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1. e zZiq opeqje uio29 91 MMM 9 5 The ALBEDO Telecom Net Storm is equipped with 15 filters plus one special filter for background traffic Default filter Each filter has a priority number If one frame is selected by an specific filter it will not be processed by any lower priority filters The Default filter as the lowest priority of all filters to ensure that it will only process traffic not accepted by any other filter Current status of all filters can be checked at any moment with the help of the filter summary panel by pressing the SUM key and enabling Filters for Port A or Port B 4 2 Configuring Filters If a filter is left with its default configuration it will not accept any frame To allow the filter to accept and process frames a correct filtering rule must be configured before To configure the correct filtering rule two decisions must be taken First it is necessary to know which frame fields are going to be matched and after that which are the value or values to be matched The first decision involves choosing whether the filtering is going to be done at MAC IP or transport layer and which specific frame field or fields are going to be used for filtering MAC addresses IP addresses Ethertype field protocol or any other The second is carried out by configuring the field value and sometimes a mask The mask selects which field bits are taken into account when a frame is matched Matching mask
2. 3 Ideen rte 4 Platform Connectors sse eee ee eee ee eee 5 The Graphical User Interface A D RUNNING Tests TT 9 Upgrading the E 9 Chapter 2 Connection to the 222 41 11 Connecting the Tester to the 11 Checking Port A and Port B Auto negotiation 21 12 6 thie SEP en CET 14 Chapter 3 Frame and Event 1 2 0220 224 2 1 1 1 77 1 00 casa nando Dad 17 Global Frame Analysis A 17 Frame Size Histogram ciii cene tei tte ined 20 The EEDS Panel ette eR E ROREM ER EE 20 Chapter 4 Multi stream Analysis esee nnne nnn 25 Enabling and Disabling 25 oro npa 26 MAG SGlOCHON DD 27 MYR ea 29 Il eT 31 ye Eee 34 UDP EE 36 EE e LTE 36 Getting Statistics about Filters 37 Chapter 5 Inserting Events ciiin re triti crat niti bres rk ci E do ud uo 39 Introduction to Performance Metrics for 39 One way Delay 2 rri m Pt p RE Rte ees 39 One way Delay A0 STET 41 Frame Corruption and Duplication see 41 Adding Impairments to Ethernet Traffic 42 TET
3. ALBEDO gt 45 Telecom 1 9 080 euojooueg ZL L Suen D 22062598 uo2eje OGAGIV User Guide Table 5 2 Delay amp Jitter Insertion Metric Description Allow reordering This parameter enables the user to decide which the priority when generating random delay to preserve the transmission order or the preserve the shape of the delay probability den sity function at the price of altering the transmission packet ordering This parameter makes sense only if the inter frame time is of the same order or smaller than the inserted jitter Not allow ing reordering preserves the transmission order but in this case the equipment may be unable to add delay to the traffic with uniform random probability distributions In this case the configured probability distributions are replaced by a new much more complex one with correlation between consecu tive and non consecutive frames Random delay insertion can be used for jitter generation Exponential or uniform delay modes can be used for this purpose For the uniform distribution the maximum and minimum delay are bounded and therefore the delay variation is bounded as well The maximum delay is unbounded when the distribution is exponential and the jitter is also unbounded in this case Delay insertion capabilities depend on the incoming bit rate and frame size Maximum delay is 20 ms with worst case transmission 64 kb s fra
4. Control frames Total number of Ethernet MAC control and supervision frames transmitted from the beginning of the test Ethernet control frames are recognised due to an special Ethertype Type Length field value 0x8808 Tagged frames Total number of Ethernet VLAN frames transmitted from the beginning of the test IEEE 802 1Q VLAN frames contain an special Ethertype Length field value 0 8100 FCS errored frames Frames with FCS errors transmitted from the beginning of the test An FCS errored frame may be the result of bit error insertion or a forwarded frame with a previous FCS error The procedure to get the statistics corresponding to the receiver is similar to the mechanism already described These are the steps to follow 1 From the Home panel go to Results The test port results panel is displayed 2 Enter in RX frame analysis 3 Check the Frames Bytes Broadcast frames Multicast frames Control frames Flow control frames Tagged frames Oversized frames Undersized frames Jab bers and FCS errors counters Net Storm does not automatically drop frames with errors If configured in pass through mode errored frames are forwarded if possible However Net storm is unable to add impairments to frames with errors They are therefore resent without any alteration Table 3 2 RX Frame Analysis Metric Description Frames Total number of frames received by one tester port since the test star
5. 1 Switch the unit off 2 Press HOME and ENTER simultaneously and without releasing the keys press the On Off button 3 Now keeping all three the keys pressed wait until you hear a beep Then release the keys The ALBEDO Software Installer is loaded and executed An informative panel dis plays the Net Storm software version number found in the storage device 4 Press ENTER to continue with the installation process 5 Select nstall or Upgrade Install regenerates all the software in the unit even if it is up to date Upgrade regenerates only the software that has changed since the last upgrade Use nstall F2 key if you need to recover the unit after operation failure due to corrupted software Use Upgrade F1 key otherwise 6 Confirm your previous selection by pressing ENTER or cancel with ESC 7 Wait for the installation process to finish Note The full process may take a few minutes Note Do no disconnect the unit or remove the USB memory stick during installa tion 8 Press ENTER to close the Software Installer and finish the installation process The unit will be automatically restarted The new software will be loaded ALBEDO gt o Telecom User Guide 10 ALBEDO Telecom B6523022 Joan d ustria 112 Barcelona 08018 www telecom albedo biz Telecom Chapter 2 Connection to the Network The Net Storm is equipped with two identical 1 Gb s RJ 45 ports and two 1 Gb s SFP ports The RJ 45 ports
6. Stopped 00 00 00 Home gt System gt Network configuration 1 5 Current action Port A Number 3 Dup Dela e pora OR GER CES L ort ilters A ctions y Figure 5 3 The event summary panel displays information regarding which events are being added to each filter The sequence of frames meeting some filteringrule set by Net Storm constitute one flow Net Storm can add impairments to one or several flows rather than the general traffic sequence Users can define up to 15 flows and set specific delay and loss patters for each of them The procedure to add frame loss delay or any other impairment to selected traffic flows described below 1 Enable one or more filters and configure the matching rule for all of them see Chapter 4 2 From the Home panel go to Test Setup The Test configuration panel is displayed 3 Select Action The event insertion menu is displayed ALBEDO gt D Telecom H N eujsny p ueor D ziq opeqjeuio29 9Y MAA 10 50 Select either Port A or Port B to enter the port specific action menu Select Flow 1 Flow 2 Flow 3 The impairment is going to be inserted in the flow you select Flow N traffic is made up of all frames matching the filtering criteria configured for Filter N Select Loss to insert frame loss Delay amp Jitter to insert delay Bandwidth to add a traffic control filter to the flow Duplication to add frame duplication
7. ton Note You can select several files in the list at the same time 5 Press the Delete contextual button 6 Enter the new file name for the selected configuration or report file with the alpha numeric keyboard Confirm with the Done F4 contextual button 6 2 4 Exporting Files to External Devices Configuration and report files can be exported to external devices like USB memories or SD cards The procedure is as follows 1 From the Home panel go to File The tester file manager base menu is displayed 2 Select Configuration files or Report files Select Internal memory to list the files currently stored in the Net Storm unit 4 Selectthe files you want to export with the help of the cursors and the ENTER but ton 5 Press the Export contextual button A popup menu to select the external device where the files will be exported is opened Note If there is no external device connected to Net Storm a No devices present popup panel is displayed 6 Select an external device confirm and wait for the files to be copied 7 Remove the USB storage device or SD card from the unit e 6 2 5 Importing Configurations If you have a configuration file from a compatible tester you can import and load this file in your unit to reproduce similar measurements This is the procedure you have to follow 1 From the Home panel go to File The tester file manager base menu is displayed 2 Select Configuration files to go to th
8. testing features are included within the Autostart stop menu Follow these steps to program an automatic measurement in the test unit 1 From the Home panel go to Test The test configuration panel is displayed Select Autostart stop to enter in the automatic test programming menu If you want the automatic test to start at a specific date and time set Start mode to Auto and enter the start date and time in Start time Note Manual start has precedence over autostart That means that if a tester is started by pressing RUN but there is an automatic test programmed the manual test will start anyway If you want the automatic test to stop at a specific time after it has started set Stop mode to Auto and enter test duration with the help of the Duration and User dura tion controls Note Manual stop has precedence over autostop That means that if a tester is ALBEDO gt 214 8 080 euoj eoJeg ZL 22062598 uio sje OGAGIV stopped by pressing RUN but there is an automatic test programmed the manual test will stop anyway Table 6 2 System Settings Panel Setting Description Start mode Configures the start test mode There are two different choices here Manual The test starts when there is not an ongoing test and the RUN key is pressed Auto The test starts at a configured date and time without the need of pressing any key Start time Enter the
9. 42 Delay lu 45 Ties EE 46 ALBEDO gt ii 214 8 080 euoj eoJeg 22062498 ulo sje OGAGIV Frame Duplication EE 47 Frame CH 48 Adding Impairments to Selected Traffic 49 Chapter 6 Test 51 Generating Reports pi ertet Etre SEENEN 51 FilG MANAGEIMENE Tem 53 Saving Configurations 2 54 Renamirg FICS 54 Deleting Files 54 Exporting Files to External Devices A 55 Importing Configurations ss eee eee eee eee eee eee eee e 55 Using the Embedded Web 56 gine 57 Using the System Men deed VEER tegi rode 59 Using the Network 60 Installing Software 2 63 Using the Remote Control 64 Appendix Technical Specification 2 1 4 eene 67 Ports Interfaces neret teneret MEER E RR ER rh AE 67 Formats and Protocols ie entente e E REPE SERE gegen 67 So nitro n 67 Eelere EE 67 SITE 68 Ethernet TE 68 TISS 68 Ee 68 Even
10. B If there are no actions defined for the filter the number of accepted frames is always the same that the number of matched frames If there are frame loss impairments enabled in the filter the number of accepted frames could be smaller than the number of matched frames If there is frame duplication the accepted frames count could be larger than the matched frames count Delay impairments do not modify the number of frames in the flow but they may affect the time they are registered by the Accepted frames counter ALBEDO gt Telecom Chapter 5 Inserting Events Current Metro Ethernet networks are QoS capable Ethernet network that offers services beyond the classical best effort LAN Ethernet services These services can be for instance Time Division Multiplexing TDM circuit emulation Voice over IP VoIP or Video on Demand VoD Native Ethernet however as a best effort technology does not provide customized QoS To maintain QoS it is necessary to carry out a number of operations such as traffic marking traffic conditioning and congestion avoidance It is essential to check that network nodes and software will operate as expected under non ideal network operation circumstances ALBEDO Telecom Net Storm has the ability to generate the impairments that are commonly found in packet switched networks like Ethernet IP networks Net Storm is able to generate delay frame loss and other network impairments usin
11. Bit rate negotiated for one specific port depends on the auto negotia tion results for the second port 10 The port is operating at 10 Mb s from the electrical port Port speed is decided immediately after connecting the port to the test interface using Ethernet auto negotiation Bit rate negotiated for one specific port depends on the auto negotia tion results for the second port RX At least one frame was received during the current second in the current interface TX At least one frame was transmitted during the current second in the current interface Transmitted frames may come from the second port receiver but they can also be internally generated by means a frame duplication event for example FCS At least one frame with FCS errors have been found during the current second A frame with a FCS error is a frame with a legal size which contains an invalid FCS field FCS errors are caused by transmission errors An optical Ethernet link with a poor power budget may experience FCS errors Jabber At least one jabber was received during the current second Jabbers are defined as frames greater than 1518 bytes with a bad CRC 2 ALBEDO gt Telecom Table 3 3 LED Indications Metric Description UnderS At least one undersized frame was received during the cur rent second An undersized frame is a frame which has a size smaller than 64 bytes OverS At least one oversized frame was received during the cu
12. DC input but it also has internal batteries This makes this tester suitable both for laboratory applications and field applications which require versatile and reliable operation Within your Net Storm test kit you will find the following items One Net Storm test unit AC DC adapter with a power cord specific for your country e One Carrying bag e Two Cat cables with RJ 45 connectors certified for operation at 1 Gb s rates Two SFPs for connection to optical interfaces if ordered Two MMF or SMF cables to be used with the SFPs if ordered e One CD ROM with user documentation One printed copy of this user manual if ordered Check with your distributor the availability of other optional items for your Net Storm unit 1 1 Important Notice Operation manipulation and disposal warnings for your Net Storm unit are listed below 1 1 1 Warranty The ALBEDO Telecom Net Storm is supplied with a warranty that includes replacement of damaged or faulty components in the terms and period described in the ordering information This Warranty does not apply to 1 Product subjected to abnormal use or conditions accident mishandling neglect unauthorized alteration misuse improper installation or repair or improper stor age 2 Product whose mechanical serial number or electronic serial number has been removed altered or defaced 3 Damage from exposure to moisture humidity excessive temperatures or extr
13. Total packet length Id Identifier to reassemble fragmented packets Flg Fragmentation flags Offset Fragmentation offset TTL Time to live Prot Protocol used in the data portion Chk Header ckecksum 4 Datagram SRC Source IPv4 address DST Destination IPv4 address Opt Options variable length Pad Padding fills out the 32 bit words Data Data variable length Figure 4 4 IPv4 Datagram structure Table 4 3 IPv4 Selection Metric Description Source address This is a 32 bit 4 address in the standard four dotted dec imal format A B C D Source addresses matching some or all bits of the address configured here will be allowed to pass through the filter Bits used for matching frames to this filter are configured in the Source address mask Source address mask This is the mask for the source IPv4 address filter selection rule Before comparing the Source address field with the frame addresses bit wise AND operations are carried out between the value configured here and the Source address field so that only the values surviving the AND are taken into account for matching the filter ia ALBEDO gt Telecom Table 4 3 4 Selection Metric Description Destination address Enables selection by destination IPv4 address in the current selection filter The value configured here is used to determine which frames are allowed to pass through the filter and which ones are blocked The available conf
14. are used for connection to Ethernet electrical interfaces The SFP ports are normally used for optical connections Each RJ 45 SFP interface constitutes a single logical port These ports are labelled as Port A and Port B This chapter describes how to connect the tester to the network and how to configure it to receive and send signals The general procedure to do that is 1 Connect the test cables to the network Use the electrical or optical ports depend ing on the particular network properties 2 Configure the Port A Port B You will not be able to see any information before you set the right line parameters within the test ports 2 1 Connecting the Tester to the Network The right way to connect the tester for Ethernet impairment generation is in pass through mode allowing the traffic to go through the tester If the equipment is to be connected to the network through optical interfaces the right SFPs have to be connected first Net Storm operation is bi directional That means that both transmission directions are simultaneously processed by the equipment If impairment generation is disabled traffic is not altered by Net Storm The procedure for configuring the connector RJ 45 or SFP is the following 1 From the Home panel go to Setup The test port settings panel is displayed 2 Select either Port A or Port B to enter in the port specific configuration Select Connector to display the available options for the port co
15. in the remote control to browse the instrument panels start measurements insert events or any other action Table 6 8 Remote Control Keys Key Description Up Down Left These keys are equivalent to the cursor keys in the tester Right local interface They move the focus through the different fields available in the current panel and they also help with the navigation through different panels Home It is equivalent to the HOME key It displays the Home panel Esc It is equivalent to the Esc key It leaves the current panel and displays the previous one in the panel hierarchy Enter It is equivalent to the ENTER key It confirms settings CIEL It is equivalent to LEDS It displays the Leds panel M ALBEDO gt Telecom Test Management Table 6 8 Remote Control Keys Ctrl S Ctrl R Ctrl E F1 F2 F3 F4 Description It is equivalent to SUM it displays the Summary screen It is equivalent to RUN It starts stops a measurement It is equivalent to EVENT It starts stops event insertion They are equivalent to the F1 F2 F3 F4 contextual keys The purpose of these keys depend on the current screen ALBEDO gt 65 User Guide ALBEDO Telecom B6523022 Joan d ustria 112 Barcelona 08018 www telecom albedo biz 66 Telecom Appendix Technical Specification A4 Ports and Interfaces Dual RJ 45 port for electrical connection 10 100 1000BASE T Dual optical and electri
16. modes for delay and frame loss are different Currently there are four different insertion modes for delay Deterministic Shaping Random uniform Random exponential Table 5 2 Delay amp Jitter Insertion Metric Description Mode Specifies the way the frame delay events will be added to frames The available delay insertion modes are None Disables delay jitter insertion Deterministic Adds a constant configurable delay speci fied in ms to all matching frames Random uniform Adds a random delay to each matching frame The probability density function in this delay inser tion mode is uniform Random exponential Adds a random delay to each matching frame The probability density function in this delay insertion mode is exponential Delay Deterministic delay expressed in ms to be applied to all matching frames if the delay insertion mode is set to Deter ministic Maximum delay Specifies the maximum delay expressed in ms to be applied to Ethernet frames by the Random uniform insertion mode Minimum delay Specifies the minimum delay expressed in ms to be applied to Ethernet frames by the Random uniform insertion mode Average delay Sets the average delay to be applied to Ethernet frames by the Random exponential insertion mode Delay is not bounded when the delay insertion mode is set to Random exponential For this reason it makes no sense to configure the maximum delay in this case
17. name format is User ref sequence or Serial no sequence 52 ALBEDO gt Telecom Table 6 1 System Settings Panel Setting Description Report header This menu item enables you to configure report data that will be stored with the test result These data identify the report customer and also includes some other relevant information Customer Field that can be used to set the company where the test report applies Department This field can be used to identify the depart ment where the user that has carried out the tester belongs Company This is the field that identifies the company that carries out the test Location This describes where the test results from the network were recorded Operator This field may contain the name of the operator that owns the network infrastructure where the test was run Maximum reports Displays the maximum number of reports that can be stored within the tester internal memory Currently this number is limited to 50 files Action when disk full Action to be carried out when the maximum reports limit is reached There are three possible choices here Block measurements No new measurements can be run when the internal memory is full Stop report generation New measurements are run even if the internal memory is full but no reports are generated for them Delete oldest reports When the maximum available capacity is reached new files replace the older one
18. single value Table 4 1 MAC Selection Metric Description Source address Enables selection by source MAC address in the current fil selection ter The value configured here is used to determine which frames are allowed to pass through the filter and which ones are blocked The available configuration values for this field are Ignore The source MAC address is ignored and not taken into account for the purpose of the filter All frames are allowed to pass through the filter when gnore is config ured if they are not blocked by other selection rule Equal with mask All frames matching a user configurable pattern are allowed to pass through the filter The matching pattern is configured with the help of the Source address and Source address mask fields Source address This is a 48 bit MAC address in the standard hexadecimal digit format XX XX XX XX XX XX Source addresses match ing some or all bits of the address configured here will be allowed to pass through the filter Bits used for matching frames to this filter are configured in the Source address mask Source address mask This is the mask for the source MAC address filter selection rule Before comparing the Source address field with the frame addresses bit wise AND operations are carried out between the value configured here and the Source address field so that only the values surviving the AND are taken into account for matching the filter Destination address Enable
19. start date and time for the next automatic measure ment with the following format dd MM yyyy hh mm ss To configure Start time you have to set Sfart mode to Auto before Stop mode Configures the stop test mode There are two possibilities Manual The test finishes when there is an ongoing test and the RUN key is pressed Auto The test finishes when a configurable test duration is reached This mode does not require user intervention once the duration has been set and the measurement has started Duration Sets the duration of the next measurement The available test durations are 15 minutes 1 hour 1 day 7 days 30 days or user configurable duration Setting up Duration requires previous configuration of Stop Mode to Auto User duration Sets the duration of the next measurement when Stop mode has been configured to Auto and Duration to User The duration has to be entered a hh mm ss format Last started on Displays the date and time when the last measurement was started Last stopped on Displays the date and time when the last measurement was stopped If there is an ongoing test the value of this field is empty Last power down on Displays the date and time when the tester was powered down for last time S ALBEDO gt Telecom 6 4 Using the System Menu The System menu includes platform wide settings organized in four different submenus General settings This menu includes controls to man
20. to Random this is the probability of a single packet loss event This parameter also has a meaning when the mode is Two state random In this case it sets the loss probability of one of the two possible states defined for this insertion mode ALBEDO gt 43 Telecom 214 8 080 euoj eoJeg ZL 22062498 ulo sje OGAGIV Table 5 1 Frame Loss Insertion Metric Description Alternative loss prob Configures the loss probability of the second state when the mode is set to Two state random The fists state loss proba bility is configured with the Loss probability field Mean length fr Configures the average length in number of frames of the first state in Two state random insertion mode The loss probability for this state is configured with the Loss probability field Mean alt length fr Configures the average length in number of frames of the second state in Two state random insertion mode The loss probability for this state is configured with the Alter native Loss prob field Before configuring the tester for frame loss insertion make sure that no filters are enabled but the Default filter see Chapter 4 To enable frame loss insertion proceed as follows 1 From the Home panel to Test Setup The Test configuration panel is displayed 2 Select Action The event insertion menu is displayed 3 Goto Port A or Port B depending o
21. to configure the interface IP address and mask either automatically DHCP or statically Wireless interface Configuration menu for the platform wireless network inter face This menu is used to set the radio parameters for the interface such as the SSID and the network parameters like the IP address and mask The wireless interface requires a compatible WiFi adapter for the USB port This adapter is supplied by ALBEDO as an optional accessory Gateway address IP address corresponding to the IP default gateway in four dotted format There is only one default gateway for all the network inter faces wired and wireless By setting up this field the user decides which management port is used by the system to reach remote networks It is possible to configure the gateway address automatically if either the wired or the wireless interfaces are configured to get an IP profile through the DHCP protocol DNS address DNS server address used by the platform management ports to resolve domain names It is possible to configure the DNS address automatically if either the wired or the wireless interfaces are configured to get an IP profile through the DHCP protocol To configure and use the Ethernet platform interface follow these steps 1 From the Home panel go to System The general system menu is displayed in the screen 2 Select Network configuration to display the network configuration and manage ment menu 3 Goto the
22. 0 FCS errored frames Count of all the FCS errors detected from the beginning of the test A frame with a FCS error is a frame with a legal size which contains an invalid FCS field FCS errors are caused by transmission errors An optical Ethernet link with a poor power budget may experience FCS errors Oversized frames Total number of received frames which are larger than the configured MTU Undersized frames Total number of received frames which are smaller than 64 bytes ALBEDO gt 19 214 8 080 euoj eoJeg ZL 22062498 ulo eje OGAGIV User Guide Table 3 2 RX Frame Analysis Metric Description Jabbers Jabber count from the beginning of the test A Jabber is defined as a frame greater than 1518 bytes with a bad CRC 3 2 Frame Size Histogram Frame size is important because it tell how a network is used Some applications like VoIP use short frames while most data applications based on a client server use short frames length for the client requests and long frames for the server replies The ALBEDO Telecom Net Storm provides frame size results as described in standard RFC 2819 The procedure for displaying the received frame size histogram is as follows 1 From the Home panel go to Results The test port results panel is displayed 2 Enter in Frame size histogram 3 Check the frame size intervals size 64 or less 65 127 128 2
23. 100FD and 10FD set If there is more than one compatible inter faces the one with higher bit rate is preferred 2 1 2 Using the SFP Ports The SFP ports are the only choice available for optical tests They can also be used for electrical tests if compatible SFPs are connected but this is usually not necessary due to the attached RJ 45 ports which require no adapters To display the SFP interface information follow these step sequence 1 From the Home panel go to Results The test port results panel is displayed 2 Enterin SFP Check the nterface SFP present SFP vendor and SFP part number Table 2 2 Ethernet SFP Results Description SFP present Shows information about presence of an SFP in the current port The information is displayed even if the port is config ured to operate over the attached RJ 45 interface T ALBEDO gt Table 2 2 Ethernet SFP Results Result Description Interface Displays the current Ethernet interface Supported interfaces are listed below 10BASE T Used for transmission at 10 Mb s over two pairs of Cat 3 UTP cable with range of 100 m 100BASE TX Used for transmission at 100 Mb s over two pairs of Cat 5 UTP cable with range of 100 m 1000BASE T Used for transmission at 1000 Mb s over four pairs of Cat 5e UTP cable with range of 100 m 100BASE FX Optical interface for transmission of 100 Mb s over MMF operating in the 1310 nm optical win dow This interface
24. 4 2 5 UDP Selection Some applications do not require reliable transmission at the transport layer either because they implement their own error control mechanisms or because the mechanisms used by TCP are too slow for them These applications can use the light weight User Datagram Protocol UDP Like TCP UDP provides communications through ports to applications but it doesn t have any error recovery capability Net Storm features related with UDP are equivalent to the TCP capabilities including matching of the source and destination UDP ports 4 2 6 Generic Selection Generic selection is the matching mode to be used when the Ethernet frames carry uncommon protocols or if inspection beyond the UDP and TCP transport protocols is required This selection mode defines an offset and a mask Frames matching the specified mask in the configured offset are selected Table 4 5 Generic Selection Metric Description Filter mode Enables generic selection in the current filter The value con figured here is used to determine which frames are allowed to pass through the filter and which ones are blocked The available configuration values for this field are Ignore Generic matching is ignored and not taken into account for the purpose of the filter All frames are allowed to pass through the filter when gnore is configured if they are not blocked by other selection rule Equal with mask All frames matching a user configurable pattern a
25. 55 256 511 512 1023 1024 1518 3 3 The LEDs Panel The LEDs panel offers a quick view of the current Net Storm connection and operation status They are permanent indicators That means that no test has to be started to get the information from the LEDs There are two hardware global summary LEDs in the equipment one for Port A and one for Port B four summary LEDs for each test port Link Frame Error and Action These summary LEDs summarize the information of the events shown in the LEDs ALBEDO gt panel To display the LEDs panel use the LEDS key If the LEDs panelis already visible press LEDS again to return to the previous screen Stopped 00 03 39 Home 5 5 Link Frame Error Jabber UnderS f Vv 7 A A Figure 3 1 Albedo Net Storm LEDs panel The LEDs have two operation modes Live Events are shown in real time If something happens the corresponding LEDs change their colour to signal the event LEDs return to their original status once the event disappears History The LEDs keep their original Anomaly Defect status when the event dis appears This is useful when the tester is left a long time under operation and the user wants to receive quick feedback of past events The live or history modes can be configured from the LEDs panel by means the contextual keyboard The History F3 contextual button sets or unsets the history mode If the history mode is enabled then the Res
26. C address group subset of addresses filtered by a mask Ethertype field with selection mask VLANS field CoS field A 5 2 IP filters IPv4 address source destination IPv4 address group subset of addresses filtered by masks Protocol encapsulated in the IP packet TCP UDP Telnet FTP etc DSCP field TCP UDP port 5 3 Statistics Accepted and dropped frame counters for each configured filter A 6 Event Insertion 68 Events are implemented at Ethernet layer Independent event insertion in every single flow identified in the main stream Events Frame loss delay frame duplication errored frames Maximum process time caused by event insertion 10 us 6 1 Frame Delay and Jitter Deterministic delays defined as a single Delay ms Random delays with uniform distribution defined with a Minimum and a Maximum delay ms Random delays with exponential distribution defined with a Mean ms and a Min imum delay ms Shaping filter for bandwidth control Based on a token bucket algorithm is defined with two parameters a sustainable rate frames s and b depth frames that determines the traffic allowed to pass through when the rate is above sustainable Not conforming frames are delayed Worst case maximum delay 1 Gb s traffic load and 64 byte frame 20 ms Table A 1 Accepted Ranges for Delay Event Parameters Metric Minimum Maximum Delay 0 ms 605 Minimum Delay 0 ms 60 ms Maximum D
27. Ethernet interface Enable the platform network interface with the Enable interface control 5 Enable DHCP with the Use DHCP control if you want to let DHCP to configure your IP settings automatically or disable it to configure an static IP profile gt ALBEDO gt et Telecom 214 8 080 euoj eoJeg ZL eugsny p 22062498 OGAGIV 6 If you are not using DHCP enter correct values for the Static address and Static network mask 7 Leave the Ethernet interface panel with the ESC key If you are not using DHCP configure the Gateway address and DNS address 9 Connect the platform Ethernet connector platform panel RJ 45 connector with the Ethernet label to the management network 10 Optionally check from a remote computer that the equipment is responding to ping requests Table 6 6 Ethernet Interface Configuration Setting Description Enable interface Use DHCP Static IP address Static network mask Leased IP address Leased network mask Ethernet address Enables or disables the network interface Note that the link led placed in the Ethernet platform connector is lit even if the interface is not enabled Configures the mechanism used to set the interface IP address and mask and also other system wide settings like the gateway address and the DNS server If Use DHCP is enabled the IP profile is configured automatically
28. One way Delay Variation DDT DT2 DT1 DT1 delay of the first packet DT2 delay of the second packet Figure 5 2 One way delay variation measurement and impact on data periodicity 5 1 3 Frame Loss A frame is said to be lost if it does not arrive to its destination It can be considered that frames that contain errors or arrive too late are also lost Frame loss may occur when transmission errors are registered but the main reason behind these events is network congestion Intermediate nodes react to high traffic load conditions by dropping frames and thus generating frame loss Congestion tends to group loss events and this harms voice and video decoders optimised to work with uniformly distributed loss events 5 1 4 Frame Corruption and Duplication The most important and potentially harmful events in packet switched networks are the frame loss and variable or fixed delay However there are other events that must be studied and considered This section provides some information about corrupted frames and duplicated frames Errored and corrupted frames Like it happens in any other digital signal the Ethernet frame flow is made up of bits As they are transmitted through the net work Ethernet frame content may be altered by noise interferences and other effects Frames are protected with an error detection code carried in the FCS field As a result of the FCS bit errors caused by noise are detected by ne
29. SD memory card USB memories or drives connected to the tester The amount of files stored in an external device is only limited by the device capacity Enables Disables report generation Selects the report format for future reports PDF Reports are generated using the portable document format PDF Use this configuration if you want to make difficult for anyone to modify the report Plain text Reports are text documents which can be edited with any text editor Use this configuration if you want to modify the report or include it in a wider document This control enables the user to choose between different templates for the report name There are three different tem plates to choose Start time The report is identified by a time stamp that contains both data and time with the following format yyyy MM dd hhmmss User ref sequence The report name is set to a user configurable string plus a sequence number that is incre mented for each new test Serial no sequence The report name is set to the tester serial number plus a sequence number that is incremented for each new test This could be any alphanumeric string containing upper case letters lower case letters and numeric digits This field makes sense only if the report name format is User ref sequence Displays and configures the sequence number that will be assigned to the next report to be generated This field makes sense only if the report
30. User s Manual Net Storm Network Impairment Generator ALBEDO gt Telecom Copyright The information contained in this document is the property of ALBEDO Telecom S L and is supplied without liability for errors and omissions No part of this document may be reproduced or used except as authorised by contract or other written permission from ALBEDO Telecom S L The copyright and all restrictions on reproduction and use apply to all media in which this information may be placed ALBEDO Telecom S L pursues a policy of continual product improvement and reserves the right to alter without notice the specification design price or conditions of supply of any product or service ALBEDO Telecom S L 2012 All rights reserved Issue 3 06 12 For any query or requirement regarding the Net Storm Network Impairment Generator contact with ALBEDO Telecom using the following contact details ALBEDO Telecom S L C Joan d ustria 112 08018 Barcelona Spain E mail support telecom albedo biz Telephone 34 93 221 28 73 User Guide ALBEDO Telecom B6523022 Joan d ustria 112 Barcelona 08018 www telecom albedo biz Telecom Table Of Contents Chapter 1 Introduction ierit oreet ate 1 important eer 2 EE 2 Battery 2 Mjszzhgq 3 RT L
31. age the way the user inter face behaves and how the information is presented Network configuration Includes the IP configuration corresponding with the plat form NIC System information This menu has the test unit model name and serial number and software firmware and hardware versions Licensed options This is a menu that displays the software versions installed in the tester and enables their management Table 6 3 System Settings Panel Setting Description Language Date Time Time display Screensaver Brightness 96 Sets the screen brightness from 1096 to 100 Within the Brightness panel the left and right cursors are used to set the correct value and a contextual key Done is used to con firm selection Enables or disables the keyclick The keyclick is a sound that is played each time a key is pressed Selects the user interface language Menus selection lists and results are presented in the language selected here The languages currently available are English and Spanish This is used to configure the current date The date is used for the Autostart stop features and other purposes The date has to be entered with the following format dd MM yyyy This is used to configure the current time The time is used for the Autostart stop features and other purposes The time has to be entered with the following format hh mm ss Select the way the time is displayed in the gr
32. aphical user interface One of the following has to be selected Elapsed Time from the beginning of the test is displayed with the following format hh mm ss If there is not an ongo ing test then the duration of the last test is shown Absolute The current date and time is displayed with the following format hh mm ss Sets or unsets the screensaver The screensaver reduces power consumption and increases operation time under bat tery operation ALBEDO gt Telecom 59 1 81080 eUojeoueg ZL L Suen D 22062598 uo2eje OGAGIV User Guide Table 6 3 System Settings Panel Setting Description Screensaver delay Configures the delay to switch the screensaver on The back light brightness is set to a low value once the time configured here has finished The display backlight is switched off after twice the screensaver delay The available configuration val ues for this item are 10s 30s 1min 2min 5min 10min 20min Remote control Enables or disables the Ethernet IP remote control The remote control is an optional feature that enables remote users to use the tester from a computer running VNC Remote control Configures a password for the remote control Any alphanu password meric string should be accepted Use the same password in the remote VNC client to access to the tester user interface This section supplies a description
33. at the Local Remote and Current table rows display A B supported in port A and port B A supported in port A only B supported in port B only or an empty space not supported in the right places Table 2 1 Auto negotiation results Result Description Local Displays the bit rate and duplex mode supported by the Net Storm Port A or Port B If the current connector is the RJ 45 the supported bit rates are 10 Mb s 100 Mb s and 1000 Mb s 1000FD 100FD and 10FD If the connector is set to SFP the supported bit rate is 1000 Mb s 1000FD Impairment generation in through mode requires full duplex operation For this reason Net Storm always forces full duplex mode An alarm is displayed if this cannot be achieved ALBEDO gt 13 81080 euojooJeg ZL eunsny p ueor 22062598 1 Od3g v User Guide Table 2 1 Auto negotiation results Result Description Remote Displays the bit rate and duplex mode supported by the remote device connected to Port A or Port B It is one or sev eral of the 1000FD 1000HD 100FD 100HD 10FD 10HD set If the remote device does not support auto negotiation or auto negotiation is disabled in this device it will behave as if no interfaces were supported and the impairment emulator will be unable to work Current Bit rate and duplex operation agreed during the auto negotia tion process It is one and only one of the 1000FD
34. cal SFPs ports operating up to 1 Gb s SFP interfaces including 10BASE T 100BASE TX 100BASE FX 1000BASE T 1000BASE SX 1000BASE LX A 2 Formats and Protocols Ethernet frame IEEE 802 3 IEEE 802 10 e packet IPv4 IETF 791 Jumbo frames up to 10 MTU Maximum Transmission Unit e Throughput between measurement ports 1 Gb s or 1 500 000 frames s in each direction A 3 Configuration Configurable MTU size AA Results e Auto negotiation results including current bit rate duplex mode Ethernet inter face SFP presence vendor and part number Separate traffic statistics for each port Separate statistics for transmit and receive directions Frame counts Ethernet and IEEE 802 10 VLAN control frames Frame counts unicast multicast and broadcast ALBEDO gt L080 Basic error analysis FCS errors undersized frames oversized frames frag ments jabbers Frame size counts 64 65 127 128 255 256 511 512 1023 and 1024 1518 bytes Byte counts Port A Tx Rx and Port B Tx Rx Traffic counters follow RFC 2819 Ab Filters One filter for background traffic processing and up to 15 fully configurable and independent filters User configurable filters defined by field contents on Ethernet IP UDP and TCP headers Agnostic filters defined by 16 bit masks and user defined offset A 5 1 Ethernet filters MAC address source destination MA
35. ch token stored in its token bucket The bucket is filled with new tokens at a constant rate to replace the ones spent in transmitted frames If one packet finds no token in the bucket then it waits in a temporary buffer until a token is available Policing Simulates a policing filter A policing filter is allowed to transmit one frame per each token stored in virtual buffer known as token bucket The bucket is filled with new tokens at a constant rate to replace the ones spent in transmitted frames If one frame finds no token in the bucket when is going to be transmitted then it is auto matically dropped Rate fr s It is the rate at which new tokens fill the bandwidth control fil ter policing or shaping token bucket The Rate YS value corresponds to the sustainable rate sup ported by the bandwidth control filter which does not add extra delay or drops any frame Maximum burst size Configures the buffer size token bucket size if the insertion fr mode is set to Policing or Shaping The Maximum bust size fr enables the user to add flexibility to the decision about whether one frame is conforming or not when the incoming rate is larger than the configured filtering rate 5 2 4 Frame Duplication Net Storm supports frame duplication of Ethernet traffic If duplication is used the equipment will generate duplicated traffic for some incoming frames If duplication is enabled th
36. col fields ALBEDO gt 33 Telecom 214 8 080 euoj eoJeg ZL 22062598 wooaja OQ3g 1v Table 4 3 IPv4 Selection Metric Description Standard protocol Configures the protocol to be filtered when protocol selection selection is enabled The available configuration values are the follow ing s UDP Matches traffic with a User Datagram Protocol UDP envelope Traffic commonly transported over UDP includes IP voice IP video and DNS TCP Matches traffic carried over the Transfer Control Protocol TCP Most data applications web file transfer e mail ere normally based on TCP transport ICMP Matches Internet Control Message Protocol pack ets IP operation and maintenance traffic like ping use ICMP Numeric Use this control if the traffic to be matched is different of UDP TCP and ICMP and it has an specific protocol identifier assigned by the IANA Protocol This setting contains an 8 bit word that constitutes the proto col identifier to be matched in the incoming traffic Configur ing this field to 17 is equivalent of setting the Standard protocol selection to UDP TCP uses 6 as the protocol number and ICMP uses number 1 This control is enabled only if Standard protocol selection has been previously set to Numeric DSCP selection Enables selection by the 6 bit DSCP field in the current filter The value configured here is used to
37. d 2 Select Configuration files or Report files 3 Select the location of the file you want to rename Internal memory or External devices Note If you select External devices you will be asked to choose the specific stor age device USB device or SD card Note If there is no external device connected to the Net Storm unit a No devices present popup panel is displayed 4 Select the file you want to rename with the help of the cursors and the ENTER button Note You can select several files in the list but renaming of many files at the same time is not allowed 5 Press the Rename contextual button 6 Enterthe new file name for the selected configuration or report file with the alpha numeric keyboard Confirm with the Done F4 contextual button 6 2 3 Deleting Files With the file manager you can delete files that are not needed anymore To do that follow these steps 1 From the Home panel go to File The tester file manager base menu is displayed 2 Select Configuration files or Report files ALBEDO gt 3 Selectthe location of the file you want to delete nternal memory or External devices Note If you select External devices you will be asked to choose the specific stor age device USB device or SD card Note If there is no external device connected to the Net Storm unit a No devices present popup panel is displayed 4 Select the file you want to delete with the help of the cursors and the ENTER but
38. d Home Test Stopped Fil config cfg Figure 1 6 Different kinds of configuration panels a Selection list b Alphanumeric keyboard c Numeric keyboard ALBEDO gt Telecom 1 4 Running Tests Most of the results provided by Net Storm are not available until you start test This section provides a high level description of the procedure to follow to configure your unit start a test and review the results 1 Configure the tester to send receive signals in the right operation mode and through the right ports Connect it to the network 2 Program the test start time and duration with the help of the Program menu within Test or start the test immediately by pressing RUN Note Most of the configuration is blocked when there is an ongoing test 3 Wait for the test to finish or press RUN to finish immediately 4 Check the test results in the Results menu Note All test results are upgraded in real time as the test progresses That means that is not really necessary to wait for the test to finish to check current results 1 5 Upgrading the Unit The test unit software can be upgraded with the help of a USB memory stick Before proceeding with the upgrade copy the ALBEDO software to the root directory in the memory stick The file name of the upgrade package must not be modified The USB must have a FAT32 file system Once the USB memory stick is ready Follow this procedure to install the new software
39. d or imported e System Provides platform management tools For example language selection screensaver configuration and others There are two special panels as well These are the Summary panel and the LEDs panel The Summary provides some details about the current configuration and results The LEDs panel gives extended the information about the received signal status already given by the Softleds Both the Summary panel and the LEDs panel can be displayed at any moment by pressing the SUM and LEDS buttons Stopped 00 03 39 Home gt Results gt Port A 3 6 T RX frame analysis Figure 1 5 Net Storm test results represented as a counter list Menus and submenus are organized in a tree The root of the tree is the Home panel and the leaves are configuration or result panels Results are usually presented in a list or a table If all results cannot be simultaneously displayed then the user is allowed to use the cursors up and down to browse the list Configuration panels are usually selection lists Sometimes you can select only one simultaneous item in the list and sometimes selection of several items at the same time Telecom 2 10 81080 euojeg Z eujsny p 22062598 OGAGIV User Guide is possible Keyboards are available if selection through lists is not possible There is one keyboard for numeric settings and one for alphanumeric settings Stoppe
40. determine which frames are allowed to pass through the filter and which ones are blocked The available configuration values for this field are the same that for the Source address selection field DSCP This setting contains a 6 bit word in decimal format that con stitutes the DSCP to be matched in the incoming traffic 4 2 4 TCP Selection The IP protocol does not offer reliable end to end communications This capability is one of the attributions of the transport layer that operates above the IP layer The ALBEDO gt Telecom Transfer Control Protocol offers error recovery mechanisms that enable reliable data transmission over IP Table 4 4 TCP Selection Metric Description Source port selection Enables selection by source TCP port in the current filter The value configured here is used to determine which frames are allowed to pass through the filter and which ones are blocked The available configuration values for this field are Ignore The sourceport is ignored and not taken into account for the purpose of the filter All frames are allowed to pass through the filter when gnore is configured if they are not blocked by other selection rule In range All frames with a destination port in an specified range are allowed to pass through the filter The port range is specified with the help of the Minimum source port and Maximum source port fields Minimum source port This is the minimum 16 bit TCP source po
41. e configuration file settings 3 Select External devices to list the files currently stored in the external device A popup menu to select the source external device is opened Note If there is no external device connected to the Net Storm unit a No devices present popup panel is displayed ALBEDO Telecom Ziq opeqje uo 29 9y 8 080 8 ZL L 22060598 oe OGAGIV User Guide 4 Select the configuration files you want to import with the help of the cursors and the ENTER button 5 Press the Import contextual button confirm and wait for the files to be copied from the internal memory 6 Remove the USB storage device or SD card from the unit 6 2 6 Using the Embedded Web Server As an alternative of using a USB external storage device or an SD card for file management Net Storm has a web interface that can be used for the same purpose ALBEDO gt Ether Giga Telecom File Configuration files Internal memory USB SD CARD Ej Report files Internal memory USB SD CARD a ALBEDO gt Ether Giga Telecom File gt Home gt Internal configurations Ej Internal configurations File name config01 cfg 2000 01 21 07 32 1215 KB config02 cfg 2000 01 21 07 32 1215 KB config03 cfg 2000 01 21 07 35 1215 KB config04 cfg 2000 01 21 07 36 1215 KB config05 cfg 2000 01 21 07 36 1215 KB config06 cfg 2000 01 21 07 37 1215 KB Back ALBEDO Telecom Sroup AlI r
42. e it can be measured from one end with asingle device Frame timestamping is not required but a marking mechanism of some kind is needed for frame recognition The one popular RTD tool is Ping This tool sends Internet Control Message Protocol ICMP echo request messages to a remote host and receives ICMP echo reply messages from the same host There are three types of one way delay Processing delay is the time needed by the switch to process a frame e Serialization delay is the delay between the transmission time of the first and the last bit of a frame It depends on the size of the frame Propagation delay is the delay between the time the last bit is transmitted at the transmitting node and received at the receiving node It is constant and it depends on the physical properties of the transmission channel 5 1 2 One way Delay Variation The one way delay variation of two consecutively transmitted frames is the one way delay experienced by the last transmitted frame minus the one way delay of the first frame The one way delay variation is sometimes referred to as frame jitter In packet switched networks the main sources of delay variation are variable queuing times in the intermediate network elements variable serialization and processing time of frames with variable length and variable route delay when the network implements load balancing techniques to improve utilization r ALBEDO gt Packets g Network
43. e resulting outgoing traffic could be higher than the incoming traffic That means that for very high traffic load the outgoing traffic could become higher than the ALBEDO D v Telecom ziq opeqjeuo2ejoy MMM 8 080 eUojeoJeg ZL L Suen D 22062998 uo2eje OGAGIV User Guide nominal line capacity For this reason duplication has to be used with care If the delay block is disabled duplicated frames are immediately transmitted after the original ones If there is delay insertion timing of duplicated frames is controlled by the delay block Net Storm has two frame duplication modes One of them is deterministic Single event insertion and the other one is random Random event insertion Table 5 5 Frame Duplication Insertion Metric Description Mode Specifies to the test unit the way the frame duplication events are inserted into the traffic flow The available choices are the following None Disables frame duplication insertion No frame will be duplicated if this mode is selected Single One single frame duplicated in the first duplication opportunity after pressing the EVENT button Random Packets are randomly duplicated with a config urable constant probability Duplication prob 96 If the insertion mode is set to Random this is the probability of a frame duplication event 5 2 5 Frame Errors Net Storm currently supports error insertion without FCS regeneration Specifically the Ne
44. elay 0 ms 60 ms Average Delay 0 ms 60 ms Rate 0 frames s 1 500 000 frames s Maximum burst size 0 frames 32767 frames 6 2 Packet Loss Single loss insertion Constant loss defined by a probability Random loss defined by a probability Random loss defined by the two state model of Gilbert Elliot which is configured by a the probability of packet loss during a period of high losses b probability of packet loss during a period of low losses c average length of high losses in frames and d the average separation between high loss events in frames Burst loss defined as event duration and number of packets affected Periodic burst loss defined with a burst duration and the separation between two consecutive bursts Both parameters can be defined using as units either the number of frames or time duration Policing filter for bandwidth control Based on a token bucket which is defined with two parameters a sustainable rate frames s and b depth frames or how much ALBEDO D ziq opeqje uio29 9y MMM 8 080 euojooreg ZL L ueof 22062598 1 OG3g1v User Guide traffic is allowed to pass through when the rate is above sustainable Not conform ing frames are dropped Table A 2 Accepted Ranges for Frame Loss Event Parameters Metric Burst length Burst length Burst separation Burst separation Rate Maximum burst size Loss probability Alternative loss prob Mean le
45. eme environmental conditions 4 Damage resulting from connection to or use of any accessory or other product not approved or authorized by the Company 5 Product damaged from external causes such as fire flooding dirt sand weather conditions battery leakage blown fuse theft or improper usage of any electrical Source 1 1 2 Battery Safety The ALBEDO Telecom Net Storm tester contains a built in battery improper use of which may result in explosion Do not heat open puncture mutilate or dispose of the ALBEDO gt Telecom product in fire Do not leave the device in direct sunlight for an extended period of time which could cause melting or battery damage 1 1 3 WEEE Notice This product must not be disposed of or dumped with other waste You are liable to dispose of all your electronic or electrical waste equipment by relocating over to the specified collection point for recycling of such hazardous waste For more information about electronic and electrical waste equipment disposal recovery and collection points please contact your local city centre waste disposal service or manufacturer of the equipment 1 2 The Tester Interaction with Net Storm is based on a high resolution colour screen different kinds of status LEDs and a keyboard These are the keyboard elements Cursors Enable navigation through the graphical user interface Including menus keyboards and configuration lists To leave a menu or con
46. et F4 button resets the LEDs history Orange is used to signal anomalies and red indicates defects but there are more possible LED status E OK the event or events that correspond with the LED are not found in the incoming signal and B This is the colour displayed if faulty conditions are found in the sig nal Conditions marked with tend to be more important than the ones marked with Shows that no operation condition can be established due to the lack of matching traffic for the corresponding event For example the FCS led is if no traffic is received because there are no frames where to check the FCS It can ALBEDO gt n Telecom 214 8 080 euo eoJeg 22062498 OGAGIV also indicate that the LED has been disabled due to the presence of a more impor tant event Table 3 3 LED Indications Metric Description 1000 The port is operating at 1000 Mb s either from the optical or the electrical port Port speed is decided immediately after connecting the port to the test interface using Ethernet auto negotiation Bit rate negotiated for one specific port depends on the auto negotia tion results for the second port 100 The port is operating at 100 Mb s from the electrical port Port speed is decided immediately after connecting the port to the test interface using Ethernet auto negotiation
47. experiencing temporary or periodic inter ferences Burst length s Frames received during the time interval specified in this field are all dropped If no frame is received within the specified period then no frame is dropped This parameter makes sense if the frame loss insertion Mode is set to Burst s or Periodic burst s If the current mode is Burst s the frame drop interval starts just after the EVENT key is pressed If the mode is Periodic burst s drop events are periodically inserted after pressing EVENT The separa tion between frame drop events is specified with the Burst separation s parameter Burst length fr Specifies how many frames make up a loss burst in the Burst fr and Periodic burst fr insertion modes If the current mode is Burst fr then the next Burst length fr frames ready to be transmitted after pressing EVENT will be dropped If the mode is Periodic burst fr then loss bursts will be periodically inserted Separation specified in number of frames between consecutive loss bursts is specified with the help of the Burst separation fr parameter Burst separation s Specifies the separation in time units between consecutive loss bursts when the current insertion mode is Periodic burst s Burst separation fr Specifies the separation in number of frames between con secutive loss bursts when the current insertion mode is Periodic burst fr Loss probability If the insertion mode is set
48. figuration list the left arrow can be used In menus the right arrow enters in the lower level menu or list e ESC Leaves the current panel menus lists and special panels ENTER In menus enters in the lower level menu or list In a configuration list it selects the current item and leaves In keyboards and some special panels it selects the current item without leaving e Shortcut to the Home panel From any menu list or special panel it returns directly to Home e SUMMARY Displays the Summary panel If the Summary panel is already shown it returns to the previous panel e LEDS Displays the LEDs panel If the LEDs panel is already shown it returns to the previous panel e EVENT Starts and sometimes stops the event insertion The exact way this but ton works depends on the actual event insertion mode For example if single event inversion is configured each time you press EVENT a new event will be inserted but if continuous insertion is the current configured value you will need to press EVENT during event insertion to stop the action e RUN This button starts stops a new test Some results LEDs some analogue values are available without an ongoing test Most of the configuration is blocked during a test execution Function keys F1 F2 F4 These keys do not have a fixed purpose Their associated action depends on the panel being displayed On Off key If the tester is in off status push to
49. frame statistics are controlled by the RUN button That means that results are not collected if a test is not started before Once the test is running results are upgraded in real time To display the transmitter statistics follow these step sequence 1 From the Home panel go to Results The test port results panel is displayed 2 Enter in TX frame analysis 3 Check the Frames Bytes Broadcast frames Multicast frames Control frames Tagged frames and FCS errored frames counters Table 3 1 TX Frame Analysis Metric Description Frames Total number of frames transmitted by one tester port since the test started Bytes Total byte count transmitted by the test port from the begin ning of the test One byte is defined as an 8 bit word Broadcast frames Total number of Ethernet broadcast frames transmitted from the beginning of the test Broadcast frames carry the broad cast Ethernet address FF FF FF FF FF FF in the destina tion field ALBEDO gt 7 8 080 BUO edJeg ZL L Suerg D 22062598 uioo9je OGAGIV User Guide Table 3 1 TX Frame Analysis Metric Description Multicast frames Transmitted Ethernet multicast frames from the beginning of the test Ethernet multicast frames have their multicast bit in their des tination MAC address set to 1 The multicast bit of a MAC address is the least significant bit of the more significant address byte
50. g both deterministic or random insertion modes Despite being based on random impairment generation the events inserted by Net Storm are always strictly controlled This is the essential difference between a Net Storm simulation and the real network 5 1 Introduction to Performance Metrics for Ethernet The first step in offering QoS is to find a set of parameters to quantify and compare the performance of the network QoS is provided by the network infrastructure but experienced by the users This is the reason why QoS is specified by means of end to end parameters 5 1 1 One way Delay The end to end one way delay experienced by a frame when it crosses a path in a network is the time it takes to deliver the frame from source to destination This delay is the sum of delays on each link and node crossed by the frame The Round Trip Delay RTD is a parameter related to one way delay It is the delay of a frame on its way from the source to the destination and back RTD is easier to ALBEDO gt 3 Telecom EIER od Qaia o 3 5 E 5 D 219 One way delay DT STCi STSi STPi TCi propagation distance vP TSi serialization distance vT TPi processing queuing switching TS3 Last bit Figure 5 1 One way delay is the sum of delays on each link and node crossed by frame evaluate than other delay parameters becaus
51. g conditions ALBEDO gt 23 Telecom ziq opeqje uo2ojoy mMM 8 080 BUC s0Jeg ZLL eusny p ueor 2202999 OGAGIV User Guide Table 3 3 LED Indications Metric Description Drop The Drop event indicates that within the current second at least one frame has been discarded for forwarding and sub sequent transmission Drop events are related with congestion in the internal Net Storm storage space Packets are discarded if there is storage available 24 ALBEDO gt Telecom Chapter 4 Multi stream Analysis Net Storm is capable of processing and computing statistics over fractions of the Ethernet traffic meeting specific conditions The process of selecting a fraction of traffic is called filtering The result of the filtering process is one or several traffic streams called flows This chapter describes how to configure Net Storm for packet filtering and how to get basic flow statistics Information about inserting impairments on Ethernet flows is explained in a dedicated chapter 4 1 Enabling and Disabling Filters Traffic selection or filtering is configured by first enabling one or several filtering blocks and after that setting the filtering rule Net Storm supports Ethernet VLAN IPv4 and TCP UDP filters Stopped Hom Figure 4 1 Filter setup panels Filter status can be checked from this panel It is also possible ALBEDO gt S Telecom d38 V 16
52. graphical user interface that reproduces pixel by pixel the tester screen in virtually any remote device supporting the VNC protocol This includes not only computers but also smartphones or tablets The only requirements for the controlling devices are connectivity with the tester Any IP connection including Ethernet WiFi and 3G should work They must have a VNC client installed Currently there VNC clients for most OS in the market Some of them are free The remote control is an optional feature for Net Storm that is supplied by ALBEDO Telecom with an special license Before using the remote control you need to configure the platform Ethernet interface and connect the equipment to the management network See section 6 4 1 Once this is done follow this procedure to use the remote control 1 From the Home panel go to System The system configuration panel is displayed 2 Select General settings to display miscellaneous system wide settings including the ones referred to the remote control 3 Enable the remote control with the help of Remote control 4 Optionally supply a password with Remote control password The password you configure here will be requested in all incoming VNC connections 5 Inthe controlling device run the VNC client and enter the password you have con figured in Remote control password if you are requested to do so 6 Use the keyboard navigation through the mouse is not available
53. i ict us Figure 6 1 Net Storm web interface a Home panel b Configuration management panel The web interface can be used for downloading configurations and reports from a remote computer without using any accessory other than an standard network connection Currently the web interface does not support file uploading but for this purpose the USB and SD interfaces are still available 5 ALBEDO gt use the web interface you need to connect the platform network connector to the management network and configure the management Ethernet interface See section 6 4 1 Once you have done this follow this procedure 1 2 Open a browser in a computer with network connection Type the IP address you have assigned to the tester in the browser destination URL The web interface home panel is displayed in the Internet browser Choose the files you want to display Configuration flies Report files or any other if available and the location of these files Internal memory USB SD CARD and press to the correct hyper link A list with the available files for the selected category is displayed in the web browser Select the file you want to download it to the local computer The web browser displays a dialogue that requests your configuration to download the selected file If you accept the file will be downloaded 6 3 Programming Tests Net Storm is able to start and finish tests without direct user intervention All automatic
54. iguration values for this field are the same that for the Source address selection setting Destination address This is a 32 bit IPv4 address the standard four dotted dec imal format A B C D Destination addresses matching some or all bits of the address configured here will be allowed to pass through the filter Bits used for matching frames to this filter are configured in the Destination address mask Destination address This is the mask for the source IPv4 address filter selection mask rule Before comparing the Source address field with the frame addresses bit wise AND operations are carried out between the value configured here and the Source address field so that only the values surviving the AND are taken into account for matching the filter Protocol selection Enables selection by the 1 byte IPv4 protocol field in the cur rent filter The value configured here is used to determine which frames are allowed to pass through the filter and which ones are blocked The available configuration values for this field are Ignore The Protocol field is ignored and not taken into account for the purpose of the filter All frames are allowed to pass through the filter when gnore is configured if they are not blocked by other selection rule Equal All frames matching a user configurable pattern are allowed to pass through the filter The matching pattern is configured with the help of the Standard protocol selection field and Proto
55. in the IPv4 datagram It is currently supported IP datagram matching based on source IP address destination IP address protocol and DSCP Source and destination IP addresses can be matched by means selection masks Table 4 3 IPv4 Selection Metric Description Source address Enables selection by source 4 address in the current filter selection The value configured here is used to determine which frames are allowed to pass through the filter and which ones are blocked The available configuration values for this field are Ignore The source IP address is ignored and not taken into account for the purpose of the filter All frames are allowed to pass through the filter when gnore is config ured if they are not blocked by other selection rule Equal with mask All frames matching a user configurable pattern are allowed to pass through the filter The matching pattern is configured with the help of the Source address and Source address mask fields ALBEDO gt 31 Telecom ZIq opeqjeuo 9 91 MMM 8 080 euoj eoJeg ZL eugsny p 22062498 OGAGIV User Guide DS Field DSCP Differenciated Service CodePoints CU Currently Unused ToS Field bits 3 4 1 Precedence Precedence Priority assigned to the packet ToS Type of Service MBZ Must Be Zero V The IP protocol version 4 IHL IP header length in 32 bit words ToS Enables QoS provision Len
56. ing a user configurable pattern are allowed to pass through the filter The matching pattern is configured with the help of the VID field ALBEDO gt Telecom Multi stream Analysis Table 4 2 VLAN Selection Metric Description VID This setting contains a 10 bit identifier that constitutes the VID value to be matched in the incoming traffic Priority bits selection Enables selection by IEEE 802 1Q p priority bits in the cur rent filter The value configured here is used to determine which frames are allowed to pass through the filter and which ones are blocked The available configuration values for this field are the same that for the V D selection field Priority bits This setting contains a 3 bit identifier that constitutes the pri ority value to be matched in the incoming traffic 4 2 3 IPv4 Selection The Internet Protocol version 4 IPv4 was conceived by the U S Department of Defence DoD to facilitate communication between dissimilar computer systems and is a reliable technology The IPv4 constitutes the most important protocol of the Internet and it is today widely used to connect heterogeneous packet networks everywhere IP is based on variable length data packets called datagrams The datagram header includes two 32 bit addresses that identify the datagram source and destination and other fields with miscellaneous purposes Net Storm filtering capabilities can be programmed to match fields with
57. is available by an external compatible SFP supplied by ALBEDO Telecom 1000BASE SX Used for transmission at 1000 Mb s over two MMF operating in the 850 nm optical window Ranges are usually a few hundred metres This interface is sup ported by means an external SFP only 1000BASE LX Used for transmission at 1000 Mb s over two MMF or SMF in the 1310 nm optical window Ranges use to be a few kilometres This interface is supported by means an external SFP only SFP vendor If there is an SFP connected to the port this field shows information about the vendor This information is recorded within a memory in the SFP when it is manufactured SFP part number If there is an SFP connected to the port this field shows information about the vendor This information is recorded within a memory in the SFP when it is manufactured ALBEDO gt 15 User Guide 16 ALBEDO Telecom B6523022 Joan d ustria 112 Barcelona 08018 www telecom albedo biz Telecom Chapter 3 Frame and Event Counts The ALBEDO Telecom Net Storm can be used to get basic traffic statistics about Ethernet networks operating at rates up to 1 Gb s These statistics include frame and error counts The next sections provide details about how to use the equipment to get network statistics 3 1 Global Frame Analysis Statistics for Port A and Port B are identical Most of the results are given for each interface transmitter and receiver Global
58. le like the insertion of single frame loss event Some others are more sophisticated For example the random insertion with to states with different frame loss probabilities Table 5 1 Frame Loss Insertion Metric Description Mode Specifies to the test unit the way the frame loss events are inserted into the traffic flow The available choices are the fol lowing None Disables frame loss insertion No frame loss will be inserted if this mode is selected Single One single frame loss is inserted in the first inser tion opportunity after pressing the EVENT button Timed burst Drops a sequence of consecutive frames within a configurable time period after pressing the EVENT button Frame burst Drops a configurable number of consecutive frames after pressing the EVENT button Timed periodic burst Drops periodic frame bursts The time periods corresponding to frames to be dropped and frames to be transmitted are configurable ALBEDO gt Telecom Table 5 1 Frame Loss Insertion Metric Description Mode Frame periodic burst Drops periodic frame bursts The number of frames that makes up each loss burst and the separation between loss bursts specified in frames are configurable Random Packets are randomly dropped with a configura ble constant probability Two state random This simulates a transmission channel with two different loss probabilities This is useful for mod elling channels
59. mes 100 of traffic load Under lighter traffic load or longer frames the maximum delay available increases but it can never exceed 60 s in any case Table 5 3 Maximum Delay for Different Traffic Loads and Frame Lengths 100 kb s 10 Mb s 500 Mb s 1 Gb s 64 bytes 60 00 s 2 205 40 ms 20 ms 128 bytes 60 00 s 3 88 s 80 ms 40 ms 512 byes 60 00 s 13 95s 280 ms 140 ms 1518 bytes 60 00s 40 32 s 810 ms 400 ms 10000 bytes 60 00 s 60 00 s 2 005 1 005 5 2 3 Bandwidth Bandwidth control filters are useful in case the user is interested in simulating links of custom bandwidth smaller than the nominal channel capacity 10 Mb s 100 Mb s 1000 Mb s n ALBEDO gt Telecom Users have at their disposal two different bandwidth control modes Bandwidth control by means a policing filter preserves data stream timing but not conforming packets are lost Usually policing is considered best in delay sensitive applications like VoIP On the other hand bandwidth control by means a shaping filter tends to preserve the information but it may alter the timing of the original data stream Shaping uses to be the preferred bandwidth control mechanism in data networks Table 5 4 Bandwidth Control Metric Description Mode Specifies the way the bandwidth control mode to be used by the filter The available modes are None Disables bandwidth control Shaping Simulates a shaping filter The shaping filter is allowed to transmit one frame per ea
60. n allow the user setting configuration values starting tests and displaying results The user is always aware of the current status of the received signal through the Softleds shown on the left The Softleds are always displayed and they work even when there is no test running On the top side of the screen there is a header zone which contains information about the current tester status date time tests running event insertion active and an identifier for the currently displayed panel Most of the graphical user interface panels are menus containing a variable number of items All the menus are available from the Home panel Users can press the HOME button at any time to go to the Home panel The Home panel contains the following menu items Test Contains configuration items related with general test configuration like delayed test settings performance objectives event insertion and report configu ration Setup Provides access to test resource configuration For the impairment genera tion application the setup submenus contain configuration of Port A and Port B s ALBEDO gt Telecom Introduction Results This item enables the user to browse test results Most of them are not available if a measurement has not been previously started but there are some exceptions to this rule like the LEDs File File management menus Includes configuration result and report file man agement Files can be deleted copied exporte
61. n the traffic direction you want to impair Note If Port A and Port B are coupled you will get the same configuration by set ting either Port A or Port B 4 Select Default Frame loss is going to be inserted in the background traffic Background traffic is made up of all frames not previously selected by any other filter 5 Select Loss to insert frame loss Note Frame loss insertion is not compatible with traffic policing Bandwidth control filter Some packed duplication modes and loss insertion modes are not compati ble 6 Select the insertion mode for the event selected in the previous step with the help of the Mode menu item Available insertion modes Single Burst s Burst fr Periodic burst s Periodic burst fr Policing Random and Two state random 7 Configure the insertion parameters with the help of the Burst length s Burst length fr Burst separation s Burst separation fr Rate fr s Queue length fr Loss probability Alternative loss prob Mean length fr and Mean alt length fr menu items Telecom 8 Start insertion by pressing the EVENT button Note Depending on the insertion mode event insertion will finish automatically or you will need to press EVENT a second time to stop 5 2 2 Delay amp Jitter Net Storm generates delay on Ethernet frames following deterministic or random laws The procedure for delay insertion is equivalent to the frame loss insertion setup However the insertion
62. networks use the VID for segmentation just like enterprises The VID in carrier Ethernet networks is used by service providers as ALBEDO gt 29 Telecom 214 8 080 euoj eoJeg 22082999 uio eje OGAGIV User Guide Preamble 0x55 SDF 0xd5 byte 1 MAC DA Ethertype Q tagged frame VLAN tag Priority Priority bits CFI Canonical format indicator VID VLAN identification tag T L 2 46 1500 FCS 4 Ethernet Q frame IEEE 802 19 Ethertype Ethertype for VLAN frames 0x8100 TCI Tag control information contains the VLAN ID Figure 4 3 IEEE 802 1Q frame structure general purpose identifiers They can be associated to an specific service customer node or several of them at the same time Net Storm provides frame selection based on the VLAN tag based either in the VID or the priority bits Table 4 2 VLAN Selection Metric Description VID selection Enables selection by VID in the current filter The value con figured here is used to determine which frames are allowed to pass through the filter and which ones are blocked The available configuration values for this field are Ignore The VID is ignored and not taken into account for the purpose of the filter All frames are allowed to pass through the filter when gnore is configured if they are not blocked by other selection rule Equal All frames match
63. ngth Mean alt length Minimum 0 minutes 0 frames 0 minutes 0 minutes 0 frames s 0 frames 0 0 1 frame 1 frame Maximum 30 minutes 32737 frames 30 minutes 30 minutes 1 500 000 frames s 32767 frames 99 99 99 99 16383 frames 16383 frames A 6 3 Frame Duplication Single duplication event insertion Random duplication defined by a probability Table A 3 Accepted Ranges for Duplication Event Parameters Metric Duplication prob Minimum 0 Maximum 99 99 6 4 Errored Frames Single errored frame event insertion Random errored frames defined by a probability Table A 4 Accepted Ranges for Frame Error Event Parameters Metric Frame error prob Minimum 0 Maximum 99 99 A 7 User Interface Direct configuration and management in graphical mode using the keyboard and display of the instrument ALBEDO gt Remote access for configuration and management in graphical mode from remote IP site thought the Ethernet interface of the control panel A 8 General e Operation time with batteries 3 5 hours minimum two battery packs Configuration and report storage and export through attached USB port colour screen 480 x 272 pixels Dimensions 223 mm x 144 mm x 65 mm e Weight 1 0 kg with rubber boot one battery pack ALBEDO gt n User Guide 72 ALBEDO Telecom B6523022 Joan d ustria 112 Barcelona 08018 www telecom albed
64. nnector 4 Choose the right connector and confirm by pressing ENTER Note that Port A and Port B do not need to be both optical or electrical at the same d ALBEDO gt OC PS e 219 time Net Storm is compatible with operation requiring conversion between optical and electrical transmission if all other operation conditions are met Port A Pee RX H R il ED 25 Rr ZT Port A SE 129 EL Port B TX Sa RX Net Storm DUT SUT DUT SUT Figure 2 1 Bidirectional impairment generation with ALBEDO Net Storm connected in pass through mode 2 1 1 Checking Port A and Port B Auto negotiation Interfaces connected to Port A and Port B are required to have at least one common operation bit rate Also interfaces to be connected to Port A and Port B must support full duplex operation Half duplex operation involves collisions and frame retransmission and this is not compatible with predictable delay insertion as it is carried out by Net Storm If these two conditions are met Net Storm will be able to forward traffic between ports A and B Bit rate configuration can be automatic using Ethernet auto negotiation but users are allowed to force a fixed bit rate as well If auto negotiation is enabled in Net Storm the equipment will configure its ports to the common maximum rate for port A and p
65. o biz Telecom
66. of the General settings menu and System information menu To learn how to configure and use the network interface or how to install licenses for new software options go to the sections specifically dedicated to these topics Table 6 4 System information panel Model Name Shows the test unit model name Net Storm Serial number Displays the test unit serial number It is a 8 character alpha numeric string Software release Displays the current software release Hardware release Displays the current hardware release Firmware release Displays the current firmware release PM release Displays the current power management release 6 4 1 Using the Network The platform network interface is currently user for three different purposes The Ethernet IP remote control This feature enables any user to access to the equipment form a remote location configure a test run it and display the results Web interface This is used to retrieve reports configurations or any other file available in the tester internal memory or attached storage device B ALBEDO gt Telecom Maintenance and factory configuration The ALBEDO Telecom staff use the Ether net interface to configure or verify the equipment in the factory This feature is not available to ordinary users Table 6 5 Network Configuration Panel Setting Description Ethernet interface Configuration menu for the platform network interface This menu can be used
67. or Bit errors to add errored bits Select the insertion mode for the event selected in the previous step with the help of the Mode menu item Configure the insertion parameters with the help of the configuration parameters available for the selected insertion block Note Some insertion modes like Single do not require further configuration Repeat the previous steps over the remaining flows until all of them have been configured Start insertion by pressing the EVENT button Note Depending on the insertion mode event insertion will finish automatically or you will need to press EVENT a second time to stop Chapter 6 Test Management This chapter describes all those features available in your test unit that are not directly related with configuring your tester or reading measurement results but they are important for proper test management Specifically configuration and result management report generation and test platform settings are covered in the following sections 6 1 Generating Reports Users may want to generate reports based on their measurements Reports are important to save results for later reference Reports can be used to share a test result or to include results in documents Depending on the purpose of the report users have different ways to generate and store them Net Storm offers maximum flexibility and at the same time simplicity when configuring reports Follow these steps to configure and generate a repo
68. ort B If auto negotiation is not enabled The user will configure the desired bit rate but Port A and Port B configuration are always coupled so that the bit rate in both ports always remains the same To configure the auto negotiation settings in your Net Storm unit follow these steps 1 From the Home panel go to Setup The port setup panel is displayed 2 Goto Auto negotiation 3 Set Enable auto negotiation to Yes to configure the link speed using auto negotia tion or to No to disable auto negotiation and force the link speed to a fixed value 4 f you have enabled auto negotiation in the previous step configure the allowed bit rates through the 7000 100 and 10 menus If auto negotiation is disabled set the Forced bit rate to 10 or 100 ALBEDO gt Connection to the Network Note The 1000 Mb s rate cannot be forced and it is only available through auto negotiation due to IEEE 802 3 restrictions cn Stopped 00 00 24 e Home gt Result i T Auto negotiation 1000FD 1000HD 100FD 100HD 10FD 10HD Remote Figure 2 2 Albedo Net Storm auto negotiation results panel Once the tester has been connected to the network and the right connector type as been configured follow these steps to check auto negotiation 1 From the Home panel go to Results The test port results panel is displayed 2 Press Auto negotiation The auto negotiation status table for Port A is displayed 3 Check th
69. r by repeating steps 3 4 5 6 and 7 as many times as necessary Quick information about currently matching rules for each filter is available in the Filter setup panel The Default filter does not accept the same configuration than the other 15 filters Specifically the Default filter is permanent filter that it does not accept the configuration of filtering rules based on the values of any frame field 4 2 1 MAC Selection MAC frames are envelopes in which the Ethernet frames are sent and received MAC frame format is currently specified by the standard IEEE 802 3 This format is shared by all existing Ethernet interfaces thus making Ethernet the most scalable transmission technology currently available bits 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Preamble Synchronization pattern SDF Start Frame Delimiter Preamble 0x55 7 DA Destination MAC Address SA Source MAC Address Ethertype Length Type Field SDF 0xd5 1 MAC FCS Frame Check Sequence byte 1 DA 6 SA 6 Ethertype 46 1500 MAC FCS 4 IEEE 802 3 Ethernet MAC Frame Figure 4 2 IEEE 802 3 frame structure ALBEDO gt 214 8 080 euoj eoJeg ZL 22062498 woja OGAGIV ALBEDO Telecom Net Storm provides frame selection based on the MAC address source and destination and Ethertype value It is possible to configure a matching mask for all three fields to select a value set rather than a
70. r panel Connection to the DUT SUT is done in this panel e RJ 45 Port A This is the first full featured 10 100 1000BASE T port for Ethernet transmit and receive RJ 45 Port B This is the second full featured 10 100 1000BASE T port for Ether net transmit and receive This port is identical to the RJ 45 Port A e SFP Port A This port is used to connect the tester to the network through an opti cal interface with the help of an SFP module ALBEDO gt Telecom SFP Port B This port is used to connect the tester to the network through opti cal interface with the help of an SFP module This port is identical to the SFP Port A e SD Card Slot for SD Cards These cards can be used as external storage devices 1 2 2 Platform Connectors There is a connector panel specifically devoted to the platform ports This panel includes capabilities like remote control and external device connection A more detailed description is given below RJ 45 Power printer or console USB Slave USB Master connecto connector ge a S 1 Nj 73 CH e Printer Console Ethernet e e lu J S 4 ET RJ 45 Analogue audio Figure 1 3 Net Storm platform connector panel This panel includes connectivi
71. re allowed to pass through the filter The matching pattern is configured with the help of the Frame start Off set bytes and Match code fields Frame start Defines the payload type and the reference point within the frame to start counting the filter offset The reference can be the beginning of the MAC IPv4 UDP or TCP payload depending on the chosen value It is also possible to set the reference to the beginning of the Ethernet frame first byte immediately after the SDF by configuring Start in this field The frame start field is shared by all the port A or port B fil ters If the Frame start field is modified for one specific filter the remaining filters will be set to the same value ALBEDO gt Telecom Multi stream Analysis Table 4 5 Generic Selection Metric Description Offset bytes This field defines the offset expressed in bytes from the refer ence point defined with the Frame start control The value 0 corresponds with the first byte of the MAC IPv4 UDP or TCP payload or the first frame byte if Frame start is set to Start If due to the limited frame size some or all the byte positions defined by the Offset bytes field do not exist in the corre sponding payload the equipment will consider that the frame does not match the filtering rule The offset field is shared by all the port A or port B filters If the Offset bytes field is modified for one specific filter the remaining filter
72. rrent second An oversized frame is a frame which has a size larger than the configured MTU Overflo The Overflo event applies to the shaping filter only It indi cates that within the current second the filter has been una ble to apply the correct delay to at least one frame If there are no transmission tokens available the shaping fil ter delays the traffic to ensure that the outgoing bit rate will not exceed the filter rate However the delay could never exceed 60 seconds The tester applies the maximum delay to all frames affected by the Overflo condition The Overflo event is a condition that may arise when the in coming rate and the shaping rate are small enough to gener ate very large delays larger than 60 s without filling com pletely the temporary storage space and therefore generating a Drop event Overflo events are fault conditions that should never be reg istered if there is no event insertion Late The Late event indicates that within the current second at least one frame has abandoned the equipment after expected This event is related with congestion of the outgoing inter face If the departure time for a frame is scheduled for an specific time but the outgoing interface is busy during this specific time the departure will have to be delayed thus gen erating a Late event Late is a fault condition that is only registered under heavy traffic load but it should never happen under normal operat in
73. rt 1 From the Home panel go to File The tester file manager base menu is displayed Select Report files to go to the report file settings Enable report generation by means the Generate reports control Set the Report format Report named after and Report header fields If you have set Report named after to User ref sequence configure the User ref erence field to the desired sequence 6 Optionally if you have configured Report named after to User ref sequence or Serial no sequence enter the Next sequence number to be applied to the next report 7 Setthe correct action to be carried out when the internal storage is full gro If report generation is enabled a new report is generated each time a test finishes either by pressing the run button or automatically Reports are available as standard ALBEDO gt s Telecom 214 8 080 euoj eoJeg 22062498 ulo eje OGAGIV text or PDF files from the USB slave connector and they can be exported through the USB master port the SD card reader or the web interface Table 6 1 System Settings Panel Setting Description Internal memory External devices Generate reports Report format Report named after User reference Next sequence Displays report files stored in the internal tester memory Net Storm can store up to 50 report files Displays report files stored in external devices
74. rt allowed to pass through the Source port selection filter The port is configured and displayed in decimal format Maximum source port This is the maximum 16 bit TCP source port allowed to pass through the Source port selection filter The port is configured and displayed in decimal format Destination port Enables selection by the 2 byte TCP protocol field in the cur selection rent filter The value configured here is used to determine which frames are allowed to pass through the filter and which ones are blocked The available configuration values for this field are the same that for the Source address selection field Minimum destination This is the minimum 16 bit TCP destination port allowed to port pass through the Destination port selection filter The port is configured and displayed in decimal format Maximum destina This is the maximum 16 bit TCP destination port allowed to tion port pass through the Destination port selection filter The port is configured and displayed in decimal format TCP also offers a communication channel for IP applications Applications speak through special 16 bit identifiers called ports in the same way that hosts use IP addresses Net Storm filtering capabilities include matching of TCP source and destination ports in each of the filtering blocks ALBEDO gt is 214 8 080 euoj eoJeg ZL 22062498 ulo eje OGAGIV
75. s Use this action with care No warning is displayed when old reports are deleted 6 2 File Management Net Storm stores configurations and reports in files These files can be deleted renamed or exported to an external USB memory or SD card Configurations can be shared between different Net Storm units by means compatible storage devices Report files can be included to documents sent by e mail or printed ALBEDO gt 53 Telecom OC S t c Q D 6 2 1 Saving Configurations To store the current configuration follow these steps 1 From the Home panel go to File The tester file manager base menu is displayed 2 Select Configuration files to go to the configuration file settings 3 Select the location to save the configuration Internal memory or External devices Note If you select External devices you will be asked to choose the specific stor age device USB device or SD card Note If there is no external device connected to the Net Storm unit a No devices present popup panel is displayed 4 Press the Save F2 contextual button 5 Enter a file name for the configuration file that is going to be saved and confirm with the Done F4 contextual button 6 2 2 Renaming Files Both configuration and report files can be renamed after they are created To rename files follow these sequence 1 From the Home panel go to File The tester file manager base menu is displaye
76. s are not related to IP subnet masks even if they can be applied to IP addresses Specifically the binary representation of a matching mask does not need to be a sequence of 1 followed by a sequence of 0 like IP network masks are The generic procedure to configure one or several matching rules with Net Storm is the following 1 From the Home panel go to Setup The test port settings panel is displayed 2 Select either Port A or Port B to enter in the port specific configuration Select one of the filtering menus labelled as Filter 1 Filter 2 etc 4 Enable the filter by setting the Block field to the value No Different types of filtering rule families are enabled for that filter Generic selection MAC selection VLAN selection IPv4 selection TCP selection UDP selection Select the matching rule family 5 Choose a matching field and configure de matching mode for this field Most of the matching fields have at least two matching modes The Equal mode selects frames matching the configured value or values for the field and gnore does not match any frame by the current field Other matching modes may be available in specific fields 6 Configure the field value to be matched by the filter 7 Ifthe matching field has this capability enter the mask value To select a single value set of the mask bit values to all ones en as ALBEDO gt Telecom 8 Optionally configure more matching rules for the current filte
77. s selection by destination MAC address in the current selection filter The value configured here is used to determine which frames are allowed to pass through the filter and which ones are blocked The available configuration values for this field are the same that for the Source address selection setting Destination address This is a 48 bit MAC address in the standard hexadecimal digit format XX XX XX XX XX XX Destination addresses matching some or all bits of the address configured here will be allowed to pass through the filter Bits used for matching frames to this filter are configured in the Destination address mask i ALBEDO gt Telecom Table 4 1 Selection Metric Description Destination address This is the mask for the destination MAC address filter selec mask tion rule Before comparing the Destination address field with the frame addresses bit wise AND operations are carried out between the value configured here and the Destination address field so that only the values surviving the AND are taken into account for matching the filter Ethertype selection Enables selection by Ethertype value in the current filter The value configured here is used to determine which frames are allowed to pass through the filter and which ones are blocked The available configuration values for this field are the same that for the Source address selection and Destina tion address selection settings Ethertype This set
78. s will be set to the same value Match code 16 bit code expressed with four hexadecimal digits used to match frames in the current filter Mask This is a mask for the generic filter match code Before com paring the Match code with the selected bytes in the Ethernet frame bit wise AND operations are carried out between the value configured here and the Match code field so that only the values surviving the AND are taken into account for matching the filter 4 3 Getting Statistics about Filters Once the filter has been configured it is usually desirable to know how many matching frames have been found for each filter In case some action as been set for the filters it is desirable to know how many frames have been affected To get statistics about filtered frames follow this procedure 1 From the Home panel go to Results The test port results panel is displayed 2 Select Filter statistics Matched and Accepted frame counts are displayed for each filter including the BG filter Table 4 6 Filter statistics Metric Description Matches Matches Count of all frames matching the selection rules for the cur B rent filter in Port A or Port B ALBEDO gt 37 ziq opeqje uo29 oy MMM 81080 euojooJeg ZL ueor 22062598 1 Od3g v User Guide Table 4 6 Filter statistics Metric Description Accepted A Number of frames accepted by the filter in Port A or Port B Accepted
79. switch it on If the tester is on use this key to switch it off long push There are four LEDs PWR DC Port A summary Port B summary Their description is given below ALBEDO gt Telecom PWR Displays the current tester off status The green colour is displayed under normal operation conditions Orange and red are shown to indicate a low battery load DC This led is lit when the DC input is connected Orange indicates a charging batteries status and green means that the internal batteries are ready Port A Port B Summary These LEDs provide a permanent indication of the cur m rent input signal or signals status The LEDs summarize the Port A and Port B information given by the event LEDs If any event LEDs for a test port is in red status the port summary led will be set to red If any event LED is orange but there is no red event the summary led will be set to orange The green colour is used when no events are found in the input signal Finally the LED is switched of when the port is disabled 1 2 1 Test Connectors The Net Storm is connected to the DUT SUT through the test connector panel Ports and elements included in this panel are described in the following list RJ 45 Port B SD Card Figure 1 2 Net Storm test connecto
80. t RET gu 68 Frame Delay and Jitter sees 69 Packet LOSS EBB R REm 69 Frame DUpliCatin 70 Errored Frames me M 70 User Interface or mr 70 E T 71 Chapter 1 Introduction The ALBEDO Telecom Net Storm is a handheld tester which is capable to emulate different degradations or impairments that are often found in Ethernet IP networks Thanks to this capability Net Storm is useful in determining whether a network application or device is appropriate for operation in such networks Port B Leave Screen Rubber Boot Summary LED Button Cursors Left Port A ane Home Panel Rubber Bop Summary LED A t d Net Storm l Colour gt GbE Impairment Generator L 1 Screen L f Confirm RE eet Button LU as Ee Lh EI __ Power Event Insertion LEDs Panel Platform Connector LED Button Shortcut Function Panel DC Charge On Off Buttons LED Button Figure 1 1 Net Storm Front view The tester presents results by means a colour screen and the LEDs The configuration is performed through the keyboard e 99 9 MMM 9 ziq opeqje uo The Net Storm has an external
81. t Storm error insertion capability modifies the FCS field of selected Ethernet frames These frames are detected as frames containing bit errors by network elements Net Storm has two frame error insertion modes One of them is deterministic Single event insertion and the other one is random Random event insertion Table 5 6 Frame Error Insertion Metric Description Mode Specifies to the test unit the way the frame errors are inserted into the traffic flow The available choices are the fol lowing None Disables frame error insertion No frame with errors will be inserted if this mode is selected Single One error is added in the first duplication opportu nity after pressing the EVENT button Random Errored frames are randomly inserted with a configurable constant probability ALBEDO gt Telecom Inserting Events Table 5 6 Frame Error Insertion Metric Description Frame error prob If the insertion mode is set to Random this is the probability of an errored frame event 5 3 Adding Impairments to Selected Traffic Flows Sometimes it is required to impair some protocol or some traffic class leaving all other frames unaltered Some networks process different traffic classes in different ways and they produce different service performance in traffic belonging to each class Net Storm can be used to model these environments by using the filtering capabilities available for Net Storm
82. ted n ALBEDO gt Telecom Table 3 2 RX Frame Analysis Metric Description Bytes Total byte count received by the test port from the beginning of the test One byte is defined as an 8 bit word Broadcast frames Total number of Ethernet broadcast frames received from the beginning of the test Broadcast frames carry the broadcast Ethernet address FF FF FF FF FF FF in the destination field Multicast frames Received Ethernet multicast frames from the beginning of the test Ethernet multicast frames have their multicast bit in their des tination MAC address set to 1 The multicast bit of a MAC address is the least significant bit of the more significant address byte Control frames Total number of Ethernet MAC control and supervision frames received from the beginning of the test Ethernet control frames are recognised due to an special Ethertype Type Length field value 0 8808 Flow control frames Total number of Ethernet Pause frames received from the beginning of the test Pause frames are an special type of control frames and therefore their Ethertype is 0 8808 The specific features of Pause frames is that their Opcode field is 0 0001 and their destination MAC address is 01 80 C2 00 00 01 a multicast MAC address Tagged frames Total number of Ethernet VLAN frames received from the beginning of the test IEEE 802 1Q VLAN frames contain an special Ethertype Length field value 0 810
83. ting contains a 2 byte field that constitutes the Ether type value to be matched in the incoming traffic Ethertypes matching some or all bytes of the value configured here will be allowed to pass through the filter Bits used for matching frames to this filter are configured by means the Ethertype mask Ethertype mask This is the mask for the Ethertype filter selection rule Before comparing the Ethertype field with the frame Ethertype bit wise AND operations are carried out between the value con figured here and the Ethertype field so that only the values surviving the AND are taken into account for matching the fil ter 4 2 2 VLAN Selection Within enterprise networks VLANs are important because they enable network segmentation on an organisational basis by functions project teams or applications rather than on a physical or a geographical basis The network can be reconfigured through software instead of physically unplugging and moving devices or wires VLANS are an important contribution to scalable Ethernet networks because they limit broadcast traffic inherent to the bridging mechanism Large amounts of broadcast traffic may damage performance and even collapse network equipment which is why it must be controlled Standard IEEE 802 1Q specifies the most popular VLAN frame format VLAN frames carry a 16 bit header which specifies the VLAN Identifier VID and the frame priority within the VLAN Many carrier Ethernet
84. to be added to your unit Enter your license number in this field before adding the new software options to your test unit 8 digit hexadecimal number provided by ALBEDO Telecom that enables secure management of the software options installed in your test unit Enter the license key in this field before adding the new soft ware options to your test unit Set this field to Yes to add new software options to your tester You have to enter the License number and the License key before adding new options Displays the result of the software option activation operation performed by enabling the Activate field 1 Contact with your local sales representative to purchase software options for your test units You will receive one license number and one license key for each tester you want to upgrade 2 From the Home panel go to System The system configuration panel is displayed 3 Select Licensing to enter in the software upgrade menu 4 Enterthe number and key supplied by your ALBEDO Telecom representative in License number and License key 5 Enable the new software options with the Activate control 6 Check that the upgrade has been successful with the help of the Status control ALBEDO gt Telecom 63 214 8 080 euoj eoJeg ZL 22062498 uio eje OGAGIV 6 5 Using the Remote Control The remote control application constitutes a remote
85. twork ele ments Frames with errors are discarded and for this reason frame loss is closely ALBEDO gt s Telecom 214 8 080 ZL 22062498 OGAGIV related with frame errors Ethernet networks Sometimes due to different rea sons the Ethernet payload may carry errors but the FCS is correct These cor rupted frames are not detected by Ethernet equipment and they are passed to the higher levels of the protocol stack like the IP layer Duplicated frames Duplicated frames are caused due to some wrong configura tions in routers Miss connected Ethernet bridges are likely to cause frame multi plication too Receivers usually have the means to discard duplicated frames but duplicated frames still waste bandwidth and may even consume large amounts of transmission capacity 5 2 Adding Impairments to Ethernet Traffic With the help of Net Storm you can add impairments such as frame delay frame delay variation and frame loss to Ethernet frames as they pass through the equipment Impairments can be added to all Ethernet frames or a fraction of the traffic This section explains how to add impairments to every frame and the next one explains how to use filters to add impairments to some part of the traffic meeting one or several conditions 5 2 1 Frame Loss Net Storm provides several frame loss insertion mode Some of them are very simp
86. ty to USB devices Power connector The input must be 12 V DC 4 A A suitable external AC DC adapter for your country is provided with the tester e RJ 45 printer or console Console connector This interface is prepared for con necting a serial printer USB Slave Use a USB cable with Slave type connector Type B Device for this port Currently this port enables connection of a PC to the tester and access to the internal tester file system USB Master Use a USB cable with a Master type connector Type A Host for this port Currently this port is used for software upgrades and connection of exter nal storage devices RJ 45 general purpose LAN connector This is the platform Fast Ethernet connec tor 10 100BASE T It is used for remote management of the test unit Analogue audio input output It is a 2 5 mm audio jack for connecting external speakers and microphone ALBEDO gt s Telecom O029TY o 214 1 3 The Graphical User Interface The Net Storm graphical user interface is based in a 480 x 272 colour screen and a set of keys attached to the front panel Some of these keys have a permanent purpose but the specific function for some other keys depend on the context Port B Date and Time Current Panel Softleds D Be ua d Configures display and other platfo Menu items Figure 1 4 Net Storm the Home panel The keyboard and the scree
87. using a DHCP server installed in the network Otherwise the user has to enter the IP address mask default gateway and DNS address by hand Static IP address assigned to the interface in a decimal four dotted format This setting makes sense only if Use DHCP is not enabled Static network mask in a decimal four dotted format This setting makes sense only if Use DHCP is not enabled Current DHCP assigned IP address in a decimal four dotted format This is a read only field that cannot be directly config ured by users This setting makes sense only if Use DHCP is enabled Current DHCP assigned network mask in a decimal four dot ted format This is a read only field that cannot be directly configured by users This setting makes sense only if Use DHCP is enabled 48 bit physical address of the NIC attached to the test unit This address is assigned to the NIC when it is manufactured and it cannot be changed later 62 6 4 2 Installing Software Options New software for Net Storm can be licensed after the unit as been purchased when new testing needs arise To install new software options for your unit follow this procedure Table 6 7 Licensing Setting Description Licensed options License number License key Activate Status Shows list with all the software options currently available in your test unit 8 digit hexadecimal number provided by ALBEDO Telecom that identifies the software options

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