Home

Manual

1. c Mandrel diameter for bending For lt 16 mm dm 4 dm For gt 16 mm dm 7 Anchorage length fod 2 25 1 Mfeta Lb rqa AL 4 Osa foa log O11 Q2 13014 Os ly rad gt Lp min lb min max 0 3lb rqa 10d 10 cm Lap length lo 01020306 Ip rqd A 1 5 Shear reinforcement 6mm Minimum diameter Abwnwmin 5 4 3 2 2 10 0 4 dbt fyat fyaw 9 5 3 1 0 25 dpL 5 5 3 2 2 12 a Maximum spacing between shear links centers along the column 20 db Smax 400 mm 9 5 3 3 and NA 2 87 Page 13 of 27 2 PMM Expert v 2 7 2014 Design of RC members for biaxial bending with axial force MPOEKTCOO User Manual Maximum spacing between shear links bo 2 bo 3 centers in critical zones 0 65 max Sdb 6db S xX i 9 5 3 4 175 mm 125 mm 5 4 3 2 2 11 a 5 5 3 2 2 12 b Maximum spacing between shear links b 4 100 mm centers along bar laps ene 5 6 3 3 Area of one shear reinforcement leg in a S d p 50 fyat fydw the zone of bar lapping i 5 6 3 4 Anchorage length inside concrete l 10dbw sa 5 6 1 2 hc 1 5hc hc la 6 la 6 Critical zone length 9 5 3 4 450 mm 600 mm lo 4d 5 4 3 2 2 4 5 5 3 2 2 4 lo 4dp1 2 lo 4dbp1 1 According to 9 5 3 6 the maximum distance from free bar to bar with shear link is 150 mm This will be always provided if spacing between legs of shear links is 300 mm This is more conservative than the Eurocode requirement 2 In order to simplify t
2. ceccccecsccccccscsccccccscsceccccscececcececscececcecscsceseececscesess 8 PRC SECTIONS WIM cacy cese acess catees tee EEEE R 9 Oan aO eC ON ee te ene ene A ne enon ae ener eer eee ee ee 9 PG RSW Se UONE cscs cartes cicero E E E E E eneuatm ery E ANS 10 EOI reseed E tasatcieaice vassals E A uep uct acuuscuaeeataleea unence ra uusenuseu nace oeous 10 Te IEA AE E E ANAE A AE EE EA E AE E A E A AE ees adeocies 10 PILOT ore a E E A S E E EE E E E R 10 Drawing new SECTIONS sisisiersai neun EN EEEE 11 SOOD e E E A atures 11 Section shape and diMensi NS acid cect cevinx cocavteweearxcccchacuscaduacatousecdueeusiusnsaedeeeutentiesisban dooduioetuesnenacsenmendeantc 11 PYGMY r cy tenet ce A A E E A E aaa ncerenea renee ee 12 SME UNS aie cae ea E ceive vrs cn ime woes wp dares ea ec aa tee omen desea mie pieas ay E 12 Chea CUO care acs ceva sa A cc Hus wes eo tae E E sec 12 Detailing requirements to Eurocode 2 and Eurocode 8 cccccccsssecccesececceeeccceeeseceeeeececeeeceeseneeeeeas 13 I a etc le tb es pe cac cnc sine E 15 ROSS aa E aceunetectsactanesacestuc E E 15 Sere Saa E T A E A 15 DUC UY a E E E 15 CONT OTO COVO r E E 15 Check current section ssirrenarion anina EEEN 16 Design procedure to Eurocode 2 EN 1992 1 1 oo eccccesecccsseecceseeceeceeeeceeeueeeeeeeesauscessecesseeenenees 16 TACO OAC KETON E E E E EE EEE 16 Norm aea II O E A E A AE EAE er 16 Initial imperfections nominal eccentricity and second order effects se
3. Materials Material and section properties are entered in the main window of the program You have to select concrete grade c20725 and steel grades for main B500 and shear e500 reinforcement Also you can specify a symbol N etc to be used for bar labelling in the drawings Characteristic and design values of material properties are predefined in tables Concrete compressive and tensile strengths are additionally multiplied by the reduction factors Qcc and Oe They should be defined separately in the respective fields since they are not included in the table values Material tables Matenals Concrete C20v25 2 fcd 13 3 MPa Reintorcement Symbol Bare B500 fyd 435 MFa Links B500 fywd 435 MPa Strength Reduction Factors apha_cc 085 alpha ct 100 You can open the material tables by clicking the button A dialog containing both concrete and reinforcement tables appears on screen You can modify values add new rows by clicking the button and remove rows using the button Finally you should press Save to save changes and close the dialog If you want to discard changes press Exit and you will return to the main window Material tables are common for the whole computer Any changes you make will reflect all Design Expert modules and input files Material data to Eurocode Concrete Design Expert includes the following concrete grades according to EN 1992 1 1 Tab
4. This setting will apply only to new sections Existing sections are not automatically modified each time you change the concrete cover You should enter the distance between surface of concrete and surface of reinforcement It is possible to specify different values for main bars and shear links In this case bar positions are determined using the greater value of cover to bars and cover to links link diameter In any case the covers should not be less than bar diameter 10 mm If this is not satisfied the program automatically applies the necessary correction Page 15 of 27 D PMM Expert v 2 7 2014 yx Design of RC members for biaxial bending with axial force MPOEKTCO O T User Manual Check current section Click on a section or load case to start the calculations They are performed for the current section and load case You can also use the button In order to check all load cases you should click them one by one Calculations are performed in the following sequence 1 First initial imperfections nominal eccentricity and second order effects are included Bending moments M and My are obtained as a result and they are used for all calculations further 2 The location of the neutral line is determined so that the internal stresses in concrete and reinforcement are equal to the design axial load The direction of the resultant moment from internal stresses should match the direction of the total design bending moment 3 Ulti
5. a system of two nonlinear equations with two unknown parameters x and a The solution is found by an iterative algorithm The angle of the neutral line a is determined so that the direction of the bending resistance moment Mpg to be equal to the direction of the design bending moment Meg If we assume that Myra and Myra are the projections of Mpg along x and y axis and Mxeq and Mygg are the respective projections of Meg then the condition could be written as IMyRd Myra Myeai Myed lt where is a sufficiently small number The depth of the compression zone x is determined so that the resultant axial force of the internal stresses in the concrete N and the reinforcement N to be equal to the design axial force N N_Ed N N lt 6 where Nta design axial force due to external loading N fo 0 z b z dz resultant axial force in concrete Concrete stresses are determined by using parabolic linear diagram 0 Z fea f 3a0 lt Z lt 2 Ec2 0 Zz fea 34 Ecz S E Z lt Ecy2 ted design value of concrete compressive strength n 2 9 2 0 0 y2 3 5 0 for concrete grades lower than C50 60 N j si Osi axial force in reinforcement bar i As bar area fya S Tsi Es 5 Z lt fya stress in reinforcement bar i zi distance from the reinforcement bar to the neutral line x compression zone depth Jya design yield strength of reinforc
6. class can be selected in the Settings dialog If your element is not intended to take seismic loads you can select DCL The program checks section dimensions reinforcement ratio min and max bar spacing min and max link spacing distance between link bends minimal diameters for bars and links concrete cover etc If some of these criteria is not satisfied you will see a warning message on the screen Detailed list of Eurocode requirements included into the program is provided bellow Page 12 of 27 D PMM Expert v 2 7 2014 yx Design of RC members for biaxial bending with axial force MPOEKTCOO User Manual Detailing requirements to Eurocode 2 and Eurocode 8 All parameters used for the automated detailing of columns are listed in the table below References to the corresponding sections in Eurocode are provided in brackets DCL DCM DCH Non seismic Seismic Seismic Section dimensions element element element EC2 EC8 EC8 Minimum section dimensions 250 mm min bc 200 mm 200 mm 5 5 1 2 2 1 Maximum dimensions ratio max 4 hc bc EN 1992 1 1 9 5 1 1 N 12 mm Minimum diameter dbL min 9 5 2 1 NA 2 84 0 002 0 01 9 5 2 2 NA 2 85 5 4 3 2 2 1 P max 9 5 2 3 NA 2 86 5 4 3 2 2 1 5 5 3 2 2 1 Minimum clear spacing between bars 50 mm Maximum spacing between bars centers Maximum spacing between bars at 7 300 mm 200 mm 150 mm corners of links mae 9 5 3 6 5 4 3 2 2 11 b 5 5 3 2 2 12
7. eet eee 26 ROTOT a E E T eae counter stentaneue neues wien naa ounereey 26 E eee ee a rr A E ng te re ee ee emer Re 26 AU OT oancee dnc teste bees nsec ctae E te stn tis etn oe ans sealers coe bass atte ane perce neewades ona svedoaie aes 26 S scares c ctv eae danse totes hears ernie or esp parsed teases E E oases edo E aes paqueededtauasvoaraneunadseeted 26 Cres rcs ce ce tae ea arn cece E carter oo ee ee E tae eee pena es es cee 26 EXpOrt to ZWCAD OF AUTOCAD seiisiescsvssivaccinscdersaducscscuwisiexswess veaubisedeusecenuossevasiecsuessuovabestdevsaceaneesouaseys 27 About the program PMM Expert is a software product for design of reinforced concrete columns for biaxial bending with axial force according to Eurocodes EC2 EC8 etc It is part of Design Expert software package Design values of section internal forces are defined in tables You can draw cross sections using powerful graphical editor All sections are stored in a library and can be reused multiple times You can check multiple sections and load cases for a single column Main features of the program are Section design You can design sections with arbitrary shapes You can specify coordinates and diameters for each reinforcing bar Calculations are performed by using effective numerical algorithms such as numerical integration and iteration methods for nonlinear equations solving The location of the neutral line is determined so that internal stresses in concrete and reinforceme
8. is i available to paste in other programs COPYMETAFILE CM Copy the current drawing as Metafile COPYWMEF 7 DELETE E D DEL Delete selected objects from both screen and memory ERASE 2 DESELECTALL DE DESEL Deselect all objects DESELECT DISTANCE DI DIST Measure distance and angle between points EE EXIT QUIT Close the program and exit Page 21 of 27 D PMM Expert v 2 7 2014 yx Design of RC members for biaxial bending with axial force MPOEKTCOO User Manual Jeno ok umgndonandoft OOOO Cher dislay user manual SSS fhlwinnoR m Miror te selected objects about a line defined by wo points Dinew IN _ evesteanewfle O loren Jo lopenan existing fle fom the disk SSCS formo or rum orthogonal drafting mode onandof fosna fos frum object snap mode onandoft eoraw ro fredraw the screenview S S rotare ro Rotate the selected objects about a specified center point and angle malsa fs Jseve tne current data toa fleonthedsk SCRIPT Save a script file scr with AutoCAD commands needed to create the current drawing in AutoCAD Ls aaa A ALL Select all objects in the drawing that are not hidden or locked SELALL Cine sn furmsnaptogrid mode on andofl The following commands are available only in the cross section editor commans ais Description oS BAR B ___ Drawmainbars CHECK a Check design code requirements for the section a LINK Draw shear links a OPTIONS OP OPT Display settings dialog
9. on the main toolbar or by typing commands in the command line located at the bottom Detailed descriptions of all commands are provided further in this manual If you hold the mouse over a button a tooltip appears with a short description of the respective command E PMM Expert 2 7 3 C Users NED Desktop 11 pmm co aE De el BS KEE Slag BB Eurocode EC2 EC8 Materials My f A t Mx Column length L 285 cm Buckling lengths p J y Concrete C20 25 fed 13 3 MPa ET Creep factor p T0 3 5 lox 9 70 1 Reinforcement Symbx K s _ ee VO Permanent load factor 75 loy 0 70 LH Bars B500 fyd 435 MPa m y Links B500 fywd 435 MPa LAZ en N Strength Reduction Factors alpha_cc 0 85 alphact 1 00 Section L50x50x25 16N16 NAwe elo No Name Ab As L50x50x25 16 1875 50 NEC Load 2 8 MEJI 25L9KNmM MRO 253 3 kNm Case N kN Mx kNm My kNm Checks are satsned Capacky forces for DCM gtd 1 1 1 1000 200 100 MRCX e3903KNM MRCY 339 4 kNm MRCX 339 4 kNm MRC 390 3 KNM VEdX 251 6 KN VEG y 281 6 kN GB K FRBIQAQRQAHh Se HO Calculating please wait Finished Window second corner 73 1 11 4 GRID SNAP Working with files PMM Expert has its own file format which is used to save program data permanently on a disk Input file extension is pmm Results are stored into pmm html files Open a file Click the
10. respective grips First you have to select a grip by clicking with the mouse Then click again on the grip to catch it move it to the new location and click to release it Copy Creates one or multiple copies of the selected objects using one of the available transformations lt f gt move CG rotate AlN scale or mirror Click the button or type the COPY command Select objects and press Enter or click the right mouse button A settings dialog appears on screen Select method of transformation using the icons on the top number of repetitions and method of pointing Page 26 of 27 2 PMM Expert v 2 7 2014 Design of RC members for biaxial bending with axial force MPOEKTCO O T User Manual e First second click two points that define the distance between Replicate Twa canceciitive abjects Transfonnation OUUU i E e a 5 e First last click two points that define the distance between the first and the last object All other objects will be distributed evenly Pick Points between them _ Fist Second First Second OOO 1 2 First Last e One by one click a base point first Then you have to enter Repettons 1 separate points to define the location of each object independently x eye yg 12 34 5 Coping is not available for some objects in some modules Export to ZWCAD or AutoCAD You can export the drawing directly to ZWCAD or AutoCAD by clicking the iy b button fro
11. All rights reserved N MPOEKTCOOT Software Package Design Expert version 2 7 Structural Design and Detailing to Eurocode PMM Expert Design of RC members for biaxial bending with axial force User Manual N PMM Expert 2 7 3 C Users NED Desktop 11 p baba Y DeB rE Elaa EH Eurocode EC2 EC8 v san My a gt Mx Column length L 285 cm Buckling lengths Bars w fyd 435 MPa Links fywd 435 MPa gt Strength Reduction Factors og b Concrete fed 13 3 MPa a gt u Creep factor O 0 35 lox 0 70 LEl Reinf nt 3 P ms heii aa Permanent load factor 7 loy 0 70 Li alpha_cc 0 85 alpha_ct 1 00 Section L50x50x25 16N16 NAaSxempl No Name Ab As KA 1 25x25 4N14 625 62 1 0 2 L50x50x25 16 1875 503 27 3 L60x60x25 28 2375 106 45 D NEC 1000 0 KN NRO 999 5KN MEJI 223 5 kN lt MRa 248 7 kN Load BS MyEdJ 122 1 kNm lt MyRO 135 7 kNm MECN 2549KNM lt MRG 283 3 KNM Case N kN Mx kNm My kNm Crecks are satistied eS STS tae CapacR forces for DCM gRd 1 1 1 1000 200 100 MROX 3903KNM MRCy 339 4 KNM eas eee EEF MRO 339 4 Nm MRC 390 3 Nm VEGA 251 6 KN VEGY 251 5KN BoeX RMP QARAH e e hE Calculating please wait a Finished Window second corner X 73 1 11 4 i GRID SNAP MIDQOM 36CODg COILUGL a AFI GID 2MYb 2014 2 PMM Expert v 2 7 2014 Design of RC members for biaxial bending with axial forc
12. Undo wrong action or command Click the 2 button or type the UNDO command It cancels the results from the last command and recovers the previous drawing state You can undo only one step back If you need to go back further use the other commands to recover the original drawing state Page 22 of 27 2 PMM Expert v 2 7 2014 Design of RC members for biaxial bending with axial force MPOEKTCO O T User Manual Redo a command that has been undone Click the E button or type the REDO command It repeats the last command in case it has been accidently undone REDO must follow the UNDO command immediately before any other command Otherwise the command cannot be recovered Points and coordinates input Design Expert has its own CAD environment where you can create and modify drawings Some commands require the user to enter coordinates of points You can do this by clicking with the mouse in the drawing window or by typing the coordinates in the command line Typing input should follow some standard formats as described below Coordinates can be absolute or relative to the previous point Input ae format Example Descipton ture 10 5 15 Values are defined in global coordinate system Oxy R 1 g W u u h Relative 25 35 Sauve distances 25 n 5 to the previous point along X and Y respectively wel lt 45 100 Distance o 100 is measured to the previous point at 45 angle from X axis L 50 Distance of 50 to the previo
13. a button to open a file from the disk A standard file selection dialog appears on the screen Browse for the file using the mouse or type file path and name and click Open Save a file Click the button to save a file to the disk A standard file selection dialog appears on the screen Select the destination folder and file name If file already exists you will be prompted to overwrite or change the name You can save with a different name directly by clicking the small arrow next to the button Then select Save as from the drop down menu Page 4 of 27 2 PMM Expert v 2 7 2014 Design of RC members for biaxial bending with axial force MPOEKTCOOT User Manual Input data Working with tables Most of the input data is entered in tables You can use the following commands to work with all tables inside the program Insert new row press Ins key or button When you go to the end of the last row and press Enter a new row opens automatically Delete last row press Backspace or button Some tables are with fixed dimensions and you Cannot add or remove rows Move the current focus with one cell press arrow keys lt T gt Move the focus to the first or last row press Page Up Page Down Home End Edit current cell contents press F2 or just start typing an input box is opened automatically Finish cell edit press Enter or arrow key the input box is closed and changes ar
14. are calculated at each step The second one is generated by rotating the neutral line and keeping the axial force constant These diagrams can be used for checking multiple load cases simultaneously Design bending moment and axial forces can be marked in the same coordinate system as points If a point is inside the contour the section has sufficient capacity for the respective load Calculation Report You can generate a detailed report in HTML format for each problem by clicking the ch Results button The report is opened in Internet Explorer by default but you can use other web browsers as well Most office programs like MS Word can also edit html files The report is saved in a file named data_file_name html The file always comes together with a folder named data_file_name html_ files Always keep the file and the folder together otherwise all pictures and formatting will be lost Page 20 of 27 2 PMM Expert v 2 7 2014 Design of RC members for biaxial bending with axial force MPOEKTCOO User Manual Working with Design Expert graphical environment All drawings are generated in the internal Design Expert graphical environment first There you can view modify and align objects before exporting them to ZWCAD or AutoCAD The graphical environment includes a basic set of commands for drawing and editing Commands How to enter commands You can use several ways to enter a command in this program e Type it into the command
15. e Then you can load the saved script into ZWCAD and AutoCAD using the SCRIPT command or menu Tools Run Script Page 27 of 27
16. e MPOEKTCOO User Manual TABLE OF CONTENTS Apot TING poera eron tne sr teres roseevics bean ciicnsansemnssmouterbeanced sensavansoened uenesiovivedeancats scaceausoameneenesineuee 3 HOW WU WOU Se vats ctesiecte sae iacta cide sutsntcareueonescesteioc suctaceaceteskentaurodscteGat ies E A 4 Working with TC Sesolecace sconce scccnceansaseuc da colaceesicewiauseicaceaneosenseasoincenoneeuicnsspeoareneciusiteselncwmeienteus cars 4 Open SITING sucsiacesscctacuonsecstssequs onpcaceus diese T oo sucdnausessanuese stecasnacuswnesacdecutececae 4 SAV TNS sarc suatesahcctnue a secesutenactoanen A E E E 4 BUOY ACS ates ts ss ears tc E es eens sab cee setae seedse E E E E E A EN 5 MV OF KING With tables sncercsacsracresnedswaevessansabeeesneanseavnvevesudwaennedeesubahedieanasaenesvaveuvenoieauesabshasneanectorsesesvwens 5 POSTE iC OCS siaencescwsesccunwccenc teas aa eneie cdeeec sue uewsnnac seve nqueus sous eiamen aces ueanaesiaacverourenvucsaneevacesuasseceiereveseen 5 VAC SUAS ecateccn ce peeranaraaican eE EEEE E EEES 6 PVPS lal CANS a E sine meus enue nas aleea cee ceasicacaritesieasseweiaetoss uaa nese ananamneaeen emeeeenees 6 Material data to EUTOCOQE sser E ENE 6 a CIN CA aoro AE N wacncastosso cecne ase eaaeetaeens 7 PCW UD CAG A ecg case siseone sansaies sci E EEE 7 LOSS SOCIO aioir scaceveteacusecscnaeoncasaeusscsannscscusaensseesuaccraisaaosesvacnsemcpenenscasues seneietenemsacscenensawesvaacans 8 Loading cross SECTIONS INTO the current PrOjeCt
17. e bottom left part of the main Load 1 windows Use the button to add new load cases in the table and Case Nv kN bc eh My kNm to delete them Enter axial force N kN and bending moments M and Letra acs uo 2 2000 110 20 My kNm for each load case Axial force should be negative for compression and positive for tension Indexes x and y correspond to the planes of action of bending moments rather than the directions of vectors Positive directions of bending moments are determined so that they induce compression at right and top edges of the section respectively Buckling data My i a Mx Column length L 2385 cm Buckling lengths F pa Seen Ceep factor por 70 3 5 lox 9 70 Hl Nes Pemanent load factor 75 loy 0 70 L Hl Page 7 of 27 2 PMM Expert v 2 7 2014 Design of RC members for biaxial bending with axial force MPOEKTCOO User Manual Buckling data is entered at the top part of the main window above the drawing You have to enter member length L and effective length Buckling Lenght factors Lox and Loy along x and y respectively The program J f m G can calculate the effective length factors automatically based Alk salen e on the support conditions at top and bottom Click the button to open the dialog You can select pinned fixed and spring connection If you select Frame the program will bape consider the column as a part of frame so the effective leng
18. e stored into the cell Cancel cell edit press Esc the input box is closed and the changes are discarded The original contents remains in the current cell Delete cell contents press Del the contents of all selected cells is cleared Select a range of cells the first method is to use the keyboard select the first cell hold Shift and press arrow keys or Page Up Page Down Home End to move to the cell at the other corner of the area Alternatively you can click the first corner with the mouse hold Shift and click the opposite corner Copy the contents of the selected cells press Ctrl C Paste into the selected cells press Ctrl V You can copy from and paste to the same or a different table as well as external programs like Word Excel etc You will receive a warning if try to paste a range of cells which area is greater than the area of the destination range of cells This is necessary to avoid unwanted data overwriting Design code Design Expert is compatible to Eurocodes mainly EN 1992 1 1 and EN 1998 1 1 It is applicable to most countries as far as you can define your own material properties partial safety factors loads and some other important parameters Detailed description of all design methods and formulas used in this program is provided further in this manual Page 5 of 27 2 PMM Expert v 2 7 2014 Design of RC members for biaxial bending with axial force MNPOEKTCOQOT User Manual
19. e two possible input methods tabular and graphical e Tabular input Enter the coordinates X and Y for each point in the table and click Enter If the Automatic option is selected main reinforcement and shear links are also created e Graphical input Click the button Draw the section by clicking with the left mouse button on the drawing see Working with Design Expert CAD Environment You can also import sections directly from a ZWCAD AutoCAD drawing by using the 15 button Sections should be closed polylines After clicking the button you will be prompted to pick a polyline in the current ZWCAD AutoCAD drawing Page 11 of 27 2 PMM Expert v 2 7 2014 Design of RC members for biaxial bending with axial force MPOEKTCOO User Manual Main bars You have to enter coordinates X Y and diameter d optional for each bar There are two ways to enter bar data e Tabular input Enter the coordinates in the table Before that you can enter total bar count in the text field on the right If the Automatic option is selected bars are distributed evenly along the section perimeter each time you change the number of bars e Graphical input Press the Draw button Then click bar positions in the drawing with the left mouse button Click the right button or press Enter to finish The program automatically maintains the concrete cover and moves the bars inside if necessary That allows you to pick points
20. elect the sections and press the gt import button Press All to import all available sections into the current project You can unload sections by transferring them from right to left in a similar way Use the c Remove n lt All buttons respectively Page 9 of 27 2 PMM Expert v 2 7 2014 Design of RC members for biaxial bending with axial force MPOEKTCOO User Manual Add new sections Click the m New button The section editor dialog appears You can use it to enter or draw section dimensions and reinforcement bars Finally you should save the section as a file in the library Edit Select the section you are going to edit and press gt Open It is loaded into the section editor You can modify dimensions and reinforcement and save the changes Delete Select sections to be removed and click 3 Delete You will be prompted for confirmation and after that the selected sections will be permanently erased from the disk Filter When you have too many sections in the library it is difficult to find the required one Then you can use filtering by one or several of the following criteria B section width cm H section height cm bars total count of bars bar diameter mm ratio reinforcement ratio Select the required criteria specify the from to margins and press On to activate the filter To deactivate press Off If you change so
21. ement E is the design value of the modulus of elasticity of reinforcement For a given value of x ultimate strain diagram is used instead of the actual diagram due to external loads That is how ultimate bending capacity is calculated by the above equations Page 18 of 27 D PMM Expert v 2 7 2014 yx Design of RC members for biaxial bending with axial force MPOEKTCOOT User Manual Eud E S Ec2 Ultimate strain diagram is obtained in different ways depending on the case described below Case 1 The strain in the tensile reinforcement remains constant 1 yg while the strain at top edge c varies from yg in the reinforcement to y2 in the concrete Case 2 The stain at top edge remains constant cu2 while the strain in tensile reinforcement varies from ug to Ecy2 d4 h At that moment concrete strain at bottom edge reaches zero Case 3 The section is entirely in compression so the strain diagram rotates around point C where the strain always remain amp 2 The location of point C from the top edge is determined by the distance a h 1 Ec2 Ecu2 Bending resistance moments For the current position of the neutral line bending resistance moments are calculated as follows Myra Mee M projection along x Myra Myc Mysi projection along y Mra _ Mira M5r along total design moment Resultant moments in concrete and reinforcement in the
22. exact value of the angle using polar w coordinate input format Type lt a 1 in the command line instead of clicking the second point where a should be the rotation angle in degrees Scale Scales the selected objects with a center and scale factor defined by user Click the button or type SCALE Then enter first and second point and press Enter or click the right mouse button The first point represents the center of transformation Scale factor is 2 defined as the distance between the first and the second point Alternatively you can type the scale factor in the command line instead of entering a second point v Mirror Mirrors the selected objects about a line defined by user Click the At button or type MIRROR Then enter first and second point and press Enter or click the right mouse button Stretch When the drawing is unlocked you can stretch separate objects like points lines polylines dimensions circles polygons and texts by dragging with the mouse Select the object and click on a point end middle or center point to catch it Then move the cursor to a new location and second click to release it Texts are selected and moved using their base points displayed as small circles If you stretch a line polyline or polygon and you hold shift before the second click you will insert a new vertex When the drawing is locked then you work in block editing mode You can move entire blocks by stretching the
23. ge paper size and orientation as well as other options by clicking the D Cancel Pom button Press the Print button to finish Printer Settings Microsoft XPS Document Writer Ol Modify objects Block editing mode vs free mode Graphics in Design Expert are represented by basic objects like lines polylines circles texts dimensions etc They are grouped in blocks in order to form more complex objects like reinforcement bars sections or entire elements Each block is attached to one or more grips that are displayed as small blue boxes By default the drawing is locked and you can move only entire blocks using the respective grips This is called block mode You cannot modify separate objects within blocks If you want to do that you have to unlock the drawing first Locking and unlocking is performed by clicking the respective buttons 4 4 Select Selection is a way to determine which objects should be affected by a certain command You can select objects either before or after the command There are several ways to select objects e Single click on the object outline with the left mouse button The outline should intersect the cursor selection box E If there are no object at the specified point the on program automatically continues to window selection mode e Window you have to enter two points at the opposite corners of a window If you draw the window from left to right all objects tha
24. gn checks can be performed in PMM Expert e Check the selected section for the applied loads e Generate interaction diagrams that show section capacity in graphical form e Calculate column bending capacity according to Eurocode 8 Design checks are in compliance to EN 1992 1 1 and Eurocode 8 EN 1998 1 Calculations are performed by using effective numerical algorithms such as numerical integration and iteration methods for nonlinear equations solving That allows you to design columns with arbitrary shapes and dimensions Each section is represented by a polygon of points with coordinates e 4 x and y The polygon cannot be self crossing Be careful about that when you enter 3 general sections by coordinates or import them from ZWCAD or AutoCAD Otherwise 23 1 7 the program may produce incorrect results Example for self crossing polygon is shown on the picture Settings Click on the button to open the Settings dialog You can enter the following options Ductility class Detailing requirements for different ductility classes are included The program automatically applies the requirements for the selected ductility class during the detailing process You should select one of the following possible values DCL DCM or DCH from the combo box For more information see Detailing requirements to Eurocode 2 and Eurocode 8 above If you need to design to Eurocode 2 only select DCL Eurocode 8 is applied otherwise Concrete cover
25. he detailing critical zone and lap zone are merged at the bottom of the column and relevant length and link spacing is used The additional 4d is according to EN 1992 1 1 8 7 4 2 1 for shear reinforcement at distance of 4d after the end of compression bars lapping List of symbols dot main reinforcement diameter Fyat design yield strength for main reinforcement fyaw design yield strength for shear reinforcement bc column section width the smaller dimension hc column section height the larger dimension bo width of confined core inside shear reinforcement dow shear reinforcement diameter la clear storey height lo lap length for main bars Page 14 of 27 2 PMM Expert v 2 7 2014 Design of RC members for biaxial bending with axial force MPOEKTCOO User Manual Save You should save the section to the disk in order to phy Expert Save section use it further Click the JE button You will see a Conerete Area 900 00 om2 dialog showing general information about the Reinforcement Area 12 32 cm2 f Reinforcement Ratio 1 37 section sand results from code compliance checks Enter section name Do not include any file path or file extension A good section name should provide 785t0n name information about shape dimensions and s 2 ssue reinforcement That will make easier to use it further Section conform to code requirements for DEM Results The following desi
26. ibrary Imported Sections E 25x25 4N14 E R35x25 8N14 E R40x25 8N14 E 25x40 8N16 R35x80 B R40x25 10N16 25x40 8M18 R40x25 E 25x40 8N20 E R40x25 10N12 IS 25x40 8N22 S RAQx25 10N15 C100x60x25 34N20 R40x25 10N20 E L50x50x25 16N16 R40x25 12N12 E L60x60x25 28N22 R40x30 E L60x60x25 28N22 d E R40x30_R90 050 8N14 R40x40 IS 050 10N12 R40x40 8N16 IS O50 10N14 R40x40 12N1E B R160x 160 72N32 R40x40 12N1E E R25 25 R40x40 12N2 R25x50 R40x40 12N2 E R30x25 8016 R40x40 16N1E eS ES GS S ea B 4 loll f Filter 1B from IH from bars from JU from E ratio from on All available section in the library are loaded in the left panel Sections to be used for the current project are listed in the right panel If you click a section with the mouse you will see a picture at the right bottom side You can use the following commands to manage the library Load and unload sections You can have hundreds of sections in the library The program allows you to preliminary select only those sections that you are going to use in the current project That makes your further work easier In order to load sections into the current project select them into the left panel named Section Library and move them to the right panel Imported Sections You can do this in several ways Drag and drop the sections from left to right using the mouse Double click a section on the left S
27. ld cursor is restored back Alternatively you can use the RTPAN command It requires two points to define the length and the direction of movement towards the second point Since RTPAN is a command like any other you have to finish the previous command before that Unlike RTPAN the middle button method can be used transparently inside any command without interrupting it Copy screen You can copy the screen view to the clipboard any time and insert it into other programs using Paste command or Ctrl V You can use the following commands for coping COPYBITMAP copies the screen image as Bitmap COPYMETAFILE copies the screen image as Metafile Bitmap is a raster format file that stores information about colors of separate pixels Metafile is a vector format file that stores coordinates of graphical objects The boundaries of the copied image match the boundaries of the program window Only objects that are visible on the screen will appear in the image For best results you can stretch the program window beforehand in order to fit the drawing tightly in the window without white spaces Page 24 of 27 D PMM Expert v 2 7 2014 yx Design of RC members for biaxial bending with axial force MPOEKTCOOT User Manual Print screen You can send the screen view directly to the printer by pressing the button or typing the PRINT command A setup dialog appears on screen Select the required printer device from the list You can chan
28. le 3 1 aie ae lt MPa MPa MPa MPa e The following symbols are used in the above table Ecm concrete secant modulus of elasticity fek cube Characteristic cube strength Page 6 of 27 2 PMM Expert v 2 7 2014 Design of RC members for biaxial bending with axial force MPOEKTCO O T User Manual Sek characteristic cylinder strength Sotk 0 05 characteristic tensile strength with 5 probability of failure Sed Gece fek Ye design compressive strength feta Oct fetk 0 05 Yc design tensile strength Ec compressive strain at maximum stress for parabolic linear stress strain Ecy2 ultimate compressive strain at concrete edge Design values for compressive and tensile strengths in the table are determined for partial safety factor ye 1 5 They still do not include Qcc and ag factors which should be defined additionally Some countries use Occ 0 85 and aet is usually equal to 1 0 You should look for these values in your national annex document Reinforcement steel grades Design Expert includes the following steel grades E The following symbols are used in the table Name S fya fyk a GPa MPa MPa E design modulus of elasticity B220 200 191 220 0 01 B220 200 191 220 O01 sign vial strengths BA20 fyk characteristic yield strength B460 200 400 460 0 01 Eyq design ultimate strain Loading data Loads are defined in the Load table at th
29. line e Type the short version command alias e Press a button on the toolbar Aao KX ERE AQARQAs enak Program loaded Reading INI file C Users NED AppData Local Design Expert Beam Expert ini Command 202 8 25 3 GRID SNAP ORTHO OSNAP Alternatively instead of typing you can select the command from a drop down list by clicking the small arrow right to the command line Some commands may require you to select objects or enter coordinates You should watch the prompt on the left side of the command line Press enter or right mouse button to complete a command that is running You can cancel a command prematurely by pressing Esc or right mouse button Commands generate various output including error or warning messages results and general information intended for the user You can find it in the output window just above the command line You can start the previous command by pressing Enter or Space key instead of typing it again or pressing a button List of commands A list of all available commands including icons aliases and short descriptions is provided in the table below You can find detailed descriptions of all commands further in this manual omma Pats paon ooo ZWCAD Export the current drawing to AutoCAD ZWCAD AUTOCAD a COPY CP CO Replicate the selected objects by moving rotating mirroring or scaling E COPYBITMAP B Copy the current drawing as Bitmap to system clipboard where it
30. m the main toolbar It is always the same button but the icon is different depending on the selected External CAD option in the settings dialog If you click the arrow w next to the button you can select other CAD system from the drop down menu Supported versions are ZWCAD 2012 to 2015 and AutoCAD 2004 to 2015 If there is an instance of ZWCAD or AutoCAD already running the drawing is sent to the active document Otherwise a new session is opened Alternatively you can type one of the following commands ZWCAD AutoCAD or just CAD The drawing is exported as simple polylines texts dimensions lines circles and hatches There are no blocks or any other complex objects so it is easy to be modified with the standard AutoCAD commands Current text and dimension styles are used If you use templates the drawing will look as any of your other drawings For best results you have to define Text Placement to be Over the Dimension Line Without a Leader in the dimension style settings Objects are distributed in separate layers If the required layers do not exist they are created automatically Reinforcement output is compatible to Design Expert Plug in module You can use it to additionally modify and schedule the reinforcement bars For versions not supported by the direct output you can create AutoCAD command script files Click the arrow next to the button and select Save script file scr Enter file path and name and click Sav
31. mate bending resistance moments are calculated and they are compared to the design bending moments Detailed description of the design procedure is provided below Design procedure to Eurocode 2 EN 1992 1 1 Theoretical background e Concrete tension stress is excluded and all tension is taken by ee ES SS i i reinforcement e Parabolic linear stress strain relationship with maximum value of fog is used for calculation of concrete design stress e Linear plastic stress strain relationship with maximum value of fyg is used for calculation of steel design stress 0 Ecz Ecu2 o Jyd fyk i s e Bond exists between steel and concrete e Bernoulli hypothesis for planarity of sections is assumed strain diagram is linear along section height e Section capacity is reached when tensile strain in reinforcement and or compressive strain in concrete reach their ultimate values e Section forces due to external loads are in equilibrium with internal forces resulting from concrete and reinforcement stresses Jya Es Eud Euk Normalized axial force The check is performed when DCM or DCH ductility class is selected and the axial force is compressive N ee lt 0 65 for DCM and v lt 0 55 for DCH y Acfea If the check is not satisfied a message is displayed in the program window Initial imperfections nominal eccentricity and second order effects Design forces are updated additionally with
32. me of the criteria you should press On and Off again to reactivate the filter Page 10 of 27 2 PMM Expert v 2 7 2014 Design of RC members for biaxial bending with axial force MPOEKTCO O T User Manual Drawing new sections You can create new sections and modify existing ones using the internal section editor as described below Design Expert CAD Drawing Of Cross Section R40x25 10N18 xn OBULBZOGMC RA G GOVYMBSSoK RBH ARARAS e e aa OB Section Dimensions Draw E r D 25 cm h 40 cm x i hh n Main Bars V Automatic No X cm Y cm d mm Number 10 1 15 70 8 20 i d 2 15 70 8 20 18 v 3 15 70 8 20 4 15 70 8 20 5 520 8 20 e 52 s2 Shear Links No P1 P2 P3 P4 C if bends EEEE 2 9 5 6 g 9 Number 25 Open file C Users NED AppData Local Design Expert ColSections R40x25 10N16 sec End of file Command 9 6 16 1 GRID SNAP ORTHO IOSNAP Settings Before you start you can check and modify the reinforcement detailing settings by clicking the T button See the Settings chapter further in this manual Section shape and dimensions Select the shape from the toolbar O G H L 2 lt 1 Enter the dimensions as shown on the respective pictures and click the Enter button The following dimensions are required for each shape y h bf hf If you have a general section you should enter the coordinates of the outline points You hav
33. n concrete grade k n A 170 lt 0 20 factor that depends on axial force and slenderness n N Ac fea normalized axial force A L i slenderness ratio i JIc c radius of gyration ted design value of concrete compressive strength fek characteristic compressive cylinder strength of concrete at 28 days Ac area of cross section I second moment of area of concrete section I second moment of area of reinforcement about the center of area of the cross section Eca Ecm Vce design value of the modulus of elasticity of concrete yc 1 3 partial safety factor for concrete Page 17 of 27 2 PMM Expert v 2 7 2014 Design of RC members for biaxial bending with axial force MPOEKTCOO User Manual Es design value of the modulus of elasticity of reinforcement Creep factor to is entered by the user It can be found in Figure 3 1 of Eurocode 2 The ratio of Moeaqp Moea is entered in the Permanent load ratio field It is used for calculation of effective creep factor Moeqp is the first order bending moment in quasi permanent SLS combination and Moeg is the ULS first order bending moment Neutral line position The position of the neutral line is determined by two parameters angle a between the neutral line and positive x axis and depth of compression zone x measured to the most compressed point In the general case of an arbitrary polygon the problem is reduced to
34. nate system Oxy Then it is projected to the screen to certain scale You can see only a part of the model space that is visible within the program window We will call this screen view You can scale and move the screen view over the drawing using ZOOM and PAN commands That is how you can work with different parts of the drawing as necessary Zoom in and out If you have a wheel mouse you can zoom in and out by rotating the wheel forward and backward The center of the transformation the point that does not move is assumed to be the current position of the cursor You can move quickly to different parts of the drawing by positioning the cursor at different locations and zooming in and out Also you can use some additional commands as follows CH ZOOM IN zooms in the screen view with one step g ZOOM LIMITS zooms the screen view so that all visible objects fit inside the screen CE ZOOM WINDOW zooms the screen view in a user defined window When you start the command you have to enter two points at the opposite corners of the window Z ZOOM OUT zooms the screen view out with one step Pan You can move the screen view at preferred direction in order to see other parts of the drawing If you have a three button mouse you can use the middle button to pan Press and hold the middle button drag it to the new location and release the button When you press the button the cursor changes to and when you release it the o
35. nt are in equilibrium with the design axial loads At this stage the ultimate bending resistance is calculated and it is compared to the design bending moments Interaction diagrams Interaction diagrams are curves that show the ultimate bending resistance for different values of the axial force for a given cross section The program generates two types of diagrams The first one is axial force moment N Miot interaction obtained in the plane of the external bending moment The second one is moment moment Mx My interaction for a given value of the axial force Capacity design Capacity values of bending moments are calculated at four sides of the section according to Eurocode 8 They represent the ultimate bending resistance for the selected section and reinforcement and the corresponding axial force They can be used for soft storey checks to eq 4 29 in EN 1998 1 Capacity moments are also used for calculation of capacity shear forces Page 3 of 27 D PMM Expert v 2 7 2014 yx Design of RC members for biaxial bending with axial force MPOEKTCOOT User Manual Reporting As a result a detailed report is generated in HTML format You can edit view or print it with Word or other programs You can also export graphical data directly to ZWCAD or AutoCAD or table values to Excel How it works The software includes standard graphical user interface for Windows You can enter commands either by clicking buttons
36. on the concrete edge and get the bars inside at the right positions All bars are created with the default diameter It is defined in the respective field on the right If there are bars with different diameters you can enter the values in the d mm column in the table Shear links Each shear link is defined by the corresponding bar numbers at the bends P1 P4 By default you can specify 2 to 4 bars If you need more complex links you can increase the maximum number of bends up to 6 or 8 in the respective field on the right You can fill the numbers of bars in the Shear Links table During the input the program shows the current link shape on the drawing Links can be closed or opened For closed links you should fill the number of the first bar P1 once again in the C column Alternatively you can draw shear links graphically Press the Draw button and click consequently near each bar located at a bend Click the right mouse button or press Enter to finish You will receive a question Close link If you answer Yes the link will be closed otherwise it will remain open The link is drawn automatically around the specified bars with the required bends and hooks Check Section You can verify whether the section complies with code requirements for the specified ductility class There are three possible ductility classes in Eurocode 8 Low DCL Medium DCM and High DCH The required ductility
37. respective directions are obtained by the equations Myc NeXe My si si Osi Xj Myc Ne Yc Mysi si Osi Yi Bending resistance moment is compared to design bending moment due to external loading The design check is satisfied when the resistant moment is greater than the design moment That refers to their projections as well Myea S Myra Myra lt Myra Mea lt Mra Interaction diagrams Interaction diagrams are graphics that show section bending resistance for different values of the axial force They depend on section shape and dimensions material properties and reinforcement In case of plane bending the diagram represents a closed curve in M N coordinate system Moment M is assumed to be Page 19 of 27 2 PMM Expert v 2 7 2014 Design of RC members for biaxial bending with axial force MPOEKTCO O T User Manual along horizontal axis and axial force N is along vertical axis In case of biaxial bending the diagram represents a closed surface in M My N coordinate system In PMM Expert two diagrams are generated instead M N in the vertical plane of action of the design moment M My in the horizontal plane of the design axial force N w je gt M xEd wi Myed l You can display the diagrams by switching the land amp buttons respectively The first diagram is generated by variation of the axial force The position of the neutral line total bending resistant moment
38. ry and you can find and insert them again later You can quickly create different versions of existing sections using the button The current section is opened for editing first Make the necessary changes and save the section with a different name The new section is added to the list unlike the gt command which replaces the current section That is how you can quickly make several sections with equal shape and dimensions but different reinforcement You can select single or multiple sections in the list by clicking with the left mouse button or pressing the arrow keys while holding Shift and Ctrl Section numbers are automatically assigned by the program Section names are entered by user You can see additional data for each section in the list as follows Ap area of concrete cm A area of main reinforcement cm7 reinforcement ratio When you click a section with the left mouse button it becomes current and Column capacities are calculated when you start the design Page 8 of 27 2 PMM Expert v 2 7 2014 Design of RC members for biaxial bending with axial force MPOEKTCOO User Manual RC Sections Library Design Expert allows you to build a library of sections with different dimensions and reinforcement and use them multiple times Each time you create a new section it is automatically stored in the library You can open the library with the E button above the section list RC Sections Library Section L
39. ssessseesesrrrssrreresrrrsesreress 16 Mentr Mne POS e A E E 18 Bendine Tre rance MOMEN nanna E EEE E EEE 19 Mtera cion didera ne E EE E A 19 Calculon REDONE cinese a r EE A EEE R 20 Working with Design Expert graphical environment sesessssscesesesescecececesescececesesescecesesesesceceo 21 COMMANA aE E E A E O EEE 21 HOW TO EGS CON Ia E E E E A 21 EO CONN N eE EEEE 21 Undo wrong action OF COMMANGA ccccssccccsseccesecceesceceecessnececenecceencecauncessueceseneceeeueesauscessaecesseeeneness 22 Redo a command that has been undone essesssssssesrseresssrrssrrrsrrrssrrrsrresrtenstrnsrtrsrtesstrrsrtessterereesseeseeee 23 Page 2 of 27 2 PMM Expert v 2 7 2014 Design of RC members for biaxial bending with axial force MPOEKTCOO User Manual Points and coordinates INPUT ce cccinesencooreseveneacaew idee bdevoseessioedanandesoate vet dduntsevontcusendaentdecaaiaeusneteehderessensecds 23 Manage the screen view cccscscsccscsceccccscsccccccecscsccccecscncescecscscescecscnceceececscesescecscsceseececscesescecscesess 24 Zoom noana O ee E E EE E ance 24 Pr E T T E E ahaa nee 24 CODN CT E e E E aasetaresunee eens ese eomaeetgen sures 24 PAA C TEE E E E A AE ee eee 25 Modify GINO CUS prirriicvosoisniston neen a aa 25 Bl ck editing mode vs free Mode ssrrnrnoasiarinnaraiar i aE ee eee 25 SE E a ee A E E E A ER EE T E A A E ene 25 BES E 01 E E E E E E E E E NN IE E AE A EE E E E AA E I 25 DOE A E E E 25 MOVO aree E T E eae eae
40. t fit entirely inside are selected If you draw the window from right to left all objects that intersect or fit inside the window are selected The window is displayed with solid line in the first case and dashed line in the second e All selects all visible and unlocked objects Click the button or type SELECTALL to start the command Selected objects are redrawn in red Deselect Deselection is performed in the same way as selection but additionally you should hold the Shift button Alternatively you can click an object with the right mouse button In order to deselect all objects press Esc click the x button or type DESELECTALL Delete Click the button or type DELETE All selected objects are erased both from screen and memory Page 25 of 27 2 PMM Expert v 2 7 2014 Design of RC members for biaxial bending with axial force MPOEKTCOO User Manual Move Moves the selected objects along a vector defined by two points Click the button 7 or type MOVE Then enter first and second point and press Enter or click the right mouse button pe 1 Rotate Rotates the selected objects around a center and with angle defined by user Click the C button or type ROTATE Then enter first and second point and press Enter or click the right mouse button The first point defines the center of rotation and the second is for the angle The angle is measured between the line and the X axis 1 counterclockwise You can also enter the
41. th will be calculated based on the beams column stiffness ratio according to Eurocode Unbraced Braced u 0 50 Creep ratio t is used for calculation of effective creep Eb 3000 kN cm ratio Pef to Moegp Moed It can be determined from Figure 3 1 in Eurocode 2 The value of Moegp Moed is entered in the Permanent load ratio field It is defined as the ratio of the bending moment from quasi permanent load combination to the bending moment from ULS load combination B 7z Fixed Pinned Spring Frame Cross sections Loading cross sections into the current project Section R40x40 12N20 You can load several cross sections in the program and use them to check D ES amp gt a single column That is how you can select an optimal one using trial and No Name Ab As error Sections are loaded into the Sections list located in the left panel R40k40 127N20 1600 377 2 i l _ l i gt RS5k36N20 1250 440 35 of the main window You can insert existing sections from the RC saa gat Ro Sections Library by clicking the E button If you cannot find the necessary section in the library you can create a new one Click the f button to open the section editor and draw the new section Click the E gt button to open the selected section for editing Use the 3 button to remove the selected sections from the list It does not actually delete the sections from the disk They remain in the libra
42. the initial imperfections in both directions according to Eurocode EN 1992 1 1 They are accounted as for single element in the form of additional eccentricity Page 16 of 27 2 PMM Expert v 2 7 2014 Design of RC members for biaxial bending with axial force MPOEKTCOO User Manual ej 6 L 2 where Le effective member length Oi A5 An Am inclination of the member 1 200 basic value of the inclination Ay 2 VL reduction factor for length height L is the member length in meters Orn 1 reduction factor for number of members In case of compression second order effects are included by using nominal stiffness method The design value of the bending moment is determined to the equation 5 30 Moga Meg Ed 1 N Nz Mogg M N e is the first order bending moment including initial imperfections The value of eccentricity ej must be not be less than e h 30 2 20 mm according to EN 1992 1 1 section 6 1 4 h cross section height N design axial force due to external load Ng critical compressive force It is calculated to eq 5 17 Ne 22 El Lo EI Ke Ecgl K Es nominal stiffness obtained by eq 5 21 K 1 factor that accounts for the contribution of the reinforcement Ke ky k2 1 Pet factor that accounts for effects of cracking creep shrinkage etc Pef P to Moegp Moed effective creep factor ki Vf ck 20 factor that depends o
43. us point measured towards mouse cursor Press Enter or Space after you enter the coordinates in the command line If you want to enter points with the mouse you have to move the cursor to the required location and click with the left mouse button You can see the current coordinates of the cursor in the status bar located at the bottom of the main window You can use several precision tools that can help you to get the exact coordinates when clicking e GRID shows a uniform grid of dots over the working area of the drawing e SNAP rounds the coordinates to a specified step along X and Y e ORTHO orthogonal drawing mode Current point is aligned to horizontal or vertical line with the previous point depending on the mouse position e OSNAP gets the coordinates of an existing point in the drawing when you move the mouse or click over it closer than a specified range If several points are located within the range the closest one is returned When a point is snapped an x mark appears on the screen It is always the same symbol regardless the point type Page 23 of 27 2 PMM Expert v 2 7 2014 Design of RC members for biaxial bending with axial force MPOEKTCO O T User Manual You can switch on and off the precision tools using the respective buttons on the status bar or by typing the respective commands in the command line Manage the screen view The drawing is located in the model space and it is defined in global coordi

Manual

Contents

Download Pdf Manuals

Related Search

Related Contents