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1. so that a ninth argument can be used to add further customizations within the enclosing block The nterm box specs nw nn ne ns pin Igth style macro illustrated in Figure 29 is similar to the nport macro but has one fewer argument draws single pins instead of pin pairs and defaults to a 3 terminal box Many custom labels or added elements may be required particularly for 2 ports These elements can be added using the first argument and the ninth of the nport macro For example the following code adds a pair of labels to the box immediately after drawing it but within the enclosing block nport 0 at Box w ljust oo at Box e rjust If this trick were to be used extensively then the following custom wrapper would save typing add the labels and pass all arguments to nport define nullor nport 1 o at Box w ljust infty at Box e rjust shift The above example and the related gyrator macro are illustrated in Figure 30 gt 2 gyrator invis 0 N nullor gyrator gyrator invis wid boxht 0 NV Figure 30 The nullor example and the gyrator macro are customizations of the nport macro A basic winding macro for magnetic circuit sketches and similar figures is shown in Figure 31 For simplicity the complete spline is first drawn and then blanked in appropriate places using the background core color lightgray for example default white Figure 32 shows the macro co
2. C O y C po vo P o ay A P g B f ay tact C contact contact R contact P contact 0 contact C Po 2C oO oC Ai ea ary o c contact I contact RI contact PI contact OI contact CI C2 Poot it 02 V1 t v2 ri E a Plot Cl a 001 i mt oO 1 O T togi tgi 1oCl A ov v v2 yi v2 FD 0C2 H relay relay 2 relay 2 RIP relay 2 0 relay 2 CT Figure 32 The contact 0 C R and relay poles O0 C R macros default direction right 10 A Shl oR i N L20 S oR L20 ba R20 oL2 T i T Lo oL Lio s oRI L30 A oR3 Rito oLl NPDT up_ NPDT NPDT 2 NPDT 3 R left_ NPDT 2 R Figure 33 Multipole double throw switches drawn by NPDT npoles R B TB A _ B pale AS PTA BO io Sa plug plug R plug 3 plug L 3R FGL LM2 LMI SMIi LM L1 Slo Lo Lo L L rei l ar bas G jack jack LMBS L RLS L RLBLMLMS RSBSMLB Figure 34 The jack U D L RI degrees their defined points chars and plug U D L R degrees 2 3 R components and A macro for drawing headers is in Figure 35 and some experimental connectors are shown in 21 Figure 36 and Figure 37 The tstrip macro allows key value arguments for width and height P1 PinP1 P2 EES PinP2 P16 Header Header 2 3 8mm__ 10mm__ down_ Header 2 D Teft_ Tar 4 f111_ 0 9 Figure 35 Macro Header 1 2 rows wid ht type ow F g K Eea ON en oe S tstrip R 5 ccoax O gt gt a DO wid 1 0
3. twopi_ gen 27 ujt linespec R P E cct unijunction transistor right P channel envelope Section 6 1 60 unit3D x y z 3D unit triple in the direction of triple x y z up__ gen up with respect to current direction up_ gen set current direction up Section 5 variable element A P L u N CIS angle length cct overlaid arrow or line to indicate variable 2 terminal element A arrow P preset L linear N nonlinear C continuous S setpwise Section 4 2 vec_ x y gen position rotated with respect to current direction View3D 3D The view vector triple defined by setview azim elev The project macro projects onto the plane perpendicular to this vector vlength x y gen vector length y x y vperp linear object gen unit vector pair CCW perpendicular to linear object Vperp position name position name gen unit vector pair CCW perpendicular to line joining two named positions vrot_ x y xcosine ycosine gen rotation operator vscal_ number x y gen vector scale operator Vsprod_ position expression gen The vector in arg 1 multiplied by the scalar in arg 2 W gen w with respect to current direction while_ test actions gen Integer m4 while loop wid_ gen width with respect to current direction winding L R diam pitch turns core wid core color cct core winding drawn in the current direction R right handed Section 6 XOR_gate n N log xor gate 2 or n inputs N negated input Other
4. Mitre_ L M draws angle at intersection of lines L and M with legs of length arg3 default linethick bp__ 2 sets Here to intersection Section 7 mitre_ Position1 Position2 Position3 length line attributes mm mosfet linespec L R chars E Mux_ht Mux_wid gen gen ect cct cct e g mitre_ A B C draws angle ABC with legs of length arg4 default linethick bp__ 2 sets Here to Position2 Section 7 absolute millimetres MOSFET left or right included components defined by characters envelope arg 3 chars u d B center bulk connection pin D D pin and lead E dashed substrate F solid line substrate u d G G pin to substrate at source u d H G pin to substrate at center L G pin to channel obsolete u d M G pin to channel u at drain end d at source end u d Mn multiple gates GO to Gn Pz parallel zener diode Q connect B pin to S pin R thick channel u d S S pin and lead u arrow up d arrow down d T G pin to center of channel d not circle X XMOSFET terminal Z simplified complementary MOS Section 6 1 Mux height parameter in L_units Mux width parameter in L_units Mux n label L B H N a S n CN OE wid ht Mx_pins log log binary multiplexer n inputs L reverses input pin numbers B displays binary pin numbers H displays hexadecimal pin numbers N n puts Sel or Sel0 Seln at the top i e to the left of the drawing direction S n pu
5. gt t diode Sh diode D source N GA source micro A consource consource I consource i consource V consource v battery lil battery 3 R 19999009 d diode Z RE p diode T x gt t diode P N pt _ diode LE _ gt t diode LER Z Figure 9 The macro diode linespec BICRIDIKILILE R P R SITIVIvlwlZ R E Us i SS fuse fuse D fuse B fuse C fuse S fuse HB NS _Y _ i S HC 0 5 0 3 cbreaker cbreaker R staa D BEG T TS Figure 10 Variations of the macros fuse linespec AldA BICIDIEISIHBIHC wid ht and cbreaker linespec L R D T TS amp DS delay gt integrator gt integrator 0 3 amp 0 3 ji eelay 0 2 Figure 11 Amplifier delay and integrator resistor up_ 1 25 7 draws a resistor 1 25 units long up from the current position with 7 vertices per side The macro up_ evaluates to up but also resets the current directional parameters to point up Most of the two terminal elements are oriented that is they have a defined polarity Sev eral element macros include an argument that reverses polarity but there is also a more general mechanism as follows 11 A c a ce le lswitch 0 sC D C DO DC ee ee 2G Se a es O0 G K KD KOD KCD bswitch C w 8 dB K y yo ie Ao EO P dswitch WB
6. mental parameters such as scale variables horizontal or vertical coordinates of terms such as position x or position y dimensions of pic objects e g last circle rad The elementary alge braic operators are 4 and similar to the C language The logical operators lt gt gt and lt apply to expressions and strings A modest selection of numerical functions is also provided the single argument functions sin cos log exp sqrt int where log and exp are base 10 the two argument functions atan2 max min and the random number generator rand Other functions are also provided using macros A pic manual should be consulted for details more examples and other facilities such as the branching facility if expression then anything else anything the looping facility for variable expression to expression by expression do anything operating system commands pic macros and external file inclusion 4 Two terminal circuit elements There is a fundamental difference between the two terminal elements each of which is drawn on an invisible straight line segment and other elements which are compound objects mentioned in Section 3 5 The two terminal element macros follow a set of conventions described in this section and other elements will be described in Section 6 4 1 Circuit and element basics A list of the library macros and their arguments is in Section 17 The argu
7. 3 Sel2 oy Oa Out0 Out7 Demux 4 DM1 4 NOEBN2 down_ Demux 8 L3 28 L_unit left_ Demux 4 LOE Figure 53 The Demux input count label L BIH N n IS n N 0E wid ht macro 28 Figure 54 shows the macro FlipFlop DIT RS JK label boxspec which is a wrapper for the more general macro FlipFlopX boxspec label leftpins toppins rightpins bottompins Each of FlipFlop D Q1 FlipFlop RS FlipFlop T Q2 ht hi wid wi fi11_ 0 9 FlipFlopX FlipFlopX FlipFlopX D E CK Q lg_bartxt Q T E CK Q J E CK K N CLR Q Figure 54 The FlipFlop and FlipFlopX macros with variations arguments 3 to 6 is null or a string of pinspecs separated by semicolons Pinspecs are either empty null or of the form pinopts label Picname The first colon draws the pin Pins are placed top to bottom or left to right along the box edges with null pinspecs counted for placement Pins are named by side and number by default eg Wi W2 N1 N2 El S1 however if Picname is present in a pinspec then Picname replaces the default name A pinspec label is text placed at the pin base Semicolons are not allowed in labels use eg char59 instead and to put a bar over a label use 1g_bartxt label The pinopts are L M I 0 N E as for the 1g_pin macro Customized gates can be defined simply For example the following code defines the custom flipflops in Figure 55 PRESET ENABL
8. 90 degrees Here position right with respect to current direction constant degrees radian constant degrees radian location relative to current direction s with respect to current direction generate dimensioned text string using boxdims from boxdims sty Two or more args are passed to sprintf depth of the most recent or named s_box Section 12 height of the most recent or named s_box Section 12 initialize s_box string label to name which should be unique Section 12 the value of the last s_init argument Section 12 width of the most recent or named s_box Section 12 Stack m4 direction parameters in the named stack default savm4dir_ Wrapper to place an SBS thyristor as a two terminal element with block label given by the third argument Section 6 1 test if chars are in string deleting chars from string Wrapper to place an SCR thyristor as a two terminal element with block label given by the third argument Section 6 1 Wrapper to place an SCS thyristor as a two terminal element with block label given by the third argument Section 6 1 se with respect to current direction Series combination in a block of elements with shortened default length An elementspec is of the form Label element attributes where an attribute is of the form llabel rlabel b_current Internal points Start End and C are defined Section 5 1 setdir_ R L U D degre
9. L Ruse absolute above below left or right alignment respectively for the labels Labels beginning with sprintf or a double quote are copied literally rather than assumed to be in math mode Arbitrary T X including includegraphics for example can also be placed on a diagram using TFX text wid width ht height at position PS Loop m4 cct_init define dimen_ 0 75 loopwid 1 loopht 0 75 source up_ loopht llabel v_s resistor right_ loopwid llabel R b_current i inductor down_ loopht W rlabel L capacitor left_ loopwid C llabel v_C rlabel C PE Figure 16 A loop containing labeled elements with its source code Placing two terminal elements The length and position of a two terminal element are defined by a straight line segment and possibly a direction so four numbers are required to place the element as in the following example resistor from 1 1 to 2 1 However pic has a very useful concept of the current point explicitly named Here thus resistor to 2 1 is equivalent to resistor from Here to 2 1 Any defined position can be used for example if C1 and L2 are names of previously defined two terminal elements then for example the following places the resistor resistor from L2 end to C1 start A line segment starting at the current position can also be defined using a direction and length To draw a resistor up d units from the current position for exam
10. Section 4 4 rotates x y z about x axis rotates x y z about y axis rotates x y z about z axis box oriented in current direction in block type e g dotted shaded green Defined internal locations N E S W and NE SE NW SW if arg4 is blank If arg4 is r val then corners have radius val If arg4 is t val then a spline with tension val is used to draw a superellipse and the bounding box is then only approximate ellipse oriented in current direction in block e g Point_ 45 rotellipse dotted fi11_ 0 9 Defined internal locations N S E W round at location line thickness attributes 56 gen rpoint_ linespec gen rpos_ position gen rrot_ x y angle gen rs_box text exprl gen rsvec_ position gen rt_ gen rtod__ gen rtod_ gen rvec_ x y gen s_ gen s_box text expr1 gen s_dp name default gen s_ht name default gen s_init name gen s_name gen s_wd name default gen savem4dir stack name gen sbs linespec chars label cct sc_draw dna string chars iftrue iffalse cct scr linespec chars label cct scs linespec chars label cct se_ gen series_ elementspec elementspec cct filled circle for rounded corners attributes colored gray for example leaves Here unchanged if arg is blank Section 7 set direction cosines Here position Here vrot_ x y cos angle sin angle like s_box but the text is rotated by text_ang default
11. ccw cw radius modifiers to draw uniquely defined arcs For example arcd 1 1 2 0 90 gt cw draws a clockwise arc with centre at 1 1 radius 2 from 3 1 to 1 1 and arca from 1 1 to 2 2 1 gt draws an acute angled arc with arrowhead on the chord defined by the first argument The linear objects can be given arrowheads at the start end or both ends for example line dashed lt right 0 5 arc lt gt height 0 06 width 0 03 ccw from Here to Heret 0 5 0 with center at Here 0 25 0 spline gt right 0 5 then down 0 2 left 0 3 then right 0 4 The arrowheads on the arc above have had their shape adjusted using the height and width parameters The planar objects box circle ellipse and text Planar objects are drawn by specifying the width height and position thus A box ht 0 6 wid 0 8 at 1 1 after which in this example the position A center is defined and can be referenced simply as A In addition the compass corners A n A s A e A w A ne A se A sw A nw are automatically defined as are the dimensions A height and A width Planar objects can also be placed by specifying the location of a defined point for example two touching circles can be drawn as shown circle radius 0 2 circle diameter last circle width 1 2 with sw at last circle ne The planar objects can be filled with gray or colour For example the line box dashed fill produces a dashed box filled with a medium gray by de
12. ht cct 8 gen G_hht log gap linespec fill A cct gen_init gen glabel_ cct gpolyline_ fraction location 5 gen graystring gray value gen grid_ x y log ground at location T NIFISILIPIE cct gshade gray value A B Z A B gen log General flipflop Each of args 3 to 6 is null or a string of pinspecs separated by semicolons Pinspecs are either empty or of the form pinopts Llabel Picname The first colon draws the pin Pins are placed top to bottom or left to right along the box edges with null pinspecs counted for placement Pins are named by side and number by default eg W1 W2 N1 N2 El S1 however if Picname is present in a pinspec then Picname replaces the default name A pinspec label is text placed at the pin base Semicolons are not allowed in labels use e g char59 instead and to put a bar over a label use 1g_bartxt label The pinopts are NILIM E N pin with not circle L active low out M active low in E edge trigger Section 9 integer for loop with index variable m4x Section 8 Feed through capacitor example of a composite element derived from a two terminal element Defined points Start End C T1 T2 T Arg 1 default A type A B type B C type C Section 6 fuse symbol type AIB C D S HB HC or dA D Section 4 2 green color value gate half height in L_units gap with filled dots A chopped arrow between dots Section 4 2 init
13. log general OR gate n number of inputs 0 lt n lt 16 chars B base and straight sides A Arcs N NE N SE N L N N N S inputs or circles N P XOR arc N O output C center Otherwise argl can be a sequence of letters P N to define normal or negated inputs radius of OR input face in L_units Parallel combination of two terminal elements in a block An elementspec is of the form Sep val Label element attributes where an attribute is of the form llabel rlabel b_current Sep val in the first branch sets the default separation of all branches to val in a later element Sep val applies only to that branch An element may have normal arguments but should not change the drawing direction An element may also be series_ or parallel_ without attributes or quotes Section 5 1 absolute points power connectors arg 1 drawing direction chars R right orientation M F male female A AC 115V 3 prong B box C circle P PC connector D 2 pin connector G GC GB 3 pin J 110V 2 pin Section 6 T argl drawing direction string arg2 R right orientation 213 number of conductors Section 6 ve mod M N e g pmod 3 5 2 radians set direction cosines sets direction cosines in degrees Section 5 rectangular to polar conversion resistor with taps T1 T2 with specified fractional positions and lengths possibly neg Section 6 write out triple for debugg
14. stackargs_ stackname args gen Stack arg 2 arg 3 onto the named stack up to a blank arg stackcopy_ name 1 name 2 gen Copy stack 1 into stack 2 preserving the order of pushed elements stackdo_ stackname commands gen Empty the stack to the first blank entry performing arg 2 stackexec_ name 1 name 2 commands gen Copy stack 1 into stack 2 performing arg3 for each nonblank entry stackprint_ stack name gen Print the contents of the stack to the terminal stackpromote_ prefix stack name In name gen Define locations In1 or In name 1 corresponding to the locations in stack stack name as created by the AutoGate and Autologic macros Each location is prefixed by argument 1 stackreverse_ stack name gen Reverse the order of elements in a stack preserving the name stacksplit_ stack name string separator gen Stack the fields of string left to right separated by nonblank separator default White space preceding the fields is ignored sum_ a b gen binary sum sum3D x1 y1 z1 x2 y2 z2 3D sum of two triples sus linespec chars label cct Wrapper to place an SUS thyristor as a two terminal element with block label given by the third argument Section 6 1 svec_ x y log scaled and rotated grid coordinate vector SW_ gen sw with respect to current direction switch linespec L R C10 D B D cct SPST switch wrapper for bswitch switch
15. where direction is one of up down left right When used with the m4 macros described here it is preferable to add an underscore up_ down_ left_ right_ The distance is a number or expression and the units are inches but the assignment scale 25 4 has the effect of changing the units to millimetres as described in Section 10 Lines can also be drawn to any distance in any direction The example line up_ 3 sqrt 2 right_ 3 sqrt 2 dashed draws a line 3 units long from the current location at a 45 angle above horizontal Lines and other objects can be specified as dotted dashed or invisible as above The construction line from A to B chop x truncates the line at each end by x which may be negative or if x is omitted by the current circle radius which is convenient when A and B are circular graph nodes for example Otherwise line from A to B chop x chop y truncates the line by x at the start and y at the end Any of the above means of specifying line or arrow direction and length will be called a linespec Lines can be concatenated For example to draw a triangle line up_ sqrt 3 right_ 1 then down_ sqrt 3 right_ 1 then left_ 2 3 3 3 4 Positions A position can be defined by a coordinate pair e g 3 2 5 more generally using parentheses by expression expression as a sum or difference as position expression expression or by the construction position position the latter taking the x coordinate from the fi
16. G tgate L A Kx B Gb tgate B Figure 45 The tgate linespec B RIL element derived from a customized diode and ebox and the ptrans linespec RIL macro These are not two terminal elements so the linespec argument defines the direction and length of the line from A to B but not the element position A B ptrans L G g Gb Some other non two terminal macros are dot which has an optional argument at location the line thickness macros the i11_ macro and crossover which is a useful if archaic method to show non touching conductor crossovers as in Figure 46 Vec Figure 46 Bipolar transistor circuit illustrating crossover and colored elements This figure also illustrates how elements and labels can be colored using the macro rgbdraw r g b drawing commands where the r g b values are in the range 0 to 1 integers from 0 to 255 for SVG to specify the rgb color This macro is a wrapper for the following which may be more convenient if many elements are to be given the same color setrgb r g b drawing commands resetrgb A macro is also provided for colored fills rgbfill r g b drawing commands These macros depend heavily on the postprocessor and are intended only for PSTricks Tikz PGF MetaPost SVG and the Postscript or PDF output of dpic 7 Corners If two straight lines meet at an angle then depending on the postprocessor the corner may not be mitred or rounded unless the two
17. Label element attributes where an attribute is zero or more of llabel rlabel or b_current Drawing elements in parallel requires a little more effort but for example three elements can be drawn in parallel using the code snippet shown producing the left circuit in Figure 19 define elen_ dimen_ L inductor right_ 2 elen_ W llabel G L Ri resistor right elen_ from L start 0 dimen_ llabel R1 R2 resistor llabel R2 C capacitor right 2 elen_ from Ri start 0 dimen_ llabel C line from L start to C start line from L end to C end setdir_ Down parallel_ series _ Rl resistor rlabel R_1 L parallel_ 000 series _ resistor rlabel R_2 inductor W rlabel L capacitor C rlabel C line down dimen_ 2 Start Sep linewid 3 2 V source rlabel V C parallel_ L inductor W llabel L series _ R1 resistor llabel R1 R2 resistor llabel R2 C capacitor llabel C Figure 19 Illustrating the macros parallel_ and series_ with Start and End points marked A macro that produces the same effect automatically is parallel_ elementspec elementspec The arguments should be quoted to delay expansion unless an argument is a nested parallel_ macro in which case it is not quoted The elements are drawn in a block with defined points Start End and C An elementspec is of the form Se
18. SBS IEC chars cct Composite thyristor element in block types SCR silicon controlled rectifier default SCS silicon controlled switch SUS silicon unilateral switch SBS silicon bilateral switch IEC type IEC Chars to modify or define the element A arrowhead F half arrowhead B bidirectional diode E adds envelope H perpendicular gate endpoint G N anode gate endpoint Ga U centre line in diodes V perpendicular gate across arrowhead centre R right orientation E envelope Section 6 1 tline linespec wid ht cct transmission line manhattan direction Section 4 2 tr_xy_init origin unit size sign cct initialize tr_xy tr_xy x y cct relative macro internal coordinates adjusted for L R transformer linespec L R np AIP WIL D1 D2 D12 D21 ns cct 2 winding transformer or choke with terminals P1 P2 TP S1 S2 TS arg2 L left R right arg3 np primary arcs arg5 ns secondary arcs arg4 A air core P powder dashed core W wide windings L looped windings D1 phase dots at P1 and S1 end D2 at P2 and S2 end D12 at P1 and S2 end D21 at P2 and S1 end Section 6 tstrip RIL UID degrees nterms chars cct terminal strip chars I invisible terminals C circle terminals default D dot terminals O omitted separator lines wid value total strip width ht value strip height Section 6 ttmotor linespec string diameter brushwid brushht cct motor with label Section 4 2
19. T A ILITIS IDIPIF UIDILIR degrees cct antenna without stem for nonblank 2nd arg A aerial L loop T triangle S diamond D dipole P phased F fork up down left right or angle from horizontal default 90 Section 6 arca absolute chord linespec ccw cw radius modifiers gen arc with acute angle obtuse if radius is negative drawn in a block arcd center radius start degrees end degrees gen arc definition see arcr angles in degrees arcr center radius start angle end angle gen arc definition e g arcr A r 0 pi_ 2 cw gt arcto position 1 position 2 radius dashed dotted gen line toward position 1 with rounded corner toward position 2 arrowline linespec cct line dotted dashed permissible with centred arrowhead Section 4 2 AutoGate log Draw the tree for a gate as in the Autologix macro No inputs or external connections are drawn The names of the internal gate inputs are stacked in AutoInNames Autologix Boolean function sequence N oconnect L eftinputs R v M offset value 43 log b gen Draw the Boolean expressions defined in function notation using And Or Not Buffer Xor Nand Nor Nxor and variables e g Autologix And Or x1 x2 0r x1 x2 The Boolean functions are separated by semicolons Function outputs are aligned vertically but appending location attribute to a function can be used to place it Each unique variable var causes an input po
20. a default value of 8 5 then the picture is scaled to this size Similarly if the height exceeds maxpsht default 11 then the picture is scaled to fit These parameters can be assigned new values as necessary for example to accommodate landscape figures 3 The finished size of typeset text is independent of pic variables but can be determined as in Section 12 Then text wid x ht y tells pic the size of text once the printed width x and height y have been found 4 Line widths are independent of diagram and text scaling and have to be set explicitly For example the assignment linethick 1 2 sets the default line width to 1 2pt The macro linethick_ points is also provided together with default macros thicklines_ and thinlines_ Writing macros The m4 language is quite simple and is described in numerous documents such as the original reference 8 or in later manuals 14 If a new circuit or other element is required then it may suffice to modify and rename one of the library definitions or simply add an option to it Hints for drawing general two terminal elements are given in libcct m4 However if an element or block is to be drawn in only one orientation then most of the elaborations used for general two terminal elements in Section 4 can be dropped If you develop a library of custom macros in the installation directory then the statement include mylibrary m4 can bring its definitions into play It may not be necessary to d
21. drawn objects and that the size of typeset text is independent of the pic language The scaling of circuit elements will be described first then the pic scaling facilities 10 1 Circuit scaling The circuit elements all have default dimensions that are multiples of the pic environmental param eter linewid so changing this parameter changes default element dimensions The scope of a pic variable is the current block therefore a sequence such as resistor T linewid linewid 1 5 up_ Q bi_tr with Q B at Here ground at T Q E resistor up_ dimen_ from T Q C connects two resistors and a ground to an enlarged transistor Alternatively you may redefine the default length elen_ or the body size parameter dimen_ For example adding the line define dimen_ dimen_ 1 2 after the cct_init line of quick m4 produces slightly larger body sizes for all circuit elements For logic elements the equivalent to the dimen_ macro is L_unit which has default value linewid 10 The macros capacitor inductor and resistor have arguments that allow the body sizes to be adjusted individually The macro resized mentioned previously can also be used 10 2 Pic scaling There are at least three kinds of graphical elements to be considered 1 When generating final output after reading the PE line pic processors divide distances and sizes by the value of the environmental parameter scale which is 1 by default Therefore the effect of assigni
22. eeeeeseeees 39 4 3 Branch current arrows 13 ABA Label ep eee eg Pa wd 14 17 List of Macros isis casas sees ais 42 Introduction It appears that people who are unable to execute pretty pictures with pen and paper find it gratifying to try with a computer 10 This manual describes a method for drawing electric circuits and other diagrams in ATEX and web documents The diagrams are defined in the simple pic drawing language 9 augmented with m4 macros 8 and are processed by m4 and a pic processor to convert them to PSTricks Tikz PGF other ATfX compatible code or SVG In its basic form the method has the advantages and disadvantages of T X itself since it is macro based and non WYSIWYG with ordinary text input The book from which the above quotation is taken correctly points out that the payoff can be in quality of diagrams at the price of the time spent in learning how to draw them A collection of basic components most based on IEEE standards 6 and conventions for their internal structure are described Macros such as these are only a starting point since it is often convenient to customize elements or to package combinations of them for particular drawings Using the macros This section describes the basic process of adding circuit diagrams to PTFX documents to produce postscript or pdf files On some operating systems project management software with graphical interfaces can be used to automate the process but the step
23. ht 0 25 tconn 0 gt gt Figure 36 Macros tstrip R IL UID degrees chars ccoax at location MIF diameter and tconn linespec gt gt lt lO F wid ERT WO OEE pconnex A AF AC ACF P U D U DF VJ JF L GF GC Figure 37 A small set of power connectors drawn by pconnex R L U D degrees chars Each connector has an internal H N and where applicable a G shape 6 1 Semiconductors Figure 38 shows the variants of bipolar transistor macro bi_tr linespec L R P E which contains predefined internal locations E B C The first argument defines the distance and direction from E C E bi_tr R bi_tr E igbt LD bi_tr up_ dimen_ bi_tr P igbt Figure 38 Bipolar transistor variants current direction upward to C with location determined by the enclosing block as for other elements and the base placed to the left or right of the current drawing direction according to the second argument Setting the third argument to P creates a PNP device instead of NPN and setting the fourth to E draws an envelope around the device Figure 39 shows a composite macro with several optional internal elements 22 a C C C C l 52 a i B B B1 p Bn T B1 T B1 T Darlington R DZB1 EB1 EB1DZR1 EB1DE1E2 Figure 39 Macro Darlington LIR E P B1 E1 R1 E2 R2 D Z drawing direction up_ The code fragment example in Figure 4
24. input begins with PS cct_init Read in macro definitions and set defaults elen 0 75 Variables are allowed default units are inches Origin Here Position names are capitalized source up_ elen llabel v_s resistor right_ elen rlabel R dot Save the current position and direction capacitor down_ to Here Origin Here Origin Here x Origin y rlabel v llabel C dot Restore position and direction line right_ elen 2 3 inductor down_ Here y Origin y rlabel L b_current i line to Origin PE Pic input ends Figure 2 The file quick m4 and resulting diagram There are several ways of drawing the same picture for example nodes such as Origin can be defined and circuit branches drawn between them or absolute coordinates can be used e g source up_ from 0 0 to 0 0 75 Element sizes and styles can be varied as described in later sections To process the file make sure that the libraries libcct m4 and libgen m4 are installed and readable Verify that m4 is installed and accepts the I option otherwise see page 42 Now there are at least two basic possibilities as follows but be sure to read Section 2 1 3 for simplified use 2 1 1 Processing with dpic and PSTricks or Tikz PGF If you are using dpic with PSTricks type the following commands or put them into a script m4 I installdir pstricks m4 quick m4 gt quick pic dpic p quick pic gt quick tex where installdir is th
25. lines belong to a multisegment line as illustrated in Figure 47 This r r r r line up 0 2 line up 0 2 line up 0 2 line up 0 2 line right 0 2 then right 0 2 line right 0 2 round chop hlth chop 0 bine igne Dee lt A corner at A L v M C line up 0 15 left 0 15 Mitre_ L M 5 bp__ A corner a ead a mitre_ A B C line up 0 1 right 0 1 Figure 47 Producing mitred angles and corners 25 is normally not an issue for circuit diagrams unless the figure is magnified or thick lines are drawn Rounded corners can be obtained by setting post processor parameters but the figure shows the ef fect of macros round and corner The macros mitre_ Position1 Position2 Position3 length attributes and Mitre_ Linel Line2 length attributes may assist as shown Otherwise a rght angle line can be extended by half the line thickness macro hlth as shown on the upper row of the figure or a two segment line can be overlaid at the corner to produce the same effect 8 Looping Sequential actions can be performed using either the dpic command for variable expression to expression by expression do actions or at the m4 processing stage The libgen library defines the macro for_ start end increment actions for this and other purposes Nested loops are allowed and the innermost loop index variable is m4x The first three arguments must be integers and the end value must be reached exactly for example for_ 1 3 2 print In m
26. the macro name with no space between the name and the opening parenthesis Lines can be broken before macro arguments because m4 and dpic ignore white space immediately preceding arguments Otherwise a long line can be continued to the next by putting a backslash as the rightmost character The two terminal element macros expand to sequences of drawing commands that begin with line invis linespec where linespec is the first argument of the macro if it is non blank otherwise the line is drawn a distance elen_ in the current direction which is to the right by default The invisible line is first drawn then the element is drawn on top of it The element rather the initial invisible line can be given a name R1 in the example so that positions R1 start R1 centre and R1 end are automatically defined as shown The element body is overlaid by a block which can be used to place labels around the element The block corresponds to an invisible rectangle with horizontal top and bottom lines regardless of the direction in which the element is drawn A dotted box has been drawn in the diagram to show the block boundaries e The last sub element identical to the first in two terminal elements is an invisible line that can be referenced later to place labels or other elements If you create your own macros you might choose simplicity over generality and include only visible lines To produce Figure 6 the following embellishments were adde
27. where x and y are the typeset dimensions of the TEX input text If s_box is given two or more arguments as in Figure 62 then they are processed by sprintf The argument of s_init which should be unique within jobname dim is used to generate a unique boxdims first argument for each invocation of s_box in the current file If s_init has been omitted the symbols are inserted into the text as a warning Be sure to quote any commas in the arguments Since the first argument of s_box is ATEX source make a rule of quoting it to avoid comma and name clash problems For convenience the macros s_ht s_wd and s_dp evaluate to the dimensions of the most recent s_box string or to the dimensions of their argument names if present 35 The file boxdims sty distributed with this package should be installed where TFX can find it The essential idea is to define a two argument TX macro boxdims that writes out definitions for the width height and depth of its typeset second argument into file jobname dim where jobname is the name of the main source file The first argument of boxdims is used to construct unique symbolic names for these dimensions Thus the line box boxdims Q Huge Hi there has the same effect as box Huge Hi there except that the line define Q_w 77 6077pt__ define Q_h 17 27779pt__ define Q_d 0 Opt__ dnl is written into file jobname dim and the numerical values depend on the current font These defi
28. www manpagez com man 1 groff E S Raymond Making pictures with GNU PIC 1995 In GNU groff source distribution also in the dpic package and at http www kohala com start troff gpic raymond ps T Rokicki DVIPS A TeX driver Technical report Stanford 1994 R Seindal et al GNU m4 1994 http www gnu org software m4 manual m4 html T Tantau Tikz amp pgf 2013 http mirrors ctan org graphics pgf base doc pgfmanual pdf T Van Zandt PSTricks Postscript macros for generic tex 2007 http mirrors ctan org graphics pstricks base doc pst user pdf 62
29. 0 inductor L G i ttmotor G capacitor C MWwW resistor Z resistor ES p 1 resistor V M inductor 00000 inductor W 6 P inductor M capacitor capacitor P _ capacitor M rE memristor e gap capacitor C IM capacitor E i capacitor N 1 heater e egap A Figure 7 Basic two terminal elements showing some variations t capacitor K i xtal fL___ _ tline gt arrowline The first macro argument specifies the invisible line segment along which the element is drawn If the argument is blank the element is drawn from the current position in the current drawing direction along a default length The other arguments produce variants of the default elements Thus for example 10 source source I source i source V source v source AC source X source F source G source Q POEto diode f diode S gt _ diode V i diode v H diode w pid diode B p4 diode G source 0 4 source P source U source R source S source T source L source B nullator norator i PPPO Figure 8 Sources and source like elements diode CR diode K pt diode L diode F
30. 0 places a bipolar transistor connects a ground to the emitter and connects a resistor to the collector S dot line left_ 0 1 up_ Qi bi_tr R with B at Here ground at Q1 E line up 0 1 from Q1 C resistor right_ S x Here x dot Figure 40 The bi_tr linespec L R P E macro The bi_tr and igbt macros are wrappers for the macro bi_trans linespec L R chars E which draws the components of the transistor according to the characters in its third argument For example multiple emitters and collectors can be specified as shown in Figure 41 BU B B s pya Em2 Cm2 Da 7K as C E E E2 E1 E0 C0 C1 C2 bi_trans BCuEBUS bi_trans BCdE2BU bi_trans BC2dEBU Figure 41 The bi_trans linespec L R chars E macro The sub elements are specified by the third argument The substring En creates multiple emitters EO to En Collectors are similar A UJT macro with predefined internal locations B1 B2 and E is shown in Figure 42 and a thyristor macro with predefined internal locations G and T1 T2 or A K is in Figure 43 Except for the G terminal a thyristor the IEC variant excluded is much like an two terminal element The B1 B1 B1 B1 ujt up_ dimen_ E ujt P ujt R ujt R P Figure 42 UJT devices with current drawing direction up_ wrapper macro scr linespec chars label and similar macros scs sus and sbs place thyristors using linespec as for a two terminal element but require a third argument for the la
31. 4x prints locations In1 and In3 but for_ 1 4 2 print In m4x does not terminate since the index takes on values 1 3 5 Repetitive actions can also be performed with the libgen macro Loopover_ variable actions valuel value2 which evaluates actions for each instance of variable set to valuel value 2 9 Logic gates Figure 48 shows the basic logic gates included in library liblog m4 The first argument of the gate macros can be an integer N from 0 to 16 specifying the number of input locations In1 InN as illustrated for the NOR gate in the figure By default N 2 except for macros NOT_gate and BUFFER_gate which have one input In1 unless they are given a first argument which is treated as the line specification of a two terminal element D AND_gate gt NAND_gate Int Out D OR_gate Pao Z RR gate 3 In3 N_Out f BUFFER_gate gt o NOT_gate b BOX_gate PN N 1 NAND_gate B OOO EE O NOR_gate 3 NB Ini In2 Ss XOR_gate I a gt NXOR_gate NPN Figure 48 Basic logic gates The input and output locations of a three input NOR gate are shown Inputs are negated by including an N in the second argument letter sequence A B in the second argument produces a box shape as shown in the rightmost column where the second example has AND functionality and the bottom two are examples of exclusive OR functions Input locations retain their positions relative to the gate body reg
32. 5 R_1 line to T PE Figure 17 Illustrating elements drawn at oblique angles 5 1 Series and parallel circuits To draw elements in series each element can be placed by specifying its line segment as described previously but the pic language makes some geometries particularly simple Thus setdir_ Right resistor llabel R capacitor llabel C inductor llabel L draws three elements in series as shown in the top line of Figure 18 However the default length elen_ appears too long for some diagrams It can be redefined temporarily to dimen_ say by enclosing the above line in the pair pushdef elen_ dimen_ popdef elen_ 15 R C L W kr R C L Figure 18 Three ways of drawing basic elements in series with the result shown in the middle row of the figure Alternatively the length of each element can be tuned individually for example the capacitor in the above example can be shortened as shown producing the bottom line of Figure 18 resistor llabel R capacitor right_ dimen_ 4 llabel C inductor llabel L If a macro that takes care of common cases automatically is to be preferred you can use the macro series_ elementspec elementspec This macro draws elements of length dimen_ from the current position in the current drawing direction enclosed in a block The internal names Start End and C for centre are defined along with any element labels An elementspec is of the form
33. Base Collector Point_ 45 hybrid_Pl_BJT hybrid _PI_BJT M hybrid _PI_BJT LM hybrid_PI_BJT Figure 59 A composite element containing several basic elements Size and direction parameters hunit ifinstr 1 M dimen_ vunit ifinstr 1 L dimen_ 3 2 hp_ang rp_ang Save the reference direction Base dot 1 line to rvec_ Chunit 2 0 Rpi resistor to rvec_ 0 vunit point_ hp_ang Restore direction line to rvec_ hunit 5 4 0 Doti dot Gm consource to rvec_ 0 vunit 1I R point_ hp_ang Restore direction line to rvec_ hunit 3 4 0 Ro resistor to rvec_ 0 vunit point_ hp_ang Restore direction line to Doti Dotro dot at Ro start line to rvec_ hunit 2 0 Collector dot 1 Dot2 dot at 0 5 between Rpi end and Dot1 line to rvec_ 0 vunit 2 Emitter dot 1 Labels mathrm r_ pi at Rpi ctvec_ hunit 4 0 at Rpi ctvec_ hunit 6 vunit 4 c at Rpi ctvec_ hunit 6 vunit 4 mathrm v_ pi at Rpi c vec_ hunit 4 0 mathrm g_m mathrm v_ pi at Gm ctvec_ hunit 3 8 vunit 4 mathrm r_o at Ro ctvec_ hunit 4 0 2 Example 4 A number of elements have arguments meant explicitly for customization Figure 60 customizes the source macro to show a cycle of a horizontal sinusoid with adjustable phase given by argument 2 in degrees as might be wanted for a 3 phase circuit 33 define phsource source 1 Set angle to 0 d
34. E SERIAL INPUT CLEAR CLOCK Figure 55 A 5 bit shift register define customFF FlipFlopX wid 10 L_unit ht FF_ht L_unit S NE CK R N PR Q ifelse 1 1 lg_bartxt Q N CLR This definition makes use of macros L_unit and FF_ht that predefine dimensions There are three pins on the right side the centre pin is null and the bottom is null if the first macro argument is 1 29 For hybrid applications the dac and adc macros are illustrated in Figure 56 The figure shows the default and predefined internal locations the number of which can be specified as macro argu ments N1 N1 N2 N1 N1 N2 NW NE NW NE In1 Out1 Ini We P In1 Out1 Ini ner In2 Out1 In2 Out3 SW SE SW SE S1 S1 S2 S3 S1 S1 S2 S3 dac Q dac 2 2 3 3 DAC 2 at Q C adc adc 2 2 3 3 Figure 56 The dac width height nIn nN nOut nS and adc width height nIn nN nOut nS macros In addition to the logic gates described here some experimental IC chip diagrams are included with the distributed example files 10 Element and diagram scaling There are several issues related to scale changes You may wish to use millimetres for example instead of the default inches You may wish to change the size of a complete diagram while keeping the relative proportions of objects within it You may wish to change the sizes or proportions of individual elements within a diagram You must take into account that line widths are scaled separately from
35. M4 Macros for Electric Circuit Diagrams in BTFX Documents Dwight Aplevich Version 8 3 Contents 5 Placing two terminal elements 14 5 1 Series and parallel circuits 15 1 Introduction seisicssisssisssssiss 1 6 Composite circuit elements 17 2 Using the macros 2 6 1 Semiconductors 22 ZI Quickstart 4464 ate ee ekg 2 2 1 1 Processing with dpic and T COrmmers 2c c2atacecaecesosetadtaane 25 Polricks or Tikz POP a 3 8 amp 8 Looping sesccesccnacawecasiaccweaace 26 2 1 2 Processing with gpic 3 2 1 3 Simplifications 4 9 Wage gates cscctessesiccasetese ced 26 2 2 Including the libraries 5 10 Element and diagram scaling 30 3 Pic essentials 44c0i006sceseseaxd 6 10 1 Circuit scaling 30 31 Manuals 4 6 10 2 Pie sealing 2 a ee wee ees 30 3 2 The linear objects line arrow PED 11 Writing macros 6 31 spline ARC oop a bk a ae ae 6 3 3 Positions 2 2 ee 7 12 Interaction with BTpX 34 3 4 The planar objects box circle ellipse and text 7 13 PSTricks and other tricks 37 3 5 Compound objects 8 3 6 Other language facilities g 14 Web documents pdf and alterna tive output formats 37 4 Two terminal circuit elements 9 Devel 4 1 Circuit and element basics 9 1S DEVGMPGE S DOLES eetedeneee tesa ae 4 2 The two terminal elements 10 16 Bugs cce ccc eeee eee
36. OE pin Section 9 dend at location darrow close or start double line dfillcolor darrow dline fill color default white diff_ a b gen difference function diff3D x1 y1 z1 x2 y2 z2 3D difference of two triples dimen_ cet size parameter for circuit elements Section 10 1 dimension_ linespec offset label D H W blank width tic offset arrowhead gen macro for dimensioning diagrams arrowhead gt lt diode linespec B CR D GIK L LE R P R S ShITIV vlw1Z R E cct diode B bi directional CR current regulator D diac G Gunn K open form L open form with centre line LE R LED right P R photodiode right S Schottky Sh Shockley T tunnel V varicap v varicap curved plate w varicap reversed polarity Z zener arg 3 R reversed polarity E enclosure Section 4 2 dir_ darrow used for temporary storage of direction by darrow macros distance Position 1 Position2 gen distance between named positions distance position position gen distance between positions dlabel long lat label label label chars cct general triple label chars X displacement is from the centre of the last line rather than the centre of the last L R A B align labels ljust rjust above or below absolute respectively Section 4 4 dleft darrow double line left turn 47 Dline linespec parameters darrow Wrapper for dline Semicolon separated parameters S E truncate at start or end by dline thickness 2 thick val tot
37. PSTricks and TikZ PGF output the latter two my preference because of their quality and flexibility including 38 X PGF mfpic PSTricks SVG Xfig fig 16 facilities for colour and rotations together with simple font selection Xfig compatible output was introduced early on to allow the creation of diagrams both by programming and by interactive graphics Recently SVG output was added and seems suitable for producing web diagrams directly and for further editing by the Inkscape interactive graphics editor The latest addition is raw PDF output which has very basic text capability and is most suitable for creating diagrams without labels on which sophisticated text can be overlaid Dpic can write the coordinates of selected locations to an external file to be used in overlaying text or other items on the diagram Instead of using pic macros I preferred the equally simple but more powerful m4 macro proces sor and therefore m4 is required here although dpic now supports pic like macros Free versions of m4 are available for Unix Windows and other operating systems If starting over today would I not just use one of the other drawing packages available these days It would depend on the context but pic remains a good choice for line drawings because it is easy to learn and read but powerful enough for coding the geometrical calculations required for precise component sizing and placement It would be nice if arbitrary rotations and scalin
38. aces the label below with respect to the current direction Absolute positions for example below or ljust also can be specified For those who prefer a separate arrow to indicate the reference direction for current the macros larrow label gt lt dist and rarrow label gt lt dist are provided The label is placed out side the arrow as shown in Figure 15 The first argument is assumed to be in math mode unless it begins with sprintf or a double quote in which case the argument is copied literally The third argument specifies the separation from the element 13 4 4 Labels Special macros for labeling two terminal elements are included llabel argl arg2 arg3 clabel argl arg2 arg3 rlabel argl arg 2 arg3 dlabel long lat arg1 arg2 arg3 X A B LIR The first macro places the three arguments which are treated as math mode strings on the left side of the element block with respect to the current direction up down left right The second places the arguments along the centre and the third along the right side A simple circuit example with labels is shown in Figure 16 The macro dlabel performs these functions for an obliquely drawn element placing the three macro arguments at vec_ long lat vec_ 0 lat and vec_ long lat respectively relative to the centre of the element In the fourth argument an X aligns the labels with respect to the line joining the two terminals rather than the element body and A B
39. al element to be drawn either up down to the left or to the right they are not designed for obliquely drawn elements A few composite symbols derived from two terminal elements are shown in Figure 22 T1 T1 s a Start End Start End nee End a a tart art T1 T2 En e r 7 T ip T2 T2 T2 T T KelvinR Kervin G FTcap FTcap B FTcap C FTcap D Figure 22 Composite elements KelvinR cycles R cycle wid and FTcap chars The ground symbol is shown in Figure 23 The first argument specifies position for example the two lines shown have identical effect move to 1 5 2 ground ground at 1 5 2 The second argument truncates the stem and the third defines the symbol type The fourth argument specifies the angle at which the symbol is drawn with D down the default This macro is one of several in which a temporary drawing direction is set using the setdir_ U DILIR degrees default R L U D degrees macro and reset at the end using resetdir_ t 45 SF amp ground T ground F E 8 5 90 Q Gel P Figure 23 The ground at position T NIFISILIPIE UID ILIRI degrees macro The arguments of the macro antenna at position T A ILITISIDIPIF UIDILIRI degrees shown in Figure 24 are similar to those of ground L S antenna GT C T L Y O ap P Cs F YoY Oo T WW T T Tl T2 LL T2 T1 T2 ma L T T Figure 24 Antenna symbols with macro arguments shown above and termin
40. al names below Figure 25 illustrates the macro opamp linespec label label size chars The element is enclosed in a block containing the predefined internal locations shown These locations can be referenced in later commands for example as last QOut The first argument defines the direction and length of the opamp but the position is determined either by the enclosing block of the opamp or by a construction such as opamp with In1 at Here which places the internal position In1 at the specified location There are optional second and third arguments for which the defaults are scriptsize and scriptsize respectively and the fourth argument changes the size of the opamp The fifth argument is a string of characters P adds a power connection R exchanges the second and third entries and T truncates the opamp point Typeset text associated with circuit elements is not rotated by default as illustrated by the second and third opamps in Figure 25 The opamp labels can be rotated if necessary by using postprocessor commands for example PSTricks rput as second and third arguments The code in Figure 26 places an opamp with three connections Figure 27 shows variants of the transformer macro which has predefined internal locations P1 P2 S1 S2 TP and TS The first argument specifies the direction and distance from P1 to P2 with position determined by the enclosing block as for opamps The second argument places the
41. al thicknes ie width ends x x or x or x where x is half width line or full width line dline linespec t t width parameters darrow See also Dline Double line truncated by half width at either end closed at either or both ends parameters x x or x or x where x is half width line or full width line dlinewid darrow width of double lines dljust at location darrow ljust displaced dlinewid 2 dn_ gen down with respect to current direction dna_ cct internal character sequence that specifies which subcomponents are drawn dot at location radius fill gen filled circle third arg gray value 0 black 1 white dot3D x1 y1 z1 x2 y2 z2 3D dot product of two triples dotrad_ gen dot radius down_ gen sets current direction to down Section 5 dright darrow double arrow right turn drjust at location darrow rjust displaced dlinewid 2 dswitch linespec L R W ud B K chars cct SPST switch left or right W baseline B contact blade dB contact blade to the right of drawing direction K vertical closing contact line C external operating mechanism D circle at contact and hinge dD hinge only uD contact only E emergency button EL early close or late open LE late close or early open F fused H time delay closing uH time delay opening HH time delay opening and closing K vertical closing contact L limit M maintained latched MM momentary contact on make MR mome
42. and dswitch arg2 R right orientation default L left if arg4 blank knife switch arg3 O C D O opening C closing D dots if arg4 B button switch arg3 OIC O normally open C normally closed if arg4 D arg3 same as for dswitch Section 4 2 ta_xy x y cct macro internal coordinates adjusted for LIR tapped two terminal element arrowhd type arrowhd name Name fraction length fraction length 59 cct Draw the two terminal element with taps in a block see addtaps arrowhd blank or one of lt gt lt gt Each fraction determines the position along the element body of the tap A negative length draws the tap to the right of the current direction positive length to the left Tap names are Tap1 Tap2 by default or Namel Name2 if specified Internal block names are Start End and C corresponding to the drawn element and the tap names Section 6 tconn linespec gt gt lt OL F wid cect Terminal connector O circle OF filled circle gt or gt output connector default gt lt or input connector arg3 is arrowhead width or circle diameter Section 6 tgate linespec B RIL cct transmission gate B ebox type L oriented left Section 6 1 thicklines_ number gen set line thickness in points thinlines_ number gen set line thickness in points threeD_init 3D initialize 3D transformations reads lib3D m4 thyristor linespec SCR SCS SUS
43. ardless of gate orientation as in Figure 49 Beyond a default number 6 of inputs the gates are given wings as in Figure 50 Negated inputs or outputs are marked by circles drawn using the NOT_circle macro The name marks the point at the outer edge of the circle and the circle itself has the same name prefixed by N_ For example the output circle of a nand gate is named N_Out and the outermost point of the circle is named Out Instead of a number the first argument can be a sequence of letters P or N to define normal or negated inputs thus for example NXOR_gate NPN defines a 3 input nxor gate with not circle inputs In1 and In3 and normal input In2 as shown in the figure The macro IOdefs can also be used to create a sequence of custom named inputs or outputs BOX_gate PP N Me 26 PS FF m4 S log_init S NOR_gate left_ R NOR_gate at S 0 L_unit AND_ht 1 R line from S O0ut right L_unit 3 then down S O0ut y R In2 y then to R In2 line from R Out left L_unit 3 then up S In2 y R Out y then to S In2 line left 4 L_unit from S In1 S sp_ rjust line right 4 L_unit from R In1 sp_ R ljust PE Figure 49 SR flip flop Figure 50 Eight input multiplexer showing a gate with wings Gates are typically not two terminal elements and are normally drawn horizontally or vertically although arbitrary directions may be set with e g Point_ degrees Each gate is contained in a block of typical height 6 L_uni
44. bel for the compound block thus scr from A to B Q3 line right from Q3 G draws the element from position A to position B with label Q3 and draws a line from G Some FETs with predefined internal locations S D and G are also included with similar arguments to those of bi_tr as shown in Figure 44 In all cases the first argument is a linespec and entering R as the second argument orients the G terminal to the right of the current drawing direction The macros in the top three rows of the figure are wrappers for the general macro mosfet linespec R characters E The third argument of this macro is a subset of the characters BDEFGLMQRSTXZ each letter corresponding to a diagram component as shown in the bottom row of the figure Preceding the characters B G and S by u or d adds an up or down arrowhead to the pin preceding T by d negates the pin and preceding M by u or d puts the pin at the drain or source end respectively of the gate The obsolete letter L is equivalent to dM and has been kept temporarily 23 fo tet be OPE thyristor F C uE ots To rea GB BE A BRE Gav A aa A Ga A Ga 4 Ga Fo DR amp Ke o K K K K N SCR fobs ole a UAH UANRE SCRE N es D Ro Q G r scr Q Q3 G Q2 G CA susa Cope sbe o8 08 pre sc8 Q2 Q2 Ga a Figure 43 The top two rows illustrate use of the thyristor linespec chars macro drawing direction down_ and the botto
45. c_ x y gen log_init log log10E_ gen loge gen Loopover_ variable actions valuel value2 gen lp_xy log coordinates used by 1g_pin lpop xcoord ycoord radius fill zero ht gen lswitch linespec LIR chars for lollipop graphs filled circle with stem to xcoord zeroht 52 1t_ LT_symbol U D LIR degrees ithick m4_arrow linespec ht wid m4dupstr string n name m4lstring argl arg2 m4xpand arg m4xtract string string2 manhattan Max arg arg memristor linespec wid ht microphone U D L R degrees size Min arg arg cct gen log gen gen gen gen gen gen gen gen cct cct gen knife switch R right orientation default L left chars O C D K O opening arrow C closing arrow D dots K closed switch Section 4 2 left with respect to current direction logic gate triangle symbol current line thickness in drawing units arrow with adjustable head filled when possible Defines name as n concatenated copies of string expand arg if it begins with sprintf or otherwise arg2 Evaluate the argument as a macro delete string from string1 return 1 if present sets direction cosines for left right up down Max of an arbitrary number of inputs memristor element Section 4 2 microphone In1 to In3 defined Section 6 Min of an arbitrary number of inputs Mitre_ Linel Line2 length line attributes gen e g
46. can be imported into CorelDraw and Adobe Illustrator for further processing With raw Postscript and PDF output the user is responsible for ensuring that the correct fonts are provided and for formatting the text Many thanks to the people who continue to send comments questions and occasionally bug fixes What began as a tool for my own use changed into a hobby that has persisted thanks to your help and advice Bugs The distributed macros are not written for maximum robustness Arguments could be entered in a key value style for example resistor up_ elen_ style N cycles 8 instead of by positional parameters Macro arguments could be tested for correctness and explanatory error messages could be written as necessary but that would make the macros more difficult to read and to write You will have to read them when unexpected results are obtained or when you wish to modify them Maintaining compatibility with both gpic and dpic has resulted in some macros being more complicated than is preferable Here are some hints gleaned from experience and from comments I have received 1 Misconfiguration One of the configuration files listed in Section 2 2 and libgen m4 must be read by m4 before any of the drawing macros If only PSTricks is to be used for example then the simplest strategy is to set it as the default processor by typing make psdefault in the installation directory to change the mention of gpic to pstricks near the to
47. d LCintersect line name Centre rad R gen LCtangent Pos1 Centre rad R First second if arg4 is R intersection of a line with a circle Left right if arg4 R tangent point of line from Pos1 to circle at Centre with radius arg3 left with respect to current direction Section 5 Euclidean length of triple x y z draws an overline over logic pin text except for xfig 1lg_pin location logical name pin label nle s wfL M I 0O N E pinno optlen comprehensive logic pin n e s w direction L active low out M active low in I inward arrow 0 outward arrow N negated E edge trigger reduced size text for logic pins logic pin length in in L_units logic gate hysteresis symbol the angle from start to end of a line or move length of a line equivalent to line reference len with dpic set line thickness in points ljust with respect to current direction triple label on left side of the element Section 4 4 location adjusted for current direction initialize environment for logic diagrams customizable reads liblog m4 constant log e logarithm base e Repeat actions with variable set successively to valuel1 value2 setting macro m4Lx to 1 2 gen left_ gen length3D x y z 3D lg_bartxt log log lg_pintxt log lg_plen log LH_symbol U D IL R degrees log lin_ang line reference gen lin_leng line reference gen linethick_ number gen ljust_ gen llabel label label label cct lo
48. d after the previously shown source thinlines_ box dotted wid last wid ht last ht at last move to 0 85 between last sw and last se spline lt down arrowht 2 right arrowht 2 then right 0 15 tt last ljust arrow lt down 0 3 from Ri start chop 0 05 tt Ri start below arrow lt down 0 3 from R1 end chop 0 05 tt Ri end below arrow lt down last c y last arrow end y from Ri c tt Ri centre below dimension_ from R1i start to Ri end 0 45 tt elen _ 0 4 dimension_ right_ dimen_ from R1 c dimen_ 2 0 0 3 tt dimen _ 0 5 PE e The line thickness is set to the default thin value of 0 4 pt and the box displaying the element body block is drawn Notice how the width and height can be specified and the box centre positioned at the centre of the block e The next paragraph draws two objects a spline with an arrowhead and a string left justified at the end of the spline Other string positioning modifiers than 1just are rjust above and below e The last paragraph invokes a macro for dimensioning diagrams 4 2 The two terminal elements The two terminal elements are shown in Figure 7 to Figure 12 Several elements are included more than once to illustrate some of their arguments which are listed in Section 17 _ MA__ resistor Q rj resistor gt E ebox wpe resistor 4 QR AJUUL resistor H HI ebox 0 5 _ frevoxc 0 5 0 3 00 inductor W W00
49. diagrams d For very old versions of PSTricks such as pstricks97 disable the workaround totally by changing the second definition in pstricks m4 to define M4PatchPSTricks Undo the change if you later update PSTricks m4 I error Some old versions of m4 do not implement the I option or the M4PATH environment variable that simplify file inclusion The simplest course of action is probably to install GNU m4 which is free and widely available Otherwise all include filename statements in the libraries and calling commands have to be given absolute filename paths You can define the HOMELIB_ macro in libgen m4 to the path of the installation directory and change the library include statements to the form include HOMELIB_ filename List of macros The following table lists macros in the libraries configuration files and selected macros from ex ample diagrams Some of the sources in the examples directory contain additional macros such as for flowcharts Boolean logic and binary trees Internal macros defined within the libraries begin with the characters m4 or M4 and for the most part are not listed here The library in which each macro is found is given and a brief description above_ gen string position above relative to current direction abs_ number gen absolute value function adc width height nIn nN nOut nS 42 cct ADC with defined width height and number of inputs Ini top terminals Ni ouputs O
50. e intersection of the ellipse with a line to location Name2 e g line from A to E elchop E A internal line initialization default element length radiation arrows N nonionizing I ionizing E simple D dot Section 4 2 end gray shading see beginshade Calculates location named Result equidistant from the first three positions i e the centre of the circle passing through the three positions exponential base e like s_box but the text is overlaid on a box of identical size If there is only one argument then the default box is invisible and filed white Section 12 vector projected on current view plane with top face of 3 dimensonal arrowhead normal to x2 y2 z2 flipflop height parameter in L_units flipflop width parameter in L_units fill macro 0 black 1 white Section 6 1 dotted m default 0 Draw a spline through positions V m ldots V n Works only with dpic flip flops boxspec e g ht x wid y Section 9 This macro 6 input flip flops has been superseded by FlipFlopX and may be deleted in future spec n NQ n Q mn CK n PR 1b En CLR n S n DIT R to include and negate pins 1b to print labels This macro JK flip flop has been superseded by FlipFlopX and may be deleted in future Similar to FlipFlop6 FlipFlopX boxspec label leftpins toppins rightpins bottompins 49 for_ start end increment actions gen FTcap chars cct fuse linespec type wid
51. e full name i e the path of the directory containing libcct m4 The option I installdir can be omitted if environment variable M4PATH points to installdir Put usepackage pstricks in the main I4T X source file header and the following in the body begin figure hbt centering input quick caption Customized caption for the figure label Symbolic_label end figure Then the commands latex file dvips file produce file ps that can be printed or viewed using gsview for example The effect of the m4 command above is shown in Figure 3 Configuration file pstricks m4 causes library libgen m4 to be read thereby defining the macro cct_init The diagram source file is then read and the circuit element macros in libcct m4 are defined during expansion of cct_init pstricks m4 libgen m4 pic Configuration file define cct_init Diagram source quick m4 libcct m4 PS eee cct_init define resistor Figure 3 The command m4 I installdir pstricks m4 quick m4 gt quick pic To produce Tikz PGF code the commands are modified to read pgf m4 and invoke the g option of dpic as follows m4 I installdir pgf m4 quick m4 gt quick pic dpic g quick pic gt quick tex The ATEX header should contain usepackage tikz but the inclusion statements are the same as for PSTricks input Invoking PDFlatex on the source produces pdf output directly In all cases the essential line is input quick which inserts the
52. e macro tsection defines a subcircuit that is replicated several times to generate Figure 58 PS Tline m4 cct_init hgt elen_ 1 5 ewd dimen_ 0 9 define sresistor resistor right_ ewd llabel r define sinductor inductor right_ ewd W llabel L define tsection sinductor dot line down_ hgt 0 25 dot parallel_ resistor down_ hgt 0 5 rlabel R capacitor down_ hgt 0 5 rlabel C dot line down_ hgt 0 25 dot sresistor SW Here gap up_ hgt sresistor for i 1 to 4 do tsection line dotted right_ dimen_ 2 tsection gap down_ hgt line to SW PE Example 3 Composite elements containing several basic elements may be required Figure 59 shows a circuit that can be drawn in any reference direction prespecified by Point_ degrees con taining labels that always appear in their natural horizontal orientation Two flags in the argument determine the circuit orientation with respect to the current drawing direction and whether a mir rored circuit is drawn The key to writing such a macro is to observe that the pic language allows two terminal elements to change the current drawing direction so the value of rp_ang should be saved and restored as necessary after each internal two terminal element has been drawn A draft of such a macro follows Point_ degrees hybrid_PI_BJT L M L left orientation M mirror define hybrid_PI_BJT 32
53. e ratio of port width to interport space default 2 and arg 7 is the pin length Set arg 8 to N to omit the dots on the port pins Arguments 1 and 9 allow customizations Section 6 nterm box spec other commands nw nn ne ns pin lgth style other commands cct n terminal box macro default three pins Args 2 to 5 are the number of pins to be drawn on W N E S sides The pins are named by side and number e g W1 W2 N1 Arg 6 is the pin length Set arg 7 to N to omit the dots on the pins Arguments 1 and 8 allow customizations e g nterm N a at Box w ljust b at Box e rjust c at Box s above nullator linespec width ht cct nullator two terminal element Section 4 2 nw_ gen nw with respect to current direction NXOR_gate n N log nxor gate 2 or n inputs N negated input Otherwise argl can be a sequence of letters PIN to define normal or negated inputs Section 9 opamp linespec label label size chars other commands cct operational amplifier with or other internal labels specified size chars P add power connections R swap In1 In2 labels T truncated point The first and last arguments allow added customizations Section 6 open_arrow linespec ht wid gen arrow with adjustable open head OR_gate n N log or gate 2 or n inputs N negated input Otherwise argl can be a sequence of letters P N to define normal or negated inputs Section 9 54 OR_gen n chars wid ht
54. e thickness 2 thick val total thicknes ie width wid val arrowhead width ht val arrowhead height ends x x or x or x where x is half width line or full width line darrow linespec t t width arrowhd wd arrowhd ht parameters 46 darrow See also Darrow double arrow truncated at beginning or end specified sizes with arrowhead or closed stem parameters x or gt or x gt or lt or lt x or lt gt where xis or The or parameters close the stem with half thickness lines to simplify butting to other objects dashline linespec thickness color lt gt dash len gap len G gen dashed line with dash at end G ends with gap dbelow at location darrow below displaced dlinewid 2 dcosine3D i x y z 3D extract i th entry of triple x y z def_bisect gen defines the pic procedure bisect func xmin xmax eps result that finds a root of func arg value to precision eps in the interval xmin xmax by the method of bisection delay_rad_ cct delay radius delay linespec size cct delay element Section 4 2 deleminit_ darrow sets drawing direction for dlines Demux n label L BIH N n S n N 0E wid ht log binary multiplexer n inputs L reverses input pin numbers B displays binary pin numbers H displays hexadecimal pin numbers N n puts Sel or Sel0 Seln at the top i e to the left of the drawing direction S n puts the Sel inputs at the bottom default OE N negated
55. ed a default value is used Writing source up_ draws a source up a distance equal to the current lineht value which may cause confusion Writing source 0 5 draws a source of length 0 5 units in the current pic default direction which is one of right left up or down The best practice is to specify both the direction and length of an element thus source up_ elen_ The effect of a linespec argument is independent of any direction set using the Point_ or similar macros To draw an element at an obtuse angle see Section 7 try for example Point_ 45 source to rvec_ 0 5 0 Processing sequence It is easy to forget that m4 finishes before pic processing begins Consequently it may be puzzling that the following mix of a pic loop and the m4 macro s_box does not appear to produce the required result for i 1 to 5 do s_box A i move In this example the s_box macro is expanded only once and the index i is not a number This particular example can be repaired by using an m4 loop for_ 1 5 1 s_box A m4x move 40 6 10 Quotes Single quote characters are stripped in pairs by m4 so the string inverse will be typeset as if it were inverse The cure is to add single quotes The only subtlety required in writing m4 macros is deciding when to quote arguments In the context of circuits it seemed best to assume that macro arguments would not be protected by quotes at the level o
56. efine your own macro if all that is needed is a small addition to an existing element that is defined in an enclosing block After the element arguments are expanded one argument beyond the normal list is automatically expanded before exiting the block as mentioned near the beginning of Section 6 This extra argument can be used to embellish the element A macro is defined using quoted name and replacement text as follows define name replacement text After this line is read by the m4 processor then whenever name is encountered as a separate string it is replaced by its replacement text which may have multiple lines The quotation charac ters are used to defer macro expansion Macro arguments are referenced inside a macro by number thus 1 refers to the first argument A few examples will be given 31 define thermalsw dswitch 1 2 WDdBT circle rad distance M4T last line c at last line c Figure 57 A custom thermal switch defined from the dswitch macro i a re a ee ee ee ee Lo o y Figure 58 A lumped model of a transmission line illustrating the use of custom macros Example 1 Custom two terminal elements can often be defined by writing a wrapper for an existing element For example an enclosed thermal switch can be defined as shown in Figure 57 Example 2 In the following two macros are defined to simplify the repeated drawing of a series resistor and series inductor and th
57. es default U D R L degrees gen store drawing direction and set it to up down left right or angle in degrees reset by resetdir_ The directions may be spelled out i e Right Left Section 5 1 57 setrgb red value green value blue value name gen define colour for lines and text optionally named default lcspec svg values are integers from 0 to 255 Section 6 1 setview azimuth degrees elevation degrees 3D set projection viewpoint sfg_init default line len node rad arrowhd len arrowhd wid reads libcct m4 cect initialization of signal flow graph macros sfgabove cct like above but with extra space sfgarc linespec text text justification cw ccw height scale factor cct directed arc drawn between nodes with text label and a height adjustment parameter sfgbelow cct like below but with extra space sfgline linespec text text justification cect directed straight line chopped by node radius with text label sfgnode at location text above below circle options cct small circle default white interior with text label The default label position is inside if the diameter is bigger than textht and textwid otherwise it is sfgabove Options such as fill or line thickness can be given sfgself at location U DIL R degrees text text justification cw ccw scale factor cct self loop drawn at angle angle from a node with text label and a size adjustment parameter shade gray value closed line s
58. es only to a pic processor dpic that is capable of producing output compatible with PSTricks Tikz PGF or in principle other graphics postprocessors By using command lines or simply by inserting TX graphics directives along with strings to be formatted one can mix arbitrary PSTricks or other commands with m4 input to create complicated effects Some commonly required effects are particularly simple For example the rotation of text by PSTricks postprocessing is illustrated by the file PS Axes m4 arrow right 0 7 x axis below arrow up 0 7 from 1st arrow start rput B 90 0 0 y axis rjust PE which contains both horizontal text and text rotated 90 along the vertical line This rota tion of text is also implemented by the macro rs_box which is similar to s_box but rotates its text argument by 90 a default angle that can be changed by preceding invocation with define text_ang degrees The rs_box macro requires either PSTricks or Tikz PGF and like s_box it calculates the size of the resulting text box but requires the diagram to be processed twice Another common requirement is the filling of arbitrary shapes as illustrated by the following lines within a m4 file command pscustom fillstyle solid fillcolor lightgray drawing commands for an arbitrary closed curve command oA au For colour printing or viewing arbitrary colours can be chosen as described in the PSTricks man
59. ese Macro pt__ is defined as scale 72 27 in libgen m4 to convert points to drawing coordinates Sometimes a label needs a plain background in order to blank out previously drawn components overlapped by the label as shown on the left of Figure 64 The technique illustrated in Figure 63 is automated by the macro f_box boxspecs label arguments For the special case of only one argument e g f_box Wood chips this macro simply overwrites the label on a white box of identical size Otherwise the first argument specifies the box characteristics except for size and the macro evaluates to box boxspecs s_box label arguments For example the result of the following command is shown on the right of Figure 64 MKS Wood chips ns Figure 64 Illustrating the f_box macro f_box color lightgray thickness 2 rad 2pt__ huge n g 4 1 More tricks can be played The example Picture s_box includegraphics file eps with sw at location shows a nice way of including eps graphics in a diagram The included picture named Picture in the example has known position and dimensions which can be used to add vector graphics or text to the picture To aid in overlaying objects the macro boxcoord object name x fraction 36 13 14 y fraction evaluates to a position with boxcoord object name 0 0 at the lower left corner of the object and boxcoord object name 1 1 at its upper right PSTricks and other tricks This section appli
60. esh size commensurate with L_unit which is an absolute length e Draw minor components or blocks relative to the major ones using parameterized relative distances e Draw connecting lines relative to the components and previously drawn lines 27 N_NEI Ini n Out Ini N_NE2 m Out In2 C Out C SE N_SE1 bd dimen_ 3 4 BUFFER_gate N bd bd NN BUFFER_gen ITNOC bd bd PN N BUFFER_gate bd bd LH_symbol at C BUFFER_gate right_ elen_ bd bd line down dimen_ 3 from last N_SE1 s then left dimen_ 2 3 7 BUFFER_gate right_ elen_ N bd bd N LH_symbol at C Figure 51 The BUFFER_gate and BUFFER_gen macros The bottom two examples show how the gate can be drawn as a two terminal macro but internal block locations must be referenced using last ae e Write macros for repeated objects e Tune the diagram by making absolute locations relative and by tuning the parameters Some useful macros for this are the following which are in units of L_unit AND_ht AND_wd the height and width of basic AND and OR gates BUF_ht BUF_wd the height and width of basic buffers N_diam the diameter of NOT circles Figure 52 shows a multiplexer block with variations and Figure 53 shows the very similar demultiplexer In3 OE Mux 4 OEBN2 down_ Mux 8 L3 28 L_unit Mux 4 M1 left_ Mux 4 LNOE Figure 52 The Mux input count label L B H IN n 1S n N 0E wid ht macro Out0 Out0 In 1 In DM1 Sel0 2
61. f macro invocation but should be quoted inside each macro There may be cases where this rule is not optimal or where the quotes could be omitted Dollar signs The i th argument of an m4 macro is i where 7 is an integer so the following construction can cause an error when it is part of a macro 0 rjust below since 0 expands to the name of the macro itself To avoid this problem put the string in quotes or write 0 Name conflicts Using the name of a macro as part of a comment or string is a simple and common error Thus arrow right dot x above produces an error message because dot is a macro name Macro expansion can be avoided by adding quotes as follows arrow right dot x above Library macros intended only for internal use have names that begin with m4 or M4 to avoid name clashes but in addition a good rule is to quote all XTX in the diagram input If extensive use of strings that conflict with macro names is required then one possibility is to replace the strings by macros to be expanded by ATEX for example the diagram PS box stringA PE with the ATX macro newcommand stringA Circuit containing planar inductor and capacitor Current direction Some macros particularly those for labels do unexpected things if care is not taken to preset the current direction using macros right_ left_ up_ down_ or rpoint_ Thus for two terminal macros it is good practice to wri
62. fault The gray density is controlled using the i11_ number macro where 0 lt number lt 1 with 0 corresponding to black and 1 to white Basic colours for lines and fills are provided by gpic and dpic but more elaborate line and fill styles can be incorporated depending on the printing device by inserting special commands or other lines beginning with a backslash in the drawing code In fact arbitrary lines can be inserted into the output using 3 5 3 6 command string where string is one or more lines to be inserted Arbitrary text strings typically meant to be typeset by TpX are delimited by double quote characters and occur in two ways The first way is illustrated by large Resonances of C_ 20 H_ 42 wid x ht y at position which writes the typeset result like a box at position and tells pic its size The default size assumed by pic is given by parameters textwid and textht if it is not specified as above The exact typeset size of formatted text can be obtained as described in Section 12 The second occurrence associates one or more strings with an object e g the following writes two words one above the other at the centre of an ellipse ellipse bf Stop bf here The C like pic function sprintf format string numerical arguments is equivalent to a string Compound objects A compound object is a group of statements enclosed in square brackets Such an object is placed by default as if it were a box but i
63. finished diagram to width x However if gpic is the pic processor then all scaled parameters are affected including those for arrowheads and text parameters which may not be the desired result A good general rule is to use the scale parameter for global scaling unless the primary objective is to specify overall dimensions Buffer overflow For some m4 implementations the error message pushed back more than 4096 chars results from expanding large macros or macro arguments and can be avoided by enlarging the buffer For example the option B16000 enlarges the buffer size to 16000 bytes However this error message could also result from a syntax error PSTricks anomaly If you are using PSTricks and you get the error message Graphics parameter noCurrentPoint not defined then your version of PSTricks is older than August 2010 You can do the following a Update your PSTricks package b Instead comment out the second definition of M4PatchPSTricks in pstricks m4 The first definition works for some older PSTricks distributions c Insert define M4PatchPSTricks immediately after the PS line of your diagram This change prevents the line psset noCurrentPoint from being added to the tex code for the diagram This line is a workaround for a feature of the current PSTricks psbezier command that changes its behaviour within the pscustom environment This situation occurs rarely and so the line is unnecessary for many
64. g for pgf Sources FileA m4 and FileB m4 must contain any required include statements and the main document should be processed using the latex or pdflatex option shell escape If the M4PATH environment variable is not set then insert I installdir after m4 in the command definition where installdir is the absolute path to the installation directory This method processes the picture source each time ATEX is run so for large documents containing many diagrams the mtotex lines could be commented out after debugging the corresponding graphic 6 You can put several diagrams into a single source file Make each diagram the body of a BTEX macro as shown newcommand diaA PS drawing commands PE box graph box graph not required for dpic newcommand diaB PS drawing commands PE box graph box graph not required for dpic Produce a tex file using mtotex or m4 and dpic or gpic insert the tex into the ATRX source and invoke the macros diaA and diaB at the appropriate places Including the libraries The configuration files for dpic are as follows depending on the output format see Section 14 pstricks m4 pgf m4 mfpic m4 mpost m4 postscript m4 psfrag m4 svg m4 gpic m4 or xfig m4 The file psfrag m4 simply defines the macro psfrag_ and then reads postscript m4 For gpic the configuration file is gpic m4 The usual case for producing circuit diagrams is to read pstricks m4 or pgf m4 first when dpic is
65. g were simpler and if a general path element with clipping were available as in Postscript The main value of this distribution is not in the use of a specific language but in the element data encoded in the macros which have been developed with reference to standards and refined over two decades Some of them have become less readable as more options and flexibility have been added and if starting over today perhaps I would change some details Compromises have been made in order to retain reasonable compatibility with the variety of postprocessors No choice of tool is without compromise and producing good graphics seems to be time consuming no matter how it is done The dpic interpreter has several output format options that may be useful The eepicemu and pict2e extensions of the primitive TFX picture objects are supported The mfpic output allows the production of Metafont alphabets of circuit elements or other graphics thereby essentially removing dependence on device drivers but with the complication of treating every alphabetic component as a T X box The xfig output allows elements to be precisely defined with dpic and interactively placed with xfig Similarly the SVG output can be read directly by the Inkscape graphics editor but SVG can also be used directly for web pages Dpic will also generate low level MetaPost or Postscript code so that diagrams defined using pic can be manipulated and combined with others The Postscript output
66. gth draws the arrow from the right of the current drawing direction Start Start Start T1 T1 T1 T2 End End End down_ dimen_ 0 5 5mm__ potentiometer down_ dimen_ down_ dimen_ 0 25 5mm__ 0 75 5mm__ Figure 20 Default and multiple tap potentiometer The macro addtaps arrowhd type arrowhd name Name fraction length fraction length Shown in Figure 21 will add taps to the immediately preceding two terminal element However Tapa right_ t 0 2in R1 start Ri end ieee ee R2 ebox elen_ 0 6 R1 resistor E T addtapa t ype nane Te Tapl addvape lt 702 ty 0 88 T De 92 t 0 8 t 0 8 0 R3 tapped ebox elen_ 0 6 gt 0 2 t 0 5 t 0 8 t R3 Start ae R3 End with Start at Ri start 0 25in__ 0 6in__ R3 Tap1 R3 Tap3 L1 tapped inductor right_ 9 dimen_ 8 9 0 t 3 9 t 2 6 9 t 2 1 t L1 Tap1 L1 Tap4 Figure 21 Macros for adding taps to two terminal elements the default names Tap1 Tap2 may not be unique in the current scope An alternative name for the taps can be specified or if preferable the tapped element can be drawn in a block using the macro tapped two terminal element arrowhd type arrowhd name Name fraction length fraction length Internal names Start End and C are defined automatically corresponding to the drawn element These and the tap names can be used to place the block 17 These two macros require the two termin
67. hes inductor linespec W L n M P loop wid cct inner_prod linear obj linear obj gen Int_ gen integrator linespec size cct inductor arg2 narrow default W wide L looped arg3 n arcs default 4 arg4 M magnetic core P powder dashed core arg5 loop width default L W dimen_ 5 other dimen_ 8 Section 4 2 inner product of x y dimensions of two linear objects corrected old gpic int function integrating amplifier Section 4 2 intersect_ linel start linel end line2 start line2 end gen Intersect_ Namel Name2 gen IOdefs linespec label P N L R log intersection of two lines intersection of two named lines Define locations labeli Jabeln along the line P label only N with NOT_circle R circle to right of current direction 51 j_fet Ulinespec L R P E cct jack U D LIRI degrees chars cct KelvinR cycles R cycle wid cct L_unit log larrow label gt lt dist cct lbox wid ht type gen left or right N or P JFET without or with envelope Section 6 1 argl drawing direction string arg2 R right orientation one or more L M B for L and auxiliary contacts with make or break points S M B for S and auxiliary contacts Section 6 IEEE resistor in a block with Kelvin taps T1 and T2 Section 6 logic element grid size arrow dist to left of last drawn 2 terminal element Section 4 3 box oriented in current direction type e g dotte
68. ialize environment for general diagrams customizable reads libgen m4 internal general labeller internal to gshade evaluates to a string compatible with the postprocessor in use to go with colored shaded or outlined attributes PSTricks metapost pgf tikz pdf postscript svg The argument is a fraction in the range 0 1 see rgbstring absolute grid location UI DILIR degrees ground without stem for nonblank 2nd arg N normal F frame S signal L low noise P protective E European up down left right or angle from horizontal default 90 Section 6 Note last two arguments Shade a polygon with named vertices attempting to avoid sharp corners gyrator box specs space ratio pin Igth N V H_ht Header 1 2 rows wid ht type ect log log Gyrator two port wrapper for nport N omits pin dots V gives a vertical orientation Section 6 hysteresis symbol dimension in L_units Header block with 1 or 2 columns and square Pin 1 Section 6 50 HeaderPin location type Picname n els w length log heater linespec ndivisions wid ht cct hex_digit n gen hexadecimal_ n m gen hlth gen hoprad_ cct ht_ gen ifdpic if true if false gen ifgpic if true if false gen ifinstr string string if true if false gen ifmfpic if true if false gen ifmpost if true if false gen ifpgf if true if false gen ifpostscript if true if false gen ifpsfrag if true if false ge
69. ing binary multiplication 3D to 2D projection onto the plane perpendicular to the view vector with angles defined by setview azim elev set PSTricks parameters TEX point size factor in scaled inches scale 72 27 pass transistor L left orientation Section 6 1 red color value arrow dist to right of last drawn 2 terminal element Section 4 3 deg polar to rectangular conversion OR_rad log parallel_ elementspec elementspec cct Ppe__ gen pconnex R L U D degrees chars cct pi_ gen plug U D LIR degrees 2 3 R cct pmod integer integer gen point_ angle gen Point_ integer gen polar_ x y gen potentiometer linespec cycles fractional pos length cct print3D x y z 3D prod_ a b gen project x y z 3D psset_ PSTricks settings gen pt__ gen ptrans linespec RIL g t r gen rarrow label gt lt dist cct Rect_ radius angle gen rect_ radius angle gen radians polar rectangular conversion 55 relay n chars resetdir_ resetrgb cct gen gen relay n poles default 1 chars O normally open C normally closed P three position default double throw L drawn left default R drawn right T thermal Argument 3 L R is deprecated but works for backward compatibility Section 6 resets direction set by setdir_ cancel r_ g_ b_ color definitions resistor linespec n E chars cycle wid resized factor macro name args cct cct
70. int Invar to be defined Preceding the variable by a causes a not gate to be drawn at the input The inputs are drawn in a row at the upper left by default An L in arg2 draws the inputs in a column at the left R reverses the order of the drawn inputs V scans the expression from right to left when listing inputs M draws the left right mirror image of the diagram and N draws only the function tree without the input array The inputs are labelled In1 In2 and the function outputs are Out1 Out2 Each variable var corresponds also to one of the input array points with label Invar Setting offset value displaces the drawn input list in order to disambiguate the input connections when L is used blue color value b_current label pos In Out Start End frac cct basename_ string sequence separator gen battery linespec n R cct beginshade gray value gen bell UIDILIR degrees size cct below_ gen bi_tr linespec L R P E cct bi_trans linespec L R chars E cct binary_ n m gen BOX_gate inputs output swid sht label log labelled branch current arrow to frac between branch end and body Section 4 3 Extract the rightmost name from a sequence of names separated by arg2 default dot n cell battery default 1 cell R reversed polarity Section 4 2 begin gray shading see shade e g beginshade 5 closed line specs endshade bell In1 to In3 defined Section 6 string position relative to c
71. just but this is tedious Often a better solution is to process the diagram twice The diagram source is processed as usual by m4 and a pic processor and the main document source is TfXed to input the diagram and format the text and also to write the text dimensions into a supplementary file Then the diagram source is processed again reading the required dimensions from the supplementary file and producing a diagram ready for final 4 TfXing This hackery is summarized below with an example in Figure 62 JPS gen_init sinclude CMman dim pette tete e e peee s_init stringdims B box Left text Right text x7 s_box Left text at B w rjust s_box Right text x g 2 at B e ljust PE Figure 62 The macro s_box sets string dimensions automatically when processed twice If two or more arguments are given to s_box they are passed through sprintf The dots show the figure bounding box e Put usepackage boxdims into the document source e Insert the following at the beginning of the diagram source where jobname is the name of the main FATRX file sinclude jobname dim s_init unique name e Use the macro s_box text to produce typeset text of known size as shown in Figure 62 alternatively invoke the macros boxdims and boxdim described later The macro s_box text evaluates initially to boxdims name text wid boxdim name w ht boxdim name v On the second pass this is equivalent to text wid x ht y
72. l label cct consource linespec V I vli R cct contact chars cct contline line gen Upper lower if arg5 R intersection of circles at Pos1 and Pos2 radius rad1 and rad2 centre triple label Section 4 4 voltage or current controlled source with alternate forms R reversed polarity Section 4 2 single pole contact P three position O normally open C normally closed I circle contacts R right orientation Section 6 evaluates to continue if processor is dpic otherwise to first arg default line corner line thickness attributes turn radians 45 gen Mitre default filled square drawn at end of last line or at a given position arg default current line thickness arg2 e g outlined string if arg2 starts with at position then a manhattan right left up down corner is drawn arg3 radians turn angle ve is ccw default m 2 The corner is enclosed in braces in order to leave Here unchanged unless arg2 begins with at Section 7 Cos integer gen cosine function integer degrees cosd arg gen cosine of an expression in degrees Cosine amplitude freq time phase gen function a x cos wt cross at location gen plots a small cross cross3D xl1 y1 z1 x2 y2 z2 3D cross product of two triples crossover linespec LIR Linel cet line jumping left or right over named lines Section 6 1 crosswd_ gen cross dimension csdim_ cct controlled source width d_fet linespec LIR P S EIS cct left or righ
73. m row shows wrapper macros drawing direction right_ that place the thyristor like a two terminal element for compatibility This system allows considerable freedom in choosing or customizing components as illustrated in Figure 44 G D h Poh A A g s D s ID celo EJ z rl j_fet P e_fet R d_fet e fet S c_fet j_fet right_ dimen_ E d_fet 5 Go Gl G1 G0 J L L alle al A Ly Ly Ly iT FT m dBSDFQuM1 d_fet P d_fet P S mosfet dBSDFQM1 E e_fet P e_fet P S c_fet P D G dG uH anr dT A a fl Ae mosfet dGSDF s gt AMEDSQuB g ZSDFAdT S _ uHSDF uMEDSuB IRF4905 Figure 44 JFET insulated gate enhancement and depletion MOSFETs and simplified versions These macros are wrappers that invoke the mosfet macro as shown in the middle and bottom rows The two lower right examples show custom devices the first defined by omitting the substrate connection and the second defined using a wrapper macro The number of possible semiconductor symbols is very large so these macros must be regarded as prototypes Often an element is a minor modification of existing elements For example the thyristor linespec chars macro illustrated in Figure 43 is derived from the diode and bipolar transistor macros Another example is the tgate macro shown in Figure 45 which also shows a pass transistor 24 Gb B ptrans Gb tgate A K B A G A __ B A
74. ments have default values so that only those that differ from defaults need be specified Figure 6 which shows a resistor also serves as an example of pic commands The first part of the source file for this figure is on the left PS R1 elen_ O RAN cct_init linewid 2 0 linethick_ 2 0 R1 start becaire ii R1 end resistor Figure 6 Resistor named R1 showing the size parameters enclosing block and predefined positions The lines of Figure 6 and the remaining source lines of the file are explained below The first line invokes the macro cct_init that loads the library libcct m4 and initializes local variables needed by some circuit element macros The sizes of circuit elements are multiples of the pic environmental variable linewid so redefining this variable changes element sizes The element body is drawn in proportion to dimen_ a macro that evaluates to linewid unless redefined and the default element length is elen_ which evaluates to dimen_ 3 2 unless redefined Setting linewid to 2 0 as in the example means that the default element length becomes 3 0in For resistors the default length of the body is dimen_ 2 and the width is dimen_ 6 All of these values can be customized Element scaling and the use of SI units is discussed further in Section 10 The macro linethick_ sets the default thickness of subsequent lines to 2 0 pt in the example Macro arguments are written within parentheses following
75. mmand The principal device used to define relative locations in the circuit macros is rvec_ x y which evaluates to position Here vec_ x y Thus line to rvec_ x 0 draws a line of length x in the current direction Figure 17 illustrates that some hand placement of labels using dlabel may be useful when elements are drawn obliquely The figure also illustrates that any commas within m4 arguments must be treated specially because the arguments are separated by commas Argument commas are protected either by parentheses as in inductor from Cr to Cr vec_ elen_ 0 or by multiple single quotes as in as necessary Commas also may be avoided by writing 0 5 between L and T instead of 0 5 lt L T gt PS Oblique m4 cct_init Ct dot Point_ 60 capacitor C dlabel 0 12 0 12 C_3 Cr dot left_ capacitor C dlabel 0 12 0 12 C_2 Cl dot down_ capacitor from Ct to C1 C dlabel 0 12 0 12 C_1 T dot at Ct 0 elen_ inductor from T to Ct dlabel 0 12 0 1 L_1 Point_ 30 inductor from Cr to Crt vec_ elen_ 0O dlabel 0 0 07 L_3 R dot L dot at Cl R x Cr x Cr y R y inductor from L to Cl dlabel 0 0 12 L_2 Ro right_ resistor from L to R rlabel R_2 resistor from T to R dlabel 0 0 15 R_3 b_current y ljust line from L to 0 2 lt L T gt source to 0 5 between L and T dlabel sourcerad_ 0 07 0 1 dlabel 0 sourcerad_ 0 07 u resistor to 0 8 between L and T dlabel 0 0 1
76. n ifpstricks if true if false gen ifroff if true if false gen ifxfig if true if false gen igbt Clinespec L R L a D cct in_ gen General pin for Header macro arg 4 specifies pin direction with respect to the current drawing direction heater element Section 4 2 hexadecimal digit for 0 lt n lt 16 hexadecimal representation of n left padded to m digits if the second argument is nonblank current line half thickness in drawing units hop radius in crossover macro height relative to current direction test if dpic has been specified as pic processor test if gpic has been specified as pic processor test if the second argument is a substring of the first also ifinstr string string if true string string if true if false test if mfpic has been specified as pic post processor test if MetaPost has been specified as pic post processor test if Tikz PGF has been specified as pic post processor test if Postscript dpic r has been specified as pic output format Test if either psfrag or psfrag_ has been defined For postscript with psfrag strings one or the other should be defined prior to or at the beginning of the diagram test if PSTricks has been specified as post processor test if troff or groff has been specified as post processor test if Fig 3 2 dpic x has been specified as pic output format left or right IGBT L alternate gate type D parallel diode dD dotted connections absolute inc
77. n2 In1 In3 In3 In3 In3 bell Box microphone buzzer buzzer C In2 N n3 Ini r m n6 In7 n2 Co speaker H In3 earphone earphone C Figure 28 Audio components speaker U DILIRI degrees size type bell microphone buzzer earphone with their internally named positions and components Thus S speaker U with In2 at Here places an upward facing speaker with input In2 at the current location The nport box specs other commands nw nn ne ns space ratio pin Igth style macro is shown in Figure 29 The macro begins with the line define nport Box box 1 so the first argument is a box specification such as size fill or text The second to fifth arguments specify the number of ports pin pairs to be drawn respectively on the west north east and south sides of the box The end of each pin is named according to the side port number and a or b pin as shown The sixth argument specifies the ratio of port width to inter port space the seventh is the 19 Nla Nib N2a N2b Ela Wla Ela Wla n port Wi El WI1b Elb Wib E3b S1 nport P nterm Sla S4b nport wid 2 0 ht 1 fi11_ 0 9 n port 1 2 3 4 Figure 29 The nport macro draws a sequence of pairs of named pins on each side of a box The pin names are shown The default is a twoport The nterm macro draws single pins instead of pin pairs pin length and setting the eighth argument to N omits the pin dots The macro ends with 9
78. ndicating radiation effects The arrow stems are named A1 A2 and each pair is drawn in a block with the names Head and Tail defined to aid placement near another device The second argument specifies absolute angle in degrees default 135 degrees ee J ty o N AT em_arrows ND 45 I CID E enh Tail em_arrows N Figure 13 Radiation arrows em_arrows type angle length Figure 14 shows some two terminal elements with arrows or lines overlaid to indicate variability using the macro variable element type angle length where type is oneofA P L N with C or S optionally appended to indicate continuous or stepwise variation Alternatively this macro can be invoked similarly to the label macros in Section 4 4 by 12 specifying an empty first argument thus the following line draws the resistor in Figure 14 resistor down_ dimen_ variable uN ee HAA AH e E E Ge E E Figure 14 Illustrating variable element A P L u N CIS angle length For example 4 3 variable capacitor down_ dimen_ draws the leftmost capacitor shown above and variable resistor down_ dimen_ uN draws the resistor The default angle is 45 regardless of the direction of the element The array on the right shows the effect of the second argument Branch current arrows Arrowheads and labels can be added to conductors using basic pic statements For example the following line adds a labeled a
79. ng a value to scale at the beginning of the diagram is to change the drawing unit initially 1 inch throughout the figure For example the file quick m4 can be modified to use millimetres as follows 30 11 PS Pic input begins with PS scale 25 4 mm cct_init Set defaults elen 19 Variables are allowed The default sizes of pic objects are redefined by assigning new values to the environmental parameters arcrad arrowht arrowwid boxht boxrad boxwid circlerad dashwid ellipseht ellipsewid lineht linewid moveht movewid textht and textwid The ht and wid parameters refer to the default sizes of vertical and horizontal lines moves etc except for arrowht and arrowwid which are arrowhead dimensions The boxrad parameter can be used to put rounded corners on boxes Assigning a new value to scale also multiplies all of these parameters except arrowht arrowwid textht and textwid by the new value of scale gpic multiplies them all Therefore objects drawn to default sizes are unaffected by changing scale at the beginning of the diagram To change default sizes redefine the appropriate parameters explicitly 2 The PS line can be used to scale the entire drawing regardless of its interior Thus for ex ample the line PS 100 25 4 scales the entire drawing to a width of 100mm Line thickness text size and dpic arrowheads are unaffected by this scaling If the final picture width exceeds maxpswid which has
80. nitions are required by the boxdim macro described below The ATEX macro boxdimfile dimension file is used to specify an alternative to jobname dim as the dimension file to be written This simplifies cases where jobname is not known in advance or where an absolute path name is required Another simplification is available Instead of the sinclude dimension file line above the dimension file can be read by m4 before reprocessing the source for the second time m4 library files dimension file diagram source file Objects can be tailored to their attached text by invoking boxdims and boxdim explicitly The small source file in Figure 63 for example produces the box in the figure PS eboxdims m4 T 4 sinclude CMman dim The main input file is CMman tex Q_h Q_d box fill_ 0 9 wid boxdim Q w 5pt__ ht boxdim Q v 5pt__ 0 y boxdims Q large displaystyle int_0 T e tA dt le Q w gt PE E Figure 63 Fitting a box to typeset text The figure is processed twice as described previously The line sinclude jobname dim reads the named file if it exists The macro boxdim name suffix default from libgen m4 expands the expression boxdim Q w to the value of Q_w if it is defined else to its third argument if defined else to 0 the latter two cases applying if jobname dim doesn t exist yet The values of boxdim Q h and boxdim Q d are similarly defined and for convenience boxdim Q v evaluates to the sum of th
81. nt PDF latex produces pdf without first creating a postscript file but does not handle tpic specials so dpic must be installed 37 Diagram source Macro libraries d e f 8 m P r s v Postscript Post Meta tpic PDF TEx j psfrag script Post tex pdf tex tex tex SVE eps mp tex eps TEX ATEX TEX ATEX ATEX Inkscape i A ATEX ae Mfpic PSTricks MetaPost note Xfig PDFlatex tikz TEX or PDFlatex ATEX Metafont GP PDFlatex Figure 65 Output formats produced by gpic t and dpic SVG output can be read by Inkscape or used 15 directly in web documents Most PDFLatex distributions are not directly compatible with PSTricks but the Tikz PGF output of dpic is compatible with both PT X and PDFLatex Several alternative dpic output formats such as mfpic and MetaPost also work well To test MetaPost create a file filename mp containing appropriate header lines for example verbatimtex documentclass 11pt article usepackage times boxdims graphicx boxdimfile tmp dim begin document etex Then append one or more diagrams by using the equivalent of m4 lt installdir gt mpost m4 library files diagram m4 dpic s filename mp The command mpost tex latex filename mp end processes this file formatting the di agram text by creating a temporary tex file 4TfXing it and recovering the dvi output to create filename 1 and other files If the boxdims macros are being invoked this pr
82. ntact chars which contains predefined locations P C O for the armature and normally closed and normally open terminals An I in the first argument draws open circles for contacts The macro relay poles chars R defines coil terminals V1 V2 and contact terminals P C O The double throw switches shown in Figure 33 are drawn in the current drawing direction like the two terminal elements but are composite elements that must be placed accordingly The jack and plug macros and their defined points are illustrated in Figure 34 The first argument of both macros establishes the drawing direction The second argument is a string of characters defining drawn components An R in the string specifies a right orientation with respect to the drawing direction The two principal terminals of the jack are included by putting L S or both into the string with associated make M or break B points Thus LMB within the third argument draws the L contact with associated make and break points Repeated L M B or S M B substrings add auxiliary contacts with specified make or break points 20 rdin WH diam winding h Figure 31 The winding LIR diam pitch turns axis along the current drawing direction Terminals T1 and T2 are defined Setting the first argument Paas to R draws a right hand winding N color i a a Left pins core wid CCW Spie Pea pins pins core wid CCW core color macro draws a coil with
83. ntary contact on release MMR momentary contact on make and release O hand operation button P pushbutton T thermal control linkage Y pull switch Z turn switch Section 4 2 dtee L R darrow double arrow tee junction with tail to left right or default back along current direction dtor_ gen degrees to radians conversion constant dturn degrees ccw darrow turn dline argl degrees left ccw E__ gen the constant e e_ gen e relative to current direction e_fet linespec L R P S EIS cct left or right N or P enhancement MOSFET normal or simplified without or with envelope or thick channel Section 6 1 earphone U D L R degrees size cct earphone In1 to In3 defined Section 6 ebox linespec length ht fill value cect two terminal box element with adjustable dimensions and fill value 0 black to 1 white length and ht are relative to the direction of linespec Section 4 2 48 elchop Name1 Name2 gen eleminit_ linespec cct elen_ cct em_arrows N I E D angle length cct endshade gen Equidist3 Pos1 Pos2 Pos3 Result gen expe gen f_box boxspecs text expr1 gen Fector x1 y1 z1 x2 y2 z2 3D FF_ht cct FF_wid cct fill_ number gen fitcurve V n e g gen FlipFlop D T RS JK label boxspec log FlipFlop6 label spec boxspec log FlipFlopJK label spec boxspec log chop for ellipses evaluates to chop r where r is the distance from the centre of ellipse Namel to th
84. o RIL AIB define opto u dimen_ 2 Q bi_trans up u 2 ifinstr 1 R R ifinstr 1 B B CBUdE E Q E C Q C A ifinstr 1 R Q e u 3 2 u Q wt u 3 2 u K A O u 2 ifinstr 1 B line from Q B to Q B E B Here D diode from A to K arrow from D c 0 u 6 to Q ifinstr 1 R e w 0 u 6 chop u 3 chop u 4 arrow from last arrow start 0 u 3 to last arrow end 0 u 3 Enc box rad u wid abs C x A x u 2 ht u 2 with c at 0 5 between C and K 2 Two instances of this subcircuit are drawn and placed by the following code with the result shown in Figure 61 Qi opto Q2 opto type B orientation Rightleft with w at Q1 e dimen_ 0O Interaction with BT EX The sizes of typeset labels and other T X boxes are generally unknown prior to processing the diagram by TeX Although they are not needed for many circuit diagrams these sizes may be 34 required explicitly for calculations or implicitly for determining the diagram bounding box The following example shows how text sizes can affect the overall size of a diagram PS B box Left text at B w rjust Right text x72 at B e ljust PE The pic interpreter cannot know the size of the text to the left and right of the box and the diagram is generated using default text values One solution to this problem is to measure the text sizes by hand and include them literally thus Left text wid 38 47pt__ ht 7pt__ at B w r
85. ocess must be repeated to handle formatted text correctly as described in Section 12 In this case either put sinclude tmp dim in the diagram m4 source or read the dim file at the second invocation of m4 as follows m4 lt installdir gt mpost m4 library files tmp dim diagram m4 dpic s gt filename mp On some operating systems the absolute path name for tmp dim has to be used to ensure that the correct dimension file is written and read This distribution includes a Makefile that simplifies the process otherwise a script can automate it Having produced filename 1 rename it to filename mps and voil you can now run PDFlatex on a tex source that includes the diagram using includegraphics filename mps as usual The dpic processor is capable of other output formats as illustrated in Figure 65 and in example files included with the distribution The TeX drawing commands alone or with eepic or pict2e extensions are suitable only for simple diagrams Developer s notes Years ago in the course of writing a book I took a few days off to write a pic like interpreter dpic to automate the tedious coordinate calculations required by IATPX picture objects The macros in this distribution and the interpreter are the result of that effort drawings I have had to produce since and suggestions received from others The interpreter has been upgraded over time to generate mfpic MetaPost 5 raw Postscript Postscript with psfrag tags raw PDF
86. p of libgen m4 Similarly if only Tikz PGF will be used change gpic to pgf using the Makefile The package default is to read gpic m4 for historical compatibility The processor options 39 must be chosen correspondingly gpic t for gpic m4 and most often dpic p or dpic g when dpic is employed For example the pipeline for PSTricks output from file quick m4 is m4 I installdir pstricks m4 quick m4 dpic p gt quick tex but for Tikz PGF processing the configuration file and dpic option have to be changed m4 I installdir pgf m4 quick m4 dpic g gt quick tex Any non default configuration file must appear explicitly in the command line or in an include statement Pic objects versus macros A common error is to write something like line from A to B resistor from B to C ground at D when it should be line from A to B resistor from B to C ground at D This error is caused by an unfortunate inconsistency between pic object attributes and the way m4 and pic pass macro arguments Commas Macro arguments are separated by commas so any comma that is part of an argument must be protected by parentheses or quotes Thus shadebox box with n at w h produces an error whereas shadebox box with n at w h and shadebox box with n at w h do not The parentheses are preferred Default directions and lengths The linespec argument of element macros requires both a direction and a length and if either is omitt
87. p val Label element attributes 16 where an attribute is of the form llabel rlabel b_current Putting Sep val in the first branch sets the default separation of all branches to val in a later element Sep val applies only to that branch An element may have normal arguments but should not change the drawing direction An element may also be series_ args or nested parallel_ args without quotes as illustrated in Figure 19 6 Composite circuit elements Many basic elements are not two terminal These elements are usually enclosed in a pic block and contain named interior locations and components The block must be placed by using its compass corners thus element with corner at position or when the block contains a predefined location thus element with location at position A few macros are positioned with the first argument the ground macro for example ground at position In some cases an invisible line can be specified by the first argument to determine length and direction but not position of the block Nearly all elements drawn within blocks can be customized by adding an extra argument which is executed as the last item within the block The macro potentiometer linespec cycles fractional pos length shown in Figure 20 first draws a resistor along the specified line then adds arrows for taps at fractional positions along the body with default or specified length A negative len
88. pecs gen fill arbitrary closed curve shadebox box specification gen box with edge shading SIdefaults gen Sets scale 25 4 for drawing units in mm and sets pic parameters lineht 12 linewid 12 moveht 12 movewid 12 arcrad 6 circlerad 6 boxht 12 boxwid 18 ellipseht 12 ellipsewid 18 dashwid 2 arrowht 3 arrowwid arrowht 2 sign_ number gen sign function Sin integer gen sine function integer degrees sinc number gen the sinc x function sind arg gen sine of an expression in degrees sinusoid amplitude frequency phase tmin tmax gen draws a sinusoid over the interval tmin max source linespec V v T ilACIBIFIGIQ LIN PIS T X U other diameter R cct source blank or voltage 2 types current 2 types AC or type F G Q B L N X or labelled P pulse U square R ramp S sinusoid T triangle other custom interior label or waveform R reversed polarity Section 4 2 sourcerad_ cct default source radius sp_ gen evaluates to medium space for gpic strings speaker U DIL RI degrees size H cct speaker In1 to In7 defined H horn Section 6 sprod3D a x y z 3D scalar product of triple x y z by a 58 SQUID n diameter initial angle ccw cw cct Superconducting quantum interface device with n junctions labeled J1 Jn placed around a circle with initial angle 90 deg by default with respect to the current drawing direction The default diameter is dimen_
89. ple resistor up_ d Pic stores the current drawing direction the latter unfortunately limited to up down left right which is assumed when necessary The circuit macros need to know the current direction so whenever up down left right are used they should be written respectively as the macros up_ down_ left_ right_ as in the above example To allow drawing circuit objects in other than the standard four directions a transformation matrix is applied at the macro level to generate the required pic code Potentially the matrix can be used for other transformations The macro 14 setdir_ direction default direction is preferred when setting drawing direction The direction arguments are of the form Right Lleft U p Dlown degrees but the macros Point_ degrees point_ radians and rpoint_ relative linespec are employed in many macros to re define the entries of the matrix named m4a_ m4b_ m4c_ and m4d_ for the required rotation The macro eleminit_ in the two terminal elements invokes rpoint_ with a specified or default linespec to establish element length and direction As shown in Figure 17 Point_ 30 resistor draws a resistor along a line with slope of 30 degrees and rpoint_ to Z sets the current direction cosines to point from the current location to location Z Macro vec_ x y evaluates to the position x y rotated as defined by the argument of the previous setdir_ Point_ point_ or rpoint_ co
90. previously created file quick tex 2 1 2 Processing with gpic If your printer driver understands tpic specials and you are using gpic on some systems the gpic command is pic the commands are m4 I installdir gpic m4 quick m4 gt quick pic gpic t quick pic gt quick tex and the figure inclusion statements are as shown begin figure hbt input quick centerline box graph caption Customized caption for the figure label Symbolic_label end figure 2 1 3 Simplifications m4 must read a configuration file followed by the macro definitions in one or more library files either before reading the diagram source file or at the beginning of it There are several ways to control the process as follows 1 The macros can be processed by IAT X specific project software and by graphic applications such as Cirkuit 7 Alternatively when many files are to be processed a facility such as Unix make which is also available in PC and Mac versions can be employed to automate the required commands On systems without such facilities a scripting language can be used 2 The m4 commands illustrated above can be shortened to m4 I installdir quick m4 gt quick pic by inserting include pstricks m4 assuming PSTricks processing or include libgen m4 assuming the default processor is to be used after the PS line The effect of the first include statement is shown in Figure 4 and the second in Figure 5 Diagram source ps
91. raw sinusoid restore angle phsource 120 m4smp_ang rp_ang rp_ang 0 sinusoid m4h 2 twopi_ m4h ifelse 2 2 360 twopi_t pi_ 2 m4h 2 m4h 2 with Origin at Here rp_ang m4smp_ang 3 4 5 Figure 60 A source element customized using its second argument Example 5 Repeated subcircuits might have different orientations but the potential orientations often include only the element and its mirror image so the power of the vec_ and rvec_ macros is not required Suppose that an optoisolator is to be drawn with left right or right left orientation as shown in Figure 61 A C C A K E E B K Figure 61 Showing opto and opto BR with defined labels 12 The macro interface could be something like the following opto LIR AIB where an R in the argument string signifies a right left mirrored orientation and the element is of either A or B type that is there are two related elements that might be drawn in either orientation for a total of four possibilities Those who find such an interface to be too cryptic might prefer to invoke the macro as opto orientation Rightleft type B which includes semantic sugar surrounding the R and B characters for readability this usage is made possible by testing the argument string using the ifinstr macro rather than requiring an exact match A draft of the macro follows and the file Optoiso m4 in the examples directory adds a third type option opt
92. restorem4dir stack name gen reversed macro name args cct resistor n cycles default 3 chars E ebox ES ebox with slash Q offset H squared N IEEE V varistor variant R right oriented cycle width default dimen_ 6 Section 4 2 scale the element body size by factor Restore m4 direction parameters from the named stack default savm4dir_ reverse polarity of 2 terminal element rgbdraw color triple drawing commands gen rgbfill color triple closed path rgbstring color triple or color name right_ rjust_ rlabel label label label rot3Dx radians x y Z rot3Dy radians x y zZ rot3Dz radians x y Z rotbox wid ht type r t val rotellipse wid ht type gen gen gen gen cct 3D 3D 3D gen gen color drawing for PSTricks pgf MetaPost svg postprocessors see setrgb Section 6 1 fill with arbitrary color see setrgb Section 6 1 evaluates to a string compatible with the postprocessor in use to go with colored shaded or outlined attributes PSTricks metapost pgf tikz pdf postscript svg The arguments are fractions in the range 0 1 For example box outlined rgbstring 0 1 0 2 0 7 shaded rgbstring 0 75 0 5 0 25 For those postprocessors that allow it there can be one argument which is the name of a defined color set current direction right Section 5 right justify with respect to current direction triple label on right side of the element
93. rrowhead at a distance alpha along a horizontal line that has just been drawn Many variations of this are possible arrow right arrowht from last line start alpha 0 i_1 above Macros have been defined to simplify labelling two terminal elements as shown in Figure 15 The macro b_current label above_ below_ In O ut Start E nd frac draws an arrow from the start of the last drawn two terminal element frac of the way toward the body i m AA a ace AYA a WA coh AYA a 1 a b_current i i below_ wea iy lt 0 Ci below_ 0O 1 W ayy We a 1 b_current i E i below_ E i 0 E 0 2 i below_ 0 E a9 _ i i larrow i rarrow i larrow i lt rarrow i lt Figure 15 Illustrating b_current larrow and rarrow The drawing direction is to the right If the fourth argument is End the arrow is drawn from the end toward the body If the third element is Out the arrow is drawn outward from the body The first argument is the desired label of which the default position is the macro above_ which evaluates to above if the current direction is right or to ljust below rjust if the current direction is respectively down left up The label is assumed to be in math mode unless it begins with sprintf or a double quote in which case it is copied literally A non blank second argument specifies the relative position of the label with respect to the arrow for example below_ which pl
94. rst position and the y coordinate from the second A position can be given a symbolic name beginning with an upper case letter e g Top 0 5 4 5 Such a definition does not affect the calculated figure boundaries The current position Here is always defined and is equal to 0 0 at the beginning of a diagram or block The coordinates of a position are accessible e g Top x and Top y can be used in expressions The center start and end of linear objects and the defined points of other objects as described below are predefined positions as shown in the following example which also illustrates how to refer to a previously drawn element if it has not been given a name line from last line start to 2nd last arrow end then to 3rd line center Objects can be named using a name commencing with an upper case letter for example Bus23 line up right after which positions associated with the object can be referenced using the name for example arc cw from Bus23 start to Bus23 end with center at Bus23 center An arc is drawn by specifying its rotation starting point end point and center but sensible defaults are assumed if any of these are omitted Note that arc cw from Bus23 start to Bus23 end does not define the arc uniquely there are two arcs that satisfy this specification This distribution includes the m4 macros arcr position radius start radians end radians arcd position radius start degrees end degrees arca chord linespec
95. s can be performed by a script makefile or by hand for simple documents as described in Section 2 1 The diagram source file is preprocessed as illustrated in Figure 1 The predefined macros followed by the diagram source are read by m4 The result is passed through a pic interpreter to produce tex output that can be inserted into a tex document using the input command or interpreter PDFlatex Figure 1 Inclusion of figures and macros in the TX document 2 1 The interpreter output contains PSTricks 16 commands Tikz PGF 15 commands basic TEX graphics tpic specials or other formats depending on the chosen options These variations are described in Section 14 There are two principal choices of pic interpreter One is dpic described later in this document A partial alternative is GNU gpic t sometimes simply named pic 11 together with a printer driver that understands tpic specials typically dvips 13 The dpic processor extends the pic language in small but important ways consequently some of the macros and examples in this distribution work fully only with dpic Pic processors contain basic macro facilities so some of the concepts applied here do not require m4 Quick start The contents of file quick m4 and resulting diagram are shown in Figure 2 to illustrate the language to show several ways for placing circuit elements and to provide sufficient information for producing basic labeled circuits PS Pic
96. s labeled In1 Section 9 BUFFER_gen chars wd ht N P N P NIP log buzzer U D L RI degrees size C cct c_fet Cinespec L R P cct general buffer chars T triangle N 0 output location Out NO draws circle N_Out N I NJN N S N NE N SE input locations C centre location Args 4 6 allow alternative definitions of respective In NE and SE argument sequences buzzer In1 to In3 defined C curved Section 6 left or right plain or negated pin simplified MOSFET capacitor linespec char L R height wid ect cbreaker linespec L R D T TS cct ccoax at location M F diameter cct cct_init cct capacitor char F or none flat plate C curved plate E polarized boxed plates K filled boxed plates M unfilled boxes M one rectangular plate P alternate polarized adds a polarity sign L polarity sign to the left of drawing direction arg3 R reversed polarity arg4 height defaults F dimen_ 3 C P dimen_ 4 E K dimen_ 5 arg5 wid defaults F height 0 3 C P height 0 4 E K height Section 4 2 circuit breaker to left or right D with dots T thermal TS squared thermal Section 4 2 coax connector M male F female Section 6 initialize circuit diagram environment reads libcct m4 centerline_ linespec thickness color minimum long dash len short dash len gap len gen Technical drawing centerline Cintersect Posl Pos2 rad1 rad2 R gen clabel label labe
97. secondary side of the transformer to the left or right of the drawing direction The optional third 18 Me A In2 Point_ 15 opamp 999 P opamp 299 T opamp Point_ 90 opamp Figure 25 Operational amplifiers The P option adds power connections The second and third arguments can be used to place and rotate arbitrary text at In1 and In2 line right 0 2 then up 0 1 A opamp up_ 0 4 R with In1 at Here line right 0 2 from A Out line down 0 1 from A In2 then right 0 2 Figure 26 A code fragment invoking the opamp linespec size R P macro and fifth arguments specify the number of primary and secondary arcs respectively If the fourth argument string contains an A the iron core is omitted if a P the core is dashed powder and if it contains a W wide windings are drawn A D1 puts phase dots at the P1 S1 end D2 at the P2 S2 ends and D12 or D21 puts dots at opposite ends Pla P1 P1 TP 3 f Ts TP 3 TS TP s sfe P27 53 aE a poy S2 P27 P27 S S27 P2 transformer 8 WD12 4 down_ 0 6 2 P 8 aa R 8 AW Figure 27 The transformer linespec L R np A P WIL D1 D2 D12 D21 ns macro drawing di rection down showing predefined terminal and centre tap points Figure 28 shows some audio devices defined in blocks with predefined internal locations as shown The first argument specifies the device orientation Box Circle Circle Box Face In1 In1 In1 Ini In4 In5 Box In2 In2 In2 I
98. sible objects can be divided conveniently into two classes the linear objects line arrow spline arc and the planar objects box circle ellipse The object move is linear but draws nothing A compound object or block is planar and consists of a pair of square brackets enclosing other objects as described in Section 3 5 Objects can be placed using absolute coordinates or relative to other objects Pic allows the definition of real valued variables which are alphameric names beginning with lower case letters and computations using them Objects or locations on the diagram can be given symbolic names beginning with an upper case letter Manuals The classic pic manual 9 is still a good introduction to pic but a more complete manual 12 can be found in the GNU groff package and both are available on the web 9 12 Reading either will give you competence with pic in an hour or two Explicit mention of roff string and font constructs in these manuals should be replaced by their equivalents in the ATX context A man page language summary is appended to the dpic manual 1 A web search will yield good discussions of little languages for pic in particular see Chapter 9 of 2 Chapter 1 of reference 4 also contains a brief discussion of this and other languages The linear objects line arrow spline arc A line can be drawn as follows line from position to position where position is defined below or line direction distance
99. t N or P depletion MOSFET normal or simplified without or with envelope or thick channel Section 6 1 dabove at location darrow above displaced dlinewid 2 dac width height nIn nN nOut nS cct DAC with defined width height and number of inputs Ini top terminals Ni ouputs Outi and bottom terminals Si Section 9 darc center position radius start radians end radians dline thickness arrowhead wid ar rowhead ht terminals darrow See also Darc CCW arc in dline style with closed ends or dpic only arrowheads Permissible terminals x x X X gt x gt lt lt x lt gt where x means or half thickness line Darc center position radius start radians end radians parameters darrow Wrapper for darc CCW arc in dline style with closed ends or dpic only arrowheads Semicolon separated parameters thick value wid value ends x X X X gt x gt lt lt x lt gt where x means or half thickness line Darlington L R chars cct Composite Darlington pair Q1 and Q2 with internal locations E B C Characters in arg2 E envelope P P type B1 internal base lead D damper diode R1 Q1 bias resistor E1 ebox R2 Q2 bias resistor E1 ebox Z zener bias diode Section 6 1 darrow_init darrow initialize darrow drawing parameters reads darrow m4 Darrow linespec parameters darrow Wrapper for darrow Semicolon separated parameters S E truncate at start or end by dlin
100. t can also be placed by specifying the final position of a defined point A defined point is the center or compass corner of the bounding box of the compound object or one of its internal objects Consider the last line of the code fragment shown Ands right_ Andi AND_gate And2 AND_gate at Andi 0 And1 ht 3 2 with And2 In1 at position The two gate macros evaluate to compound objects containing Out In1 and other locations The final positions of all objects inside the square brackets are determined in the last line by specifying the position of In1 of gate And2 Other language facilities All objects have default sizes directions and other characteristics so part of the specification of an object can sometimes be profitably omitted Another possibility for defining positions is expression between position and position which means 1st position expression x 2nd position 1st position and which can be abbreviated as expression lt position position gt Care has to be used in processing the latter construction with m4 since the comma may have to be put within quotes to distinguish it from the m4 argument separator Positions can be calculated using expressions containing variables The scope of a position is the current block Thus for example theta atan2 B y A y B x A x line to Here 3 cos theta 3 sin theta Expressions are the usual algebraic combinations of primary quantities constants environ
101. t where L_unit is a macro intended to establish line separation for an imaginary grid on which the elements are superimposed Including an N in the second argument character sequence of any gate negates the inputs and including B in the second argument invokes the general macro BOX_gate PIN PIN horiz size vert size label which draws box gates Thus BOX_gate PNP N 8 geq 1 creates a gate of default width eight L_units height negated output three inputs with the second negated and internal label gt 1 If the fifth argument begins with sprintf or a double quote then the argument is copied literally otherwise it is treated as scriptsize mathematics The macro BUFFER_gate linespec N B wid ht N P N P is a wrapper for the com posite element BUFFER_gen If the second argument is B then a box gate is drawn otherwise the gate is triangular Arguments 5 and 6 determine the number of defined points along the northeast and southeast edges respectively with an N adding a NOT circle If the first argument is non blank however then the buffer is drawn along an invisible line like a two terminal element which is con venient sometimes but requires internal locations of the block to be referenced using last as shown in Figure 51 A good strategy for drawing complex logic circuits might be summarized as follows e Establish the absolute locations of gates and other major components e g chips relative to a grid of m
102. te e g resistor up_ from A to B rlabel R_1 rather than resistor from A to B rlabel R_1 which produce different results if the last defined drawing direction is not up It might be possible to change the label macros to avoid this problem without sacrificing ease of use Position of elements that are not 2 terminal The linespec argument of elements defined in blocks must be understood as defining a direction and length but not the position of the resulting block In the pic language objects inside these brackets are placed by default as if the block were a box Place the element by its compass corners or defined interior points as described in the first paragraph of Section 6 on page 17 for example igbt up_ elen_ with E at 1 0 41 17 11 12 13 14 15 16 Pic error messages Some errors are detected only after scanning beyond the end of the line containing the error The semicolon is a logical line end so putting a semicolon at the end of lines may assist in locating bugs Line continuation A line is continued to the next if the rightmost character is a backslash or with dpic if the backslash is followed immediately by the character A blank after the backslash for example produces a pic error Scaling Pic and these macros provide several ways to scale diagrams and elements within them but subtle unanticipated effects may appear The line PS x provides a convenient way to force the
103. the postprocessor or to set one of these as the default configuration file At the top of each diagram source put one or more initialization commands that is cct_init log init sfg_init darrow_init threeD_init or for diagrams not requiring specialized macros gen_init As shown in Figure 3 to Figure 5 each initialization command reads in the appropriate macro library if it hasn t already been read for example cct_init tests whether libcct m4 has been read and includes it if necessary A few of the distributed example files contain other experimental macros that can be pasted into diagram source files see Flow m4 or Buttons m4 for example The libraries contain hints and explanations that might help in debugging or if you wish to modify any of the macros Macros are generally named using the obvious circuit element names so that programming becomes something of an extension of the pic language Some macro names end 3 1 3 2 in an underscore to reduce the chance of name clashes These can be invoked in the diagram source but there is no long term guarantee that their names and functionality will remain unchanged Finally macros intended only for internal use begin with the characters m4 Pic essentials Pic source is a sequence of lines in a file The first line of a diagram begins with PS with optional following arguments and the last line is normally PE Lines outside of these pass through the pic processor unchanged The vi
104. tricks m4 libgen m4 PS P1C include pstricks m4 cct_init Configuration file define cct_init libcct m4 define resistor Figure 4 The command m4 I installdir quick m4 gt quick pic with include pstricks m4 pre ceding cct_init Diagram source libgen m4 pstricks m4 PS if include pstricks m4 pic include libgen m4 Configuration file cct init define cct_init libcct m4 define resistor Figure 5 The command m4 I installdir quick m4 gt quick pic with include libgen m4 preceding cct_init causing the default configuration file to be read 3 On some systems setting the environment variable M4PATH to installdir allows the I installdir option of m4 to be omitted but it will be kept in following examples 2 2 4 In the absence of a need to examine the file quick pic the commands for producing the tex file can be reduced provided the above inclusions have been made to m4 I installdir quick m4 dpic p gt quick tex 5 It may be desirable to invoke m4 and dpic automatically from the document file as shown documentclass article usepackage tikz newcommand mtotex 2 immediate write18 m4 2 m4 dpic 1 gt 2 tex begin document mtotex g FileA Generate FileA tex input FileA tex par mtotex g FileB Generate FileB tex input FileB tex end document The first argument of mtotex is a p for pstricks or
105. ts the Sel inputs at the bottom default OE N negated OE pin Section 9 max number of gate inputs without wings 53 n gen n with respect to current direction N_diam log diameter of not circles in L_units N_rad log radius of not circles in L_units NAND_gate n N log nand gate 2 or n inputs N negated input Otherwise argl can be a sequence of letters P N to define normal or negated inputs Section 9 ne_ gen ne with respect to current direction NeedDpicTools gen executes copy HOMELIB_ dpictools pic if the file has not been read neg_ gen unary negation NOR_gate n N log nor gate 2 or n inputs N negated input Otherwise argl can be a sequence of letters P N to define normal or negated inputs Section 9 norator linespec width ht cet norator two terminal element Section 4 2 NOT_circle log not circle NOT_gate linespec N log not gate 1 input or as a 2 terminal element N negated input Section 9 NOT_rad log not radius in absolute units NPDT npoles R cct Double throw switch npoles number of poles R right orientation with respect to drawing direction Section 6 nport box spec other commands nw nn ne ns space ratio pin lgth style other commands cect Default is a standard box twoport Args 2 to 5 are the number of ports to be drawn on w n e s sides The port pins are named by side number and by a or b pin e g Wla W1b W2a Arg 6 specifies th
106. uD WBF A WBL switch D C WdBK WABKF 1 Ea m 35 fe ees oe WBT y WBM WBCO WBMP C WdBKL C WdBKC T a 7 J J a a ae a L WBCY WBCZ WBCE C WBRH C WBRdH C WBRHH WBMMR C WBMM WBMR WBEL WBLE C WdBKEL Figure 12 The switch linespec L R chars L B D macro is a wrapper for the macros lswitch linespec LIR 01C D K bswitch Clinespec L R 01C and the many optioned dswitch linespec R W ud B K chars shown The switch is drawn in the current drawing direc tion A second argument R produces a mirror image with respect to the drawing direction The first argument of the macro reversed macro name macro arguments is the name of a two terminal element in quotes followed by the element arguments The element is drawn with reversed direction Thus diode right_ 0 4 reversed diode right_ 0 4 draws two diodes to the right but the second one points left Similarly the macro resized factor macro name macro arguments can be used to resize the body of an element by temporarily multiplying the dimen_ macro by factor More general resizing should be done by redefining dimen_ as described in Section 10 1 These two macros can be nested the following scales the above example by 1 8 for example resized 1 8 diode right_ 0 4 resized 1 8 reversed diode right_ 0 4 Figure 13 contains arrows for i
107. ual PSTricks parameters can be set by inserting the line command psset option value in the drawing commands or by using the macro psset_ PSTricks options The macros shade gray value closed line specs and rgbfill red value green value blue value closed line specs can be invoked to accomplish the same effect as the above fill example but are not confined to use only with PSTricks Since arbitrary ATEX can be output either in ordinary strings or by use of command output complex examples such as found in reference 3 for example can be included The complications are twofold TX and dpic may not know the dimensions of the formatted result and the code is generally unique to the postprocessor Where postprocessors are capable of equivalent results then macros such as rs_box shade and rgbfill mentioned previously can be used to hide code differences Web documents pdf and alternative output formats Circuit diagrams contain graphics and symbols and the issues related to web publishing are similar to those for other mathematical documents Here the important factor is that gpic t generates out put containing tpic special commands which must be converted to the desired output whereas dpic can generate several alternative formats as shown in Figure 65 One of the easiest methods for producing web documents is to generate postscript as usual and to convert the result to pdf format with Adobe Distiller or equivale
108. urrent direction left or right N or P type bipolar transistor without or with envelope Section 6 1 bipolar transistor core left or right chars BU bulk line B base line and label S Schottky base hooks uEn dEn emitters EO to En uE dE single emitter Cn uCn dCn collectors CO to Cn u or d add an arrow C single collector u or d add an arrow G gate line and location H gate line L L gate line and location d D named parallel diode d dotted connection u T thyristor trigger line arg 4 E envelope Section 6 1 binary representation of n left padded to m digits if the second argument is nonblank output P N inputs P N sizes swid and sht in L_units default AND_wd 7 Section 9 boxcoord planar obj x fraction y fraction gen internal point in a planar object 44 boxdim name h w d v default gen bp__ gen bswitch linespec LIR chars cct BUF_ht log BUF_wd log evaluate e g name_w if defined else default if given else 0 v gives sum of d and h values Section 12 big point size factor in scaled inches scale 72 pushbutton switch R right orientation default L left chars O normally open C normally closed basic buffer gate height in L_units basic buffer gate width in L_units BUFFER_gate linespec NIB wid ht NIP NIP NIP log basic buffer dfault 1 input or as a 2 terminal element arg2 N negated input B box gate arg 5 normal P or negated N input
109. uti and bottom terminals Sz addtaps arrowhd type arrowhd name Name fraction length fraction length cct Add taps to the previous two terminal element arrowhd blank or one of lt gt lt gt Each fraction determines the position along the element body of the tap A negative length draws the tap to the right of the current direction positive length to the left Tap names are Tapl Tap2 by default or Namel Name2 if specified Section 6 along linear object name gen short for between name start and name end Along_ LinearObj distance R gen Distance arg2 default all the way along a linear object from start to end from end to start if arg3 R amp linespec size cet amplifier Section 4 2 And Or Not Nand Nor Xor Nxor Buffer log Wrappers of AND_gate for use in the Autologix macro AND_gate n N log basic and gate 2 or n inputs N negated input Otherwise argl can be a sequence of letters P N to define normal or negated inputs Section 9 AND_gen n chars wid ht log general AND gate n number of inputs 0 lt n lt 16 chars B base and straight sides A Arc N NE N SE N I N N N S inputs or circles N O output C center Otherwise argl can be a sequence of letters P N to define normal or negated inputs AND_ht log height of basic and and or gates in L_units AND_wd log width of basic and and or gates in L_units antenna at location
110. wise argl can be a sequence of letters P N to define normal or negated inputs Section 9 XOR_off log XOR and NXOR offset of input face xtal linespec cct quartz crystal Section 4 2 xtract string substr1 substr2 gen returns substrings if present References j J D Aplevich Drawing with dpic 2015 In the dpic source distribution N J Bentley More Programming Pearls Addison Wesley Reading Massachusetts 1988 3 D Girou Pr sentation de PSTricks Cahiers GUTenberg 16 1994 http cahiers gutenberg eu org cg bin article CG_1994___16_21_0 pdf 4 M Goossens S Rahtz and F Mittelbach The ATRX Graphics Companion Addison Wesley Reading Massachusetts 1997 5 J D Hobby A user s manual for MetaPost 1990 6 IEEE Graphic symbols for electrical and electronic diagrams 1975 Std 315 1975 315A 1986 reaffirmed 1993 61 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 KDE Apps org Cirkuit 2009 KDE application http kde apps org content show php Cirkuit content 107098 B W Kernighan and D M Richie The M4 macro processor Technical report Bell Labora tories 1977 B W Kernighan and D M Richie PIC A graphics language for typesetting user man ual Technical Report 116 AT amp T Bell Laboratories 1991 http www cs bell labs com 10thEdMan pic pdf Thomas K Landauer The Trouble with Computers MIT Press Cambridge 1995 W Lemberg Gpic man page 2005 http

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