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D-Rainfall Runoff User Manual

1. 2 0 00 0 eee ee ee 85 Deltares List of Figures List of Figures 2 1 3 1 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 5 3 6 3 7 3 8 3 9 3 10 3 11 3 12 3 13 3 14 3 15 3 16 3 17 3 18 3 19 3 20 3 21 3 22 4 1 4 2 4 3 4 4 4 5 4 6 4 4 8 4 9 4 10 4 11 4 12 4 13 4 14 4 15 4 16 4 17 4 18 4 19 4 20 4 21 4 22 4 23 4 24 Deltares Rainfall runoff concept 2 ee 3 Project window with a Rainfall Runoff and Flow 1D model 6 Project with a Rainfall Runoff model 0 0 0 0 eee eee 7 A new branch in the network editor 1 ee ee a 8 The schematization after adding two laterals and a waste water treatment plant 8 The schematization after adding two catchments 4 9 Properties window when changing the area unit 10 Model properties of a catchment 0 0808 11 Model properties of a catchment eee 12 Schematization with runoff links eee 13 Boundary conditions in the project window 14 Definition of precipitation a a a a a eee 15 Model properties in Properties Window a a aoao a a a a a a a a 16 Output properties in Properties Window a oaoa oaoa a a a a aa 17 Validation window 1 a a ee 18 Function view results unpaved oaoa aa ee ee a a 19 Function view results paved aoa a a eee 19 Select features to import a a aoa a a a e a a a a a 20 Including land use OD 21 Imported ca
2. 2005 12 31 05 00 00 2005 12 31 06 00 00 0 2904 2 0328 2005 12 31 07 00 00 0 132 2005 12 31 08 00 00 KIRIK Record 1 of 144 0 132 gt oo mi elv xl Lr N W PA Ul AN G 30 12 2005 El P ui Module D RR Getting started tutorial Type of meteorological data Global hd E Global Ls Ln ann 31 12 2005 1 1 2006 2 1 2006 3 1 2006 4 1 2006 5 1 20 Time Friday 30 december 2005 till Wednesday 4 januari 2006 Figure 3 21 Imported precipitation Now right mouse click on lt Evaporation Global gt and select Import Select the file lt STOWA T25 EVP gt Double click on lt Evaporation Global gt to open the evaporation editor Simulation settings and validation In the Project window click on lt Rainfall Runoff gt Set the simulation timestep to 30 minutes and set the simulation period equal to the period of the precipitation and evaporation 2005 12 30 2006 01 05 In the Project window click on lt Output gt Set the output timestep to 30 minutes and select the following parameters with lt Current gt OO 99990099 Unpaved Groundwater level Unpaved Groundwater outflow Unpaved Infiltration Unpaved Rainfall Unpaved Surface runoff Paved Pumped flow Paved Rainfall Paved Spilling Validate the model by a right mouse click in the Project window lt Rainfall Runoff gt and select Validate The schematization is now validated an
3. Global 2 2000 01 01 00 00 00 0 2000 01 01 01 00 00 0 2000 01 01 02 00 00 O _ 2000 01 01 03 00 00 0 2000 01 01 04 00 00 0 15 2000 01 01 05 00 00 0 14 5 2000 01 01 06 00 00 0 14 2000 01 01 07 00 00 al 13 5 2000 01 01 08 00 00 o e _ 2000 01 01 09 00 00 o B 2000 01 01 10 00 00 0 es 2000 01 01 11 00 00 0 11 _ 2000 01 01 12 00 00 ol 10 5 2000 01 01 13 00 00 0 Be 2000 01 01 14 00 00 a pe 2000 01 01 15 00 00 0 as 2000 01 01 16 00 00 0 8 2000 01 01 17 00 00 0 7 5 2000 01 01 18 00 00 o 7 2000 01 01 19 00 00 0 Era 2000020000 2 2000 01 01 21 00 00 0 5 _ 2000 01 01 22 00 00 0 4 5 2000 01 01 23 00 00 0 4 2000 01 02 00 00 00 10 3 5 _ 2000 01 02 01 00 00 15 a 2000 01 02 02 00 00 10 Z 2000 01 02 03 00 00 5 1 5 _ 2000 01 02 04 00 00 ol 1 2000 01 02 05 00 00 0 0 5 2000 01 02 06 00 00 0 0 _ 2000 01 02 07 00 00 o 1 1 2000 0 00 2 1 2000 0 00 3 1 2000 0 00 4 1 2000 0 00 5 1 2000 0 2000 01 02 08 00 00 0 M Time a Record 97 of 97 OCCIE vx gt Saturday 1 januari 2000 till Wednesday 5 januari 2000 Figure 3 11 Definition of precipitation 3 2 7 Simulation settings and validation Before a simulation can be started the simulation settings need to be defined In the Project window click on lt Rainfall Runoff gt The Properties window is shown in Figure 3 12 The different model properties are discussed in more detail in Section 4 7 Set the simulation tim
4. Add a so called 1D Integrated Model to a project Build or import a schematization Set properties of rainfall runoff areas Set meteorological conditions Set initial conditions if applicable Set boundary conditions if applicable Set output Set simulation parameters Run simulation Analyze simulation results All these steps will be discussed for a small model The focus here is on the workflow An overview of the possibilities and options of the different steps and components is provided in the next chapter Since for a rainfall runoff model catchments are often imported from GIS an example with a GIS import is provided in addition to building a schematization from scratch Starting a D RR model When the application is started it opens with an empty project To get started a model can be imported or a new model can be made from scratch A new model is started in the Project window with a right click on lt project Add New Model gt and selecting 1D Integrated Model A new Integrated model is added to the project Remove the Real Time Control model by a right mouse click and selecting Delete Do the same for the Water Quality model Under Workflows there is the option to choose between Parallel activity and Sequential activity Choose Sequential activity for this tutorial The new models are visible in the Project window see also Figure 3 1 Deltares 5 of 88 D Rainfall Runoff User Manual P
5. MM MV eee eee 78 Example of function view 2 ee a a a 78 Example of the input output viewer 00008808 79 Setting of output parameters a o oaoa aoa a a a e e e a a a a 80 Deltares List of Tables List of Tables 3 1 Properties for unpaved rainfall runoffarea 04 3 2 Properties for paved rainfall runoff area 5 004 3 3 Precipitation event 1 2 ee 3 4 Translation between Dutch land use code in the shapefile and D RR code 3 5 Model properties for the paved rainfall runoff area 3 6 Model properties for the unpaved rainfall runoff area 3 7 Model properties of the greenhouse rainfall runoff area 4 1 Overview of support in SOBEK 3 for rainfall runoff elements in SOBEK 2 4 2 List of possible soil types without CAPSIM and their storage coefficients 4 3 Default values for the drainage resistance formulas 4 4 4 Available output parameters for the unpaved rainfall runoff area 4 5 Available output parameters for the paved rainfall runoff area 4 6 Available output parameters for the greenhouse rainfall runoff area 4 7 available output parameters for the open water rainfall runoff area 4 8 available output parameters for the Sacramento rainfall runoff area 4 9 available output parameters for the HBV rainfall runoff area 4 10 Available output parameters for the waste water treatment p
6. Mone Groundwater outflow mis funp Mone Groundwater volume m gt funp Mone Infiltration mis unp Mone Met seepage mls unp Mone Percolation riffs funp Mone Potential evaporation mis unp Mone Rainfall riffs unp Mone Storage coefficient funp Mone Storage land m funp Mone Storage land mm funp Mone Surface runoff mms unp None Unsaturated zone mm np None volume unsaturated zone m funp None El Paved All paved output Mone DAA infl D A nets ip Mone DAA inFl RA A m s pj Mone Evaporation surface ms pj Mone Pumped DAA mis ip Mone Pumped Flow rts ip Mone Pumped RWA ms ip Mone Rainfall riffs pj Mone PA to DWA mis ip Mone Spilling mms pj None Spilling DWA ms ip None Spilling RWA mjs pj None Storage Div mm pj None Figure 3 13 Outout properties in Properties Window Validate the model by a right mouse click in the Project window lt Rainfall Runoff gt and select Validate The schematization is now validated and the tab should look like Figure 3 14 If not click in the tab on the error messages to correct the issues Deltares 17 of 88 3 2 8 D Rainfall Runoff User Manual Rainfall Runoff Rainfall Runoff Model Basin Meteo Concept Data Timers Settings Restarttime range settings Input restart state Figure 3 14 Validation window Right mouse click in the Project window lt Rainfall Runoff gt and select Run Model Ou
7. is stored and flows out Rainfall infiltrates into the soil where it is stored evaporated or percolated towards the groundwater Depending on the groundwater levels drainage towards the channel or inflow from the chan nel occurs If the maximum amount of storage in the soil is reached water can be stored on the land If that maximum amount is filled the water flows directly from the surface towards the channel Also seepage or percolation from the groundwater is modelled 42 of 88 Deltares Module D RR All about the modelling process Rainfall Evapotranspiration Surface runoff yp Infiltration Percolation Capillary rise Drainage Inflow Percolation Seepage negative positive Figure 4 18 Schematic representation of an unpaved area Rainfall amount of rainfall in m s determines combined with the total area of the un paved area how much water enters the system Evapotranspiration The calculation requires recorded values of potential evapotranspi ration of a reference crop The potential evapotranspiration for other crops or vegetation types are derived from the values for the reference crop The actual evaporation is calcu lated from the potential evaporation by taking into account the amount of moisture in the soil by means of a storage coefficient This storage coefficient is constant throughout the calculation and is determined from the soil type and initial groundwater level from the fil
8. the open water area in D RR is con ceptually different from SOBEK 2 in D RR the open water area is only used to correctly model precipita tion and evaporation The flow towards open water and water level and volume changes is handled in the connections to the channel flow components Sacramento HBV Supported continued on next page Deltares 27 of 88 D Rainfall Runoff User Manual continued from previous page Handling by SOBEK 3 External runoff SCS Not supported Structure Pump station weir Not supported orifice friction QH relation Boundary Waste water treatment Supported plant RR boundary Industry Not supported RR connection on Supported imported as a lateral channel Connection node RR Not supported connection on Flow connection node Select Type of Data E Type Data Import AL Model features from GIS NetCDF Regular 2D Grid a Points from XYZfile Project Raster File t Time Series csv Time Dependent Grid Water Quality Hydrodynamics hyd 2D 3D BB Flexible Mesh His File BB Flexible Mesh Map File u Flow Flexible Mesh Model HZ Unstructured Grid SOBEK TE SOBEK Model TE SOBEK Network Rn Figure 4 1 Import window at the project level Import network from SOBEK 2 Instead of importing an entire model including all model data from a SOBEK 2 model it is also possible to only import the geometry of the network and the network elements By a right mouse
9. 00 3 0977 a 2006 01 01 04 00 00 2 1275 2006 01 01 05 00 00 1 5454 10 2006 01 01 06 00 00 0 4574 9 2006 01 01 070000 T 0 7277 2006 01 01 08 00 00 0 9217 LS 2006 01 01 09 00 00 0 6722 E 2006 01 01 10 00 00 0 2148 6 2006 01 01 11 00 00 0 5 2006 01 01 12 00 00 0 2006 01 01 13 00 00 0 2 2006 01 01 14 00 00 0 3 2006 01 01 15 00 00 0 2 2006 01 01 16 00 00 0 2006 01 01 17 00 00 0 2006 01 01 18 00 00 0 0 2006 01 01 19 00 00 0 31 12 2005 12 00 1 1 2006 0 00 1 1 2006 12 00 2 1 2006 0 00 2 1 2006 2006 01 01 20 00 00 0 Time ARE Record 1 of 48 MIRRE gt Saturday 31 december 2005 till Monday 2 januari 2006 Figure 4 11 Precipitation editor Type Both precipitation evaporation and temperature can be defined globally per catchment or per meteo station by selecting one or the other in Ter 9f meteorological data alobal zl In the case of a global precipitation or evaporation the user provides one series of data that is used throughout the entire schematization If the precipitation evaporation or temperature is defined per catchment or per meteo station D RR adds the number of columns to the time series table so that for each catchment or meteo station a time series can be provided There is an option to choose how SOBEK 3 2 interpolates the meteo data in the computa tion between timesteps The linear interpolation method interpolates the meto data linear between timesteps in the constant interpolation method the meteo data are con
10. 7 2 In sewer dry weather flow fi i Figure 4 33 Model properties for the paved area tab storage 4 6 3 5 Property tab dry weather flow Figure 4 34 shows the model properties for dry weather flow The user can choose between four different types of DWF constant DWF per inhabitant inhabitants x constantDWF In this case the user also has to prescribe the number of inhabitants and the constant amount of DWF per inhabitant in 0 d L h or m s variable DWF per inhabitant inhabstants x variable WF In this case the user also has to prescribe the number of inhabitants and the variable amount of DWF per inhabitant by supplying an amount of DWF in l d and a distribution over the hours of the day by clicking on Constant DWF In this case the DWF is independent of any number of inhabitants and is prescribed as a constant flow in 1 d L h or m s Variable DWF In this case the DWF is independent of any number of inhabitants The user supplies an amount of DWF in l d and a distribution over the hours of the day by 56 of 88 Deltares Module D RR All about the modelling process General Management Storage Dry Weather Flow Meteo Number of inhabitants 7 Options Type 8 inhabitants variable DWF Y Water use per inhabitant 120 Iday hud zn Figure 4 34 Model properties for the paved area tab dry weather flow 4 6 3 6 Property tab meteo Figure 4 35 shows the model properties for
11. Storage coefficient Up Mone Storage land mm unp None Storage land mm unp Maximum Surface runoff m s np Current Unsaturated zone mm unp None Volume unsaturated zone mm funp None E Paved All paved output DA inFl DWA mFfs pj None DWA inFI Rva mts pi None Evaporation surface m3 s ip None Pumped DWA ms po None Pumped Flow m fs Cp Mone Pumped RWA mis ip None Rainfall mis pi Current RWA bo DA refs Cp Mone Spilling rts ip Current Spilling DWA m s pj None Spilling RWA ms pj None Storage DWA mm pj None Storage RMA mm pi None Storage street mm Cp Maximum Surface RWA mis pj None volume dynamic storage mm ip None Storage street mm pj Storage street p Figure 4 59 Setting of output parameters 4 8 4 1 Unpaved Table 4 4 Available output parameters for the unpaved rainfall runoff area Parameter Actual evaporation Actual evaporation equal to potential evaporation if CAPSIM is not included Capillary rise Unsaturated flow from groundwater to root zone Evaporation surface Actual evaporation from water stored on the surface continued on next page 80 of 88 Deltares Parameter Groundwater level Groundwater level surface Groundwater level threshold Groundwater outflow Groundwater volume Infiltration Net seepage Percolation Potential evaporation Rainfall Storage coefficient Storage land Storage land Surface runoff Unsaturated zone
12. a selection window is opened A lt BUI gt file can be selected which is imported by clicking OK Similarly evaporation lt EVP gt and temperature lt TMP gt files can be imported It is possible to import precipitation evaporation and temperature for multiple meteo stations or catchments Meteorological data can also be exported to lt BUI gt lt EVP gt or lt TMP gt files by a right mouse click on lt project integrated model Models Input meteorological data Precipitation or evaporation or temperature gt and selecting export Schematization objects Catchments The catchments are the geometrical schematization of the rainfall runoff areas The catch ments are drawn in the network editor or imported after which the modeling concept and the model properties can be set Catchments can be added as a unpaved paved greenhouse open water Sacramento HBV or polder catchment In a polder catchment a combination of unpaved paved greenhouse and open water catchments can be added withoud drawing their geometry Generating catchments In the network editor catchments can be added to a schematization by clicking on one of 20040060 the Basin ribbon A catchment can now be drawn in the map by clicking in the map and holding the left mouse button while moving the mouse the contour of the catchment is then drawn along the line of mouse movement When the mouse is released the catchment is closed by connecting the first locat
13. areas water can be stored on the street and in a sewer system The first one represents the storage on paved areas like roofs and roads The second one represents the water stored in sewer mains of separate or combined sewer systems The storage on the street and the sewer storage can be considered to be two reservoirs The rainfall runoff module calculates a water balance of these reservoirs When precipitation occurs on the paved area first the street storage is filled If this reservoir is full it starts spilling into the sewer reservoir The amount of storage on the street is reduced by evaporation Water can enter the sewer by precipitation that can not be stored on the street and by flow from domestic water use dry weather flow Depending on the type of sewer system the inflow from the surface and the dry weather flow are mixed in one sewer or put into separate sewers When the sewer contains water the sewer pumps are switched on and water is pumped from the sewer to the local open water or to a waste water treatment plant If the sewer is full it can also spill directly into the open water Flows from paved to unpaved areas and vice versa are neglected The different types of sewer are discussed below Mixed sewer system In a mixed system all water flows enter the same sewer system Figure 4 28 shows a schematic representation When it rains first the street storage Is filled Then the rain spills into the sewer and is combined
14. choosen The user can set an area adjustment factor This factor allows the user to specify an optional factor on the rainfall data to reflect differences between point station rainfall and areal basin rainfall Deltares 49 of 88 D Rainfall Runoff User Manual Crops Surface amp Soil Groundwater Storage amp Infiltration Drainage Seepage Meteo Boundary Waterlevel Meteo station name De Bilt Area adjustment factor f 000 Figure 4 26 Model properties for the unpaved area tab meteo 4 6 2 9 Property tab boundary waterlevel Figure 4 27 shows the model properties for the boundary waterlevel The initial waterlevel at the linked node boundary node or lateral source is taken as initial value for the groundwater level when the option take from linked node boundary node or lateral source is chosen in the groundwater tab The user can choose between Use constant the boundary waterlevel is constant during the simulation period Use time series the boundary water level changes over time during the simulation period Crops Surface amp Soil Groundwater Storage amp Infiltration Drainage Seepage Meteo Boundary Waterlevel Us nked Water level boundary Use constant 1 m D C Use time series Figure 4 27 Model properties for the unpaved area tab boundary waterlevel 50 of 88 Deltares 4 6 3 4 6 3 1 Module D RR All about the modelling process Paved Description In paved
15. click in the Project window on lt Project Integrated Model Models Flow1D Input Network Import gt the import window is opened After selecting Sobek network and clicking OK the import wizard is opened In this wizard a network can be selected NETWORK TP The user is then asked which elements to import Figure 4 2 Figure 4 3 shows the result of an import of a simple network all elements have been added to the network All rainfall runoff elements have also been added to the project window in case they need model data the rainfall runoff areas and the boundary conditions 28 of 88 Deltares Module D RR All about the modelling process Select Type of Data SOBEK SOBEK Network import to existing network FE SOBEK Network w Data Import 24 Model features from GIS XYZ Cross sections from CSV YZ Cross sections from CSV ZW Cross sections from CSV Figure 4 2 Import wizard for selecting network elements to import L A m 100 200 300 400 Figure 4 3 Resulting network after import Import catchments from GIS Most often Rainfall Runoff models are built in GIS The geometry and land use data in catch ments can be directly imported with the GlS importer By a right mouse click in the Project window on lt Project Integrated Model Models Rainfall Runoff gt or lt Project Integrated Model Models Rainfall Runoff Input Basin gt and selecting mport the import selection is opened In this wizard shap
16. completely filled with water and maximal when the lower zone is dried out Direct runoff rain fallen on an impervious surface is in the Sacramento concept directly discharged to the open water A distinction is made between permanent and temporary impervious areas Permanent impervious areas are paved areas wherein infiltration is very limited Temporary impervious areas are unpaved areas wherefore the tension water Capacity is reached Surface runoff surface runoff occurs when the upper zone free water capacity is reached and the excess precipitation is discharged over the surface This happens when the rainfall intensity exceeds the percolation intensity and the maximum interflow drainage capacity Interflow interflow occurs when the precipitation rate exceeds the percolation rate and water is transported from the tension water reservoir to the free water reservoir The interflow rate depends on the upper zone free water content Base flow the lower zone is divided in a tension water reservoir a primary and supple mental free water reservoir The primary and supplemental free water reservoirs con tribute to the base flow The primary free water reservoir represents the slow groundwater component the supplemental reservoir the fast component 62 of 88 Deltares Module D RR All about the modelling process 4 6 6 2 Property tab area Figure 4 41 shows the model properties for the tab area The user must provide the followin
17. ha Q Add Open water 0 00 ha Add Total 400 00 ha 1 0029 gt Paved B Unpaved Crops Surface amp Soil Groundwater Storage amp Infiltration Drainage Seepage Meteo Boundary Waterlevel Area per crop type in ha Grass 360 Com po Potatoes po Sugarbeet O Grain po Miscellaneous po Non arable land po Greenhouse rea po Orchard fo Bulbous Plants fo Foliage Forest fo Pine Forest P Nature po Fallow po Vegetables Pb Flowers fo Total area crops eo o ha IV Use different area for groundwater calculations oo e Figure 3 8 Model properties of a catchment Click on the paved tab Fill in the following model properties Table 3 2 Properties for paved rainfall runoff area Parameter Surface level Spilling definition No delay Sewer type Mixed system Pump capacity Fixed 0 7 Pump discharge target Wastewater treatment plant Maximum storage on street Maximum storage in sewer Initial storage on street Initial storage in Sewer Inhabitants Connect catchments and channels Go to the Region ribbon and click Add Hydro Link _ Connect the catchments to the channel click on the first symbol for unpaved S and click on the lateral in the channel which is the actual connection for the rainfall runoff model with the flow model Do the same for the second unpaved area For the paved area click on and on the lateral to which the paved area flows Then also connect the paved area to the waste water treatment pl
18. shape File to import land use From and define the mapping to Polder Concept subtypes IF vou want to define a land use mapping to Polder Concept areas please select an option below T None From attributes in catchment data source e From separate land use file Filename C Program Files Deltares SOBEK Suite Early Preview 4 2 1 23075 binLGM shp T Land use column klasse Land use category Polder subtype etne G mala Record 8 of 8 mlm els 4 lt Back Next gt Cancel Figure 3 18 Including land use Deltares 21 of 88 D Rainfall Runoff User Manual Select Next and Finish Note the land use information is now imported but the rest of the model properties still have to be set Open The Central Map and see the result of the GIS import Figure 3 19 L A m 200 400 600 800 Figure 3 19 Imported catchments To really see the location of the catchments and the geometry of the rainfall runoff model select a background by clicking 6 in the Map contents Select the file lt background gt and click OK Click on the layer lt Background gt and drag it to the bottom of the list this determines the order in which the layers are visualized in the map The basis of the rainfall runoff model is now imported but the rainfall runoff model needs a connection to a channel To import the channels right mouse click in the Project window on lt integrated model Region network gt Select Imp
19. surface runoff process Often this causes very large discharges to the open water so it is advised to not use very large areas within one unpaved area This in practice means a balance between calculation speed and usability of the model versus accuracy CAPSIM Properties D RainfallRunoffModelProperties Ed E End active period 19 Start active period T El Fixed files Greenhouse classes KASKLAGG Greenhouse storage KASINIT Greenhouse usage KASGEBR Open water crop Factor CROP OW PRN Unpaved crop Factors CROPFACT Mgt pain eo p p Rm GER GCOEF El El General Area unit m Mame Rainfall Runoff Model 1 Status None El Greenhouse Minimum Filing storage perc 10 El Misc Current time 0127 0 7 25 00 00 00 El Run parameters Start time 2012 07 25 00 00 00 Stop time 2012 07 26 00 00 00 Timestep Od 01 00 00 Figure 4 19 Properties window with the available input files If CAPSIM is not active the storage coefficient is constant and related to the initial ground water level In this case infiltration is directly towards the groundwater If CAPSIM is active infiltration is towards the root zone Once the equilibrium moisture content of the root zone is reached infiltration becomes percolation towards the groundwater CAPSIM also calculates the storage coefficient with the actual groundwater level during the simulation CAPSIM can be switched on and of in the Properties window For more information on CAPSIM s
20. the node not using links Cumulative in via links Total inflow into the node using links Cumulative out non links Total outflow of the node not using links Cumulative out via links Total outflow of the node using links Delta storage Difference in storage with the previous timestep Total in non links Total inflow into the node not using links per timestep Total in via links E Total inflow into the node using links per timestep Total out non links S Total outflow of the node not using links per timestep total out via links Total outflow of the node using links per timestep 4 8 4 9 Water balance total Table 4 12 Available outout parameters for the total water balance Parameter Balance error RR rural Total of the in and outgoing flows of the schemati zation for the total simulation Boundaries in Total of the ingoing flows through the boundaries for the total simulation Boundaries out Total of the outgoing flows through the boundaries for the total simulation DWF paved Total ingoing DWF from all paved nodes Evaporation paved Total evaporation from all paved nodes Evaporation unpaved Total evaporation from all unpaved nodes Net seepage unpaved Total seepage for all unpaved nodes Rainfall Total amount of precipitation for the schematization for the total simulation Storage greenhouses Total storage change in greenhouse nodes during the simulation continued on next page 84 of 88 Deltares Module D RR All about the mode
21. user must provide the following initial values Initial dry snow content Initial free water content Initial lower zone content Initial soil moisture content Initial upper zone content Figure 4 50 Model properties for the HBV concept tab Hini Deltares 71 of 88 4 6 7 7 D Rainfall Runoff User Manual Property tab meteo Figure 4 51 shows the model properties for meteo In this tab the user selects the appropiate meteo and temperature station for the catchment When meteo data are set globally or per catchment no meteo or temperature station can be choosen The user can set an area adjustment factor This factor allows the user to specify an optional factor on the rainfall data to reflect differences between point station rainfall and areal basin rainfall Area Flow Soil Snow Hini Meteo Meteo station name De Bilt Area adjustment factor 1 000 Temperature station De Bilt Figure 4 51 Model properties for the HBV concept tab meteo 4 7 Model properties 4 7 1 When a rainfall runoff model is selected in the Project window general settings can be de fined in the Properties window These settings have different categories which are discussed below Evaporation With these parameters the active period of evaporation during the day is defined The evap oration in mm d as defined in the meteorological data is uniformly distributed over this period The parameters tha
22. with the dry weather flow DWF As soon as there is water in the sewer the sewer pumps are switched on When the sewer is full the excess water spills directly into the open water Note the storage on the street is not the same as water on the street The storage on the street is considered as the rainfall that never reaches the sewer because it is kept in puddles etc and is evaporated Water on the street is a term that describes inconvenience that occurs when the sewer is full and water flows from the sewer back onto the street this water is not modeled it is assumed that all excess water can be spilled directly into the open water In Delta Shell the user can choose to connect the sewer pump to a channel lateral or bound ary node or to connect the pump to a waste water treatment plant Deltares 51 of 88 D Rainfall Runoff User Manual Rainfall Evaporation Storage on street Flow into sewer m Pumped flow me Spilled flow Figure 4 28 Schematic representation of the flows in a mixed sewer system DWF mm Storage in sewer Separated sewer system Figure 4 29 shows a schematic representation of the flows in a separate sewer system In this kind of system the dry weather flow DWF is completely separated from the rainfall Both DWF and rainwater can be either pumped or spilled from the system In practice DWF is pumped directly from the system the rain is spilled In Delta Shell the user can choose t
23. 2000 01 02 03 00 00 0 18324 10 10 0 30921 0 20526 2000 01 02 03 30 00 0 5 10 0 36944 0 24221 2000 01 02 04 00 00 0 5 6 0261 0 41299 0 26374 2000 01 02 04 30 00 0 0 0 0 42834 0 2621 2000 01 02 05 00 00 0 0 0 0 42567 0 26046 _ 2000 01 02 05 30 00 0 0 0 0 42302 0 25884 2000 01 02 06 00 00 0 0 al 0 42038 0 25723 2000 01 02 06 30 00 0 0 al 0 41776 0 25563 2000 01 02 07 00 00 0 0 0 0 41516 0 25403 2000 01 02 07 30 00 0 0 0 0 41183 0 25154 2000 01 02 08 00 00 0 0 0 0 40779 0 24907 2000 01 02 08 30 00 0 0 0 0 40377 0 24661 2000 01 02 09 00 00 0 0 0 0 39977 0 24416 2000 01 02 09 30 00 ol 0 ol 0 3958 0 24173 2000 01 02 10 00 00 ol 0 al 0 39185 0 23932 EEE ol r S 0 38793 0 23692 2 1 2000 0 00 ee 0 00 4 1 2000 0 00 5 1 2000 0 2nnn nj N 11 00 00 n n n n aaand n 23453 gt milal Record 1 of 193 Bw phi e 7 IE gt Saturday 1 januari 2000 till Wednesday 5 januari 2000 Figure 3 15 Function view results unpaved Close the function view and go back to The Central Map Select the paved node of Catch ment2 and click lll in the Tools ribbon Select all paved parameters rainfall spilling and pumped flow Click OK the function view in Figure 3 16 is opened in a new tab Note the be havior of the model once it starts raining 0 7 mm h is pumped to the waste water treatment plant the rest is spilled into the channel After it stops raining the 3 mm storage on the street is evaporated and the mm storage in the sewer is pum
24. 4 for both Paved 8 of 88 Deltares Module D RR Getting started tutorial and Unpaved The schematization now looks like Figure 3 5 L ee m 200 400 600 600 Figure 3 5 The schematization after adding two catchments 3 2 2 Rainfall runoff area properties Turn to the Project window and click on lt Rainfall Runoff gt Change the lt Area unit gt from m to ha in the Properties window note the default unit in D RR for area is m Fig ure 3 6 Select Select single or multiple features La and double click lt Catchment1 gt the tab in Figure 3 7 opens Change the area for grass to 400 ha Deltares 9 of 88 D Rainfall Runoff User Manual 10 of 88 Properties I X RainfallRunoffModelProperties Evaporation Start active perio 7 End active perio 19 Fixed files Unpaved crop fa CROPFACT Unpaved storage BERGCOEF Greenhouse usac KASGEBR Greenhouse stor KASINIT Greenhouse clas KASKLASS Open water crop CROP OW PRN General Name Status Area unit Name Name of model Figure 3 6 Properties window when changing the area unit Deltares Module D RR Getting started tutorial Crops Surface amp Soil Groundwater Storage amp Infiltration Drainage Seepage Meteo Boundary Waterlevel Area per crop type in ha Grass 400 Com fo Potatoes jo Sugarbeet fo Grain po Miscellaneous po Non arable land po Greenhouse Area fo Orchard Pb Bulbous Plants fo Foliage Forest fo Pine Forest io Na
25. 5 0 29477 1960 10 01 02 45 00 8 17 gt 15 0 29447 1960 10 01 03 00 00 8 17 gt 15 0 29417 1960 10 01 03 15 00 8 17 gt 15 0 29387 1960 10 01 03 30 00 8 17 gt 15 0 29357 1960 10 01 03 45 00 8 17 gt 15 0 29327 1960 10 01 04 00 00 8 17 gt 15 0 29297 1960 10 01 04 15 00 8 17 gt 15 0 29267 1960 10 01 04 30 00 8 17 gt 15 0 29237 1960 10 01 04 45 00 B 17 gt 15 0 29208 1960 10 01 05 00 00 8 17 gt 15 0 29178 1960 10 01 05 15 00 8 17 gt 15 0 29148 1960 10 01 05 30 00 8 17 gt 15 0 29119 1960 10 01 05 45 00 8 17 gt 15 0 29089 1960 10 01 06 00 00 8 17 gt 15 0 29059 1960 10 01 06 15 00 8 17 gt 15 0 2903 1960 10 01 06 30 00 8 17 gt 15 0 29 1960 10 01 06 45 00 8 17 gt 15 0 28971 1960 10 01 07 00 00 8 17 gt 15 0 28941 1960 10 01 07 15 00 8 17 gt 15 0 28912 1960 10 01 07 30 00 8 17 gt 15 0 28882 1960 10 01 07 45 00 8 17 gt 15 0 28853 1960 10 01 08 00 00 8 17 gt 15 0 28824 1960 10 01 08 15 00 8 17 gt 15 0 28794 19AN 10 N1 NEM LA 17 gt 15 PAPAL gt 4 44 4 Recordi of 2305 gt bh ph 7 Xe 4 Dl Figure 4 54 Example of chart view hd E 76 of 88 Deltares Module D RR All about the modelling process Map view By double clicking on a
26. 6 gt and use the same values for properties as for the other catchments 3 3 1 Meteorological conditions Open lt Meteorological data gt in the Project window Right mouse click on lt Precipitation Global gt and select mport Select the file lt STOWA T25 BUI gt and click Open Double click on lt Precipitation Global gt to open the precipitation editor Figure 3 21 24 of 88 Deltares 3 3 2 all Generate modify time series Time yyyy MM Global K 2005 12 30 00 00 00 2005 12 30 01 00 00 2005 12 30 02 00 00 2005 12 30 03 00 00 2005 12 30 04 00 00 2005 12 30 05 00 00 o jo lolo joio 2005 12 30 06 00 00 0 2005 12 30 07 00 00 _ 2005 12 30 08 00 00 2005 12 30 09 00 00 0 0165 0 206 0 033 2005 12 30 10 00 00 0 3296 2005 12 30 11 00 00 0 2005 12 30 12 00 00 0 4862 2005 12 30 13 00 00 2005 12 30 14 00 00 0 2142 0 2005 12 30 15 00 00 0 3296 2005 12 30 16 00 00 0 1236 2005 12 30 17 00 00 0 2005 12 30 18 00 00 2005 12 30 19 00 00 0 1236 0 1648 2005 12 30 20 00 00 0 3708 2005 12 30 21 00 00 0 2005 12 30 22 00 00 0 5274 2005 12 30 23 00 00 2005 12 31 00 00 00 2005 12 31 01 00 00 0 0 4664 0 1496 2005 12 31 02 00 00 0 2005 12 31 03 00 00 1 3904 2005 12 31 04 00 00 0 4224
27. 66 0 76166 3 2005 12 30 13 00 00 0 0 76166 0 76166 E 2005 12 30 13 30 00 0 0 0 6 2005 12 30 14 00 00 0 0 0 5 2005 12 30 14 30 00 ol 0 33555 0 33555 4 2005 12 30 15 00 00 ol 0 33555 0 33555 3 2005 12 30 15 30 00 0 0 51633 0 51633 2 2005 12 30 16 00 00 ol 0 51659 0 51633 l 2005 12 30 16 30 00 0j 0 19262 0 19363 30 12 2005 31 12 2005 1 1 2006 2 1 2006 3 1 2006 4 1 2006 5 1 2006 2005 12 30 17 00 00 of 0 19563 0 19363 M Time M4 44 4 Record1 of 289 P t X gt Friday 30 december 2005 till Thursday 5 januari 2006 Figure 3 22 Function view for unpaved results of catchment 3 26 of 88 Deltares 4 Module D RR All about the modelling process 4 1 In this chapter the different aspects of rainfall runoff modeling in SOBEK 3 are explained Import There are several options to import models and data from outside SOBEK 3 for exam ple SOBEK or GIS The different options to use those data in building a schematization in SOBEK 3 are discussed below Import rainfall runoff model from SOBEK 2 Existing SOBEK 2 RR models can be imported directly into SOBEK 3 in two ways A new model can be imported by a right mouse click in the Project window on lt Project Import gt The window in Figure 4 1 is opened After selecting Sobek model Flow 1D RTC RR WAQ and clicking OK a selection window is opened After selecting the appropriate NETWORK TP from a SOBEK model and checking the models to import the model is imported after clic
28. 91 15 10 0 18634 0 13068 1 4716 10 10 0 24966 0 16808 0 18324 10 10 0 30921 0 20526 0 5 10 0 36944 0 24221 0 5 i 0 26374 0 0 0 2621 0 0 0 0 42567 0 26046 0 0 0 0 42302 0 25884 0 0 0 0 42038 0 25723 0 0 0 0 41776 0 25563 0 0 0 0 41516 0 25403 0 0 0 0 41183 0 25154 0 0 0 0 40779 0 24907 0 0 0 0 40377 0 24661 0 0 al 0 39977 0 24416 0 0 al 0 3958 0 24173 0 0 al 0 39185 0 23932 0 L S S 0 38793 0 23692 1 1 2000 0 00 2 1 2000 0 00 3 1 2000 0 00 4 1 2000 0 00 5 1 2000 0 m at Time nnn n nn n 3aand 23453 4 4 Record 1 of 193 gt mil alv x E Saturday 1 januari 2000 till Wednesday 5 januari 2000 Figure 4 57 Example of function view Input output visualization By double clicking in the Project window on lt Rainfall Runoff Input gt the input output viewer is opened Figure 4 58 In this viewer both input as output model data can be visualized both in the map and in a table Also by selecting Secondary it is possible to visualize two parameters simultaneously one parameter is shown by the color of the contour the other by the colour in the diamond within the contour It is also possible in this viewer to visualize input parameters in this way it is possible to directly compare input model parameters to simulated output For example it is possible to visualize groundwater level as a function of time and the area used for groundwater calculations 78 of 88 Deltares 4 8 4 Module D
29. Catchment1 H E baan a Output Figure 3 10 Boundary conditions in the project window Meteorological conditions Click lt Rainfall Runoff gt and set the lt Start time gt to 2000 01 01 and the lt Stop time gt to 2000 01 05 in the Properties window Open lt Meteorological Data gt in the Project window Double click lt Precipitation Global gt to open the precipitation editor Leave the type of pre cipitation as it is global and click on Hi Senstate modify time seres Select a timeperiod from the first of January 2000 to the fifth of January 2000 and a timestep of one hour Click OK a timeseries is generated with O precipitation Now fill in the following precipitation event resulting in Figure 3 11 Table 3 3 Precipitation event 2000 01 02 00 00 00 2000 01 02 01 00 00 2000 01 02 02 00 00 2000 01 02 03 00 00 Double click in the Project window on lt Evaporation global gt Leave the type of evaporation as it is global and generate similarly to the precipitation an evaporation period of five days and a timestep of one day Fill in a value of 3 mm d 14 of 88 Deltares Module D RR Getting started tutorial Note that the duration of the period should be the same as the precipitation period but the timestep may differ V Generate modify time series Type of meteorological data Global hd Time yyyy MM
30. Figure 4 24 Model properties for the unpaved area tab drainage 4 6 2 7 Property tab seepage Figure 4 25 shows the model properties for seepage The user can choose between 48 of 88 Deltares Module D RR All about the modelling process A negative value mm d means that the amount of water will be withdrawn from the unpaved area node percolation a positive value means that the amount of water is supplied to the node Seepage Variable a table with seepage or percolation as a function of time mm d Variable The seepage and infiltration is calculated as a function of O groundwater table in the unconfined aquifer as calculated by D RR 0 groundwater head in the aquifer below entered as a constant or function of time O hydraulic resistance value of the aquitard between the unconfined and confined aquifer Crops Surface amp Soil Groundwater Storage amp Infiltration Drainage Seepage Meteo Boundary Waterlevel Constant 2 mm day Variable table Variable HO table Hydraulic Resistance C jo day Piezometric level HO m AD Notice positive upward inflow negative downward outflow Figure 4 25 Model properties for the unpaved area tab seepage 4 6 2 8 Property tab meteo Figure 4 26 shows the model properties for meteo In this tab the user selects the appropiate meteo station for the catchment When meteo data are set globally or per catchment no meteo station can be
31. Property tab drainage Figure 4 24 shows the model properties for drainage This tab is important because here the drainage formula and the drainage parameters are set The drainage formula is set in Computation option The user must provide the drainage resistance in d in case of Ernst drainage and the reac tion factor in 1 d in the case of De Zeeuw Hellinga for Surface runoff usually a very quick process so low drainage resistance or high reaction factor Horizontal inflow the values for water flowing from surface water into the soil Drainage levels for different soil layers different values may apply All levels are defined as from x meters below surface level to y meters below surface level In the case of Krayenhoff van de Leur a reservoir coefficient in d is supplied Default the following values are used Table 4 3 Default values for the drainage resistance formulas Parameter Ernst De Zeeuw Hellinga Krayenhoff van de Leur Drainage resistance Reaction factor Surface runoff 100 1 d Horizontal inflow 0 05 1 d Soil 0 infinity 0 3 1 d Reservoir coefficient Crops Surface amp Soil Groundwater Storage amp Infiltration Drainage Seepage Meteo Boundary Waterlevel Computation option De Zeeuw Hellinga Drainage levet m Reaction factor Surface R 100 gt below surface 1 2day Surface 100 nj jn Ei a ren js nn fo Infinity 3 Horizontal Inflow 0 05
32. RR All about the modelling process Attribute visualisation Primary Unpaved Area for groundwater calculations v J Secondary Output Storage land unp mm v variable variable Legend gt GFE1022 1 3858E 06 GFE1021 8 3651E 05 ae a A L gt network Lateral Sources E Composite Structure Branches lsLengthCustam True False gt basin d Wastewater Treatment Plants amp Runoff Boundaries K Catchments O Catchments centers Catchments Polygons Links Links Unpaved Area for groundwater calculations variable E S 365e 05 Mm S 15e 05 Mm 9 935e 05 E 1 O72e 06 Mm 1 15e 06 E 1 229e 06 Mm 1 307e 06 R 1 306e 06 ee m 200 400 600 800 Ba Figure 4 58 Example of the input output viewer Export output Output can be exported from a project by selecting the parameter in the Project window and after right mouse clicking selecting Export The parameters can be exported as lt csv gt or lt nc gt netcdf In addition the parameters can be exported along a profile by selecting the option FEWS PI Longitudinal profile This option gives lt xml gt files Output parameters Setting of output parameters In D RR a selection of output parameters can be made by selecting lt Rainfall Runoff Output gt in the Project window The Properties window then shows a list of all available output pa rameters The list is divided in the parameters per area type paved unpaved gr
33. Rainfall runoff concept precipitation evapo transpi ration surface runoff infiltration drainage seepage percolation OO 99999 Deltares 3 of 88 D Rainfall Runoff User Manual The user can choose between several drainage concepts thereby giving the user the possi bility to tune the model to the specific characteristics of the area and the modeling objectives The concept distinguishes between several types of area Paved Unpaved Greenhouses Open water The characteristics of the different areas are discussed in more detail in Section 4 6 The open water area is different from previous versions of Sobek in the sense that only rainfall and evaporation are taken into account no water levels In SOBEK 3 the water level of open water is calculated in channels by D Flow 1D The modeling concept is lumped which means that there is no direct interaction between the individual buckets The module is frequently used in combination with the D FLOW 1D module It is then possible to either to perform calculations for both modules simultaneously or sequentially For more information on the mathematical and numerical background we refer to the Technical Reference Manual 4 of 88 Deltares 3 1 Module D RR Getting started tutorial In this chapter the steps are discussed in the workflow of setting up a coupled D Flow 1D and lumped D Rainfall Runoff model In general the following steps have to be carried out
34. Volume unsaturated zone 4 8 4 2 Paved Module D RR All about the modelling process continued from previous page NLO m AD Level of groundwater m h S m ca m s m s m s m s m s m mm m s mm m Groundwater level with respect to the surface level 1 if the groundwater level is 1 meter below the sur face Amount of time that the groundwater level exceeds the maximum allowable level Drainage towards channels Volume of groundwater in catchment note only water in the saturated zone Infiltration of surface water in the ground depend ing on the amount of storage this is the base flow for percolation Net amount of seepage Flow from root zone towards groundwater Reference evaporation multiplied with the crop fac tors Precipitation The percentage of soil volume available for storage of water Amount of water stored on land Amount of water stored on land Excess water that cannot be infiltrated or stored which flows directly to the channels Amount of water contained in the root zone Amount of water contained in the root zone Table 4 5 Available output parameters for the paved rainfall runoff area Parameter DWA infl DWA DWA infl RWA Evaporation surface Pumped DWA Pumped flow Pumped RWA Rainfall RWA to DWA Spilling pe ram Amount of water into the DWA part of a separate system Inflow of DWF into the mixed system Actual evaporation from water stored on the surfac
35. Zed E L D Rainfall Runoff D Rainfall Runoff D RR in Delta Shell User Manual Version 3 4 0 Revision 41919 24 September 2015 D Rainfall Runoff User Manual Published and printed by Deltares telephone 31 88 335 82 73 Boussinesqweg 1 fax 31 88 335 85 82 2629 HV Delft e mail info deltares nl P O 177 WWW https www deltares nl 2600 MH Delft The Netherlands For sales contact For support contact telephone 31 88 335 81 88 telephone 31 88 335 81 00 fax 31 88335 81 11 fax 31 88335 81 11 e mail sales deltaressystems nl e mail support deltaressystems nl Www http www deltaressystems nl Www http www deltaressystems nl Copyright 2015 Deltares All rights reserved No part of this document may be reproduced in any form by print photo print photo copy microfilm or any other means without written permission from the publisher Deltares Contents Contents 1 A guide to this manual 1 LE MME gee ee een RE ESSES EE dA 1 1 2 Overview aaao a a a a a a 1 1 3 Manual version and revisions a aoao oaoa a a a a eee ee ee 1 1 4 Typographical conventions o aoao a a a ee 1 1 5 Changes with respect to previous versions aoao oao aoao a a a a a a 2 2 Module D RR Overview 3 3 Module D RR Getting started tutorial 5 3 1 Starting a D RR model H a 5 3 2 Building a schematization from scratch aoa aoa a e a 2 20048 6 3 2 1 Generate a networ
36. ant Note that the paved area has two connections whereas the unpaved area only has one This represents the sewer flow and the spill flow Finally click on the waste water treatment plant and connect it to a lateral The schematization now looks like Figure 3 9 12 of 88 Deltares Module D RR Getting started tutorial L A m 200 400 600 500 Figure 3 9 Schematization with runoff links 3 2 4 Initial conditions Open the lt lInitial conditions gt in the Project window and double click on lt Paved gt lt Unpaved gt and lt Greenhouse gt Note that the initial conditions set in the catchment properties have been synchronized to the initial conditions tab These conditions can be altered as well from here multiple data editor as in the properties of the individual catchments that the greenhouse tab is empty since no greenhouse area has been defined 3 2 5 Boundary conditions Open the lt Catchment Data gt in the Project window Figure 3 10 Double click in the Project window on the individual rainfall runoff nodes to edit the boundary conditions in the last tab Leave the boundary conditions as Constant waterlevel 0 m AD Deltares 13 of 88 3 2 6 D Rainfall Runoff User Manual Project AX CR E niie g 2 Integrated Model aay Region L Network Basin a Models Flow1lD Rainfall Runoff aa Input E Basin Basin H sl Meteorological Data E Initial Conditions Catchment Data
37. ation linearly decreases to a soil moisture content of zero Part of the infiltrated water will flow to the upper zone Seepage Seepage is related to the soil moisture Deltares 67 of 88 4 6 7 2 D Rainfall Runoff User Manual content Runoff response routine The runoff response routine simulates the delay of runoff by a number of linear reservoirs The runoff types quick flow interflow and base flow are distinguished Two linear reservoir are defined to simulate these three different processes the upper zone quick flow and interflow and the lower zone base flow Quick flow occurs when the upper zone water content exceeds a certain threshold The water content above this threshold is available for quick flow When the water content is below the threshold only interflows occurs Infiltrated water that does not runoff by quick flow or interflow finally ends up in the lower zone by percolation The percolation rate increases with the upper zone water content until a maximum percolation rate is reached From the lower zone base flow occurs to the open water Base flow is the slow runoff process The total runoff equals the sum of quick flow interflow and base flow Property tab area Figure 4 46 shows the model properties for the tab area The user must provide the following parameters Runoff area this is the calculation area of the HBV node Surface level altitude m AD temperature data at reference level are transforme
38. atization Similarly if a pump discharges towards a boundary node or lateral this runoff link has to be available The model data editor is dominant This means that if for example a runoff link exists from the paved node to a waste water treatment plant but the model data state that the pump discharges to a boundary node or lateral then D RR does not use the runoff link towards the waste water treatment plant free flow sewers always spill using the runoff link to the boundary node or lateral the definition above only refers to a pump discharge target General Management Storage Dry Weather Flow Meteo Sewer type Mixed system Sewer pump Fixed capacity C Variable capacity Capacity mixed rainfall 0 7 Capacity dry weather flow fo Unit mmhr z m Pump discharge targets Mixed rainfall Wastewater treatment plant Wastewater treatment plant y Dry weather flow Figure 4 32 Model properties for the paved area tab management 4 6 3 4 Property tab storage Figure 4 33 shows the model properties for storage in the paved area In this tab the user gives the storage in mm x area or m both initial and maximum On the street Inthe mixed or rainfall sewer Inthe dry weather sewer Deltares 55 of 88 D Rainfall Runoff User Manual General Management Storage Dry Weather Flow Meteo Maximum Initial On street 4 f mm x Area Y In sewer mixed rainfall
39. channel through surface flow Once the rain decreases the infiltration manages to keep up with the rain again so the surface flow stops Once the rain decreases and stops the remaining water stored on the surface infiltrates after which the groundwater outflow slowly brings the groundwater levels back to normal 18 of 88 Deltares Module D RR Getting started tutorial time Surface Rainfall Infiltration Groundwater Groundwater IS 2000 01 01 18 00 00 0 0 0 0 0052599 0 019817 2000 01 01 18 30 00 0 0 al 0 0055017 0 020707 2000 01 01 19 00 00 0 0 ol 0 0057432 0 021596 2000 01 01 19 30 00 0 0 0 0 0058608 0 021573 2000 01 01 20 00 00 0 0 0 0 0058547 0 021551 2000 01 01 20 30 00 0 0 0 0 0058486 0 021529 2000 01 01 21 00 00 0 0 0 0 0058426 0 021506 2000 01 01 21 30 00 0 0 0 0 0058365 0 021484 2000 01 01 22 00 00 0 0 0 0 0058304 0 021461 2000 01 01 22 30 00 0 0 0 0 0058243 0 021439 2000 01 01 23 00 00 0 0 0 0 0058183 0 021417 2000 01 01 23 30 00 0 0 0 0 0058122 0 021394 2000 01 02 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0058062 0 021372 2000 01 02 00 30 00 0 10 10 0 00059358 0 016993 2000 01 02 01 00 00 0 10 10 0 058784 0 055131 2000 01 02 01 30 00 0 15 10 0 12072 0 093031 2000 01 02 02 00 00 2 3191 15 10 0 18634 0 13068 2000 01 02 02 30 00 1 4716 10 10 0 24966 0 16808
40. cting a cell in the table in the model data editor and typing the value Note in the case of a meteorological data type per catchment or per meteo station the time series is generated for each catchment or meteo station simultaneously x f Generate new Modify existing Time range Start 1 1 2000 00 00 End 5 1 2000 000 Timestep E E E 0 days Hours min SEC Cancel Figure 4 12 time series generator Import a timeseries See section Section 4 1 5 38 of 88 Deltares Module D RR All about the modelling process 4 4 Initial conditions All initial conditions for the rainfall runoff model can be viewed and edited in the Project window in lt Rainfall Runoff Input Initial conditions gt Figure 4 13 In the Project window the different rainfall runoff components of the polder concept that contain initial conditions are always visible even when these areas are not included in the schematization Paved Unpaved Greenhouse By double clicking on an area type the initial conditions editor is opened If there are no schematized areas of a certain type the editor is empty In case of schematized areas all initial conditions in that area type are listed per catchment Figure 4 14 By selecting a cell the initial conditions can be edited Alternatively all initial conditions can be edited in the model data editor of the individual catchments see also Section 4 6 There all different ar
41. d the tab should look like Figure 3 14 If not click in the tab on the error messages to correct the issues Deltares 25 of 88 D Rainfall Runoff User Manual 3 3 3 Output of the simulation Right mouse click in the Project window on lt Rainfall Runoff gt and select lt Run Model gt to start the simulation Check the results Figure 3 22 shows an example for unpaved results of catchment 3 time Surface Rainfall Infiltration b 2005 12 30 00 00 00 0 0 0 2005 12 30 00 30 00 0 0 0 2005 12 30 01 00 00 0 0 0 2005 12 30 01 30 00 0 0 0 34 2005 12 30 02 00 00 0 0 0 33 2005 12 30 02 30 00 0 0 0 32 2005 12 30 03 00 00 0 0 0 31 2005 12 30 03 30 00 0 0 0 30 2005 12 30 04 00 00 0 0 0 2005 12 30 04 30 00 0 0 0 27 2005 12 30 05 00 00 0 0 0 26 2005 12 30 05 30 00 0 0 0 25 2005 12 30 06 00 00 0 0 0 24 2005 12 30 06 30 00 0 0 0 23 2005 12 30 07 00 00 0 o 0 2005 12 30 07 30 00 O 0 025848 0 025848 20 2005 12 30 08 00 00 O 0 025848 0 025848 19 2005 12 30 08 30 00 ol 0 32271 0 32271 ET 2005 12 30 09 00 00 0 0 32271 0 32271 ees 2005 12 30 09 30 00 ol 0 051696 0 051696 16 2005 12 30 10 00 00 0 0 051696 0 051696 2005 12 30 10 30 00 o 0 51633 0 51633 13 2005 12 30 11 00 00 0 0 51633 0 51633 12 2005 12 30 11 30 00 0 0 0 11 2005 12 30 12 00 00 0 0 0 10 2005 12 30 12 30 00 ol 0 761
42. d to temperatures at surface level by using the temperature altitude constant Alea Flow Sol Snow Hini Meteo Runoff area 10000 re Surface level altitude 1000 m AD Figure 4 46 Model properties for the HBV concept tab area 68 of 88 Deltares Module D RR All about the modelling process 4 6 7 3 Property tab flow Figure 4 47 shows the model properties for the tab flow The user must provide the following parameters Base flow reservoir coefficient reservoir coefficient for base flow must be smaller than the reservoir coefficients of interflow and quick flow Interflow reservoir coefficient reservoir coefficient for interflow Maximum percolation mm day maximum percolation rate from the upper zone to the lower zone Quick flow reservoir coefficient reservoir coefficient for quick flow Upper zone reservoir content threshold mm above this threshold quickflow from the Upper zone occurs Area Flow Soil Snow Hini Meteo Base flow reservoir 0 001 coefficient Interflow reservoir coefficient 0 1 Maximum percolation 0 5 mm day Quickflow reservoir fo 3 coefficient Upper zone reservoir content threshold 20 mm Figure 4 47 Model properties for the HBV concept tab flow 4 6 7 4 Property tab soil Figure 4 48 shows the model properties for the tab soil The user must provide the following parameters Beta empirical parameter describing the relative contribut
43. e Percolation Base flow lower zone Runoff Figure 4 45 Schematic representation of the HBV concept The HBV concept consists of three routines which are the snow soil and runoff response routine The different routines are discussed below Snow routine Depending on the temperature precipitation is in the form of rainfall or snowfall Snowfall occurs when the temperature is below the snowfall temperature rainfall above the snowfall temperature Snow accumulates at the surface and starts melting with a certain rate depend ing on temperature when the temperature rises above the snowmelt temperature When the temperature drops below the melting temperature the melt water refreezes Note the HBV concept is the only rainfall runoff concept where the temperature is of im portance Temperature data must be filled in under lt project integrated model Models Input meteorological data Temperature gt in C at reference level Soil routine Depending on the soil moisture content snowmelt water infiltrates in the soil or runs off to the upper zone Direct runoff occurs if the soil moisture content exceeds the field capacity Infiltration occurs when the soil moisture content is below the field capacity Infiltrated water can evaporate or seep to the upper zone Actual evaporation equals potential evaporation when the soil moisture content is above a certain fraction of the field capacity Below that fraction actual evapor
44. e BERGCOEF This file can be opened in the Properties window by clicking see also Figure 4 19 Infiltration percolation Rainfall is infiltrated into the soil with a capacity depending on the soil type and land use Seepage percolation Seepage when positive or percolation when negative is the ground water flow component directed upwards Seepage or downwards percolation This is represented by a constant amount Drainage inflow the drainage of groundwater towards the channel or inflow to the un paved area from the channel depends on groundwater levels compared to open water levels and the soil characteristics D RR works with three different formulas to calculate the amount of drainage or inflow 0 De Zeeuw Hellinga O Ernst O Krayenhoff van de Leur When using CAPSIM it is strongly advised to use Ernst drainage In all three cases the groundwater outflow is determined by a relation between O groundwater level O drainage resistance values O soil storage coefficient O downstream water level Surface runoff surface runoff occurs when the surface storage is full or when the ground water level reaches the surface level In reality the surface level varies and only the low lying areas are part of the surface runoff process Notice that because the soil surface in Deltares 43 of 88 D Rainfall Runoff User Manual D RR is defined as a constant level the total area defined in the unpaved node is part of the
45. e Flow pumped from the improved separated DWF system Flow of water pumped from the sewer system Flow pumped from the separated RWA system or mixed system Precipitation Flow of RWA flow to the DWA flow in an improved separate system Flow of water spilled from the sewer system to the open water continued on next page Deltares 81 of 88 D Rainfall Runoff User Manual continued from previous page Parameter Unit Description Spilling DWA Flow spilled from the improved separated DWF system Spilling RWA Flow spilling from the separated RWA system or the mixed system to the open water Storage DWA Amount of water stored in the DWA part of the im proved separate system Storage RWA Amount of water stored in the RWA part of the im proved separate system or mixed system Storage street Amount of water stored on the street Surface RWA Inflow into the sewer from the street Volume dynamic storage Amount of delayed spill due to the runoff coeffi cient 4 8 4 3 Greenhouse Table 4 6 Available output parameters for the greenhouse rainfall runoff area Parameter Evaporation Total evaporation from greenhouse roofs and stor age basins Flow basins Total outflow from basins and silos to open water Rainfall Total rainfall on greenhouse area Storage basins Total storage in basins and silos Water use Water use from storage basins to greenhouse 4 8 4 4 Open water Table 4 7 available outout parameters for t
46. e 4 5 Mapping of land use 4 1 4 Import hydronetwork from GIS It is possible to import a hydronetwork from GIS by a right mouse click in the Project win dow on either lt Project gt or lt Project Integrated Model Region Network gt and selecting Import Select Model features from GIS under lt Data import gt Similarly to the import of catchments a shapefile and a mapping have to be defined An example of the use of the GIS importer is shown in Section 3 3 First select channels and the corresponding shapefile Second the mapping is provided Here knowledge on the structure of the shapefiles is required Third a snapping precision is provided This ensures that network elements that are not exactly on a channel are snapped to the channel The snapping precision determines how accurate the shapefiles need to be as this Is the limiting distance after which an element is not considered part of a channel any more Similarly other network elements can be imported by selecting the appropriate element name and shapefile For more information on the GIS importer see the D Flow 1D manual Deltares 31 of 88 4 2 4 2 1 D Rainfall Runoff User Manual Import meteorological conditions Meteorological data can be imported from SOBEK 2 meteorological data files By a right mouse click in the Project window on lt Project Integrated Model Models Input Meteoro logical data Precipitation gt and selecting Import
47. ea types can be edited for a single catchment whilst in the initial conditions editor all catchments can be edited for each area type Project IX CE Projectl 2 Integrated Model I Region D Network Basin Z i Models T Flow1D B Rainfall Runoff im oa Input E Basin Basin n als gien ed ul Unpaved Paved Greenhouse Restart Empty E 2 Catchment Data E E Output E 5 Output Figure 4 13 Initial conditions in the project window Deltares 39 of 88 4 5 D Rainfall Runoff User Manual Unpaved Initial Groundwater Level rm bel Initial Land Storage mm Area Id Figure 4 14 Initial conditions editor for the unpaved area type Boundary conditions By clicking on lt Flow1D Input Boundary Data gt in the Project window the water level boundary conditions for the channel flow components are shown See also Figure 4 15 Note that these are not necessarily the boundary conditions used in the groundwater calculations In the model data editor of the unpaved area is set whether to use a fixed or variable level or to use the water level boundary of the connected channel flow component By double clicking an unpaved catchment in lt Rainfall Runoff Input Catchment Data gt and selecting the last tab Boundary Waterlevel in the model data editor the boundary condition is opened Figure 4 16 The user can choose between Use constant a constant level in m AD can be su
48. ee 41 4 6 1 Poldercatchment a 00 eee eee eee 42 Mie WAVED s eb a ee ned we Se a 42 4 6 2 1 Description 2 ee 42 4 6 2 2 Property tab crops we ann we dE a A 45 4 6 2 3 Property tab surface and soil 45 4 6 2 4 Property tab groundwater 46 4 6 2 5 Property tab storage and infiltration 47 4 6 2 6 Property tab drainage a a a a 48 4 6 2 7 Property tab seepage a a a a a 48 4 6 2 8 Property tab meteo a a a 49 4 6 2 9 Property tab boundary waterlevel 50 40S PAM ane eee en bho dn TE A 51 Deltares iii D Rainfall Runoff User Manual 4 4 8 4 6 3 1 Description 0 000202 a 51 4 6 3 2 Property tab general a a a 54 4 6 3 3 Property tab management a a a a 54 4 6 3 4 Property tab storage a a a a 59 4 6 3 5 Property tab dry weather flow 56 4 6 3 6 Property tab meteo a a a a 57 4 6 4 Greenhouse a 2 A 57 4 6 4 1 Description 0 0 ee eee ee ee 58 4 6 4 2 Property tab general n oaoa a a a 59 4 6 4 3 Property tab storage aoao aoa a a a a a a 60 4 6 4 4 Property tab meteo ono aoa oa a a a a a a a 60 46 5 Open water oaoa a a a a a AD 61 4 6 6 Sacramento ooo a ee Se 61 4 6 6 1 Description 0 0 00 a a 61 4 6 6 2 Property tab area a oa a a a a a a a 63 4 6 6 3 Property tab unithydrograp
49. ee the Technical Reference Manual 44 of 88 Deltares 4 6 2 2 4 6 2 3 Module D RR All about the modelling process Property tab crops Figure 4 20 shows the model properties for crops In this screen the user fills in the land use Default all land use is grass Often the land use will be imported from GIS At the bottom is the total area filled in with crops this total should be equal to the total unpaved area in the catchment If there is also paved area or greenhouse area in the catchment the user can choose to mark Use different area for groundwater calculations Since the unpaved area is the only rainfall runoff area which takes into account groundwater flow the groundwater flow underneath paved and greenhouse areas needs to be addressed in this way Crops Surface amp Soil Groundwater Storage amp Infiltration Drainage Seepage Meteo Boundary Waterlevel Area per crop type in ha Grass Com Potatoes Sugarbeet Grain Miscellaneous Non arable land Greenhouse Area Orchard Foliage Forest Bulbous Plants Pine Forest Nature Fallow TT TT Vegetables Flowers Total area crops 50 ha Use different area for groundwater calculations E U ha Figure 4 20 Model properties for the unpaved area tab crops Property tab surface and soil Figure 4 21 shows the model properties for surface and soil In this tab the surface level in mAD is provided the soil type as well as the soil type with and
50. eenhouse open water Sacramento HBV In addition there are the categories waste water treatment plant water balance per node water balance total link flow and boundary flow For each category the user can choose between selecting parameters manually or selecting the option all outout The user can choose between the following output options Current current value at that specific time Average average value over the last output timestep Maximum maximum value over the last output timestep Minimum minimum value over the last output timestep None no output If the option all output is selected the user chooses the same output option for all parameters in that category The user also chooses the output timestep This output timestep is uniform for all selected output parameters Deltares 79 of 88 D Rainfall Runoff User Manual Properties H x RainfalRunoffoutputSettingsProperties lt Output timestep Od 01 00 00 E Unpaved All unpaved output Actual evaporation rmFfs unp Mone Capillary rise mjs Cunpi None Evaporation surface m3 s unp Current Groundwater level m funp Current Groundwater level surface m Cunp None Groundwater level threshold hour unp None Groundwater outflow mes unpi None Groundwater volume ri Cunp None Infiltration m3 5 Cunp Average Net seepage 3 5 funp None Percolation mrs l funp None Potential evaporation mis unpi Mone Rainfall mm s unp Current
51. ell Click Next Figure 3 18 nn ol x Import catchment from GlS data Select features to import Features Polder Catchment Ex File Table Filter column Filter value Load mapping file of GIS impoarters Add to import list Import features list Network Path Table Filter k Catchments C Program FilesiDeltares SOBEK Suite Early Preview 3 1 0 20877binyCatchments shp a ae a MIN Record L ofi ENA G x lt Back Next gt Cancel Figure 3 17 Select features to import At this point it is possible to finish here by selecting None and clicking Next and then Finish The catchments are then imported as polder concepts but no model properties are imported However it is also possible to include land use information in the import of the catchments 20 of 88 Deltares Module D RR Getting started tutorial Select From separate land use file and select the file by clicking on Select Land use column klasse and couple the D RR land use codes to the codes used in the land use shape as follows Table 3 4 Translation between Dutch land use code in the shapefile and D RR code Land use shape code D RR code bebouwing in primair bebouwd gebied paved granen grain aardappelen potatoes agrarisch gras grass loofbos Foliage forest mais corn glastuinbouw greenhouse lt 500 m ha zoet water open water ME lol xl Land use shape file Optionally select a
52. eltares El Spilling p m3 s at Catchment1_Paved rainfall runoff lumped m s Rainfall p m s at Catchment1_Paved rainfall runoff lumped m2 s Pumped flow p m2 s at Catchment1_Paved rainfall runoff lumped m s 2 1 2000 0 00 3 1 2000 0 00 Time 4 1 2000 0 00 5 1 2000 0 Saturday 1 januari 2000 till Wednesday 5 januari 2000 Figure 3 16 Function view results paved 19 of 88 3 3 D Rainfall Runoff User Manual Building a schematization using the GIS importer After creating a rainfall runoff model from scratch now a second model is created using the GIS importer The files for this tutorial model can be found in the installation directory of Delta Shell in lt bin gt Default this is in lt C Program Files Deltares DeltaShell bin gt Start by adding a second model to the project in the same way as the first model Note that this model is lt integrated model 2 gt whereas the first model was lt integrated model 1 gt Open the new model and select lt Rainfall Runoff gt right mouse click and select Import In the screen that appears click Next This opens the GIS importer wizard Choose Polder Catchment under lt Select features to import Features gt Click on to select a shape file with the catchments Click on Add to import list and click Next Fill in lt NAME gt in the mapping column This determines which data from the catchment shape are used as identifier in Delta Sh
53. enhouse area is effectively paved area but with specific characteristics and means of storage Open water In the following sections the characteristics and hydrological processes are described of the different concepts Polder catchment The polder catchment is a catchment in which an unpaved paved greenhouse and open water node can be schematized Using a polder catchment it is possible to keep the geometry of an area because unpaved paved greenhouse or open water catchments are not drawn as single catchments Figure 4 17 shows the input screen of a polder catchment An combination of unpaved paved greenhouse or open water nodes must be added to the polder catchment and the percentage of the geometry area or total area must be filled in per node type After that the property tabs for the added nodes must be filled in These property tabs are described in Section 4 6 2 Section 4 6 3 Section 4 6 4 and Section 4 6 5 Percentage of Area geometry area Paved 18 945 65 me 50 Unpaved cem me 70 Greenhouse 75 782 62 rf 200 Open water o 0 00 re CJ Add Total 376 913 08 m 100 0 aU Ea E Figure 4 17 Schematic representation of a polder catchment Unpaved Description The unpaved area is a very important part of the polder concept Figure 4 18 shows the different hydrological processes involved with the water flow from and towards the channels The model can be seen as a bucket where water flows in
54. es with catchments are selected and imported along with land use information if required In Section 3 3 an example is described for the use of the wizard A few things are important First a shape with catchments is selected and added to the import list Second the mapping is defined between the columns in the shapefile and the id s of the catchments in Delta Shell This is an important step which requires knowledge of the Deltares 29 of 88 D Rainfall Runoff User Manual structure of the shapefile D RR uses the id as identifier throughout the model and it is therefore essential that the right information in the shapefile is used Figure 4 4 Third it is possible to add land use information This is only used for the areas in the unpaved node It is possible to skip the land use information use the information available in the already selected catchment shape or to use a different land use shape such as the LGN Just like the catchments themselves a mapping is necessary between the land use id s in D RR and the columns in the shapefile Figure 4 5 Again it is essential to have knowledge on the structure of the shapefiles used It is possible to save the mapping If the structure of the GIS files is the same a next time the previous mapping may be used by selecting Lead mapping fie of GiSimpares in the GIS importer wizard For more information on the GIS importer see also the manual for D Flow water flow 1d water f
55. estep to 30 minutes and set the simulation period equal to the period of the precipitation and evaporation Deltares 15 of 88 D Rainfall Runoff User Manual Properties I X KainfallkunoffModelProperties r 4 Greenhouse Minimum filling 10 Misc Current time 2015 09 04 00 00 Run parameters Start time 2015 09 04 00 00 Timestep Od 01 00 00 Stop time 2015 09 05 00 00 Use restart False Write restart False Use save state tir False J Save state start ti 0001 01 01 00 00 Save state stop ti 0001 01 01 00 00 Save state time s Od 00 00 00 Name Name of model Figure 3 12 Model properties in Properties Window For a D RR calculation all output parameters are written to the output In the Project window click on lt Output gt The Properties window is shown in Figure 3 13 Set the output timestep to 30 minutes and select the following parameters with lt Current gt Unpaved Groundwater level Unpaved Groundwater outflow Unpaved Infiltration Unpaved Rainfall Unpaved Surface runoff Paved Pumped flow Paved Rainfall Paved Spilling OO 9 9909090 O 16 of 88 Deltares Module D RR Getting started tutorial El General ade Output timestep Od 01 00 00 El Unpaved All unpaved output Mone Actual evaporation m s funp Mone Capillary rise mjs Cunp Mone Evaporation surface m fs funp Mone Groundwater level m Cunp Mone Groundwater level surface m funp None Groundwater level threshold hour
56. f a polder catchment 42 Schematic representation of an unpaved area ao ao oao aoao a a a a a 43 Properties window with the available input files 2 2 2 4 44 Model properties for the unpaved area tab crops 45 Model properties for the unpaved area tab surface and soil 46 Model properties for the unpaved area tab groundwater 47 Model properties for the unpaved area tab storage and infiltration 47 Model properties for the unpaved area tab drainage 4 2 48 D Rainfall Runoff User Manual vi 4 25 4 26 4 27 4 26 4 29 4 30 4 31 4 32 4 33 4 34 4 35 4 36 4 3 4 36 4 39 4 40 4 41 4 42 4 43 4 44 4 45 4 46 4 47 4 48 4 49 4 50 4 51 4 52 4 53 4 54 4 55 4 56 4 5 4 58 4 59 Model properties for the unpaved area tab Seepage 49 Model properties for the unpaved area tab meteo 50 Model properties for the unpaved area tab boundary waterlevel 50 Schematic representation of the flows in a mixed sewer system 52 Schematic representation of the flows in a separate sewer system 52 Schematic representation of the flows in an improved separate sewer system 53 Model properties for the paved area tab general 54 Model properties for the paved area tab management 55 Model properties for the paved area tab storage 56 Model properties for
57. filtrate in the upper zone In the upper zone rain is stored as tension water or free water From the upper zone water can runoff or percolate towards a lower zone From there water discharges to a river or recharges to the deep groundwater Deltares 61 of 88 D Rainfall Runoff User Manual Rainfall Evapotranspiration Direct runoff Surface runoff Percolation Runoff Subsurface outflow Figure 4 40 Schematic representation of the Sacramento concept Rainfall the amount of rainfall determines combined with the total area how much water enters the system Evapotranspiration evapotranspiration occurs from different surfaces and buckets in the Sacramento concept For the fraction of streams channels and riparian forest of an area actual evapotranspiration equals potential evapotranspiration In the upper and lower zone the actual evapotranspiration equals the potential evapotranspiration times the cur rent water content relative to the maximum water content In case that the tension water storage becomes too small water is transferred from the free water storage to the tension water storage A fraction of the lower zone free water storage is unavailable for evapotran spiration Percolation the percolation rate depends on one hand on the lower zone water content relative to its capacity and on the other hand on the upper zone free water content relative to its capacity Percolation is minimal when the lower zone is
58. g parameters Runoff area this is the calculation area of the Sacramento node Free water storage fraction fraction of the lower zone free water which is unavailable for transpiration purposes Percolation water fraction fraction of the percolated water which is transmitted directly to the lower zone free water aquifers Base flow fraction not observed in streams ratio of unobserved to observed base flow Sub surface outflow mm d the sub surface outflow along the stream channel which must be provided by the stream before water is available for surface discharge Lower rainfall threshold Time interval increment parameter Upper rainfall threshold Percolation exponent the exponent in the percolation equation which determines the rate at which percolation demand changes from a dry to a wet condition Proportional increase the proportional increase in percolation from saturated to dry con ditions Permanently impervious fraction permanently impervious fraction of the basin contiguous with stream channels Additional impervious fraction fraction of the basin which becomes impervious as all tension water requirements are met Streams lakes and vegetation fraction fraction of the basin covered by streams lakes and riparian vegetation under normal circumstances Area Unit hydrograph Meteo Capacities Runoff area 10000 nP Lower zone Free water storage fraction 0 3 Percolat
59. h 64 4 6 6 4 Property tab meteo 0 64 4 6 6 5 Property tab capacities 65 4 6 7 HBV 2 44 66 2 2 E ZEVEN 66 4 6 7 1 Description 0 0 0 2 20 eee eee 66 4 6 7 2 Property tab area oa oaoa a a 68 4 6 7 3 Property tab flow TM 69 4 6 7 4 Property tab soil a a a a a a a a a 69 4 6 7 5 Property tab snow aao oa a a a a a 70 4 6 7 6 Property tab hin Vn eee 71 4 6 7 7 Property tab meteo 2 72 Model properties eee 72 4 7 1 Evaporation o 7 aaa aa aaa aa 72 4 7 2 Fixedfiles WHR WR 2 2 eee eee 73 473 General AD am Wee 73 4 7 4 Greenhouse 2 2 A 73 4 7 5 Run parameters 2 00 0 A 74 Simulation and model output 2 ee a a 74 48 1 Validate model 0 00 00 00 2 ee ee eee 74 4 8 2 Performingasimulation 2004 75 4 8 3 Viewing output 2 ee eee 75 4 8 4 Output parameters eeen 79 4 8 4 1 Unpaved eee ee a 80 48 4 2 Paved 2 ce 81 4 8 4 3 Greenhouse 0 0 0 ee eee eee 82 4 8 4 4 Openwater 2 00 00 eee ee ee 82 4 8 4 5 Sacramento sean enen en 82 AAG HBV 6a oh baw amp ee R Re we ak a as 83 4 8 4 7 Waste water treatment plant 83 4 8 4 8 Water balance per node 84 4 8 4 9 Water balance total ee 84 ABATO UNK en ee a 85 4 8 4 11 Boundary
60. h area type Deltares 33 of 88 4 2 2 4 2 3 D Rainfall Runoff User Manual Percentage of geometry area Paved 18 945 65 mf 5 Unpaved l 28418481 rf 70 Ea Greenhouse 75 782 62 rf 200 Ea Open water o 0 00 rf cI Add Total 376 913 08 mf 100 0 Area Figure 4 8 Schematic representation of a polder catchment Runoff boundary In Delta Shell it is possible to insert a runoff boundary A catchment can be linked to a runoff boundary via a runoff link By using runoff boundaries catchments need not to be linked to channel flow components In case of a coupled D Flow and D RR model there is no water flow from catchments towards the channel or vice versa when runoff boundaries are used A runoff boundary is added by selecting es in the Basin ribbon and clicking the runoff boundary at a location in the network editor Runoff boundaries hold a certain water level which will form a boundary condition for the connected catchments The user can choose between Use constant a constant level in m AD can be supplied Use time series a table with water levels as a boundary of time is supplied Depending on the time period of the simulation the correct initial water level is deduced from this table Runoff links After the catchments are schematized according to a rainfall runoff modeling concept the catchments can be connected to channel flow components by the use of runoff links Runoff links are generated in the
61. he open water rainfall runoff area Evaporation Actual evaporation from the open water Rainfall Precipitation 4 8 4 5 Sacramento Table 4 8 available output parameters for the Sacramento rainfall runoff area r a e Actual evaporation Actual evaporation Additional impervious area mm Content of the area that becomes impervious ad content ditionally when all tension water requirements are met Base flow Flow from the lower zone towards the open water continued on next page 82 of 88 Deltares Parameter Channel inflow Impervious area runoff LZFPW capacity LZFSW capacity LZTW capacity Potential evaporation Rainfall Side subsurface outflow Surface runoff Total runoff UZFW capacity UZTW capacity 4 8 4 6 HBV Module D RR All about the modelling process continued from previous page Unit Description Inflow in the channel from direct runoff surface runoff interflow and base flow Runoff from the area that is permanently impervi ous Capacity of lower zone primary free water storage Capacity of lower zone supplemental free water storage Capacity of lower zone tension water storage Potential evaporation Precipitation Outflow of water to the subsurface that does not reacht the channel Excess water that cannot be infiltrated or stored which flows directly to the channels Total runoff from upper and lower zone Capacity of upper free water zone Capacity of upper tension water
62. hen meteo data are set globally or per catchment no meteo station can be choosen The user can set an area adjustment factor This factor allows the user to specify an optional factor on the rainfall data to reflect differences between point station rainfall and areal basin rainfall 64 of 88 Deltares 4 6 6 5 Module D RR All about the modelling process Area Unit hydrograph Meteo Capacities Meteo station name De Bilt Area adjustment factor 1 000 Figure 4 43 Model properties for the Sacramento concept tab meteo Property tab capacities Figure 4 44 shows the model properties for capacities Here one can define the storage Capacity initial content and drainage rate for the five reservoir types drainage rate only three reservoirs These types are Upper zone tension water represents the precipitation volume required under dry condi tions to meet all interception requirements and to provide sufficient moisture to the upper soil so that percolation can begin Upper zone free water represents a temporary storage from which water percolates to the lower zone system and from which water discharges to the channel via the interflow component Lower zone tension water the depth of water held by the lower zone soil after wetting and drainage Lower zone supplemental free water represents the fast groundwater component Lower zone primary free water represents the slow groundwater component Del
63. ial evaporation for a reference crop as defined in the meteorological data The factor is given for each day of a standard year Unpaved crop factors CROPFACT this file contains the factors to calculate the poten tial evaporation for each available crop type from the potential evaporation for a reference crop Note this is still not the actual evaporation since this also depends on other param eters as groundwater level see also Section 4 6 2 Unpaved storage coefficient BERGCOEF in this file the storage coefficients for the dif ferent soil types in an unpaved area are defined These coefficients determine how quickly the groundwater table will rise due to recharge General In this category the following parameters can de edited Area unit choice between m ha or km Name name of model as it appears in the Project window Greenhouse In this category the parameter Minimum filling storage percentage is set default is 10 When the water level in the greenhouse storage basins becomes equal lower than this mini mum filling percentage the withdrawal of water out of the basins will be stopped For the silo no water use withdrawal is assumed so the minimum filling percentage is not applicable for the silos Deltares 73 of 88 4 7 5 4 8 4 8 1 D Rainfall Runoff User Manual Run parameters In this category the basic parameters to run a simulation are set Start Stop time the start and stop time fo
64. ick on a column several options are available in the multiple data editor to sort filter and view the model parameters Sort ascending descending Clear sorting Best fit column or all columns the width of the columns is fitted to their contents Filter editor Pin Unpin column In the filter editor the user can generate filters to sort and view model parameters in the mul tiple data editor Figure 4 7 Conditions can be added and defined for the available columns By clicking Apply the filter is applied to the column by clicking OK the filter is applied and the filter editor is closed by clicking on Cancel the filter is not applied and the filter editor closes Unpaved Paved Greenhouse Operiw ater HBV Sacramento Area Sugarbeet Area Grain Press Ite Groundwater rea Grass Area Corn Area Potatoes Area m m2 tm m2 ima m2 Figure 4 6 Multiple data editor for the catchments gt Filter Editor i x Area Id Begins with lt enter a value owe a Figure 4 7 Filter editor in the multiple data editor for catchments Note that the user can choose between modeling different area types within one catchment or use different catchments for each area type There is no preferred good modeling practice both approaches work in principle the same Since in older versions of SOBEK the different area types had separate nodes imported models from SOBEK will have different catchments for eac
65. ion along the contour to the last D RR uses the drawn geometry to calculate the Geometry area Since the drawn area may not contain exactly the correct area the user can specify in the model properties a Calculation area This calculation area is used for the actual calculations When a polder catchment is drawn an unpaved paved greenhouse or open water area must be added to the catchment before the model properties can be set Editing model properties When a catchment is schematized the model properties of the rainfall runoff area can be opened by double clicking on the corresponding catchment in the Project window Figure 4 17 opens in a new tab Here the user can change the modelling properties and fill in the areas or percentage area of the different types when a polder catchment is schematized For a polder catchment a tab will appear with the model properties for each area type The sum of the areas should be equal to the total calculation area as should the sum of the percentages be 100 Alternatively the model properties can be edited for each catchment separately or jointly for multiple catchments in the multiple data editor accessible by double clicking in the Project window on lt Project Integrated Model Models Rainfall Runoff Input Catchment Data gt see also Figure 4 6 In the different tabs all the parameters can be edited 32 of 88 Deltares Module D RR All about the modelling process By a right mouse cl
66. ion of snowmelt and rain to runoff generally between 1 0 and 4 0 Field capacity mm the maximum amount of soil moisture that can be stored Field capacity fraction threshold above this threshold the actual evaporation is equal to potential evaporation Deltares 69 of 88 D Rainfall Runoff User Manual Area Flow Soil Snow Hini Meteo Beta 3 5 Field capacity 200 mm Field capacity fraction os threshold 0 75 Figure 4 48 Model properties for the HBV concept tab soil 4 6 7 5 Property tab snow Figure 4 49 shows the model properties for the tab snow The user must provide the following parameters Free water fraction the free water fraction of the snow pack Freezing efficiency the efficiency of refreezing of melt water generally between 0 0 and 0 01 Snowfall temperature C above the snowfall temperature all precipitation falls as rain below as snow Snow melting constant mm day CT this parameter describes at what rate snow melts above the snowmelt temperature Snowmelt temperature C above this temperature snow melts below this temperature melt water refreezes Temperature altitude constant C km the decrease of temperature with height 70 of 88 Deltares Module D RR All about the modelling process Figure 4 49 Model properties for the HBV concept tab snow 4 6 7 6 Property tab hini igure 4 50 shows the model properties for the tab Hini The
67. ion water fraction 0 2 Base flow fraction not 0 03 observed in streams Sub surface outflow fo mm day Internal routing interval Lower rainfall threshold o Time interval increment fo parameter Upper rainfall threshold 0 m Percolation Percolation exponent 1 8 Proportional increase 5 Direct runoff Permanently impervious 0 03 fraction Additional impervious 0 3 fraction Streams lakes and 0 028 vegetation fraction Figure 4 41 Model properties for the Sacramento concept tab area Deltares 63 of 88 4 6 6 3 4 6 6 4 D Rainfall Runoff User Manual Property tab unit hydrograph Figure 4 42 shows the model properties for the tab unit hydrograph In the tab the user has the possibility to define an unit hydrograph It is used to transform the direct runoff surface runoff and the interflow into an adapted time distribution of these flow rates The units with which the unit hydrograph are to be entered are not of importance they should only be mutually consistent Only hourly or daily ordinates can be entered Area Unit hydrograph Meteo Capacities Time step fi Value Solojojojojo olmim S ET U R E o Figure 4 42 Model properties for the Sacramento concept tab unit hydrograph Property tab meteo Figure 4 43 shows the model properties for meteo In this tab the user selects the appropiate meteo station for the catchment W
68. isualisation Area window ltem from a menu title of a push button or the name of a user interface input field Upon selecting this item click or in some cases double click with the left mouse button on it a related action will be executed in most cases it will result in displaying some other sub window In case of an input field you are supposed to enter input data of the required format and in the required domain lt tutorial wave swan curvi gt Directory names filenames and path names are ex lt siu mdw gt pressed between angle brackets lt gt For the Linux and UNIX environment a forward slash is used in stead of the backward slash for PCs 27 08 1999 Data to be typed by you into the input fields are dis played between double quotes Selections of menu items option boxes etc are de scribed as such for instance select Save and go to the next window delft3d menu Commands to be typed by you are given in the font Courier New 10 points User actions are indicated with this arrow m s Units are given between square brackets when used next to the formulae Leaving them out might result in misinterpretation 1 5 Changes with respect to previous versions This edition has only minor changes 2 of 88 Deltares Module D RR Overview D Rainfall Runoff is one of the modules available for Delta Shell The rainfall runoff module is a module that can be used for the simulation of rainfa
69. k onoono a a a a F 3 2 2 Rainfall runoff area properties 9 3 2 3 Connect catchments and channels 12 3 2 4 Initial conditions 2 0 0 0 ee ee ee ee 13 3 2 5 Boundary conditions W Mc 13 3 2 6 Meteorological conditions 2 000084 14 3 2 7 Simulation settings and validation 4 15 3 2 8 Output of the simulation 0 50802 a 18 3 3 Building a schematization using the GIS importer 20 3 3 1 Meteorological conditions a 24 3 3 2 Simulation settings and validation 25 3 3 3 Output of the simulation 048 26 4 Module D RR All about the modelling process 27 4 1 import dE OVEN 27 4 1 1 Import rainfall runoff model from SOBEK 2 27 4 1 2 Import network from SOBEK 2 aaao a a a a 28 4 1 3 Import catchments from GIS aooo a 29 4 1 4 Import hydronetwork from GIS onono a a a 2085 31 4 1 5 Import meteorological conditions 32 4 2 Schematization objects oaoa aoao e e e a a 32 4 2 1 atcha NM ee a 32 4 2 2 Runoff boundary 2 a a eee ee 34 488 Runoff links WA eee eee eee 34 4 2 4 Waste water treatment plant 35 4 3 Meteorological conditions 2 2 00 0 ee eee 36 4 4 Initial conditions AY aoa eee eee a 39 4 5 Boundary conditions 1 ee a 40 4 6 Rainfall runoff catchments 2 2 2 0 0 0 2 ee e
70. king OK Note that SOBEK 3 imports the entire model including model data settings and mete orological data SOBEK 3 therefore needs the entire lit directory including all files not just NETWORK TP for a complete import Alternatively a model can be imported by a right mouse click in the Project window on lt Project Integrated Model gt In this way the model that is imported is compared with the existing SOBEK 3 model New items are added existing items are overwritten The com parison is made by comparing id s If an item has a different id the item is treated as a new element and added to the schematization To avoid error messages during the import it is strongly advised before importing a model to clean up the SOBEK 2 files available in SOBEK 2 004 When importing a SOBEK 2 into SOBEK 3 it is important to realize that not all functionality is the same in SOBEK 3 as it was in SOBEK 2 There is no distinction between different types of links in SOBEK 3 For example a sewerage link is automatically recognised in SOBEK 3 because it links a paved area to a waste water treatment plant All sewerage links in an existing SOBEK 2 are imported as a regular link in SOBEK 3 The support of the different node types is given in Table 4 1 Table 4 1 Overview of support in SOBEK 3 for rainfall runoff elements in SOBEK 2 Paved Unpaved Supported each node is imported in D RR as a sep greenhouse arate catchment Open water Not supported
71. lant 4 11 Available output parameters for the water balance per node 4 12 Available output parameters for the total water balance 4 13 Available output parameters for the flow on links 4 14 Available output parameters for boundaries Deltares 45 vii D Rainfall Runoff User Manual viii Deltares 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 A guide to this manual Introduction This User Manual concerns the module D Rainfall Runoff This module is part of several Modelling suites released by Deltares as Deltares Systems or Dutch Delta Systems These modelling suites are based on the Delta Shell framework The framework enables to develop a range of modeling suites each distinguished by the components and most significantly the numerical modules which are plugged in The modules which are compliant with the Delta Shell framework are released as D Name of the module for example D Flow Flexible Mesh D Waves D Water Quality D Real Time Control D Rainfall Run off Therefore this user manual is shipped with several modelling suites In the start up screen links are provided to all relevant User Manuals and Technical Reference Manuals for that modelling suite It will be clear that the Delta Shell User Manual is shipped with all these modelling suites Other user manuals can be referenced In that case you need to open the specific user manual from the start up screen i
72. ll runoff processes There are several modeling concepts for rainfall runoff available In Delta Shell currently the polder concept Sacramento and HBV concept are available The polder concept is the combination of the paved unpaved and greenhouse nodes under previous versions of SOBEK The polder concept is a rainfall runoff modeling concept specifically developed for low lying areas such as polders It simulates the hydrological processes in rural and urban areas during wet and dry conditions Figure 2 1 shows a schematic representation of the modeling concept The polder concept translates the real world into a representation in the form of a bucket model The entire area is represented as a bucket containing a certain amount of water which is calculated as the balance of all the in and outgoing flows The flows from the channels and the bucket and vice versa are the interactions between the rainfall runoff model and the channel flow model The rainfall runoff model can also be used as a stand alone model without a coupled D Flow 1D model The area represented by a bucket is called a catchment The characteristics of a catchment are used to model the hydrology i e elevation soil characteristics land use drainage char acteristics etc The polder concept takes into account the following hydrological processes see also Figure 2 1 Surface runoff Drainage and inflow q gt ration Seepage and percolation Figure 2 1
73. lling process continued from previous page poe om one Storage paved Total storage change in paved nodes compared during the simulation Storage unpaved Total storage change in unpaved nodes compared during the simulation Storage wwip Total storage change in unpaved nodes compared during the simulation only relevant when prescrib ing a series for the outgoing flow Use greenhouses Total outflow due to water use of greenhouses 4 8 4 10 Link Table 4 13 Available output parameters for the flow on links Paramar at ern Link flow Flows on links 4 8 4 11 Boundary Table 4 14 Available outout parameters for boundaries e mm Deltares 85 of 88 D Rainfall Runoff User Manual 86 of 88 Deltares Deltares systems PO Box 177 T 31 0 88 335 81 88 2600 MH Delft F 31 0 88 335 81 11 Rotterdamseweg 185 2629 HD Delft sales deltaressystems nl The Netherlands www deltaressystems nl Photo s by BeeldbankVenW nl Rijkswaterstaat Joop van Houdt
74. low model source data l Oj x Define a mapping table Define object mappings to set the GIS data into catchments Mapping column Required Unit NAME Yes No No Network feature Catchment From GIS importer Property Name Unique Yes No No T LongName lt None gt Description lt None gt Mi 44 4 Record 1 of 3 SSC IB lt Back l Next gt Cancel Figure 4 4 Mapping of catchments 30 of 88 Deltares Module D RR All about the modelling process water flow 1d water flow model source data a x Land use shape file Optionally select a shape File to import land use from and define the mapping to Polder Concept subtypes If you want to define a land use mapping to Polder Concept areas please select an option below C None From attributes in catchment data source From separate land use file Filename C Program Files Deltares SOBEK Suite Early Preview 3 1 0 20877 bin LGN shp ee Land use column klasse hd Land use category loofbos Polder subtype FoliageForest agrarisch gras Grass mais Corn granen Grain bebouwing in primair bebouwd gebied Paved aardappelen Potatoes glastuinbouw lessThan500 zoet water OpenWater Ea P 4 Record 8 of 8 gt m e v x 4 E lt Back Next gt Cancel Figur
75. low of water due to the combustion of natural gas etceteras All assumptions have been rounded conservatively so that the remainder storage in basins are under estimated 58 of 88 Deltares Module D RR All about the modelling process Evaporation Evaporation Water use Storage on roofs Storage in basins nuna Spill towards open water Storage in silos Spill towards groundwater or open water Figure 4 36 Greenhouse modeling concept 4 6 4 2 Property tab general Figure 4 37 shows the model properties for the tab general In this tab the user defines the greenhouse area per class of above ground storage Also the surface level is defined Figure 4 37 Model properties for the greenhouse area tab general Deltares 59 of 88 D Rainfall Runoff User Manual 4 6 4 3 Property tab storage Figure 4 38 shows the model properties for the tab storage In this tab the user defines Initial and maximum storage on roof in mm x area or m Subsoil storage yes or no in silos In case of yes the user also provides the area size Silo capacity in m ha default 200 m ha is used Pump capacity in m s water use of greenhouse from subsoil silos General Storage Meteo Maximum Initial On roof 3 1 mm x Area lt T Subsoil storage 0 ha Silo capacity 200 m ha Pump capacity 0 02 m s Figure 4 38 Model properties for the greenhouse area tab storage 4 6 4 4 Prope
76. ly O Use runoff coefficient 1 min this runoff coefficient delays the spilling by multiplying the spill on each timestep with the runoff coefficient The water that cannot be spilled immediately is temporarily stored and transferred to the spill of the next timestep be fore multiplication with the runoff coefficient General Management Storage Dry Weather Flow Meteo Runoff area 20 ha Surface level f 5 m AD Spilling definition No delay C Use runoff coefficient 1 min Figure 4 31 Model properties for the paved area tab general Property tab management Figure 4 32 shows the model properties for the management of the paved area Here the user sets Sewer type O Mixed system O Seperate system O Improved separate system Sewer pump O Capacity type fixed or variable table as a function of time by clicking _ O Capacity mm h m s m min or m h depending on the sewer type this can be one mixed capacity or two capacities for the rainfall and dry weather flow Note that this pump capacity is not the first flush capacity Pump discharge targets both the mixed rainfall and dry weather discharge can be di rected towards O Lateral source or boundary node 54 of 88 Deltares Module D RR All about the modelling process O Waste water treatment plant Note if a pump discharges to a waste water treatment plant this runoff link has to be available in the schem
77. meteo In this tab the user selects the appropiate meteo station for the catchment When meteo data are set globally or per catchment no meteo station can be choosen The user can set an area adjustment factor This factor allows the user to specify an optional factor on the rainfall data to reflect differences between point station rainfall and areal basin rainfall General Management Storage Dry Weather Flow Meteo Meteo station name De Bilt z Area adjustment factor 1 000 Figure 4 35 Model properties for the paved area tab meteo 4 6 4 Greenhouse Deltares 57 of 88 4 6 4 1 D Rainfall Runoff User Manual Description The rainfall runoff process on greenhouses is described by volume balances in two storage reservoirs storage on the greenhouses storage in rainwater basins Figure 4 36 shows a schematic representation of the greenhouse modeling concept Storage on greenhouses represents the storage of water on greenhouse glass surface area roofs Rainfall can be stored on the roofs before it evaporates or flows into the rainwater storage basins above or underground The above ground basins take in runoff water from the glass surface as well as from direct precipitation The amount of water stored in the aboveground basins is reduced by evapora tion and water use in greenhouses When the maximum storage capacity is exceeded the excess water flows into the adjacent open water In addition subsoil
78. mixed system Pump capacity fixed 0 7 Pump discharge target Waste water treatment plant Maximum storage on street 3 Maximum storage in sewer Initial storage on street Initial storage in sewer Inhabitants Double click in the Project window on lt catchment 2 gt This catchment only has open water which needs no additional setting of parameters Continue with the properties of lt catchment 3 gt by double clicking in the Project window This catchment consists of unpaved area Browse through the tabs with properties and fill in the following properties similarly to the tutorial with building a schematization from scratch Deltares 23 of 88 D Rainfall Runoff User Manual Table 3 6 Model properties for the unpaved rainfall runoff area Parameter Surface level Soil type Sand maximum u 0 117 perm Groundwater layer thickness 5 Maximum allowed level 1 m AD Initial level Constant 1 m below surface Infiltration capacity 10 mm h Maximum storage on land 3 Initial storage on land 0 Drainage formula De Zeeuw Hellinga keep default values Seepage 0 Continue with the properties of lt catchment 4 gt The area in this catchment consists of greenhouses Fill in the following properties in the properties tabs Table 3 7 Model properties of the greenhouse rainfall runoff area Surface level Maximum storage on roof Initial storage on roof Subsoil storage Continue with lt catchment 5 gt and lt catchment
79. n output result in the Project window the window in Figure 4 53 is opened in which the user selects whether to use the table and chart view or the table and map view Figure 4 55 shows an example of the map view The data are showed as table and the network element has the color representing the value of the selected parameter at the time selected in the time series navigator By moving through the time series navigator or starting the continuous run the colors of the network elements change with the current value Feature Link Flow Ink m s Pli 2 gt 1 1 0699 2 3 gt 8 1 0699 3 4 gt 9 1 0712 U 4 5 gt 10 0 649 0 1775 5 6 gt 11 1 1037 m 0 355 6 7 gt 12 Dl m 0 5324 Legend Link flow Ink m s Link flow Ink 7 14 gt 13 1 0715 m 0 7099 le 15 gt 16 1 1196 m 0 9974 E m 106 E 1242 K Region gt basin o Wastewater Treatment Plants amp Runoff Boundaries K Catchments O Catchments centers Catchments Polygons Links Links Figure 4 55 Example of map view Function view By selecting a network element either in the map view environment or in the network editor and clicking on Er in the Tools ribbon opens a selection window Figure 4 56 In this window all the available output for that network element is shown One or more can be selected by clicking and using SHIFT or CTRL after clicking OK the function view is opened for the selected parameter
80. n the central window Some texts are shared in different user manuals in order to improve the readability Overview To make this manual more accessible we will briefly describe the contents of each chapter If this is your first time to start working with D Rainfall Runoff we suggest you to read Chap ter 3 Module D RR Getting started tutorial This chapter explains the user interface and guide you through the modeling process resulting in your first simulation Chapter 2 Module D RR Overview gives a brief introduction on D Rainfall Runoff Chapter 3 Module D RR Getting started tutorial gives an overview of the basic features of the D Rainfall Runoff GUI and will guide you through the main steps to set up a D RR model Chapter 4 Module D RR All about the modelling process provides practical information on the GUI setting up a model with all its parameters validating the model executing the model run and finally visualizing the results within the GUI Manual version and revisions This manual applies to SOBEK 3 suite version 3 4 Typographical conventions Throughout this manual the following conventions help you to distinguish between different elements of text Deltares 1 of 88 D Rainfall Runoff User Manual mo Waves Title of a window or sub window Boundaries Sub windows are displayed in the Module window and cannot be moved Windows can be moved independently from the Mod ule window such as the V
81. network editor by selecting in the Basin ribbon A catchment can exist of unpaved paved greenhouse open water Sacramento and HBV rainfall runoff areas All these areas need to be linked individually to a channel flow component or a runoff boundary node unpaved area may be connected to a different location than the paved area or greenhouses within a single catchment The rainfall runoff areas can be connected to Flow boundary node Runoff boundary node Lateral source Waste water treatment plant only paved areas Each rainfall runoff area is connected to a single component except the paved area A paved area Is the only rainfall runoff area which supports two links One of these links must lead to a waste water treatment plant see also Section 4 2 4 A runoff link is generated by clicking in the network editor on a rainfall runoff area and then on the component it connects to An example of a runoff link is shown in Figure 4 9 34 of 88 Deltares 4 2 4 Module D RR All about the modelling process mm o m 100 200 300 400 Figure 4 9 Example of a runoff link between an unpaved area and a lateral node and an unpaved area and a runoff boundary Waste water treatment plant In general the mixed or dry weather flow of a paved area is directed towards a waste water treatment plant where the waste water is decontaminated In D RR the user can add a waste water treatment plant to the schematization by selec
82. nsist of a pump with a small capacity or a small pipe In D RR the first flush is modeled by spilling rainwater in the DWF system from the drainage system until the DWF system is filled to capacity without spilling The rest of the rainwater remains in the drainage system and is spilled from there In Delta Shell the user can choose to connect both the rainfall spill and the DWF to a waste water treatment plant or the a channel lateral or boundary node Most of the times however the DWF will be connected to the waste water treatment plant and the rainfall spill to the channel Note the pump of the drainage system is not the connecting pump between the drainage and DWF system Rainfall Evaporation Storage on street Flow into sewer Storage in drainage Spilled flow system P a Pumped flow First flush a Spilled flow DWF gt Storage in dry weather gt Pumped flow system Figure 4 30 Schematic representation of the flows in an improved separate sewer sys fem Deltares 53 of 88 4 6 3 2 4 6 3 3 D Rainfall Runoff User Manual Property tab general Figure 4 31 shows the model properties for the general properties of the paved area The user must provide the following parameters Runoff area this is the calculation area of the paved part of the rainfall runoff area Surface level m AD Spilling definition the user can choose between O No delay all spilled water is spilled instantaneous
83. o connect both the rainfall spill and the DWF to a waste water treatment plant or to a channel lateral or boundary node Most of the times however the DWF will be connected to the waste water treatment plant and the rainfall spill to the channel f Storage on street Flow into sewer Storage in drainage lt a Spilled flow t a m Pumped flow mmm Spilled flow DWF m Storage in dry weather mi Pumped flow system Figure 4 29 Schematic representation of the flows in a separate sewer system 52 of 88 Deltares Module D RR All about the modelling process Improved separate sewer system Figure 4 30 shows a schematic representation of the flows in an improved separate sewer system In an improved separate sewer system the rainfall is collected in a drainage system and the DWF in a separate system However whereas in separate systems all rainfall is spilled from the drainage system in an improved separated system part of the rainfall is spilled into the DWF system This part is often called first flush The first rain takes a lot of street dirt into the sewer and also the pipes themselves may not be clean This first flush is considered too dirty to directly spill in the open water and is therefore spilled into the DWF system instead An additional bonus is that the first flush in this way helps to keep the DWF system clean by flushing it In practice most connections between the drainage and DWF system co
84. odel the rainfall runoff and the D Flow 1D model are run simultaneously This means that the rainfall runoff model uses the calculated waterlevels from the D Flow 1D model during the simulation and the D Flow 1D model uses the input from the rainfall runoff model during the simulation 4 8 3 Viewing output There are different ways to access simulation results Deltares 75 of 88 D Rainfall Runoff User Manual Chart view By double clicking on an output result in the Project window the window in Figure 4 53 is opened in which the user selects whether to use the table and chart view or the table and map view Figure 4 54 shows an example of the chart view The data are shown as table and the full timeseries is shown Open With E x Choose view to open Groundwater level ump mm Table and Chart View Use as default Cancel Figure 4 53 Choosing between chart view and map view time Feature n Link fl a 0 1960 10 01 00 00 00 8 17 gt 15 1960 10 01 00 15 00 8 17 gt 15 0 29749 1960 10 01 00 30 00 8 17 gt 15 0 29718 1960 10 01 00 45 00 8 17 gt 15 0 29688 1960 10 01 01 00 00 8 17 gt 15 0 29658 1960 10 01 01 15 00 8 17 gt 15 0 29627 1960 10 01 01 30 00 8 17 gt 15 0 29597 1960 10 01 01 45 00 8 17 gt 15 0 29567 1960 10 01 02 00 00 8 17 gt 15 0 29537 1960 10 01 02 15 00 8 17 gt 15 0 29507 1960 10 01 02 30 00 8 17 gt 1
85. ort and then select Model features from GIS Again the GIS importer is opened but now for flow features instead of a polder catch ment Select Channels under lt Features gt and click on and select 1Dnetwork shp Add it to the import list and click Next Fill in lt NAME gt in the mapping column Click Next Next and Finish Select in the task bar and click in the map on the channels to add six laterals Also add two waste water treatment plants to the schematization near the paved areas The resulting schematization now looks like Figure 3 20 Similarly to when building a schematiza tion from scratch link the items in the catchments to the laterals Don t forget to generate two links for a paved area one of which leads to a waste water treatment plant 22 of 88 Deltares Module D RR Getting started tutorial Figure 3 20 Network after importing both catchments and channels Turn to the Project window and double click on lt catchment 1 gt Notice that after importing the catchments the catchments are automatically schematized as Polder catchments The properties of this catchment are now opened in a new tab This catchment has only paved area Browse through the tabs with properties and fill in the following properties similarly to the tutorial with building a schematization from scratch Table 3 5 Model properties for the paved rainfall runoff area Parameter Surface level Spilling definition no delay Sewer type
86. ped to the waste water treatment plant time Spilling Rainfall Pumped 2000 01 01 19 30 00 0 0 0 2000 01 01 20 00 00 0 0 0 2000 01 01 20 30 00 0 0 0 2000 01 01 21 00 00 0 0 0 2000 01 01 21 30 00 0 0 0 2000 01 01 22 00 00 0 0 0 2000 01 01 22 30 00 0 0 0 2000 01 01 23 00 00 0 0 0 2000 01 01 23 30 00 0 0 0 2000 01 02 00 00 00 0 0 0 2000 01 02 00 30 00 0 1 1111 0 011667 2000 01 02 01 00 00 0 1 1111 0 011667 2000 01 02 01 30 00 1 6317 1 6667 0 011667 2000 01 02 02 00 00 1 655 1 6667 0 011667 2000 01 02 02 30 00 1 0994 1 111 0 011667 2000 01 02 03 00 00 1 0994 1 111 0 011667 2000 01 02 03 30 00 0 54389 0 55556 0 011667 T 2000 01 0204 00 00 0 54389 0 55556 0 011667 2000 01 02 04 30 00 0 ol 0 011667 _ 2000 01 02 05 00 00 0 ol 0 011667 2000 01 02 05 30 00 0 ol 0 011667 _ 2000 01 02 06 00 00 0 0 0 011667 _ 2000 01 02 06 30 00 0 0 0 011667 _ 2000 01 02 07 00 00 0 0 0 011667 2000 01 02 07 30 00 0 ol 0 011667 _ 2000 01 02 08 00 00 al ol 0 011667 2000 01 02 08 30 00 0 ol 0 011667 2000 01 02 09 00 00 0 of 0 011667 2000 01 02 09 30 00 0 ol 0 011667 2000 01 02 10 00 00 0 ol 0 011667 2000 01 02 10 30 00 0 ol 0 011667 2000 01 02 11 00 00 0 ol 0 011667 2000 01 02 11 30 00 0 ol 0 011667 2000 01 02 12 00 00 0 ol 0 011667 2NNN N1 NF 1 2 2 Hn n n n 011AA mlana Record 1 of 193 MIRRE D
87. pens a map in the central working space of the appli cation The Central Map All elements of a schematization network and basin can be added and manipulated In the Tools ribbon visualization of The Central Map can be adjusted The mouse scroll wheel the zoom a and the pan zoom 7 can be used to navigate the map Panning can also be accomplished by holding down the middle mouse mouse button and moving the mouse Inthe Network ribbon select Add new branch 5 and click in the map to start the new branch Double click in the map to end the new branch The result is a branch as shown in Figure 3 3 Deltares 7 of 88 D Rainfall Runoff User Manual Nn m 200 400 600 600 Figure 3 3 A new branch in the network editor Again in the Network ribbon select Add Lateral Source and add two lateral sources by clicking on the branch Select Add new waste water treatment plant and click in the map to add a waste water treatment plant The schematization now looks like Figure 3 4 A m 200 400 600 800 Figure 3 4 The schematization after adding two laterals and a waste water treatment plant In the Basin ribbon select Add new unpaved catchment and draw the catchment as a circle in the map by holding down the left mouse button Select Add new polder catchment and draw a second catchment in the map Double click Catchtment2 in lt Integrated Model Models Rainfall Runoff Input Catchment Data gt and click Add 24
88. pplied Use time series a table with water levels as a boundary of time is supplied Depending on the time period of the simulation the correct initial water level is deduced from this table 40 of 88 Deltares Module D RR All about the modelling process Project IX El Projectl 2 Integrated Model 4 Region x Network Basin E Models Flow1D 2 6 Input o ah Network Network 29 Computational Grid r 5 Lateral Data Roughness E E Initial conditions Wind 6 Wind Shielding GG Output H Rainfall Runoff H 3 Output Figure 4 15 Boundary conditions in the project window Water level bounday Ce Use constant 10 rmn AD C Use time series Figure 4 16 Boundary conditions editor 4 6 Rainfall runoff catchments The rainfall runoff areas describe the hydrological processes that determine groundwater lev els and demand or surplus of water towards the channel system D RR uses the following rainfall runoff concepts Polder concept Sacramento concept HBV concept The polder concept is a method suitable for low lying areas It separates the different land uses in Unpaved unpaved area can have many different land uses with one thing in common the surface is natural That is forest or agricultural uses bare etc Paved Paved area consists of houses roads etc Deltares 41 of 88 4 6 1 4 6 2 4 6 2 1 D Rainfall Runoff User Manual Greenhouses Gre
89. r the simulation in yyyy mm dd hh mm ss Timestep timestep of simulation in xd hh mm ss Use Write restart choice to write or use a restart file Note O that the output timestep needs to be a multiple of the simulation timestep O also that the timestep as provided here may not be the actual timestep as during the calculation the timestep may be reduced for numerical reasons Simulation and model output This section describes the actual running of a model and viewing simulation output Validate model Before running a simulation it is possible to perform a validation on the network and model data by a right mouse click on Validate when selecting lt Project rainfall runoff model gt in the Project window A window opens with the results of the validation Figure 4 52 shows an example The validation window can be opened at any moment changes in the network or the model data are translated simultaneously to the validation report The model is validated in five categories Basin this includes the schematization and the network elements Meteo this is a check of the validity of the meteorological data subdivided into precipita tion evaporation and temperature if applicable Concept Data a check for the model data of the rainfall runoff areas Settings this is a check for the settings in the Properties window There are four types of validation results Validation succeeded validation succeeded witho
90. roject a x CR El Projectl nn r 7 Z 29 Integrated Model Region pe Ik Network amp Basin Models H FlowlD H Rainfall Runoff I 13 Output L Reports Figure 3 1 Project window with a Rainfall Runoff and Flow 1D model Building a schematization from scratch In this section building a schematization is introduced with the use of a small rainfall runoff model The model consists of two catchments that drain into a channel The waterlevel in the channel remains constant throughout the calculation for more information on flow in channels see the D Flow 1D user manual In this tutorial the focus is on the rainfall runoff part of the model The catchments consist of different types of land use Open the Rainfall Runoff model the structure of the model is now visible with the different components see also Figure 3 2 Input Basin Input Meteorological Data Input Initial Conditions Input Catchment Data Output SO 9 9 4 6 of 88 Deltares Module D RR Getting started tutorial Project xX a Projectl lt l C Integrated Model El amp 4 Region i i Network L Basin Models iH Flow1D 5 5 Rainfall Runoff mA Basin Basin HE Meteorological Data T Initial Conditions E Catchment Data H Ea Output S Output te E Reports Figure 3 2 Project with a Rainfall Runoff model 3 2 1 Generate a network Double clicking on lt Region network gt o
91. rty tab meteo Figure 4 39 shows the model properties for meteo In this tab the user selects the appropiate meteo station for the catchment When meteo data are set globally or per catchment no meteo station can be choosen The user can set an area adjustment factor This factor allows the user to specify an optional factor on the rainfall data to reflect differences between point station rainfall and areal basin rainfall 60 of 88 Deltares 4 6 5 4 6 6 4 6 6 1 Module D RR All about the modelling process General Storage Meteo Meteo station name De Bilt lt Area adjustment factor ft 000 Figure 4 39 Model properties for the greenhouse area tab meteo Open water There are no specific model properties to be supplied by the user The open water component is activated by supplying the area in the rainfall runoff area The open water is only used to calculate the amount of rainfall and evaporation No water volumes or levels are calculated for this open water area only for the modeled channels Sacramento Description The Sacramento concept is a widely used rainfall runoff concept It describes the mathemat ical equation that count for each process within the transformation of rainfall into an outflow towards a river This concept can be seen as a series of buckets where water flows in is stored and flows out see Figure 4 40 Rain falls on the surface Depending on the surface type the rain will runoff or in
92. s Figure 4 57 shows an example for parameters of an unpaved area The view shows the selected parameters both in graphics and in a table for the entire period of the simulation By clicking and moving the mouse from left to right defining a square the graphical view can be zoomed Unzooming is possible by clicking and moving the mouse from right to left defining a square Data can be added to the function view by selecting network elements and selecting new parameters for the function view Deltares 71 of 88 D Rainfall Runoff User Manual Select a Time Dependent Coverage Available items Owner Coverage gt Rainfall Runoff Model 1 Groundwater level unp mm Rainfall Runoff Model 1 Infiltration unp m s Rainfall Runoff Model 1 Percolation unp m s Rainfall Runoff Model 1 Rainfall unp ines Rainfall Runoff Model 1 Surface runoff unp m s Rainfall Runoff Model 1 Pumped flow p m s Rainfall Runoff Model 1 Rainfall p m s Rainfall Runoff Model 1 Spilling p m s di Cancel Figure 4 56 Select function Groundwater 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0058304 0 0 0 0 0058122 0 0 0 0 0058062 0 021372 0 10 10 0 00059358 0 016993 0 10 10 0 058784 0 055131 0 15 10 0 12072 0 093031 2 31
93. scribed in the unpaved area Section 4 6 2 Temperature data are in C at reference level Temperature data are only necessary for modeling snow accumulation and melt with the HBV concept Note D RR uses only daily evaporation data which are spread across the day by defining an active evaporation period This active evaporation period can be adjusted by selecting lt rainfall runoff lumped gt in the Project window and change the end and start of the active evaporation period in the Properties window Even when in the meteorological data the evaporation is defined on smaller timesteps the series is always transformed by D RR into daily values by adding all defined values over one day 36 of 88 Deltares Module D RR All about the modelling process il Generate modify time series Type of meteorological data Global el Time yyyy MM Global IS gt 2005 12 31 12 00 00 0 2005 12 31 13 00 00 0 492 2005 12 31 14 00 00 0 5683 2005 12 31 15 00 00 1 2335 2005 12 31 16 00 00 2 1275 2005 12 31 17 00 00 1 8295 19 2005 12 31 18 00 00 1 4068 18 2005 12 31 19 00 00 1 5385 2005 12 31 20 00 00 1 0534 a 2005 12 31 21 00 00 5 0242 16 2005 12 31 22 00 00 5 9944 15 2005 12 31 23 00 00 19 584 i 2006 01 01 00 00 00 9 9931 2006 01 01 01 00 00 5 5024 13 2006 01 01 02 00 00 3 1878 12 2006 01 01 03 00
94. silos can be defined which take in water from the glass surface to reduce peak outflows The water in the silos is reduced by pumping water to the groundwater or when the silo is full by overflow to the adjacent open water The above ground rainwater basins have been divided into ten categories depending on their volume per hectare of draining glass surface D RR uses the lower limits of the categories For example all basins with a storage between 2500 and 3000 cubic meters per hectares of glass are considered as basins with a capacity of 2500 cubic meters per hectare of glass The initial filling percentage can be defined Since the rainwater storage basins are usually not completely filled at the start of a rainfall period this possibility often leads to a more realistic description of the flow into open water The remaining storage present in the basins at the beginning of the computation is an impor tant variable determining whether spilling from the basins will occur or not Therefore D RR also provides historical data about the development of the storage in basins To that end a separate computation has been carried out for each of the ten basin categories for the period 1951 1994 using the detailed greenhouse model of the Staring Centre DLO This accurate model is based on the water usage by a standard glass culture firm This model takes into account aspects such as the management of rainwater basins by the market gardeners re turn f
95. sin Meteo ConceptData General Q Unpaved concept A Catchment No runoff target has been defined concept UnpavedData an implicit boundary will be used Paved concept Catchment2 No runoff target has been defined for the paved rainfall mixed flow or the selected runoff type does not match any of the linked features Greenhouse concept 4 Catchment3 No runoff target has been defined concept GreenhouseD ata an implicit boundary will be used Open water concept Sacramento concept HBY concept Settings Restart time range settings Input restart state Figure 4 52 Example of a validation report for a rainfall runoff model 4 8 2 Performing a simulation When the validation report contains no errors a simulation can be performed by a right mouse click on lt project integrated model Models Rainfall Runoff gt in the Project window and select Run Model During the simulation a progress window shows how far the simulation is After the simulation the output can be accessed The simulation can be run stand alone the rainfall runoff model is run independently of a D Flow 1D model sequentially with a D flow 1D model the rainfall runoff model is run before a D Flow 1D model For the rainfall runoff model this means the same conditions are used as during a stand alone run The D Flow 1D model uses the input from the rainfall runoff model during the simulation directly coupled to a D Flow 1D m
96. stant be tween timesteps The interpolation method can be set in the Properties window by clicking precipitation evaporation or temperature Note even though the button says Type of meteorological data the type can be different for precipitation evaporation and temperature it is possible to use precipitation per catchment and a global evaporation or vice versa Deltares 37 of 88 D Rainfall Runoff User Manual Generating or modifying a time series A time series can be generated or modified by clicking on Af Generate modify time series Fig ure 4 12 opens In this window the options Generate new and Modify existing can be selected By selecting Generate new any existing time series are overwritten The user provides Start date End date Timestep By clicking OK a new time series is generated with zero precipitation evaporation or temper ature By clicking Cancel the window is closed without changing the times series By selecting Modify existing only the start and end dates can be adjusted If the end date is later than the previous end date or the new start date is before the old start date these periods are added to the existing series with zero precipitation evaporation or temperature The timestep in an existing time series can not be changed since this has to be uniform for the entire series The user then provides the precipitation or evaporation in mm timestep temperature in C timestep by sele
97. t need to be set are Start active period default 07 00 End active period default 19 00 72 of 88 Deltares Module D RR All about the modelling process 4 7 2 Fixed files 4 7 3 4 7 4 In this category a number of files can be edited with several characteristics and or initial con ditions The files can be accessed by clicking on Greenhouse classes KASKLASS file with details on each of the different classes of greenhouse areas There are three parameters in the file O Maximum amount of above ground storage in m ha per class Default it is the minimum of the selected class O Maximum depth of the above ground storage basins O Evaporation from basins yes 1 or no 0 Greenhouse storage KASINIT the greenhouse initialisation file defines the free space available storage in Im at the start of the simulation for each greenhouse class lt contains data from 1951 up to 2019 This data is only used for defining the initial storage in the greenhouse storage basins Greenhouse usage KASGEBR this file defines the actual water use m ha from the above ground greenhouse storage basins by the greenhouse crops for each day Values are depending on year and date but are assumed independent of the size of the green house storage basins so independant of the greenhouse class Open water crop factor CROP_OW prn this file contains the factor to calculate actual open water evaporation from the potent
98. tares 65 of 88 D Rainfall Runoff User Manual Area Unit hydrograph Meteo Capacities Upper zone Lower zone Tension water Free water Tension water Suppl free water Primary free water Storage capacity mm 50 ft 50 500 j 50 150 Initial content mm 50 fi 50 500 fi 50 fi 50 Drainage rate 1 day 0 2 0 06 0 04 Figure 4 44 Model properties for the Sacramento concept tab unit capacities 4 6 7 HBV 4 6 7 1 Description The HBV concept Hydrologiska Byrans Vattenbalansavdelning is a widely used rainfall runoff concept for elevated areas It was introduced back in 1972 by the Swedisch Meteorological and Hydrological Institute SMHI In the concept precipitation is in the form of rain or snow depending on the temperature Snow accumulates on the surface and melts when the tem perature exceeds the snowmelt temperature Rain and snowmelt infiltrate in the soil as soil moisture and evaporate or recharge to an upper zone In this upper zone water can run off as quick flow interflow and can percolate to a lower zone Quick flow occurs only when the storage is above a certain threshold In the lower zone base flow to the open water occurs See Figure 4 45 for a schematic representation of the HBV concept 66 of 88 Deltares Module D RR All about the modelling process Rainfall Snowfall Snowm elt Evapotranspiration y Refreezing Infiltration Sal Direct runoff Seepage Quick flow Inter flow Unper zan
99. tchments n a a a a a a 22 Network after importing both catchments and channels 23 Imported precipitation a a0 a a a eee a ee 25 Function view for unpaved results of catchment3 26 Import window at the projectlevel 0 2 a 28 Import wizard for selecting network elements to import 29 Resulting network after import 2 00000 ee eee 29 Mapping of catchments 2 0 0 2 eee ee ee a 30 Mapping of land use 2 eee a a 31 Multiple data editor for the catchments a a a oa a a a a a 33 Filter editor in the multiple data editor for catchments 33 Schematic representation of a polder catchment 34 Example of a runoff link between an unpaved area and a lateral node and an unpaved area and a runoff boundary a a aoa oa a a a a a e a a a 35 A paved area with two runoff links towards open water and towards a waste water treatment plant The waste water treatment plant is connected to the open water through a channel flow component 4 36 Precipitation Sed eee eee 37 time series generator eee 38 Initial conditions in the project window a aoao aoao oa a a a a a a a 39 Initial conditions editor for the unpaved area type aoao a a a a a a 40 Boundary conditions in the project window 41 Boundary conditions editor a oa a oaoa a a a a a a a a a 41 Schematic representation o
100. the paved area tab dry weather flow 57 Model properties for the paved area tab meteo 004 57 Greenhouse modeling concept 2 2 ee ee a 59 Model properties for the greenhouse area tab general 2 2 59 Model properties for the greenhouse area tab storage 60 Model properties for the greenhouse area tab meteo 2 2 61 Schematic representation of the Sacramento concept 62 Model properties for the Sacramento concept tab area 2 63 Model properties for the Sacramento concept tab unithydrograph 64 Model properties for the Sacramento concept tab meteo 65 Model properties for the Sacramento concept tab unit capacities 66 Schematic representation of the HBV concept 67 Model properties for the HBV concept tab area 4 68 Model properties for the HBV concept tab flow 69 Model properties for the HBV concept tab soil 22 70 Model properties for the HBV concept tab snow 4 71 Model properties for the HBV concept tab Hini 2 2 71 Model properties for the HBV concept tab meteo 72 Example of a validation report for a rainfall runoff model 75 Choosing between chart view and map view a a a a 76 Example of chart view DMD Wo 76 Example of map view 2 ee ee a 77 Select function
101. ting in the Basin ribbon and a mouse click on the desired location in the network editor The waste water treatment plant always has an ingoing and an outgoing flow see also Fig ure 4 10 The ingoing flow comes from a paved area The waste water treatment plant is a rainfall runoff component and be connected to a channel flow component with a runoff link This outgoing flow is always directed towards the open water either a boundary node or a lateral D RR automatically directs the mixed or dry weather flow towards the waste water treatment plant and the spills towards the open water unless the user specifies otherwise see also Section 4 6 3 Deltares 35 of 88 4 3 D Rainfall Runoff User Manual n__n m 50 100 150 200 Figure 4 10 A paved area with two runoff links towards open water and towards a waste water treatment plant The waste water treatment plant is connected to the open water through a channel flow component Meteorological conditions A rainfall runoff model needs meteorological input specifically precipitation and evaporation for the entire period of a simulation The model data editor can be opened by double clicking on lt Meteorological data precipitation evaporation temperature gt in the Project window Fig ure 4 11 The precipitation is the amount of rainfall in mm the evaporation is the potential evaporation for a reference crop which is used to calculate the actual evaporation with the land use as de
102. tput of the simulation There are several ways of viewing output of the simulation which are described in detail in Section 4 8 3 In this chapter only one is discussed the function view The simulation dis cussed here is a pure rainfall runoff simulation the waterlevels in the channel are constant throughout the simulation and only relevant in the laterals which are the boundaries of the rainfall runoff schematization Open the Central Map by double clicking lt Rainfall Runoff lnput basin gt in the Project win dow Select Catchment and click W in the Tools ribbon Select all parameters with CTRL or Shift Click OK the function view in Figure 3 15 is opened in a new tab In this function view all selected parameters are shown in a graph as a function of time The results are also visible in the table on the left of the graph Zoom to different parts of the graph by drawing a rectangle from top left to down right holding the left mouse button Unzoom by drawing a rectangle from down right to top left holding the left mouse button Notice the behavior of the model when it starts raining infiltration starts This causes the groundwater levels to rise and hence groundwater flow from the unpaved area towards the channel starts During intensive raining the infiltration is not fast enough to infiltrate all water and part of the water is stored on the surface 3 mm This is not enough to store all water so the remaining water flows towards the
103. ture fo Fallow fo Vegetables B Flowers fo Total area crops 400 ooo ha Use different area for groundwater calculations Figure 3 7 Model properties of a catchment Click on the different tabs and fill in the following model properties Table 3 1 Properties for unpaved rainfall runoff area Parameter Surface level Soil type Groundwater layer thickness Maximum allowed level m AD Initial level Constant 1 m below sur face Infiltration capacity 10 mm h Maximum storage on land 3 mm Initial storage on land 0 mm Drainage formula De Zeeuw Hellinga keep default val ues Seepage 0 Double click in the Project window on lt Catchment2 gt Change the area for paved to 40 ha and the area for unpaved to 360 ha The tabs now look like Figure 3 8 In addition to the unpaved paved or greenhouse catchment it is possible to define different catchment inside a polder catchment with different tabs Click to the unpaved tab Fill in the same model properties for lt Catchment2 gt as in lt Catchment1 gt for the unpaved tab In addition in the crops tab tick the box Use different area for groundwater calculations and fill in 400 ha This means that the groundwater is calculated over the entire area of the catchment so also beneath the paved part Deltares 11 of 88 3 2 3 D Rainfall Runoff User Manual Percentage of Area geometry area Paved 40 00 ha 100 3 x Unpaved 360 00 ha 9026 x Greenhouse 100
104. ut errors or warnings The model can be used for a simulation Validation succeeded with warnings validation succeeded with warning A simulation can be run but may result in warnings or not produce realistic results Warning 4a warning message giving more details on the specific issue A simulation may result in unrealistic resulis ai ji Info message 2 this symbol means that there are elements in the network that may not be according to the wishes of the user This message is a kind of warning but less severe Error This symbol is used to indicate that a serious error has been found during the validation a simulation can not be performed The symbol is also used for the message giving more details on the specific error By clicking on the message the window containing the network or model element with the problem is opened so that the error or warning can immediately solved without searching Note that some messages have to be solved in a certain order or can be solved by one 74 of 88 Deltares Module D RR All about the modelling process action For example the basin error warning Wastewater Treatment Plant has no incoming runoff links can be solved directly with the error No runoff target has been defined for paved rainfall mixed flow or the selected runoff type does not match any of the linked fetures by creating a hydrolink between them rainfall runoff lumped Rainfall Runoff Model Ba
105. utput In the post processing phase one can determine whether and for how long the maximum allowed groundwater level has been exceeded This is suitable for the calculation of the damage of floodings to crops The initial groundwater level is an important parameter There are three options Take from linked node boundary node or lateral source with this option the rainfall runoff model uses the initial level of the water level in the channel as initial groundwater level in the case of a sequential coupling between rainfall runoff and flow model For a coupled simulation the rainfall runoff model uses the calculated water levels during the simulation Constant the value is independent of a flow model and constant as a function of time Variable the value can be given as a function of time in a table the initial groundwater level depends on the simulation period 46 of 88 Deltares Module D RR All about the modelling process Figure 4 22 Model properties for the unpaved area tab groundwater 4 6 2 5 Property tab storage and infiltration igure 4 23 shows the model properties for storage and infiltration In this tab the initial and maximum storage on land is filled in mm or m Also the infiltration capacity mm h or mm d 5 m po ft Fr Area Figure 4 23 Model properties for the unpaved area tab storage and infiltration Deltares 47 of 88 D Rainfall Runoff User Manual 4 6 2 6
106. without CAPSIM Note that the surface level is constant for the entire rainfall runoff area The storage coefficient u repre sents the percentage of soil volume which is available for storage of water when CAPSIM is turned off The soil type also determines how fast the groundwater level can change Table 4 2 shows a list of the available soil types withoud CAPSIM and their storage coefficients Table 4 2 List of possible soil types without CAPSIM and their storage coefficients Maximum Maximum Maximum Maximum Average Average Average Average Minimum continued on next page Deltares 45 of 88 D Rainfall Runoff User Manual continued from previous page Parameter u 1 m Peat Minimum 0 051 Silt Minimum 0 021 Clay Minimum 0 026 Crops Surface amp Soil Groundwater Storage amp Infiltration Drainage Seepage Meteo Boundary Waterlevel Surface level ft 5 m AD Soil type sand maximum p 0 117 per m bd CapSim soil type If the model settings has been set to capsim the capsim soil types will be used Figure 4 21 Model properties for the unpaved area tab surface and soil 4 6 2 4 Property tab groundwater Figure 4 22 shows the model properties for groundwater The parameter lt Layer thickness gt is used only for salinity calculations not available in the current version of Delta Shell The parameter lt Maximum allowed level gt is not used during calculations but is useful for o
107. zone Table 4 9 available output parameters for the HBV rainfall runoff area Parameter Actual evaporation Base flow Dry snow content Free water content Interflow Lower zone content Outflow Potential evaporation Quickflow Rainfall Snowfall Soil moisture Temperature Upper zone content 4 8 4 7 Waste water treatment plant Deltares Actual evaporation Flow from the lower zone towards the open water Dry snow content in the snow pack Liquid water content in the snow pack Flow from the lower zone towards the open water Water content in the lower zone Total flow towards the open water Potential evaporation Flow from the upper zone towards the open water when a threshold is exceeded Amount of precipitation fallen as rain Amount of precipitation fallen as snow Soil moisture content Temperature Water content in the upper zone 83 of 88 D Rainfall Runoff User Manual Table 4 10 Available output parameters for the waste water treatment plant e om Inflow m s Inflow towards the wwtp Outflow m s Outflow of the wwtp 4 8 4 8 Water balance per node Table 4 11 Available output parameters for the water balance per node Balance error 2 Total of the in and outflow per timestep Cumulative balance error E Total of the in and outflow Cumulative delta storage S Difference in storage with the previous timestep with respect to the start of the simulation Cumulative in non links Total inflow into

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