objects to each other for example an IR Profile object to an IR Viewer object Click here to export the document to ThermaCAM Database 99 This program is meant for users who wish to bring systematic order to infrared inspec tion reports produced using FLIR Reporter The program can also handle old reports produced by earlier versions of FLIR Systems reporting software For more information about ThermaCAM Database 99 please download the man ual from http flir custhelp com Click to create an Adobe PDF document of the Microsoft Word document A free version of Adobe Reader is available from http adobe com products acrobat read step2 html Click to display online help Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 12 Software reference section 12 2 Shortcut menu for IR Viewer objects Note To display this menu right click the object Open To open an image in the IR Viewer or change the current image to a new image click
64. hen he found it lay well beyond the red end in what is known today as the infrared wavelengths When Herschel revealed his discovery he referred to this new portion of the electro magnetic spectrum as the thermometrical spectrum The radiation itself he sometimes referred to as dark heat or simply the invisible rays Ironically and contrary to popular opinion it wasn t Herschel who originated the term infrared The word only began to appear in print around 75 years later and it is still unclear who should receive credit as the originator Herschel s use of glass in the prism of his original experiment led to some early controversies with his contemporaries about the actual existence of the infrared wavelengths Different investigators in attempting to confirm his work used various types of glass indiscriminately having different transparencies in the infrared Through his later experiments Herschel was aware of the limited transparency of glass to the newly discovered thermal radiation and he was forced to conclude that optics for the infrared would probably be doomed to the use of reflective elements exclusively i e plane and curved mirrors Fortunately this proved to be true only until 1830 when the Italian investigator Melloni made his great discovery that naturally occurring rock salt NaCl which was available in large enough natural crystals to be made into lenses and prisms is remarkably
65. hic equipment The voltages of the formula are Figure 18 2 Voltages Calculated camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature Tj i e a voltage that can be directly converted into true requested object temperature Measured camera output voltage for the actual case Theoretical camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature according to the calibration Theoretical camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature according to the calibration The operator has to supply a number of parameter values for the calculation the object emittance the relative humidity Tatm object distance the effective temperature of the object surroundings or the reflected ambient temperature and the temperature of the atmosphere Tatm This task could sometimes be a heavy burden for the operator since there are normally no easy ways to find accurate values of emittance and atmospheric transmittance for the actual case The two temperatures are normally less of a problem provided the surroundings do not contain large and intense radiation sources A natural question in this connection is How important is it to know the right values of these parameters It could though be of interest to get a feeling for this problem already here by looking into some different measurement cases and compare the relative magnitudes of the three radiation terms This will give indications about when it is impo
66. hoto object click on the main toolbar 10738303 a1 eCeoecceocc cc Coeoncececcoce The Digital Photo object is a placeholder for photos This photo may be taken with a stand alone digital camera or with the digital visual camera featured on some FLIR Systems infrared cameras To open a new image right click the Digital Photo object and select Open a Section 10 2 2 1 Inserting IR Viewer objects and Digital Photo objects on page 41 Section 10 2 2 5 Resizing infrared objects on page 45 Section 10 2 2 11 Deleting infrared objects on page 51 Section 12 6 Shortcut menu for Digital Photo objects on page 77 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 9 Screen elements amp how to use them 9 2 4 NOTE Inserting a Result Table object Figure Explanation Common tasks New feature in version 8 5 SP1 Related topics Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 3 Result Table object You usually only insert a Result Table object when designing a custom report template You can edit the texts in the Result Table object once the report is created However these changes will be deleted when you right click the Result Table object and select Refresh To insert an Result Table object click on the main toolbar Title IR_0147 jpg Image MAX 39 2 C Image MIN 25 9 9C A Result Table object displays the results of the meas
67. iation sources etc Accepting the description above we can use the figure below to derive a formula for the calculation of the object temperature from the calibrated camera output 10400503 a1 1 Wien 1 Wien 1 1 Watm Tam Tren 1 Figure 18 1 A schematic representation of the general thermographic measurement situation 1 Surround ings 2 Object 3 Atmosphere 4 Camera Assume thatthe received radiation power W from a blackbody source of temperature Tsource short distance generates a camera output signal Uso that is proportional to the power input power linear camera We can then write Equation 1 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 105 18 The measurement formula U CW source d unti or with simplified notation U ue CW source source where C is a constant Should the source be a graybody with emittance e the received radiation would consequently be eWsource We are now ready to write the three collected radiation power terms 1 Emission from the object TWop where is the emittance of the object and T is the transmittance of the atmosphere The object temperature is 2 Reflected emission from ambient sources 1 TW ef where 1 is the re flectance of the object The ambient sources have the temperature T efl It has here been assumed that the tempera
68. ion emitted from a blackbody 17 3 1 Planck s law 10399203 1 Figure 17 3 Max Planck 1858 1947 Max Planck 1858 1947 was able to describe the spectral distribution ofthe radiation from a blackbody by means of the following formula Ihe x 10 Watt um Blackbody spectral radiant emittance at wavelength A Velocity of light 3 x 108 m s Planck s constant 6 6 x 1034 Joule sec Boltzmann s constant 1 4 x 1023 Joule K Absolute temperature K of a blackbody Wavelength um Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 97 17 Theory of thermography The factor 10 is used since spectral emittance in the curves is expressed in Watt m um Planck s formula when plotted graphically for various temperatures produces a family of curves Following any particular Planck curve the spectral emittance is zero at 0 then increases rapidly to a maximum at a wavelength max and after passing it approaches zero again at very long wavelengths The higher the temperature the shorter the wavelength at which maximum occurs 10327103 a4 Figure 17 4 Blackbody spectral radiant emittance according to Planck s law plotted for various absolute temperatures 1 Spectral radiant emittance W cm x 109 um 2 Wavelength um 17 3 2 Wien s displacement law By differentiating Planck s formula with respect to A and finding the maximum we have _ 28
69. ired for web updates Keyboard and Microsoft mouse or a compatible pointing device Microsoft Windows Vista Personal computer with a 1 GHz 32 bit x86 processor 1 GB of RAM or greater 40 GB hard disk with at least 15 GB available hard disk space DVD ROM drive Support for DirectX 9 graphics with WDDM Driver 128 MB of graphics memory minimum Pixel Shader 2 0 in hardware 32 bits per pixel Super VGA 1024 x 768 or higher resolution monitor Internet access fees may apply Audio output Keyboard and Microsoft mouse or a compatible pointing device Microsoft Office 2003 with Service Pack 3 SP3 Microsoft Office 2007 with Service Pack 1 SP1 For specific information about system requirements for the operating systems men tioned above please visit http www microsoft com windows N 4 Installation 4 2 Installation of FLIR Reporter 4 2 1 Windows XP installation NOTE a f your software license agreement depends on using a security device insert the security device in an available USB connector ofthe computer before you enter the license number The license number is printed on the back ofthe CD ROM case Procedure Follow this procedure to install FLIR Reporter on your computer Do one of the following f a previous program version of FLIR Reporter is installed on your computer remove this version by using the Microsoft Windows Add or Remove Programs pro
70. is period military secrecy regulations completely prevented disclosure of the status of infrared imaging technology This secrecy only began to be lifted in the middle of the 1950 s and from that time adequate thermal imaging devices finally began to be available to civilian science and industry 94 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 17 Theory of thermography 17 1 Introduction The subjects of infrared radiation and the related technique of thermography are still new to many who will use an infrared camera In this section the theory behind ther mography will be given 17 2 The electromagnetic spectrum The electromagnetic spectrum is divided arbitrarily into a number of wavelength re gions called bands distinguished by the methods used to produce and detect the radiation There is no fundamental difference between radiation in the different bands of the electromagnetic spectrum They are all governed by the same laws and the only differences are those due to differences in wavelength 10067803 a1 D 2 Bl 4 10m 100m 1km 10 nm A 1mm 10mm 100mm 1m 2 um 13 um Figure 17 1 The electromagnetic spectrum 1 X ray 2 UV 3 Visible 4 IR 5 Microwaves 6 Radiowaves Thermography makes use of the infrared spectral band At the short wavelength end the boundary lies at the limit of visual perception in the deep red At the long wave length end it merges with the microwave
71. isten to a voice comment Click to pause current playback Click to stop current playback 64 Click to display a dialog box where you can view a freehand sketches that is associated with an image Note Not all cameras support creating freehand sketches Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 12 Software reference section 12 2 1 4 Object Parameters tab Explanation Label Explanation Emissivity To change the emissivity enter anew value and click Apply You can also select a preset emissivity from a table by clicking For more information about object parameters see section 15 Thermographic measurement techniques on page 85 Reflected apparent tem perature Atmospheric Tempera ture To change the reflected apparent temperature enter new value and click Apply For more information about object parameters see section 15 Thermographic measurement techniques on page 85 To change the atmospheric temperature enter a new value and click Apply For more information about object parameters see section 15 Thermographic measurement techniques on page 85 Relative humidity Distance to object To change the relative humidity enter a new value and click Apply For more information about object parameters see section 15 Thermographic measurement techniques on page 85 To change the distance enter a new value and click Apply F
72. ive the desired reduction in brightness as well as the maximum reduction in heat He began the experiment by actually repeating Newton s prism experiment but looking for the heating effect rather than the visual distribution of intensity in the spectrum He first blackened the bulb of a sensitive mercury in glass thermometer with ink and with this as his radiation de tector he proceeded to test the heating effect of the various colors of the spectrum formed on the top of a table by passing sunlight through a glass prism Other ther mometers placed outside the sun s rays served as controls As the blackened thermometer was moved slowly along the colors of the spectrum the temperature readings showed a steady increase from the violet end to the red end This was not entirely unexpected since the Italian researcher Landriani in a similar experiment in 1777 had observed much the same effect It was Herschel Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 91 16 History of infrared technology however who was the first to recognize that there must be a point where the heating effect reaches a maximum and that measurements confined to the visible portion of the spectrum failed to locate this point 10398903 a1 Figure 16 2 Marsilio Landriani 1746 1815 Moving the thermometer into the dark region beyond the red end of the spectrum Herschel confirmed that the heating continued to increase The maximum point w
73. ivity The most important object parameter to set correctly is the emissivity which in short is a measure of how much radiation is emitted from the object compared to that from a perfect blackbody of the same temperature Normally object materials and surface treatments exhibit emissivity ranging from approximately 0 1 to 0 95 A highly polished mirror surface falls below 0 1 while an oxidized or painted surface has a higher emissivity Oil based paint regardless of color in the visible spectrum has an emissivity over 0 9 in the infrared Human skin exhibits an emissivity 0 97 to 0 98 Non oxidized metals represent an extreme case of perfect opacity and high reflexivity which does not vary greatly with wavelength Consequently the emissivity of metals is low only increasing with temperature For non metals emissivity tends to be high and decreases with temperature Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 85 15 Thermographic measurement techniques 15 2 1 Finding the emissivity of a sample 15 2 1 1 Step 1 Determining reflected apparent temperature Use one of the following two methods to determine reflected apparent temperature 15 2 1 1 1 Method 1 Direct method 1 Look for possible reflection sources considering that the incident angle reflection angle a b 10588903 a1 Figure 15 1 1 Reflection source 2 If the reflection source is a spot source modify the sou
74. j6Ct mP ete eem eere ete 34 9 2 4 Result Table object eene unie ecd 35 Creating a custom report template s sss 37 10 1 note about working in the Microsoft Word 37 10 2 Creating a custom infrared report template nunssesnsenennennnnennnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn 38 10 2 1 About the front amp back covers sss 39 10 2 2 Creating the infrared report template pages 40 10 2 2 1 Inserting IR Viewer objects and Digital Photo objects 41 10 2 2 2 Inserting IR Profile objects we 42 10 2 2 3 Inserting Result Table objects 43 10 2 2 4 Connecting objects un dede edet rode 44 10 2 2 5 Resizing infrared objects unesensnsunnnnnnnunnenunnnasnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnannn 45 10 2 2 6 Moving measurement tools ssssssse eene 46 10 2 2 7 Selecting measurement tools 47 10 2 2 8 Moving between measurement tools 48 10 2 2 9 Cloning measurement tools sss 49 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 ix 11 12 13 14 15 16 10 2 2 10 Deleting measurement tools sssss e 50 10 2 2 11 Deleting infrared objects 5 051 10 2 2 12 Deleting Result Table objects
75. le a desktop and a laptop computer T638254 a1 Transfer License Nn Follow this procedure to transfer a license Start FLIR Report Center Start gt FLIR Systems gt FLIR Report Center On the Help tab select Show license information This will display the li cense viewer shown above In the license viewer click Transfer license This will display a deactivation dialog box In the a deactivation dialog box click Deactivate On the computer to which you want to transfer the license start FLIR Re porter As soon as the computer gets Internet access the license will be automat ically adopted The adoption of licenses is based on a first come first serve concept This means that the first computer that gets Internet access automatically adopts the transferred license Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 5 Managing licenses 5 4 Updating your product General We regularly issue software updates and you can update the program using this update service Procedure Follow this procedure to check for updates On the Start menu select Programs gt FLIR Systems gt FLIR Reporter gt Check for updates Follow the on screen instructions NOTE Some programs from FLIR Systems also support updating from within the application Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 15 5 Managing lice
76. lick to insert an IR Profile object An IR Profile object contains a graph showing pixel values along a line in an infrared image Click to insert a Digital Photo object This photo may be taken with a stand alone digital camera or with the digital visual camera featured on some FLIR Systems infrared cameras Only use this method to insert a photo when you design a report template In all other situations insert photos by clicking Picture on the Insert menu Insert gt Picture gt From File Click to insert an Result Table object into your current document A Result Table object displays the results of the measurement tools laid out in the infrared image as well as other information that is related to the infrared image Click this toolbar button and then click an infrared object to remove the infrared object from your report Click to connect infrared objects to each other for example an IR Profile object to an IR Viewer object gx Click to enter the design mode of Microsoft Word Use this mode when creating report templates and when you want to select and move objects Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 9 Screen elements amp how to use them Click to create an Adobe PDF document of the Microsoft Word docu ment A free version of Adobe Reader is available from http adobe com products acrobat readstep2 html Click to display the task pane Click to
77. ls click the appropriate toolbar button To save under a different file name right click the image and select Save As To zoom in on an image right click the image and select Zoom To change settings related to colors isotherms text comments object parameters and preferences right click the image and select Settings To rotate the image left or right right click the image and select Rotate Left or Rotate Right To insert measurement tools using a menu instead of the toolbar buttons right click the image and select a measurement tool on the Measurement submenu Section 9 1 2 IR Viewer object toolbar on page 26 Section 10 2 2 1 Inserting IR Viewer objects and Digital Photo objects on page 41 Section 10 2 2 5 Resizing infrared objects on page 45 Section 10 2 2 11 Deleting infrared objects on page 51 Section 12 2 Shortcut menu for IR Viewer objects on page 59 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 9 Screen elements amp how to use them 9 2 2 IR Profile object NOTE You usually only insert an IR Profile object when designing a custom report template Inserting an IR To insert an IR Profile object click 1 3 on the main toolbar Profile object Displaying the To display the toolbar for this object select the object with the cursor toolbar Figure 10738103 a1 Explanation An IR Profile object contains a graph showing pixel values along a
78. me Ifthey are not your emissivity measurement will be wrong 15 3 Reflected apparent temperature This parameter is used to compensate for the radiation reflected in the object Ifthe emissivity is low and the object temperature relatively far from that of the reflected it will be important to set and compensate for the reflected apparent temperature cor rectly 15 4 Distance The distance is the distance between the object and the front lens of the camera This parameter is used to compensate for the following two facts That radiation from the target is absorbed by the athmosphere between the object and the camera That radiation from the atmosphere itself is detected by the camera 15 5 Relative humidity The camera can also compensate for the fact that the transmittance is also dependent on the relative humidity of the atmosphere To do this set the relative humidity to the correct value For short distances and normal humidity the relative humidity can nor mally be left at a default value of 50 15 6 Other parameters In addition some cameras and analysis programs from FLIR Systems allow you to compensate for the following parameters Atmospheric temperature i e the temperature of the atmosphere between the camera and the target External optics temperature i e the temperature of any external lenses or windows used in front of the camera External optics transmittance i e the transmission of any external le
79. mplate 10 2 2 6 Moving measurement tools Procedure Follow this procedure to move a measurement tool Select one or several measurement tools according to section 10 2 2 7 Selecting measurement tools on page 47 Do one of the following To move the measurement tool press the arrow keys To move the measurement tool use the mouse Related topics Section 9 1 2 IR Viewer object toolbar on page 26 Section 9 2 1 IR Viewer object on page 30 46 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 10 Creating a custom report template 10 2 2 7 Selecting measurement tools Procedure Do one of the following To select one tool click the tool To select several tools SHIFT click the tools To select all tools select the IR Viewer object and press A k To select one or several tools click you want to select and draw a rectangle around the tools Related topics a Section 9 1 2 IR Viewer object toolbar on page 26 Section 9 2 1 IR Viewer object on page 30 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 47 10 Creating a custom report template 10 2 2 8 Procedure Related topics 48 Moving between measurement tools Do one of the following To select one tool after another in one direction press TAB To select one tool after another in the other direction press and hold SHIFT and then press TAB
80. n Related topics 28 IR Profile object toolbar This toolbar is only displayed when an IR Profile object is selected 10734003 a1 Click to create a three dimensional rendering of the graph of the IR Profile object Click to turn on turn off the grid lines in the graph of the IR Profile object a Section 10 2 2 2 Inserting IR Profile objects on page 42 Section 10 2 2 5 Resizing infrared objects on page 45 Section 10 2 2 11 Deleting infrared objects on page 51 Section 12 5 Shortcut menu for IR Profile objects on page 73 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 9 Screen elements amp how to use them INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 29 9 Screen elements amp how to use them 9 2 9 2 1 Inserting an IR Viewer object Displaying the toolbar An IR Viewer object with an infrared image Callouts 30 Infrared objects IR Viewer object You usually only insert an IR Viewer object when designing a custom report template To insert an IR Viewer object click a on the main toolbar To display the toolbar for this object select the object with the cursor 10758303 a2 This table gives information to the figure above Infrared image Sliders to adjust level and span Temperature scale Indicator that the image file has embedded GPS data
81. n IR Profile object Click to create bent line on infrared images The measurement result can then be displayed in an IR Profile object A Click to calculate the difference between two temperatures for example two spotmeters or a spotmeter and the maximum temperature in the image The result from the calculation will be displayed both as a ToolTip and as a result in the result table Using this toolbar button requires that you have laid out at least one measurement function on your image Click to create a marker that move anywhere an image and point to an area of interest 26 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 9 Screen elements amp how to use them Click to display a menu where you can do one of the following Insert an isotherm between two temperature levels This assigns a color to all temperatures between two temperature levels in an image with one preset color Insert an isotherm above a temperature level This assigns a color to all temperatures above a certain temperature level in an image with one preset color Insert an isotherm below a temperature level This assigns a color to all temperatures below a certain temperature level in an image with one preset color Set an isotherm color that is displayed when the camera detects an area where there may be a risk of humidity in the building structure a humidity alarm Setan isotherm color tha
82. nses INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 16 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 6 General Where do find FLIR Report Center How to use FLIR Report Center About FLIR Report Center When you install FLIR Reporter FLIR Report Center will also be installed FLIR Report Center is a good starting point to begin working with infrared reports You find FLIR Report Center under Programs on the Start menu Start gt Programs FLIR Systems FLIR Report Center In FLIR Report Center you can do one or more of the following a Automatically download program updates and news Get access to the online help files for FLIR Reporter Find tutorials on how to create reports report templates more Find system information about your computer Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 17 6 About FLIR Report Center INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 18 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 7 General About search parameters About boolean operators Procedure NOTE Searching for files After you have installed FLIR Reporter a task pane will be displayed to the right in Microsoft Word At the top of the task pane you can search for infrared images and digital photos on your hard disk drive You can then move these files to your report or report template by using a drag and drop operation The search engine is an exact m
83. nses or win dows used in front of the camera Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 89 15 Thermographic measurement techniques INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 90 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 16 History of infrared technology ES Before the year 1800 the existence of the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum wasn t even suspected The original significance of the infrared spectrum or simply the infrared as it is often called as a form of heat radiation is perhaps less obvious today than it was at the time of its discovery by Herschel in 1800 10398703 a1 Figure 16 1 Sir William Herschel 1738 1822 The discovery was made accidentally during the search for a new optical material Sir William Herschel Royal Astronomer to King George Ill of England and already famous for his discovery of the planet Uranus was searching for an optical filter material to reduce the brightness of the sun s image in telescopes during solar obser vations While testing different samples of colored glass which gave similar reductions in brightness he was intrigued to find that some of the samples passed very little of the sun s heat while others passed so much heat that he risked eye damage after only a few seconds observation Herschel was soon convinced of the necessity of setting up a systematic experiment with the objective of finding a single material that would g
84. o control image fusion To goto fully infrared image or fully digital photo click the corresponding icon at the left or right end of the gauge To center the slider on the gauge right click the gauge To move the slider to a specific position on the gauge double click the gauge at that position Tomovethe slider in small increments to the left or to the right click the gauge to the left or to the right of the slider For more information about image fusion see section 12 2 Shortcut menu for IR Viewer objects on page 59 To auto adjust an image for best image brightness and contrast right click one of the sliders To move both sliders together press and hold SHIFT and move one of the sliders To open a new infrared image or view the first frame of a sequence file double click the IR Viewer object You can also right click the IR Viewer object and select Open Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 31 9 Screen elements amp how to use them Related topics 32 To play back a voice comment click the voice comment symbol The voice comment symbol is only visible when the image has a voice comment To see a text comment click the text comment symbol The text comment symbol is only visible when the image has a text comment To display the position where the image was taken on a map click the globe symbol This requires that the image contains GPS data To insert measurement too
85. ompared with The amount of radiation reflected by an object relative to the received radiation A number between 0 and 1 Relative humidity represents the ratio between the current water vapour mass in the air and the maximum it may contain in satu ration conditions saturation color span spectral radiant emittance temperature difference or difference of temperature temperature range The areas that contain temperatures outside the present lev el span settings are colored with the saturation colors The sat uration colors contain an overflow color and an underflow color There is also a third red saturation color that marks every thing saturated by the detector indicating that the range should probably be changed The interval of the temperature scale usually expressed as a signal value Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time area and wavelength W m 2 um A value which is the result of a subtraction between two temper ature values The current overall temperature measurement limitation of an IR camera Cameras can have several ranges Expressed as two blackbody temperatures that limit the current calibration temperature scale thermogram The way in which an IR image currently is displayed Expressed as two temperature values limiting the colors infrared image Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 129 20 Glossary Term or e
86. opj by means of Equation 4 then results in 4 5 0 75 0 92 0 5 6 0 This is a rather extreme extrapolation particularly when considering that the video amplifier might limit the output to 5 volts Note though that the application of the calibration curve is a theoretical procedure where no elec tronic or other limitations exist We trust that if there had been no signal limitations in the camera and if it had been calibrated far beyond 5 volts the resulting curve would have been very much the same as our real curve extrapolated beyond 4 1 volts pro vided the calibration algorithm is based on radiation physics like the FLIR Systems algorithm Of course there must be a limit to such extrapolations 108 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 18 The measurement formula 10400603 a2 20 C 68 F 0 C 32 F 50 C 122 F At Refl 0 6 Atm Refl 0 8 Figure 18 3 Relative magnitudes of radiation sources under varying measurement conditions SW camera 1 Object temperature 2 Emittance Obj Object radiation Refl Reflected radiation Atm atmosphere radiation Fixed parameters 0 88 Tyer 20 C 68 F 20 C 68 F Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 109 18 The measurement formula 10400703 a2 0 C 32 F 20 C 68 F 50 C 122 F 0 6 0 8 Figure 18 4 Relative magnitude
87. or more information about object parameters see section 15 Thermographic measurement techniques on page 85 Temperature To specify the temperature of e g an external lens or heat shield enter a new value and click OK and Apply For more information about object parameters see section 15 Thermographic measurement techniques on page 85 Transmission To specify the transmission of e g an external lens or heat shield enter a new value and click OK and Apply For more information about object parameters see section 15 Thermographic measurement techniques on page 85 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 65 12 Software reference section Explanation Computed transmission FLIR Reporter can compute the transmission based on atmospheric temperature and relative humidity Clear the user defined option button to use the com puted transmission For more information about object parameters see section 15 Thermographic measurement techniques on page 85 Fixed transmission 66 Select this option button enter a value and click OK and Apply if you want to use a specific transmission For more information about object parameters see section 15 Thermographic measurement techniques on page 85 To specify the reference temperature enter a value and click OK and Apply For more information about object parameters see section 15 Thermogr
88. perimental systems for enemy intrusion detection remote temperature sensing secure commu nications and flying torpedo guidance An infrared search system tested during this period was able to detect an approaching airplane at a distance of 1 5 km 0 94 miles or a person more than 300 meters 984 ft away The most sensitive systems up to this time were all based upon variations of the bolometer idea but the period between the two wars saw the development of two revolutionary new infrared detectors the image converter and the photon detector At first the image converter received the greatest attention by the military because it enabled an observer for the first time in history to literally see in the dark However the sensitivity of the image converter was limited to the near infrared wavelengths and the most interesting military targets i e enemy soldiers had to be illuminated by infrared search beams Since this involved the risk of giving away the observer s position to a similarly equipped enemy observer it is understandable that military interest in the image converter eventually faded The tactical military disadvantages of so called active i e search beam equipped thermal imaging systems provided impetus following the 1939 45 war for extensive secret military infrared research programs into the possibilities of developing passive no search beam systems around the extremely sensitive photon detector During th
89. r Users of Microsoft XP operat ing systems can find the templates by typing the following path C Documents and Settings Your user name M pplication Data Mi crosoft Templates IR 2 Click Properties on the File menu This will display the Summary tab ofthe Properties dialog box 3 Type your information in the appropriate text boxes 4 Click the Custom tab 5 To add a custom property type a name in the Name box To make your custom properties easy to find you can type an underscore asthe first character in the name of the property 6 Tospecify the type of property select Text Date Number or Yes or No in the Type box 7 To specify the value of the property type a text in the Value box 8 Click Add to add the custom property to the list of properties and then click OK Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 11 Creating Microsoft Word document properties 9 Save the infrared report template using a different file name but with the same file name extension dot You have now added summary and cus tom properties to your renamed infrared report template NOTE lf you want to change the name of a custom document property due to how the Custom tab of the Properties dialog box works in Microsoft Word works there is no other way than deleting it and then recreating it If you want to move a doc ument property up or down the whole list has to be re c
90. r bronze 70 SW 0 08 Bronze polished 50 T 0 1 Bronze porous rough 50 150 0 55 Bronze powder XE 0 76 0 80 Carbon candle soot 20 T 0 95 Carbon charcoal powder T 0 96 Carbon graphite filed sur 20 T 0 98 face Carbon graphite powder T 0 97 Carbon lampblack 20 400 T 0 95 0 97 Chipboard untreated 20 SW 0 90 Chromium polished 50 T 0 10 Chromium polished 500 1000 T 0 28 0 38 Clay fired 70 T 0 91 Cloth black 20 T 0 98 Concrete 20 T 0 92 Concrete dry 36 SW 0 95 Concrete rough 17 SW 0 97 Concrete walkway 5 LLW 0 974 Copper commercial bur 20 T 0 07 nished Copper electrolytic careful 80 T 0 018 ly polished Copper electrolytic pol 34 T 0 006 ished Copper molten 1100 1300 T 0 13 0 15 Copper oxidized 50 T 0 6 0 7 Copper oxidized black 27 0 78 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 115 19 Emissivity tables Copper oxidized heavily 20 T 0 78 Copper oxidized to black T 0 88 ness Copper polished 50 100 T 0 02 Copper polished 100 T 0 03 Copper polished commer 27 T 0 03 cial Copper polished mechan 22 0 015 ical Copper pure carefully 22 T 0 008 prepared surface Copper scraped 27 T 0 07 Copper dioxide powder T 0 84 Copper oxide red powder T 0 70 Ebonite T 0 89 Emery coarse 80 0 85 Enamel 20 T 0 9 Enamel lacquer 20 T 0 85 0 95 Fiber board hard untreated 20 SW 0 85 Fiber board masonite 70 LW 0 88
91. radio wavelengths in the millimeter range The infrared band is often further subdivided into four smaller bands the boundaries of which are also arbitrarily chosen They include the near infrared 0 75 3 um the middle infrared 3 6 um the far infrared 6 15 and the extreme infrared 15 100 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 95 17 Theory of thermography um Although the wavelengths are given in um micrometers other units are often still used to measure wavelength in this spectral region e g nanometer nm and ngstr m The relationships between the different wavelength measurements is 10 000 1 000 nm 1 u 1 pm 17 3 Blackbody radiation A blackbody is defined as an object which absorbs all radiation that impinges on it at any wavelength The apparent misnomer black relating to an object emitting radia tion is explained by Kirchhoff s Law after Gustav Robert Kirchhoff 1824 1887 which states that a body capable of absorbing all radiation at any wavelength is equally capable in the emission of radiation 10398803 a1 Figure 17 2 Gustav Robert Kirchhoff 1824 1887 The construction of a blackbody source is in principle very simple The radiation characteristics of an aperture in an isotherm cavity made of an opaque absorbing material represents almost exactly the properties of a blackbody A practical application of the principle to the construction of a perfec
92. rated portable camera for industrial inspec tions and the first uncooled infrared camera to mention just two innovations 10722703 a2 752 SZ ZZ 25 Les ume R X ZS Zs x awe IX 2 A Figure 14 2 LEFT Thermovision amp Model 661 from 1969 The camera weighed approximately 25 kg 55 Ib the oscilloscope 20 kg 44 Ib and the tripod 15 kg 33 Ib The operator also needed a 220 VAC generator set and a 10 L 2 6 US gallon jar with liquid nitrogen To the left of the oscilloscope the Polaroid attachment 6 kg 13 Ib can be seen RIGHT FLIR i7 from 2009 Weight 0 34 kg 0 75 Ib including the battery FLIR Systems manufactures all vital mechanical and electronic components of the camera systems itself From detector design and manufacturing to lenses and system electronics to final testing and calibration all production steps are carried out and supervised by our own engineers The in depth expertise of these infrared specialists ensures the accuracy and reliability of all vital components that are assembled into your infrared camera 14 1 More than just an infrared camera At FLIR Systems we recognize that our job is to go beyond just producing the best infrared camera systems We are committed to enabling all users of our infrared camera systems to work more productively by providing them with the most powerful 82 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2
93. rce by obstructing it using a piece if cardboard 10589103 a2 Figure 15 2 1 Reflection source 86 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 15 Thermographic measurement techniques 3 Measure the radiation intensity apparent temperature from the reflecting source using the following settings Emissivity 1 0 O You can measure the radiation intensity using one of the following two methods 10589003 a2 Figure 15 3 1 Reflection source Note Using athermocouple to measure reflected apparent temperature is not recom mended for two important reasons A thermocouple does not measure radiation intensity A thermocouple requires a very good thermal contact to the surface usually by gluing and covering the sensor by a thermal isolator 15 2 1 1 2 Method 2 Reflector method 1 Crumble up a large piece of aluminum foil 2 Uncrumble the aluminum foil and attach it to a piece of cardboard of the same size 3 Put the piece of cardboard in front of the object you want to measure Make sure that the side with aluminum foil points to the camera 4 Set the emissivity to 1 0 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 87 15 Thermographic measurement techniques 5 Measure the apparent temperature of the aluminum foil and write it down 10727003 2 N S 1177 Figure 15 4 Measuring the app
94. reated You may find that a FLIR Systems property automatically has been added to your document Do not remove this property FLIR Reporter uses it to distinguish be tween infrared documents and other documents Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 55 11 Creating Microsoft Word document properties 11 2 11 2 1 NOTE Procedure 56 Creating a Microsoft Word field and linking the field to a document property In Microsoft Word XP This description assumes that you have created summary and custom properties according to section 11 1 Creating amp editing Microsoft Word document properties on page 54 Follow this procedure to create a Microsoft Word field and link the field to a docu ment property In your infrared inspection report or report template put the cursor where you want to insert the field and then click Field on the Insert menu Select DocProperty in the Field name box Select a property in the Property box Click OK to confirm your selection and leave the dialog box Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 12 Software reference section General Since FLIR Reporter seamlessly integrates with the Microsoft Word environment it will be displayed as a menu and additional toolbars as well as a number of shortcut menus In this section all menus submenus and dialog boxes will be described in detail Relat
95. rtant to use correct values of which parameters The figures below illustrates the relative magnitudes of the three radiation contributions for three different object temperatures two emittances and two spectral ranges SW and LW Remaining parameters have the following fixed values 0 88 Tre 20 C 68 F Tatm 20 C 68 F Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 107 18 The measurement formula It is obvious that measurement of low object temperatures are more critical than measuring high temperatures since the disturbing radiation sources are relatively much stronger in the first case Should also the object emittance be low the situation would be still more difficult We have finally to answer a question about the importance of being allowed to use the calibration curve above the highest calibration point what we call extrapolation Imagine that we in a certain case measure 4 5 volts The highest calibration point for the camera was in the order of 4 1 volts a value unknown to the operator Thus even if the object happened to be a blackbody i e Uso we are actually performing extrapolation of the calibration curve when converting 4 5 volts into tem perature Let us now assume that the object is not black it has an emittance of 0 75 and the transmittance is 0 92 We also assume that the two second terms of Equation 4 amount to 0 5 volts together Computation of U
96. s license permits the user to install and use the software on any compatible computer provided the software is used on only one computer atatime One 1 back up copy ofthe software may also be made for archive purposes Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 1 1 Notice to user INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 2 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 2 General Submitting a question Downloads Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 Customer help For customer help visit http support fli com To submit a question to the customer help team you must be a registered user It only takes a few minutes to register online If you only want to search the knowledge base for existing questions and answers you do not need to be a registered user When you want to submit a question make sure that you have the following informa tion to hand The camera model The camera serial number The communication protocol or method between the camera and your PC for example HDMI Ethernet USB or FireWire Operating system on your PC Microsoft Office version Full name publication number and revision number of the manual On the customer help site you can also download the following Firmware updates for your infrared camera Program updates for your PC software User documentation Application stories Technical publications
97. s of radiation sources under varying measurement conditions LW camera 1 Object temperature 2 Emittance Obj Object radiation Refl Reflected radiation Atm atmosphere radiation Fixed parameters 0 88 Tyer 20 C 68 F 20 C 68 F 110 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 19 Emissivity tables This section presents a compilation of emissivity data from the infrared literature and measurements made by FLIR Systems 19 1 References Mika l A Bramson Infrared Radiation A Handbook for Applications Plenum press N Y William L Wolfe George J Zissis The Infrared Handbook Office of Naval Research Department of Navy Washington D C Madding R P Thermographic Instruments and systems Madison Wisconsin Univer sity of Wisconsin Extension Department of Engineering and Applied Science William L Wolfe Handbook of Military Infrared Technology Office of Naval Research Department of Navy Washington D C Jones Smith Probert External thermography of buildings Proc of the Society of Photo Optical Instrumentation Engineers vol 110 Industrial and Civil Applications of Infrared Technology June 1977 London Paljak Pettersson Thermography of Buildings Swedish Building Research Institute Stockholm 1972 Vicek J Determination of emissivity with imaging radiometers and some emissivities at A 5 um Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensin
98. settings as default settings for all mea surement tools click Set as default and click Apply 70 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 12 Software reference section 12 4 1 2 Object Parameters tab Explanation Explanation Custom Emissivity Distance to object To specify custom parameters select Custom enter new values in the three text boxes and click Apply To change the emissivity enter a new value and click Apply You can also select a preset emissivity from a table by clicking J For more information about object parameters see section 15 Thermographic measurement techniques on page 85 To change the distance enter a new value and click Apply For more information about object parameters see section 15 Thermographic measurement techniques on page 85 Reflected apparent tem perature Set as default Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 To change the reflected apparent temperature enter a new value and click Apply For more information about object parameters see section 15 Thermographic measurement techniques on page 85 To use these object parameters settings as default settings for all measurement tools select Set as de fault and click Apply 71 12 Software reference section 12 4 1 3 Size Position tab Explanation Label Explanation To change the X position for a measurement tool enter a nega
99. sferable It is not applicable to any product which has been subjected to misuse neglect accident or abnormal conditions of operation Expendable parts are excluded from the warranty In the case of a defect in a product covered by this warranty the product must not be further used in order to prevent additional damage The purchaser shall promptly report any defect to FLIR Systems or this warranty will not apply FLIR Systems will at its option repair or replace any such defective product free of charge if upon inspection it proves to be defective in material or workmanship and provided that it is returned to FLIR Systems within the said one year period FLIR Systems has no other obligation or liability for defects than those set forth above No other warranty is expressed or implied FLIR Systems specifically disclaims the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose FLIR Systems shall not be liable for any direct indirect special incidental or consequential loss or damage whether based on contract tort or any other legal theory This warranty shall be governed by Swedish law Any dispute controversy or claim arising out of or in connection with this warranty shall be finally settled by arbitration in accordance with the Rules of the Arbitration Institute of the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce The place of arbitration shall be Stockholm The language to be used in the arbitral proceedings shall be Englis
100. steel ground sheet 950 1100 Ji 0 55 0 61 Iron and steel heavily rusted 20 T 0 69 sheet Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 117 19 Emissivity tables Iron and steel hot rolled 20 T 0 77 1 Iron and steel hot rolled 130 T 0 60 1 Iron and steel oxidized 100 T 0 74 1 Iron and steel oxidized 100 T 0 74 4 Iron and steel oxidized 125 525 T 0 78 0 82 1 Iron and steel oxidized 200 RD 0 79 2 Iron and steel oxidized 1227 T 0 89 4 Iron and steel oxidized 200 600 RD 0 80 1 Iron and steel oxidized strongly 50 T 0 88 1 Iron and steel oxidized strongly 500 P 0 98 1 Iron and steel polished 100 T 0 07 2 Iron and steel polished 400 1000 T 0 14 0 38 1 Iron and steel polished sheet 750 1050 JT 0 52 0 56 1 Iron and steel rolled freshly 20 T 0 24 1 Iron and steel rolled sheet 50 T 0 56 1 Iron and steel rough plane sur 50 T 0 95 0 98 1 face Iron and steel rusted heavily 17 SW 0 96 5 Iron and steel rusted red sheet 22 T 0 69 4 Iron and steel rusty red 20 T 0 69 1 Iron and steel shiny etched 150 T 0 16 1 Iron and steel shiny oxide layer 20 T 0 82 1 sheet Iron and steel wrought carefully 40 250 T 0 28 1 polished Iron galvanized heavily oxidized 70 LW 0 85 9 Iron galvanized heavily oxidized 70 SW 0 64 9 Iron galvanized sheet 92 T 0 07 4 Iron galvanized sheet burnished 30 T 0 23 1 Iron galvanized sheet oxidized 20 T 0 28 1
101. t absorber of radiation consists of a box that is light tight except for an aperture in one of the sides Any radiation which then enters the hole is scattered and absorbed by repeated reflections so only an infinites imal fraction can possibly escape The blackness which is obtained at the aperture is nearly equal to a blackbody and almost perfect for all wavelengths By providing such an isothermal cavity with a suitable heater it becomes what is termed a cavity radiator An isothermal cavity heated to a uniform temperature gener ates blackbody radiation the characteristics of which are determined solely by the temperature of the cavity Such cavity radiators are commonly used as sources of radiation in temperature reference standards in the laboratory for calibrating thermo graphic instruments such as a FLIR Systems camera for example 96 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 17 Theory of thermography If the temperature of blackbody radiation increases to more than 525 C 977 F the source begins to be visible so that it appears to the eye no longer black This is the incipient red heat temperature of the radiator which then becomes orange or yellow as the temperature increases further In fact the definition of the so called color temperature of an object is the temperature to which a blackbody would have to be heated to have the same appearance Now consider three expressions that describe the radiat
102. t is displayed when the camera detects what may be an insulation deficiency in a wall an insulation alarm For more information about alarms see section 12 2 1 2 Isotherms tab on page 62 Click to draw a rectangle around the area you want to zoom in on When you are in zoom mode a thumbnail image will appear in the top right corner indicating the location of the area you have zoomed in to You can move the area by clicking and holding down the left mouse button then moving the mouse in any direction To leave the zoom mode either select 1x on the Zoom menu or press the space bar on the keyboard Click to fuse an infrared image with a digital photo Fusing images can make it easier to identify the exact position of temperature anomalies Related topics Section 10 2 2 1 Inserting IR Viewer objects and Digital Photo objects on page 41 Section 10 2 2 6 Moving measurement tools on page 46 Section 10 2 2 7 Selecting measurement tools on page 47 Section 10 2 2 8 Moving between measurement tools on page 48 Section 10 2 2 9 Cloning measurement tools on page 49 Section 10 2 2 10 Deleting measurement tools on page 50 Section 10 2 2 11 Deleting infrared objects on page 51 Section 12 2 Shortcut menu for IR Viewer objects on page 59 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 27 9 Screen elements amp how to use them 9 1 3 General Figure Explanatio
103. tive or positive value and press Apply to move the measurement tool the same number of pix els relative to its original position To change the Y position for a measurement tool enter a negative or positive value and press Apply to move the measurement tool the same number of pix els relative to its original position Height To change the height of a measurement tool enter a value and press Apply to specify a new height of the measurement tool To change the width of a measurement tool enter a value and press Apply to specify a new width of the measurement tool Rotate To rotate a measurement tool enter a negative or positive value and press Apply to specify a new angle of rotation for the measurement tool 72 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 12 Software reference section 12 5 Shortcut menu for IR Profile objects Note To display this menu right click the object Grid Lines To display a grid of horizontal lines in the IR Profile object click Grid Lines Legend To display a legend below the IR Profile object click Legend Show Only Visible If two or more lines are laid out in the infrared image clicking Show Only Visible Profile Lines in Profile Lines in Legend will remove any cleared line results from the legend below Legend the IR Profile object 3D View To create a three dimensional rendering of the graph of the IR Profile object click 3D View Sw
104. transparent to the infrared The result was that rock salt became the principal infrared optical material and remained so for the next hundred years until the art of synthetic crystal growing was mastered in the 1930 s 92 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 16 History of infrared technology 10399103 a1 Figure 16 3 Macedonio Melloni 1798 1854 Thermometers as radiation detectors remained unchallenged until 1829 the year Nobili invented the thermocouple Herschel s own thermometer could be read to 0 2 C 0 036 F and later models were able to be read to 0 05 C 0 09 F Then a breakthrough occurred Melloni connected a number of thermocouples in series to form the first thermopile The new device was at least 40 times as sensitive as the best thermometer of the day for detecting heat radiation capable of detecting the heat from a person standing three meters away The first so called heat picture became possible in 1840 the result of work by Sir John Herschel son of the discoverer of the infrared and a famous astronomer in his own right Based upon the differential evaporation of a thin film of oil when exposed to a heat pattern focused upon it the thermal image could be seen by reflected light where the interference effects of the oil film made the image visible to the eye Sir John also managed to obtain a primitive record of the thermal image on paper which he called a thermogr
105. ture is the same for all emitting surfaces within the halfsphere seen from a point on the object surface This is of course sometimes a simplification of the true situation It is however a necessary simplification in order to derive a workable formula and can at least theoretically be given a value that represents an efficient temperature of a complex surrounding Note also that we have assumed that the emittance for the surroundings 1 This is correct in accordance with Kirchhoff s law All radiation impinging on the surrounding surfaces will eventually be absorbed by the same surfaces Thus the emittance 1 Note though that the latest discussion requires the complete sphere around the object to be considered 3 Emission from the atmosphere 1 T TW atm where 1 T is the emittance of the atmosphere The temperature of the atmosphere is Tq The total received radiation power can now be written Equation 2 Wa ETW E TWen atm We multiply each term by the constant C of Equation 1 and replace the CW products by the corresponding U according to the same equation and get Equation 3 ETU sob E TU na 1 atm Solve Equation 3 for Uopj Equation 4 106 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 18 The measurement formula 1 1 1 Us 0 Ug 0 atm T ET This is the general measurement formula used in all the FLIR Systems thermograp
106. umidity Alarm Level Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 This text box is only displayed when a humidity alarm is active The humidity alarm level is the critical limit of relative humidity that you want to detect in e g a building structure For example mold will grow on areas where the relative humidity is less than 100 and you may want to find such areas of interest Note Refer to your national building code for recom mendations 63 12 Software reference section 12 2 1 3 Annotations tab Explanation Label Explanation The label of a text comment Example Label Value Company FLIR Systems Add The value of a text comment Example Label Value Company FLIR Systems To display a dialog box where you can add a new text comment click Add Edit To display a dialog box where you can change the label and value click Edit Delete To delete the text comment select the text comment and then click Delete Image Description An image description is a brief textual description that is stored inside an image file It can be created using a Pocket PC and then beamed to the camera using the IrDA communication link If the image has an image description the text will be displayed in this edit box If not you can add an image description for the image by entering text The maximum number of characters in an image de scription is 512 Click to l
107. urement tools laid out in the infrared image as well as other information that is related to the infrared image Common tasks related to the Result table object include the following To change borders and shading of the Result Table object right click the Result Table object and select Borders and Shading This is a standard Microsoft amp Word feature To spell check the texts in the Result Table object right click the Result Table object and select Spelling This is a standard Microsoft Word feature To specify what information should be displayed in the Result Table object right click the Result Table object and select Contents To refresh the Result Table object contents right click the Result Table object and select Refresh You usually only have to do this if you have changed the contents manually A major new feature in version 8 5 SP1 is the ability to retrieve any existing MeterLink data from an infrared image and display this data in the result table MeterLink data can be stored in the infrared image by using an external Extech sensor such as a clamp meter or a moisture meter together with the infrared camera In FLIR Reporter you can retrieve the MeterLink data from the infrared image by se lecting an Extech sensor in the left pane e g EX845 and then selecting a value in the right pane e g capacitance For information on how to include MeterLink data in an infrared image when using the camera re
108. xidized 70 LW 0 03 0 07 Brass oxidized 100 T 0 61 Brass oxidized at 600 C 200 600 T 0 59 0 61 Brass polished 200 T 0 03 Brass polished highly 100 T 0 03 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 113 19 Emissivity tables Brass rubbed with 80 20 T 0 20 2 grit emery Brass sheet rolled 20 1 0 06 1 Brass sheet worked with 20 T 0 2 1 emery Brick alumina 17 Sw 0 68 5 Brick common 17 Sw 0 86 0 81 5 Brick Dinas silica 1100 T 0 85 1 glazed rough Brick Dinas silica refrac 1000 T 0 66 1 tory Brick Dinas silica 1000 T 0 80 1 unglazed rough Brick firebrick 17 SW 0 68 5 Brick fireclay 20 T 0 85 1 Brick fireclay 1000 iT 0 75 1 Brick fireclay 1200 i 0 59 1 Brick masonry 35 SW 0 94 7 Brick masonry plas 20 T 0 94 1 tered Brick red common 20 T 0 93 2 Brick red rough 20 T 0 88 0 93 1 Brick refractory corun 1000 T 0 46 1 dum Brick refractory magne 1000 1300 T 0 38 1 site Brick refractory strongly 500 1000 T 0 8 0 9 1 radiating Brick refractory weakly 500 1000 0 65 0 75 1 radiating Brick silica 95 SiO 1230 T 0 66 1 Brick sillimanite 33 1500 T 0 29 1 SiO 64 Al Os 114 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 19 Emissivity tables Brick waterproof 17 SW 0 87 Bronze phosphor bronze 70 LW 0 06 Bronze phospho
109. ximum radiant emittance at each temperature as described by Wien s displacement law 1 Spectral radiant emittance W cm um 2 Wavelength um 17 3 3 Stefan Boltzmann s law By integrating Planck s formula from 0 to A we obtain the total radiant emittance W of a blackbody W b oT Watt m This is the Stefan Boltzmann formula after Josef Stefan 1835 1893 and Ludwig Boltzmann 1844 1906 which states that the total emissive power of a blackbody is proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature Graphically W represents the area below the Planck curve for a particular temperature It can be shown that the radiant emittance in the interval A 0 to A nay is only 25 ofthe total which represents about the amount of the sun s radiation which lies inside the visible light spectrum 100 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 17 Theory of thermography 10399303 a1 Figure 17 7 Josef Stefan 1835 1893 and Ludwig Boltzmann 1844 1906 Using the Stefan Boltzmann formula to calculate the power radiated by the human body at a temperature of 300 K and an external surface area of approx 2 m we obtain 1 kW This power loss could not be sustained if it were not for the compensating absorption of radiation from surrounding surfaces at room temperatures which do not vary too drastically from the temperature of the body or of course the addition of clothing 17 3 4
110. xpression Explanation transmission or transmittance factor Gases and materials can be more or less transparent Transmis sion is the amount of IR radiation passing through them A number between 0 and 1 transparent isotherm An isotherm showing a linear spread of colors instead of cover ing the highlighted parts of the image visual Refers to the video mode of a IR camera as opposed to the normal thermographic mode When a camera is in video mode it captures ordinary video images while thermographic images are captured when the camera is in IR mode 130 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 20 Glossary INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 131 A note on the technical production of this publication This publication was produced using XML the eXtensible Markup Language For more information about XML please visit http www w3 org XML A note on the typeface used in this publication This publication was typeset using Swiss 721 which is Bitstream s pan European version of the Helvetica typeface Helvetica was designed by Max Miedinger 1910 1980 List of effective files 20235103 xml a24 20235203 xml a21 20235303 xml a18 20236703 xml a49 20237103 xml a10 20238503 xml a9 20238703 xml b8 20250403 xml a20 20254903 xml a63 20257003 xml a40 20277903 xml a12 20279903 xml a14 20280003 xml a4 20280103 xml a9 20280
111. y Remindmelster Register Procedure To register your product fill in the required fields and click Register Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 5 Managing licenses 5 2 General Figure Activating FLIR Reporter online 12 Activating your license The first time you start FLIR Reporter you will be able to choose one of the following options a Activate FLIR Reporter online a Activate FLIR Reporter by e mail Purchase FLIR Reporter and receive a serial number for activation UseFLIR Reporter for free during an evaluation period T638252 a1 Welcome to PRODUCT I have a Serial Number and I want to activate PRODUCT Enter your Serial Number to activate PRODUCT You don t have a Serial Number I want to evaluate PRODUCT there are 30 day s left to evaluate You can evaluate PRODUCT for another 30 day s After that you have to activate PRODUCT to further use the product Follow this procedure Start FLIR Reporter In the web activation dialog box select have a Serial Number and want to activate FLIR Reporter Click Next Enter your serial number name company and e mail address The name should be the name of the license holder Click Next Click Activate now This will start the web activation process When the message Online activation was successful is displayed click Close You have now suc
112. y right clicking an image and selecting Add All Images or Add Selected Images Click Add All Images or Add Selected Images 10743203 a2 5 To further modify your report do one of the following change the order of pages click Move page up or Move page down To delete pages click Delete Page or Delete all pages replace an image in the report move another image to the location of the image you want to replace 6 To create the report click Create Report Related topics Section 10 Creating a custom report template on page 37 Publ No 1558573 Rev a476 ENGLISH EN October 18 2010 23 9 1 9 1 1 NOTE Figure Explanation 24 Screen elements amp how to use them Toolbars amp toolbar buttons Main toolbar lf you do not see the main toolbar select the toolbar on the Toolbars menu View Toolbars FLIR Reporter You usually only insert infrared objects from the main toolbar when you design a custom report template from scratch or when you modify an existing report tem plate 10742903 a1 Geli dE T ay This table gives an explanation to the figure above Click to insert an IR Viewer object for infrared images and sequence file An infrared image or sequence file contains valid temperature information that may be output by overlaying different kinds of measurement tools Such as spotmeters profiles areas etc C

User`s manual FLIR Reporter - FLIR Customer Support Center

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