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1. 19 DE dine Individual EFOly EONS EA ae SSS 19 1 De calins OER a 19 8 Problems with the Window Manager c ccssesssscececceeeeesesssesseaeaees 20 PRC RE DIRECMONSE 0 20 mL ie 0022222010115 es TRENT DRE 20 ME ICON 129851211 002510861200119 esse oa 06 6 6 se on sege ae ee ee ee ee 20 ENE Dil EG siderdtions ees ees en ione We ee oe oe 21 EE Le SIONS 0 O E ama 22 EUSENDIX NPSICON USER S MANUAL ere eene esse ede ese es ss gese sees es se ge ee se ee 24 ME NG ERIEEERENGES C c ee 54 DI TRIBUTION DETIENE 55 Figure 2 1 Figure 2 2 Figure 2 3 Figure A 1 Figure A 2 Figure A 3 Figure A 4 Figure A 5 Figure A 6 Figure A 7 Figure A 8 Figure A 9 Figure A 10 Figure A 11 Figure A 12 Figure A 13 Figure A 14 Figure A 15 Figure A 16 LIST OF FIGURES JDShips Display ee NG 4 3DShips Main Instruction and Icon WindOW sass see 4 Rotating a Model in Preview ou cM 6 NPSICON s Popup Menu ese N EN 26 NPSICON s Main Window E 28 Window Used to Delete Parts from an leon eee 30 Icon Drawn in Wireframe MoOde M 32 Load File Window NN 33 Windows Used to Save Filles 35 589 18 35 View Mode Actuators 000 0 N 36 Front View of an 1 tO T CERE 37 Side View of an Icon ee DO 7 DL 37 Top View of an Icon RETO TTE 37 Sliders to Rotate an 1201 1 2 9 21 2 COL LLLLILT 39 Sliders and Typein
2. ki ew AN EER LAE UM Pet ANS Y 8 UA Eo t h Y NAA n 0 DE X NH ies n s sa wa Why Mrs EE i Y sre D In m TES H ELE SA Pa qi oh Ed hl e R A oe n PINE E ren ERA nisto i PIECE Vaart eg dei dd ma LUV honda Mete OCC TE Re EN ACRI d s 7 yee Pb AR X AA ei PO be DECRE H ia ty FEES AS 0 iq e pA ste AR HAE 2 e ER ks zn TREER ee 3 ik 7 E a 3 AM eae TASA vinti ry 4 ia aft Pe MEE ang io IA PA P Man are des delg y ut ads us 0 f AAS KAK vni ure M nig STORE ks IT TS deed dq t 0 wey vey tne IA ips Ee u LJ Psy ws AA afin 17 ATA trad C SARA o bu n WA tir at dus are al AA LA D MET IS EA ene bel 1 wks fet SAM P V ad 1 EA h m vr dy a a P JH ATA 3 hes AE TA ES in m P E D n ES 1 2 5 Pius iR Ma Er Ar 2 ars WES tom dat ig FA c 4 2 5 ach fiv fa afa Fa E Di ge ODE V m z i6 UA AE de P e no ah hee as ths ef d afd N 8 RM do AMOI ETN AE Pat Teide mae ES Cv EN df EER Ex T UP ME Ee dto er Ld M E Du e t Yr dean T NND PH bk EDGE STAR REUS M vU yn DUC S N AI K BARS EE HUNTE H es a h Ma HEN STE is dd AF EE sate No TAAL DE EES I H Brod Mein a rik E 4 viens Mat Mi VA 031 69S be HERO EUR m x i Meth ir PO PN PR ENA de Sethe Ba bf HE ER rd ed PET ARP Fu AS UN AUD N PCIE Tg iet ifs jit EIS M VES E AAS AS E de se 32 aad ete yep Hit en kt P
3. 7 D OTHER 3D ICON MODIFICATION GENERATION SYSTEMS AT NPS 3 A JDSHIPS COEPI 3 B PREVIEW 5 OVERVIEW OF NPSICON AND ITS USE aan 2D 8 A INITIAL GOALS 092022122 ss 8 B OVERVIEW ee 6864 6 _ 9 TECHNIQUES USED IN NPSICON 10 A LIGHTING I ta 10 B OBJECT FILE FORMAT OFT ss 11 C THE NPS PANEL DESIGNER AND TOOLBOX NPSPD 11 IMPLEMENTATION SPECIFICS ss 14 A PICKING VS RAY TRACING esse N 14 B ATTACHING PARTS ees ss 15 C LOADING FILES 4 5 ses see esse ee ese E DERE 16 D STORING FILES EE ee N 17 E ROTATION sesse ae ee ee 2404040 0750 4 17 F SCALING esse sesse esse esse eke ee se ees a en N N EN 17 G TRANSLATION 9 lt 17 VI NPSICON LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS au 18 f JOURS UIE ONS N N care 18 1 Orientation of Parts to be Added to an Icon ee ee ee 18 2 Ability to Rotate Scale and Translate Any Part PEPE OMA 1126 ss sesse 18 3 Stepping through Polygons by Part or Entire Icon 19 4 Changing the Color of Individual Polygons sss 19 5 Including Color and Materials When Creating Sub Icons
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6. Charo n 1 0 vv 0 n m v4 j ELS REL ui oy t ANE NN aplyrn ty ty S 7 0 E 37 apre 2 AD E idee MM de d a WER 3 A 1 ado 0 EER aa a SM E N OE AO LR AG of fat ag OD Pu te r 3 1 yy o VA t RA RAE CULA ON SA Mya 1 E 1 J 15 4 Pa m 3 ras R x Yd v ARA TOUS SAVER A AEN eSB RENS EN Ede o i A E NX US woe Ne S Opt mie 8 E eren 3 DOO v 0 it x i KTAS E n a A SNO T t ED 0 ARN bs f r ex DAE 5 De eu 5 TAR My pub MUR MN MS f Wa es eg M A RES una MOT AR Noa 3 Vas Ee AA sven co ag od E Ty Vti b 14 4 er HA QUE A Rags verlee dt x MO CMR ROCCO MAN ORAN iA NOMEN EX RICO hs Pvt N E pe Nd DOLUS NER CON Re Ai NY ONE e iw ks 1 N 03 RAS ES a ERVA Me a x wa NUS ie tdt uS NIE SIT an 2 RA 8 4 amp 4 0 MADE he 4 A4 DN 4 v5 X my A 0 diga di PRATOS POE ES Mela M E XU r A AA LI gs n UT 8 a jy M ah HO Ag s E fon ON vela do id A 1 SE A 4 AN 1 E ae com ys ie A T m Suy t 1 1 dis 2 2 er 7 RAO at RU da 3 ey RN NES 4 ARES Y 0 2 od gt Rad X viuit im YS gt 0 DC 4 2 F et ec EVER Erke nom e ELE DR E a Walsh Slabs a RE N RM s EU Te xol N Ee x uet n LJ a 205 hd aid 4 3 4 7 om ha Ld Mi a 20 Lig MESE Gad TA Le E CLE UT 435 PP ET CM Yr Cite CORED Lah ahh a ak A bo yea od DIESE Ke 0 44 DX My MALA M An OG S Ma MORE ME SS NOV AM dol Se gooi AUD y LE h ge hyn EO de pe et an N 8 eh
7. scale which scales the viewing matrix instead of the icon G TRANSLATION In the edit mode translation is accomplished by determining the amount of translation desired in the x y and z directions and then passing these parameters into the OFF function translate this object In view mode the same thing is done but the parameters are passed into the IRIS graphics library function translate which translates the viewing matrix instead of the icon 17 VI NPSICON LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS NPSCION provides another step forward in the ability to build and manipulate icons It expands the previous work done in the development of Preview and 3DShips It provides greater flexibility in dealing with OFF files but still is short of solving all of a user s needs when dealing with icons This chapter discusses NPSICON s limitations and some suggestions for future enhancements to it A LIMITATIONS 1 Orientation of Parts to be Added to an Icon NPSICON only has the ability to automatically attach a part with a normal vector in the positive z direction to an icon The user is responsible for making all translation and rotation decisions to attach a part which does not contain such a normal vector To remove this restriction and gain the ability to automatically attach any part to an icon NPSICON needs an algorithm to rotate an arbitrary normal vector to make it parallel to a desired normal vector Once such an algo
8. 1 Mor na ye DE PETI 1 AR RES M A p e ryt DUM E E dd 1 sy NS 5 thy el T 3 EXMA D dT 0 as y Pr EO s y ed pales 2 RS POS PER enact i ase ER dar ee OF ERIE bh Oe a a STUNT AA UM ERRAR an ey SAG tne s 4 Hn Pete ja pere a SERIA SUP doe G pacha DOE Mt india PD ELA boy mea ee E RE T my ad p S FS ASA doe Y E Le tips T rm pota r ay Frid EA E E PR E T N TV ARRORA ARET OE E EROS KRII rary es ek nu KE ADOS MM Ros a SAR MEES Po oi JU EE da 3 nb ee SP Bre V Gr DE DW ae Py ane Sa PE ad sed Seid d 5 ys ri MO jas n VES Ri Re pA 0 1 EE Ed 5 0 n 8 E Av See AXE z ye sra Ma acc uL Por P EO AA ry EES PERA Wis des Mind VG SA vd A VS X ON UE pes Pw ADU d L ms s 1 Frio D ol 0 aA 28 ant E J t EE TEA od K oft pya Apo iy SPN Ys us MADE VT Aie v3 n D fd OT K 0 vd 5 DT Y as d I ie A ae ean A v ny 1 l j Rr n y BM DCUM 2 0 way ae ten M Bu HEUS TRA M Ms od ba Wine A 5 DRY dr ub ars m A P5 Bo TE LE Os dh Ge S ELIT Che vid nA 0 E oo ok RES F M i ok a 54 44 0 NUR 4 H ky ia Ma ee RS v 0 vite AO aise MEE T yu a YI Wes if te p go AS 3 e PT E a A 7 ys 25 jio dis Pte f it DEEL MERK r vy mK a diis Vit dek id NP Ar NS MES s eed VES BES 5 Js RYP N Caray ice eet h w agama le PNE RE HER Du tr 1 bd duse aid E 2 A d je EA de Lr ii n d dut Era Y na we Fae dd d AA ALS E et ar J n A 5 Me
9. P vvv ware Cee sve be eevee ma fe Re ONE aL ee v VEL T A ta MEET OES Ao She n cm ha ma EETL TA sad er D ER HER wot tevi SSL T VEY Contiwuoin Rotation OO O O E OO Figure A 16 Adjustment of Attachment Point and Polygon for a New Part 45 the user wishes to attach his part is not highlighted in white the user can user the slider or the next and previous polygon buttons so that it 1s highlighted If the red placement cross hairs are not at the position at which the user wants his part attached he can move them using the x y and z sliders in the attach part location window When the user is happy with the polygon the part is to be attached to and the placement location he presses the attach polygon button to attach the part to the icon The system then puts up a window asking the user if he wants to adjust the placement of the part further Figure A 17 If the user selects yes the part is attached to the icon and the user is then asked if he wants to adjust the placement of the part further Figure A 17 If at this point the part is on backwards the user can fix this by pressing the flip 180 degrees button found in the lower right corner of the main panel 4 Adjustment of Part after it is Attached to the Icon If the user decides to continue adjusting the part once he has attached it to the icon a window is brought up to do this Figure A 18 This window contains rotation translat
10. ve de 3 8 ERE SRA T bs SN PASE ee SM A COL ANNI Mote a LIC Sus nis da OU a Sur uL E Ss a an xt eerie MERE M ARIA URS SIE FAUT ANS ug jedes ws nS mea ia WE aues DE M g e P LM N C x 3 de Rd me x S s Vr ge GUN 3 on N Pe tre a da n KAD Kd A Y I Ne GSE LL Gu ta T M e wie dde Mes A MES LIES VAN SI re Bar das s mh 2 IN ep ees A Li st 2 x MUR AP Tt eds end 1 6 NN sa a fo A E M s ME EN ESE RE NR RR PRA PU APTAS Ne 3 2s e ve M ONES echo VA VON EARS EZ 1 le ape de zie A Lj UE re vs a 0 0 sy s var ka hy ias AO ary n se 3 3 1 A H y Pu NN teu ES EER DRA ANE A OREN N eu O NS NV s A qe RSS tora vs Tous ARTE 3 0 vi 7 Y N TRAE QN vy da Ve Ra vn e TOY AAT i 3 RA AAS hs a EE TAT Ut oe S A M AA ASK NS DO LE MERAS viro se 2 Med O Nei est 1a CLR M UE 4 Diera Eh Reve vate T m iov Ne 0 0 m LA Sd LET Pen Te ER ma SERRA tyd n SS i jS A vet 3 AM DO Ad ve RAN 5 d a e A ds Re ACE 5 st m it tie Wu ME ANSA cotado EKG E ALIUD o TES a E bk wt ayia Sa h ry ME Apr dy URN ERBEN Va SUA AY bar AA ute Y eR as SS Ens ea N 4 he A OUR DICERE ce 4 jJ JUN 3 gt S OAM ae ANA n ET AS Amv re ey n Att AY UT NV EE QU E ex TRA MW vw ei NM PEE ve AU DEEST OE AP IR AN EET er P ob Se SE gies 23 es 1 L REN ION SOME RN V vt SSH RN XC same v ct eba tel 2
11. 3 Cancel Button Pressing the cancel button allows the user to get rid of the directory view without making a selection and to return to the program H HOW TO SAVE NEW OR MODIFIED ICONS In order to save an icon that has been created or modified the user must know the directory into which he desires to save the icon and the name he wants to give the icon The file name into which all icons are stored will end in off The system will automatically add the off ending if the file name the user selects does not end in off To save an icon in NPSICON the user selects the option Save Icon from the popup menu Figure A 1 The user will initially be presented with the directory from which he entered the program Figure A 6 If the user desires to save his new icon in this directory then he only has to fill in the file name in the file name typein If the user does not want to save the icon in the default directory he can change it by typing in the desired path He must ensure that the path name entered ends with a slash Otherwise the system will be unable to interpret the path correctly and save the icon where the user desires Any changes to the directory into which the user wants the icon saved must be done before the user enters the file name Once the user presses the enter key on the file name typein the icon will be saved If for any reason the system is unable to save the file in the desired directory t
12. 9 January 1990 Zyda M J and Pratt D R NPSNET A 3D Visual Simulator for Virtual World Exploration and Experimentation Society for Information Display International Symposium Digest of Technical Papers pp 361 364 May 1991 54 INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST Defense Technical Information Center Cameron Station Alexandria VA 22304 6145 Dudley Knox Library Code 52 Naval Postgraduate School Monterey CA 93943 5002 Chairman Code CS Computer Science Department Naval Postgraduate School Monterey CA 93943 5100 Dr Michael J Zyda Naval Postgraduate School Code CS Department of Computer Science Monterey CA 93943 5100 David R Pratt Naval Postgraduate School Code CS Department of Computer Science Monterey CA 93943 5100 Captain Jane S Polcrack RD 2 Box 325 Troy PA 16947 33 Thesis P6729 Cul Polerack Using solid modeling techniques to construct three dimensional icons for a visual simulator oa a hud RAM Ty pian med i od 4 v 1 Y i 8 1 z se 4 0 LI LI Li oe ht 7d VER A RS DE A 4 dak Pe 1 dhd 2 ar mm KNO Ea end 0 3 t Mf ns Lj od ds ie ep Ry UD A Fi a 1 0 t n de D a i yy o OI AGER dz ICD TAY Y Te Y RC RUE PAC Ue t n wi TA ODE EE e iE E aS CORDE T d AU GO EROS n VV 4 d i Jj i il 0 0 m ss tas 1 Med far x ph ee did EE iet Lyr Pe PA dt fe i
13. ERR EA t amp et Gy DER AR AE DAE AD 2 we 08 5 SD s ti 2 i M L Sir i v LLE PE Nn 5 SPARES DD PTE gt 10 E n 0 Uy e tot Vestiti eA Vee f APUD Quoc MEL EO a ME 7 g FI oat 0 0 gt VS init 9 TER ua eed c X CE peed Po asy Sn KE ex uf A d C AGS O mE eda t i a re RAAK ine given reti qu WM X XS Ls YE 5 done EA oo sad d 4 n TA ro RIS EIN EL 5 AT O 0 LAF i Se En i Lor n n m 8 E SOLER N EE pr Ed Ce RED S e GATED NES DA NS NP Pa AE m A DE Cos EA JW ie el hr DADE Pa BAAS EES ES diera P rad a e A EUER Boa if Ste Sa bor KE pk LE 5 ON teta ate Ng els 9 r i Nae Dee a RNAAR MV LV KORES AFFIES SS ESFERA AA i ER 1 Jr sd ER ETE E T ad EY AE ENDS SE SAT 5 A is Ae stet o SORA EC DAMAS LU AH i pa DOEK MM RE ED Es Ai Ask assy 1 a GL RA Pee Ke ERATE Ie peret pco WWE DR OR ER ASUNT IU cee cate cece OP Mox ANC DRIE ES DER GR NA N ELE EN ME RO RAN EE dig ERR EU POM ah Ag 40 Ne UNS e nO KA LA fta 3 d NS DAS Se nity do ka MR 1 i o err a et a BA 5 BEEN m ee E 2 A 4 5 RA gt T d oo P GER mes PRO AMAA SECOS yt gap AME EA aia SES as d AR UA A A etg P ek ds Figs teta TE ui ME f rat 5 7 0 tn XD PR n ED ESRA EK MA Ra UE A tee AR AERAN ME AT id u 4 D SA ERAEN U AUS EER EO dne J BAT ASA at Hy Rad cy Po Pe nt PLUR e t RE ran Y us x 1 j AA N i EET s ne 1 X 5 d A 5 B H ENE m
14. In most cases users want the polygon being added to the sub icon to be the same color or to be made from the same material as it was in the currently displayed icon NPSICON should not force users to add the color and material definitions The built in default for the sub icon should be the same colors and materials used in the icon 6 Adding Individual Polygons NPSICON does not allow users to add individual polygons There are times when a piece needed for an icon does not exist and cannot be created by scaling an existing piece In these cases a user should be able to create a new polygon by indicating where on the screen he would like its vertices placed 7 Decaling When two or more objects are nearly co planar tearing a problem due to z buffer precision often occurs Akel90 pp 31 37 In such a case the graphics system has trouble deciding which polygon is the top one and the objects often have a shimmering 19 appearance The user however wants to achieve the result of the top object being decaled over the bottom one This result can be achieved with a Painter s Algorithm This algorithm draws the objects farthest to nearest and adds some special z buffer commands The OFF system already has the capability to draw co planar objects using this algorithm Using it however requires that the underlying objects and the decaled objects be identified NPSICON is not presently able to do this although it could be easily
15. LEA Bap pul d TAK LO ES S LULA PE HILOS SO 4 Tag aaa EAM ER LEY to 1 tef t 0 goa E S NEU 0 eff ERA ad v 4 0 gedig Sense At i TE ws dap Don rede ae ate sgh sye ra DU mG D 4 Me DEE I d AE EA os ME PE OSG aS lek p do EL RM d EFE ERA IS SA La ER AG sa ED Rd MC 5 ME ee i E es afd sd PAPA ee pe Pt b b e e Porta Ep er ve Lg ay AR N d D 0 0 1 1 BAP Hen eel ie road TA ASA WAN EE Ni n Cron 4 sed ew AA LA de et TAT T ata ee RO Ke ge ri oa oa s dia hu MA AIR EF 4 a Ma A Y Ed sede edd gs uae n tY i 0 k t 0 V idren sd dos A up e 9 3 Wilt bY de ul ot re Us ske bied dak DW a E he edad O ge phe re eye vy Res ieee AE DO poeta Va a ie a T LI TU DE I I je da PUE HL me fw E PG dra Bete TEKES Wipe fo aip ee v b Cs MEA el RAME rr 3 Wee ko Es 7 1 wt Be de ar ME ais oe die qoa da iy f OG die f Cua AA Mi OT Ww tanho 1 9 4 Deo wus AR SEE A 47 A f s AY A i JA 1 ds 5 a vd LAER E P O Ese ar ok RN AE heer S A FEM IDE VIP DEE f Usvvs ge s eg pate at S kr qo 4 PL HEU iud ns RAAR EG du MA Le elf HOT evil te wy qm Ct SUE SN gesa VY aa ABA aids 5 ertet dd AE E E etd 5 SM OR LE Hk E lt a DN FA EIL sige vut Pru esaet et fut kr A KAK Yd L s 2 Soe vs 1 aei Akpan i ever le bt s ao sp ea dd A ie where IL
16. NE 4 el 12 gue ar zi Mee NA a did Civita TT MART AM 4 ERAS v 4 ENCE nA PON 9 d 3A pec VERD Fasc UL meo GES ys posu tr s res Reread MV a srah i dta of dD FIN 3 EER Fi wie mM NECI EDU PL KH Te ve pr pad DA he Ou ER DEP MG MOM RE RE DR DS ORE e E Oe EE QUA sa SE D bah DL og ad gee Pa AO e eai wie Ses EUER IC NM DEN ECHOS ANA 4 AAN ME alt eet MR RS E AES Ne ase OR toe E V Tah Lire te n Mee sg Git MS T KR is 5 Pier Porte MEES Se S Y ul at P AM n oM rt tek peices us tb HS GUT a D WE E D L as va Ny Dev ad ds iek sie ie nho a SE dih e PAP ae dd eed are AS yes dd A os ete ie T Quas Eras de QU E vwd p fe DU at d y of x sty MENS Ke S 1 EA EA PD AR Si REED DT RS MERE Rg Ee ERE Yn TN OO ha AR OUR er N Ly Cae ERGE i AA E e v ds H Eo d E 0 5 DE PCs XA Y ry Bat qe GEES EM Y e CI P ME E gt vi C fis fy t 3 PM MOT fee t P 1a 4 T e ERG e A f e 8 OD 8 mH q Pe S INA dM VE AIDE A A da tub d dio Mona iat ua e dite Meek eN E DT Xo ME pnt 1 ax d elo wat V TAS y bd Jr t PR 3 M A ae ne n LA m 7 ae me Nee Sed r ol eat aro Xx i AM aw ws P E RES DEUT EES UL TCR RAO CSS ote re Ya Li ERE gt Pel pe easy i DEAN UNUS t DT UU Da RE ES Riven TEAS CRA ES hot ven rer de 13 C598 b d S SOLER ac Boe Eon d trs 1 d Fie Bee Fe did AU t AVE ora Mens TM vios REA E gy FA eed
17. added by modifying the section used to identify the polygon to which a user wants to attach a new part 8 Problems with the Window Manager If window boundaries are crossed too quickly actuators do not function until the boundary is recrossed again slowly In addition to being annoying to users this slows down the process of creating and updating icons B FUTURE DIRECTIONS 1 Efficiency Considerations Much of the inefficiency of NPSICON stems from the inability of the window manager to accurately track the cursor as it moves among the multiple windows used in NPSICON causing users to often have to recross window boundaries to get actuators to function If the problem cannot be fixed NPSICON may need to be written using an interface generation system such as X Windows which does not have this window boundary problem 2 NPSICON Design Considerations a Appearance of Windows Many of the windows used within NPSICON would have looked better without the borders Eliminating the borders however totally destroys the window managers ability to recognize that the cursor has entered that window If the problem with the window manager can be fixed or if another interface generation system is used the 20 appearance of NPSICON will be greatly enhanced by the elimination of the borders and titles on many of its windows b Color and Material NPSICON needs to provide users with the ability to choose the materials and colors used to r
18. be made as to how many rays to shoot and in which direction Hanr89 pp 108 111 Scanning the whole picture can be time consuming and affect the program s real time performance Picking is a built in method on IRIS workstations to tell which 3D object is near the cursor Sili90 pp 12 1 12 12 In order to use picking one must first define the area which is considered to be near the cursor This is done by specifying the size of a rectangle in pixels around the cursor known as the pick size see Figure 5 1 NPSICON uses a 16 by 16 pixel square as its picksize One then designates a buffer into which the names of all objects within this rectangle around the cursor will be recorded Next the picture is redrawn after turning on pick mode and giving names to each object in the picture The picture drawn while pick mode is on is not displayed on the screen It is only used for the purpose of determining the objects near the cursor Any named objects which fall within the rectangle around the cursor are recorded in the pick buffer In NPSICON the named objects are the parts displayed at the top of the window and the polygons of the icon currently being built In Figure 5 1 Object 2 would be recorded in the pick buffer as a hit By reading the hits recorded in the pick buffer NPSICON is able to determine the next part the user wants to add to his icon and also the place on the icon being built at which he wants to attach the new part Object 1
19. difficult Many thanks are due to Lieutenant Dave King and Lieutenant Commander Rich Prevatt for the use of their user interface development program the NPS Panel Designer and ToolBox It made developing NPSICON s user interface much easier and helped give NPSICON an easy to use and professional looking user interface Many thanks are also due to Captains Bill Osborne and Randy Mackey who worked with me on my first graphics project a program called test drive which was a very simplified early version of what eventually became NPSICON They helped me get started and provided much needed help and encouragement along the way Finally I would like to thank my other half Erik who is truly my better half Without his help moral support love and encouragement this thesis would never have been completed I INTRODUCTION Battle simulators provide useful training at a fraction of the cost of actual field training with the added advantage of no physical danger to participants They also provide the ability to repeat scenarios and analyze results in a pictorial manner Over the years battle simulators have become more and more important to the military In view of the present emphasis on budget cutting in Congress the cost advantage provided by training on simulators will become even more important Part of the success of a simulator lies in its ability to realistically depict a battle scene the terrain participants vehicles wea
20. disabled when the user enters the view mode only the actuators in the view mode window will work To exit the view mode the user can either select an edit mode view from the submenu under the View Icon option on the popup menu Figure A 1 or the user can push the Cancel button located in the lower left corner of the view mode window Figure A 7 View Mode Actuators J VIEWING THE ICON IN THE EDIT MODE By following the arrow to the right of View Icons on the popup menu Figure A 1 and selecting Edit Mode Front View Edit Mode Side View or Edit Mode Top View from the submenu which then appears the user can view his icon from the front side or top The default for the program is the front view The front view allows the user to view the his icon along the x and y axes Figure A 8 The side view allows him to view 36 it along the y and z axes Figure A 9 And the top view allows him to view it along the x and z axes Figure A 10 Figure A 8 Front View of an Icon Figure A 9 Side View of an Icon Figure A 10 Top View of An Icon 37 K MANIPULATING ICONS IN THE EDIT MODE In the edit mode icons can be manipulated by rotation scaling and translation Users always have a choice of using sliders or typeins For rotation they can also select continuous rotation using the buttons found on the bottom of the main window 1 ROTATING ICONS a Rotating Icons with Sl
21. done to help with the construction process by ensuring all rotations are around the center of the icon Using the translation option from the popup menu the user can later move the icon to the desired position 3 Placement of Subsequent Parts Placement of subsequent parts is a multi step process Upon release of the middle mouse the system will highlight in white the polygon it thinks the user wants to attach his part to and show red cross hairs at the point it thinks the user wants to attach the part The system will then display a window asking the user if this is in fact where the user wants his part placed Figure A 15 In addition to answering yes or no as to placing the part at the specified location the user can also cancel the part and try again by pressing the delete selected part button found in the lower right corner of the main panel If the user selects no the windows to walk the polygons and to allow the user to move the red placement cross hairs are brought up Figure A 16 If the polygon to which 42 EDO Era O O pes OO E Figure A 14 Window Displaying All Tires Available Within NPSICON 43 vpr cor epe equ d ep s HEA ier per parit i Pile TADA ot ef Sn Cid to ee Us oily au dese Ga tae Yale EN Figure A 15 Selection of Initial Attachment Point for a New Part F Po r w Any 3 ww Wee ee Wve he ROL how EE Nemes cu Rasa ma E gt 0 sa pee amp we RR
22. fs S 65g AD IN e TA dn a 4 EA 4 i ur do fhe AS Pow v fes C ul vai eU BONES lt 5 b n ird 7 Hn Es E Ar E a dy AE Ses ELE a RENE Tr OEC 1 S 443 JE Tre OP de e 3 MM Y Vade Y 3 tee Sir tae es GE ES Yer TUE aie 55 x E ede ep 4 4 AN DAE DUO Ie io Ri V LOST zx WERE DAS DU UN D XN BEDEL EE AES EUN AS pie EE TE y dk EE ay M r e ES DEC N ts SERE MY ve OOG Lied AAR vo die i D 101 N ty ES stt RIO Re AE ru paro Car go a ak eet Nar ae Oi 14 Tie ut DATAE amp n ne t ani 4 hes 5 py Ai in Vs Aid m Ja yif VOS OD y as NOS VET oW MT eU N M pag To ee nuu UM m M UN E i oe E 2 2 the ta Fy F dy as H da P 0 n Er ME OES EE ORE OD AO nth E ER ent GE ve ee 997241 0 4 WET D FX TA y 3 3 z 9 b ic POR ae sa dd hikes ites piles oa dual US 6 n yi iy ane waa V QUE 1 ay X DOE EP ER n DESC kss Sayre Shae Aun FO ton 1 Den un N iun X Mie een um py n idee E eA EAS Sick me SOR pe PERS Ee 1 EA BE fl Re aces ee DO NN SE MIS aN jt EER KF OE PERE oe ee isn es dash Pe a dy VERSUS ane dea oe PEN NE r pote Y JE EI od RN VC 5 NP ey a A NE Mer ey ER n XM Pp i SUN A ew um A s ds MOSS EE o ARDE o re a 4 VET MI lene T S Sag Y CORE po AM abs Boyd dy En NUES EE Aun ed d AUN Di j at 14 at i y d ys N tale ae he 3 f REN ak Ade at fe y M My b DOR e WE rye po No AM 13 MX UA CK T OM
23. menus are used to provide users with a choice of things A menu choice is made by moving the cursor via the mouse over the desired menu choice and pressing the left mouse 26 2 Buttons Buttons are either square or round and are used in NPSICON to tum an option on or off They are controlled by moving the cursor via the mouse onto the button and then pressing the left mouse signaling selection of the button 3 Sliders Sliders allow users to obtain continuous values between a specified maximum and minimum value Sliders are controlled by moving the cursor via the mouse onto the blue bar in the slider and then depressing the left mouse and moving the mouse Releasing the left mouse stops all slider movement Finer control i e slower movement of the slider can be obtained by holding down the left and mght mouse buttons simultaneously or by pressing the control key and the left mouse button at the same time when moving the slider With the exception of the slider to walk the icon s polygons all sliders have a reset button which resets all sliders in that window to their initial positions 4 Typeins Typeins are used to accept input from the keyboard An inactive typein appears as a blue box To activate it and hence signal the user s desire to provide input move the cursor So that it is in the typein Then press the left mouse This will cause the typein box to turn pink signaling the typein is ready to accept input The use
24. q RUN re US FURO DE E Hi OC POL eS OS spt at PF Wad He vns B EU f SU hatar EIE D TEE Ct EUG nerd je OA AE te ek ening roro Pin mro Ho i 7 N ACANA oi EL RY es hend 0 ty 4 2 HS 4 f p DE EM TAY j RM AE et ur T 0 i ao V 200 ARE Ur 5 ah iy fae Ty my 4 ve 2 TUN Bae 0 i tio EE ii ne MEQUE Hrs if 3 EA 3 C Y E Der a 1 dM en a t d sl ES f Og eres HET Hola 4 Sen 1 0 7 4 ne j BE ae if Port Rae vh Mur ATE LA AC T MORE TA Gas DE N ae eae ER NE toz jit EN 5 EIQUE EnA EE Vips ute 0 Ap 0 vide Pe Kd DUCES fig ru SAAG ME ER EE Ted dees Nul TEN TAY nr r n uf D REALES du n MS DUE rif UC Y e QUEE SUN 27 RE Eed a pr DO AVE EAS i P Sr E SUR an 0 EDE PCI EBD ooie 0 FA er YIN der PAREN TE TELS Ims X Bt Pipe AE am Ri I GL he suite e urere AU Ls Mt nsn femi pe ed ar AE OE EE ES EE ee EE AARSEL fm 208 A a Fey OK epa ta Amp 1 AEH euo Ps pi det Y Ve iu VEU Yo ie a vue dern ads Fem EN yn en 5 Ur y i E 234 o OR H fe F4 An Y E Hy es D i Ww ve f Ld 1 mr E Rh sds p ep D PLUR ees et Ap vr HIE Cod LEY ix My arr ARA P Za Fal 2 oi 26 7 nis aya PER Ad ade d POR RH Du OER P9 iy sv LOC ok TEAMS RES e moe Pate eH EE UP PST eui MET HD 02 e ES dy 0 HU va rae ds dF RE PA ae SN PER Vv Os n BALA NL trs Pe Lat PRA E n 7 TET DAL
25. y ad Ge ders bed Fut je ELEM iff ae des pile be hei ivo HOAN EE DW ss Frere 1 TU neti Ps Par wh s pus vue oF ENTS Yo a beo et acia oer dota di e pA ORO E Y mter D doe 31 E an 0 aig TROTS Ayo faite v HW OPER META res dy AFA ah Be ta cee ni 03 rines ha N MN PT DAE Wet div HE of PAST de COM EREMO jT Tit Cid 1 af rae rte E rr pa MES n TE No Gi rhe ees 1 ENA Nba DO dedu APRI f EAE SEH SS nnt L4 udi gus dedo Y 3r E AH i is dans Pd ve y VO p AA DUM d Rug 5 Vibe etes E Af fort oth dry EBE Ap E fs Dy Je 0 A Data o win eet GELDIGE LAT chy OE RE wF F reed othe E try Eds MEES SES ED nL M ER Penh dry an Ed 1 KE i fed un n iod 5 fo Stag MUS cx i RA sre ed d PA p stent KEEP AE Ed ER ER P4 EA y MAE PITA AA fer E DR AU AM vd bedek voor A a CREE oye I dels ME not mp TU ys e ated eis Tea eee ftra DA def de ER EE BE ED EE ED AE NE CAIS ee i P sida ARM E S a ey itte n ed M PERA va Raed 7 rg Re M PK EL ERGE Ee ET Sy ari PG ECT RO OD IKE E T as uU n tra Vain X To Chad ERG iori A E 5 d a PETAT A AS yg va pied vis y vv Te Few FRA 5 ge rdi A we Bie M een e EE AO PET SG BP EE EE ee A Ate LiL E Ee SE RI AE Ne D T AA I 0 m du at Ar FE He E A 1 4 A KELIAS K ie dye is night 5 E eats o iria Eus 8 EE eds 2 RS 1 yf rat WISH P A y eS p L ee 0 quis mI E 0 3 LP a VERUS du n vo i TEM dare de 4 ja das E 1 9 8 OF es ES Va WA APO DE y oon VP EE de hoe fee 225 Net USA AA a
26. 1 DAE re EF xm 2 AG NM Bee BED T SENT MINER ci Cru ed AT Sore SANA RR CA Ay CE UNE NON REC ae dep nsn Meer OC p Prado sa pro eN Y EE E AREAS feo Me PO ORE SERP ED EN 4 EE N EE he des d Mc Pf eu See AS Te ISO wh Tats ata YT N if m A res ed TED NT Wd aa de Vette rai tre ede ET x TF EI 1 ee AE Mev nt EE ik GE EAT INVE ae d sx e detnr Ow s Ra EP olives t a SAUCE nA S Eu ions ese By HD EYE rte ee AN ae m 53 RE Age E v bead go ae eres Meo d sp x D 3 Le A RFG eat Nt Ji i ote LEAN VER Oe NE tts my MI Ad Ed DIOSA ed SEN EDS ay TE es dye KA 35 nis xut f Ega dj t ETES 26 A de ae Be eique e ue Ku Sw PPE LL PAE PES E NIAS aat Sa blotted Nee oe EA END ME a ees AR ES SA vg d 3 Nag ed a PATA 2 AA My X 1 Fi PL SION ode k BT DU Pe E i Ya syt sed s et IE Se oe e ras o ACA a Ee SARA wes ARARA Pare IS ans Te ls oU MAP YY Cr 2 t 1 H 1 on 225 7 ERA 8 AA Jeu yn RA A abade NS S qe ia A Per TON Kg UND EA jS E ce oe GE AS E Hi s A 5 Te ss SAL e Nate 3 CLV Aaa ate to Get MAL tre PUO E i WYD O01 ONE EED Set seg amp t ye Re UE Xie a deis AR NS fed oye Air DS cr hei 7 ee 56 rey j S JUDA RR ata Y di JE RR AE AD t d 1 erk e d sig wa 0 vers we t tes iran es E i MA EC E x E ONE aidan EPES EAS 7 RAS Gi O Ts 9 RENO fa LAUREA KY MAN GEE c mL RE OR 1x NULLIS Nu HC EOD Ie ML ty EU
27. 3 Tee elidar har tohzrele tio viseiang Kiskanes with the taar Sud the Jed 6 AAS 1 hap Piettiom rie thy corvor px Sha canter vi thy dewir spisek de diete sod vno the midiir recone n wirt Figure 2 1 3DShips Display 1 In this window pick an Icon option and select with the right mouse button 5 RARE NGA NASSAR AAAI 2 The right mouse button in the main display window controls additional menu items s 3 The slider bar controls the viewing distance with the cursor and the left mouse 4 When Picking place the cursor on the center of the desired object to delete and use the middle mouse to select Ei Ra ARMAMENT HULLTYPES SUPERSTRUCTURES MAST TYPES Misa s CONTROL SCALE OBJ UP SCALE OBJ DOWN Figure 2 2 3DShips Main Instruction and Icon Window The user can scale parts up and down by clicking the right mouse button when it is located within one of the icon boxes for scaling Each click of the mouse button applies a scale factor of 0 9 for scaling down and 1 1 for scaling up He can also rotate a part 180 degrees at a time Rotation of 180 degrees was selected because all objects on a ship typically face the front or back of the ship Once the user moves on to add the next part he cannot go back and adjust a previously placed part other than to delete it Newly built ships are saved by clicking the right mouse button over the Save icon They are saved in sequentially numbered files The first s
28. 4 dir RE EK e fe da MP St UATE Ea bn KAN Me D Ctt Ve Re tt dT fy 4 ius 0 f rri Fa MURG MERS ie f d E D bt TTE PE e tae P hut of TEASE Pri peo shy SP Pre vidt a ct A A ate pes eM i E Ju Pa gt 34 EK PAM Me dd N a uf MY in 1 1 to Pie iO Be ANF dd re E se a it A RR PEA RAE DOES S LV iy P J A nie 3 E HA Rae rg Dota nho RD MAT MS PLE UL fond M da DAPA PS Eee a BoD det One RGF HB bb PR EN e Men e Sc QNSE Ki e y ata oh hd c UPA EA ME t AP end AS Pe 2040 se deed het et DE CAD a AO dige 4 A4 AR ed sr hans ar Mn Me st e KA ope Gods te dn Vs RR EEN DT A e FOLE Eed m jere e fa pel eds ed oh br AW sd tan Ota nie Ease e da e ere AM A p ats ahs at A 8 va nt bus t Syr y DT x AA eee wv M Von 2 y ca Mee A Ie Mudo Me push IE Je og v Zone s ah bid 4 mois E E n o dass Mi en N ste x TU nt Ly pa see pio PP N ae 2 8 dr ae Bafo hale Oat 1 LA po e ado ot tapar St AA P PES p ena f ais cus t VN p a al of if POEL A GE CC Se A A REPE Eris lia A bip ata o Vee a Pn do ese gte pd nete on esi EA rev NS m DE O RM dd T dis te D RA fE OU cM DA ghee NUR Cet P MOE a DERS ates 2 ESSA TAR ERE Lj 2A U ELS TA RK IA tre vae es Veras ges D DIT vete 4478 Q dad 5 hr N 4 H Si 2 bul Y a L 0 et 0 P t lt a ri x Oy shat bras E IDEA AES he oF ee PETTY tio GU HARRA hy EA r AARE Nh
29. A AM Mista ae tt Hek ine Chr NR KF T 5 Py bet A A Ad SUA bb gere icq AE Dpat Po oh LAS ie vr ae T deo faye 3 eee n tee tt Ses PAS ONCE Aeta Ses oro cho 1 0 s Ad 2 por Pr Sr z Md Ek gi d d PZN oe et HUC ig de Ww FA st erg dd Quark E f aS ars LEA ih k La PAGES ua ie 4 TM OU Dad eM Tu BIO A 5 a E 7 4 PPM CUP E EE ele axis sz etu Ute se d pue op vy itv t sty FREE Pre 1 We d TEI APR Pe ver dp C V LE AE eer y 0 D P LATI Math n ard voe LEER TEF P 1 3 d fe I iro eg he olny sa 4 ERAS toota 4 ey 0 i 1 0 J G LAM P 7 apies Ver eed 1 Was s aero d N JC el E 0 He iy EE P 0 AEE Y se eens 29 ate de ole Dee Mes de at CA ORA ds rd rey ld wigs Vota Den A ae A RE AN H ME vy A 6 23 dat wd de ar IT A f 4 PE 1 Masiha AA qa edged viwig 4 3 A C 31 5 wu y t t x EXORTUS Qi d Joga dd shee TER P3 Y seg ates dT d EE AN AK 2 RO OUDE me ras Peta pia Sae EE DER ep ELM used aif ch OL rn ate PR 5 AS sa 1 AQ P A At A R 0 e vel DAY eos ut SM r M 01 E At a ai 6 4 Nn foe ut piora P Mew Ce se PH LP ny MT ie Seu Er Cte AA fuk fea 4 ty vd t EX HD AE x 3 ire IJ f a i rw was Leu E D owed Eus DOT FA PAD P UN 625 i A Yo See ne KA AS DA fe its e
30. A gd 3 ARA yh ist APE 2 i DE TR EM PE EE Er SEN MENS 0 ay E rid r Ld 0 R 5 are ne ty EDI am UR rw my 5 id E nans fy 9 MAG a AOI da EDIT TT rau TE qu Wen NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL Monterey California THESIS USING SOLID MODELING TECHNIQUES TO CONSTRUCT THREE DIMENSIONAL ICONS FOR A VISUAL SIMULATOR by Jane Stolarski Polcrack September 1991 Thesis Co Advisors Michael J Zyda David R Pratt Approved for public release distribution is unlimited ECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE RSS ri COISSERANON UNCLASSIFIED FESTHICTIVE MARRI a URITY CLASS ATION AUTHORITY e SCE Appr for public release distribution is unlimited 4 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER S NAM OE PER S HOAN A ON 6b VMBO Computer cience Dept Tif applicable Naval Postgraduate School CS 6c ADDRESS City State and ZIP Code 7b ADDRESS City State and ZIP Code Monterey CA 93943 500 EE RE 000 Ba OF FUNDIN PONSORIN ab ORGANIZATION if applicable 8e ADDRESS City State and ZIP Code ACCESSION NO 11 TITLE include Security Classification USING SOLID MODELING TECHNIQUES TO CONSTRUCT THREE DIMENSIONAL ICONS FOR A VISUAL SIMULATOR U 2 PERSONAL AUTHOR S olcrack Jane tolarski 5 TYPE OC REPOR 5 TIME COVERED 14 DATE OF REPORT Year Month Day E OUN aster s Thesis FROM 08 89 ro 09 91 September 1991 16 SUPPLEMENTARY
31. DShips also provides ideas for NPSICON s development 3DShips allows users to customize ships from the pieces in the system Pieces cannot however be seen until attached to the ship NPSICON is designed to correct this problem B OVERVIEW NPSICON is meant to be a general purpose tool for editing and viewing existing icons and creating totally new icons It has both viewing and editing modes In the viewing mode users can rotate scale and translate an icon using sliders In the edit mode users can rotate scale and translate and icon using sliders and by typing in the exact amount of change desired Basic parts are included for bodies cabs tires doors and windows and can be used to modify existing icons or to build new icons Support is provided to allow users to examine individual polygons reverse the normal of any polygon and to delete any polygon Users are provided with a directory view to load icons so an icon can be loaded from any directory provided the user has permission to enter the desired directory In addition the user can finish working with one icon and then load in others Users can choose the directory and file name when saving new or modified icons More details can be found in the user s manual located in the appendix IV TECHNIQUES USED IN NPSICON In this chapter some of the basic techniques used to build NPSICON are discussed These techniques include lighting the object file format and the NPS Panel Des
32. E Er v AS Y A DOPO Y FA SES PEN Mu NM a ty vey nye b s RE a A Ys SPW ES SRC HTT Ee S SU Ee ed ee MP NE n RAN f TE uv um 50 m Mio au y EA 1 yd AN RAI SN xa Fi RU dem A mi KR TA es as 2 TN 3 p et P k s 4 ve Vir E i da AM 0 M MALE ra VE AA 4 AP As i5 SAL P M 3 wx 2 E AH sy kj XN on va E 3 TINI ME N MA DC um EE 1 d A or Ct 1 o Te a gy 9 D IG ya ot SO oe ed E fa yy Roo j E ORE DOE ALPE X SA OE D ed Af pre m EA 4 eg AN NN dy tare A Ad va 4B in a A da 3 pi ME MT Ee Ran aly tS VAK i 2 dy NSR ed Aat LY EL PET Tos a 1 iy E ees A 0 IRS an Mens ERRO SR h T A MU er A Sa MU ERR I A D ee ste ae RACs A M 5 Ie Od EN A TE t ed KAR ard DORA Se i Res ss Akalin ah On Ni ES V yee R MAR NY t vd pons yt Nie sage ele ob ede stat Vw se 0 ah M 070 H DEDE ETIEK iT W fs EER mM Ms v gala A 350 a 10 AE ph so o dist 4 he eae 8 ned x et ity i P EA DC A pides 2 4 UB rgo at 4 A s ME BAS bate yt Ed v Se MEE IN vs PRIN e av ESA e n M NAT gen n e ANSA aW 1 ed Lep erk AAT MA Ye PA de al VR y oe Ar mA yr ry A X n arh va oe o eat V y 4 4 5 v Cale gl o yew t A Ass rd v ARE TIA te E Die VAN Enae 4 Kases diy ake A V SUME aria P LL HEN s P L LLLI ado a ls ONDER CC rae ER NG UA He FE va iat Mos A To D x eae Sn ina SORA T4 D QOEM tee Li e hd ow Ys At Pd 4i vA n x D m e e Li w
33. NOTATION he views expressed 1n this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the officia policy or position of the Department of Defense or the United States Government 7 COSATI CODES 18 SUBJECT TERMS Continue on reverse if necessary and dent fy by block number FIELD GROUP SUBGROUP 1 ON constructive solid geometry modeling computer graphics 19 ABSTRACT Continue on reverse if necessary and identify by block number Realistic three dimensional 3D models are an essential part of any battle simulator They contribute greatly to the quality of the scenarios and the decision making training the system can provide Commercial programs are available to build and modify these models also known as icons but they tend to be very expensive and complicated They also tend to be very specific as to the file format used to store icons The developers of the Naval Postgraduate School s battle simulator NPSNET need a simple easy to use and inexpensive system which allows them to quickly build and modify icons stored in Object File Format OFF We present the program NPSICON to meet this need and also discuss some of the issues involved in building 3D icons NPSICON runs on commercially available Silicon Graphics Inc IRIS workstations 22b TELEPHONE Include Area Code OFF YMBO 408 646 2305 DD FORM 1473 84 MAR 83 APR edition may be used until exhausted SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE All other edition
34. OX NPSICON s entire user interface was developed using the NPS Panel Designer and ToolBox NPSPD a tool developed by David King and Richard Prevatt to allow users to quickly generate graphical interfaces for their programs King 90 NPSPD is based on the creation of windows known as panels to which the programmer adds the actuators needed to communicate with his program s user Actuators consist of various pre designed controls which are operated by a mouse Some of the actuators available in NPSPD include buttons sliders dials directory views boxes titles typeins and typeouts Users can customize the actuators chosen by resizing them changing their colors adding descriptive labels and setting initial minimum and maximum values 11 At any tme in the construction process the user can save any individual panel or all panels to an ASCII file called the intermediate file which contains all information on the panels and their actuators This file can be used to reload the saved panel s into NPSPD for further modifications The user can also edit this file to make any desired changes Once the user has finished completing the panels needed for his program he then generates source code through NPSPD s Code Manager Using the file name selected by the user for an example we will use User Panel as the file name the Code Manager generates three files User_Panel c User_Panel_fn c and User_Panel h User_Panel c contains al
35. Object 2 Object 3 Figure 5 1 Picking B ATTACHING PARTS To attach two parts together NPSICON needs to identify the points of attachment on both parts and then rotate and translate the new part so that it is properly attached to the icon To simplify things the point of attachment on the new part is assumed to be the center of the back of the part When the user finishes initially placing a part and releases the middle mouse button the coordinates of the cursor provide the x and y coordinates of the place the new part is to be attached Using picking NPSICON finds the polygon to which this new part is to be attached It then plugs in these x and y coordinates into the equation for the plane containing the polygon to which the part is to be attached to come up with the z coordinate 15 The amount of rotation needed is the amount needed to rotate the normal vector for the polygon on the front of the new part so that it 1s parallel to the normal vector at the point of attachment on the icon Because of the initial placement the normal vector of the polygon at this point 1s always a unit vector in the positive z direction The picking process used to get the z coordinate at the point of attachment on the icon also provides the normal vector for the polygon at this point of attachment This boils down to rotating a unit vector in the positive z direction to become an arbitrary unit vector Timothy Meier in his thesis on texturing at the Nava
36. PH D o p nh 5 oo HCl EL ed go MT AU TE CRAS e QN Ty var ay tt 1 O mh dg EA APA HIM VJ hig is e HES MS er AE od IN Aou EA DE SERM TUE n i ae h MAT SLEE 0 VOR bea y Barr Ae a AR f Ct men m Nro iet ntn Bits vr MEE ns Ay rd i dy Ee dei GEES tdi Le ghana xn E ta dy sta ure A EE EAE ga Tb E 4 ATE Ca ta Uu E uet f 4 OPS aH Senate Hany gus dy SA EERS Ee 7 e pep Mes 7 nt GE TNAM ADs as e to Ed E Ae E a A JC NOTIS GP rad d Lac Leng 5 5 5 id yr MESI B sa Han HORE it Mestre iis EE RD CPUS y aA Hede is mn EE IS I Aa Ee ER Ax ke or cas wl an we SES Jos 3 5 ue m 50 we ow i a wm oS am era E es he a ie JJ Df 0000 7 bi POAT re RA S uu we Pt T ag EA EA TN we a lt fon Dx EJ E 0 e a qe nado E P ua er Das EE Hr ots Erde XT PI i west ESE SS 9i LS rit EM Vade iC ot e 99 PG s OM ww op e vk f aui e M MD A B in A MED lt we we 4 5 6 vtl n Ry SE 1 i N ot Aor tio TE Ed TER y R PERTRA haud AN il ey SO 18 FTO gt e a 5 r lt a em ese pr JH X M a ond RRS KERA Rad 1 ves pi tk j rats Meis ST je hee 371 AS red VAS mh nr
37. TORNA IMS REG ODE S S R GM sei adt ch ae VAR Cue een et AS OK ESTES E ae EATE coe Pd ayn dont vi lt evi EP EO 4 A ne aS n Ro n Zu et x be fy TP ie re ed E 1 t H fs tf eas AA a dg i Kus fie C url PESU n no SER ODE by AA ay Pot ure P DK NASCE REN A PARARE d E ME ce 2 Ola Siw ee SERSAN EER n Sas Ee SM RAAE F Ps e iN diet Nat D X uy E terret r ek RE AX Aa Ary de e AR Stents DEP EN N 0 m N 0 D La e rta a t ee ety 2 e e t fe As OT 4 q Sa tet 4 Ete itd ahs tas t a f 5 oe we n ate o PIA HR Vg a h r E PE A 4 n Ts Mes rata t Pe tes wow a wte So a R y a tu 1 ER 1 Wt H s t 1 tal sed E dE TA Too sw d 5 A Ys pe sp tg 9 TR AN SM e i A TA 7 1 An WC ers rel 5 EX v a UC ft LE Ad Es t Ht 7 3A NEC E 5 e Jf t EEE A E tot 1 ip a 1 4 E RE AE METRE Fg VO PEE ELDER MAR VOCI EG EDS A DR tees multe Go ED eee cee ye F 9 p P mas pd se 1 0 5 9 e p a g ha E I bal od yl ds dt iR BY de uty tae ete Sor p 8 s Vos ta a a as 5 MD 2 4 eo ry L ahy 1 Li Sus t 334 medio Fd d Pomar ais TE ET MT VEU Juve Mes d DESEE ERA RS Ed RO Ca HAS UNS te IS utbs Jui M UM a S DE de E id M D Di Ara vs date Mud Sure ON SEA LAE Le Jr zH RAS De 5 uiuit is Eno DEC Die ET al 6 cy O ek ee n e E 1D ROL ellos oe TS Mala AO SEN aa aor en 9
38. a DE n sis AD F i AN ES SEU UN A NA E eh 6 LRL Sa Veg Ra dte ywv d wb dl t MEd 3 tb qb a ad idas RE e Va 3 ee a Hele ee MA ONG Gob SAN BUNC e TAE NAAT bie Vlg 4 e a n di ade H 0 P xd 9 er Me ah RN pos AA ie Adv ANSA Ue vad 3 s DA MAI X M ux OB N et Va a 5 AE MELD A E WAS AS Ma ARV c ON eee 6 3 vt i DE e a d es i 2 SA TA N LES BAS 1 a TD A rere es od AS ad N a AE oy et M Ceu M UMP t mt 5 va Ms A 3 3 L L a LA M pi Ey YAR Sie uS 0 xm he 5 NES y CENA 4 b T RA si o 39 on n ot E am 4 Y 3 va Et 5 3 AN TENET ta OR 5 e 8 PLN Pe Ny t 2 0 ay oy SS N X S y ra e he 1 M Nar 3 RE i ter Ke IR 5 e 5 V V Sr amp S dc 1 ti Ee t a E Lake i di pa meg ae bd is ET Dir a Doda E dd 2 ES CCS QUOS E 5 A ANS Aa A vo Y 4 Add ss d ie a TE ah ved teat oe 0 0 a GO VEE dr dos Vier el die amp UNT di i 5 6 A eee A UP ns WERE Xv RN ees d Xs st X M ome seti te AE wx amp es f m
39. an Icon b Scaling Icons with Typeins The typeins to scale the icon that is currently displayed allow the user to specify a specific amount of scaling in the x y and z directions by typing the desired amount of scaling in the appropriate typein Scaling amounts entered should be positive numbers A scale amount of 1 0 causes the icon to be scaled to 100 and will leave the icon unchanged A scale amount of 2 0 will double the size of the icon and a scale amount of 0 5 will reduce the icons size by one half Hence amounts between zero and one decrease the icon s size and amounts greater than one increase its size 41 L BUILDING ICONS 1 Selecting Parts The first step in building an icon is to select a part This can be done by first selecting the category of part desired from the part menu Selecting a part category from the part menu causes all the parts available in that category to be displayed at the top of the window Figure A 14 shows how all of the tires in the system are displayed A user can repeat this process to examine all of the available parts Once the desired part is located the user selects it by pressing and holding down the middle mouse This gives the user a copy of the part which he can then drag to the desired position Releasing the middle mouse tells the system this is where the part is to be placed 2 Placement of First Part The first part a user selects is automatically centered at the origin This is
40. appropriate function in NPSICON whenever one of these actuators changes The NPS Panel Designer and ToolBox provides NPSICON with an easy to use and professional looking interface 12 In this chapter we have covered the techniques behind NPSICON s development its lighting the OFF system and the interface generation system used NPS Panel Designer and ToolBox All of them play a key role in shaping NPSICON In the next section we discuss the actual implementation of NPSICON 13 V IMPLEMENTATION SPECIFICS In this chapter we discuss some of the implementation details involved in building NPSICON The specific details discussed are picking ray tracing how parts are attached together how files are loaded into NPSICON how icons are saved and the rotation scaling and translation of icons and their individual parts A PICKING VS RAY TRACING When building an icon one of the key concerns of a user is how to tell the system which part the user wants and where he wants it attached In NPSICON users pick the type of part desired from a menu This causes all the parts available within this category to be displayed at the top of the main window The easiest way for users to pick these parts is to move the cursor over them and then push a mouse button It is then up to the system to decide which part the cursor is over Two common methods are available to accomplish this picking and ray tracing Ray Tracing requires decisions to
41. are set to 0 0 Using the sliders the user can translate the icon that is currently displayed ten units in the positive and negative x y and z directions by selecting the appropriate slider The user can obtain more than 10 units of translation in one direction by resetting the sliders to zero using the Reset Sliders to Zero Button located in the lower night corner of the window b Translating Icons with Typeins The typeins to translate the icon that is currently displayed allow the user to specify a specific amount of translation in the x y and z directions by typing the desired amount of translation in the appropriate typein 39 Figure A 12 Sliders and Typeins to Translate an Icon 3 SCALING ICONS Users can make the currently displayed icon larger or smaller by selecting Scale Icon from the popup menu The user can then scale the icon using sliders or typeins in the X y or z direction individually or in all three directions at once Figure A 13 a Scaling Icons with Sliders Initially all sliders are set to 1 0 The user can scale the icon up by moving the appropriate slider up or he can scale the icon down by moving the appropriate slider down The user can obtain greater scaling of the icon by resetting the sliders to zero using the Reset Sliders to Zero Button located in the lower right corner of the window and again moving the scaling sliders 40 Figure A 13 Sliders and Typeins to Scale
42. d the color reduced to half intensity Gouraud shading is used throughout to give surfaces a smooth appearance 10 B OBJECT FILE FORMAT OFF NPSICON is designed to create and work on icons stored in Object File Format OFF OFF is a system to store three dimensional objects developed by Steven Munson and Professor Michael Zyda at the Naval Postgraduate School Zyda90 The OFF system is based on the use of operation codes opcodes Opcodes define the properties of 3D icons such as the polygons and lines in them the materials from which they are constructed and the lighting used to light them Opcodes do not exist in the OFF system as in most file format systems for 3D primitives such as cubes spheres cylinders etc There is one opcode for each property or characteristic an icon has So for example to render a red cube in OFF one would need at a minimum six polygon opcodes and one red material opcode All of the opcodes pertaining to an OFF object are stored in ASCII files This ensures that the files can be read and edited by a user using any ASCII text editor In addition to the file format the OFF system also includes a set of standard routines which allow users to display and manipulate OFF objects A key goal of NPSICON is to make full use of these pre existing routines This will allow NPSICON to easily take advantage of any improvements made to or capabilities added to the OFF system C THE NPS PANEL DESIGNER AND TOOLB
43. d to adjust the resolution level of the model Figure 2 3 Rotating a Model in Preview Preview allows the user to view the model as it would normally be displayed or as a see thru wire frame where only the outline of each polygon is drawn The wire frame version is very helpful when the polygon the user wants is in back of another polygon Preview has separate viewing and edit modes In the viewing mode the user can rotate and translate the model using sliders These changes however only affect the user s view of the model The actual model itself remains unchanged If the user wants to actually change the model he must switch to the edit mode and start over In addition to rotation and translation the edit mode also allows the user to scale the models All changes to the rotation translation and scaling of the object however must be done by providing the precise angles units of movement or scale factor The user cannot work interactively with sliders as he does in the viewing mode Preview also allows the user to cycle through the individual polygons within the model and to reverse their normal vectors Users are allowed to adjust the resolution of their object by selecting which polygons to display Lower resolution is generally desired for models viewed from a distance Since Preview has already sorted all polygons from largest to smallest it is easy for users to identify the small polygons which can not be seen at lower
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45. ectory 1 Accept Button Pressing the accept button causes NPSICON to load the currently selected file into the system or to change directories if a directory is selected NOTE 1 When the first 32 icon is loaded the user is presented with a front view The positive x and y axes are displayed and the wireframe option is turned off 2 Subsequent icons will be loaded into the upper left hand corner of NPSICON s main window The user can then adjust this new icon s position and size using the sliders in the window brought up on the right side of the main window for this purpose 3 NPSCICON will only load files which end in off If the user presses the accept button and the file currently highlighted does not end in off the system will refuse to load the file and will bring up an error notification window to tell the user of the problem 4 All OFF files loaded into NPSICON should contain the definitions for any materials used in them If the material definition is not contained in the OFF file the user will receive the following error message retrieve_opcode_by_name We did not find that name in the name table material name gt NPSICON will use its default material white in place of the material whose definition was not found Figure A 5 Load File Window 33 2 Reset Button Pressing the reset button causes the directory view to retum to the directory from which the user entered the program
46. ee KOEL LEES TE RAD DM ut Y S ae a ttl ESE MI iy 6 M 3 re ee RO ERAS WEER NIS Mk Sie pg s X 1 XM SR CRIA shot BVM OS aff s TAR a ESAS Dat Ka mt 41 t v te tara Y a Sd 5 ui Po 6 iN EA SN FIN SN 6 as Asie ARENA MXN M howe Dy 4r o v1 EG 34 EN ET E UC 1 EEN y d Sid CX uS LAS i di 5 de US j 5 ESTO S es e ENG et SCAN ENE DOO DISCS CY te a AA 1 i ish Woks u s te a LE p my An pina rm Ge o Cs e Siin bt 4 Ai Je 8 e E Nov cave EM 4 OR AC ER EA i SAM E EN A po ai NS s SA uS es Vie wie ze i m i 4 AE T Y S ars ER SS A Uy elie A o EM Jor Yee E AS PA SAS AR amp ie 3 E DE E PA DS ie 1 dem pao CEDE USOS e M OCC V i fe Re o e raar T arn l D TON VV eye amp oe An SE rie 73 AME esa 3 vx tivas 3 n Ta ty sm 3 L 1 5 t 1 un 0 i ER Mew one B D 0 r ID a Big Dist TN tie OE LAN 5 t SI 2 Ne Jn e t OEE SR e UNA EP 3 MAS N CE RR N At EE ME ER Ga et ditas s qi 5 mA y jac d t oo 8 Med E XC wm Y n RU ree j e as 0 Er ed va n ORE EKS vA T QW liem Ci va Cn d 3 io IN A pk gd CANNES SO NIE Ris tet UK SG Sak vag N xX ti bent da i6 x tue 4 Csi sg yr CODE PNE H 4 ae A 4 a A derd pote A P yor i OR ES evo ia MARS es Ia ER Oes EES ER PEE IONS 8 vol f 5 dy ee 1 ine as cate Papa So N wre haw de dead we
47. ender icons and sub icons The user should be able to use both existing colors and materials and to interactively create totally new colors and materials c Attaching Parts To be a useful system NPSICON has to provide the ability to snap arbitrary parts together The current restrictions on this procedure discussed above in Part A 1 are unacceptable 3 Portability Considerations NPSICON is designed to run on IRIS workstations and to manipulate OFF icons The ideas presented on how icons can be created and manipulated however are applicable to any graphics hardware and file storage system 21 VII CONCLUSIONS The development of NPSICON has provided some insight into the capabilities and functions needed in a system to create and manipulate 3D icons First of all there are three levels to be addressed the icon as a Single indivisible object the icon as a collection of parts and the icon as a set of individual polygons Each level has its own set of individual needs When dealing with an icon as a complete object users need the ability to rotate scale and translate the icon by both exact amounts and interactively using sliders They also need to be able to perform rotations scalings and translations on the viewing matrix instead of the icon NPSICON provides all of these functions When dealing with an icon as a collection of parts users need the ability to add new parts and to adjust and resize old parts NPSICON allows
48. ently a user can only load one icon into preview at a time This is done by entering the command preview and the name of the file containing the icon To enter the program to view and or edit another icon the user must exit the program and repeat this process Any changes made to the icon while in Preview are stored into a file which is given the original icon s file name appended by the suffix new If more than one change is made to the icon and saved during a session with Preview another new is added to the name for each change made This leads to very long and confusing names when the user finally exits Preview and starts to use these modified versions of his icon This problem can be eliminated by allowing the user to choose meaningful names for his icons NPSICON is designed to allow the user to load in and work On as many icons as desired during a single session and to allow the user to choose his own name for any modified versions of his icons Preview also allows users to manipulate icons with sliders when in the view mode and by typing in the exact change needed in the edit mode There are times when users want to edit their icons and know the exact amount of the change needed There are other times however when they would like to manipulate the icon interactively to get the desired change Sliders allow users to do this One of NPSICON s goals is to provide users with more support in manipulating icons when editing them 3
49. f y un m e ear SA Di We taa 2 M ra MEE a dd KA MA s I itr Tea yl yos 5 oras Jos SA Tra EYE 3 SS i 2 1 a 2 2 LS rond si fi z ys FE uU RAE hy ge te 5 M EA XN iS ut UE Veiis AE NM m LIne Pra T i 00 s E So CMM xe d PL H RR P ass pU is E Ee XN ena RUC ald DE M es 1 EE OY ti mo IW go lg 33 Mg Moor EC aU RA rie VR UU ded RE Rata 0 0 Mas 7 tte ed AE ad de ENE TRAS A m aL EC wr wars A ELS eg ie Fed XE Met o 0 s SE 35 ae 4 Moed MES coe a Ve ORE a Par ad ade M LIV AAS ed ty d AS HRA fey PORRA P AC LEUR tered Marat dei AS OER d e S oe DO pines Fok de de ERE yh COLE Er IOS 1 Coe i338 tas py vido e Es OOR de Vus As eNY ed a NE wage nu TA CU M S ee a mus tas i D XT Dig DNE X 4 D i 017 Le vi TE MT NE PYL 1 Ha iN be tad ASA nj P iss 0 Mae WIH i A a uet it nr MA an de eie De sa ls petra bot a AEN ree yr Erde Po Wap duy alt A ue DOC jue Ree cae ye ER 1 eae 0 e apts TRO ES He 5 ond sca ety uo he AS COLI VOCE SS ETDI 4 KIN PORT e Da ede MUS e A s a yet a k EE Yo EE yd gh t at be hy vy hee de Shite 1 UNA dut 3 js N ee RS NU VES m m SUR sei alee ere api 2 y T a dy ze 1 RAD n RAAK D 0 3 1 6 E DNE dl Dr JONI i 2 Ju 7 i 1 9 dd ed Lo at ra qu Fee rt pe Sense 4 der sR ATS SN Ry A et M 0 ER ANO E E 1 gt l 3 ac Mo of Litt tikes sii Ihr 5 ri 3 gt yal lyr da 4 R
50. he Naval Postgraduate School to allow users to interactively create new icons for ships from different types of parts armament hulls superstructures and masts Nage89 The complexity of the ships built is determined by the sum of the parts used to construct it 3DShips presents users with a window which shows them top and side views of the ship being built a coordinates window listing the x y and z coordinates with respect to the ship being built where the center of the next part will be placed or the last part is currently located a short list of instructions and some icons used to obtain menus of available options or to perform special operations Figures 2 1 and 2 2 Selecting the icon for a particular part type such as hulls presents the user with a pop up menu containing the parts available to the user To see what each part looks like the user must first select it from this popup menu 3DShips contains no preview capability If however the user doesn t like the part selected he can delete it Once the user has selected the part he can move it around using a dial box which has dials for changing the direction with respect to the x y and z axes It is the user s responsibility to determine when the part is properly attached to the ship 3DShips has no built in capability to assist the user in determining proper attachment tado gte ses wed se E Re A 098059 Y YE rare it dies ail i e E ped grt eru t
51. he user will be notified via an error notification window The user will also be notified if the directory already contains a file with the same name the user selected In this case the user will be given the option to overwrite the file overwrite the file but save the original file as a backup or go back and select another file name If the user changes his mind about saving the icon he can return to the program by pressing the cancel button 34 a 3 LEE E CE REED EOD CC ERN Ae conan orn nt NEA NOU NAE PAS eco Overwrite File but Save Orig File as Backup PPOSSSESSGSS ISSO SSS 99229 SP PPO SET EOL EG DD DS DS OPPS LOL PPD Oy TRE DEP DD DTD A Figo A 6 Windows Used to Save Files I VIEW MODE The view mode is available to allow users to view icons in different ways without changing the actual model To enter the view mode the user follows the arrow on the popup menu to the mght of the option View Icon Figure A 1 until a submenu appears The user should then select the option View Mode from this submenu The view mode allows the user to rotate scale and translate an icon using sliders Figure A 7 The user is also given the choice of viewing the icon through an orthographic or perspective viewing projection NPSICON s default is the perspective viewing projection It was chosen because it allows 35 users to visualize translations and scalings in the z direction All actuators used in the edit mode are
52. hip saved is Shipl new the second is Ship2 new etc The user has no ability to select the name given to his ship but once saved ships are added to the pop up menu list under the icon Select Ships The user can then call each one up and look at it He can also add additional parts to it He cannot however remove individual parts from previously built ships The entire ship is considered to be a single unit 3DShip s user interface is simple It provides some good ideas on capabilities needed in an icon building system B PREVIEW Preview is a tool created by Steven Munson at the Naval Postgraduate School Muns89 It is designed to help users manipulate modify previously created 3D models built using the OFF file format Figure 2 3 It allows users to scale translate and rotate the models and save the changes to a file with the original name suffixed by new As in the 3D Ship program the user is unable to select the name of the file into which his revised model is saved Preview also allows users to adjust the resolution level of the displayed polygon Prior to loading a model Preview determines the model s origin and the minimum and maximum x y and z coordinates and sorts all polygons from largest to smallest Preview uses this information to determine the appropriate coordinate system scale for the display window This helps ensure the system will be able to properly display models of all sizes This information is also use
53. iders To bring up the rotation sliders the user selects Rotate Icon with Sliders from the popup menu Initially all sliders are set to 0 0 Figure A 11 Using the sliders the user can rotate the icon that is currently displayed 360 degrees in the positive and negative direction around the x y and z axes by selecting the appropriate slider The user can obtain more than 360 degrees rotation by resetting the sliders to zero using the Reset Sliders to Zero Button located in the lower right corner of the window b Rotating Icons with Typeins The typeins to rotate the icon that is currently displayed are located in the lower middle of the main window Figure A 2 They allow the user to specify a specific amount of rotation around the x y and z axes by typing the desired amount of rotation in the appropriate typein c Continuous Rotation The buttons to turn on continuous rotation for the icon that is currently displayed are located in the lower right of the main window Figure A 2 They allow the user to rotate his icon continuously around the x y and z axes Rotation around more than one axis at a time is permitted 2 TRANSLATING ICONS To translate the currently displayed icon the user selects Translate Icon from the popup menu The user can then rotate the icon using sliders or typeins Figure A 12 38 Figure A 11 Sliders to Rotate an Icon a Translating Icons with Sliders Initially all sliders
54. igner and ToolBox A LIGHTING Lighting is important in any graphics system because it affects the appearance of all displayed objects Hall89 pp 9 11 We use light to determine an object s shape and color as well as other details about an object In the real world when light strikes an object some light is absorbed into the object and some light is reflected off the object How much depends on the light s intensity and placement as well as the material from which the object is made To obtain a realistic rendition of an object the proper lighting model must be used It should closely match the absorption and reflection of light found in the real world In a real time system it cannot be so complex that it prevents the graphics system from running in real time The lighting model for NPSICON was chosen with these same thoughts in mind NPSICON uses white light because it allows the true color of icons to be seen In the edit mode a single light is centered on the origin and placed at infinity in the direction from which the user is viewing the object Ambient light reflected direct light is set at 40 to enhance the display of polygons used as windshields in vehicles In the view mode in which the user s view point and not the icon is moved four lights are used They are placed to the front top and both sides of the icon To prevent the icon from being over lit the ambience of the lights placed on the top and side is cut to 20 an
55. ion and scaling sliders which allow the part to be rotated and scaled around the x y and z axes and translated in the x y and z directions Because the user is dealing with a three dimensional icon he is encouraged to rotate the object to ensure the part appears properly placed from all angles Often what looks fine from the front doesn t look fine from a side view When the user is satisfied with the part s placement he signals this to the system by pressing the Finished Adjusting Part Button located in the lower left corner of the window to adjust the part 5 Adding Parts Not Included in the Menu Users can add any OFF object to the icon they are building by selecting Load Icon from the popup menu Figure A 1 and then loading the file containing the desired OFF object Initially this object will be placed in the upper left hand corner of NPSICON s main window As this file is loaded NPSICON brings up a window containing sliders which allow the user to rotate translate and scale this object Figure A 18 NPSICON is 46 k AO Koos al ree cr Figure A 17 Decision on Further Adjustment to a New Part s Placement 47 Figure A 18 Adjustment of a New Part after Attachment to an Icon 48 unable to provide any automatic snapping of this object to the icon being built Hence theuser is totally responsible for the placement of this object with respect to the icon being built 6 Dis
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57. j PARA S uM M Rim Y e s OG S LAE ed jS VAS 14 s cy 6A do a LA MOED EER AU i n 0 bus AINSI IE od En SAC E A ERO SUY RA VER Ee ee kts PAL Asie Med simt Liss UEM wy fi SR AE Sy SACK E SS m n hy Do OG Ee A yan PSA EN 0 A e DAAR Ast fe RAR v UE LA Sion A OOK Ls tht E ie Re eee 52 ee TA m n Ek aa RSS EE ys RM ER EK RT aa ie Gee DERE OO C cuts Crest vtt OO Eons e gi BARREN SR see ie CNS NES EA re AA AM E Ds ID tas PN Pa Ge Vi ad efi ES thle hh SE N n I TUE SC 1534 Vd 8 i PE d A s XE Ve DASS Ki AE XS uh DOS QM A RCA RELA NA x GEE TEs 6 irs Do a ot TE ER CULTE dete cer x 35 Ed SAN VASE E oS Re enfe vS oC AS eA RI N CEST MET DY Ra ad N ick 4 S frees patei i a 0 0 KAS A x A ee d n a 5 nM M eic a LEE HUA AIS AS UGA C RO ETE AAR RAN SATA SIG e DA de Vtt re QT S5 be HEG 3 UN MA OR hy olin UY SN us E RICA EEN E ADE Pa DD Ng AA AS CS de AAAS ARM E Maur T ER ok aes ae ER Vd ed iba ye RE Xs ce M EH a OCEANIA Me estatal Rek a SR DE DT Mid ue HA en ict i se oh eg 0 e KA re ENE e v EER E RES eg pot ROU at 8 WAS ya ASA sU 6t vA SV EE E em RAL NA 4 am T it i Each ve Mieke A as RE Gay ad t e AA APT RARO ME DUET e 3 ae xcd ATO VS SW ur NE hl EER IA OE de ts Ar EE n te J ape de ee 502 Cy ad PAPA oe MI LY 5 TA Ey 1 7 Ret a 4 DEE ES SR DRR ses MA AGA clean NA ON vu OR F
58. l Postgraduate School developed a method to rotate an arbitrary unit vector to make it a unit vector in the positive z direction Mei87 pp 30 36 At the same time he also created the inverse matrix to rotate a unit vector in the z direction back to the arbitrary unit vector selected NPSICON applies this inverse matrix to the new part to rotate it so that it is parallel to the icon It then translates this new part to the desired point of attachment In this way the new part is cleanly attached to the icon at the proper point The drawback with this method is that it requires the part being attached to be a unit vector in the z direction For this reason when an arbitrary OFF file is brought in to be attached to an existing icon NPSICON provides no support for snapping the new part to the icon The user must make all the rotation and translation decisions needed to attach the part to the icon C LOADING FILES To be useful an icon building manipulation system needs the ability to load in existing icons NPSICON allows users to locate files by searching through the files contained in each directory NPSICON starts this search process from the directory from which the user entered the program The next time the user requests to load a file in the same program session he can start from the directory from which he loaded the last file or he can return to the directory from which he entered the program and search from there Since OFF files are
59. l the information about the panels and actuators the user has created including how they are initialized displayed and controlled User_Panel_fn c contains the functions the user writes to react to the input received from the various actuators It contains the user s application program Immediately after generation by the Code Manager User_Panel_fn c is basically a skeleton of functions to be filled in later by the user User_Panel h is the header file for User_Panel c and User_Panel_fn c It contains global definitions and defines the maximum number of panels and actuators used The source code generated by the Code Manager sets up a system which will automatically handle the overhead associated with the panels and actuators and then feed the desired information from the actuators to the user s application Users can either poll the actuators each time through the display loop to detect any changes to actuators or the panel overhead management system can be told to call a certain user function if a certain actuator is activated or changed Both methods work successfully The decision as to the method used is made based on the user s application NPSICON uses both methods with its actuators The directory view and all sliders are polled each time through NPSICON s display function to see if any change has occurred All other actuators typeins typeouts buttons and listviews are controlled by having the panel management overhead system call an
60. l to correct this problem 5 Delete Attached Part Button The delete attached part button brings up a window which lists all the separate parts in the currently displayed icon Figure A 3 Only parts added to the icon in this editing session will be listed If the current icon was brought in as a complete off file then it will be considered to be a single part for deletion purposes In such a case the user can still delete individual polygons by selecting Walk Polygons from NPSICON s popup 29 menu Figure A 1 Details on the deletion of individual polygons can be found in Part M of the Appendix o O Body N o Rm 5 Rer S Es RESEN viue af t a NS e itn a aja S 5 uw M 592 I AO ESS AR F XN Saw SI av fuf DNUS Figure A 3 Window Used to Delete Parts From an Icon To select one of the listed parts the user places the cursor over the name of the desired part and presses the left mouse This causes the name of the part to be highlighted in dark blue He can also use one of the scroll buttons to highlight the name of the part he wishes to consider for deletion The user then presses the Display Button to see the part highlighted in white and outlined in red or the Delete Button to delete the part After a part is deleted it can be restored by pressing the Delete Last Part button The Delete Last Part button only works for the last part which was deleted Once the user m
61. lay of the icon the user should follow the same procedure except select the Wireframe Off Button 9 Update Icon s Bounds Button Whenever an icon is loaded into NPSICON its minimum and maximum bounds are displayed in the box located in the lower center of the Main Window If the icon is changed however through rotation scaling or translation these displayed bounds will not reflect the changes to the icon s bounds To obtain the icon s current bounds the user 31 presses the update icon s bounds button located above the box displaying the icon s bounds Bins ed Pai Figure A 4 Icon Drawn in Wireframe Mode G HOW TO LOAD FILES INTO NPSICON To load files into NPSICON the user selects the option Load Icon from the popup menu Figure A 1 The user will initially be presented with a directory view lisung the files contained in the directory from which the user entered the program Figure A 5 The user can select any file or directory in this directory by placing the cursor on the desired file or directory name and pressing the left mouse button This will cause the file or directory name to be highlighted in dark blue Directory names are followed by a slash To move up one directory from the current directory select the top entry in the directory view The scroll bar and up and down arrows to the left of the directory view can be used to view all of the file names within the current dir
62. levels of resolution The elimination of unneeded polygons can help improve the speed of a graphics system particularly if there are many models to be displayed Normal vectors are used to determine the front and back sides of polygons When normal vectors are computed automatically itis often difficult for the program to select the proper direction for the normal vector and hence the back side instead of the front side of the polygon may be displayed Preview gives the user an easy way to correct this problem While Preview does not allow the user to add or subtract entire parts from an off file it does allow users to delete individual polygons and provides some important help in managing already created off files It is also a fairly simple program to use IH OVERVIEW OF NPSICON AND ITS USE A INITIAL GOALS NPSICON is designed to create and maintain the icons needed by NPS s battle simulator NPSNET NPSNET uses icons stored in OFF hence NPSICON also needs to support OFF To ensure NPSICON remains a viable tool as OFF changes it uses standard OFF routines so that any improvements to OFF will automatically be included in NPSICON or will at least require a minimum amount of changes to incorporate them into NPSICON NPSICON is also designed to improve on the work previously done at NPS on icons in the development of the programs Preview and 3DShips In particular Preview s method of loading and storing files needs improvement Curr
63. m the currently displayed icon The user can remove the last polygon added to the subicon by pressing the Undo button The Undo button only works on the last polygon added to the subicon Undoing one polygon does not allow a user to undo any previous polygons If the polygon the user wants to remove from the subicon was deleted from the icon then it will added back to the icon when it is removed from the sub icon When the user has finished building and saving his sub icon he can exit the window to create sub icons by pressing the Cancel button located in the lower left corner of the window to walk an icon s polygons Figure A 19 52 O CLEARING DISPLAYED PARTS To remove any parts displayed at the top of NPSICON s Main Window the user selects Clear Displayed Parts from NPSICON s popup menu Figure A 1 Users may desire to remove the displayed parts in order to better view the currently displayed icon P RESETTING NPSICON The user can return to the original start up state of NPSICON at any time by selecting Reset from the popup menu Selecting reset causes any parts icons or windows other than the main window to be removed from the screen so that the user will again be presented with NPSICON s initial display see Figure A 2 Q EXITING THE PROGRAM To exit the program the user selects Exit Program from the popup menu and then selects yes from the window which NPSICON displays to confirm
64. m hx 1 d i STA ACER TS ESSE EES I 4 AE RE ame Le Wa d 7 Ed A PPS REG v ore yg T e 0 A UTE t dd RM M utis t SB Ra SES Lm Ne Er FAA EP ER x Sees amp o iow ts de de UL a oh 7 EE REN os IN SE d Cr EA ER PRU rcd Pon GOR ic 2 MM O i one roms POSS SRA TES Aeon DAE EY axles q TH Li DUE on Ee dA ad gt 4 er v TS E MR ey NC 5 g NM teres i Sy SV SE As RIESE COSAS he US Gis iut ah ULCUS ri yeaa ME HAR ANN T ULT gue 35 ae UE EA 1 SD ef mo X N tere As OIN CE ET mon 8 AOR Mi amp SS St AA EE N To a 3 ODE MEE pee KOS AS EE WEE i ey a TAE Ti My ds a Pe y bs 0 RS e box o 3 Me rts A xe 2 a t qe 0 b UP ex a 0 SENSN ETE OER EE EERE NE use RAL RA fa S UR y ioe SE ef h DE kel 57 UNE de EE MIA Shea RE IR ee EM FAA A CN GE phe M SEER Do pO lg a y LO x i ROER eN ds A edele i SPEM ui A d HEX LEM OCC 2 is i 3 SA RA 1 Pes 9 4 4 Ei CUN Ne MA Uv p PY NAL AS EE ve As HO LEN Ba ESA t e A Mite RE we e AE A EE Jy ce n 0 ME ent i a OP E i te sa dee T 4 P 1 a AI ie Lj ARA QC A DM KYRN PUN A Vs E um a Sete D E AUD PY S s e e 3 Ek OA P sie TR Er ie 4 lt an v E m SER O RE SEER SR Ee ee RE RE QE OR een ee wa AR DR RAE I GEE E le ER N AT ues DOE ed de ER SN i PAS syd EE ex rev er acu GEMERK AU NO LY PR EF Ted aero woe pA Sex ER Es Nd 4 39 954 3
65. nipulate build and modify 3D icons or objects stored in the Object File Format OFF Unless the user specifically selects the view mode everything in NPSICON is done in the edit mode This means that all rotations scalings and translations alter the actual model In the view mode however any rotations scalings or translations done will have no effect on the icon itself They only affect how the model looks to the user In all but the view mode the icon changes because NPSICON is designed to be a what you see is what you get system B HOW TO USE NPSICON NPSICON can be run from any directory by ensuring the user s login shell contains a path to the directory containing NPSICON and by then typing npsicon The directory from which the program is entered becomes the default directory for storing and loading files Hence searches for files will start from this directory and any objects stored by the user will be placed in this directory unless the user specifies otherwise C INTERACTION WITH NPSICON Users interact with NPSICON via the mouse and keyboard 1l Mouse The mouse an input device with three buttons which slides on a pad is the key input device to NPSICON Its buttons are designated from left to right as left mouse middle mouse and right mouse 24 a Left mouse The left mouse is used to control all actuators These actuators include static menus buttons typeins and sliders and are discussed in Secti
66. often stored together in the same directory these default settings make sense 16 D STORING FILES When storing files users need to specify both the path and the file name where they want their icon stored Because users usually store files in a single directory the directory from which users enter the program is loaded as the default path name This means that to save icons most users will only have to enter the file name E ROTATION In the edit mode rotation is accomplished by determining the amount of rotation and the axis around which the rotation is desired and then passing these parameters into the OFF function rotate this object In view mode the same thing is done but the parameters are passed into the IRIS graphics library function rotate which rotates the viewing matrix instead of the icon F SCALING In the edit mode scaling via input from the typeins is accomplished by determining the amount of scaling desired in the x y and z directions and then passing these parameters into the OFF function scale this object Scaling via input from the sliders is done by inputting a scale factor of 1 01 each time the slider is moved up and 0 99 each time the slider is moved down This allows the user to see smooth scaling as he interactively scales the object up or down In view mode again the amount of scaling and the direction is determined but the parameters are passed into the IRIS graphics library function
67. on D of the Appendix b Middle mouse The middle mouse is used to select and initially position parts to be added to the icon being built Pressing down without releasing the middle mouse button when the cursor 1s over the desired part allows the user to drag the part to the desired position Releasing the middle mouse causes the system to go into its attach part mode c Right mouse The right mouse is used to allow users to make selections from NPSICON s main function menu Figure A 1 Depressing the mght mouse button causes this popup menu to appear By moving the mouse while still depressing the right mouse the user can move through the menu to make his selection Releasing the mght mouse when the appropriate selection 1s highlighted causes it to be selected 2 Keyboard The keyboard is used by NPSICON to allow the user to enter specific amounts of rotation scaling or translation desired These amounts are entered into typeins discussed in section D of the Appendix D HOW TO USE NPSICON S ACTUATORS NPSICON utilizes a variety of actuators These include static menus buttons sliders and typeins Details concerning the implementation of these actuators can be found in King90 25 Load Icon Save Icon View Icon Rotate Icon with Sliders Translate Icon Walk Polygons Create Sub Icon Clear Displayed Parts Reset UEM Quit Program Figure A 1 NPSICON s Popup Menu 1 Static menus Static
68. oves on to 30 delete another part any previous deletions cannot be undone Similarly undoing the last deletion does not allow a user to undo any previous deletions 6 Delete Selected Part Button The delete selected part button allows a user who has selected a part but not yet attached it to the icon being built to delete the selected part prior to attaching it 7 Axis On and Off Buttons To help orient users NPSICON draws the positive x y and z axes in red green and blue respectively The axes which are visible will depend on the user s view point Initially the user is presented with a front view and only the x and y axes are visible By following the arrow on the popup menu Figure A 1 to the right of the entry View Icon until a submenu appears and selecting one of its options Edit Mode Front View Edit Mode Side View and Edit Mode Top View the user can see all three axes These axes can be removed from the screen by selecting the Axis Off Button located in the lower left corner of the Main Window To redisplay the axes the user follows the same procedure but selects Axis On Button 8 Wireframe On and Off Buttons To display the icon that is currently displayed as a wireframe or skeleton in which only the outline of each polygon is drawn the user should select the Wireframe On Button located in the lower left corner of the Main Window Figure A 4 To return to the normal disp
69. playing Icons Built in NPSICON To properly display an icon built from the parts provided in NPSICON the user must include the header file material h in his display program Material h includes all of the definitions for the materials used within NPSICON Material definitions are not added along with each part as the icon 1s being built to avoid duplication of material definitions within the icon s definition file M WALKING POLYGONS In order to look at the individual polygons making up an icon the user selects Walk Polygons from the popup menu The window which comes up contains a variety of actuators designed to help the user work with the icon s polygons as well as listing the current polygon s normal and vertices Figure A 19 SEER AIDS OE DD NONE De O Rr vr ag Slated Lys 3 E r 22 S PE ACA REED ETE TY PATI EER Se e Sey vp T n ec een oe os 22535 ad queen Fe rr ven ora mea cwm eres RES Slides Comtref Re DERE EER FEE EER N EE EIE cow TOS O Rm PIT DD a O ap OOH STIS SAIN AAN UP WWE ra e Figure A 19 Walking an Icon s Polygons 49 1 Polygon Slider The polygon slider allows the user to quickly move through all of the icon s polygons It is operated with the left mouse but finer control can be obtained by holding the left and middle mouse buttons or the control key and left mouse button down simultaneously The polygon slider displays the total n
70. pons etc Three dimensional representations of objects within simulators are often referred to as three dimensional 3D icons A FOCUS Users generally think of three dimensional icons in one of three ways 1 as a whole indivisible object 2 as a collection of separate parts and 3 as a set of indivisible polygons How a user views a three dimensional object depends on what the user 1s trying to do Often the same user wants to view the icon differently at different times For instance if a user has created a new virtual world and wants to place an already existing icon in it he will want to look at the icon as a single whole object which he may need to rotate scale or translate to make it look appropriate in the virtual world If on the other hand the user needs to build a three dimensional icon which does not yet exist he will probably want to view this new icon as acollection of separate parts Finally if the user is trying to minimize the number of polygons being displayed he might want to view the icon as a collection of individual polygons so he can check and see if some hidden polygons could possibly be removed Commercial programs are available to deal with icons on all three of these levels but they tend to be very expensive and complicated They also tend to be very specific as to the file format used to store icons The developers of the Naval Postgraduate School s battle simulator NPSNET Zyda91 need a simple eas
71. r can then enter his input from the keyboard The backspace key can be used to remove any mistyped characters When the desired input has been entered the user presses the return key E NPSICON s WINDOWS NPSICON is a window based program Hence the program communicates with the user by opening up different windows which often contain actuators If for any reason an actuator does not respond it is probably because the window manager does not recognize that the cursor is in the window containing the desired actuator To solve this problem the user should move the cursor outside the window containing the desired actuator and then 27 slowly move the cursor back into the window containing the actuator As the cursor crosses the window s boundary the user should see a red circle with a dot in the middle appear momentarily This signals that the window manager recognizes the cursor s change in windows The actuators in this window should now function properly F INITIAL DISPLAY Initially a single window entitled npsicon build modify icons is visible Figure A 2 The top half of this window is blank except for lines indicating the positive x and y axes This top half is used to display any icons being viewed or built The bottom half contains some basic control actuators the part menu typeins to control one time rotation buttons to control continuous rotation and some special purpose buttons It also displays the minim
72. re LETT O Boh tate d 1 num SERE Dry PA PAD JP quo Ode arg a Das Pt te e a p y MAR 0 a a a tt A I CEN 5 r E giia ET 1 8 1 TT sf dc eg e a A s A bra td op RA e iege M eio S y DER KE 8 P6 L t ET gs b r foe 0 Y a 0 000 LE Pe ey ud EE PES fd sette p RR E o Hu os vit i ht re OUS stare 207 1 i ae aa ODE Er 1 Un DN 0 rs 1 8 0 U r s s LU y 4 a id PTS PS DUE Free LES 0 UA Por ESE est oy Ge 2 esi ed AONE toe i DOOS AP et CLOS Sat t DZ AN per Lin Sg V XR OT E i tr 2 0 o 2 i r H aegis tie EE EE EG Ee 4 rete on EE R 1 P As Y n AY j t RA A m FEE n s 4 gt 0 LE 11 4 DL D IU HE a 0 8 ann n d ge C yr e ars 5 E EE the EE LORS Do ree Yes x cf LC Lg OF Ese e MEAS Y 9 i dors Ex Pi o G Foo EX n Py He TO S i g f mt i Gt E j yg d 4 fi n dy is 44 PN ME 9 d shut os 4 du DS ATA E IP a sa ag pre Nee dT Er nas Ju RI ae E Ak PM M E 2 ARS 5 a els Bord EA Ase ea Xf Map ibe eso MAA ra ah N oy Mosi au 4 t DP 1 d if t NM LEUR 1 4 tt RD EY t ta 1 00 ub aA oR Rae a ph GOT 9 id RE Ba sg egi y E fone qiu ot d s Vals A Mu X Jo EEUE Tt f RO t d d y A 1 n SC at NM 5 0 EE Mag quo oie 6 EXE bad Eos corar ERA a Fala ge de 1 Y As OE AE 4 E e 3 orn DE OD 3 MR A P Be aif spp d hie we LORD es fita f su ts latin eT ef fav b i t h P ti P 1 0 8 010 P ELI hv
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75. rithm is available the ability to snap any two parts together can be easily added to NPSICON 2 Ability to Rotate Scale and Translate Any Part in an Icon at Any Time Users need the ability to rotate scale and translate all of the parts in an icon at any time NPSICON only allows users to do this when a part is first added to an icon Once a subsequent part is added a user can only adjust a previously added part by deleting it and Starting over This overly complicates the process of adjusting an icon s parts and needs to be remedied in any future version of NPSICON 18 3 Stepping Through Polygons by Part or Entire Icon NPSICON allows users to step through the entire icon s polygons It is not possible to ask to see just the polygons belonging to one of the icon s parts Such a capability would help speed up the time needed for users to locate desired polygons 4 Changing the Color of Individual Polygons NPSICON provides no capability to change an icon s color Since color is a key characteristic by which icon s are identified to be a truly useful tool NPSICON would have to incorporate the ability to change the color of entire icons icon parts and individual polygons 5 Including Color and Materials When Creating Sub Icons Sub icons are built from individual polygons taken from the currently displayed icon NPSICON copies all of the data about the desired polygon except the color or material from which it is made
76. s are obsolete UNCLASSIFIED 1 Approved for public release distribution is unlimited USING SOLID MODELING TECHNIQUES TO CONSTRUCT THREE DIMENSIONAL ICONS FOR A VISUAL SIMULATOR by Jane Stolarski Folcrack Captain United States Army BBA St Bonaventure University 1983 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN COMPUTER SCIENCE from the NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL September 1991 ABSTRACT Realistic three dimensional 3D models are an essential part of any battle simulator They contribute greatly to the quality of the scenarios and the decision making training the system can provide Commercial programs are available to build and modify these models also known as icons but they tend to be very expensive and complicated They also tend to be very specific as to the file format used to store icons The developers of the Naval Postgraduate School s battle simulator NPSNET need a simple easy to use and inexpensive system which allows them to quickly build and modify icons stored in Object File Format OFF We present the program NPSICON to meet this need and also discuss some of the issues involved in building 3D icons NPSICON runs on commercially available Silicon Graphics Inc IRIS workstations IT III IV TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION esse sees sesse ee eee eee om E 1 A FOCUS esse eesss sees sc ss sees ses se ge e PNT ETE 1 B CHAPTER SUMMARY eere
77. s to Translate an con T 40 Sliders and Typeins to Scale an Icon 41 Window Displaying All Tires Available Within NPSICON 43 Selection of Initial Attachment Point for a New Part Adjustment of Attachment Point and Polygon for a New Part 45 vi Figure A 17 Figure A 18 Figure A 19 Figure A 20 Decision on Further Adjustment to a New Part s Placement 47 Adjustment of a New Part after Attachment to an Icon 48 aleme ancon s POIyEONS ed sed ee ee eas 49 Window seder re Ale amb ICON ees eene tre tnr nnns 52 Vil ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my thesis advisor Professor Mike Zyda for introducing me to the magical world of computer graphics and the possibilities it offers for the future for being there with words of encouragement whenever the development of NPSICON was not going well and for clearly focusing the direction of my thesis I would like to thank my other thesis advisor Dave Pratt for his help patience and words of wisdom without which there would be no NPSICON I would also like to thank Commander Rachel Gnffin for teaching me the C programming language She agreed to teach the class even though it had not been scheduled for that quarter and meant an overload to her already full teaching schedule Without that prior knowledge of C my ability to grasp the basics of computer graphics would have been immensely more
78. splay them The delete polygon button is designed to allow the user to delete these unnecessary polygons 50 5 Undo Button The user can restore the last polygon deleted from the icon by pressing the undo button The undo button only works on the last polygon deleted from the subicon Undoing the deletion of one polygon does not allow a user to undo any previous deletions 6 Attach Polygon Button The attach polygon button is used when the user has changed the system selected polygon or changed the placement position for a new part It signals to the system that the user is now ready to attach the selected part to the icon 7 Cancel Button The cancel button is used to leave the walk polygons option and return to the program N CREATING A SUB ICON Sub icons are icons created from the polygons of existing icons They are useful when a user desires a copy of one part in an existing icon To create a sub icon the user selects Create Sub Icon from NPSICON s popup menu Figure A 1 The user is then presented with a window which can be used to create a sub icon by selecting polygons from the currently displayed icon Figure A 20 The user can either delete the polygon from the icon and add it to the sub icon or he can add a copy of the icon s polygon to the sub icon After a polygon is added to the sub icon it is displayed in lavender The window to walk an icon s polygons is also brought up to allow the user to locate the pol
79. that the user really wants to exit the program 33 Akel90 Hall89 Hanr89 King90 Meie87 Muns89 Nage89 Sil190 Zyda90 Zyda91 LIST OF REFERENCES Akeley K The Hidden Charms of Z Buffer IRIS Unvierse v 11 pp 31 37 March 1990 Hall R Illumination and Color in Computer Generated Imagery pp 9 11 Springer Average 1989 Hanrahan P A Survey of Ray Surface Intersection Algorithms in Glassner A S ed An Introduction to Ray Tracing pp 108 111 Academic Press 1989 King D M and Prevatt R M III Rapid Production of Graphical Interfaces Master s Thesis Naval Postgraduate School Monterey California December 1990 Meier T W nvestigation into the Use of Texturing for Real Time Computer Animation Master s Thesis Naval Postgraduate School Monterey California December 1987 Munson S A ntegrated Support for Manipulation and Display of 3D Objects for the Command and Control Workstation of the Future Master s Thesis Naval Postgraduate School Monterey California June 1989 Nagel D E 3DShips Rapid 3D Icon Generation for the Command and Control Workstation of the Future Master s Thesis Naval Postgraduate School Monterey California December 1989 Silicon Graphics Inc Graphics Library Programming Guide Version 2 0 pp 12 1 12 12 May 1990 Zyda M J Book Number 7 Class Notes Naval Postgraduate School Monterey California
80. um and maximum bounds in the x y and z directions for the displayed icon and the cumulative rotation done to it around the x y and z axes Figure A 2 NPSICON s Main Window 28 Part Menu The part menu is used to select parts to be used to build a three dimensional icon The menu itself lists the categories of parts available Bodies Cabs Tires Doors and Windows Selecting a part category by pressing the left mouse when the cursor is over the desired part category causes all of the parts available in that category to be displayed at the top of the window 2 Continuous Rotation Buttons The continuous rotation buttons allow the user to turn on and off continuous rotation around the x y and z axes Continuous rotation is very useful when the user desires to view his icon from all angles 3 One Time Rotation Typeins The one time rotation typeins allow the user to input the desired amount of rotation from the keyboard This is useful when the user wants to rotate an icon an exact amount of rotation around a specific axis 4 Flip 180 Degrees Button The flip 180 degrees button allows any part other than the first one to be rotated 180 degrees Often when parts are added to the back side of a vehicle the part being added will be rotated an extra 180 degrees In the case of wheels with hubcaps this means the part is attached with the hubcap pointing in toward the vehicle instead of away This function is usefu
81. umber of polygons in the icon and the current polygon the user is looking at In addition the current polygon is highlighted in white and outlined in red in the icon 2 Next and Previous Polygon Buttons The next and previous polygon buttons are used to allow the user to single step through the polygons in either direction These buttons are useful when a user desires to slowly step through the icon s polygons 3 Reverse Normal Button The reverse normal button allows the user to reverse the current polygon s normal i e to rotate it 180 degrees In a graphics system color is normally only applied to the front side of a polygon A polygon s normal vector is used to tell the graphics system which side of the polygon is its front and hence which side gets the color It is very easy to point the normal the wrong way and hence have the polygon back facing front This 1s easy to detect since the polygon will appear black The reverse normal button provides an easy way to fix this problem 4 Delete Polygon Button Speed is key to the success of any real time graphical system One way to obtain speed is to avoid doing anything unnecessary including depicting extra or unseen polygons in an icon Often because of the way an icon will be displayed there may be portions of it that will not be visible to the user such as the underside of a truck Since these polygons will not be seen it doesn t make sense to have the graphics system di
82. users to add new parts from the system and also new parts supplied by the user from OFF files While NPSICON can cleanly snap one of its system parts to an icon it cannot snap a user supplied part to an icon The user is left to make the necessary rotations and translations to make this happen Clearly this is an area for future work NPSICON allows users to scale rotate and translate the part they are currently adding to an icon Once the part is added however NPSICON does not allow them to go back and adjust it other than to delete it This is also an area which needs further work When dealing with an icon as a set of individual polygons the user needs the ability to view add and delete polygons as well as the ability to reverse the normal vectors of polygons NPSICON allows the user to view and delete polygons as well as reversing their normal vectors It also allows users to select polygons from an icon and copy them into a 22 sub icon NPSICON does not however allow users to create new polygons by specifying the vertices It also has no capability to specify the color or material of individual polygons NPSICON shows that icons can be easily created and manipulated interactively It provides another step toward a complete system to manage the OFF icons used within the Naval Postgraduate School s battle simulator NPSNET 23 APPENDIX NPSICON USER S MANUAL A OVERVIEW NPSICON is a program to allow users to view ma
83. y A a 0 2 5 di PL Pa A F te LL 0 Fd AE i jr Un di E kele a soas Rel an dit a no Did ju dd By ts hi 1 CIS xh df OF E 8 A SARA bs NUM LAM us A E 0 m dra o A DES AM LS S fo wb f AT tte de shh nu e at dd eN UM lorh Pt hes a PAM PE An EC o 1 5 RA iu eye PIER Tw SUC Ee EU ifie Dt V ve LL x NEC BOE ao i 1 ME EEUE A ins 1 4 45 GE OUT Hy hg eT 2F A o BT N ho tr ou de eo xf FPA ANGIE SIS A a n e He Es Ty ee o 0 do 0 Vr bt 1 i 1 i ie nts Pino y de TEE ER d UU Sr RSS hf N te E fy PUE TUA DM DM 4 Ay D jt 3 TE E ar mente Ss M s ES a e o a ae M 3b sog pp Er dior S one de dd de DOO d d EERS Var vo Sue ad aen dm rate pies i 0 E duce hoe o its wave rd ap Ad JL ned vus Ty nb y H Ra ts 06 n he Fe ictum A mes ah D A ovs e E 0 A a 3 m ave dU Tete cms E A eut n ARE AM dae ve ty PEE y TUM Ul FEN po NES Ue Pe xv P Eie i i dno PESTE 0 0 ede ONE ae 4 Dn 0 Us opel vn RO FP d LA M HE at PAP t Aun 4 5 q N PIRES ky Ke wo Y ae ea 6 gia AA rote E no e NI pot 25 us RR Nes Poe Pie dig ro DIG m n UE ADAE ape ME id td ve n AAR BEREA Hy sides ira Mn 0 ges A Fig och WE EMOS TUA re va 0 Evo oberg rT Se Hart utr add TIT 33 t vy t Pes as dy As hy denn Perro Mit au vs SENS i ns PINPIN Pa UP d ag AE E T 4 QUT E r 3 HEU Lyf he 44 Bb nul uw TEUR hede te ig RA nt 1 D m 5 ne EX Iss BAN SI S 3 SY dm AN pee DEM vs ae
84. y to use and inexpensive system that allows them to quickly build and modify icons stored in Object File Format OFF Zyda90 We present the program NPSICON to meet this need We also discuss some of the issues involved in building 3D icons B CHAPTER SUMMARY Chapter II describes some 3D icon modification and generation systems built by previous NPS students Chapter III provides an overview of NPSICON and its development Chapter IV discusses some techniques used to build NPSICON including the file format and interface generation system the NPS Panel Designer and ToolBox NPSPD Chapter V covers some specific implementation topics for NPSICON including the methods used to pick place and adjust parts Chapter VI addresses the capabilities and limitations of NPSICON and provides some suggestions for further research and system enhancement Chapter VII summarizes the conclusions reached on NPSICON and 3D icon construction in general Appendix A presents the user s manual for NPSICON II OTHER 3D ICON MODIFICATION GENERATION SYSTEMS AT NPS Many commercial computer aided design CAD systems are available They tend however to be very complicated to operate Since we desire a system which is easy to operate even for a novice user we ignore these systems Instead we examine two of the existing 3D icon modification and generation systems at NPS 3DShips and Preview A 3DSHIPS 3DShips is a program developed by Daniel Nagel at t
85. ygons he wishes to add to the sub icon Figure A 19 Unless the user saves the sub icon it will cease to exist when the user exits the create a subicon window Selecting the Save Sub Icon button brings up the same window used to save icons For specific details on saving files see Part H in the Appendix The file created when a sub icon is saved contains no material or color for the polygons in it To add 51 them the user must exit NPSICON and using a text editor manually add them to the sub icon s off file aa oa n a mm a a ano NIRE weet eee Snel x Rh wees Cao NORA ala daa ee m i ui a eee EU Ne ie a n Figure A 20 Window Used to Create a Sub Icon While creating a sub icon the user can rotate the icon and sub icon using the continuous rotation buttons and the one time rotation typeins located at the bottom of NPSICON s main window To scale rotate and translate the sub icon individually the user must save the sub icon to a file and then reload it into NPSICON using the Load Icon option on the popup menu Figure A 1 He can then manipulate the sub icon as he would any other icon in NPSICON If the user has not added materials or colors to the sub icon s file the sub icon will receive NPSICON s default material white After a sub icon is saved the user can then create another sub icon from the currently displayed icon The user can repeat this process to create as many sub icons as needed fro

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