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InPEduS+Avionics: User Manual

1. Click Part 3 button to go to the third part of the exercise 3 Connection Termination in TCP protocol The purpose of the exercise is a study of connection termination in TCP protocol Transmitter should terminate the connection with the receiver mentioning Source port and Destination port Sa HPEduS Avionics ko E feel im 2 F l r N A Source port cD53 Destination port C7B9 Templates 0 RST 9 Reserved 9 Options Bj Checksum 9 Urgent pointer 0 Part 3 Connection Termination in TCP protocol DS oo aie 0 0 0 0 0 Connection Termination in TCP protocol Transmitter should terminate the connection with the receiver mentioning Source port and Destination port Data to Send Exercise Instructions f Write Data into corresponding template and gt 4 click on the template to construct the frame to be sent All data except of flags should be entered in hexadecimal format After ca clicking selected template will appear in the Data to Send field After the frame is Sent Data complete click the Send button lf connection is terminated successfully gt 4 appropriate message will appear Received Data The purpose of this exercise as well as short instructions are provided on the right side of the window Exercise Instructions Write Data into corresponding template and click on the template to construct the frame to be sent All data except of flags should be entered in hexadecimal format After clicking selected te
2. Windows 7 MS Word 2010 or higher Installation of the software Install the following software 1 Software InPEduS Avionics run setup exe and follow the instructions Please check if you have font Arial CYR on your computer If the font does not exist you can find it in the folder with installer If you are going to use Russian version of the software before running the software ensure MS Windows supports Russian keyboard Open Start gt Control Panel gt Regional and language Options and make sure that location is set as Russia Location Poccua and in the tab Advanced language for non Unicode programs is set Pycckuu After installation is complete restart the computer 3 RAFA Solutions 2015 Software License and Evaluation You can use the software without activation for 15 days for evaluation purposes In this case you will see notification of days left each time you start the software g InPEduS Avionics ga InPEduS Avionics pa Activate fvionieg To activate software you should click the Activate button The following window will be opened a InPEduS Avionics Please enter the serial number received with the Software Serial Number Enter the Serial Number which you were provided If entered serial number is correct the following window will be opened for final activation Shown code should be sent to the provided email address to get activation code ew Acti
3. amp amp protocol Purpose Templates Transmission of given numbers in RS422 485 protocol The data is being transmitted in 8 bit T STOP ms Mes stor DATA format Parity bit is not used One Stop bit 0 0 00000000 should be included in the data frame Exercise Instructions Write data into corresponding template and click on the template to construct the frame to be sent After clicking cted template will appear in the Data to Send field If the frame is complete and correct states are selected for RS422 485 signals after clicking Send button the frame will appear in Formed Data field Sent numbers can be checked by clicking Check button Data to Send Sent Data Exercise Instructions Write Data into corresponding template and click on the template to construct the frame to be sent After clicking selected template will appear in the Data to Send field After the frame is complete and correct states for the RS422 485 signals are set click the Send button In case of error within the frame or signals states Warning Indicator will turn red Click the Clear button and assemble the frame once more If the frame is constructed correctly it will appear in the Sent Data field after clicking Send button Sent numbers can be checked by clicking Check button If the numbers within the frame are correct the dialog box will appear with Correct text the dialog with
4. RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual Devices are connected through cables with 9 or 25 pin D type connectors Usually they are denoted as DB 9 CANNON 9 CANNON 25 etc Each pin is denoted and numerated DB 9 type connector is shown in Figure 4 1 DB 9 connector pinout is given in Table 4 4 Table 4 4 DB 9 Connector pinout Contact Abbreviation Direction Name 1 DCD In Data Carrier Detect 2 RXD In Received Data 3 TXD Out Transmitted Data 4 DTR Out Data Terminal Ready 5 GND Ground 6 DSR In Data Set Ready 7 RTS Out Request To Send 8 CTS In Clear To Send 9 RI In Ring Indicator Parity Control For parity check two connected devices should calculate parity bits with the same algorithm even or odd parity In case of even parity data bits including the parity bit should have even number of logical 1 Odd parity corresponds to opposite case Parity check is the simplest way of error checking It can detect error in one bit but in case of errors in 2 bits simultaneously this checking cannot detect errors Besides this control does not define which bit has the error Other mechanisms of error checking are inclusion of start and stop bits into transmission CRC etc The signal line has two states On and Off logical 1 or 0 Line in waiting state is always on When device or computer wants to transfer data they set the line in Off state as a start bit setting Stop bit allows device or computer to proce
5. Sent Data field The program gives also opportunity to create reports based on the exercise results in MS Word format Click Report button to create the report If the exercise is not finished after Report button is pressed corresponding dialog will appear and the report will not be generated If the exercise is finished correctly window will appear after pressing Report button to fill user s name The report includes protocol name exercise number and purpose user s name date as well as the image of constructed frame depending on the purpose of the exercise Save the file in any folder you want 19 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual 2 Protocol SPI SPI Serial Peripheral Bus is an interface for serial data transfer between chips which was developed by Motorola Nowadays it is widely used in productions of many companies SPI is also called four wire interface SPI bus is organized by master slave principle Microcontroller usually serves as master and different chips memories specialized controllers etc are slaves SPI interface is a protocol of data transfer between two shift registers each of which is both a receiver and a transmitter simultaneously The generation of bus synchronization signal is a precondition for data transfer through SPI bus This signal can be generated only by master 4 signals are involved in data transmission with SPI protocol MOSI or SI Master O
6. button Before sending data request to the Slave Start bit slave address and write read bit should be sent 31 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual s InPEduS Avionics eli Slave Address 0110101 Templates Exercise N2 ADDRESS DATA Data reception in 12C protocol START ACK NACK 0 0000000 00000000 Purpose Data reception from Slave in 2C protocol Data should requested from the Slave with given address The data is being Data to Send transmitted in 8 bit format The data bits should be sent starting from the most x significant bit MSB r gt Exercise Instructions Write Data into corresponding template and click on the template to construct the frame Formed Data to be sent After clicking selected template will appear in the Data to Send field After gt 4 the frame is complete click the Send button If the frame is constructed correctly it will appear in the Formed Data field after clicking Send button and in the field Received Data Acknowledgement bit and Received Data data will appear Click Receive button to receive the acknowledgement and data To check received data convert binary numbers to decimal enter numbers and 4 click Check button Numbers should be separated by commas Received Numbers Sf In case of error within the frame Warning Indicator will turn red Click the Clear button and assemble the frame once more If the frame is construc
7. the checksum is considered descended If the sum does not descend the datagram is being deleted An example of checksum computation is given below The 16 bit words are 0x398a Oxf802 0x14b2 Oxc281 Checksum calculation is done as follows 0x398a Oxf802 0x1318c gt 0x318d 0x318d 0x14b2 0x0463f gt 0x463f Ox463f Oxc281 0x108c0 gt Ox08c1 Ox08c1 0000 1000 1100 0001 gt 1111 0111 0011 1110 Oxf73e that is Oxffff Ox08c1 Oxf73e e IPv4 Pseudo header If UDP works on IPv4 checksum is calculated in terms of pseudo header which gives some information from IPv4 header Pseudo header is not a real IPv4 header which is used for P packet transmission Pseudo header for checksum calculation is given in Table 10 1 Table 10 1 UDP Header Bits 0 7 8 15 16 23 24 31 0 Source Address 32 Destination Address 64 O s Protocol UDP length 96 Source Port Destination Port 128 Length Checksum 160 Data Source and destination addresses are taken from IPv4 header For UDP the Protocol field value is 17 UDP length field gives the length of UDP header and data Checksum calculation is optional for IPv4 If it is not used the value is set to 0 Ethernet Error Control The last field of the Ethernet frame is the Frame Check Sequence FCS which is 4 bytes long The transmitting ES uses the Cyclic Redundancy Checksum CRC algorithm to calculate a checksum over the entire frame which is then appended as trailing data in the FCS
8. Data should be written in the hexadecimal format in IP Checksum and Data fields Click the Calculate Checksum button The calculated code in hexadecimal format will be displayed in the Checksum field If the received datagram is correct frame will appear in the Received Data field after pressing Receive button In case of error within the frame click Decline button and next datagram will appear If the Receive button is pressed when there is an error the warning indicator will turn to red Received numbers can also be checked Click Check button after writing down the data into Received Data field in decimal format separated by commas If the numbers are correct the dialog box will appear with Correct text the dialog with Incorrect text will appear in opposite case Clear fields in this case and repeat all steps The program gives also opportunity to create reports based on the exercise results in MS Word format Click Report button to create the report If the exercise is not finished after Report button is pressed corresponding dialog will appear and the report will not be generated If the exercise is finished correctly window will appear after pressing Report button to fill user s name The report includes protocol name exercise number and purpose user s name date as well as the image of constructed frame depending on the purpose of the ex
9. Figure 3 3 Data transmission through 12C bus Transmitter sets the SDA line to 1 during synchronization pulse to confirm the transfer In this case the receiver should set O on SDA Figure 3 4 If the slave receiver does not confirm the slave address NACK the SDA data line should remain 1 Master can give STOP signal after this and repeat the transmission If the slave receiver confirms the slave address but after some time it is not able to receive data bytes master should stop the transmission During reception of the last byte in the sequence master can give STOP state instead of signal In this case the slave receiver should free the data line Transmission with 7 bit addressing is given in Figure 3 5 The transmission of address byte follows the START state wherein 8 byte of the address defines the direction of data transfer O write 1 read Data transmission always ends by STOP state generation from master 28 RAFA Solutions 2015 Data output by Data output by receiver 49 H 1_________ State Clock pulse for acknowledgment Figure 3 4 Transfer confirmation SCL 7 S J1 2 _ 7 8 3 1 2 3 8 9 p R ACK ACK ST ART Address W Data STO P State State Figure 3 5 I2C data transmission Examples of data transfer from master to slave as well as data reading by master from slave are given below Figure 3 6
10. Sent information can be checked by clicking Check button If the information within the frame is correct the dialog box will appear with Correct text and the status word will appear in the Status 97 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual Word field the dialog with Incorrect text will appear in opposite case Clear Sent Data field in this case and repeat all steps The program gives also opportunity to create reports based on the exercise results in MS Word format Click Report button to create the report If the exercise is not finished corresponding dialog will appear after Report button is pressed and the report will not be generated If the exercise is finished correctly window will appear after pressing Report button to fill user s name The report includes protocol name exercise number and purpose user s name date as well as the image of constructed frame depending on the purpose of the exercise Save the file in any folder you want Exercise N22 RT to BC data transmission in MIL STD 1553 protocol The purpose of the exercise is data transmission with MIL STD 1553 protocol Data should be transmitted from the RT to the BC in response to the BC command Firstly the status word should be constructed and sent It should be followed by the corresponding number of data words as described in section 11 ag InPEduS Avionics nce Bom Ex a dm MK Ie C
11. opposite case Clear Sent Data field in this case and repeat all steps The program gives also opportunity to create reports based on the exercise results in MS Word format Click Report button to create the report If the exercise is not finished after Report button is pressed corresponding dialog will appear and the report will not be generated If the exercise is finished correctly window will appear after pressing Report button to fill user s name The report includes protocol name exercise number and purpose user s name date as well as the image of constructed frame depending on the purpose of the exercise Save the file in any folder you want Exercise N22 Data reception in RS232 protocol The purpose of the exercise is a study of data reception in RS232 protocol se InPEduS Avionics E s DCD RxD TxD DTR GND DSR RTS CTS RI amp amp Exercise N2 Data reception in RS232 protocol Templates Purpose Data reception in RS232 protocol The data is being transmitted in 8 bit format STARI BNA Parity bit is not included in the data frame 0 0 00000000 Frame has 1 stop bit Exercise Instructions In order to receive data from the receiver data request should be sent Request should be Received Data Frame sent by using appropriate signal states of RS232 protocol lf the set states of the signals are correct received data frame will appear in the Received Data Frame f
12. 0 1 1 fosc 128 1 0 0 fosc 2 1 0 1 fosc 8 1 1 0 fosc 32 1 1 1 fosc 64 e SPIF SPI interrupt flag This flag is set when serial transmission is over Interrupt is generated if SPIE bit is set in SPI control register and general interruptions are allowed If SS is configured as input and it has low signal level than if SPI is in master mode the SPIF flag will be set SPIF is cleared through hardware when shifting to corresponding interrupt vector Alternatively SPIF bit is cleared during first read of SPI Status Register with set SPIF flag SPIF 1 also during SPI Data Register SPDR access e WCOL Write collision flag This is read only bit This bit is set if the SPDR register is written during a data transfer The WCOL bit as well as SPIF bit is cleared by first reading the SPI Status Register with WCOL set and then accessing the SPI Data register e SPI2X Double SPI speed When this bit is set to 1 the SPI speed will be doubled if the SPI is in master mode If SPI is in slave mode SPI guaranteed speed is fosc 4 and less There is a separate register in SPI for data SPDR Table 2 4 SPI data register has access to read and write and is intended for data transfer between register file and SPI shift register Writing to this register initiates data transfer When reading from this register it is actually the receive buffer of shift register from which data is read 22 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual Tabl
13. Incorrect text will appear in opposite case Clear Sent Data field in this case and repeat all steps The program gives also opportunity to create reports based on the exercise results in MS Word format Click Report button to create the report If the exercise is not finished after Report button is pressed corresponding dialog will appear and the report will not be generated If the exercise is finished correctly window will appear after pressing Report button to fill user s name The report includes protocol name exercise number and purpose user s name date as well as the image of constructed frame depending on the purpose of the exercise Save the file in any folder you want Exercise N22 Data reception in RS422 485 protocol The purpose of the exercise is a study of data reception in RS422 485 protocol 41 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual s InPEduS Avionics AE IMALI TxD TxD RTS RTS GND crs cts Exercise N2 Data reception in RS422 485 protocol Purpose Data reception in RS422 485 protocol The data is being transmitted in 8 bit format START STOP DATA Parity bit is not included in the data frame Frame has 1 stop bit 0 0 00000000 Templates Exercise Instructions In order to receive data from the receiver data request should be sent Request should be sent by using appropriate signal states of RS422 485 protocol lf the set states of the s
14. Slave with given address The data is being transmitted in 8 bit format The data bits should be sent starting from the most significant bit MSB The program generates numbers to be sent automatically These numbers are given in the Numbers to Send field on the top of the window The purpose of this exercise as well as short instructions are provided on the right side of the window 30 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual Exercise Instructions Write Data into corresponding template and click on the template to construct the frame to be sent After clicking selected template will appear in the Data to Send field After the frame is complete click the Send button Before sending the data to the slave Start bit slave address and write read bit should be sent In case of error within the frame Warning Indicator will turn red Click the Clear button and assemble the frame once more If the frame is constructed correctly it will appear in the Formed Data field after clicking Send button and in the field Received Data Acknowledgement bit will appear Click Receive button to receive the Acknowledgement Acknowledgement will appear in the Formed Data field and data to be sent will be shown in the Data to Send field To stop the data transmission send stop bit Sent numbers can be checked by clicking Check button If the numbers within the frame are corre
15. Topology AFDX network can consist maximum of 24 end systems ES connected to network switch Figure 10 1 Network switches can be cascaded to increase the system capability Each AFDX ES is connected to two independent networks called Network A red and Network B blue The heart of each AFDX network is the switch which establishes physical links between all the ESs connected to it The switch can forward data from any connected ES to one or more other ESs connected to the switch Network A red ES ES ES ES 1 1 1 1 aa Network B blue Figure 10 1 AFDX Network Architecture To get rid of contention collisions and hence the indeterminacy regarding how long a packet takes to travel from sender to receiver it is necessary to move to Full duplex Switched Ethernet Full duplex Switched Ethernet eliminates the possibility of transmission collisions like the ones that occur when using Half duplex Based Ethernet It is shown in Figure 10 2 that each Avionics Subsystem is connected directly to the switch in terms of Full duplex link that consists of two twisted pairs one for transmission Tx and the other for reception Rx 15 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual Switch Forwarding Table I O processing unit CPU Memory Bus Rx TX Rx TX Rx TX buffer buffer buffer buffer buffer buffer Avionics Subsystems Heads up Other Autopilot display Systems Figure 10 2 Full duple
16. US Data to Send 30106 23436 1429 13348 17630 16474 27398 Command Word Exercise N2 Synct RT Address T R Subaddress Data Word Count P Data transmission from RT to BC with 11110 1 10111 00111 1 MIL STD 1553 protocol Purpose Transmission of given data from RT to BC Templates with MIL STD 1553 protocol Taking into account Command Word status and data mm o a are eS Sync SyncD be sent separately The numbers should be 0 0 0000000000000000 0 sent in binary format g re acs 0 0 0 0 0 000 Write Data into corresponding template and sane click on the template to construct the frame to be sent After clicking selected template will appear in the Data to Send field After Data to Send the frame is complete click the Send button Sent data can be checked by clicking Check button Sent Data The data should be transmitted in binary format The purpose of this exercise as well as short instructions are provided on the right side of the window 98 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual Exercise Instructions Write data into corresponding templates and click on the templates to construct the frame to be sent After clicking selected template will appear in the Data to Send field After the frame is complete click the Send button First frame to be sent is the status word from the RT After the status word is sent the data word frames should be constructed and sent one by
17. and Figure 3 7 Data is sent 0 hao n bits ACK bit From Master to Slave ACK Acknowledgment bit NACK Non Acknowledgment bit From Slave to Master S Start condition P Stop Condition Figure 3 6 Data transmission from master to slave 29 RAFA Solutions 2015 Data is sent T d n bits ACK bit From Master to Slave ACK Acknowledgment bit NACK Non Acknowledgment bit From Slave to Master S Start condition P Stop Condition Figure 3 7 Reading data by master Exercise N21 Data transmission in 12C protocol The purpose of the exercise is a study of data transmission in 12C protocol Numbers to Send o Slave Address 0011010 Templates Exercise N1 Data transmission in I2C protocol ADDRESS DATA START ACK NACK 0 0000000 00000000 hee ate ES Data transmission in 2C protocol Data should be sent from Master to the Slave with given address The data is being transmitted in 8 bit format The data bits Data to Send should be sent starting from the most significant bit MSB Exercise Instructions Write Data into corresponding template and click on the template to construct the frame to be sent After clicking selected template will appear in the Data to Send field After the frame is complete click the Send button Sent numbers can be checked by clicking Check button Formed Data gt Received Data gt Data should be sent from Master to the
18. calculation O bits are added until the datagram length is multiple of 16 bits pseudo header and added Os are not sent with the datagram During checksum calculation the Checksum field within UDP header is considered as 0 For checksum calculation pseudo header and UDP message are divided into words 1 word 2 bytes 16 bits When the message is received the receiver re computes checksum taking into consideration the checksum field If binary value of 16 1 s is obtained in the result the checksum is considered descended If the sum does not descend the datagram is being deleted An example of checksum computation is given below Message 0x4500003044224000800600008c7c19acae241e2b First the sum of 16 bit words should be calculated 4500 0030 4422 4000 8006 0000 8c7c 19ac ae24 1e2b 2BBCF BBD1 2 BBCF 1011101111010001 Checksum complement 1011101111010001 0100010000101110 442E Urgent pointer 16 bit value of positive offset from the sequence number in current segment This field indicates the octet sequence number with which significant data ends The field is used only if the URG flag is set Options Can be used in several situations to expand the protocol Sometimes are used for testing 62 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual Protocol operation Unlike UDP which can start data transmission immediately TCP sets connections which should be created before data transfer TCP c
19. clock pulse it sends one data bit to slave 3 Slave puts right MOSI level with each SCKL level change so it sends to master one bit during each clock pulse 4 Master sets high signal level on SS line to finish the transmission 20 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual SPI is full duplex bus Data is transferred in both directions simultaneously Figure 2 2 The speed of the bus usually is in range of 1 50 MHz Because of its different electrical devices such as sensors memory chips LSB MISO MISO Master MSB simplicity SPI has become widely used in etc MSB Slave LSB 8 bit shift register sos 8 Bit shift register MOSI MOSI SCK SCK SPI Clock generation SS Vcc SS Figure 2 2 Full duplex data transfer SPI interface uses 2 registers to set data transfer parameters synchronization signal frequency transmission mode etc control register SPCR and status register SPSR SPI status and control registers are given in Table 2 1 and Table 2 2 Table 2 1 SPCR Digit 7 6 5 4 Flag SPIE SPE DORD MSTR Read Write R W R W R W R W Init value 0 0 O O Table 2 2 SPSR Digit 7 6 5 4 Flag SPIF WCOL Read Write R R R R Init value 0 0 O O SPI registers SPIE 1 will bring to SPI interruption processing SPE SPI enable If this flag is set SPI is enabled regardless of the mode DORD 0 MSB is sent first 21 SPIE SPI int
20. exercise results in MS Word format Click Report button to create the report If the exercise is not finished after Report button is pressed corresponding dialog will appear and the report will not be generated If the exercise is finished correctly window will appear after pressing Report button to fill user s name 42 RAFA Solutions 2015 The report includes protocol name exercise number and purpose user s name date as well as the image of constructed frame depending on the purpose of the exercise Save the file in any folder you want 43 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual 6 Protocol Modbus Modbus is communication protocol based on client server architecture It is widely used in IT to organize connection between electrical devices The protocol can be used to transfer data through serial connection lines RS 485 RS 422 RS 232 as well as TCP IP network Modbus TCP Modbus was designed by Modicon Company It was published in 1979 for the first time Modbus protocol has 2 modifications Modbus Plus and Modbus TCP Modbus Plus is multi master protocol with cyclic marker transmission and Modbus TCP is intended to be used in Ethernet and Internet networks Modbus protocol itself has two transmission modes RTU Remote Terminal Unit and ASCII Standard considers that RTU mode should exist in Modbus protocol obligatorily and the ASCII mode is optional The basic characteristic of the pro
21. field ELE Figure 1 2 Data frame structure End of frame Bus idle 1 Interval Standard frame consists of the following fields Start of Frame SOF SOF field is located at the start of data frame and remote frame it contains one dominant bit Arbitration Field Arbitration field is combined of 11 bit identifier and RTR bit identifying if the frame is data frame or remote frame If the frame is data frame RTR bit is being set to logical 0 dominant signal Identifier is designed for message addressing and is used for arbitration mechanism For CAN 2 0A standard 11 bit identifier is used and for CAN 2 0B 29 bit identifier is used Control Field Control Field Figure 1 3 contains 6 bits 4 of which DLCO DLC4 compose Data Length Code field which identifies the number of data bytes to be transmitted 2 other bits are reserved for later versions of the protocol Data field Arbitration field Control field lt DLC3 DLC2 DLC1 DLCO CRC field Reserved bits Data length Code Figure 1 3 Data Frame Control Field The data byte number coding by data field size code is given in the Table 1 1 11 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual Table 1 1 Data byte number coding Data byte Data field size code number DCL3 DCL2 DCL1 DCLO 0 dom dom dom dom 1 dom dom dom rec 2 dom dom rec dom 3 dom dom rec rec 4 dom rec dom dom 5 dom rec dom rec 6 dom rec rec dom 7 dom re
22. field The receiving ES uses the same algorithm to calculate the checksum and compare it with the received checksum If the two checksums are not identical the receiving ES discards the frame Ethernet Postamble Ethernet specifies a minimum idle period between transmissions of frames called the Inter frame Gap IFG which is not strictly required by AFDX However for reasons of 83 RAFA Solutions 2015 compatibility the IFG also applies to AFDX The IFG is specified to be 96 bit times i e the time it takes to transmit 96 bits on the network On a 10 Mbit s network the IFG idle time is thus 9 6 us On a 100 Mbit s network the IFG idle time is 960 ns Redundancy Management AFDX systems have two independent switch networks according to the ARINC 664 which are the A and B Networks That is redundancy management The purpose of the redundant network is to mitigate the consequences of potential network failures caused by e g damaged cables and connectors or devices e g switches generating babbling data As depicted in Figure 10 13 AFDX Integrity Checking and Redundancy Management the ES implements Integrity Checking IC and Redundancy Management RM to ensure data integrity and that only one data stream is forwarded to the upper protocol layers and from there to the application p Figure 10 13 AFDX Integrity Checking and Re
23. field If the frame is complete and correct 7 states are selected for RS232 signals 4 lt after clicking Send button the frame will appear in Formed Data field Sent numbers can be checked by clicking Sent Data Check button The data is being transmitted in 8 bit format Parity bit should not be included in the data frame Frame should have 1 stop bit The program generates numbers to be sent automatically These numbers are given in the Numbers to Send field on the top of the window The purpose of this exercise as well as short instructions are provided on the right side of the window Exercise Instructions Write Data into corresponding template and click on the template to construct the frame to be sent After clicking selected template will appear in the Data to Send field After the frame is complete and correct states for the RS232 signals are set click the Send button 35 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual In case of error within the frame or signals states Warning Indicator will turn red Click the Clear button and assemble the frame once more If the frame is constructed correctly it will appear in the Sent Data field after clicking Send button Sent numbers can be checked by clicking Check button If the numbers within the frame are correct the dialog box will appear with Correct text the dialog with Incorrect text will appear in
24. forwarding the most significant bit DIO8 is ignored in most cases Data lines are numerated from 1 to 8 and not from 0 to 7 as it is done in the most of standards Handshake lines control data and command transfer and provide guaranteed reception of data by all listeners at proper time 53 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual Signal examples are brought below Data Valid is used by talker to notify listeners that information prepared by talker is displayed on data lines and is ready to receive Not Ready for Data is used by listeners to inform talker that they are not ready to receive data In this case talker stops information transfer until all the listeners are ready to continue dialog The signal is realized in terms of wired or principle which allows any listener to stop the transmission Not Data Accepted is used by listeners and informs talker that data is received by all addressers If this signal is inactive the talker is sure that all the clients have read the data from bus and it can transfer the next data byte The handshaking procedure guarantees that data transfer speed within the bus does not exceed the data processing speed of the slowest client Talker displays new data on the bus only after all the listeners are ready for receive 5 lines of interface control inform the devices connected to the bus what actions to take in which mode to be and how to react on GPIB commands The bus controller
25. frame Warning Indicator will appear Click the Clear button and assemble the frame once more You can send all the numbers within one frame or each number within separate frames To calculate the checksum use calculator in the right side of the window Write down the the data in hexadecimal format in the fields IP Checksum and Data without spaces Fill the Data field and click Calculate Checksum button afterwards If the frame is constructed correctly it will appear in the Sent Data field after clicking Send button Sent numbers can be checked by clicking Check button If the numbers within the frame are correct the dialog box will appear with Correct text the dialog with Incorrect text will appear in opposite case Clear Sent Data field in this case and repeat all steps The program gives also opportunity to create reports based on the exercise results in MS Word format Click Report button to create the report If the exercise is not finished after Report button is pressed corresponding dialog will appear and the report will not be generated If the exercise is finished correctly window will appear after pressing Report button to fill user s name 88 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual The report includes protocol name exercise number and purpose user s name date as well as the image of constructed frame depending on the pur
26. is not finished corresponding dialog will appear after Report button is pressed and the report will not be generated If the exercise is finished correctly window will appear after pressing Report button to fill user s name The report includes protocol name exercise number and purpose user s name date as well as the image of constructed frame depending on the purpose of the exercise Save the file in any folder you want Exercise No2 Data reception in ARINC 429 protocol The purpose of the exercise is data reception with ARINC 429 protocol Received data is given in the top of the window The format of ARINC 429 word should be recovered from the given message The decoded information should be checked and the fields with proper values should be marked The purpose of this exercise as well as short instructions are provided on the right side of the window 73 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual Ga InPEduSs Avionics Fale Received Data Label SDI Data 00001100 01 1001000000101000000 01 Exercise N 2 A Data reception with ARINC 429 protocol Templates Purpose order should be configured in MSB form taking into account the received data All e existing fields should be as well defined with indication of whether the field is correct or no 00000000 0000000000000000000 Formed Data Exercise Instructions Write Data into corresponding template and click on the template to construc
27. is used for the parity control Odd parity is used as an error check to ensure accurate data reception The number of 1 s within the word should be odd Data Word Data word is combined of sync waveform the data and the parity bit 93 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual Sync waveform The width of the sync waveform is 3 bit time in form of invalid Manchester waveform with the sync waveform being negative for the first 1 5 bit times and then positive for the following 1 5 bit times If the previous or next bit of the sync waveform is a logic one then the sync waveform width is increasing to 3 5 bit times Data Data is the meaningful information and can be transmitted from the bus controller or a remote terminal Parity Odd parity is used 7 Ha o I i I I z I I F I I i i I o Bits i S I i l I P l a I P l I i l I i l foo a 4 4 Data SYNCD Data bit bit Figure 11 4 Data Synchronization Status word Status word is combined of sync waveform terminal address message error instrumentation service request reserved bits broadcast command received busy subsystem flag dynamic bus control acceptance bit terminal flag and parity bit Sync waveform The same sync waveform is used as in a command word Terminal address Terminal address is described in command word structure Message error RT uses this bit to indicate existence of an error in data or command wo
28. it is filled with Os e Destination Port 16 bits Computer port to which data was sent e Length 16 bits Length in bytes of the current datagram including header and data The minimal length is 8 bytes the length of the header Maximal length of the packet is 65535 8 bytes for the header and 65527 bytes for data When used in the AFDX protocol the practical limit for data is 1471 bytes Figure 10 12 UDP Header Format e Checksum 16 bits Checksum of the UDP packet is bitwise complement of 16 bit words 16 bit sum similar to TCP Checksum calculation Before checksum calculation O bits are added until the datagram length is multiple of 16 bits pseudo header and added Os are not sent with the datagram During checksum calculation the Checksum field within UDP header is considered as 0 For checksum calculation pseudo header and UDP message are divided into words 1 word 2 bytes 16 bits After this all words are summed using one s complement arithmetic The sum is then one s complemented and the value is written in the checksum field 82 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual O value of checksum is reserved and it means that datagram does not have checksum If the calculated checksum equals to O the field is filled with binary units When the message is received the receiver re computes checksum taking into consideration the checksum field If binary value of 16 1 s is obtained in the result
29. not received Bus controller can use this bit to find an error in broadcasting command by requesting the status word This bit is set to 0 if it is not used Busy This bit indicates whether an RT is able to transmit data It is set to one if an RT cannot transmit data in response of bus controller command This bit remains set to one while the RT is busy The use of busy bit is optional and it is set to zero if the RT is not busy Subsystem flag This bit is used by the RT to notify the controller of an error within one of the subsystems and the possibility of invalid data transfer In case of error the bit is set to one and remains so while the error is not removed Dynamic bus control acceptance bit This bit is reserved for the dynamic bus control and is used if an RT has received Dynamic Bus Control Mode Code and has accepted control of the bus The remote terminal on transmitting its status word becomes the bus controller The bus controller on receiving the status word from the remote terminal with this bit set ceases to function as the bus controller and may become a remote terminal or bus monitor Terminal flag This bit informs the bus controller of a failure within remote terminal circuitry only the remote terminal Logic 1 indicates a fault condition The use of this bit is optional and it is set to zero if not used Parity Odd parity is used Communication types Six types of transaction are allowed between the bus c
30. number has 2 options 1 If SYN synchronize flag is set this is ISN Initial Sequence Number First byte which will be transmitted in next packet will have sequence number equal to ISN 1 2 If SYN is not set first data byte which is transmitted in current packet has this sequence number 60 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual Acknowledgement number this is next sequence number which receiver is expecting This is SN sequence number 1 of the last successfully received data byte This field is used only if the ACK flag is set to 1 Offset This field specifies TCP header size in 4 byte words Minimal size is 5 words and the maximal 15 which is 20 and 60 bytes correspondingly Reserved for future use 6 bits should be set to 0 5 and 6 bits of this field are already defined e CWR Congestion Window Reduced flag is set by sender to indicate that a packet with ECE RFC 3168 flag set is received e ECE ECN Echo identifies that specified node have ECN explicit congestion notification option and to notify the sender about congestions in the network RFC 3168 Flags Control bits This field contains 6 1 bit flags e URG Urgent pointer field is significant e ACK Acknowledgement field is significant e PSH Push function Asks to push the buffered data to receiver application e RST Reset the connection e SYN Synchronize sequence numbers e FIN Final FIN bit is used for connection terminati
31. of monitoring bus lines to locate listening devices on the bus The Controller implements the FINDLSTN protocol by issuing a particular listen address and then monitoring the NDAC handshake line to determine if a device exists at that address The result of the FINDLSTN protocol is a list of addresses for all the located devices FINDLSTN is used at the start of an application program to ensure proper system configuration and to provide a valid list of GPIB devices that can be used as the input parameter to all other IEEE 488 2 protocols The bus line monitoring capability of an IEEE 488 2 Controller is also useful to detect and diagnose problems within a test system The FINDRQS protocol is an efficient mechanism for locating and polling devices that are requesting service It uses the IEEE 488 2 Controller capability of sensing the FALSE to TRUE transition of the SRQ line You prioritize the input list of devices so that the more critical devices receive service first If the application program can jump to this protocol immediately upon the assertion of the SRQ line you increase program efficiency and throughput 57 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual Keyword Name RESET Reset System ALLSPOLL Find Device Requesting Service FINDRQS Serial Poll All Devices PASSCTL Pass Control REQUESTCTL Request Control FIDLSTN Find Listeners TESTSYS Self Test System SETADD Set Address Exercise No1 Data transmission in GPIB protocol C
32. or multiple destination ES s A specified bandwidth is allocated for each VL with the amount defined by system integrator The total bandwidth of all VLs cannot exceed the maximal bandwidth of the network and the bandwidth allocated to a VL is reserved for that link Virtual Link Scheduling The AFDX traffic is formed by the Es s VL scheduler which multiplexes all transmit VL frames of an AFDX ES on the physical link Each VL can be associated with dataflow with the existence of multiple VLs there are multiple dataflows that should be multiplexed into a single dataflow The multiplexing is regulated by the Bandwidth Allocation Gap BAG that is unique for each VL Bandwidth Allocation Gap BAG BAG defines the minimal time interval between the start bits of two subsequent AFDX frames assuming zero jitter The BAG value should be in the range of 1 128 ms and should be a power of 2 71 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual Figure 10 4 BAG Jitter The ES can introduce jitter during frame transmission for a given VL Jitter is defined as the interval from the beginning of BAG to the first sent frame bit transmitted at the maximum allocated bandwidth Figure 10 5 illustrates the scheduling of three frames with different jitter on the same VL BAG BAG BAG _ _ A S A S Max Jitter Max Jitter Max Jitter D gt D gt m Frame Frame Frame 0 lt Jitter lt Max Jitter 0 Jit
33. sent To send the data select SPI Data Register and click on the data template After clicking selected template will appear in the selected field If there are no any errors in the filled registers data will appear in the Sent Data field after clicking Send button Click the Receive button to receive the data Data is shown in binary format To check received data convert binary numbers to decimal enter numbers and click Check button If the numbers within the frame are correct the dialog box will appear with Correct text the dialog with Incorrect text will appear in opposite case The program gives also opportunity to create reports based on the exercise results in MS Word format Click Report button to create the report If the exercise is not finished after Report button is pressed corresponding dialog will appear and the report will not be generated If the exercise is finished correctly window will appear after pressing Report button to fill user s name The report includes protocol name exercise number and purpose user s name date as well as the image of constructed frame depending on the purpose of the exercise Save the file in any folder you want 26 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual 3 Protocol 12C I2C Inter Integrated Circuit is a serial interface intended for data transmission between integral circuits It was developed by Phili
34. should be sent Click on the templates to construct the frame After clicking selected template will appear in the Data to Send field In case of error within the frame Warning Indicator will turn red Click the Clear button and assemble the frame once more 18 RAFA Solutions 2015 TH Tnreau Error detection and Error frame transmission in CAN protocol Templates Purpose E o u ee Seog SSS frame construction in CAN protocol 0 0 0 0 000000 0000000 00000000 0000 000 Identifier 00000000000 Received data packet should be checked and in case of error active error flag should 0 000000000000000 0 00000000 Exercise Instructions To check the frame you should calculate the CRC code using calculator at the button of the window You should check if the Data to Send Sent Data calculated CRC is the same as in the frame In case of error Error frame should be sent To calculate the CRC use calculator in the bottom of the window Click on the templates to construct the frame After clicking selected template will appear in the Data to Send field In case CRC Polynomial of error within the frame Warning Indicator will turn red Click the Clear button and assemble the frame once more After the frame is complete click the Send button the frame will appear in the Sent Data field After the frame is complete click the Send button the frame will appear in the
35. uses Attention line to inform clients that the bus is transmitting commands instead of data Service Request is available to any device on the bus Controller shifts the device mode which has sent this signal to talker and passes to it data transfer functions Interface Clear is used to initialize or reinitialize the bus Remote Enable shifts the mode of the device to execution of bus commands and not control panel mode and vice versa End of Identify is used by talker to identify the end of the message Controller displays this signal to initiate parallel polls of devices connected to the bus IEEE 488 is 8 bit parallel bus containing 16 signal lines 8 bidirectional lines are used for data transfer 3 for connection establishment and 5 for bus control and 8 wires for grounding All signal lines are using negative logic the highest positive voltage is considered as logical 0 and the lowest negative voltage as logical 1 Data lines DIO are numerated from 1 to 8 5 interface control lines inform the devices connected to the bus what actions to take what mode to be in and how to react on GPIB commands Connectors 12 1 24 13 Figure 7 2 GPIB Connector 54 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual Connector No 1 4 10 11 12 13 16 17 18 19 20 21 IEEE Name Data input output bit End or identify Data valid Not ready for data Not data accepted Interface c
36. will be covered for the remainder of the warranty 11 Exclusions from Warranty This warranty does not cover problems caused by your acts or failures to act the acts of others or events beyond the reasonable control of the Licensor 12 Remedy for Breach of Warranty Licensor will at its election either i repair or replace the Software at no charge within the warranty term or ii accept return of the product s for a refund of the amount paid if any 7 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual The developer Licensor or installer may also repair or replace supplements updates and replacement software or provide a refund of the amount you paid for them if any These are your only remedies for breach of the limited warranty 13 No other Warranties The limited warranty is the only direct warranty from the developer Licensor or installer The latters give no other express warranties guarantees or conditions and exclude implied warranties of merchantability fitness for a particular purpose and non infringement 14 Disclaimer of Warranties The Limited Warranty referenced herein is the only express warranty made to you and is provided in lieu of any other express warranties if any Except for the Limited Warranty Licensor and its suppliers provide the Product and support services if any AS IS AND WITH ALL FAULTS and hereby disclaim all other warranties and conditions either express implied or statutory includi
37. 0101 F 01000110 f 01100110 G 01000111 g 01100111 H 01001000 h 01101000 l 01001001 i 01101001 J 01001010 j 01101010 K 01001011 k 01101011 L 01001100 l 01101100 M 01001101 m 01101101 N 01001110 n 01101110 O 01001111 o 01101111 P 01010000 p 01110000 Q 01010001 q 01110001 R 01010010 r 01110010 S 01010011 S 01110011 T 01010100 t 01110100 U 01010101 u 01110101 V 01010110 v 01110110 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual W 01010111 Ww 01110111 X 01011000 X 01111000 Y 01011001 y 01111001 Z 01011010 Z 01111010 The program generates data to be sent automatically These data is given in the Data to Send field on the top of the window An 8 bit frame AFDX Payload corresponds to each symbol to be sent The symbols should be converted with ASCI code The purpose of this exercise as well as short instructions are provided on the right side of the window Exercise Instructions Write Data into corresponding templates and click on the templates to construct the frame to be sent After clicking selected template will appear in the Data to Send field In case of error within the frame Warning Indicator will appear Click the Clear button and assemble the frame once more After the frame is complete click the Send button A correctly constructed frame will appear in the Sent Data field after clicking Send button Sent message can be checked by clicking Check button If the informa
38. 85 networks the maximal size of ADU is 256 bytes and for TCP networks 260 bytes 45 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual In Modbus RTU protocol data is transmitted by bytes in LSB format with addition of control bits start stop and parity bits In RTU mode default value for parity bit is 1 if the number of 1 s within byte is odd and O if the number is even This parity is called even parity and the control method is called parity control Other type of parity control is odd parity in this case the parity bit is 1 if the number of logical 1 s within byte is even seno ORE EEL rawr oper If Parity control is not used second stop bit is used instead of parity bit Error control in Modbus RTU During data transfer errors of 2 types can take place e Errors connected with data corruption during transmission e Logical errors Errors of first type are detected with symbol frames parity control and CRC 16 IBM polynomial number OxA001 is used In this case the least significant bit is transmitted first opposite to address bytes and register value in PDU In RTU mode message should start and end with silence intervals with duration of not less than the transmission time of 3 5 symbols with current speed in the network Then device address is sent After last transmitted symbol there is a delay of not less than 3 5 symbols duration as well The new message can start after this interval M
39. RAFA Solutions Industrial and Avionics Protocols Educational Software InPEqu Avionieg InPEduS Avionics User Manual CONTENTS WTO CCI OU ann cesta a eee enat cage E E nen ene es cunea EEE A ha saeeeereanauet cues 2 REGU GSO MLW ai ornan E EE E ance E E AEEA E E A AOE 3 installation of the SOftWare acta seaescncaccencteseartevancadontessarsoraastuentusaetevaqsadmiesatesestassunebansaracvaseedteaneeasncost 3 Software LICENSE and Evaluatio seisccastscisaceacandncaosatusenadensonauerteasmescatuenenseusiagesamcieneheitasaesaneneisiwaenedateenens 4 PEG SYS FS SSE ara E E E 6 1 POOO IN o E EEE EEE E E EEE 10 Exercise N21 Data transmission in CAN protocol seessseseseesesrersesreresrrerssreressrerssreresrrersseeresererssrereserersseeee 16 Exercise N92 Data request in CAN protocol cccccccsseccccesseccceesececceeccceeescceeeueceseeeeceseeeeceessuecessuneeeeeeges 17 Exercise N23 Error detection and Error frame transmission in CAN protocol cccccessccceeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeees 18 2 PROTO COR OP Wi eana sanencasinoctisteenenenusisesceadesssacacsnseasnces maecanecaczabennssenaateedtabenrasecanbaeciebsaest 20 Exercise NO1 Data transmission in SPI PrOtOCOl cccccccsssccccesececcesecccceecceceesececseueceeseeeceessueecesseneceteeges 23 Exercise N92 Data reception in SPI PrOtOCol cccccsseccccsseccceesececeesececcenseceeaeececeeeeceseeeeceessenecesseneceetenes 25 a A918 81 60 Bl 4 Gees eens rene ene AE e
40. SM SSM or Sing Status Matrix 30 31 bits can be used to give information related to data like positive negative north south east west etc These bits often indicate whether the data within the word are valid Normal Operation data is valid Functional Test data is given for testing purposes Failure Warning system failure No computed data data is missing not accurate or outdated because of other reasons than system failure The use of this field as well is specified by the Label 70 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual Table 9 1 SSM for different data types Bit Bit SSM for BCD data SSM for BNR data SSM for discrete data 31 30 0 0 Positive North East Before Failure Warning Normal Operation Up 0 1 No Computed Data No Computed Data No Computed Data 0 Functional Test Functional Test Functional Test 1 1 Negative South West From Normal Operation Failure Warning Down Parity Parity bit is used for error detection in bit coding Parity check is the simplest way for error detection It can indicate error existence in a single bit but in case if error occurs in 2 bits simultaneously the errors can be ignored This control does not determine the particular bit where error occurred ARINC 429 generally uses odd parity as an error check to ensure accurate data reception The number of 1 s within the word should be odd EQID Standards Label Definitions ARINC 429 specification includes a huge list o
41. a response 0x80 is added to the byte of function code and the 3 byte equals 0x02 which is a standard signal showing error in received data in Modbus protocol Standard error codes e 01 the function code cannot be processed on slave e 02 data address in the request is not available for current slave e 03 value in data field is not allowed for current slave e 04 unrecoverable error took place when slave was trying to perform required actions e 05 the slave has received the request and is processing it but it takes a long time This response prevents master from generating time out error e 06 the slave is processing a command Master should repeat message afterwards when the slave will be free e 07 the slave is not able to perform program function received in request This code is used in case of unsuccessful program request with function codes 13 and 14 Master should request diagnostic information or error information from slave e 08 the slave tries to read extended memory but detected parity error Master should repeat the request but usually in these cases a repair is needed Exercise No1 Data transmission in Modbus protocol The purpose of the exercise is a study of data transmission in Modbus protocol The data is being transmitted in 8 bit format Frame should include start and stop bits for each of the bytes Parity bit is not used The program generates numbers to be sent automa
42. ach symbol first During CRC calculation the first transmitted bit is defined as MSB of dividend As the arithmetic is not using transmission it is convenient to consider MSB to be in the right This means that the bit order during calculations should be reversed The polynomial MSB is ignored as it affects only on divider and not on remainder As a result we get 1010 0000 0000 0001 A001H Note that the reversing of the bit order has no effect on interpretation or bit order of data bytes during CRC calculation Step by step procedure of CRC 16 calculation is given below 1 Z 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Load 16 digit register with number FFFFH Perform XOR operation on first data byte and the most significant byte of the register Put the result in register Shift one bit to right in the register If the bit shifted right is 1 perform XOR operation on register and polynomial 1010 0000 0000 0001 A001H If the shifted bit is 0 return to step 4 Repeat steps 4 6 until 8 register shifts Perform XOR operation on next data byte and register Repeat steps 4 8 until XOR operation will be performed on all data bytes and register 10 The value of register is 2 byte CRC and is added to the initial message in MSB format Modbus data types and standard functions Modbus specifies 4 data types Discrete Inputs one bit type available only for read Coils one bit type available for read and write Input Registers 16 bi
43. ame exercise number and purpose user s name date as well as the image of constructed frame depending on the purpose of the exercise Save the file in any folder you want Exercise N22 Data reception in SPI protocol The purpose of the exercise is a study of data reception in SPI protocol Gp InPEduS Avionics b a L a A ga INF TOUE SNC CK Transmission Mode o Clock Frequency 8 Templates Exercise N2 godir ror sea sero sef wo T sree eraf Daia rcepton Perc 0 0 00000000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Purpose Data reception in SPI protocol The data is being transmitted in 8 bit format SPCR Register SPSR Register The data bits should be sent starting from the most significant bit MSB SPI interrupts gt 4 xX should not be taken into account Transmission mode and clock frequency are shown on the top of the window 4 4 x x To receive data some data should be sent Before sending the data by SPI interface F a SPCR and SPSR registered should be filled 0 0 o 0 0 0 0 Select appropriate register to fill Write Data 4 4 into corresponding template and click on the i template to fill the register When all registers SPI Data Register Received Data are filled data transmission can be started gt 4 After transmission of each byte 1 byte of data is received Received data will appear in the 4 Sent Data field after clicking Send button To check received data enter numbers in Sent Data Recei
44. amming language SCPI which helped to simplify software development for measurement devices Software tools for GPIB bus are mostly being released by companies National Instruments and Keithley Instruments the group of enthusiasts Linux Lab Project is also working on this topic Characteristics Each device on the bus has unique 5 bit primary address from O to 30 To avoid conflicts addresses should be different Standard allows to connect to single 20 meter physical bus up to 15 devices It is possible to connect 3 different types of devices to the bus Figure 7 1 e Listener e Talker e Controller Talker Listener Controller Control lines 5 bit See Data lines 8 bit Figure 7 1 GPIB System Listener is counting messages from the bus and talker is sending messages to the bus Only single device can serve as a talker whereas the number of listeners can be arbitrary The controller functions as an arbiter and defines which of the devices at the moment are talkers or listeners Several controllers can be connected to the bus simultaneously In this case one of the controllers generally located on the GPIB interface card is the responsible controller Controller in Charge CIC and delegates its functions to other controllers as required Bus signal lines are related to one of the following 3 classes data lines handshake lines and interface control lines 8 data lines are being used for command
45. amps 256 8 1 0 100 200 0A1 Selected Altitude feet 65536 16 1 0 100 200 The same label can be associated with multiple equipment types The table with above used EQID is given below Table 9 4 EQID List Equipment ID Equipment Type 002 Flight Management Computer 004 Inertial Reference System 005 Attitude And Heading Reference System 020 Dfs System 029 ADDCS And EICAS 038 Adirs 03C Tire Pressure Monitoring System OA1 Fcc Controller The measurement units range scale digits BCD or bits BNR as well are defined by label tables Exercise No1 Data transmission in ARINC 429 protocol The purpose of the exercise is a study of data transmission in ARINC 429 protocol The data is being transmitted in binary format All the templates should be filled with binary numbers The structure of the data frame should be the same as it was described in the section 9 The program generates data to be sent automatically The data is given in the Information to Send field on the top of the window The purpose of this exercise as well as short instructions are provided on the right side of the window Exercise Instructions Write data into corresponding templates and click on the templates to construct the frame to be sent After clicking selected template will appear in the Data to Send field After the frame is complete click the Send button In case of error within the frame Warning Indicator will appear Click the Cl
46. as Received Data Source port Destination port Sequence number ACK number Dataoffset Reserved URG ACK 3 Exercise N2 _ Data checking in TCP protocol EBD6 1456 1C5E 86AF 7312 000000 0 0 4 Ww r 4 Purpose Data checking in TCP protocol Received datagram should be checked and Source Port EACD IP Checksum declined in case of an error If the packet does not contain any errors it should be Destination Port DDCA Sn ere Exercise Instructions To check the received data checksum should be calculated for the packet after which it should be compared to the received checksum For checksum calculation use the calculator in the right side of the window Received numbers can also be checked Received Data Click Check button after writing down the data into Received Data field in decimal format separated by commas IP Checksum 375C Checksum Received Numbers Received data is given in the top of the window Received datagram should be checked and declined in case of an error If the packet does not contain any errors it should be accepted The purpose of this exercise as well as short instructions are provided on the right side of the window 67 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual Exercise Instructions To check the received data checksum should be calculated for the packet after which it should be compared to the received checksum For checksum calculation use the calculator in the right side of the window
47. ata is transmitted as 8 bit binary symbol In ASCII mode each RTU symbol is first divided into two 4 bit segments most significant and least significant is transformed into its hexadecimal equivalent and then is used for message generation ASCII mode uses two times more symbols than RTU mode But the decoding and data management is easier The message symbols in RTU mode should be transmitted as continuous stream whereas in ASCII mode it is allowed 1 sec delay between two adjacent symbols 44 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual Modbus TCP Modbus TCP as well as TCP IP is used for data transmission within Ethernet network TCP ADU for Modbus TCP has the following construction Transaction ID Protocol ID Packet Length Slave s address Transaction ID 2 bytes usually zeros e Protocol ID 2 bytes zeros e Packet length two bytes high and then low the length of the subsequent packet segment e Slave s Address Slave devices address to which command is sent Usually is ignored if the connection is with specified device There is no checksum field in Modbus TCP Modbus RTU Modbus RTU messages are transmitted as frames for each of which the beginning and the end are known The frame begins with delay of not less than 3 5 hexadecimal symbols 14 bits duration Frame should be transmitted continuously If a delay of more than 1 5 hexadecimal symbols 6 bits is found during transmission it is consi
48. ation of Liability and Remedies Notwithstanding any damages that you might incur for any reason whatsoever including without limitation all damages referenced above and all direct or general damages the entire liability of Licensor and any of its suppliers distributors under any provision of this Agreement and your exclusive remedy for all of the foregoing except for any remedy of repair or replacement elected by Licensor with respect to any breach of the Limited Warranty shall be limited to the greater of the amount actually paid by you for the Product The foregoing limitations exclusions and disclaimers including Sections 9 and 10 above and as stated in the Limited Warranty shall apply to the maximum extent permitted by applicable law even if any remedy fails its essential purpose 17 Consent to use of Data You agree that Licensor and or its affiliates may collect and use technical information you provide as a part of support services if any related to the Product Licensor agrees not to use this information in a form that personally identifies you 18 Prerelease Code The Product or any portion thereof may be identified as prerelease code Prerelease Code Such Prerelease Code may be not at the level of performance and compatibility of the final Product The Prerelease Code may not operate correctly and may be substantially modified The grant of license to use Prerelease Code expires upon availability of the final version includin
49. bus state to inactive correspondingly It should be noted that before setting the START state signals on SDA and SCL lines can be arbitrary Figure 3 2 START state shifts SDA line from 1 to O if the state of SCL is 1 STOP state shifts SDA line from 0 to 1 if the state of SCL is 1 These two states are always generated by master 27 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual SDA FA _ SDA TNS ONT a a START STOP State State Figure 3 2 START and STOP states As the bus lines are pulled to power supply the devices should pull down lines to ground to send 0 and release them to send 1 Connection for cooperative work of devices with this kind of inclusion is called wired AND Transfers are done byte wise Number of bytes to be sent during single transmission is not limited Each byte should be accompanied with acknowledgement bit ACK ACKnowledge Data is transmitted started from Most Significant Bit MSB Figure 3 3 If the receiver is not able to receive the full byte of information it is giving ACK signal which is used by transmitter to synchronize and signalize the receiver fault or absence MSB Acknowledgment Acknowledgment signal from receiver signalfrom receiver SCL s IAAI 9 a a NNO p ACK ACK m TAR Byte complete J Beia cat aes receiver alegre minal State while interrupts are serviced State
50. c rec rec 8 rec dom dom dom e Data Field Data field contains transmitting data and number of transmitting bytes is defined in Control Field and cannot be more than 8 e Cyclic redundancy check CRC CRC field Figure 1 4 contains cyclic redundancy code for error detection in all previous fields of the frame including start bit Each receiver node calculates CRC value for each received message If the calculated CRC and CRC value within message differ the receiver node generates CRC Error For calculation of CRC polynomial the polynomial which coefficients are being given through data flow combined from bits of fields Start field Arbitrate Field Data Control Field and Data field if exists 15 least sygnificant coefficients of polynimial are set to 0 should be devided to polynomial of the following form xr txt x ty tax 4x74 41 The remainder of this polynomial division is the CRC series transmitted through bus The CRC field ends with CRC separator one recessive bit q CRC field ACK field Control Field CRC Delimiter CRC Sequence Figure 1 4 Data frame CRC field ACK Field Acknowledgment field Figure 1 5 contains segments ACK Slot and ACK Delimiter and has the following functions transmitter node sends a recessive bit on each segment and the receiver if it received message without any failure sets dominant bit on line in ACK Slot Field In case of setting recessive and dominant le
51. ct the dialog box will appear with Correct text the dialog with Incorrect text will appear in opposite case Clear Formed Data field in this case and repeat all steps The program gives also opportunity to create reports based on the exercise results in MS Word format Click Report button to create the report If the exercise is not finished after Report button is pressed corresponding dialog will appear and the report will not be generated If the exercise is finished correctly window will appear after pressing Report button to fill user s name The report includes protocol name exercise number and purpose user s name date as well as the image of constructed frame depending on the purpose of the exercise Save the file in any folder you want Exercise N22 Data reception in I2C protocol The purpose of the exercise is a study of data reception in 12C protocol Data should be sent from the Slave with given address to the Master The data is being transmitted in 8 bit format The data bits should be sent starting from the most significant bit MSB The purpose of this exercise as well as short instructions are provided on the right side of the window Exercise Instructions Write Data into corresponding template and click on the template to construct the frame to be sent After clicking selected template will appear in the Data to Send field After the frame is complete click the Send
52. ct level provides message filtering and processing of messages and states 2 Transport level is the heart of CAN protocol It provides synchronization arbitrage access to bus seperation of messages into frames error detection and error transmittion and defect minimization 3 Physical level defines the specific ways of signal transmission electrical levels of signals and transmission speed The typical values at 5V supply voltage are illustrated on Figure 1 1 lower level is dominant and higher is recessive High Level CAN_H Low Level CAN_L Figure 1 1 Signal levels on bus Maximal distance between nodes is approximately 1 km Transmission speed can reach up to 1 Mb sec in case of 60 meter line length The bus has possibility of galvanic isolation The galvanic isolation can be set either between receiver transmitter buffer and IC providing CAN functions or between IC and remaining system The following frame types are defined for CAN protocol e Data Frame transfers data from transmitter to receiver s 10 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual e Remote Frame requests data frame from the node with the specified identifier e Error Frame defines the node where bus network error was detected e Overload Frame provides delay between frame transmissions for data flow control Data Frame On Figure 1 2 the data frame structure is shown CRE Ti l ACE fie le Arbitration field Control field Data
53. d CRC value does not equal to the value of CRC in the message receiver node generates CRC Error Access Control bitwise arbitration In CAN protocol all nodes get the message from transmitter node and confirm it Each time when bus is transfer free a node can start transmission Next transmission can be started only after current transmission process is finished If two or more nodes start transferring simultaneously the conflict is being resolved in terms of non destructive bitwise algorithm of arbitration which uses the arbitration field 11 bit identifier field is transferred from the most significant to the least significant bit During transmission of arbitration field each transmitter controls current level on the bus which it should transfer If the values equal node then can continue transmission If a recessive bit was transmitted and dominant bit is detected on the bus transmission should stop immediately and the node loses transmission access Figure 1 8 This node can attempt to start new transfer only after current transfer is finished Arbitration field Frame end First node E transmission 9 10110110100 1 00000001 xox 11 Second node 10110111 transmission Frame end Signal on the line 10110110100 0 1 00000001 xxxx 01 Figure 1 8 Bitwise Arbitration Example To conclude the priority is defined not by transmitter or receiver nodes but by the value of identifier within the message The smallest
54. d RS 232 was introduced in 1962 Equipment connected through RS 232 protocol can be divided into 2 types DCE Data Communication Equipment n DTE Data Terminal Equipment With RS 232 protocol information between 2 devices can be transferred in distances up to 20m as during data transmission through cable signals are weakened and distorted To guarantee higher signal sustainability to noises during transmission higher signal levels are used than standard 5V Two signal levels are used in RS 232 logical 1 mark and O space Negative voltage level corresponds to logical 1 and the positive to logical 0 Voltage values used in this protocol are given in Table 4 1 and Table 4 2 Table 4 1 Data signal levels Level Transmitter Receiver Logical O From 5V to 15V From 3V to 25V Logical 1 From 5V to 15V From 3V to 25V Undefined From 3V to 3V Table 4 2 Command signal levels Signal Driver Terminator Off From 5V to 15V From 3V to 25V On From 5V to 15V From 3V to 25V Maximal cable length dependence on information transmission speed is given below Table 4 3 Cable length depending on transmission speed Speed baud Max length foot Max length meters 19 200 50 15 9 600 500 150 4 800 1000 300 2 400 3000 900 Transmission speed in RS 232 is measured in bauds bit sec Maximal speed defined in standard is 20000 bauds However nowadays devices can work considerably faster Figure 4 1 DB 9 type connector 33
55. dered that the frame has an error and it should be declined by receiver This delay values should be strictly complied for speeds lower than 19200 bit sec however for fast speeds it is recommended to use fixed delay values of 1 75ms and 750us correspondingly In Modbus RTU protocol messages are transmitted as PDU Protocol Data Unit packets Function Code However to transmit the packet through physical layers PDU is placed in another packet which has additional fields This packet is called ADU Application Data Unit ADU format dependents on connection line type The general structure of ADU is as follows dependent on realization some fields can be missing Slave address Error detection block Slave address is the address of the slave device to which request is addressed Slaves are responding only to those requests which have their address The response starts with slave address which can vary from 1 to 247 Address O is used for broadcast transmission it is received by every device Addresses 248 255 are reserved Function code is a one byte field It informs the slave what actions or what data are required by master Data is the field with information necessary for slave to take actions requested from master or data transmitted from slave to master as a response The length and format of the field depends on function number Error detection block CRC is the checksum for error checking in the frame For sequential RS232 RS4
56. dundancy Management Integrity Checking IC The first step for handling the redundant data streams is the IC which is done separately for each network and on a per VL basis The IC is always enabled and is done independently of the RM also if the RM is turned off and both networks are used independently of each other The IC is applied on the MAC layer i e on the Ethernet frame which contains a one byte Sequence Number SN as the last byte of the payload as illustrated in Figure 10 9 AFDX Frame The SN is the basis for the IC algorithm and is used differently in transmitting and receiving mode SN usage in Transmission Mode The SN is a value in the range 0 255 and is handled separately for each VL on each of network A and B Prior to transmission the SN is incremented by one for each consecutive frame whether fragmented or not on the same VL With SN 255 in the last transmitted frame the SN is wrapped around to 1 in the following frame Upon a reset or start up of the transmitting ES the SN is set to O in the first transmitted frame 84 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual SN usage in Receiving Mode In receiving mode the IC uses the SN to determine if frames have been lost or whether a babbling switch is causing the same frame with the same SN to be transmitted over and over again The IC algorithm accepts all frames that comply with one of the following criteria e SN 0 The transmitting ES is started
57. e user s name date as well as the image of constructed frame depending on the purpose of the exercise Save the file in any folder you want 59 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual 8 Protocol TCP TCP Transmission Control Protocol is one of the main Internet protocols intended for data transmission management in TCP IP networks and sub networks TCP is functioning as transport layer protocol of OSI model TCP is transport mechanism which provides data stream with preset connection Protocol guarantees the reliability of received data performs second request for data if data is lost and eliminates duplicated data if 2 copies of the same packet are received Unlike UDP TCP guarantees that no data will be lost during transmission and notifies the sender for transmission results TCP segment format is shown on Figure 8 1 0 Destination Port Sequence number Acknowledgement number if ACK set Reserved Window size Padding Figure 8 1 TCP segment format Source port identifies client application from which packets are sent Destination port identifies port data is sent to Specified ports are attached to number of services that use TCP for transmission 20 21 FTP 22 SSH 23 Telnet 25 SMTP 80 HTTP 110 POP3 194 IRC Internet Relay Chat 443 HTTPS Secure HTTP 1863 MSN Messenger 2000 Cisco SCCP VoIP 3389 RDP 8080 HTTP Alternate port Sequence
58. e 2 4 SPI data register Digit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 MSB LSB Read Write R W R W R W R W R W R W R W R W Init value X X X X X X X X Transmission modes SPI has 4 transmission modes which are based on clock polarity CPOL and clock phase CPHA combinations CPOL is the level on tact line before starting and after finishing the transmission low 0 or high 1 And the phase defines the edge of the signal rise or fall on which bits are transmitted e Mode 0 CPOL 0 CPHA 0 The bit is read on clock signal rise 0 gt 1 and it is written on fall 1 gt 0 e Mode 1 CPOL 0 CPHA 1 Read on fall write on rise e Mode 2 CPOL 1 CPHA 0 Read on fall write on rise e Mode 3 CPOL 1 CPHA 1 Read on rise write on fall Figure 2 3 SPI Transmission modes SPI data can be transmitted both in MSB and LSB formats Usually the first format is used but it should be clarified in documentation before starting to work with device Exercise No1 Data transmission in SPI protocol The purpose of the exercise is a study of data transmission in SPI protocol The data is being transmitted in 8 bit format The data bits should be sent starting from the most significant bit MSB SPI interrupts should not be taken into account The program generates numbers to be sent automatically These numbers are given in the Numbers to Send field on the top of the window Transmission mode and clock frequency are shown on the t
59. e Remote Terminal RT e Bus Monitor BM Bus Controller BC provides all the communications on the bus it sends receives and coordinates the commands on the data bus According to MIL STD 1553B the bus controller is the key part of the system There can be several controllers on the bus but only one of them works at a time Remote Terminal RT is an interface device that connects different subsystems to the data bus RT function is to receive and decode commands from bus controller it detects errors and regulates them Up to 31 terminals can be installed on the bus each of them can have up to 31 subsystems An RT cannot make a connection without getting corresponding command from the BC Bus Monitor BM fixes all messages on the bus and records all actions BM is a passive device that collects information in real time for farther analysis BM can store the information stream completely ee a _ Bus Remote 0O Remote Bus Controller Terminal Terminal Monitor Figure 11 1 MIL STD 1553 Typical Bus 91 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual or partially including the errors BM is used for bus testing It does not participate in communications i e it does not receive or send any commands Communications are realized in terms of messages There are 3 types of message words e Command Word e Data Word e Status Word Command Word a a Je 1a 5 E ee e onena ea ea syncc Terminal Addres T R_ SubAddres Data W
60. e eee ee nee rn eee eee ee ee 27 Exercise N21 Data transmission in I2C ProtOcol cccccccssseccceesececceseccccenseccceusececeeneceeeeneccessueeesseeceeeenes 30 Exercise N92 Data reception in I2C Protocol cccccceseccccessecccesececeeseccecescceseeececsuaeceseeeeceessuecesseecetseges 31 4 PPOO COIR 282 ache tatsisce succes ste sae se tee couric adeam oan conaeosuae eae E A AEE A 33 Exercise N21 Data transmission in RS232 PrOotOCl cseeccccsssecccceseccccensccecaesececeeeceeeeesccessueceeseneceesenes 35 Exercise N92 Data reception in RS232 ProtOCl cccccccsssccccesseccccesececceeccceeesececeueeceeeeesccessuesesseneceesenes 36 5 Protocol RS485 422 ee ene attra nee aaa a aaa aaa araa aa ana eee 38 Exercise No1 Data transmission in RS422 485 protocol ssssssssssseeeessssssrrrrrrrrrrrrrrenssssssrrrrrrrrrrrrreeeeeeseeees 40 Exercise No2 Data reception in RS422 485 protocol e sesssssssseessseseeeesssssrrrrrrtttrrrrrernnsssssrrrrrrrtrrrrreeeeeeseeee 41 6 Procol ModDU eee E A E A E 44 Exercise N21 Data transmission in Modbus protocol sessssessesesrenssrrrssrreresrrerssreresrrereseereserersseeresereesseeee 49 Exercise N92 Error detection in Modbus protocol essssssesessensesrerssrresssrrresrrrrssreressrereseereserersseereserersseeee 51 7 Fe OCOC Ob GP UB o ona A EE A E E OER 53 Exercise N21 Data transmission in GPIB protocol seesssessssesesrensssreresrrresrreresrrerssreressrersseeresereessreresere
61. e engineer decompile or disassemble the Software except and only to the extent that this Agreement expressly permits despite this limitation 6 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual 3 7 use any components of the Product to run applications not running on the Software 3 8 make more copies of the Product than specified in this Agreement 3 9 disclose or distribute the Product or any portion thereof to any third party or publish them for others to copy 3 10 rent lease or lend the Product and or any developments improvements modifications made by You or Developer further updates upgrades thereof notwithstanding whether they are made by the Developer Installer Licensor or by You to any third party or 3 11 use the Product in any other manner not expressly stated in the Permitted Purpose 4 Geographic Restrictions You are only permitted to use this Product in the geographic region indicated on the Product if any You should not attempt to install and activate the Software outside of that region 5 Intellectual Property Rights The Software and all copies of the Software are a owned by Developer and protected by applicable copyright laws and international treaty provisions and b licensed only and not sold or leased You shall not remove or alter any copyright patent trademark or other legal notices or disclaimers that exist in the Software All rights not expressly granted to You herein are reserved t
62. e frame will appear in the Sent Data field To calculate the CRC use calculator in the bottom of the window Write down the polynomial in the CRC Polynomial field Fill the Data field and click Calculate CRC button afterwards Data and CRC Polynomial should be entered in hexadecimal format without spaces The program gives also opportunity to create reports based on the exercise results in MS Word format Click Report button to create the report If the exercise is not finished after Report button is pressed corresponding dialog will appear and the report will not be generated 51 RAFA Solutions 2015 If the exercise is finished correctly window will appear after pressing Report button to fill user s name The report includes protocol name exercise number and purpose user s name date as well as the image of constructed frame depending on the purpose of the exercise Save the file in any folder you want 52 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual 7 Protocol GPIB GPIB General Purpose Interface Bus is common purpose interface bus In the middle 1960s the company Hewlett Packard introduced Hewlett Packard Interface Bus HP IB as a multipurpose controller In the 1970s the standard was updated to more common GPIB which is also known as standard IEEE 488 In the beginning of 1990s new specifications of the standard were released as well as the new specification for progr
63. e is constructed correctly it will appear in the Sent Data field after clicking Send button Sent numbers can be checked by clicking Check button If the numbers within the frame are correct the dialog box will appear with Correct text the dialog with Incorrect text will appear in opposite case Clear Data to Send and Sent Data fields in this case and repeat all steps The program gives also opportunity to create reports based on the exercise results in MS Word format Click Report button to create the report If the exercise is not finished after Report button is pressed corresponding dialog will appear and the report will not be generated If the exercise is finished correctly window will appear after pressing Report button to fill user s name The report includes protocol name exercise number and purpose user s name date as well as the image of constructed frame depending on the purpose of the exercise Save the file in any folder you want Exercise N22 Data request in CAN protocol The purpose of the exercise is the study of data request in CAN protocol Ga InPEduS Avionics a eo E Tord IMPEqUG Identifier 10010111 Templates p Exercise N2 0 0 0 0 000000 0000000 00000000 0000 0 00000000000 Purpose ars ACK DEL DATA Data request in CAN protocol 0 To request data remote frame should be 000000000000000 000 00000000 sent with given identifie
64. e specified before starting data transfer After clicking Send button if GPIB signals are correct the transferred data will appear in the Sent Data field Sent numbers can be checked by clicking Check button RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual In case of error within the frame Warning Indicator will turn red Click the Clear button and fill the fields correctly To send the data disable the signal ATN convert the data from decimal to binary format and write down the binary code into Data to Send fields You can send several numbers within single transfer The transferred data will appear in the Sent Data field after clicking Send button Sent numbers can be checked by clicking Check button If the numbers are correct the dialog box will appear with Correct text the dialog with Incorrect text will appear in opposite case Clear Data to Send and Sent Data fields in this case and repeat all steps The program gives also opportunity to create reports based on the exercise results in MS Word format Click Report button to create the report If the exercise is not finished after Report button is pressed corresponding dialog will appear and the report will not be generated If the exercise is finished correctly window will appear after pressing Report button to fill user s name The report includes protocol name exercise number and purpos
65. ear button and assemble the frame once more 72 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual se InPEduS Avionics Information to Send 014 Label Exercise N 1 SSM Data transmission in ARINC 429 protocol Functional Test Purpose Transmission of s Templates with proper parity The label should be sentin MSB order all Parity ssm other dats LSB order In orderto forma proper message the table for labels should be used indicated in the Short Course of ARINC 429 00000000 0 00 0000000000000000000 Exercise Instructions Write Data into corresponding template and click on the template to construct the frame to be sent After clicking cted template will appear in the Data to Send field After the frame is complete click the Send button Sent numbers can be checked by clicking Check button Data to Send Formed Data If the frame is constructed correctly it will appear in the Sent Data field after clicking Send button Sent information can be checked by clicking Check button If the information within the frame is correct the dialog box will appear with Correct text the dialog with Incorrect text will appear in opposite case Clear Sent Data field in this case and repeat all steps The program gives also opportunity to create reports based on the exercise results in MS Word format Click Report button to create the report If the exercise
66. ed pair 4 wire RS 485 In this case it is possible to get full duplex transmission In this case one of the devices should serve as Master and others as Slaves Communication is done only between Master and Slaves no data is transferred between slaves In these cases the RS 422 driver usually serves as master and RS 485 devices as slaves for system cheapening purposes RS 422 standard initially considers the use of 4 wire shielded twisted pair 38 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual cable but allows connections only from one device to others up to 5 drivers and up to 10 receivers for each driver RS 422 is full duplex interface Reception and transmission are processed through two separate wire pairs On each pair only one transmitter is allowed RS 485 is half duplex interface Reception and transmission are done through one pair with time delay Multiple transmitters can exist within the network as they can turn off in receiver mode Basic technical parameters of RS 485 422 protocols are given in Table 5 1 RS 422 uses two or more strictly separated wire pairs one for reception one for transmission and one wire for each control handshake signal Devices are connected through cables with 9 or 25 pin D type connectors Usually they are denoted as DB 9 CANNON 9 CANNON 25 etc Each pin is denoted and numerated DB 9 type connector is RS422 485 RS422 485 Pinout 9 Pin Pini Pins Ea Pin 6 RXD ee Pi
67. ercise Save the file in any folder you want 68 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual 9 Protocol ARINC 429 ARINC 429 is a technical standard for the predominant avionics data bus that is used in a wide range of commercial planes among which are Airbus A310 A320 and A330 A340 Bell Helicopters Boeing 727 737 747 757 and 767 and McDonanel Douglas MD 11 The standard defines physical and electrical interfaces of twisted wire pair data bus and a data protocol for local computer network of planes ARINC 429 uses one directional data bus known as Mark 33 DITS ARINC 429 one directional system provides high reliability due to limited speeds of data transmission In its simplest form ARINC 429 consists of a single transmitter connected to a single receiver In general from 1 20 receivers can be connected to a single transmitter ARINC 429 can involve the majority of these connections to provide data transfer between elements of avionics systems Each aircraft can be equipped with different electrical devices and systems that need interconnection Depending on airplane a big amount of equipment can be used All the equipment is identified in specifications and has their identifiers equipment ID The specification identifies number of the systems that are able to exchange data files in bit oriented format These files can require transmission of multiple messages in sequential form ARINC 429 uses self synchronizing data bus pro
68. error is being deleted from memory of all devices simultaneously 13 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual Error frame consists of two different fields Figure 1 7 First field is given through superposition of Error Flags 6 dominant bits in case of active error flag 6 recessive bits in case of passive error flag which are set by two different stations Second field is Error Delimiter 8 recessive bits Data Mg Error frame Interframe space Overload frame Error flag Superposition of error flags Error delimiter Figure 1 7 Error Frame Overload Frame Overload frame consists of two fields overload flag and delimiter field There are several conditions in case of which transmit of overload frame is being operated e Receiver overload which requires increase of delays between received messages e Dominant bit detection in place of first and second bits of delay between frames Interframe Space IFC is being set between data frames calling frame and any other frames Opposite to this there is no delay before overload frame and error frame which speeds up receive of these fields Interframe Space consists of Intermission 3 recessive bits and Bus Idle of arbitrary length and in case of devices passive to error which have operated transmit of last message Suspend Transmission Error Detection in CAN protocol CAN protocol defines five methods of error detection in network e Bit monitoring e Bit stu
69. errupt enable If in SPI status register the SPIF flag 3 2 1 0 CPOL CPHA SPR1 SPRO R W R W R W R W 0 0 0 0 3 2 1 0 SPI2X R R R R W 0 0 0 0 is set then setting this bit This bit should be set if SPI must be used DORD Data shift order If DORD 1 transmission is processed in LSB format In opposite case RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual e MSTR Master slave selection If the MSTR flag is set MSTR 1 SPI serves as master in other case MSTR 0 it serves as slave If SS is set as input and it had low level when MSTR was 1 the MSTF bit is cleared automatically and SPIF flag interrupt is set to 1 in SPSR register To set SPI to master mode user should provide programmatic installation of MSTR bit e CPOL synchronization polarity If CPOL 1 SCK has high level in waiting mode If CPOL 0 SCK has low level in waiting mode e CPHA Synchronization phase The value of this bit defines SCK edge rising or falling through which data acquisition is done e SPR1 SPRO SPI synchronization frequency selection bits 1 and 0 These bits together with SPI2X flag which is set in status register set the synchronization frequency on SCK in master mode SPR1 and SPRO do not have any effect in slave mode The connection between SCK frequency and synchronization generator fosc frequency is given below Table 2 3 SCK frequency SPI2X SPR1 SPRO SCK frequency 0 0 0 fosc 4 0 0 1 fosc 16 0 1 0 fosc 64
70. erver to client informing that connection is closed 63 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual 3 After reception of these flags client closes connection and sends to server ACK to confirm that connection is closed Exercise No1 Data transmission in TCP protocol 1 Connection Establishment in TCP protocol The purpose of the exercise is a study of connection establishment in TCP protocol Transmitter should establish the connection with the receiver mentioning Source port and Destination port Ga InPEduS Avionics eae tpt TAPEQUG Source Port CE06 Destination Port C346 Templates Exercise N1 Options Checksum Urgent pointer Data Data offset Reserved Part 1 Connection Establishment in TCP protocol Sequence number ws g ACK number Purpose 0 0 0 0 0 0 Connection Establishment in TCP protocol Transmitter should establish the connection with the receiver mentioning Dais to Sand Source port and Destination port Exercise Instructions Write Data into corresponding template and click on the template to construct the frame to be sent All data except of flags should be entered in hexadecimal format After clicking selected template will appear in the Data to Send field After the frame is complete click the Send button Sent Data lf connection is established successfully appropriate message will appear Received Data The purpose of this exercise as well as short instructions are pro
71. essage frame is transmitted continuously If the silence interval of more than 1 5 symbols length takes place the frame should be ignored from receiver device Intervals for Serial Modbus RTU in case of speed 9600 bit sec and 11 bits within frame start bit 8 data bits parity control bit stop bit 3 5 11 9600 0 00401041 6 more than 4ms 1 5 11 9600 0 00171875 more than 1ms For speeds more than 19200 bit sec intervals of 1 75 and 0 75 Mc are allowed correspondingly CRC 16 Cyclic Redundancy Check Message only data bits without taking into consideration start stop bits and parity bit is considered as a single binary number in which MSB is transmitted first The message is multiplied to X16 is shifted to left by 16 bits and then is divided to polynomial X16 X15 X2 1 expressed as binary number 11000000000000101 The integer part of the expression is ignored and the 16 bit remainder initialized with 1 s to avoid the case when the message consists of 0 s is added to the message as 2 bytes checksum Received message then is divided to the same polynomial in the receiver X16 X15 X2 1 If there are no errors remainder from the division is 0 The receiver can calculate the CRC and compare it to the received one All arithmetic is done by module 2 without transmission 46 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual Device which is used to prepare data for transmission sends the LSB bit of e
72. f Industrial Standard label definitions organized by Equipment ID EQID EQID is a 3 digital hexadecimal number from 000 to FFF allowing up to 4096 possible values Each EQID combines a range of determined labels Note that the same Label can be determined differently for different EQID values Labels can be represented by 6 symbols where first 3 symbols are Label number 3 octal digits and the last 3 symbols make the EQID 3 hexadecimal digits Label code indicated in ARINC specification is given to each transmitted message Tables of standard labels by Label number and EQID are given below Table 9 2 BCD Labels Label EQ Parameter Name Units Scale Digits Res Min Tx Max Tx ID Rate ms Rate ms 010 002 Present Position Degrees 180N 6 N 0 1 250 500 Latitude Minutes 180S 004 Present Position Degrees 180N 6 N 0 1 250 500 Latitude Minutes 180S 038 Present Position Degrees 180N 6 N 0 1 250 500 Latitude Minutes 180S 014 004 Magnetic Heading Degrees 0 359 9 4 0 1 250 500 005 Magnetic Heading Degrees 0 359 9 4 0 1 250 500 038 Magnetic Heading Degrees 0 359 9 4 0 1 250 500 71 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual Table 9 3 BNR Labels Label EQ Parameter Name Units Scale bits Res Min Tx Max Tx ID Rate ms Rate ms 064 03C Tire Pressure Nose psia 1024 10 1 0 50 250 102 002 Selected Altitude feet 65536 16 1 0 100 200 020 Selected Altitude feet 65536 16 1 0 100 200 029 DC Current Battery
73. ffing e Frame check e ACKnowledgement Check e CRC Check Bit monitoring each node compares transmitted bit with the bit on the bus during bit transmission to network Node generates Bit Error if these values do not equal This mechanism of error detection is turning off during arbitration field transmission Bit stuffing After transmit of five serial equivalent bits transmitter automatically puts in flow a bit of opposite polarity Message receivers automatically delete these bits before message processing If the 6 th bit of the same polarity is detected bit overload error is flagged If the error is detected the 14 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual node sends error message and interrupts the transmission In this case transmitter repeats message transfer which protects all nodes from error generation and provides data consistency within network Frame check some segments of CAN message have equal values within all message types This means that CAN protocol defines what voltage levels should appear on the bus and when If the message format is broken nodes generate Form Error ACKnowledgement Check each node sends to network dominant 0 bit after receiving correct message If this action doesn t take place transmitting node registers Acknowledgement Error CRC Check each CAN message has within it CRC sum and each receiver node calculates CRC value for each received message If the calculate
74. g trial version of the Product 8 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual 19 Update License Terms All updates shall be considered part of the Product and subject to the terms and conditions of this Agreement Additional license terms may accompany Updates as defined above By installing copying or otherwise using any Update you agree to be bound by the terms accompanying each such Update If you do not agree to the additional license terms accompanying such Updates you should not install copy or otherwise use such Updates 20 Entire Agreement This Agreement including any addendum or amendment to this Agreement are the entire agreement between you and Licensor relating to the Product and the Support Services if any and they supersede all prior or contemporaneous oral or written communications proposals and representations with respect to the Product or any other subject matter covered by this Agreement To the extent the terms of any Licensor policies or programs for Support Services conflict with the terms of this Agreement the terms of this Agreement shall control 21 Applicable Law The law of the country of registration of the Licensor governs the interpretation execution and performance of this Agreement 22 Termination Without prejudice to any other rights Licensor may cancel this Agreement if you do not abide by the terms and conditions of this Agreement in which case you must destroy all copies of the P
75. he frame is constructed correctly it will appear in the SPCR Register field Select SPI Status Register to fill SPSR register After clicking selected template will appear in the selected field After the frame is complete click the Load button If the frame is constructed correctly it will appear in the SPSR Register field In case of error within the frame Warning Indicator will turn red Click the Clear button and assemble the frame once more After SPCR and SPSR registers are filled data transmission can be started Select SPI Data Register and click on the data template After clicking selected template will appear in the selected field Sent numbers can be checked by clicking Check button If the numbers within the frame are correct the dialog box will appear with Correct text the dialog with Incorrect text will appear in opposite case Clear all fields in this case and repeat all steps The program gives also opportunity to create reports based on the exercise results in MS Word format Click Report button to create the report If the exercise is not finished after Report button is pressed corresponding dialog will appear and the report will not be generated If the exercise is finished correctly window will appear after pressing Report button to fill user s name 24 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual The report includes protocol n
76. he specified number of data words The status and data words are transmitted without any gap After message validation the RTs with broadcasting option including the transmitting RT set the broadcast received bit in the status word and do not transmit the status word Mode Commands 1 Mode command without data word broadcast The bus controller issues a transmit command word with terminal address field set to 11111 and a mode code After command word validation the RTs with the broadcast option set the broadcast received bit and do not send it 2 Mode command with data word broadcast The bus controller issues a receive command with terminal address field set to 11111 and a mode command code followed by one data 96 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual word The command word and data word are transmitted without any gap After command and data validation the RTs with the broadcast option set the broadcast received bit in the status word and do not transmit it Exercise No91 BC to RT data transmission in MIL STD 1553 protocol The purpose of the exercise is a study of data transmission in MIL STD 1553 protocol The data should be transmitted from the bus controller to the remote controller The data is being transmitted in binary format All the templates should be filled with binary numbers The structure of the data frame should be the same as it was described in the section 11 The purpose of this exercise as well as
77. hecksum For checksum calculation use the calculator in the right side of the window Data should be written in the hexadecimal format in IP Checksum and Data fields Click the Calculate Checksum button The calculated code in hexadecimal format will be displayed in the Checksum field If the received datagram is correct frame will appear in the Received Data field after pressing Receive button In case of error within the frame click Decline button and next datagram will appear If the Receive button is pressed when there is an error the warning indicator will appear Received numbers can also be checked Click Check button after writing down the data into Received Data field in decimal format separated by commas If the numbers are correct the dialog box will appear with Correct text the dialog with Incorrect text will appear in opposite case Clear fields in this case and repeat all steps 89 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual The program gives also opportunity to create reports based on the exercise results in MS Word format Click Report button to create the report If the exercise is not finished after Report button is pressed corresponding dialog will appear and the report will not be generated If the exercise is finished correctly window will appear after pressing Report button to fill user s name The report includes
78. hexadecima Sent Data A format without spaces CRC Polynomial Data for CRC High Byte and CRC Low Byte are also shown in hexadecimal format Data Sent numbers can be checked by clicking Check button CRC High byte CRC Low byte In case of error within the frame Warning Indicator will turn red Click the Clear button and assemble the frame once more You can send all the numbers within one frame or each number within separate frames To calculate the CRC use calculator in the bottom of the window Write down the polynomial in the CRC Polynomial field Fill the Data field and click Calculate CRC button afterwards Data and CRC Polynomial should be entered in hexadecimal format without spaces Data for CRC High Byte and CRC Low Byte are also shown in hexadecimal format If the frame is constructed correctly it will appear in the Sent Data field after clicking Send button Sent numbers can be checked by clicking Check button If the numbers within the frame are correct the dialog box will appear with Correct text the dialog with Incorrect text will appear in opposite case Clear Data to Send and Sent Data fields in this case and repeat all steps The program gives also opportunity to create reports based on the exercise results in MS Word format Click Report button to create the report If the exercise is not finished after Report button is pressed corres
79. ics of industrial and avionics protocols and interfaces Software is combined of interesting and useful exercises and demonstrations which give a unique opportunity to deeply understand the structure and operation principles of protocols InPEduS Avionics software includes 11 popular protocols which are CAN GPIB I2C Modbus RS232 RS485 422 SPI TCP ARINC 429 AFDX and MIL STD 1553 For each of the protocols from 1 to 3 exercises are designed that serve to test student s knowledge and help them to get the full idea of protocols A demonstration is provided for each protocol to visualize working mechanism of protocols InPEduS also gives opportunity to make reports for finished exercises This option can be helpful for trainers as well as for students to have information about student s progress InPEduS Avionics also provides User Manual with full descriptions of all protocols and instructions for exercises in order to perform them correctly Software has also an option to open User Manual while working with protocols This option makes it even more convenient for students to refresh their knowledge of protocols while doing exercises In conclusion InPEduS is an adjuvant tool to make studying process of protocols fascinating All options introduced above make it an ideal platform to learn industrial protocols course either by your own or within a class 2 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual Required Software
80. identifier has the highest priority From operating nodes only the node with the smallest identifier value can be responsible for decisions made 15 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual The other opportunity of the arbitration mechanism is used in the highest level network of DeviceNet In this network the maximum number of nodes is 64 and the least significant digits of the identifier are used for addressing and the most significant digits are specified for message type coding The message with O in the most significant bit will occupy the bus first independent on receiver node address This in turn provides transfer of first type messages at first independent on transmitter and receiver addresses Exercise No1 Data transmission in CAN protocol The purpose of the exercise is a study of data transmission in CAN protocol s InPEduS Avionics o pes oP dhd AV f Mladic u Numbers to Send 50 85 0 196 196 108 221 Templates Exercise N1 RTR Error Flag ig CRC DEL ACK EOF Error DEL Data transmission in CAN protocol 0 0 0 0 000000 0000000 00000000 00000000000 0 Purpose CRC DLC ACK DEL irs DATA Data transmission in CAN protocol The data is being transmitted in 83 bit 000000000000000 0000 0 000 00000000 format The data bits should be sent starting from the most significant bit MSB Exercise Instructions Write Data into corresponding template and click on the template to cons
81. ield Click Receive button to move the frame to Received Data field and receive next frame of the data To check received data convert binary Received Data numbers to decimal enter numbers and click Check button Received Numbers The data is being transmitted in 8 bit format Parity bit is not included in the data frame Frame has 1 stop bit The purpose of this exercise as well as short instructions are provided on the right side of the window 36 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual Exercise Instructions In order to receive data from the receiver data request should be sent Request should be sent by using appropriate signal states of RS232 protocol If the set states of the signals are correct received data frame will appear in the Received Data Frame field Click Receive button to move the frame to Received Data field and receive next frame of the data In case of error within the signals states Warning Indicator will turn red Correct signal s states and click the Receive button once more To check received data convert binary numbers to decimal enter numbers and click Check button If the numbers within the frame are correct the dialog box will appear with Correct text the dialog with Incorrect text will appear in opposite case The program gives also opportunity to create reports based on the exercise results in MS Word format Click Rep
82. ignals are correct received data frame will appear in the Received Data Frame field Click Receive button to move the frame to Received Data field and receive next frame of the data To check received data convert binary numbers to decimal enter numbers and click Check button Received Data Frame Received Data Received Numbers The data is being transmitted in 8 bit format Parity bit is not included in the data frame Frame has 1 stop bit The purpose of this exercise as well as short instructions are provided on the right side of the window Exercise Instructions In order to receive data from the receiver data request should be sent Request should be sent by using appropriate signal states of RS422 485 protocol If the set states of the signals are correct received data frame will appear in the Received Data Frame field Click Receive button to move the frame to Received Data field and receive next frame of the data In case of error within the signals states Warning Indicator will turn red Correct signal s states and click the Receive button once more To check received data convert binary numbers to decimal enter numbers and click Check button If the numbers within the frame are correct the dialog box will appear with Correct text the dialog with Incorrect text will appear in opposite case The program gives also opportunity to create reports based on the
83. ing a mode command code specified in Table 11 1 with sub address field set to 00000 or 11111 followed with one data word The command and data word are transmitted without any gap After command and data word validation the RT transmits a status word to controller The status data sequencing is the same as the BC RT or RT BC messages except that data word count is either zero or one Four types of broadcast transactions are allowed between the bus controller and all capable remote controllers The broadcast transaction is identical to the non broadcast transaction with the following differences e The bus controller issues commands to terminal address 31 11111 reserved for this function e The remote terminals receiving the broadcast command suppress the transmission of the status words BC to RT s broadcast The bus controller issues a receive command word with 11111 set to terminal address field followed by the specified number of data words The command and data words are transmitted without gaps The RTs that receive the broadcast command set the broadcast command received bit in the status word and do not transmit the status word RT to RT s broadcast The bus controller issues a receive command word with 11111 set to the terminal address field followed by a transmit command word with a particular RT address set to the terminal address field After command validation the specified RT transmits a status word followed by t
84. ion speed in RS 485 422 specification can reach 10 Mbaud Maximal distance is 1200 m If the distance should be more than 1200 m or more devices should be connected special repeaters are used Table 5 1 Basic technical parameters Interface parameters RS 422 RS 485 Allowed transmitter receiver number 1 10 32 32 Maximal cable length 1200 m 1200 m Maximal speed 10 Mb sec 10 Mb sec Transmitter Voltage range for 1 2 10V 1 5 6V Transmitter Voltage range for 0 2 10V 1 5 6V Transmitter in phase voltage range 3 43V 1 43V Allowed receiver Voltage range 7 7V 7 412V Receiver sensitivity threshold range 200 mV 200 mV Maximum short circuit current of driver 150 mA 250 mA Transmitter allowed load resistance 100 Ohm 54 Ohm Receiver input resistance 4 KOhm 12KOhm Transmitter maximum rise time 10 bits 30 bits RS 485 standard allows only 32 transmitter receiver pairs however the manufacturers have expanded the opportunities of RS 485 so now it can support from 128 to 255 devices on one line and by using repeater the number of devices practically have no limitations In RS 485 it is possible and in case of long wires it is necessary to use terminators which are embedded to device with RS 485 protocol although in case of short wires it is possible that the signal will be weakened by using terminators RS 485 standard also allows the use of shielded twisted pair cable 2 wire RS 485 It is also possible to use 4 wire twist
85. lear Service request Attention Shield Data input output bit Remote enable wire twisted with DAV wire twisted with NRFD wire twisted with NDAC wire twisted Table 7 1 Connectors IEEE 488 DIO1 DIO4 EOI DAV NRFD NDAC IFC SRQ ATN SHIELD DIO5 DIO8 REN GND GND GND GND Destination Data lines Interface management line The EOI line has two purposes The Talker uses the EOI line to mark the end of a message string and the Controller uses the EOI line to tell devices to identify their response in a parallel poll Handshake line Tells when the signals on the data lines are Stable valid and can be accepted safely by devices Handshake line Indicates when a device is ready or not ready to receive a message byte The line is driven by all devices when receiving commands by Listeners when receiving data messages and by the Talker when enabling the HS488 protocol Handshake line Indicates when a device has or has not accepted a message byte The line is driven by all devices when receiving commands and by Listeners when receiving data messages Interface management line The System Controller drives the IFC line to initialize the bus and become CIC Interface management line Any device can drive the SRQ line to asynchronously request service from the Controller Interface management line The Controller drives ATN true when it uses the data lines t
86. mplate will appear in the Data to Send field After the frame is complete click the Send button 66 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual In case of error within the frame Warning Indicator will turn red Click the Clear button and assemble the frame once more If the frame is constructed correctly it will appear in the Sent Data field after clicking Send button and response frame will appear in the Received Data field If the frame is constructed correctly and connection is established appropriate message will appear In case of errors clear Data to Send and Sent Data fields and repeat all steps The program gives also opportunity to create reports based on the exercise results in MS Word format Click Report button to create the report If the exercise is not finished after Report button is pressed corresponding dialog will appear and the report will not be generated If the exercise is finished correctly window will appear after pressing Report button to fill user s name The report includes protocol name exercise number and purpose user s name date as well as the image of constructed frame depending on the purpose of the exercise Save the file in any folder you want Exercise N22 Data checking in TCP protocol The purpose of the exercise is data checking and error detection in TCP protocol ew InPEduS Avionics CI tsa Tre
87. ng CTS Pin6 Pin9 Figure 5 1 DB 9 connector In the e pins Table 5 2 Connector pinout is presented with short description of the pins Table 5 2 Connector pin outs Contact Abbreviation Direction Name 1 TXD Out Transmitted Data 2 TXD Out Transmitted Data 3 RTS Out Request to Send 4 RTS Out Request to Send 5 GND Ground 6 RXD In Received Data 7 RXD In Received Data 8 CTS In Clear to Send 9 CTS In Clear to Send 39 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual Data structure transmitted with RS485 422 protocol is identical to RS232 protocol Data structure with synchronization clock signal is given on Figure 5 2 Eight data bits parity bit and stop bit are used in this example This structure is also denoted as 8E1 Parity Data Start bit Stop bt S bt 1 Data 14104 004 4 Z AEGA LI Clock 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 414 4 4 4 Figure 5 2 Time diagram ananena Parity Control For parity check two connected devices should calculate parity bits with the same algorithm even or odd parity In case of even parity data bits including the parity bit should have even number of logical 1 Odd parity corresponds to opposite case Parity check is the simplest way of error checking It can detect error in one bit but in case of errors in 2 bits simultaneously this checking cannot detect errors Besides this control does not define which bit has the error Other mechanisms of error checking a
88. ng but not limited to any if any implied warranties duties or conditions of merchantability of fitness for a particular purpose of accuracy or completeness of responses of results of workmanlike effort of lack of viruses and of lack of negligence all with regard to the Product and the provision of or failure to provide support services ALSO THERE IS NO WARRANTY OR CONDITION OF TITLE QUIET ENJOYMENT QUIET POSSESSION AND CORRESPONDENCE TO DESCRIPTION OR NON INFRINGEMENT 15 EXCLUSION OF INCIDENTAL CONSEQUENTIAL AND OTHER DAMAGES IN NO EVENT SHALL LICENSOR AND OR ITS SUPPLIERS DISTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL INCIDENTAL INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES WHATSOEVER INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO DAMAGES FOR LOSS OF PROFITS OR CONFIDENTIAL OR OTHER INFORMATION FOR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION FOR PERSONAL INJURY FOR LOSS OF PRIVACY FOR FAILURE TO MEET ANY DUTY INCLUDING OF GOOD FAITH OR OF REASONABLE CARE FOR NEGLIGENCE AND FOR ANY OTHER PECUNIARY OR OTHER LOSS WHATSOEVER ARISING OUT OF OR IN ANY WAY RELATED TO THE USE OF OR INABILITY TO USE THE PRODUCT THE PROVISION OF OR FAILURE TO PROVIDE SUPPORT SERVICES OR OTHERWISE UNDER OR IN CONNECTION WITH ANY PROVISION OF THIS AGREEMENT EVEN IN THE EVENT OF THE FAULT TORT INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE STRICT LIABILITY BREACH OF CONTRACT OR BREACH OF WARRANTY OF LICENSOR OR ANY SUPPLIER AND EVEN IF LICENSOR OR ANY SUPPLIER HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES 16 Limit
89. o Developer 6 Backup Copy You may make one backup copy copies of the Software You may use it only to reinstall the Software 7 Documentation Any person that has valid access to your computer or internal network may copy and use the documentation for your internal reference purposes 8 Third Party Programs The Software may contain third party programs The license terms with those programs apply to your use of them 9 Limitation on and Exclusion of Damages No Party shall be liable for consequential damages lost profits special indirect or incidental damages This limitation applies to anything related to the software services content on third party Internet sites or third party programs as well as claims for breach of contract breach of warranty guarantee or condition strict liability negligence or other tort to the extent permitted by applicable law It also applies even if repair replacement or a refund for the Software if any does not fully compensate you for any losses or Licensor knew or should have known about the possibility of the damages 10 Limited Warranty If you follow the instructions and the Software is properly licensed the Software will perform substantially as described in the Licensor s materials that you receive in or with the Software The limited warranty covers the software for 90 days after acquiring by you If you receive supplements updates or replacement software during warranty period they
90. o send commands and drives ATN false when a Talker can send data messages shield Data lines Interface management line The System Controller drives the REN line which is used to place devices in remote or local program mode Ground Ground Ground Ground 55 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual with IFC 22 wire twisted GND Ground with SRQ 23 wire twisted GND Ground with ATN 24 Logic ground Logical Ground Commands GPIB commands are being transferred through classical protocol IEEE 488 1 Standard gives format for the commands which are being sent by device and format and coding for responses Commands usually are abbreviations of corresponding English expressions A question mark is added to request commands All mandatory commands are prefixed with Standard defines minimal amount of opportunities which each device should be equipped with including receive and transmit data send request for service and react on signal Clear Interface All commands and the most data use 7 bit ASCII code in which 8 bit is not used or is used for parity Table 7 2 IEEE 488 2 Required and Optional Control Sequences Description Send ATN true commands Set address to send data Send ATN false data Send a program message Set address to receive data Receive ATN false data Receive a response message Pulse IFC line Place devices in DCAS Place devices in local state Place devices in remo
91. ompliance Mandatory Optional Mandatory Optional Optional Optional Optional Optional but requires FINDLSTN The purpose of the exercise is the study of data transmission in GPIB protocol se InPEduS Avionics po ALL l L 1i caue Address 7 Datato Send 251 Shield ATN SRQ IFC NDAC NRFD DAV EO DIO4 DIO3 DIO2 DIO1 OE O E ROR E E E E eee LGND GND GND GND GND GND GND REN DIO8 DIO7 DIO6 DIOS 0 00000000 ee Data to Send Sent Data DIO8 0 DIO7 DIO6 DIOS DIO3 DIO2 0 0 0 DIO4 0 0 0 0 DIOL The data is being transmitted in 8 bit format with given address In the top of the window is given the Listener Address of the receiver device The program automatically generates numbers to be sent which are being displayed on Numbers to Send field in the top of the window The purpose of this exercise as well as short instructions are provided on the right side of the window Exercise Instructions The listener address should be specified before starting data transfer Convert address from decimal format to binary and write down the binary code in Data to Send fields Enable ATN and DAV signals and click the Send button 58 xco _2 futsal Exercise N1 Data transmission in GPIB protocol Purpose Data transmission in GPIB protocol The data should be transmitted in 8 bit format to the device with given address Exercise Instructions The listener address should b
92. on Window Size The value of this field defines number of data bites that the sender wants to receive Pseudo header TCP header does not provide information of source and destination addresses This means that even if the destination port is correct it cannot guarantee that the message has found its destination As the purpose of TCP is reliable delivery of messages this point has essential importance This problem could be solved in variety of ways The simplest was to add address information to TCP header however this would first bring to duplicated information and second breaks the encapsulation principle of OSI model This was the reason that developers decided to use additional pseudo header Table 8 1 and Table 8 2 Table 8 1 IPv4 TCP pseudo header sP PPRPP Poteet ee 61 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual Table 8 2 IPv6 pseudo header Source Source address Destination a EI TCP length 288 Next header e Protocol Next header has the value 6 000000110 in binary format 0x6 in hexadecimal TCP protocol identifier e TCP length TCP length in bytes TCP header data pseudo header length is not considered Pseudo header is not a part of TCP segment It is used to calculate checksum before the message is sent and after it is received Checksum Checksum field is 16 bit complement of sum of all 16 bit words in header including pseudo header and the data Before checksum
93. one In case of error within any frame Warning Indicator will appear Click the Clear button and assemble the frame once more If the frame is constructed correctly it will appear in the Sent Data field after clicking Send button Sent information can be checked by clicking Check button If the information within the frame is correct the dialog box will appear with Correct text and the status word will appear in the Status Word field the dialog with Incorrect text will appear in opposite case Clear Sent Data field in this case and repeat all steps Note that checking should be done after the status and all the data words are sent The program gives also opportunity to create reports based on the exercise results in MS Word format Click Report button to create the report If the exercise is not finished corresponding dialog will appear after Report button is pressed and the report will not be generated If the exercise is finished correctly window will appear after pressing Report button to fill user s name The report includes protocol name exercise number and purpose user s name date as well as the image of constructed frame depending on the purpose of the exercise Save the file in any folder you want 99 RAFA Solutions 2015
94. onnections can be divided into 3 states connection establishment data transmission and connection termination Connection establishment TCP s ance start defined as handshaking consists of 3 steps 1 Client that tries to establish connection sends a segment with sequence number and SYN flag to server Server receives segment saves sequence number and tries to create socket for new client service In case of success server sends a segment with sequence number and ACK and SYN flags to client and goes to SYN RECEIVED state In case of failure server sends to client a segment with RST flag 2 If client receives a segment with SYN flag it saves the sequence number and sends a segment with ACK flag If it receives also the ACK flag client goes to ESTABLISED state If the client receives RST flag it stops trying to connect If the client does not receive response within 10 seconds it repeats connection process once more 3 If server receives a segment with ACK flag in SYN RECEIVED state it goes to ESTABLISHED State In opposite case it closes the socket after time out and goes to CLOSED state This process is called three way handshake as despite possibility to establish connection within 4 segments SYN to server ACK to client SYN to client ACK to server practically 3 segments are used to save time Data transmission During data transfer receiver uses the sequence number from received segments to recover their initial order Recei
95. onstant 0 0000 lt 48 bits 9 Figure 10 11 MAC Source Address Format Ethernet Payload Following the EtherType field is the Ethernet payload which contains the IP structure the UDP structure as well as the AFDX payload followed by the Sequence Number SN The IP and UDP structures are 20 and 8 bytes long respectively and the SN is 1 byte long Since the 81 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual Ethernet frame is specified to be in the range of 64 to 1518 bytes the ADFX payload must consequently be in the range 17 to 1471 bytes This calculation is done by simply subtracting the protocol overhead 6 6 2 20 8 1 4 47 from the max and min frame sizes Furthermore by using padding it s possible to specify the AFDX payload down to O bytes UDP Header UDP does not give any guarantee for message delivery for high level protocol and does not save states of sent messages This is the reason that UDP is also called Unreliable Datagram Protocol UDP provides multichannel transfer and header integrity and essential data checking The UDP datagram format is given in Figure 10 12 UDP header consists of 4 fields each of 2 byte length 16 bits Two of these fields are optional if using IPv4 whereas in IPv6 only source port is optional e Source Port 16 bits This field if needed for instance the transmitter is waiting for a response has the port ID from which the data packet was sent If the field is not used
96. ontroller and a specific remote terminal or the bus controller and a pair of remote terminals BC to RT transmission The bus controller sends a receive command that is directly followed by up to 32 data words The selected RT sends the status word afterwards RT to BC transmission The bus controller send transmit command to the RT then the RT sends the status word followed by up to 32 data words RT to RT transmission The bus controller sends one receive and one transmit commands to the corresponding RTs The transmitting RT sends the status word followed by up to 32 data words After this the receiving remote terminal sends its status word Mode commands There are 3 types of mode commands 95 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual 1 Mode command without data word Bus controller issues a transmit command to the RT using a mode command code specified in Table 11 1 with sub address field set to 00000 or 11111 After command word validation RT transmits a status word 2 Mode command with one data word transmit Bus controller issues a transmit command to the RT using a mode command code specified in Table 11 1 with sub address field set to 00000 or 11111 After command word validation RT transmits a status word followed by one data word The status and data words are transmitted without any gap 3 Mode command with one data word receive The bus controller issues a receive command to the RT us
97. op of the window The purpose of this exercise as well as short instructions are provided on the right side of the window 23 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual Se InPEduS Avionics TPE aus Number to Send 21 Transmission Mode 1 Exercise N1 Clock Frequency 3 ae q 722 Data transmission in SPI protocol Templates Purpose fef o fo Ee 8 ee The data is being transmitted in 8 bit 0 0 00000000 0 0 a 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 format The data bits should be sent starting from the most significant bit MSB SPI interrupts should not be taken into account Transmission mode and clock SPCR Register SPSR Register frequency are shown on the top of the window x x p 4 p Exercise Instructions Before sending the data by SPI interface SPCR and SPSR registered should be filled Select appropriate register to fill f click on the template to fill selected 3 SPIF WCOL 3g register 0 0 0 jo 0 0 0 When all registers are filled data s E P E transmission can be started Sent numbers can be checked by clicking Check button Exercise Instructions Write Data into corresponding template and click on the template to construct the frame to be sent Before sending the data by SPI interface SPCR and SPSR registered should be filled Select SPI Control Register to fill SPCR register After clicking selected template will appear in the selected field After the frame is complete click the Load button If t
98. or reset e SN Previous SN 1 e SN Previous SN 2 All frames not complying with these criteria are discarded Transmission Time wal oe inne mee IL ES B Network Arrival Time Reception B Network Integrity Checking per ee E Arrival Time Figure 10 14 AFDX Redundancy Management A Network Reception A Network Integrity Checking Redundancy Management RM The purpose of the Redundancy Management RM is to evaluate the two frame sequences delivered by the IC see Figure 10 13 discard possible duplicate frames and forward only one copy of each frame to the upper protocol layers The RM makes use of the configurable SkewMax parameter which is given in ms and must be specified for each receive VL defined in the ES SkewMax defines the maximum allowed time between the reception of two redundant frames i e with the same SN one received on network A and the other on network B If SkewMax is not exceeded the RM applies a first valid wins policy on the two frames i e the first received frame is forwarded whereas the later received frame is discarded However if SkewMax is exceeded the RM considers the two frames to be different from each other and hence forwards both 85 RAFA Solutions 2015 In the case where the RM is disabled both frame sequences are forwarded directly from the IC to the upper layers Exercise N21 Data transmission in AFDX protocol The purpose of the exercise is a study of data transmi
99. ord Count Mode Code P Data Word 32 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 42 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 swo foa OOS P Status Word Opas seje n 2s Jas ie 7 we e 2 svnce Terminal address mE instr sR Reserved Brcom Busy subst DBC Terme P Figure 11 2 Message Formatting Command Word Command word is combined of a sync waveform remote terminal address field transmit receive T R bit Sub address mode field word count mode code field and a parity P bit Sync waveform The existence of sync waveform in the word allows to distinguish command words SYNCC and data words SYNCD In a number of cases the instrumentation bit is used to differentiate command and status words as well The width of the command sync waveform is 3 bit time in form of invalid Manchester waveform with the sync waveform being positive for the first 1 5 bit times and then negative for the following 1 5 bit times If the next bit following the sync waveform is a logic zero then the last half of the sync waveform will have an apparent width of two clock periods due to the Manchester encoding Bits EEEE eee l l l l l l l l l l l l Data SYNCC Data bit bit Figure 11 3 Command Synchronization 92 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual Remote terminal address The existence of a 5 digit address allows addressing of up to 31 RT The address 11111 is used as a note for broadcas
100. ort button to create the report If the exercise is not finished after Report button is pressed corresponding dialog will appear and the report will not be generated If the exercise is finished correctly window will appear after pressing Report button to fill user s name The report includes protocol name exercise number and purpose user s name date as well as the image of constructed frame depending on the purpose of the exercise Save the file in any folder you want 37 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual 5 Protocol RS485 422 RS 485 and RS 422 interfaces are the most popular standards of physical level connection Standard RS 485 was designed by 2 companies EIA Electronics Industries Association and TIA Telecommunications Industry Association RS 422 is American standard the international equivalent of which is ITU T Recommendation V 11 RS 485 422 networks represent transmitters receivers which are connected through twisted pair The basis of RS 485 422 interfaces is the principle of differential balanced data transmission This kind of transmission guarantees high stability to in phase noise In phase noise is the noise which affects both wires of the line identically Transmitter must guarantee 1 5V signal level for maximal load and not more than 6V in idle mode Voltage levels are measured differentially The received signal level should be not less than 200mV Maximal connect
101. ould be entered in hexadecimal format After clicking selected template will appear in the Data to Send field After the frame is complete click the Send button In case of error within the frame Warning Indicator will turn red Click the Clear button and assemble the frame once more If the frame is constructed correctly it will appear in the Sent Data field after clicking Send button and response frame will appear in the Received Data field 65 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual Sent numbers can be checked by clicking Check button If the numbers within the frame are correct the dialog box will appear with Correct text the dialog with Incorrect text will appear in opposite case Clear Data to Send and Sent Data fields in this case and repeat all steps The program gives also opportunity to create reports based on the exercise results in MS Word format Click Report button to create the report If the exercise is not finished after Report button is pressed corresponding dialog will appear and the report will not be generated If the exercise is finished correctly window will appear after pressing Report button to fill user s name The report includes protocol name exercise number and purpose user s name date as well as the image of constructed frame depending on the purpose of the exercise Save the file in any folder you want
102. ponding dialog will appear and the report will not be generated If the exercise is finished correctly window will appear after pressing Report button to fill user s name The report includes protocol name exercise number and purpose user s name date as well as the image of constructed frame depending on the purpose of the exercise Save the file in any folder you want 50 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual Exercise N22 Error detection in Modbus protocol The purpose of this exercise is to check received data and send error message in Modbus protocol sg InPEduS Avionics lt eee Tot IAPEAUG Received Data Address Function Code DATA DATA CRC Low byte CRC High byte START END Exercise N2 01111001111 00110001011 01110001011 00001001111 00001100011 00011101011 Error detection in Modbus protocol Purpose Error detection in Modbus protocol Received data packet should be checked and in case of error error message should Function Code _ Code CRC High byte CRC Low CRC Low byte pata be sent START The data is received transmitted in 8 bit 00000000000 00000000000 00000000000 00000000000 00000000000 format Frame includes start and stop bits for each of the bytes Parity bit is not used Templates Exercise Instructions To check the frame you should calculate the CRC code using calculator at the button of the window You should check if the calculated CRC is the same a
103. pose of the exercise Save the file in any folder you want Exercise N23 Data checking in UDP header The purpose of the exercise is data checking and error detection in UDP header sa InPEduS Avionics Received Data Source port Destination port Length Checksum DATA DATA DATA DATA Exercise N3 68E4 920F 0011 185F F7 FB E0 8F a Data checking in UDP protocol 4 p p Purpose Data checking in UDP protocol Received datagram should be checked and IP Checksum 8E30 declined in case of an error If the packet does not contain any errors it should be accepted Data Exercise Instructions In order to check the received data the frame Checksum checksum should be calculated after which it should be compared to the received checksum For checksum calculation use the Checksum calculator n Received numbers should be checked ifthe Received Data datagram is accepted Click Check button after writing down the data into Received Data field in decimal format separated by commas Received Numbers Received data is given in the top of the window Received datagram should be checked and declined in case of an error If the packet does not contain any errors it should be accepted The purpose of this exercise as well as short instructions are provided on the right side of the window Exercise Instructions Checksum should be calculated for the packet to check the received data after which it should be compared to the received c
104. protocol name exercise number and purpose user s name date as well as the image of constructed frame depending on the purpose of the exercise Save the file in any folder you want 90 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual 11 Protocol MIL STD 1553 MIL STD 1553 standard describes one megabit serial network physical layer and message level protocol data link layer It was published by US Department of Defense as US Air Force standard in 1973 and was first used on the F 16 Falcon fighter aircraft and primarily was used in legacy avionics power sensor and control systems The US DoD gave up oversight of the standard in the early 1990s and no the standard is overseen by the Society of Automotive Engineers SAE as commercial document AS15531 Today MIL STD 1553 is regarded as a low speed computer interconnect standard that can be developed with readily available low cost commercial component Structure of MIL STD 1553 system A 1553 network bus is a heterogeneous architecture where the various computers terminals on the bus have master slave relationship The bus consists of a wire pair with resistance of 70 85 ohm at 1MHz frequency The information is transmitted by Manchester 2 code Data transmission speed is 1mb sec Maximal output voltage is 18 27 V the amplitude us 9 13 5V MIL STD 1553 data transfer system Figure 11 1 consists of e two channels base and reserved e Bus Controller BC
105. ps in the early 1980s as a simple bus for interconnections between electronic devices The protocol is used to connect low speed peripheral components to motherboard to get data from different sensors to create connections between different components of integrated systems etc e Physically 12C is a combination of two bidirectional lines which are Serial Data Line SDA and Serial Clock Input SC which are pulled up with resistors The circuit design is given in Figure 3 1 Any element that is initiating transfer is master and any addressed element is a slave In systems with several masters the same element can be used both as a master and as a Slave When the bus is free both the lines are in state 1 Data can be transferred in I2C protocol with up to 100 Kbit s speed in standard mode or with up to 400 Kbit s in high speed mode The number of connected interfaces dependents only on the bus capacitance which maximal value is 400 pF Pull up Rp Rp resistors SDA Data Line SCL Clock Line ee ee ee ee ee ee eee p E E E E a ae en ee ee ee ee 1 SCLK SCLK scum DATANI SCLKN2 DATAN our our ouT 4 or SCLK _ DATA SCLK _ DATA NTS IN IN oN IN L E a ee ee J a ce ees ee ee l Device 1 Device 2 Figure 3 1 12C device connections There are two special states of 12C bus START and STOP which serve to indicate start and finish of transmission and shift of
106. r Exercise Instructions Write Data into corresponding template and click on the template to construct the frame to be sent After clicking selected template will appear in the Data to Send field After the frame is complete click the Send button Requested data frame will appear in the Sent Data Received Data Received Data field To calculate the CRC use calculator in the gt 4 bottom of the window Data to Send CRC Polynomial To request data remote frame should be sent with given identifier The program generates identifier code automatically which is displayed in Identifier field at the top of the window The purpose of this exercise as well as short instructions are provided on the right side of the window 17 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual Exercise Instructions Write Data into corresponding templates and click on the templates to construct the remote frame After clicking selected template will appear in the Data to Send field After the frame is complete click the Send button In case of error within the frame Warning Indicator will turn red Click the Clear button and assemble the frame once more To calculate the CRC use calculator in the bottom of the window Write down the polynomial in the CRC Polynomial field Fill the Data field and click Calculate CRC button afterwards If the frame is constructed correctly it will appear in the Sen
107. rd from bus controller Message error bit is set to logic one in the following cases e Error in data word received from the bus controller e An interval is found between data words e RT does not recognize the received command e RT received wrong number of data words If an RT finds an error it sets the error bit but the status word is not sent The BC should send control command Transmit Last Status to define the reason of status absence After this command is received the RT sends the status word with error bit set Message error bit remains set to one as long as a new correct command is not received 94 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual Instrumentation Instrumentation bit defines the difference between command and status words Instrumentation bit is set to one in case of command word and zero in case of status word This bit is optional and generally is set to zero Service request This bit is used for the request on bus controller predefined actions that refer to the remote terminal or the subsystems The bit is set to one to indicate the request existence This bit is also optional Reserved These bits are reserved for future and are not used They are set to zero Broadcast command received This bit is used in the broadcasting regime and is considered optional This bit is set to one in the broadcasting regime It remains set while the remote terminal does not send the status word or a new command is
108. re inclusion of start and stop bits into transmission CRC etc The signal line has two states On and Off logical 1 or 0 Line in waiting state is always on When device or computer wants to transfer data they set the line in Off state as a start bit setting Stop bit allows device or computer to process synchronization in case of failures For example noise on line can hide start bit Duration between start and stop bits is constant and depends on transfer speed number of data bits within message and parity bit existence Stop bit is always on If receiver detects off state when stop bit should be present error is detected In the frame stop signal can have 1 or 2 bits 1 bit selection is more common Exercise No1 Data transmission in RS422 485 protocol The purpose of the exercise is a study of data transmission in RS422 485 protocol The data is being transmitted in 8 bit format Parity bit should not be included in the data frame Frame should have 1 stop bit The program generates numbers to be sent automatically These numbers are given in the Numbers to Send field on the top of the window The purpose of this exercise as well as short instructions are provided on the right side of the window 40 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual ce InPEduS Avionics bo eee MPE TxD TxD RTS RTS GND Number to Send 96 oO s Exercise N1 RxD RxD CTS CTS Data transmission in RS422 485 amp
109. roduct 9 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual 1 Protocol CAN CAN Controller Area Network protocol was developed by Robert Bosch GmbH company in middle 1980 s and nowadays is broadly popular within IT smart house technologies vehicle diagnostics etc Different messages which are being transmitted via network have identifier Each station decides whether to receive message or no depending on the identifier The identifier is defined in identifier field of CAN frame In this mechanism Receiver address is being identified on receiver itself by installation of input filters of corresponding ICs CAN controllers are connected with differential bus which has 2 lines for signal transmission CAN_H can high and CAN_L can low Logical O is detected if the signal on line CAN_H is higher than on the line CAN_L and logical 1 if signals on both lines are the same signals are considered to be equal if difference between them is less than 0 5V Use of this differential scheme makes possible the use of CAN network in very complicated situations Logical O is called dominant bit and logical 1 recessive These names reflect priorities of logical O and 1 on CAN bus In case of simultaneous transmission of logical 0 and 1 only logical O will be registered on bus and the logical 1 will be ignored CAN protocol is constructed from the following levels 1 Obje
110. rsseeee 58 8 POCOO UCP e E E EE E E E E 60 Exercise N21 Data transmission in TCP protocol seeseseseseesesrersesreresrrrsssrrresrrrrssreresrrerssrereserersseereserersseeee 64 Exercise N92 Data checking in TCP protocol ccccccsscccccsssececeesececeeeccccesececeusececeeneceeseneceessuecesseneceesanes 67 9 Protocol ARINC 429 acres ores ernie ran NAE N EEEIEI AE EEE A ENRETE 69 Exercise N21 Data transmission in ARINC 429 protoCol ssesssesssesesrrnssrreresrrrsssreresrrerssrereserersseereserersseeee 72 Exercise N92 Data reception in ARINC 429 protocol cccccccsssecccceseccccensececeesececeeneceeeeesccessueeetseneceeseges 73 10 POOCOAFD a EA T E E AAA 75 Exercise N21 Data transmission in AFDX Protocol essssssssesessersesreresrressrreresrrrsssreresererssreresererssrereserersseees 86 Exerce Ne UDP Header Struct ierni AE EA 87 Exercise N23 Data checking in UDP header sssssssesessenserresesrrrsssreresrrrsssrereserressrereserersseereserersseereserersseeee 89 11 Protocol MIL STD 55 fo ne eee eee eee E 91 Exercise N21 BC to RT data transmission in MIL STD 1553 protocol ssesseesssresesrrererreresrressrreresrresseeees 97 Exercise N92 RT to BC data transmission in MIL STD 1553 protocol ssesesessseesesrrererreresrrererreresrreesseeee 98 1 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual InPEduS Avionics is educational software which is intended fivionieg to help students learn bas
111. rt number UDP Src When replying to the request the IP Src is specified as the IP destination address and the UDP Src is specified as the destination UDP port number Frame Fragmentation AFDX frames transmitted on the wire should be in the range of 64 1518 byte However it is possible to define AFDX frames that exceed the maximum transmission frame size The frames that transmit messages of the sampling port should not exceed the limit of 1518 byte so there is no need for fragmentation However the frames that transmit queuing port message are allowed to be up to 8Kbytes large thus requiring these frames to be divided into fragments transmitted one after other Ethernet Preamble To notify the transmission of a new message in the network the transmitting ES sends a stream of bytes called the preamble before the transmission of the actual frame The preamble consists of alternating O and 1 bits that give the receiving ES time for synchronization or otherwise prepare for the reception of the actual frame At the end of the preamble the transmitting ES sends out the Start Frame Delimiter SFD to break this pattern and signal the beginning of the actual frame immediately after the SFD see Figure 10 9 Ethernet Protocol The first part of the Ethernet frame is the MAC destination address where AFDX encodes the VL identifier in the last two bytes Following the destination address is the MAC source address where the ES can encode information s
112. s 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual Data The data field 11 29 bits is the meaningful information within the word The specific interpretation of this field is indicated by the Label field ARINC 429 data types include BNR Binary BCD Binary Coded Decimal DSC Discrete or alohanumeric data encoded using ISO Alphabet No 5 BNR Data Binary coding saves data in terms of binary number 29 th bit is taken as sign bit the value of 1 indicates negative number or South West Left From or Down 28 th bit is the most significant bit or from the maximal value of the specified parameter s scale 27 th bit is from the value of 28 th bit or from the maximal value etc PLM TP TP Peete ye eee Tele yee eee ee eee eee eee ee Figure 9 3 ARINC 429 BNR Word Format BCD Data Binary coded decimal format uses 4 data fields for representation of decimal digits There can exist up to 5 subfields allowing transmission of 5 binary numbers with the most significant digit having only 3 bits with maximal decimal value of 7 Particular equipment digital scale and location of decimal point are defined with label s functions PPP TP Tee eye tee Pye eee eee E eee eee ap ee eee Digit 1 Dig ae a Figure 9 4 ARINC 429 BCD Word Format e Discrete Data 32 bit word can as well include discrete information mixed with BCD and BNR data or separate messages A wide range of ARINC 429 words are fully devoted to discrete numbers S
113. s in the received frame Data and CRC Polynomial Data to Send should be entered in hexadecimal format without spaces Data for CRC High Byte and CRC Low Byte are also shown in Sent Data p hexadecimal format CRC Polynomial To send data to the slave write data into corresponding template and click on the Data template to construct the frame to be sent After clicking selected template will ance ar in the Data to Send field After the frame is CRC High byte complete click the Send button CRC Low byte Received data packet should be checked and in case of error error message should be sent Frame should include start and stop bits for each of the bytes Parity bit is not used Data frame which should be checked is shown in the field Received Data The purpose of this exercise as well as short instructions are provided on the right side of the window Exercise Instructions To check the frame you should calculate the CRC code using calculator at the button of the window You should check if the calculated CRC is the same as in the frame In case of error response frame should be sent with error notification Click on the templates to construct the frame After clicking selected template will appear in the Data to Send field In case of error within the frame Warning Indicator will turn red Click the Clear button and assemble the frame once more After the frame is complete click the Send button th
114. s transmission or reception ports AFDX communication ports Figure 10 7 and Figure 10 8 illustrate that the major difference between queuing and sampling ports is in the reception A sampling port stores in the buffer only a single message so that the buffer will be overwritten with the reception of the next message Message is not deleted from the buffer when read by applications and so it can be read several times This is the reason that each port should have a freshness indicator It can indicate whether the message is sent repeatedly or not A queuing port has a sufficient buffer to store a fixed number of messages and the new messages are putted into a queue The reading and removing of a message in the queuing port is done by the FIFO principle 79 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual Arriving message Reading the message overwrites the current byan application does message stored in the port buffer Figure 10 7 Sampling Port at Receiver Reading the message by an gt ese application deletes it Figure 10 8 Queuing Port at Receiver not remove the message Arriving message Is added to the queue Service Access Point SAP SAP is used for TFTP transfers and for the communication between compliant networks e g other AFDX networks or LANs When an ES receives a communication request on a SAP it is passed the IP source address IP Src as well as the source UDP po
115. short instructions are provided on the right side of the window Exercise Instructions Write data into corresponding templates and click on the templates to construct the frame to be sent After clicking selected template will appear in the Data to Send field After the frame is complete click the Send button za InPEduS Avionics RT Address Subaddress Data to Send 00111 10001 12763 16671 16178 Templates Exercise N1 Data transmission in MIL STD 1553 protocol Ss P Sync SyncD Purpose 00000 0000000000000000 00000 00000 0 0 Transmission of the given numbers from Bus Controller to Remote Terminal with MIL STD 1553 protocol Command word and Data words should be sent separately Data to Send All the data should be sent in binary format Exercise Instructions Write Data into corresponding template and click on the template to construct the frame to be sent After clicking selected template will appear in the Data to Send field After the frame is complete click the Send Sent Data button Sent numbers can be checked by clicking Check button If the frame is configured correctly answer message will appear in the Status Word window Status Word In case of error within the frame Warning Indicator will appear Click the Clear button and assemble the frame once more If the frame is constructed correctly it will appear in the Sent Data field after clicking Send button
116. software provided to You by Licensor in accordance with the terms and conditions set forth herein 1 4 Product means and includes the Software and all related printed or electronic materials documentation patches and fixes that may be provided or made available to You by Licensor 1 5 Permitted Purpose means the right to use the Product or any portion thereof in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Agreement solely for the internal use of the Licensee 2 License Grant Licensor hereby grants to You and You hereby accept a limited revocable non exclusive non transferable non assignable non sublicenseable license hereinafter License to 2 1 access and use the Product or any portion thereof solely for the Permitted Purpose 2 2 modify and create derivative works of the Software solely for the Permitted Purpose 3 License Restrictions The License is subject to the restrictions below In particular You are not allowed to 3 1 alter any copyright trademark or patent notice in the Product 3 2 use Developer s trademark s in any way and for any purpose 3 3 include the Product or any portion thereof in any malicious deceptive or unlawful programs or 3 4 distribute provide access to or otherwise make the Product as is or modified in accordance with the terms and conditions set forth herein available to any third party 3 5 work around any technical limitations in the Software 3 6 revers
117. ss synchronization in case of failures For example noise on line can hide start bit Duration between start and stop bits is constant and depends on transfer speed number of data bits within message and parity bit existence Stop bit is always on If receiver detects off state when stop bit should be present error is detected In the frame stop signal can have 1 or 2 bits 1 bit selection is more common Example Data structure with synchronization clock signal is given on Figure 4 2 Eight data bits parity bit and stop bit are used in this example This structure is also denoted as 8E1 34 RAFA Solutions 2015 a Parity Start bit Stop bit bit 4 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 Figure 4 2 Timing diagram Exercise N21 Data transmission in RS232 protocol The purpose of the exercise is a study of data transmission in RS232 protocol DCD RxD TxD DIR GND S000 Number to Send 108 DsR rts cts R Exercise N1 S Data transmission in RS232 protocol e Purpose Templates Transmission of given numbers in R8232 protocol The data is being transmitted in 8 bit START STOP DATA aes i EZS pata format Parity bit is not used One Stop bit 0 0 00000000 should be included in the data frame Exercise Instructions Write data into corresponding template Data to Send and click on the template to construct the 3 frame to be sent After clicking selected template will appear in the Data to Send
118. ssion in AFDX protocol Source port C415 Destination port f65D Data to Send LrMkpxcbeqfAG Network NetworkB Exercise N 1 Data transmission in AFDX protocol Templates Purpose Data transmission in AFDX protocol Symbols in Data to Send field should be sent from transmitter to receiver taking into account Source port Destination port and Network Source and Destination ports are given in hexadecimal format MAC Source Preamble IP Header UDP Header 0000000000000000 000 MAC Destination Exercise Instructions Write Data into corresponding template and click on the template to construct the frame to Padding Type IPv4 AFDX Payload FCS IFG SFD 00000000 0000000000000000 00000000 0000000000000000 Data to Send be sent After clicking selected template will appear in the Data to Send field After the frame is complete click the Send button In case of correct frame the data appears in the Formed Data window All data should be entered in binary format 8 bit field AFDX clicking Check button Formed Data De Payload corresponds to one symbol in Data 4 gt WA to Send field Sent data can be checked by The data is being transmitted in binary format All the templates should be filled with binary numbers Table 10 2 ASCI coding for letters 86 A 01000001 a 01100001 B 01000010 b 01100010 C 01000011 c 01100011 D 01000100 d 01100100 E 01000101 e 0110
119. t If the exercise is not finished corresponding dialog will appear after Report button is pressed and the report will not be generated If the exercise is finished correctly window will appear after pressing Report button to fill user s name The report includes protocol name exercise number and purpose user s name date as well as the image of constructed frame depending on the purpose of the exercise Save the file in any folder you want 74 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual 10 Protocol AFDX AFDX is a method of serial data transmission that is based on Ethernet protocol defined by IEEE802 3 standard There are two possible transmission rates for AFDX 10 and 100 Mb sec via cuprum wires or fiber optics connection As the Ethernet is not a deterministic network AFDX should be expanded to provide deterministic behavior and high reliability to satisfy the AND Aircraft Data Networks AFDX provides determinism via traffic control Traffic control is realized by guaranteeing the bandwidth of each logical channel called a virtual link VL simultaneously limiting the transmission delay and jitter AFDX requires double redundancy of each channel to improve the reliability i e there are two channels transmitting the same data simultaneously However the data only from one channel is being sent to upper layers at a time so automatically excluding transmission of error data AFDX Network and Physical
120. t MEAS measure writing forms Commands in SCPI format are prefixed with colon Command arguments are separated by comas SCPI standard operates with programming instrument model Functional components of this model include measurement system subsystems Input Sensor and Calculator signal generation system subsystems Calculator Source and yy lt yy l Output and subsystems Format Display Memory and Trigger 488 2 Controller protocols Protocols are high level routines that combine a number of control sequences to perform common test system operations IEEE 488 2 defines two required protocols and six optional protocols as shown in Table 2 These protocols reduce development time because they combine several commands to execute the most common operations required by any test system The RESET protocol ensures that the GPIB has been initialized and all devices have been cleared and set to a known state The ALLSPOLL protocol serial polls each device and returns the status byte of each device The PASSCTL and REQUESTCTL protocols pass control of the bus between a numbers of different devices The TESTSYS protocol instructs each device to run its own self tests and report back to the Controller whether it has a problem or is ready for operation Perhaps the two most important protocols are FINDLSTN and FINDRQS The FINDLSTN protocol takes advantage of the IEEE 488 2 Controller capability
121. t Data field after clicking Send button and the received data frame will appear in the field Received Data The program gives also opportunity to create reports based on the exercise results in MS Word format Click Report button to create the report If the exercise is not finished after Report button is pressed corresponding dialog will appear and the report will not be generated If the exercise is finished correctly window will appear after pressing Report button to fill user s name The report includes protocol name exercise number and purpose user s name date as well as the image of constructed frame depending on the purpose of the exercise Save the file in any folder you want Exercise N23 Error detection and Error frame transmission in CAN protocol The purpose of this exercise is to check received data and to send error frame in CAN protocol Received data packet should be checked and in case of error active error flag should be sent The program generates the frame to check automatically which is displayed in Received Data field at the top of the window The purpose of this exercise as well as short instructions are provided on the right side of the window Exercise Instructions To check the frame you should calculate the CRC code using calculator at the button of the window You should check if the calculated CRC is the same as in the frame In case of error Error frame
122. t signed or unsigned type available only for read Holding Registers 16 bit signed or unsigned type available for read and write Data types of Modbus protocol are given in Table 6 2 Table 6 2 Modbus Data types Data type Access type Discrete Inputs 1 bit Only read Coils 1 bit Read write Input Registers 16 bit word Only read Holding Registers 16 bit word Read write To read values of these data functions with codes 1 4 0x01 0x04 are used 1 0x01 Read Coil Status 47 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual e 2 0x02 Read Discrete Inputs e 3 0x03 Read Holding Registers e 4 0x04 Read Input Registers Request consists of the address of first element in the table which value should be read and the number of elements to read Address and number of data are given with 16 bit numbers MSB Requested data is transmitted within the response Data byte quantity depends on the number of requested elements 1 byte is transmitted before data transfer with the value of data byte number Following functions are used to write one value e 5 0x05 Force Single Coil e 6 0x06 Preset Single Register Command consists of element address 2 bytes and set value 2 bytes If the command is performed correctly the slave returns request copy Following functions are used to write several values e 15 OxOF Force Multiple Coils e 16 0x10 Preset Multiple Registers Command consis
123. t the frame 4 After clicking selected template will appear in the Formed Data field After the frame is x configured the Check button should be clicked y p To decode the data field values should be Received Information entered into corresponding windows After all decod the data is decoded click the button Check Label 000 Incorrect Data 0 0 Incorrect SSM Normal l incorrect SDI Transmitter l Incorrect Parity 0 Incorrect Q Exercise Instructions The ARINC 429 word should be recovered in MSB format The most significant bit in the left taking into account the transmission order To configure the word data should be entered into corresponding templates and the templates after clicked appear in the field Formed Data The configured word should be checked by clicking Check button In case of error within the frame Warning Indicator will appear Click the Clear button and assemble the frame once more The decoded data should be entered into corresponding fields in the Received Information window After all the data are decoded Check button should be clicked If the data are correct the dialog box will appear with Correct text the dialog with Incorrect text will appear in opposite case Repeat all steps in this case The program gives also opportunity to create reports based on the exercise results in MS Word format Click Report button to create the repor
124. te state Place devices in remote with lockout state Place devices in local lockout state Read IEEE 488 1 status byte Send group execution trigger GET message Give control to another device Conduct a parallel poll Configure device s parallel poll Responses Disable device s parallel poll capability 56 Control Sequence SEND COMMAND SEND SETUP SEND DATA BYTES SEND RECEIVE SETUP RECEIVE RESPONSE MESSAGE RECEIVE SEND IFC DEVICE CLEAR ENABLE LOCAL CONTROLS ENABLE REMOTE SET RWLS SEND LLO READ STATUS BYTE TRIGGER PASS CONTROL PERFORM PARALLEL POLL PARALLEL POLL CONFIGURE PARALLEL POLL UNCONFIGURE IEEE 488 2 Compliance Mandatory Mandatory Mandatory Mandatory Mandatory Mandatory Mandatory Mandatory Mandatory Mandatory Mandatory Mandatory Mandatory Mandatory Mandatory Optional Optional Optional Optional RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual Controller sends signals of 5 classes for getting information from devices connected to the bus and for bus reconfiguration e Uniline e Universal Multiline e Address Multiline e Talk Address Group Multiline e Listen Address Group Multiline Second component of the command system is SCPI Standard Commands for Programming Instruments which was accepted in 1990 SCPI defines standard rules for keyword abbreviation which should be used as commands Keywords can be used either in long for example MEASure or in shor
125. ted correctly it will appear in the Formed Data field after clicking Send button and in the field Received Data Acknowledgement bit and data will appear Click Receive button to receive the acknowledgement and data Acknowledgement and data will appear in the Formed Data field To stop the data transmission send stop bit To check received data convert binary numbers to decimal enter numbers and click Check button If the numbers within the frame are correct the dialog box will appear with Correct text the dialog with Incorrect text will appear in opposite case The program gives also opportunity to create reports based on the exercise results in MS Word format Click Report button to create the report If the exercise is not finished after Report button is pressed corresponding dialog will appear and the report will not be generated If the exercise is finished correctly window will appear after pressing Report button to fill user s name The report includes protocol name exercise number and purpose user s name date as well as the image of constructed frame depending on the purpose of the exercise Save the file in any folder you want 32 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual 4 Protocol RS232 RS 232 Recommended Standard is a popular protocol which is used for communication between computer and modems and other peripheral devices Standar
126. ter Max Figure 10 5 VL scheduling with jitter The maximum allowed jitter for a given ES is given by the following formula Max Jitter lt 40 us Naw Here Max Jitter The maximum jitter in us New The medium bandwidth in bps B 6auTax Lmax The maximum allowed frame size for the VL in bytes The specification allows 40 us for the maximum technological jitter and the total jitter should not exceed 500 us in any case Sub Virtual Links Each VL can consist of up to four sub VLs The sub VL regulates frame flow on the VL Data queues for each sub VL are read in a round robin fashion with each frame containing data only from one sub VL queue any fragmentation has to be handled at the IP layer After a frame for a sub VL is created that frame is handled by the network no differently than a VL frame For each VL and sub VL the end system must maintain a FIFO queue sub VLs FIFO queues are read in a round 78 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual robin fashion to fill its assigned VL FIFO queue ordinal integrity of transmitted frames must be maintained Figure 10 6 Sub VL Concept AFDX Port Types AFDX ES provides two different port types for data transmission the communication port and the Service Access Point SAP The communication port provides two types of services the services of queuing and sampling that both are based on UDP Communication ports as well as SAP can be defined either a
127. tically These numbers are given in the Numbers to Send field on the top of the window For data transmission Slave address and Function code should be mentioned The purpose of this exercise as well as short instructions are provided on the right side of the window Exercise Instructions Write Data into corresponding template and click on the template to construct the frame to be sent After clicking selected template will appear in the Data to Send field After the frame is complete click the Send button 49 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual se InPEduS Avionics InP Eau Slave Address Function Code Numbers to Send 01011100 01000111 70 65 44 220 Templates Exercise N1 Data transmission in Modbus protocol START Data transmission to the Slave with the given 00000000000 00000000000 00000000000 00000000000 00000000000 sai ea aoe Address and given Function code in Modbus protocol The data should be transmitted in 8 bit format Frame should include start and stop Data to Send bits for each of the bytes Parity bit is not i used Exercise Instructions Write Data into corresponding template and click on the template to construct the frame to be sent After clicking selected template will appear in the Data to Send field After the frame is complete click the Send button To calculate the CRC use calculator in the bottom of the window Data and CRC Polynomial should be entered in
128. ting option the common address for all terminals Transmit receive T R This bit indicates whether the RT will receive or transmit the message The logic zero is signed as receiver and the logic one as a transmitter Sub address mode field This field allows coding of up to 32 data blocks the sub addresses 00000 and 11111 are used to indicate that the contents of the data word count mode code field are to be decoded as a five bit mode command The mode commands are given in Table 11 1 Table 11 1 MIL STD 1553 mode codes Mode Code Function T R Bit Associated data Broadcast command Transmit receive word allowed 00000 Dynamic Bus 1 Control 00001 Synchronize 1 00010 Transmit Status 1 Word 00011 Initiate Self Test 1 00100 Transmitter 1 Shutdown 00101 Override 1 Transmitter 00110 Inhibit Terminal 1 Flag Bit 00111 Override Inhibit 1 Terminal Flag Bit 01000 Reset RT 1 01001 0111 Reserved 1 1 10000 Transmit Vector 1 Word 10001 Synchronize 0 10010 Transmit Last 1 Command 10011 Transmit BIT 1 Word 10100 Selected 0 Transmitter 10101 Override Selected 0 Transmitter 10110 1111 Reserved 1 1 Data word count mode code Data word count indicates number of words being transmitted or received by the RT If number of data words is 32 it is indicated as 000000 In the mode code regime the corresponding decoding is used Parity The last bit in the word
129. tion within the frame is correct the dialog box will appear with Correct text the dialog with Incorrect text will appear in opposite case Clear Sent Data field in this case and repeat all steps The program gives also opportunity to create reports based on the exercise results in MS Word format Click Report button to create the report If the exercise is not finished after Report button is pressed corresponding dialog will appear and the report will not be generated If the exercise is finished correctly window will appear after pressing Report button to fill user s name The report includes protocol name exercise number and purpose user s name date as well as the image of constructed frame depending on the purpose of the exercise Save the file in any folder you want Exercise N22 UDP Header Structure The purpose of the exercise is a study of UDP Header structure The data is being transmitted in hexadecimal format All the templates should be filled with hexadecimal numbers The program generates numbers to be sent automatically These numbers are given in the Numbers to Send field on the top of the window 1 byte of information corresponds to each transmitting number The purpose of this exercise as well as short instructions are provided on the right side of the window 87 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual Ga InPeduS Avionics k E Ex Numbers
130. to Send 149 145 207 2 91 108 185 Source port 8DC Destination port 66F2 IP Checksum CBBA Exercise N 2 UDP header structure IP Checksum Purpose Acquaintance with UDP datagram Data Data should be sent from transmitter to receiver with ports given in the top of the window The data Check 2 in the Numbers to Send field are 8 bit decimal ecksum numbers Exercise Instructions Templates Write Data into corresponding template and click on the template to construct the frame to be sent After clicking selected template will appear in the Checksum DATA itis Destination port Source port Data to Send field After the frame is complete 0000 00 0000 0000 0000 click the Send button In case of correct frame the data appears in the Formed Data window AIl the data should be entered in hexadecimal format To calculate the Checksum all the data should be entered into the Data field of the CRC calculator Data to Send without spaces or any other delimiters The IP Checksum as well should be entered into corresponding field to calculate the checksum The formed frame can be checked by clicking the Check button Formed Data OO 9G GN Exercise Instructions Write Data into corresponding templates and click on the templates to construct the frame to be sent After clicking selected template will appear in the Data to Send field After the frame is complete click the Send button In case of error within the
131. tocol transmitter and receiver are located on different ports The physical connection wires are twisted pairs transmitting differential signals The message word consists of 32 bits the most of messages consist of a single message word Transmission of sequential words is separated at list with 4 O bits ARINC 429 generally uses low speed 12 14 5 kb sec 1 or high speed 100 kb csec 1 data transmission ARINC 429 words consist of 5 basic fields Label SDI Source Destination Identifier Data SSM Sign Status Matrix and Parity bit ARINC 429 Message PPT PP TP EP PPP eee Pee Pee ee eee Pe Figure 9 1 ARINC 429 Word Format PU TPE A E A eee ee eee eee ee Figure 9 2 ARINC 429 Transfer Order Label Label 1 8 bits defines information type within the word The label represents a 3 digit octal number where the bits are opposite to transmission order In particular the label 012 represents ground speed in knots 8 bit equivalent of 012 is 0000 1010 It is transmitted as 0101 0000 Therefore the first 8 bits in this diagram will be 01010000 SDI SDI or Source Destination Identifier 9 10 bits can be used as an addition to the label to identify the source or destination of data For example if there are several receivers connected to a single transmitter SDI can be used to define the receiver which data is assigned to Note that SDI bits can be added to data field if more data bits are needed 69 RAFA Solution
132. tocol is that there is only one master in the network Modbus allows to design industrial network from one master and up to 247 slaves Only master may initiate commands for remaining devices which are slaves The slave cannot start data transfer itself or to request data from other devices Master can also broadcast a request addressed to all devices in the network in this case the response message is not sent Transmission Modes The transmission mode Table 6 1 defines the structure of separate information blocks within the message which is used for data transmission There are 2 transmission modes in Modbus system Both modes guarantee identical compatibility during connection with slaves The mode is selected depending on device used as Master Modbus For each Modbus system only a single mode should be used Mode mixing is not allowed Table 6 1 ASCII and RTU mode characteristics Characteristics ASCII 7 bit RTU 8 bit Coding system ASCII symbols 0 9 A F are used 8 bit binary system Number of bits per symbol Start bits 1 1 Data bits LSB 7 8 Parity On Off On Off Stop bits 1or2 1or2 Checksum LRC Longitudinal Redundancy CRC Cyclical Redundancy Check LRC Check CRC_16 It is more comfortable to use ASCII symbols in debugging so this mode is convenient for computers which are programmed with high level languages The RTU mode is more convenient for computers which are programmed with machine level languages In RTU mode d
133. truct the frame to be sent After clicking selected template will appear in the Data to Send field After the frame is complete click the Send button Sent Data To calculate the CRC use calculator in the bottom of the window Data to Send Sent numbers can be checked by clicking Check button CRC Polynomial Data CRC The data is being transmitted in 8 bit format The data bits should be sent starting from the most significant bit MSB The program generates numbers to be sent automatically These numbers are given in the Numbers to Send field on the top of the window The purpose of this exercise as well as short instructions are provided on the right side of the window Exercise Instructions Write Data into corresponding template and click on the template to construct the frame to be sent After clicking selected template will appear in the Data to Send field After the frame is complete click the Send button In case of error within the frame Warning Indicator will turn red Click the Clear button and assemble the frame once more You can send all the numbers within one frame or each number within separate frames 16 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual To calculate the CRC use calculator in the bottom of the window Write down the polynomial in the CRC Polynomial field Fill the Data field and click Calculate CRC button afterwards If the fram
134. ts of element address the number of changing elements number of transmitting data bytes and set values In the response slave transmits initial address and the number of changed elements Logical errors To inform about logical errors Modbus RTU provides opportunity for devices to send responses in case of error situations Set most significant command bit can serve as a sign of error existence within message An example is given in Table 6 3 Table 6 3 Response frame Slave gt Master in case of error in Modbus RTU Transfer Slave address Function Data or error code CRC direction code Request Ox01 0x77 OxDD OxC7 OxA9 Master gt Slave Response Ox01 OxF 7 OxEE OxE6 Ox7C Slave gt Master 1 If the slave receives correct request and is able to perform it normally it sends normal response 2 Ifthe slave denies the values it does not send any response Master diagnoses the error by time out 3 If the slave receives a request with detected error parity LRC CRC it does not send any response Master diagnoses the error by time out 48 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual 4 Ifthe slave receives the request but is not able to process access to not existing register a response with error data is sent If the slave receives request with correct address but incorrect subsequent bytes for instance CRC and so on it should send the response informing master about error For this purpose as
135. u want Click Part 2 button to go to the second part of the exercise 2 Data Transmission in TCP protocol The purpose of the exercise is a study of data transmission in TCP protocol Transmitter should send data to the receiver mentioning Source port and Destination port sa InPEduS Avionics e MPEG Source Port DCE1 Destination Port DF12 Numbers to Send 36975 10008 Templates Exercise N1 Urgent pointer 0 0 0 0 0 protocol Purpose Options Reserved p Daus RST A Data Transmission in TCP protocol 0 0 0 Transmitter should send data to the receiver mentioning Source port and Destination port Data to Send Exercise Instructions Write Data into corresponding template and click on the template to construct the frame to be sent All data except of flags should be entered in hexadecimal format After clicking selected template will appear in the Data to Send field After the frame is Sent Data complete click the Send button Sent numbers can be checked by clicking Check button Received Data The program generates numbers to be sent automatically These decimal numbers are given in the Numbers to Send field on the top of the window The purpose of this exercise as well as short instructions are provided on the right side of the window Exercise Instructions Write Data into corresponding template and click on the template to construct the frame to be sent All data except of flags sh
136. uch as the network ID the equipment ID and the Interface ID EtherType field follows the MAC it is used to indicate which protocol type is transported in the Ethernet frame This 2 byte field always has the value 0x0800 meaning Internet Protocol Version 4 IPv4 80 RAFA Solutions 2015 Frame end Min AFDX frame length 64 bytes Frame begin Frame end Max AFDX frame length 1518 bytes Figure 10 9 AFDX Frame Addressing At the data link layer each VL is assigned a MAC address by the system integrator The 48 bit MAC destination address Figure 10 10 consists of 32 bits to constant field identical for all end systems in the network and 16 bits to identify the VL AFDX frames are routed by the switch to all destination end systems identified for the VL in the switch configuration _ 8 bit A Figure 10 10 MAC Destination Address Format The 48 bit MAC source address Figure 10 11 identifies the Ethernet controller of the end system originating the frame The first 24 bits of the address are set to a constant value Following the constant value is a 16 bit unique identifier for the controller set by the system integrator ARINC 664 provides only general guidance on setting this value Following the 16 bit unique identifier is a 3 bit value used to identify which network the controller is connected to 001 for network A and 010 for network B all other values are not used The final 5 bits are set to a c
137. ut Slave In Serves for data transmission from master to slave MISO or SO Master In Slave Out Serves for data transfer from slave to master SCLK or SCK Serial Clock Serves for transmission of clock signal to slaves CS or SS Chip Select Slave Select There are 3 connection types on SPI bus The simplest connection where only 2 chips are included is shown on Figure 2 1 Here master sends data by MOSI line synchronized with SCLK signal which is as well generated by master The slave receives transmitted data bits by fronts of received synchronization signal simultaneously with this process slave sends its data packet If there is no need of response data transfer the illustrated scheme can be simplified by excluding the MISO line Master SPI Slave SPI SCLK7 gt SCLK MOSI gt MOSI MISO MISO SS gt SS Figure 2 1 Simplest connection on SPI bus If there is need for connection of several chips to SPI bus either parallel connection or cascaded serial connection is used In case of cascaded connection multiple slaves can be connected to one line Standard algorithm for SPI functioning is given below 1 Master sets low level on the SS line to which linked slave is connected 2 Master generates clock signal switching signal level of SCLK between 0 and 1 Master puts the right level of MOSI signal simultaneously with every SCKL level change so during each
138. vation Please send the following code to info rafasolutions com 6EBA 815C 7ESF D3G69 8ADC 7867 AD89 5568 Activation Code 2E2E 4DA8 EE12 7273 RAFA Solutions 2015 If entered activation code is correct the following window will appear t Activation Please send the following code to info rafasolutions com Activation was Successfull Enjoy 5 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual License Agreement END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT THIS END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT AGREEMENT IS A LEGAL AGREEMENT BETWEEN YOU AND THE LICENSOR YOU AGREE TO BE BOUND BY THE TERMS OF THIS AGREEMENT BY INSTALLING COPYING OR OTHERWISE USING THE PRODUCT AS SET FORTH IN THIS AGREEMENT IF YOU DO NOT AGREE WITH THE TERMS OF THIS AGREEMENT YOU SHOULD NOT INSTALL OR USE THE PRODUCT BY INSTALLING COPYING OR USING THE UPDATES OF THE PRODUCT UPDATES IF ANY YOU AGREE TO BE BOUND BY THE ADDITIONAL LICENSE TERMS THAT MAY ACCOMPANY SUCH UPDATES IF YOU DO NOT AGREE TO THE ADDITIONAL LICENSE TERMS THAT ACCOMPANY SUCH UPDATES YOU SHOULD NOT INSTALL COPY OR USE SUCH UPDATES 1 Definitions As used herein the following terms have the following meanings 1 1 You or Licensee means the end user who legally received access to use the Software and the Product in accordance with the terms and conditions set forth herein 1 2 Licensor means RAFA Solutions 1 3 Software means the computer
139. ved Information decimal format and click Check button Numbers should be separated by commas Hise E Oe Received Numbers Pd The data is being transmitted in 8 bit format The data bits should be sent starting from the most significant bit MSB SPI interrupts should not be taken into account Transmission mode and clock frequency are shown on the top of the window The purpose of this exercise as well as short instructions are provided on the right side of the window Exercise Instructions Write Data into corresponding template and click on the template to construct the frame to be sent Before receiving the data by SPI interface SPCR and SPSR registered should be filled Select SPI Control Register to fill SPCR register After clicking selected template will appear in the selected field After the frame is complete click the Load button If the frame is constructed correctly it will appear in the SPCR Register field Select SPI Status Register to fill SPSR register After clicking selected template will appear in the selected field After the frame is complete click the Load button If the frame is constructed correctly it will appear in the SPSR Register field In case of error within the frame Warning Indicator will turn red Click the Clear button and assemble the frame once more 25 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual To receive the data any data should be
140. vels the dominant bit is being set on line this event signals transmitting 12 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual node that transmission was successful and there is no need for repeat Second bit of this field ACK Delimiter is always recessive CRC field ACK field End of frame a Sd I ACK delimiter ACK slot Figure 1 5 Data Frame Acknowledgment Field e End of Frame EOF End of Frame is set in data frame and remote frame and is compound of seven recessive bits Remote Frame With its structure remote frame is analogical to data frame with minor difference that it doesn t have data field Remote frame is constructed from Start field Arbitration field Control field CRC field ACK field and End of frame Figure 1 6 In case of remote frame RTR bit is recessive The polarity of RTR bit defines whether transmitted frame is data frame dominant RTR bit or remote frame recessive RTR bit Inter frame space Remote frame Inter frame space Overload frame Start of frame Arbitration field Control field CRC field ACK field End of frame Figure 1 6 Remote Frame Error Frame Error frame is used by any receiver node to inform all segments of network about existence of an error in the transmitted message Error message has the highest priority in the system it is being transmitted right after error is detected and is received by all devices simultaneously The message with
141. ver notifies the transmitter the sequence number to which it successfully received data including this number to Acknowledgment number field All received data in confirmed sequence range are ignored If the received segment contains larger sequence number then expected data from the segment are buffered but the sequence number is not changed If in future a segment with expected sequence number is received data order will be automatically recovered taking into account sequence numbers in segments To make sure that transmitter does not send data faster than the receiver can process it TCP has options to control stream The field Window size is used for this purpose In segments sent from receiver current size of receiver buffer is indicated Transmitter saves the window size and sends data no more than indicated by receiver If the receiver has sent the window size of O data transmission in this direction stops until receiver informs of larger window size There are cases when the transmitter application can require to push some data sequence to receiver without buffering PSH flag is used for these purposes If the PSH is set in received segment TCP realization sends all currently buffered data to receiver application Push is used as an instant in interactive applications Connection termination has 3 steps 1 FIN and ACK flags are sent to server on connection termination 2 ACK FIN response flags are sent from s
142. vided on the right side of the window Exercise Instructions Write Data into corresponding template and click on the template to construct the frame to be sent All data except of flags should be entered in hexadecimal format After clicking selected template will appear in the Data to Send field After the frame is complete click the Send button In case of error within the frame Warning Indicator will turn red Click the Clear button and assemble the frame once more If the frame is constructed correctly and connection is established appropriate message will appear Sent data will appear in the Sent Data field and response frame will appear in the Received Data field In case of errors clear Data to Send and Sent Data fields and repeat all steps The program gives also opportunity to create reports based on the exercise results in MS Word format Click Report button to create the report If the exercise is not finished after Report button is pressed corresponding dialog will appear and the report will not be generated 64 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual If the exercise is finished correctly window will appear after pressing Report button to fill user s name The report includes protocol name exercise number and purpose user s name date as well as the image of constructed frame depending on the purpose of the exercise Save the file in any folder yo
143. x Switched Ethernet Example The Rx and Tx buffers in the switch are both capable of storing multiple incoming outgoing packets in FIFO first in first out order The role of the I O processing unit CPU is to move packets from the incoming Rx buffers to the outgoing Tx buffers It examines each arriving packet that is next in line in the Rx buffer to determine its destination address virtual link identifier and then goes to the Forwarding Table to determine which Tx buffers are to receive the packet The packet is then copied into the Tx buffers through the Memory Bus and transmitted in FIFO order on the outgoing link to the selected Avionics Subsystem or to another switch This type of switching architecture is referred to as store and forward Theoretically the Rx and Tx buffers can overflow but if the buffer requirements are given correctly the overflow can be avoided 76 RAFA Solutions 2015 InPEduS Avionics User Manual ES 1 ES 2 thernet Controller es RxMAC port Tx Pair GED CD Rx Pair Cable Switch output port Switch input port Figure 10 3 AFDX Physical Topology In Figure 10 3 each ES channel is connected to the switch port over a cable containing two twisted pairs that interconnects the input and output ports of ES and the switch AFDX Communication Concept Virtual Link VL Virtual Link VL is in the basis for AFDX network Each VL constructs a unidirectional logical path from the only source ES to one

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