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WinSpice3 User`s Manual

1. E 2 DE3 4 POL pz NODE1 NODE2 NODE3 NODE4 CUR ZER pz NODE1 NODE2 NODE3 NODE4 CUR PZ pz NODE1 NODE2 NODE3 NODE4 VOL POL pz NODE1 NODE2 NODE3 NODE4 VOL ZER pz NODE1L NODE2 NODE3 NODE4 VOL PZ Examples pz 1 0 3 0 CUR POL pz 2 3 5 0 VOL ZER pz 4 1 4 1 CUR PZ CUR stands for a transfer function of the type output voltage input current while VOL stands for a transfer function of the type output voltage input voltage POL stands for pole analysis only ZER for zero analysis only and PZ for both This feature is provided mainly because if there is a non convergence in finding poles or zeros then at least the other can be found Finally NODE1 and NODE2 are the two input nodes and NODE3 and NODE4 are the two output nodes Thus there is complete freedom regarding the output and input ports and the type of transfer function 6 12 31 Quit Leave WinSpice3 General Form quit Quit WinSpice3 77 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual 6 12 32 Rawfile Send further results directly to a rawfile General Form rawfile rawfile OFF Send the output of subsequent analyses directly to a file rawfile off restores default operation 6 12 33 Reset Reset an analysis General Form reset Throw out any intermediate data in the circuit e g after a breakpoint or after one or more analyses have been done already and re parse the input file The circuit can then be re run f
2. Examples K43 LAA LBB 0 999 KXFRMR L1 L2 0 87 LYYYYYYY and LZZZZZZZ are the names of the two coupled inductors and VALUE is the coefficient of coupling K which must be greater than 0 and less than or equal to 1 Using the dot convention place a dot on the first node of each inductor 4 1 5 Sxxxx and Wxxxx Switches 4 1 5 1 Sxxxx Voltage Controlled Switch General form SXXXXXXX N N NC NC MODEL lt ON gt lt OFF gt Examples sl 1 2 3 4 switchi ON s2 5 6 3 0 sm2 off Switchl 1 2 10 0 smodell Nodes 1 and 2 are the nodes between which the switch terminals are connected The model name is mandatory while the initial conditions are optional Nodes 3 and 4 are the positive and negative controlling nodes respectively 4 1 5 2 Wxxxx Current Controlled Switch General form WYYYYYYY N N VNAM MODEL lt ON gt lt OFF gt Examples wl 1 2 vclock switchmodl W2 3 0 vramp sml ON wreset 5 6 vclck lossyswitch OFF 16 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual Nodes 1 and 2 are the nodes between which the switch terminals are connected The model name is mandatory while the initial conditions are optional The controlling current is that through the specified voltage source The direction of positive controlling current flow is from the positive node through the source to the negative node 4 1 5 3 Switch Model SW CSW General form MODEL MNAME
3. BJT instance parameters input output Device initially off Initial B E voltage Instance temperature 101 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual BJT instance parameters output only emitnode Number of emitter node J substnode Number of substrate node sss SsS colprimenode Internal collector node baseprimenode Internal base node TTT Current at collector node Current at base node Substrate current i B E voltage O B C voltage Small s signal transconductance a __ Sall signal input conductance pi Small signal conductance mu Conductance from base to internal base _ Small signal output conductance Internal C S cap equiv cond Internal C B base cap equiv cond Internal base to collector capacitance l Base to collector capacitance _ CLM Collector to substrate capacitance Cap due to charge storage in B E j Cap due to charge storage in B C jet Cap due to charge storage in fons jt Cap due to charge storage in B X jet Total C Capacitance i in B X junction Charge storage B C junction Charge storage C S junction Power dissipation 102 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual BJT model parameters input output Saturation Current Ideal forward beta i ai lt rt OCOOOOOO Forward emission coefficient Forward E Early voltage a Forward beta roll off corner current Forward beta roll off corner current same as ikf B E leakage emi
4. The Noise line does a noise analysis of the circuit OUTPUT is the node at which the total output noise is desired if REF is specified then the noise voltage V OUTPUT V REF is calculated By default REF is assumed to be ground SRC is the name of an independent source to which input noise is referred PTS FSTART and FSTOP are AC type parameters that specify the frequency range over which plots are desired PTS_ PER SUMMARY is an optional integer if specified the noise contributions of each noise generator is produced every PTS_PER SUMMARY frequency points These are stored in the spectral density curves use Setplot command to select the correct set of curves The NOISE control line produces two plots one for the Noise Spectral Density curves and one for the total Integrated Noise over the specified frequency range All noise voltages currents are in units of V Hz and A Hz for spectral density V and A for integrated noise NOTE The output units are different from Berkeley Spice3 The output units for Berkeley Spice3 are in V Hz and A Hz for spectral density and V and A for integrated noise This was changed to the format used by Spice2 Pspice etc for consistency and to prevent confusion 50 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual For examples take the simple circuit below simple resistor circuit simple resistor circuit to test which ones of vspice uf77spice and spice3 give the correct
5. WinSpice3 User s Manual 15 March 2001 Mike Smith Based on Spice 3 User Manual by T Quarles A R Newton D O Pederson A Sangiovanni Vincentelli Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences University of California Berkeley Ca 94720 1 WinSpice3 User Manual Table Of Contents Introduction 4 echt aninind E dawn ia aie bie 1 1 1 Installation 35 25 5 tashss shi toctest ie ies she ates eits s A EAS 1 1 2 Ruining Wan SpiCe3 is cs echaceedecci sete cuepecanes ds teva ouster Mex E E A eerie Ween rere Meets 2 1 3 Uninstalling WinSpice3 3 accesses i ee eatin ne Ba Ben BA Sec eke Bee RS 4 1 4 Command Line OPON Sia senate secede EE E hive ade ieee ties bea ee 4 TYPES OF ANALYSIS cccess cossveus fas css itetiesics Ors va T sa cates Meveosast ent ou Mevnova staat ons Meeosastent ona Menno sk 5 2 1 DC Amialysisyss sive ea We ee a aa Se ON MOR Rea eee ee 5 22 AC Small Signal Analysis cccccccecccescesscesseeseceseeeseceeeeseeesecesecsnecseeeseeeaeenseceeseesteesaessseseneeats 5 2 3 Transient Analysis erenn erei ar e vsteevates REN e coygteaet vores EE ERa 5 2 4 PolesZero Analysis senc E E E E R E R E EEE 5 2 5 Small Signal Distortion Analysis cccccccscesccesseeseeeseeeseeeeeseeeseeeseceeeceeeseeeseenseeseeeseeeneenaees 5 2 6 Sensitivity Analysis naa E E a Ea E e aa EE a EER aiae ie 6 2 NOiSe A Nall yS18 22145 aces c tac e Leds oscavencnsustedoesktaataueig sided iesdibyed ih acts a Ra a
6. Positive node of source Negative node of source Positive node of contr source Negative node of contr source Output current Output voltage Power 10 26 Vsource Independent voltage source Vsource instance parameters input only pwl sffm ac distofl distof2 Pulse description Sinusoidal source description Sinusoidal source description Exponential source description Piecewise linear description Single freq FM description AC magnitude phase vector fl input for distortion f2 input for distortion Vsource instance parameters input output de acmag acphase D C source value A C Magnitude A C Phase 132 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual Vsoutce instance parameters output only pos_node Positive node of source neg node Negative node of source function Function of the source order Order of the source function coeffs Coefficients for the function acreal AC real part acimag AC imaginary part i Voltage source current p Instantaneous power 133 27 09 01
7. 124 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual Mos3 instance parameters output only Drain current Drain current B D junction current B S junction current Source current Gate current Bulk current Gate Source voltage Drain Source voltage Bulk Source voltage Bulk Drain voltage Number of drain node gnode Number of gate node snode Number of source node bnode Number of bulk node dnodeprime Number of internal drain node snodeprime Number of internal source node von Turn on voltage vdsat Saturation drain voltage sourceverit Critical source voltage drainverit Critical drain voltage rs sourceconductance rd drainconductance gm Source resistance Source conductance Drain resistance Drain conductance Transconductance gds Drain Source conductance gmb Bulk Source transconductance Bulk Source transconductance Bulk Drain conductance Bulk Source conductance Bulk Drain capacitance Bulk Source capacitance Gate Source capacitance Gate Drain capacitance Gate Bulk capacitance Capacitance due to gate source charge storage Capacitance due to gate drain charge storage Capacitance due to gate bulk charge storage Capacitance due to bulk drain charge storage Capacitance due to bulk source charge storage Zero Bias B D junction capacitance Zero Bias B D sidewall capacitance Zero Bias B S junction capacitance cbssw0 Zero Bias B S sidewall capacitance Bulk Source charge storage Gate Source charge storage Gate Drain charge
8. TIME rnd v 9 15 cos vin branch 7 9e5 8 not ac3 FREQ 32 amp tranl TIME 10 gt 3 63 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual 6 7 Functions The following functions are available mag vector The result is a REAL vector with each element containing magnitude vector the magnitude of each element in the COMPLEX vector vector ph vector The result is a REAL vector with each element containing phase vector the phase of each element in the COMPLEX vector vector If the units variable is not defined the phase is in radians If units has the value of degrees the phase angle will be in degrees j vector i sqrt 1 times COMPLEX vector vector real vector The real component of vector re vector imag vector The imaginary part of vector im vector db vector 20 log10 mag vector log vector The logarithm base 10 of vector log10 vector In vector The natural logarithm base e of vector exp vector e to the vector power abs vector The absolute value of vector i e the magnitude Same as mag vector norm vector The vector normalised to 1 i e the largest magnitude of any component is 1 rnd vector A vector with each component a random integer between 0 and the absolute value of the vector s corresponding component pos vector The result is a vector containing 1 0 if the corresponding element of vector was gt 0 0 and zero otherwise 64 27 09 01 WinSpice3 Us
9. TRAN 1NS 100NS END 27 09 01 97 WinSpice3 User Manual 9 4 Circuit 4 Four Bit Binary Adder The following deck simulates a four bit binary adder using several subcircuits to describe various pieces of the overall circuit ADDER 4 BIT ALL NAND GATE BINARY ADDER x SUBCIRCUIT DEFINITIONS SUBCKT NAND 1 2 3 4 X NODES INPUT 2 OUTPUT VCC Q1 9 5 1 QMOD D1CLAMP O 1 DMOD Q2 9 5 2 QMOD D2CLAMP 0 2 DMOD RB 4 5 4K R1 4 6 1 6K Q3 6 9 8 QMOD R2 8 0 1K RC 4 7 130 Q4 7 6 10 QMOD DVBEDROP 10 3 DMOD Q5 3 8 0 QMOD ENDS NAND SUBCKT ONEBIT 1 2 3 4 5 6 k NODES INPUT 2 CARRY IN OUTPUT CARRY OUT VCC yr X1 Lo 2 7 6 NAND X2 1 7 8 6 NAND X3 2 FOr 26 NAND x4 8 910 6 NAND X5 3 10 11 6 NAND X6 3 EL 12 6 NAND X7 101113 6 NAND x8 1213 4 6 NAND X9 11 7 5 6 NAND ENDS ONEBIT SUBCKT TWOBIT 123 45 67 8 9 i NODES INPUT BITO 2 BIT1 2 OUTPUT BITO BITI CARRY IN CARRY OUT VCC X1 de 2 Be LO 9 ONEBIT X2 3 410 6 8 9 ONEBIT ENDS TWOBIT SUBCKT FOURBIT 123 45 678910111213 14 15 NODES INPUT BITO 2 BIT1 2 BIT2 2 BIT3 2 OUTPUT BITO BIT1 BIT2 BIT3 CARRY IN CARRY OUT VCC X1 V3 2e 3h AR 9 TO 13s 16 aS TWOBIT X2 5 6 7 8 11 12 16 14 15 TWOBIT ENDS FOURBIT DEFINE NOMINAL CIRCUIT MODEL DMOD D MODEL QMOD NPN BF 75 RB 10
10. directory reren e ERO 72 6 12 7 Cross Create a new Vector srine gnin ies leas uate ee 72 6 12 8 De Perform a DC sweep analysis c ccecceescesseessceeeeseeeseeseceseceseceeeceeeseeeaeenseeneeeeenaeens 72 6 12 9 Define Define a function 0 ee eee ssesseeneeeeceeeesceeceseeseeseesecseesecsecaeeseeeeeaesseeseeaeseeneeaes 72 6 12 10 Delete Remove a trace or breakpoint cceceeceesceeseeeceeseeeeeeseeeseeeeeceeenaeenseenseeneeeeees 73 6 12 11 Destroy Delete a data set plot cecececsessecseeseceeeeseeeseeseeeseeeseeeseseseceeeeeeeeeeeaeenseens 73 6 12 12 Diff Compare Vectors ee action Seis eee Da ver v birth A anes oie ANE 73 6 12 13 Display List known vectors and types cccccceccceseessceseeeteeeseeeseeseeeseeeseseseeeseeseeeteeeaeens 73 6 12 14 Disto Perform a distortion analysis cccccccesceeseesseeseeeseeeseceseceeeeseeeseseaeeeseeseeeseeeaeens 73 OAD eID HCHO Print OX neotena eecved eth rtee a ated e a test ay andes ates 74 6 12 16 Edit Edit the current Circuit inserui 74 6 12 17 Fourier Perform a fourier transform ccecceecceeseesseeseceseeeseeeceeseeeeeeseeeseeeseeseeeneenaeens 74 6 12 18 Hardcopy Save a plot to a file for printing cece ceecceseeseeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeaeeeeesseeeeenseens 74 6 12 19 Help Print summaries of WinSpice3 commands ccecceeseeseesseeeeeeeceeeeeeeeseeestenseens 74 6 12 20 History Review previous COMMANAS cecceseeseesseesceeseceseeece
11. model parameters input output Threshold voltage Threshold voltage Transconductance parameter Bulk threshold parameter Surface potential Channel length modulation Drain ohmic resistance Source ohmic resistance B D junction capacitance B S junction capacitance Bulk junction sat current Bulk junction potential Gate source overlap cap Gate drain overlap cap Gate bulk overlap cap Sheet resistance Bottom junction cap per area Bottom grading coefficient Side junction cap per area Side grading coefficient Bulk jet sat current density Oxide thickness Lateral diffusion Surface mobility Surface mobility Forward bias jet fit parm Substrate doping Gate type Surface state density Parameter measurement temperature Flicker noise coefficient Flicker noise exponent Mos model parameters output only type N channel or P channel MOS 10 18 Mos2 Level 2 MOSFET model with Meyer capacitance model off Device initially off ic Vector of D S G S B S voltages 120 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual Length Width Drain area Source area Drain perimeter Source perimeter Drain squares Source squares Initial D S voltage Initial G S voltage Initial B S voltage Instance operating temperature 121 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual Mos2 instance parameters output only Drain current Drain current B D junction current B S junction current Source current Gate current Bu
12. 10 23 10 24 10 25 10 26 WinSpice3 User Manual Resistors Simple resistor nes noeneen eek ee Qtech eae He indeed eas 130 Switch Ideal voltage controlled SWitch ccecceseeeseesceeseeeseceeeeseeeaeceseeeseceeeseeeseeeseesseeneeesees 130 Tranline Lossless transmission line c ccecccseesecesececeesseeseceseceseeseeeseesseeesecesecneeeeenaeenseeaes 131 VCCS Voltage controlled current source ecceccesseeseeeeeeseeeseeeseeeseeeecseeeseeeseceeeeeeeeenseents 131 VCVS Voltage controlled voltage source cceccesceeeesseesseeseeeseeeeeseesseeeseeeseceeeeseeeaeenstenes 132 Vsource Independent voltage SOULCE ceeceesceeseeesecseeeeeeseceeeeeeeeeeseenseeeseceseseeseeeaeenseeaes 132 v 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual 1 INTRODUCTION WinSpice3 is a general purpose circuit simulation program for non linear DC non linear transient and linear AC analyses Circuits may contain resistors capacitors inductors mutual inductors independent voltage and current sources four types of dependent sources lossless and lossy transmission lines two separate implementations switches uniform distributed RC lines and the five most common semiconductor devices diodes BJTs JFETs MESFETs and MOSFETs WinSpice3 is based on Spice3F4 which in turn was developed from SPICE2G 6 While WinSpice3 is being developed to include new features it continues to support those capabilities and models which remain in extensive
13. Length dependence of n0 Width dependence of n0 a si iststs lt lt OW Width dependence of nb Width dependence of nd Supply voltage to specify mus Gate source overlap capacitance per u unit channel width m Gate drain overlap capacitance per unit channel width m _ Gate bulk overlap capacitance per unit channel Tength m Source drain diffusion sheet resistance in ohm per square Source drain junction saturation current per unit area Source drain bottom Junction capacitance grading coefficient i Source drain side junction capacitance built in potential 7 Source drain side junction capacitance grading coefficient Source drain bottom junction capacitance per unit area Source drain side junction capacitance per unit area O TTTS Length reduction of source drain diffusion 10 5 BSIM2 Berkeley Short Channel IGFET Model ic Vector of DS GS BS initial voltages 106 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual BSIM2 instance parameters input output Drain area a Source area Drain perimeter Source perimeter Number of squares in source Device is initially off Initial G S voltage a Initial B S voltage Flag to indicate NMOS ee eee Flag to indicate PMOS 107 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual BSIM2 model parameters input output Flat band voltage Strong inversion surface potential Length dependence of phi _ Width d dependence of phi eel B
14. PJF P channel JFET model NMOS N channel MOSFET model PMOS P channel MOSFET model NMF N channel MESFET model PMF P channel MESFET model Parameter values are defined by appending the parameter name followed by an equal sign and the parameter value Model parameters that are not given a value are assigned the default values given below for each model type Models model parameters and default values are listed in the next section along with the description of device element lines 3 4 Subcircuits A subcircuit that consists of WinSpice3 elements can be defined and referenced in a fashion similar to device models The subcircuit is defined in the input file by a grouping of element lines the program then automatically inserts the group of elements wherever the subcircuit is referenced There is no limit on the size or complexity of subcircuits and subcircuits may contain other subcircuits An example of subcircuit usage is given in Appendix A 3 4 1 SUBCKT Line General form SUBCKT subnam N1 lt N2 N3 gt Examples SUBCKT OPAMP 1 2 3 4 A circuit definition is begun with a SUBCKT line SUBNAM is the subcircuit name and N1 N2 are the external nodes which cannot be zero The group of element lines which immediately follow the SSUBCKT line define the subcircuit The last line in a subcircuit definition is the ENDS line see below Control 10 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual lines may not appear within a subcircuit
15. a eccccsccc cede cceseedesdeheceslecreeteve iE e a ES E EE E S 110 10 7 CCCS Current controlled current SOULCE ccceeceeseesseesseeseceseceseceneceesseeeseenseseeeseeeeenaeens 111 10 8 CCVS Linear current controlled current Source cececceesceeseeeeceeeceeeeeeeeseenseenseeeeeeneeeatens 111 10 9 CSwitch Current controlled ideal switch ccececcecceesceeseeeceeseeeeeeseceeecseeeeeeseeeaeenseesseeaeens 112 10 10 Diode Junction Diod modelici s 2 3 eee 8 tities ein Beech eet ee ee 112 10 11 Inductor Inductors sissioni na E E RA E ia 113 10 12 mutual Mutual inductors seiniin ninina n a i rE E ne ps ii 114 10 13 Isource Independent current SOuUrce ssesseeseeseeseeseesesserstsresstsesetseesestrsresrestestesessessessessrstt 114 10 14 JFET Junction Field effect transistor ecsesssnsessessereesisrorerrerrsessesreseesevsiseesresovsorsostevsrrsesss 115 10 15 LTRA Lossy transmission IMe sanete a i E R a 116 10 16 MES GaAs MESFET m de osennan ce a E a E E E E E 117 10 17 Mosl Level 1 MOSFET model with Meyer capacitance model ecceeseesseeseesreeseeeeees 118 10 18 Mos2 Level 2 MOSFET model with Meyer capacitance model ecceeceeseeseeeeeseeeeees 120 10 19 Mos3 Level 3 MOSFET model with Meyer capacitance model eceeceesseeteeeeeteeeteees 123 10 20 Mos6 Level 6 MOSFET model with Meyer capacitance model cccesceeseeeteeeeeeteeeeeeees 127 iv 27 09 01 10 21 10 22
16. and determines the file format used by the write command see section 6 12 66 is used The default is ascii fourgridsize Number How many points to use for interpolating into when doing Fourier analysis gridsize Number If this variable is set to an integer this number is used as the number of equally spaced points to use for the Y axis when plotting Otherwise the current scale is used which may not have equally spaced points If the current scale isn t strictly monotonic then this option has no effect 57 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual gridstyle Sets the style of grid to be used The possible values are lingrid loglog xlog ylog smith smithgrid polar nogrid See the plot command for details hcopydev String If this is set when the hardcopy command is run the resulting file is automatically printed on the printer named hcopydev with the command Ipr Phcopydev file hcopyfont String This variable specifies the font name for hardcopy output plots The value is device dependent hcopyfontsize The font size for hardcopy plots hcopyfontscale This is a scaling factor for the font used in hardcopy plots hcopydevtype String This variable specifies the type of the printer output to use in the hardcopy command If hcopydevtype is not set plot 5 format is assumed The standard distribution currently recognises postscript as an alternative output format When used in conjunction with hcopydev hcopydevtype
17. are considered comments and ignored 6 12 50 Spec Generate a Fourier transform vector General Form spec startf stopf stepf vector Calculates a new vector containing the Fourier transform of the input vector This vector should be the output of a transient analysis This command takes note of the following shell variables which can be set using the set command see section 6 12 40 specwindow String Specifies the windowing function Possible values are none hanning or cosine rectangular hamming triangle or bartlet blackman gaussian If this variable is not defined the hanning window is used Specifies the window order for the gaussian window only Note that the time axis of the input vector should be linearised first by using the linearize command see section 6 12 23 because WinSpice3 does not produce a linear time axis for transient analyses After using the spec command the spectrum can be displayed by plotting the magnitude of the resultant vector For example after a transient analysis resulting in transient vector v 1 the spectrum can be plotted with the following commands linearize v 1 spec 10 100000 5000 v 1 plot mag v 1 6 12 51 Status Display breakpoint and trace information General Form status Display all of the traces iplots and breakpoints currently in effect 84 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual 6 12 52 Step Run a fixed number of time points General
18. continue If there is a while dowhile or foreach block enclosing this statement control passes to the test or in the case of foreach the next value is taken Otherwise an error results 6 11 9 Break General Form break 70 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual If there is a while dowhile or foreach block enclosing this statement control passes out of the block Otherwise an error results Of course control structures may be nested When a block is entered and the input is the terminal the prompt becomes a number of gt s corresponding to the number of blocks the user has entered The current control structures may be examined with the debugging command cdump 6 12 Commands 6 12 1 Ac Perform an AC frequency response analysis General Form ac DEC OCT LIN N Fstart Fstop Do an AC analysis See the previous sections of this manual for more details 6 12 2 Alias Create an alias for a command General Form alias word text Causes word to be aliased to text History substitutions may be used as in C shell aliases 6 12 3 Alter Change a device or model parameter General Form alter name expression alter name parameter expression alter name parameter expression Alter changes the value for a device or a specified parameter of a device or model The first form is used by simple devices which have one principal value resistors capacitors etc where the second and third
19. function is normally added to the control block after the simulation fails When the simulation is run again the problem area will be reported 3 ALTINIT function Transient Convergence Example OPTIONS ALTINIT 1 Setting ALTINIT to one causes the default algorithm used when the UIC use initial condition keyword is issued in the TRAN to be bypassed in favour of a second more lenient algorithm Normally the second algorithm is automatically invoked when the default method fails 4 RSHUNT option Example OPTION RSHUNT 1e9 If a circuit fails to converge or simulates very slowly try using option rshunt 1e9 to the circuit file This guarantees that all voltage nodes have a path to ground and avoids one cause of non convergence 95 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual 8 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 A Vladimirescu and S Liu The Simulation of MOS Integrated Circuits Using SPICE2 ERL Memo No ERL M80 7 Electronics Research Laboratory University of California Berkeley October 1980 T Sakurai and A R Newton A Simple MOSFET Model for Circuit Analysis and its application to CMOS gate delay analysis and series connected MOSFET Structure ERL Memo No ERL M90 19 Electronics Research Laboratory University of California Berkeley March 1990 B J Sheu D L Scharfetter and P K Ko SPICE2 Implementation of BSIM ERL Memo No ERL M85 42 Elect
20. 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual SPICE BSIM level 4 parameters eat e raas paaa S aa er O S m O a Se e E a a narrowing of channel V V c zero bias transverse field mobility degradation coefficient zero bias velocity saturation coefficient X2MZ sens of mobility to substrate bias at Vg 0 c sens of drain induced barrier lowering effect to substrate bias V V c c VFB HI K1 K2 TA MUZ L W U0 Ul X2E sens of drain induced barrier lowering effect to drain bias at d Vads Vaad sens of transverse field mobility degradation effect to substrate bias X2U1 sens of velocity saturation effect to substrate bias mv E lt N Q B 1 w CGBO gate bulk overlap capacitance per meter channel length 41 27 09 01 m V s um um yv l um V m2 V2 s 1 1 2 i m2 V2 s m2 V2 s umV um C F m m m w ies WinSpice3 User Manual soteanetaneontan Se Se ee e XPART 0 selects a 40 60 drain source charge partition in saturation while XPART 1 selects a 0 100 drain source charge partition ND NG and NS are the drain gate and source nodes respectively MNAME is the model name AREA is the area factor and OFF indicates an optional initial condition on the device for DC analysis Ifthe area factor is omitted a value of 1 0 is assumed The optional initial condition specification using IC VDS VGS is intended f
21. 3 0 PULSE 1 1 2NS 2NS 2NS 50NS 100NS 19 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual The following table describes a single pulse so specified Intermediate points are determined by linear interpolation 4 2 1 2 SINQ Sinusoidal General form SIN VO VA FREQ TD THETA Examples VIN 3 0 SIN O 1 100MEG 1NS 1E10 THETA damping factor o0 ttseconds 20 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual The following table describes the shape of the waveform VO Ve sin anFREQ t TD 4 2 13 EXPO Exponential General Form EXP V1 V2 TD1 TAU1 TD2 TAU2 Examples VIN 3 0 EXP 4 1 2NS 30NS 60NS 40NS V1 initial value Ls Volts or Amps V2 pulsed value a Volts or Amps The following table describes the shape of the waveform TD1 to TD2 t TD1 V1 V2 n gt g mm TD2 to TSTOP t TD1 t TD2 V1 V2 ni ae V1 va i ee 4 2 1 4 PWLO Piece Wise Linear General Form PWL T1 V1 lt T2 V2 T3 V3 T4 V4 gt Examples VCLOCK 7 5 PWL 0 7 10NS 7 11NS 3 17NS 3 18NS 7 50NS 7 21 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual Each pair of values Ti Vi specifies that the value of the source is Vi in Volts or Amps at time Ti The value of the source at intermediate values of time is determined by using linear interpolation on the input values 4 2 1 5 SFFM Single Frequency FM General Form SFFM VO VA FC MDI FS Examples V1 12
22. Bipolar Junction Transistors BJTs General form OXXXXXXX NC NB NE lt NS gt MNAME lt AREA gt lt OFF gt lt IC VBE VCE gt lt TEMP T gt Examples Q023 10 24 13 QMOD IC 0 6 5 0 Q50A 11 26 4 20 MODI NC NB and NE are the collector base and emitter nodes respectively NS is the optional substrate node Ifunspecified ground is used MNAME is the model name AREA is the area factor and OFF indicates an optional initial condition on the device for the DC analysis If the area factor is omitted a value of 1 0 is assumed The optional initial condition specification using IC VBE VCE is intended for use with the UIC option on the TRAN control line when a transient analysis is desired starting from other than the quiescent operating point See the IC control line description for a better way to set transient initial conditions The optional TEMP value is the temperature at which this device is to operate and overrides the temperature specification on the OPTION control line 32 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual 4 4 2 1 BJT Models NPN PNP The bipolar junction transistor model in WinSpice3 is an adaptation of the integral charge control model of Gummel and Poon This modified Gummel Poon model extends the original model to include several effects at high bias levels The model automatically simplifies to the simpler Ebers Moll model when certain parameters are not specified
23. Compare vectors General Form diff plotl plot2 vec Compare all the vectors in the specified plots or only the named vectors if any are given There are different vectors in the two plots or any values in the vectors differ significantly the difference is reported The variable diff_abstol diff_reltol and diff_vntol are used to determine a significant difference 6 12 13 Display List known vectors and types General Form display varname Prints a summary of currently defined vectors or of the names specified The vectors are sorted by name unless the variable nosort is set The information given is the name of the vector the length the type of the vector and whether it is real or complex data Additionally one vector is labelled scale When a command such as plot is given without a vs argument this scale is used for the X axis It is always the first vector in a rawfile or the first vector defined in a new plot If you undefine the scale i e let TIME one of the remaining vectors becomes the new scale which is undetermined 6 12 14 Disto Perform a distortion analysis General Form disto DEC ND FSTART FSTOP lt F20OVERF1 gt disto OCT NO FSTART FSTOP lt F2O0VERF1 gt disto LIN NP FSTART FSTOP lt F20VERF1 gt Examples disto dec 10 1kHz 100Mhz disto dec 10 1kHz 100Mhz 0 9 The command line form of the DISTO directive See section 5 3 3 for details 73 27 09 01 WinS
24. For details of the BSIM temperature adjustment see 6 and 7 Temperature appears explicitly in the exponential terms of the BJT and diode model equations In addition saturation currents have built in temperature dependence The temperature dependence of the saturation current in the BJT models is determined by T XTI 14 160 2 on aat where k is Boltzmann s constant q is the electronic charge Eg is the energy gap which is a model parameter and XTI is the saturation current temperature exponent also a model parameter and usually equal to 3 The temperature dependence of forward and reverse beta is according to the formula 6 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual a n TOR where T and T are in degrees Kelvin and XTB is a user supplied model parameter Temperature effects on beta are carried out by appropriate adjustment to the values of Bp Isp PR and Isc WinSpice3 model parameters BF ISE BR and ISC respectively Temperature dependence of the saturation current in the junction diode model is determined by KT sofa ox felt T NK T Ty where N is the emission coefficient which is a model parameter and the other symbols have the same meaning as above Note that for Schottky barrier diodes the value of the saturation current temperature exponent XTI is usually 2 Temperature appears explicitly in the value of junction potential b in WinSpice3 PHD for all the device models The temperatur
25. If the source value is zero both for DC and transient analyses this value may be omitted If the source value is time invariant e g a power supply then the value may optionally be preceded by the letters DC ACMAG is the AC magnitude and ACPHASE is the AC phase The source is set to this value in the AC analysis If ACMAG is omitted following the keyword AC a value of unity is assumed If ACPHASE is omitted a value of zero is assumed If the source is not an AC small signal input the keyword AC and the AC values are omitted DISTOF1 and DISTOF2 are the keywords that specify that the independent source has distortion inputs at the frequencies F1 and F2 respectively see the description of the DISTO control line An optional magnitude and phase may follow the keywords The default values of the magnitude and phase are 1 0 and 0 0 respectively Any independent source can be assigned a time dependent value for transient analysis If a source is assigned a time dependent value the time zero value is used for DC analysis There are five independent source functions pulse exponential sinusoidal piece wise linear and single frequency FM If parameters other than source values are omitted or set to zero the default values shown are assumed TSTEP is the printing increment and TSTOP is the final time see the TRAN control line for explanation 4 2 1 1 PULSEQ Pulse General form PULSE V1 V2 TD TR TF PW PER Examples VIN
26. TYPE PNAME1 PVAL1 PNAME2 PVAL2 Examples MODEL SMOD SW RON 5M ROFF 10E9 VT 1 0 VH 0 1 MODEL SMOD VSWITCH RON 5M ROFF 10E9 VON 1 1 VOFF 0 9 MODEL SMOD CSW RON 5M ROFF 10E9 IT 0 5MA IH 0 5MA MODEL SMOD ISWITCH RON 5M ROFF 10E9 ION 1 0MA IOFF 0 The VSWITCH and ISWITCH forms of the model show above are provided for compatibility with PSPICE The switch model allows an almost ideal switch to be described in WinSpice3 The switch is not quite ideal in that the resistance can not change from 0 to infinity but must always have a finite positive value By proper selection of the on and off resistances they can be effectively zero and infinity in comparison to other circuit elements The parameters available are fe anatomy vm o for Yomi vow few asain vam fos po fenan vam fos ee be be he ROFF off resistance 1 GMIN See the OPTIONS control line for a description of GMIN its default value results in an off resistance of 1 0e 12 ohms For the voltage controlled switch the switch is in the ON state if Vint gt VT VH if VT and VH are defined or 17 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual Vou gt VON if VON is defined It is in the OFF state if Vaa SVE HVA if VT and VH are defined or Vn lt VOFF if VOFF is defined For the current controlled switch the switch is in the ON state if La gt UT TH if IT and IH are defined or La gt ION if ION is defined and is in th
27. X font to use when plotting data and entering labels The plot may not look good if this is a variable width font There are several set variables that WinSpice3 uses They are editor String The command used to start the circuit editor Used by the edit command The name of the model card normally model modelline String The name of the model card normally model Same as modelcard noaskquit Boolean Do not check to make sure that there are no circuits suspended and no plots unsaved Normally WinSpice3 warns the user when he tries to quit if this is the case nobjthack Assume that BJTs have 4 nodes noparse Boolean Don t attempt to parse input files when they are read in useful for debugging Of course they cannot be run if they are not parsed Renumber input lines when an input file has include s jsubend String The card to end subcircuits normally ends The prefix to invoke subcircuits normally x Substart The card to begin subcircuits normally subckt 6 3 Variable Substitution The values of variables may be used in commands by writing varname where the value of the variable is to appear 61 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual The special variables and lt refer to the process ID of the program and a line of input which is read from the terminal when the variable is evaluated respectively If a variable has a name of the form amp word then word is considered a vector see above and its
28. accepted as a pivot The default value is 1 0e 13 RELTOL x Resets the relative error tolerance of the program The default value is 0 001 0 1 RESBRANCH Calculate resistor branch currents during analyses This is an experimental feature which can cause convergence problems but which may be useful in some cases RSHUNT x Shunt resistors of value x are placed between all voltage nodes and node 0 the ground node This helps avoid nodes having no DC paths to ground and hence not converging It also allow for more realistic circuits to be simulated If x is zero shunt resistors are not placed in the circuit By default x 0 SCALE x Element scaling factor used as a multiplier for device dimension parameters L W AD AS PD and PS Currently used only used by the following device models MOS1 MOSFET level 1 MOS2 MOSFET level 2 MOS3 MOSFET level 3 BSIM1 MOSFET level 4 BSIM2 MOSFET level 5 MOS6 MOSFET level 6 BSIM3 MOSFET level 8 EKV MOSFET level 44 The default value is 1 0 TEMP x Sets the operating temperature of the circuit The default value is 27 deg C 300 deg K TEMP can be overridden by a temperature specification on any temperature dependent instance 46 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual TNOM x Sets the nominal temperature at which device parameters are measured The default value is 27 deg C 300 deg K TNOM can be overridden by a specification on any temperature dependent device mod
29. capacitance formula 43 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual 5 ANALYSES AND OUTPUT CONTROL The following command lines are for specifying analyses or plots within the circuit description file Parallel commands exist in the interactive command interpreter detailed in the following section Specifying analyses and plots or tables in the input file is useful for batch runs Batch mode is entered when either the b option is given or when the default input source is redirected from a file In batch mode the analyses specified by the control lines in the input file e g ac tran etc are immediately executed unless control lines exist see the section on the interactive command interpreter Output plots in line printer form and tables can be printed according to the PRINT PLOT and FOUR control lines described next PLOT PRINT and FOUR lines are meant for compatibility with SPICE2 5 1 OPTIONS Simulator Variables Various parameters of the simulations available in WinSpice3 can be altered to control the accuracy speed or default values for some devices These parameters may be changed via the set command described later in the section on the interactive front end or via the OPTIONS line General form OPTIONS OPT1 OPT2 or OPT OPTVAL Examples OPTIONS RELTOL 005 TRTOL 8 The options line allows the user to reset program control and user options for specific simulation p
30. capacitor voltage in Volts Note that the initial conditions if any apply only if the UIC option is specified on the TRAN control line NOTE unlike Spice2 non linear capacitors using POLY are not directly supported by WinSpice3 However they can be simulated using non linear current and voltage sources Voltage and temperature dependent capacitance can be simulated using the capacitor model described in section 4 1 2 3 14 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual 4 1 2 2 Semiconductor Capacitors General form CXXXXXXX N1 N2 lt VALUE gt lt MNAME gt lt L LENGTH gt lt W WIDTH gt lt IC VAL gt Examples CLOAD 2 10 10P CMOD 3 7 CMODEL L 10u W 1u This is the more general form of the Capacitor presented in section 4 1 2 1 and allows for the calculation of the actual capacitance value from strictly geometric information and the specifications of the process If VALUE is specified it defines the capacitance If MNAME is specified then the capacitance is calculated from the process information in the model MNAME and the given LENGTH and WIDTH If VALUE is not specified then MNAME and LENGTH must be specified If WIDTH is not specified then it is taken from the default width given in the model Either VALUE or MNAME LENGTH and WIDTH may be specified but not both sets 4 1 2 3 Semiconductor Capacitor Model C The capacitor model contains process information that may be used to compute the capacitanc
31. first vector plotted to the left when doing an asciiplot Don t overwrite existing files when doing IO redirection noglob Boolean Don t expand the global characters and This is the default nogrid Does Don t plot a grid when graphing curves but do label the axes nothing nomoremode Boolean If nomoremode is not set whenever a large amount of data is being printed to the screen e g the print or asciiplot commands the output is stopped every screenful and continues when a carriage return is typed If nomoremode is set then data scrolls off the screen without check nonomatch If noglob is unset and a global expression cannot be matched use the global characters literally instead of complaining Don t have display sort the variable names nopadding If TRUE enables rawfile padding noprintscale Boolean Don t print the scale in the leftmost column when a print col command is given numdgt Does The number of digits to print when printing tables of data nothing fourier print col The default precision is 6 digits Approximately 16 decimal digits are available using double precision so numdgt should not be more than 16 If the number is negative one fewer digit is printed to ensure constant widths in tables plotstyle String This should be one of linplot combplot or pointplot chars linplot the default causes points to be plotted as parts of connected lines combplot causes a comb plot to be don
32. forms are for more complex devices BJTs etc If name is the name of a device instance then the command will change a parameter within an individual device instance e g alter ml temp 273 If name is the name of a model then the command will change a model parameter and this will affect all device instances in the circuit which use this model e g alter nmos lambda 3 For specifying vectors as expressions start the vector with followed by the values in the vector and end with Be sure to place a space between each of the values and before and after the and 6 12 4 Asciiplot Plot values using old style character plots General Form asciiplot plotargs Produce a line printer plot of the vectors The plot is sent to the standard output so you can put it into a file with asciiplot args gt file The set options width height and nobreak determine the width and height of the plot and whether there are page breaks respectively Note that you will have problems if you try to asciiplot something with an X scale that isn t monotonic i e something like sin TIME because asciiplot uses a simple minded linear interpolation 71 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual 6 12 5 Bug Mail a bug report General Form bug Send a bug report Please include a short summary of the problem the version number and name of the operating system that you are running the version of SPICE that you are runni
33. gt transpose i vdd v drain spice3 gt plot i vdd vs v drain 0 6 12 59 Tutorial Display hypertext help General Form tutorial subject Display hierarchical help information from an on line manual 6 12 60 Unalias Retract an alias General Form unalias word 86 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual Removes any aliases present for the words 6 12 61 Undefine Retract a definition General Form undefine function Definitions for the named user defined functions are deleted 6 12 62 Unlet Delete vectors General Form unlet varname Delete one or more vectors 6 12 63 Unset Clear a variable General Form unset word Clear the value of the specified variable s word 6 12 64 Version Print the version of WinSpice General Form version version id Print out the version of WinSpice that is running If there are arguments it checks to make sure that the arguments match the current version of WinSpice 6 12 65 Where Identify troublesome node or device General Form where When performing a transient or operating point analysis the name of the last node or device to cause non convergence is saved The where command prints out this information so that you can examine the circuit and either correct the problem or make a bug report You may do this either in the middle of a run or after the simulator has given up on the analysis For transient simulation the iplot command can b
34. name such as name param where name is either the name of a device instance or model This denotes the value of the param parameter of the device or model See Appendix B for details of what parameters are available The value is a vector of length 1 This function is also available with the show command and is available with variables for convenience for command scripts 6 6 Expressions An expression is an algebraic formula involving vectors and scalars and the following operations Se AN is the modulo operator and the comma operator has two meanings if it is present in the argument list of a user definable function it serves to separate the arguments Otherwise the term x y is synonymous with x j y Also available are the logical operations amp and or not and the relational operations lt gt gt lt and lt gt not equal If used in an algebraic expression they work like they would in C producing values of 0 or 1 The relational operators have the following synonyms gt a It lt ge ian le lt ne lt gt eq and amp or not These are useful when lt and gt might be confused with IO redirection which is almost always Note that you may not use binary operations on expressions involving wildcards it is not obvious what all all should denote for instance Thus some contrived examples of expressions are cos TIME db v 3 sin cos log 1 2 3 45 67 8 9 10
35. parameter values sssssseeseeseeseesesseesesressesreseesessessesressesesseesess 83 iii 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual 6 12 49 Source Read a WinSpice3 input file ee eeceesceeseeeeeseeeseceseeseeeeeeseceaeensesneeeneeeatens 83 6 12 50 Spec Generate a Fourier transform VeCtor ecccesceeseeeseesceeseeeseeeeeceeeeeeeaeenseenseeeeeatens 84 6 12 51 Status Display breakpoint and trace information eee eseeseeseeseenereeeeeeeeeeeeeaeeaeenes 84 6 12 52 Step Runa fixed number of time points 20 0 0 ecceeseeeesseeseeeseeeseeseeeseeeseceseeeeeeseeeneeeseens 85 6 12 53 Stops Seta break poitits 24 0 Sccevsesexvs eeaseeesesee E a aaa EE aa Sa aai 85 6 12 54 Stremp Compare Strings a ain E E capcusd dudes Besvedoes oavdvnds ioe shatien wae 85 6 12 55 Tf Run a Transfer Function analysis ccccccceccessseeseeeseesceeseeeeeesecseeeeeeaeenseeseeeneeeaeens 86 6 12 56 Trace Trace nodes i cs ccsetetseeicavaccsieiss casesie as eed des E ae eelee E ceeds ier N 86 6 12 57 Tran Perform a transient analysis cccccecceseesececeesceeseceeeeseeeseceeeseeeseseaeeeeeeereeneeeseens 86 6 12 58 Transpose Swap the elements in a multi dimensional data set eee eeeeeeeeteeeeees 86 6 12 59 Tutorial Display hypertext help secere reiesit i 86 6 12 60 Wnalias Retract ancalias 2 35 00 sine engl t Bede ees a BR es 86 6 12 61 Undefine Retract a definition 2 0 0 0 cccceeccesseesseeseeeseesseeseeeseeeseceeeceeee
36. plot by clicking on the graph and dragging the mouse to select the required area A zoomed in graph will be displayed when you release the mouse button 3 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual A tutorial in the form of a Word document is also provided and you should run this tutorial to understand some of the basic concepts of WinSpice3 1 3 Uninstalling WinSpice3 Use the Add Remove Programs applet in the Control Panel to uninstall the program 1 4 Command Line Options wspice3 n b i r rawfile input file Options are n or N Don t try to source the file spiceinit upon start up Normally WinSpice3 tries to find the file in the current directory and if it is not found then in the directory containing the WinSpice3 program b Batch mode Simulates the input file and writes the results to a rawfile After the circuit has been simulated WinSpice will exit i Interactive mode default WinSpice simulates the input file and continues running It then monitors the state of the input file Ifit changes in any way WinSpice will reload the circuit r rawfile Specifies the name of the output rawfile This causes WinSpice to output results directly to the file Further arguments to WinSpice3 are taken to be SPICE3 input files which are read and saved if running in batch mode then they are run immediately WinSpice3 accepts most SPICE2 input files and output ASCII plots Fourier analyses and node printo
37. so those lower number fixes can be left in the simulation as additional fixes are added The order is also set up so that the initial fixes will be of the most benefit The user should note that fixes involving simulation options might simply mask the underlying circuit instabilities Invariably the user will find that once the circuit is properly modelled many of the options fixes will no longer be required 7 3 SPICE3 New Convergence Algorithms In addition to automatically invoking the traditional source stepping algorithm SPICE3 contains a new superior algorithm called Gmin Stepping This algorithm uses a constant minimal junction conductance to keep the sparse matrix well conditioned and a separate variable conductance to ground at each node as a DC convergence aid These variable conductances make the solution converge faster they are then reduced and the solution re computed Eventually the solution is found with a sufficiently small conductance Finally the conductance is removed entirely to obtain a final solution This technique has been found to work very well and SPICE3 uses it by default when convergence problems occur The suggestion made in a number of textbooks of reducing the OPTIONS GMIN value in order to solve convergence problems is performed automatically by this new algorithm 7 4 Non Convergence Error Messages Indications DC Analysis OP small signal bias solution before the AC analysis or Initial transient solu
38. statement Example OPTIONS RELTOL 01 This option is actually encouraged for most simulations as reducing the RELTOL will speed the simulation up greatly 10 50 with only a very minor loss in accuracy A useful recommendation is to set RELTOL to 0 01 for initial simulations and then reset it when you have the simulation going the way you like it and a more accurate answer is required 3 Reduce the accuracy of ABSTOL VNTOL if current voltage levels allow Example OPTIONS ABSTOL 1N VNTOL 1M ABSTOL VNTOL can be set to about 8 orders of magnitude below the average voltage current Defaults are ABSTOL 1PA and VNTOL 1UV 4 Set ITL4 100 in the OPTIONS statement Example OPTIONS ITL4 100 Increases the number of transient iterations at each time point that WinSpice3 will go through before giving up 5 Realistically Model Your Circuit add parasitics especially stray junction capacitance The idea here is to smooth any strong nonlinearities or discontinuities Adding capacitance to various nodes and making sure that all semiconductor junctions have capacitance can do this Other tips include e Use RC snubbers around diodes e Capacitance for all semiconductor junctions 3PF for diodes 5PF for BJTs if no specific value is known e Add realistic circuit and element parasitics 93 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual e Find a subcircuit representation if the model doesn t fit the device behaviour especiall
39. system can not handle variables of the given type yet or the need for them as output variables has not been apparent Many such input variables are available as output variables in a different format such as the initial condition vectors that can be retrieved as individual initial condition values Finally internally derived values are output only and are provided for debugging and operating point output purposes Please note that these tables do not provide the detailed information available about the parameters provided in the section on each device and model but are provided as a quick reference guide 10 1 URC Uniform R C line URC instance parameters input output l Length of transmission line n Number of lumps URC instance parameters output only pos_node Positive node of URC neg_node Negative node of URC gnd Ground node of URC URC model parameters input only urc Uniform R C line model 100 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual URC model parameters input output Resistance per unit length Saturation current per length Diode resistance per length Current source _ Voltage source ASRC instance parameters output only i Current through source v Voltage across source pos node Positive Node neg node Negative Node itti i O OOO O OOO 10 3 BJT Bipolar Junction Transistor BJT instance parameters input only l ic Initial condition vector vbe vce
40. the circuit 18 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual 4 2 Voltage And Current Sources 4 2 1 Ixxxx and Vxxxx Independent Sources General form VXXXXXXX N N lt lt DC gt DC TRAN VALUE gt lt AC lt ACMAG lt ACPHASE gt gt gt F lt DISTOF1 lt F1MAG lt F1PHASE gt gt gt lt DISTOF2 lt F2MAG lt F2PHASE gt gt gt IYYYYYYY N N lt lt DC gt DC TRAN VALUE gt lt AC lt ACMAG lt ACPHASE gt gt gt F lt DISTOF1 lt F1MAG lt F1PHASE gt gt gt lt DISTOF2 lt F2MAG lt F2PHASE gt gt gt Examples VCC 10 0 DC 6 VIN 13 2 0 001 AC 1 SIN O 1 1MEG ISRC 23 21 AC 0 333 45 0 SFFM 0 1 10K 5 1K VMEAS 12 9 VCARRIER 1 0 DISTOF1 0 1 90 0 VMODULATOR 2 0 DISTOF2 0 01 IIN1 1 5 AC 1 DISTOF1 DISTOF2 0 001 N and N are the positive and negative nodes respectively Note that voltage sources need not be grounded Positive current is assumed to flow from the positive node through the source to the negative node A current source of positive value forces current to flow out of the N node through the source and into the N node Voltage sources in addition to being used for circuit excitation are the ammeters for WinSpice3 that is zero valued voltage sources may be inserted into the circuit for the purpose of measuring current They of course have no effect on circuit operation since they represent short circuits DC TRAN is the DC and transient analysis value of the source
41. the standard SPICE library usr local lib spice or whatever LIBPATH is defined to in the WinSpice3 source spicepath String The program to use for the aspice command The default is cad bin spice The mfb name of the current terminal ticmarks Number or If this variable is defined with a numerical value n e g set Boolean ticmarks 5 then every nth point on a plot is marked with a character If defined as a Boolean variable i e with no number supplied a ticmark is printed every 10 plot points units String If set to degrees then all the trig functions will use degrees instead of radians This also means that the ph operator for phase also give a phase angle in degrees unixcom Boolean If this variable is defined the interactive command line will attempt to run a program with the same name Setting this option has the effect of giving a rehash command below This is useful for people who want to use WinSpice3 as a login shell 60 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual verbose Boolean Be verbose This is midway between echo and debug cpdebug The width of the page for asciiplot and print col x1 1lineararcs Boolean Some X11 implementations have poor arc drawing If you set this option WinSpice3 will plot using an approximation to the curve using straight lines xbrushheight a The height of the brush to use if X is being run xbrushwidth The width of the brush to use if X is being run xfont The name of the
42. use in the SPICE2 program 1 1 Installation WinSpice3 is supplied as a self extracting ZIP file called SPICE3 EXE When executed the setup files for WinSpice are placed in the directory defined by the TEMP environment string by default as shown below WinZip Self Extractor SPICE3 EXE EI To unzip all files in SPICES EXE to the specified folder press the Unzip button Unzip To Folder Run WinZip Close IV Overwrite Files Without Prompting About Help PPR Nico Mak Computing Inc WwW winzip com If you want to unzip to a different directory edit the folder path Now click on the Unzip button to unpack the setup files Navigate to the folder containing the unzipped files and run setup exe by double clicking on its icon The dialogue shown below should appear Spice3F4 was developed by the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences University of California Berkeley 1 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual Welcome to the WinSpice3 Setup program This program will install WinSpice3 on your computer It is strongly recommended that you exit all Windows programs before running this Setup program Click Cancel to quit Setup and then close any programs you have running Click Next to continue with the Setup program WARNING This program is protected by copyright law and international treaties Unauthorized reproduction or distribution of this program or any portion of it
43. value is taken to be the value of the variable If foo is a valid variable and is of type list then the expression foo low high represents a range of elements Either the upper index or the lower may be left out and the reverse of a list may be obtained with foo len 0 Also the notation foo evaluates to 1 if the variable foo is defined 0 otherwise and foo evaluates to the number of elements in foo if it is a list 1 if it is a number or string and 0 if it is a boolean variable 6 4 Redirection IO redirection is available in the same was as is found in the MSDOS and UNIX command shells as follows ee O O Sends standard output to file If the file already exists it is truncated to zero length and its contents discarded If it doesn t exist it is created gt gt file Appends standard output to file If the file already exists the output is added to the end of the file If it doesn t exist it is created it doesn t exist it is created gt gt amp Appends standard output and standard error streams to file If the file already exists the output is added to the end of the file If it doesn t exist gt amp file Sends standard output and standard error streams to file If the file already exists it is truncated to zero length and its contents discarded If it is created Takes standard input from the file file 6 5 Vectors amp Scalars WinSpice3 data is in the form of vectors time voltage etc Each
44. vector General Form let name expr Creates a new vector called name with the value specified by expr an expression as described above If expr is a zero length vector then the vector becomes undefined Individual elements of a vector may be modified by appending a subscript to name ex name 0 A vector variable can be used within the scripting language like variables in other languages For example control destroy all let ii 0 while ii lt 2 alter rl 10k 10k ii ac dec 10 1 10k let ii ii 1 end plot db acl v 2 db ac2 v 2 endc Vib des Ode 0 ac gt Gl 2 Tk cl 2 0 luf end In the example shown ii is a single element vector scalar used as a loop counter 6 12 23 Linearize Interpolate to a linear scale General Form linearize vec Create a new plot with all of the vectors in the current plot or only those mentioned if arguments are given The new vectors are interpolated onto a linear time scale which is determined by the values of tstep tstart and tstop in the currently active transient analysis The currently loaded input file must include a transient analysis a tran command may be run interactively before the last reset alternately and the current plot must be from this transient analysis This command is needed because WinSpice3 doesn t output the results from a transient analysis in the same manner that SPICE2 did 75 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual 6 12 24 Li
45. vector has a type and vectors can be operated on and combined algebraically in ways consistent with their types Vectors are normally created when a data file is read in see the load command in section 6 12 25 and when the initial datafile is loaded They can also be created with the let command see section 6 12 22 A scalar is a vector of length 1 A vector may be either the name of a vector already defined or a floating point number a scalar A number may be written in any format acceptable to SPICE such as 14 6Meg or 1 231e 4 Note that you can either use scientific notation or one of the abbreviations like MEG or G but not both As with SPICE a number may have trailing alphabetic characters after it The notation expr num denotes the num th element of expr For multi dimensional vectors a vector of one less dimension is returned Also for multi dimensional vectors the notation expr m n will return the nth element of the mth subvector To get a subrange of a vector use the form expr lower upper To reference vectors in a plot that is not the current plot see the setplot command below the notation plotname vecname can be used 62 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual Either a plotname or a vector name may be the wildcard all If the plotname is all matching vectors from all plots are specified and if the vector name is all all vectors in the specified plots are referenced Vector names in SPICE may have a
46. 0 CJE 1PF CJC 3PF VCC 99 0 DC 5V VINIA 1 0 PULSE 0 3 0 10NS 10NS 10NS 5ONS VINIB 2 0 PULSE 0 3 0 10NS 10NS 20NS 100NS VIN2ZA 3 0 PULSE Q 3 0 10NS 10NS 40NS 200NS VIN2B 4 0 PULSE OQ 3 0 10NS 10NS 80NS 400NS VIN3A 5 0 PULSE 0 3 0 10NS 10NS 160NS 800NS VIN3B 6 0 PULSE 0 3 0 10NS 10NS 320NS 1600NS VIN4A 7 0 PULSE 0 3 0 10NS 10NS 640NS 3200NS VIN4B 8 0 PULSE 0 3 0 10NS 10NS 1280NS 6400NS 98 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual X1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9101112 0 13 99 FOURBIT RBITO 9 0 1K RBIT1 10 0 1K RBIT2 11 0 1K RBETS 12 20 1K RCOUT 13 0 1K x x FOR THOSE WITH MON TRAN 1NS 6400NS END Y AND MEMORY TO BURN 9 5 Circuit 5 Transmission Line Inverter The following deck simulates a transmission line inverter Two transmission line elements are required since two propagation modes are excited In the case of a coaxial line the first line T1 models the inner conductor with respect to the shield and the second line T2 models the shield with respect to the outside world TRANSMISSION LINE INVERTER V1 de O PULSE 0 1 0 0 1N R1 W2 50 X1 2 0 0 4 TLINE R2 4 0 50 SUBCKT TLIN T1 LZ 3 T2 2 0 4 ENDS TLINE Gl 234 Z0 50 TD 1 5NS Z0 100 TD 1NS ower T TRAN 0 1NS 20NS END 99 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual 10 APPENDIX B MODEL AND DEVICE PARAMETERS The following tables su
47. 0 SFFM O 1M 20K 5 1K VO offset bo Volts or Amps VA amplitude O Volts or Amps FC carrier frequency 1 TSTOP The shape of the waveform is described by the following equation V t V V sin 2nFCt MDI sin 2nFSt 4 2 2 Linear Dependent Sources SPICE allows circuits to contain linear dependent sources characterised by any of the four equations l gv v ev i fi v hi where g e f and h are constants representing transconductance voltage gain current gain and transresistance respectively 4 2 2 1 Gxxxx Linear Voltage Controlled Current Sources General form GXXXXXXX N N NC NC VALUE Examples G1 2 05 0 0 1MMHO N and N are the positive and negative nodes respectively Current flow is from the positive node through the source to the negative node NC and NC are the positive and negative controlling nodes respectively VALUE is the transconductance in mhos 4 2 2 2 Exxxx Linear Voltage Controlled Voltage Sources General form EXXXXXXX N N NC NC VALUE Examples 22 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual El 23 14 1 2 0 N is the positive node and N is the negative node NC and NC are the positive and negative controlling nodes respectively VALUE is the voltage gain 4 2 2 3 Fxxxx Linear Current Controlled Current Sources General form FXXXXXXX N N VNAM VALUE Examples F1 13 5 VSENS 5 N and N are the positive and negative nodes respectively C
48. 3 3 1 Uniform Distributed RC Model URC The URC model is derived from a model proposed by L Gertzberrg in 1974 The model is accomplished by a subcircuit type expansion of the URC line into a network of lumped RC segments with internally generated nodes The RC segments are in a geometric progression increasing toward the middle of the URC line with K as proportionality constant The number of lumped segments used if not specified for the URC line device is determined by the following formula 2 log F z Ean max L L K log K N The URC line is made up strictly of resistor and capacitor segments unless the ISPERL parameter is given a non zero value In this case the capacitors are replaced with reverse biased diodes These have a zero bias 29 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual junction capacitance equivalent to the capacitance replaced and with a saturation current of ISPERL amps per meter of transmission line and an optional series resistance equivalent to RSPERL ohms per meter fe romeo son mo or om me fe ISPERL Saturation Current per unit length A m a le Mies RSPERL Diode Resistance per unit length Q m fo fee 4 4 Transistors And Diodes WinSpice3 has built in models for the semiconductor devices and the user need specify only the pertinent model parameter values The model for the BJT is based on the integral charge model of Gummel and Poon however if the Gummel Poon parameters are not specifi
49. C component of a voltage or current source is used The following functions of real variables are defined abs asinh cosh sin acos atan exp sinh acosh atanh In sqrt asin cos log tan The function u is the unit step function with a value of one for arguments greater than one and a value of zero for arguments less than zero The function uramp is the integral of the unit step for an input x the value is zero if x is less than zero or if x is greater than zero the value is x These two functions are useful in synthesising piece wise non linear functions though convergence may be adversely affected The following standard operators are defined t unay If the argument of log In or sqrt becomes less than zero the absolute value of the argument is used Ifa divisor becomes zero or the argument of log or In becomes zero an error will result Other problems may occur when the argument for a function in a partial derivative enters a region where that function is undefined To get time into the expression you can integrate the current from a constant current source with a capacitor and use the resulting voltage don t forget to set the initial voltage across the capacitor Non linear resistors capacitors and inductors may be synthesised with the non linear dependent source Non linear resistors are obvious Non linear capacitors and inductors are implemented with their linear counterparts by a change of variables implemented
50. Device initially off ic Vector of D S G S B S voltages Mos6 instance parameters input output l Length Ww Width ad Drain area Source area Drain perimeter Source perimeter Drain squares Source squares Initial D S voltage Initial G S voltage Initial B S voltage Instance temperature 127 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual Mos6 instance parameters output only Drain current Drain current Source current Gate current Bulk current B S junction capacitance B D junction capacitance Gate Source voltage Drain Source voltage Bulk Source voltage Bulk Drain voltage Number of the drain node gnode Number of the gate node snode Number of the source node bnode Number of the node dnodeprime Number of int drain node snodeprime Number of int source node rs Source resistance sourceconductance Source conductance rd Drain resistance drainconductance Drain conductance von Turn on voltage vdsat Saturation drain voltage sourcevcrit Critical source voltage drainverit Critical drain voltage gmbs Bulk Source transconductance gm Transconductance gds Drain Source conductance Bulk Drain conductance Bulk Source conductance Gate Source capacitance Gate Drain capacitance Gate Bulk capacitance Bulk Drain capacitance Bulk Source capacitance Zero Bias B D junction capacitance cbdsw0 cbs0 Zero Bias B S junction capacitance cbssw0 cqgs Capacitance due to gate source charge storage Capacitance due to gate drain char
51. ERF1 is 49 100 and 1 2 In a spectral analysis the outputs produced are at F1 F2 F1 F2 and 2 F1 F2 In the latter case F1 F2 F2 so the result at the F1 F2 component is erroneous because there is the strong fundamental F2 component at the same frequency Also F1 F2 2 F1 F2 in the latter case and each result is erroneous individually This problem is not there in the case where FLOVERF 1 49 100 because F1 F2 51 100 F1 lt gt 49 100 F1 F2 In this case there are two very closely spaced frequency components at F2 and F1 F2 One of the advantages of the Volterra series technique is that it computes distortions at mix frequencies expressed symbolically i e n Fl m F2 Therefore one is able to obtain the strengths of distortion components accurately even if the separation between them is very small as opposed to transient analysis for example The disadvantage is of course that if two of the mix frequencies coincide the results are not merged together and presented though this could presumably be done as a post processing step Currently the interested user should keep track of the mix frequencies and add the distortions at coinciding mix frequencies together should it be necessary 5 3 4 NOISE Noise Analysis General form NOISE V OUTPUT lt REF gt SRC DEC LIN OCT PTS FSTART FSTOP lt PTS PER SUMMARY gt Examples NOISE V 5 VIN DEC 10 1kHZ 100Mhz NOISE V 5 3 V1 OCT 8 1 0 1 0e6 1
52. Form step number Iterate number times or once and then stop 6 12 53 Stop Set a breakpoint General Form stop after n when value cond value Set a breakpoint The argument after n means stop after n iteration number n and the argument when value cond value means stop when the first value is in the given relation with the second value the possible relations being eq or equal to ne or lt gt not equal to gt or gt greater than It or lt less than ge or gt greater than or equal to le or lt less than or equal to T O redirection is disabled for the stop command since the relational operations conflict with it it doesn t produce any output anyway The values above may be node names in the running circuit or real values If more than one condition is given e g stop after 4 when v 1 gt 4 when v 2 lt 2 the conjunction of the conditions is implied 6 12 54 Stremp Compare strings General Form strcmp res varl var2 Example strcmp i Sresp new if Si 0 set curplot new goto bottom end Compare two string variables var1 and var2 for equality and set variable res as follows 0 if they are equal 1 if varl lt var2 1 if varl gt var2 85 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual 6 12 55 Tf Run a Transfer Function analysis General Form tf output_node input source The tf command performs a transfer function analysis returning the transfer function output input output resistan
53. The parameter names used in the modified Gummel Poon model have been chosen to be more easily understood by the program user and to reflect better both physical and circuit design thinking The DC model is defined by the parameters IS BF NF ISE IKF and NE which determine the forward current gain characteristics IS BR NR ISC IKR and NC which determine the reverse current gain characteristics and VAF and VAR which determine the output conductance for forward and reverse regions Three ohmic resistances RB RC and RE are included where RB can be highly current dependent Base charge storage is modelled by forward and reverse transit times TF and TR the forward transit time TF being bias dependent if desired CJE VJE and MJE determine non linear depletion layer capacitances for the B E junction CJC VJC and MJC for the B C junction and CJS VJS and MJS for the C S Collector Substrate junction The temperature dependence of the saturation current IS is determined by the energy gap EG and the saturation current temperature exponent XTI Additionally the beta temperature exponent XTB in the new model models base current temperature dependence It is assumed that the values specified were measured at the temperature TNOM which can be specified on the OPTIONS control line or overridden by a specification on the MODEL line The BJT parameters used in the modified Gummel Poon model are listed below The parameter names used in ea
54. VXXXXXXX specifies the current flowing in the independent voltage source named VXXXXXXX Positive current flows from the positive node through the source to the negative node For the AC analysis the corresponding replacements for the letter I may be made in the same way as described for voltage outputs i e I magnitude same as IM below IR real part II imaginary part IM magnitude IP phase in radians or degrees see the units variable description 54 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual IDB 20 log10 magnitude Output variables for the noise and distortion analyses have a different general form from that of the other analyses There is no limit on the number of PRINT lines for each type of analysis 5 4 3 PLOT Lines General form PLOT PLTYPE OV1 lt PLO1 PHI1 gt lt OV2 lt PLO2 PHI2 gt OV8 gt Examples LOT DC V 4 V 5 V 1 PLOT TRAN V 17 5 2 5 I VIN V 17 1 9 PLOT AC VM 5 VM 31 24 VDB 5 VP 5 LOT DISTO HD2 HD3 R SIM2 LOT TRAN V 5 3 V 4 0 5 V 7 0 10 The Plot line defines the contents of one plot of from one to eight output variables PLTYPE is the type of analysis DC AC TRAN NOISE or DISTO for which the specified outputs are desired The syntax for the OV1 is identical to that for the PRINT line and for the plot command in the interactive mode The letter X indicates the overlap of two or more traces on any plot When more than one output vari
55. X is specified in the input description and they are represented using Meyer s formulation There is some overlap among the parameters describing the junctions e g the reverse current can be input either as IS in A or as JS in Alm2 Whereas the first is an absolute value the second is multiplied by AD and AS to give the reverse current of the drain and source junctions respectively This methodology has been chosen since there is no sense in relating always junction characteristics with AD and AS entered on the device line the areas can be defaulted The same idea Applies also to the zero bias junction capacitances CBD and CBS in F on one hand and CJ in F m on the other The parasitic drain and source series resistance can be expressed as either RD and RS in ohms or RSH in ohms sq the latter being multiplied by the number of squares NRD and NRS input on the device line A discontinuity in the MOS level 3 model with respect to the KAPPA parameter has been detected see 10 The supplied fix has been implemented in WinSpice3 Since this fix may affect parameter fitting the option BADMOS3 may be set to use the old implementation see the section on simulation variables and the OPTIONS line SPICE level 1 2 3 and 6 parameters ava f O VTO zero bias threshold voltage VTO default example 1 transconductance parameter A V2 2 0e 5 3 le 5 2 be N GAMMA bulk threshold parameter y vi2 PHI surface pot
56. a i 6 2 8 Analysis At Different Temperatures ccccceesceesecsseeeseeseeesecenecseeeseeeaecnsecnsesseeneesaeeeseeeneeaes 6 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION aridi tingetveniiettid Attia Qik wba nA ARG aR a ak 8 3 1 General Structure And Conventions c cccccesceesseeseeeseeeseeceeseeeseenseeeaeceaeceneeeeeeeeaeenaeenseeaes 8 3 2 Title Line Comment Lines And END Line 000 cccccccccccccesccccessscccesssceceessceecessseecesseeeessaees 8 S214 Mite dines se le cate cee ae Lone eo a a aa Teea a a anu A ey ete rns 8 B22 SEND ANC cyvescstistccsocessestesvens tas cusoves tates euteucotes savhaseus cyreves calias ov sovestes taleanextouroves tains eutesesoetees 9 3 2 3 COMMENLS wes Session n Sas sectuzeacdes He Seestes E RRENEAN EG E R dese 9 3 3 MODEL Device Models sonini eieiei E EEE Matin edistter eden e 9 3 4 SUDGITC IS oo e iea r a a E E EE E R EE E E EAEE EE 10 SED SUBER TLIRE aR aR T A AO A aaaig 10 IAT ENDS L ME eorias e n E E ET EO E OEE E 11 3 4 3 KXXXX SUbCIPCUIt Calls cere cose ccct evcebeciwedeedia vce ee e E EA EREE EE EE 11 3 5 Combining Files reanna se eee a ele Ae ag a ene ee ee 11 3 5 1 INCLUDE Lites iaccs inrnidenciaenciaeoni naa aainedaimenaiede den ainednien asin 11 BDedi ETB EAMES soi sees 8s sees ees soa oa sa cath cal oss taste N N a 11 CIRCUIT ELEMENTS AND MODELS 000 cceccesesseseeseseeeeseeseeeeseeseeecseesceecseeecneeaeeenesaeeeeseeaeeeens 13 4 1 Elementary Devices xcs cts ean gs cvevevsndonewectiuecvect
57. able appears on the same plot the first variable specified is printed as well as plotted Ifa printout of all variables is desired then a companion PRINT line should be included There is no limit on the number of PLOT lines specified for each type of analysis 5 4 4 FOUR Fourier Analysis of Transient Analysis Output General form FOUR FREQ OV1 lt OV2 OV3 gt Examples FOUR 100K V 5 The Four or Fourier line controls whether WinSpice3 performs a Fourier analysis as a part of the transient analysis FREQ is the fundamental frequency and OV1 the desired output vector The Fourier analysis is performed over the interval lt TSTOP period TSTOP gt where TSTOP is the final time specified for the transient analysis and period is one period of the fundamental frequency The DC component and the first nine harmonics are determined For maximum accuracy TMAX see the TRAN line should be set to period 100 0 or less for very high Q circuits 55 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual 6 INTERACTIVE INTERPRETER WinSpice3 consists of a simulator and a front end for data analysis and plotting The command line interface has most of the capabilities of the UNIX C shell WinSpice3 can plot data from a simulation on a graphics terminal or a workstation display Note that the raw output file is different from the data that SPICE2 writes to the standard output 6 1 Command Interpretation If a word is typed as a command a
58. akes the input easier to understand With respect to branch voltages and currents WinSpice3 uniformly uses the associated reference convention current flows in the direction of voltage drop 4 1 Elementary Devices 4 1 1 Rxxxx Resistors 4 1 1 1 Simple Resistors General form RXXXXXXX N1 N2 VALUE Examples R1 1 2 100 RCl 12 17 1K N1 and N2 are the two element nodes VALUE is the resistance in ohms and may be positive or negative but not zero Spice2 allows 4 1 1 2 Semiconductor Resistors General form RXXXXXXX N1 N2 lt VALUE gt lt MNAME gt lt L LENGTH gt lt W WIDTH gt lt TEMP T gt Examples RLOAD 2 10 10K RMOD 3 7 RMODEL L 10u W 1lu This is the more general form of the resistor presented in section 4 1 1 1 and allows the modelling of temperature effects and for the calculation of the actual resistance value from strictly geometric information and the specifications of the process If VALUE is specified it overrides the geometric information and defines the resistance If MNAME is specified then the resistance may be calculated from the process information in the model MNAME and the given LENGTH and WIDTH If VALUE is not specified then MNAME and LENGTH must be specified If WIDTH is not specified then it is taken from the default width given in the model The optional TEMP value is the temperature at which this device is to operate and overrides the temperature specification on
59. ame specifies the element type The format for the SPICE element types is given in what follows The strings XXXXXXX YYYYYYY and ZZZZZZZ denote arbitrary alphanumeric strings For example a resistor name must begin with the letter R and can contain one or more characters Hence R R1 RSE ROUT and R3AC2ZY are valid resistor names Details of each type of device are supplied in a following section Fields on a line are separated by one or more blanks a comma an equal sign or a left or right parenthesis extra spaces are ignored A line may be continued by entering a plus in column 1 of the following line WinSpice3 continues reading beginning with column 2 A name field must begin with a letter A through Z and cannot contain any delimiters A number field may be an integer field 12 44 a floating point field 3 14159 either an integer or floating point number followed by an integer exponent le 14 2 65e3 or either an integer or a floating point number followed by one of the following scale factors T 1012 G 109 Meg 106 K 103 mil 25 4 6 m 10 3 u or M 10 N 10 9 p 10 12 f 10 15 Letters immediately following a number that are not scale factors are ignored and letters immediately following a scale factor are ignored Hence 10 10V 10Volts and 10Hz all represent the same number and M MA MSec and MMhos all represent the same scale factor Note that 1000 1000 0 1000Hz 1e3 1 0e3 1KHz and 1K all repres
60. an be useful for obtaining semiconductor device output characteristics See the second example circuit description in Appendix A 5 3 3 DISTO Distortion Analysis General form DISTO DEC ND FSTART FSTOP lt F2OVERF1 gt DISTO OCT NO FSTART FSTOP lt F2OVERF1 gt DISTO LIN NP FSTART FSTOP lt F2OVERF1 gt Examples DISTO DEC 10 1kHz 100Mhz DISTO DEC 10 1kHz 100Mhz 0 9 The DISTO line does a small signal distortion analysis of the circuit A multi dimensional Volterra series analysis is done using multi dimensional Taylor series to represent the nonlinearities at the operating point Terms of up to third order are used in the series expansions If the optional parameter FZOVERF 1 is not specified DISTO does a harmonic analysis i e it analyses distortion in the circuit using only a single input frequency F1 which is swept as specified by arguments of the DISTO command exactly as in the AC command Inputs at this frequency may be present at more than one input source and their magnitudes and phases are specified by the arguments of the DISTOF1 keyword in the input file lines for the input sources see the description for independent sources the arguments of the DISTOF2 keyword are not relevant in this case The analysis produces information about the AC values of all node voltages and branch currents at the harmonic frequencies 2F1 and 3F1 vs the input frequency F1 as it is swept A value of 1 as a complex dist
61. analysis unless the OFF option is used for some of the devices in the feedback path or the NODESET control line is used to force the circuit to converge to the desired state 7 1 Solving Convergence Problems The following techniques on solving convergence problems are taken from various sources including 1 Meares L G Hymowitz C E Simulating With Spice Intusoft 1988 2 Muller K H A SPICE Cookbook Intusoft 1990 3 Meares L G Hymowitz C E Spice Applications Handbook Intusoft 1990 4 Intusoft Newsletters various dates from 1986 to present 5 Quarles T L Analysis of Performance and Convergence Issues for Circuit Simulation U C Berkeley ERL Memo M89 42 April 1989 7 2 What is Convergence or Non Convergence The answer to a non linear problem such as those in the SPICE DC and Transient analyses is found via an iterative solution For example WinSpice3 makes an initial guess at the circuit s node voltages and then using the circuit conductances finds the mesh currents The currents are then used to recalculate the node voltages and the cycle begins again This continues until all of the node voltages settle to within certain tolerance limits which can be altered using various OPTIONS parameters such as RELTOL VNTOL and ABSTOL If the node voltages do not settle down within a certain number of iterations the DC analysis will issue an error message such as No convergence in DC analysis PIVTOL Error Sin
62. ce and input resistance between the given output node and the given input source The analysis assumes a small signal DC slowly varying input 6 12 56 Trace Trace nodes General Form trace node For every step of an analysis the value of the node is printed Several traces may be active at once Tracing is not applicable for all analyses To remove a trace use the delete command See the iplot command see section 6 12 21 for a visual form of trace 6 12 57 Tran Perform a transient analysis General Form tran Tstep Tstop Tstart Tmax UIC Perform a transient analysis See section 5 3 9 of this manual for more details 6 12 58 Transpose Swap the elements in a multi dimensional data set General Form transpose vector vector Example transpose i vdd v drain This command transposes a multidimensional vector No analysis in WinSpice3 produces multidimensional vectors although the DC transfer curve may be run with two varying sources You must use the reshape command to reform the one dimensional vectors into two dimensional vectors In addition the default scale is incorrect for plotting You must plot versus the vector corresponding to the second source but you must also refer only to the first segment of this second source vector For example circuit to produce the transfer characteristic of a MOS transistor spice3 gt dc vgg 05 1 vdd 0 5 1 spice3 gt plot i vdd spice3 gt reshape all 6 6 spice3
63. computes the AC output variables as a function of frequency The program first computes the DC operating point of the circuit and determines linearized small signal models for all of the non linear devices in the circuit The resultant linear circuit is then analysed over a user specified range of frequencies The desired output of an AC small signal analysis is usually a transfer function voltage gain transimpedance etc If the circuit has only one AC input it is convenient to set that input to unity and zero phase so that output variables have the same value as the transfer function of the output variable with respect to the input 2 3 Transient Analysis The transient analysis portion of WinSpice3 computes the transient output variables as a function of time over a user specified time interval The initial conditions are automatically determined by a DC analysis All sources which are not time dependent for example power supplies are set to their DC value The transient time interval is specified on a TRAN control line 2 4 Pole Zero Analysis The pole zero analysis portion of WinSpice3 computes the poles and or zeros in the small signal AC transfer function The program first computes the DC operating point and then determines the linearized small signal models for all the non linear devices in the circuit This circuit is then used to find the poles and zeros of the transfer function Two types of transfer functions are allowed one
64. curate representation of the parasitic series drain and source resistance of each transistor NRD and NRS default to 1 0 OFF indicates an optional initial condition on the device for DC analysis The optional initial condition specification using IC VDS VGS VBS is intended for use with the UIC option on the TRAN control line when a transient analysis is desired starting from other than the quiescent operating point See the IC control line for a better and more convenient way to specify transient initial conditions The optional TEMP value is the temperature at which this device is to operate and overrides the temperature specification on the OPTION control line The temperature specification is ONLY valid for level 1 2 3 and 6 MOSFETs not for level 4 or 5 BSIM devices 4 4 4 1 MOSFET Models NMOS PMOS SPICE provides four MOSFET device models which differ in the formulation of the I V characteristic The variable LEVEL specifies the model to be used LEVEL 1 Shichman Hodges LEVEL 2 MOS2 as described in 1 LEVEL 3 MOS3 a semi empirical model see 1 LEVEL 4 BSIM1 as described in 3 LEVEL 5 BSIM2 as described in 5 LEVEL 6 MOS6 as described in 6 LEVEL 8 BSIM3 LEVEL 9 B3SOI LEVEL 14 BSIM4 LEVEL 44 EKV from Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne see http legwww epfl ch ekv LEVEL 49 BSIM3 same as LEVEL 8 for HSPICE compatibility Note that three versions of the BSIM3 model are supported by W
65. defined Note that here the word plot refers to a group of vectors that are the result of one SPICE run When more than one file is loaded in or more than one plot is present in one file WinSpice3 keeps them separate and only shows you the vectors in the current plot 6 12 43 Setscale Set the scale for a plot General Form setscale vector Changes the scale vector for the current plot If vector is not given this comment displays the scale for the plot 81 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual 6 12 44 Settype Set the type of a vector General Form settype type vector Change the type of the named vectors to type The available type names are as follows type Units shown on plots notype None time Ss frequency Hz voltage y current A onoise spectrum V or A 2 Hz onoise integrated V or A inoise spectrum V or A 2 Hz inoise integrated V or A output noise None input noise None pole None Zero None s param None impedance Ohms admittance Mhos power Ww phase Degrees or Radians decibel dB 6 12 45 Shell Call the command interpreter General Form shell command Call the operating system s command interpreter execute the specified command or call for interactive use 82 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual 6 12 46 Shift Alter a list variable General Form shift varname
66. definition however subcircuit definitions may contain anything else including other subcircuit definitions device models and subcircuit calls see below Note that any device models or subcircuit definitions included as part of a subcircuit definition are strictly local i e such models and definitions are not known outside the subcircuit definition Also any element nodes not included on the SUBCKT line are strictly local with the exception of 0 ground which is always global 3 4 2 ENDS Line General form ENDS lt SUBNAM gt Examples ENDS OPAMP The Ends line must be the last one for any subcircuit definition The subcircuit name if included indicates which subcircuit definition is being terminated if omitted all subcircuits being defined are terminated The name is needed only when nested subcircuit definitions are being made 3 4 3 Xxxxx Subcircuit Calls General form XYYYYYYY N1 lt N2 N3 gt SUBNAM Examples X1 2 4 17 3 1 MULTI Subcircuits are used in SPICE by specifying pseudo elements beginning with the letter X followed by the circuit nodes to be used in expanding the subcircuit 3 5 Combining Files 3 5 1 INCLUDE Lines General form INCLUDE filename Examples INCLUDE users spice common wattmeter cir Frequently portions of circuit descriptions will be reused in several input files particularly with common models and subcircuits In any SPICE input file the
67. e circuit files in the examples directory To do this click File Open The dialogue box shown below will appear 2 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual Open circuit 21x Look in SI Spice3 z Sl El cl a Doc work Examples a Demo cir Lib Demot cir Man a Demo2 cir Notes a work cir test Files of type Circuit Files z Cancel T Open as read only 7A Double click on Examples and then double click on Phonoamp cir As soon as the file is loaded it begins simulating the circuit and generating plot windows as it goes Make one of the plot windows the active window Bact phonoamp OL x File Edit kOhns nag v 1 v1l tbranch S00 Oipssee sets acedeigeseeeeerepea seeecspaseeseass 400 0f4 4 uf 4 a44 aca ft M CUT ae oe es E E 200 0 4 4 4 440 2 ttt ee eee eee ee et 100 0 4 h 4 4f 24 ebad eee bebe beeews Sears Lia ania 1 10 100 10 3 10 4 10 5 frequency Hz The plot can be resized by dragging the window border The plot can be printed to the default printer by clicking on File Print The plot can be copied to the clipboard by clicking Edit Copy and then pasting the plot into a document e g kOhns mag v 1 vl branch Sdece ce E social 1 i 4 1 10 100 10 3 10 4 10 5 frequency Hz You can also zoom into an area of a
68. e see the description of the combplot variable above pointplot causes each point to be plotted separately the chars are a list of characters that are used for each vector plotted If they are omitted then a default set is used pointchars String A string of characters to be used when plotstyle is set to pointplot or the pointplot keyword is used in the plot command If not defined and internal set of characters is used 59 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual polydegree Number The degree of the polynomial that the plot command should fit to the data If polydegree is N then WinSpice3 fits a degree N polynomial to every set of N points and draw 10 intermediate points in between each endpoint If the points aren t monotonic then it tries rotating the curve and reducing the degree until a fit is achieved polysteps Number The number of points to interpolate between every pair of points available when doing curve fitting The default is 10 The name of the current program argv 0 prompt String The prompt with the character replaced by the current event number The default name for rawfiles created remote_shell String Overrides the name used for generating rspice runs default is rsh slowplot Boolean Stop between each graph plotted and wait for the user to type return before continuing sourcepath String A list of the directories to search when a source command is given The default is the current directory and
69. e Check for realistic model parameters especially if you copied the model into the netlist by hand e Check to see that all resistors have a value In WinSpice3 resistors without values are given a default of 1KOhm 2 Increase ITL1 to 300 in the OPTIONS statement Example OPTIONS ITL1 300 Increases the number of DC iterations WinSpice3 will go through before giving up Further increases in ITLI in all but the most complex circuits will not usually yield convergence 3 Set ITL6 100 in the OPTIONS statement Example OPTIONS ITL6 100 Invokes the source stepping algorithm 100 are the number of steps used This solution is unnecessary for WinSpice3 users as source stepping is automatically invoked after both the default method and the new Gmin stepping algorithms have been tried Note for SPICE2 users this is an undocumented Berkeley SPICE2 option 4 Add NODESETs Example NODESET V 6 0 Check the node voltage table in the output file Add NODESETS statements to nodes that SPICE says have unrealistic or way out voltages Use a NODESET of OV if you do not have a better estimation of the proper DC voltage 5 Add resistors and use the OFF keyword Example D1 1 2 DMOD OFF RD1 1 2 100MEG Add resistors across diodes to simulate leakage and resistors across MOSFET drain to source connections to simulate realistic channel impedances Add ohmic resistances RC RB and RE to transistors Reduce Gmin an order
70. e OFF state if Loni lt UT IH if IT and IH are defined or La lt OFF if IOFF is defined The use of an ideal element that is highly non linear such as a switch can cause large discontinuities to occur in the circuit node voltages A rapid change such as that associated with a switch changing state can cause numerical roundoff or tolerance problems leading to erroneous results or timestep difficulties The user of switches can improve the situation by taking the following steps First it is wise to set ideal switch impedances just high or low enough to be negligible with respect to other circuit elements Using switch impedances that are close to ideal in all cases aggravates the problem of discontinuities mentioned above Of course when modelling real devices such as MOSFETSs the on resistance should be adjusted to a realistic level depending on the size of the device being modelled If a wide range of ON to OFF resistance must be used in the switches ROFF RON gt 1e 12 then the tolerance on errors allowed during transient analysis should be decreased by using the OPTIONS control line and specifying TRTOL to be less than the default value of 7 0 When switches are placed around capacitors then the option CHGTOL should also be reduced Suggested values for these two options are 1 0 and le 16 respectively These changes inform WinSpice3 to be more careful around the switch points so that no errors are made due to the rapid change in
71. e a simulation after a stop eccecescceseeseeeteesseeseeeseceaeeeseeneeeeeeesreeaeens 78 6 12 36 Run Run analysis from the input file eee ceeseesceseeeneeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeseceeeeeeeeeenaeenseens 78 6 12 37 R sage Resource sa enean ces resdesdeaesse evscanesdvanbag cusd owleseontevusoee alee 78 6 12 38 Save Save a set of Output Vectors innn E E E E L E A 80 6 12 39 Sens Run a sensitivity analysis ccecceccceseesseeseeeseesceeseeeseceseeeseceeeseeeseseseeeeesseeeeenseens 80 6 12 40 Set Set the value of a variable eseseesessesesseseeseesesstsressrsreseeseesessrseestrseeseesessessesest 80 6 12 41 Setcirc Change the current circuit sseseessessesseeserseseesessessrsresrstestsressrsreseeseesessesse 80 6 12 42 Setplot Switch the current set of vectors ssssssesserssesesssssessesressrseeseesessessessesreseesesses 81 6 12 43 Setscale Set the scale for a plot ce ceeceeceescceseeeseeeeeeseeeseeeseeceeeeeseesseseseeeeeeenatenseens 81 6 12 44 Settype Set the type of a VeCtOL oo ee cceccescesceeeeeseeseeeeeeseeeseceseceseceeeseeeaeeeseseseeneeeeess 82 6 12 45 Shell Call the command interpreter cccecceeseeseeseceseeeseeeseceeeceeeeseeeseeeeeeeeeeteeeaeens 82 6 12 46 Shift Alter a list variable cc ceccecccseessceseeeseeeseesceeseceseceseeseecseeeeeeseseseeeeeseeeesreeseens 83 6 12475 Show Listdevice State si 5 s seston ctieecadiocueteemsonaees ciate a A aE ea ea a EaR 83 6 12 48 Showmod List model
72. e density Parameter measurement temperature 129 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual Mos6 model parameters output only type N channel or P channel MOS 10 21 Resistor Simple resistor Resistor instance parameters input output resistance Resistance temp Instance operating temperature l Length Ww Width Resistor instance parameters output only i Current Pp Power Resistor model parameters input only r Device is a resistor model Resistor model parameters input output Sheet resistance Narrowing of resistor First order temp coefficient Second order temp coefficient Default device width Parameter measurement temperature 10 22 Switch Ideal voltage controlled switch Switch instance parameters input only on Switch initially closed off Switch initially open Switch instance parameters input output pos_node Positive node of switch neg_node Negative node of switch Switch instance parameters output only cont_p_node Positive contr node of switch cont_n_node Positive contr node of switch i Switch current p Switch power 130 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual Switch model parameters input output Switch model Threshold voltage Hysteresis voltage Resistance when closed Resistance when open Control voltage to switch on Control voltage to switch off Switch model parameters output only gon goff Conductance when closed Conductanc
73. e dependence is determined by ae a where k is Boltzmann s constant q is the electronic charge N is the acceptor impurity density Ng is the donor impurity density N is the intrinsic carrier concentration and Eg is the energy gap Temperature appears explicitly in the value of surface mobility ug or UO for the MOSFET model The temperature dependence is determined by T uo T L5 a To The effects of temperature on resistors is modelled by the formula R T R T i DOTS CE r where T is the circuit temperature T is the nominal temperature and TC and TC are the first and second order temperature coefficients 7 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual 3 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION 3 1 General Structure And Conventions The circuit to be analysed is described to WinSpice3 by a set of element lines which define the circuit topology and element values and a set of control lines which define the model parameters and the run controls The first line in the input file must be the title and the last line must be END The order of the remaining lines is arbitrary except of course that continuation lines must immediately follow the line being continued An element line that contains the element name the circuit nodes to which the element is connected and the values of the parameters that determine the electrical characteristics of the element specify each element in the circuit The first letter of the element n
74. e following non linear devices diodes DIO BJT JFET MOSFETs levels 1 2 3 4 BSIM1 5 BSIM2 and 6 and MESFETs All linear devices are automatically supported by distortion analysis If there are switches present in the circuit the analysis continues to be accurate provided the switches do not change state under the small excitations used for distortion calculations 2 6 Sensitivity Analysis WinSpice3 will calculate either the DC operating point sensitivity or the AC small signal sensitivity of an output variable with respect to all circuit variables including model parameters WinSpice3 calculates the difference in an output variable either a node voltage or a branch current by perturbing each parameter of each device independently Since the method is a numerical approximation the results may demonstrate second order affects in highly sensitive parameters or may fail to show very low but non zero sensitivity Further since each variable is perturbed by a small fraction of its value zero valued parameters are not analysed this has the benefit of reducing what is usually a very large amount of data 2 7 Noise Analysis The noise analysis portion of WinSpice3 does analysis device generated noise for the given circuit When provided with an input source and an output port the analysis calculates the noise contributions of each device and each noise generator within the device to the output port voltage It also calculates the input no
75. e from strictly geometric information ra reece ore oof ro feee ore oof a ieee e G ra rn oe fa 2 immense ff st imate oman st asso omenon aw foi The capacitor has a capacitance computed as CAP CJ LENGTH NARROW WIDTH NARROW 2CJSW LENGTH WIDTH 2NARROW TNOM is used to override the circuit wide value given on the OPTIONS control line where the parameters of this model have been measured at a different temperature After the nominal capacitance is calculated above it is adjusted for temperature and voltage nonlinearity by the formula CS CAP Eve raire 47 G2 IC P cap nom nom 15 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual 4 1 3 Lxxxx Inductors General form LYYYYYYY N N VALUE lt IC INCOND gt Examples LLINK 42 69 1UH LSHUNT 23 51 10U IC 15 7MA N and N are the positive and negative element nodes respectively VALUE is the inductance in Henries The optional initial condition is the initial time zero value of inductor current in Amps that flows from N through the inductor to N Note that the initial conditions if any apply only if the UIC option is pecified on the TRAN analysis line n NOTE unlike Spice2 non linear inductors are not directly supported by WinSpice3 However they can be simulated using non linear current and voltage sources 4 1 4 Kxxxx Coupled Mutual Inductors General form KXXXXXXX LYYYYYYY LZZZZZZZ VALUE
76. e the same as the controlling nodes this source actually models a nonlinear resistor 4 2 3 2 Voltage Controlled Voltage Sources General form EXXXXXXX N N lt POLY ND gt NC1 NC1 PO lt Pl gt lt IC gt Examples ELA 21 AP A S Zed Le kS EX 17 0 POLY 3 13 015 01700141 1 IC 1 5 2 0 17 35 N and N are the positive and negative nodes respectively POLY ND only has to be specified if the source is multi dimensional one dimensional is the default If specified ND is the number of dimensions which must be positive NC1 NCI are the positive and negative controlling nodes respectively One pair of nodes must be specified for each dimension 24 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual PO P1 P2 Pn are the polynomial coefficients The optional initial condition is the initial guess at the value s of the controlling voltage s If not specified 0 0 is assumed The polynomial specifies the source voltage as a function of the controlling voltage s The second example above describes a voltage source with value V V 13 0 V 15 0 V 17 0 in other words an ideal voltage summer 4 2 3 3 Current Controlled Current Sources General form FXXXXXXX N N lt POLY ND gt VN1 lt VN2 gt PO lt P1 gt lt IC gt Examples F1 12 10 VCC 1MA 1 3M FXFER 13 20 VSENS 0 1 N and N are the positive and negative nodes respectively Current flow is from the positive node t
77. e used to monitor the progress of the analysis When the analysis slows down severely or hangs interrupt the simulator with control C and issue the where command Note that only one node or device is printed there may be problems with more than one node 6 12 66 Write Write data to a file General Form write file exprs Writes out the expressions to file First vectors are grouped together by plots and written out as such i e if the expression list contained three vectors from one plot and two from another then two plots are written one with three vectors and one with two Additionally if the scale for a vector isn t present it is automatically written out as well The default format is ASCII but this can be changed with the set filetype command The default filename is rawspice raw or the argument to the r flag on the command line if there was one and the default expression list is all 87 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual If file is given and it has the file extension csv the file will be written as ASCII in comma separated value format 6 13 Miscellaneous If there are subcircuits in the input file WinSpice3 expands instances of them A subcircuit is delimited by the cards subckt and ends or whatever the value of the variables substart and subend is respectively An instance of a subcircuit is created by specifying a device with type x the device line is written xname nodel node2 subc
78. e when open 10 23 Tranline Lossless transmission line Tranline instance parameters input only ic Initial condition vector v1 i1 v2 i2 Tranline instance parameters input output rel abs pos_nodel neg nodel pos_node2 neg node2 delays Characteristic impedance Characteristic impedance Frequency Transmission delay Normalized length at frequency given Initial voltage at end 1 Initial voltage at end 2 Initial current at end 1 Initial current at end 2 Tranline instance parameters output only Rel rate of change of deriv for bkpt Abs rate of change of deriv for bkpt Positive node of end 1 oft line Negative node of end 1 oft line Positive node of end 2 of t line Negative node of end 2 of t line Delayed values of excitation 10 24 VCCS Voltage controlled current source VCCS instance parameters input output gain Transconductance of source gain 131 27 09 01 pos_node neg node cont_p_node cont n node WinSpice3 User Manual VCCS instance parameters output only Positive node of source Negative node of source Positive node of contr source Negative node of contr source Output current Voltage across output Power 10 25 VCVS Voltage controlled voltage source ic Initial condition of controlling source VCVS instance parameters input output gain Voltage gain VCVS instance parameters output only pos_node neg node cont_p_ node cont_n_ node
79. ed the model reduces to the simpler Ebers Moll model In either case charge storage effects ohmic resistances and a current dependent output conductance may be included The diode model can be used for either junction diodes or Schottky barrier diodes The JFET model is based on the FET model of Shichman and Hodges Six MOSFET models are implemented MOS1 is described by a square law I V characteristic MOS2 1 is an analytical model while MOS3 1 is a semi empirical model MOS6 2 is a simple analytic model accurate in the short channel region MOS4 3 4 and MOSS 5 are the BSIM Berkeley Short channel IGFET Model and BSIM2 MOS2 MOS3 and MOS4 include second order effects such as channel length modulation sub threshold conduction scattering limited velocity saturation small size effects and charge controlled capacitances The area factor used on the diode BJT JFET and MESFET devices determines the number of equivalent parallel devices of a specified model The affected parameters are marked with an asterisk under the heading area in the model descriptions below Several geometric factors associated with the channel and the drain and source diffusions can be specified on the MOSFET device line Two different forms of initial conditions may be specified for some devices The first form is included to improve the DC convergence for circuits that contain more than one stable state If a device is specified OFF the DC operating po
80. ed and FALSE if they do not exist For example the variable slowplot can be set to TRUE with the command set slowplot 56 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual Setting a variable like slowplot to FALSE is done with the command unset slowplot The variables in WinSpice3 which may be altered by the set command are appendwrite Boolean Append to the file when a write command is issued if one already exists colorN These variables determine the colours used if X is being run on a colour display N may be between 0 and 15 Colour 0 is the background colour 1 is the grid and text colour and colours 2 through 15 are used in order for vectors plotted The value of the colour variables should be names of colours which may be found in the file usr lib rgb txt cpdebug Boolean Print cshpar debugging information must be complied with the DCPDEBUG flag Unsupported in the current release debug Boolean If set then a lot of debugging information is printed must be compiled with the DFTEDEBUG flag Unsupported in the current release device String The name dev tty of the graphics device If this variable isn t set then the user s terminal is used To do plotting on another monitor you probably have to set both the device and term variables If device is set to the name of a file WinSpice3 dumps the graphics control codes into this file this is useful for saving plots filetype String This can be either ascii or binary
81. eeaes 4 2 3 3 Current Controlled Current Sources ccceeceesceescesseesseeeeeeseeeseeeseceseeseesseenaeenaeenss 4 2 3 4 Current Controlled Voltage Sources cccceceesceeseeeseeeseeseeeseeeseceseceseeseeseenseenseeaes 4 2 4 Bxxxx Non linear Dependent Sources ccceccceseeseeeseeeeeesceeseeeseeeseeeeeeeeeeesteeeseenseesaes 4 3 Transmission Lines esseeri ieir ai nivel EE E EE pe eis E E EA EERE R E 4 3 1 Txxxx Lossless Transmission Lines c ccecccsseessesseeeseeeeeeseeeseeeseenaeeeeeeeeeeeseeeseeeneeaees 4 3 2 Oxxxx Lossy Transmission Line cccccesceesceeseeeseeeseceeeeseeeseeeseenseeeeeeeeeeeeseenseenneesees 4 3 2 1 Lossy Transmission Line Model LTRA cccecceesceeseeeeeseeeneeeseeeseeseeeeeseenseeaes 4 3 3 Uxxxx Uniform Distributed RC Lines Lossy 0 ecccecceeseesseeseeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeseenseeneeeseensees 4 3 3 1 Uniform Distributed RC Model URC ccccccsccsscceseceesecceseeeeseeessecesseeesseeesaes 4 4 Transistors And Diodes cccccesceseesceeseeeseeeneeenecseeeseensecnsecsecseeeseesaeeeseenseseseceseseeeseeneenseeags 4 4 1 Dxxxx Junction Diodes ceceesceesceecesscesceeseeeseeeseceecscecseeeseeesecesecseeseeeseenaeenaeenseenseesees SAT gt Diod Model DJen enas sda dssnetenvstee stag iavsheveczed E seretourered thee Ra 4 4 2 Qxxxx Bipolar Junction Transistors BJTs ccecceesceeseeeseeeseeseeeseceeeeeeeeenseeeseenseeseensees 4 4 2 1 BJT Models NPN PNP J
82. eeseesseeseeeseeesecseeeseeeseceeeceeeaeesatenseenseeneeeeens 93 EAS Special Cases cvs ETE E A 94 7 5 5 WinSpice3 Convergence Helpers cccceccessessseeseeeseeeceeseeeceeeseceseceeeceesaeenaeensesneeeseeeaeens 94 8 BIBLIOGRAPHY pieres ai TE ET OER EERE EEO eaten cea tas stenoses 96 9 APPENDIX A EXAMPLE CIRCUITS irani aa R A A E NENOS 97 9 1 Circuit 1 Differential Paifcssrirnnirnerii ieii e R RE ER R i 97 9 2 Circuit 2 MOSFET Characterisation cccccsceescessesseesseeeeeseceneceeeeseesseenseenseenseeeenaeenatenss 97 9 3 Circuit 32 REG Inverter A A eee SR MR OS 97 9 4 Circuit 4 Four Bit Binary Adder seiersen tesi E E Eo EERE a 98 9 5 Circuit 5 Transmission Line Inverter cccccceeseeseeseeeseeeseeeeeeeeeeeeseeesesesecseeeseesaeenseenseeaes 99 10 APPENDIX B MODEL AND DEVICE PARAMETERS cccccccccssessseseeeeseeeeseceeseessenseeseeaes 100 10 1 URC Uniform RC line sesca ina r testes encase EE caressed sete ER 100 10 2 ASR Arbitrary SOULE cceeccccscecseesseesseeseceseceseeseeeseceseceseceaeceeseeeseseseseneseeeseesaeenaeenseens 101 10 3 BJT Bipolar Junction Transistor ccccccceccesseesseeeeeseeseeeseeeeceseeeseceeeceeeeseeeseeeseceaeenseetrenseens 101 10 4 BSIMI1 Berkeley Short Channel IGFET Model 0 0 0 ccccecceesceeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeseeeseeerenseens 104 10 5 BSIM2 Berkeley Short Channel IGFET Model 0 0 0 ceececceeseeseceeeeeeeeeeeeeeneeseeeeseeerenseens 106 10 6 Capacitor Fixed capacitor
83. el TRTOL x Sets the transient error tolerance The default value is 7 0 This parameter is an estimate of the factor by which SPICE overestimates the actual truncation error TRYTOCOMPACT Applicable only to the LTRA model When specified the simulator tries to condense LTRA transmission lines past history of input voltages and currents VNTOL x Sets the absolute voltage error tolerance of the program The default value is 1 microvolt In addition the following options have the listed effect when operating in SPICE2 emulation mode 5 2 Initial Conditions 5 2 1 NODESET Specify Initial Node Voltage Guesses General form NODESET V NODNUM VAL V NODNUM VAL Examples NODESET V 12 4 5 V 4 2 23 The Nodeset line helps the program find the DC or initial transient solution by making a preliminary pass with the specified nodes held to the given voltages The restriction is then released and the iteration continues to the true solution The NODESET line may be necessary for convergence on bistable or a stable circuits In general this line should not be necessary 47 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual 5 2 2 IC Set Initial Conditions General form IC V NODNUM VAL V NODNUM VAL Examples IC V 11 5 V 4 5 V 2 2 2 The IC line is for setting transient initial conditions It has two different interpretations depending on whether the UIC parameter is specified on the TRAN contro
84. el parameters output only gon Closed conductance goff Open conductance 10 10 Diode Junction Diode model Diode instance parameters input output Initially off Instance temperature Initial device voltage Area factor 112 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual Diode instance parameters output only Diode voltage Diode current Diode current Diode conductance cd Diode capacitance charge Diode capacitor charge capcur Diode capacitor current p Diode power Diode model parameters input only d Diode model Diode model parameters input output Saturation current Parameter measurement temperature Ohmic resistance Emission Coefficient Transit Time Junction capacitance null Junction potential Grading coefficient Activation energy Saturation current temperature exp flicker noise coefficient flicker noise exponent Forward bias junction fit parameter Reverse breakdown voltage Current at reverse breakdown voltage Diode model parameters output only cond Ohmic conductance 10 11 Inductor Inductors Inductor instance parameters input output inductance Inductance of inductor ic Initial current through inductor 113 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual Inductor instance parameters output only flux Flux through inductor v Terminal voltage of inductor Volt Terminal voltage of inductor Same a v i Current through the inductor current Curr
85. ent the same number Nodes names may be arbitrary character strings The datum ground node must be named 0 Note the difference in WinSpice3 where the nodes are treated as character strings and not evaluated as numbers thus 0 and 00 are distinct nodes in WinSpice3 but not in SPICE2 The circuit cannot contain a loop of voltage sources and or inductors and cannot contain a cut set of current sources and or capacitors Each node in the circuit must have a DC path to ground Every node must have at least two connections except for transmission line nodes to permit unterminated transmission lines and MOSFET substrate nodes which have two internal connections anyway 3 2 Title Line Comment Lines And END Line 3 2 1 Title Line Examples POWER AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT TEST OF CAM CELL The title line must be the first in the input file Its contents are printed verbatim as the heading for each section of output 8 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual 3 2 2 END Line Examples END The End line must always be the last in the input file Note that the period is an integral part of the name 3 2 3 Comments General Form lt any comment gt Examples RF 1K Gain should be 100 Check open loop gain and phase margin The asterisk in the first column indicates that this line is a comment line Comment lines may be placed anywhere in the circuit description Note that WinSpice3 also considers any l
86. ent through the inductor Same as i p Instantaneous power dissipated by the inductor 10 12 mutual Mutual inductors mutual instance parameters input output k Mutual inductance coefficient null inductor First coupled inductor inductor2 Second coupled inductor 10 13 Isource Independent current source Isource instance parameters input only Pulse description Sinusoidal source description Sinusoidal source description Exponential source description pwl Piecewise linear description sffm single freq FM description ac AC magnitude phase vector c Current through current source distof1 fl input for distortion distof2 f2 input for distortion Isource instance parameters input output de DC value of source acmag AC magnitude acphase AC phase 114 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual Isource instance parameters output only neg node Negative node of source pos_node Positive node of source acreal AC real part acimag AC imaginary part function Function of the source order Order of the source function coeffs Coefficients of the source v Voltage across the supply Power supplied by the source 10 14 JFET Junction Field effect transistor Device initially off Initial VDS VGS vector Area factor Initial D S voltage Initial G S voltage Instance temperature JFET instance parameters output only drain node Number of drain node gate node Number of gate node source node Numbe
87. ential 6 LAMBDA channel length modulation MOS1 and MOS2 IV only A drain ohmic resistance 1 zero bias B D junction capacitance R Oo So 20fF 20fF zero bias B S junction capacitance bulk junction saturation current Ig 1 0e 14 38 27 09 01 S CBD CBS IS 1 0e 15 WinSpice3 User Manual gate source overlap capacitance per meter F m 4 0e 11 channel width gate drain overlap capacitance per meter F m 4 0e 11 channel width gate bulk overlap capacitance per meter F m 2 0e 10 channel length drain and source diffusion sheet resistance Q oo fn zero bias bulk junction bottom cap per sq meter of junction area bulk junction bottom grading coefficient e be i 0 5 zero bias bulk junction sidewall cap per meter of junction perimeter Q E bulk junction sidewall grading coefficient levell 0 33 level2 3 n bulk junction saturation current per sq meter of junction area NFS fast surface state density 0 Metallurgical junction depth lateral diffusion surface mobility UCRIT critical field for mobility degradation MOS2 only critical field exponent in mobility degradation MOS2 only XJ LD UO TPG type of gate material 1 1 opp to substrate 1 same as substrate 0 Al gate 39 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual Transverse field coefficient mobility deleted for MOS2 VMAX Maximum drift velocity of carriers abe hear total channe
88. er Manual mean vector The result is a scalar a length vector that is the mean of the elements of the vector sum vector The result is a scalar a length 1 vector that is the sum of the elements of the vector vector number The result is a vector of length number with elements 0 1 number 1 If number is a vector then just the first element is taken and if it isn t an integer then the floor of the magnitude is used unitvec vector The result is a vector with each component set to 1 0 The length of the resultant vector is the value of the first number in vector If vector was complex the length is mag vector 0 length vector The result is a scalar a length vector that is the length of the vector vector interpolate plot vector The result of interpolating the named vector onto the scale of the current plot This function uses the variable polydegree to determine the degree of interpolation deriv vector Calculates the derivative of the given vector This uses numeric differentiation by interpolating a polynomial and may not produce satisfactory results particularly with iterated differentiation The implementation only calculates the derivative with respect to the real component of that vector s scale 65 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual 6 8 Constants There are a number of pre defined constants in WinSpice3 which can be used in expressions They are en a planck Planck s constant
89. eseeeeeeseseseenseenseeneeeeees 74 6 12 21 Iplot Incremental Plote menisan a Where abot E E EEEE escent 75 6 12 22 Let Assign a value to a Vectori e REE E E 75 6 12 23 Linearize Interpolate to a linear Scale ee ecceesceeeescceseeeseeeceeseeeseeeseceseenseeeeeeneeeaeens 75 6 12 24 Listing Print a listing of the Current CITCUIt ee le eeeeeceeceseeeeeeeesesseeseesecseeeeeeeeeaeeeeenes 76 6 12 25 Load Load rawfile data nenoro aoeeoe eeina a ea ea Ood nEs e ARAALE ATARA ENCO SREE 76 6 12 26 Noise Perform a noise analySis ccecccescesscesscesceeseeeseeeseeseeeseceseceeeceeseeeeaeenseenseeseeeaeens 76 6 12 27 Op Perform an operating point analysis cccceseeseesceeseeeseeeseeececeeeseeeseeeeeeseeeseeeaeens 76 6 12 28 Plot Plot values on the display ccccccscesscssseeseceseeeseeeeeeeeesecseeeseeseeeseseseeesesseeeseeeseens 76 6 12 29 Prints Print values eioan niera ie a pE EAEE A ra a eee 77 6 12 30 Pz Perform a Pole Zero Analysis cccceccesseesceseeeseeseeeseeeseceseceeeeeesaeceseceeeeseeeneeeaeens 77 6 12 31 Quit Leave WINS piCe3 csc sive feeble Se he wena eect en aden eke RA ees 77 6 12 32 Rawfile Send further results directly to a rawfile eececceeseeseesceeseeeseeeseeeseeseeeseenseees 78 6212233 Reset Reset an anialysis3 ciccc2n teers scieteea serie ein Da ER 78 6 12 34 Reshape Alter the dimensionality or dimensions Of a vector ce eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeteeeenes 78 6 12 35 Resume Continu
90. eseseeeeseenaeenneens 5 3 6 PZ Pole Zero Analysis e orire eni erra a a e aa A Ee EEE ERNEA RE Na 5 3 7 SENS DC or Small Signal AC Sensitivity Analysis ssssssseseeseeseessessssrsreserseesersesses 5 3 8 TF Transfer Function AnalysiSninirr on aA a A ETEO EAE OIR R 539 ATRAN Transient Analysis renneri neari i T E R EE ested a E ET 5 4 Batch Outp t peene i ia a Ei E a concedes EE veces T EEEE EEES SALI SAVE Lines an aaa a a a aE IA SPRINT CIES a E A E E Wontar TAN RA JAS APLOT Limes poea a E E E A ORS 5 4 4 FOUR Fourier Analysis of Transient Analysis Output ssesssssssesesseessesessrssessrseesesses INTERACTIVE INTERPRETER vanite a a a e A i 6 1 Command Interpretation ss sessesseseeseeserseesesresstsrtsetstesesstssesststesttsteseestssesststessestestesessenteste 6 2 RIET aT DI EEE E A E E A T E A 6 3 Variable Substitttio m nanie e e E E EEEa Ea 6 4 Redir ctioiienonen ra tas des he beta T eet ee eet eee 6 5 Vectors SoS Calarge ccsccsccescesciedsasscsadcastegcecaden needeytedvestyeteees te E eee EE R EEEE 6 6 EXPT SSIONS noyer eea cates E tp cate dey E E E ap ede deb EE E EEEE ceeds 6 7 Dinart EE ATE T OAT 6 8 Constants aeoe eenen riia e a e EE e aee a a e eA e ues banneete vans testers 6 9 History S bstit t onsi sasni E eee ee ena e A E RE 6 9 1 Events and Their Specifications cccccccesseesseesseeseeeseeeseeseesseeesecesecneeceeeaeenseenaeeneeeeens 6 92 Selectors oniri ces iira E EA AO oo Meera ai in wis heh
91. ets seteoonterd eta E E E EEVEE 13 ATI RXXX RESISTOR E E cede EE E OTE AR 13 4 11 1 Simple Resistors inion rinne AA A RA AEA OIE ceases 13 4 1 1 2 Semiconductor Resistors ccccecceeccessessecececseeeseeeseeeseceeeeeeeeeseesseceseceeeeseeeseeeseenes 13 4 1 1 3 Semiconductor Resistor Model R ceceeccescesseeeeeeceeeeeseeeseeseeeeceeensecseeeeeeeeenas 13 A12 CXXX Capacitors since e ae enlectel ect eats tesa espeia eels Wie tee Wee laren ee tae eee 14 4121 Simple Capacitors 2 2 csceacteck eens Se cises tee SIS Rises Deh sh deel 14 412 2 Semiconductor Capacitors 34 4 206 Bd nc ek hes Dee tas a E 15 4 1 2 3 Semiconductor Capacitor Model C cccccecceeseesseeseeeseeeeeeseeeeeeseceseceseeseeseenseeaes 15 e a e OLX XKRK CS INGUCtOLS 25s Pe cok wot eek eee due vel Secs EI eas sa teeta eae 16 4 1 4 Kxxxx Coupled Mutual Inductors cccecceccceeseeeseeseeeseeeseeeseceneceeeeseeeseenseenseeeseesneesees 16 AlS SEA arid WXX S Wite he oneone E E E EE 16 4 1 5 1 Sxxxx Voltage Controlled Switch e sseseseeseeseeseesessesseseesersreseeseesessesseseeseesesseses 16 4 1 5 2 Wxxxx Current Controlled Switch ccccccceceescesseeseeeseeseeeeeeeeceseceeeeseeeseeeseeaes 16 4 1 5 3 Switch Model SW CSW cccecsssesesseseeeeseeseeecseeseecseeseeeeseeeenecaeeeaeeaeeeceeaeeeeaeeaes 17 4 2 Voltage And Current SOurces ccccesccescesseesseeseeesecesecceesceeseesseceseceneeseeeseenseseseseseeneeeseeeate
92. f no argument is given 6 11 3 Dowhile End General Form dowhile condition statement end The same as while except that the condition is tested after the statements are executed 69 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual The condition is an expression involving vector and scalar variables see sections 6 5 and 6 6 6 11 4 Foreach End General Form foreach var value statement end The statements are executed once for each of the values in the list each time with the variable var set to the current one var can be accessed by the var notation see sections 6 2 and 6 3 for details 6 11 5 If Then Else General Form if condition statement else statement end If the condition is non zero then the first set of statements are executed otherwise the second set The else and the second set of statements may be omitted The condition is an expression involving vector and scalar variables see sections 6 5 and 6 6 6 11 6 Label General Form label word If a statement of the form goto word is encountered control is transferred to this point otherwise this is a no op 6 11 7 Goto General Form goto word If a statement of the form label word is present in the block or an enclosing block control is transferred there Note that if the label is at the top level it must be before the goto statement i e a forward goto may occur only within a block 6 11 8 Continue General Form
93. f this line in an input file directs WinSpice3 to determine the DC operating point of the circuit with inductors shorted and capacitors opened NOTE a DC analysis is automatically performed prior to a transient analysis to determine the transient initial conditions and prior to an AC small signal Noise and Pole Zero analysis to determine the linearized small signal models for non linear devices see the KEEPOPINFO in section 5 1 51 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual 5 3 6 PZ Pole Zero Analysis General form PZ NODE1 NODE2 NODE3 NODE4 CUR POL PZ NODE1 NODE2 NODE3 NODE4 CUR ZER PZ NODE1 NODE2 NODE3 NODE4 CUR PZ PZ NODE1 NODE2 NODE3 NODE4 VOL POL PZ NODE1 NODE2 NODE3 NODE4 VOL ZER PZ NODE1 NODE2 NODE3 NODE4 VOL PZ Examples PZ 10 3 0 CUR POL PZ 2 3 5 0 VOL ZER PZ 4 1 4 1 CUR PZ CUR stands for a transfer function of the type output voltage input current while VOL stands for a transfer function of the type output voltage input voltage POL stands for pole analysis only ZER for zero analysis only and PZ for both This feature is provided mainly because if there is a non convergence in finding poles or zeros then at least the other can be found Finally NODE1 and NODE2 are the two input nodes and NODE3 and NODE4 are the two output nodes Thus there is complete freedom regarding the output and input ports and the type of trans
94. fer function In interactive mode see section 6 12 30 the command syntax is the same except that the first field is PZ instead of PZ To print the results one should use the command print all 5 3 7 SENS DC or Small Signal AC Sensitivity Analysis General form SE OUTVAR OUTVAR AC DEC ND FSTART FSTOP OUTVAR AC OCT NO FSTART FSTOP OUTVAR AC LIN NP FSTART FSTOP n fe fe ber 222424 NNW S OF S OQ KA Exampl SE SE S NS V 1 OUT NS V OUT AC DEC 10 100 100k NS I VTEST 1 E e A E The sensitivity of OUTVAR to all non zero device parameters is calculated when the SENS analysis is specified OUTVAR is a circuit variable node voltage or voltage source branch current The first form calculates sensitivity of the DC operating point value of OUTVAR The second third and fourth forms calculate sensitivity of the AC values of OUTVAR The parameters listed for AC sensitivity are the same as in an AC analysis see AC above The output values are in dimensions of change in output per unit change of input as opposed to percent change in output or per percent change of input 5 3 8 TF Transfer Function Analysis General form TF OUTVAR INSRC Examples TF V 5 3 VIN TF I VLOAD VIN The TF line defines the small signal output and input for the DC small signal analysis OUTVAR is the small signal output variable and INSRC is the small signal input source If this line is
95. finable function with the name function and arguments arg arg2 to be expression which may involve the arguments When the function is later used the arguments it is given are substituted for the formal arguments when it is parsed If expression is not present any definition for function is printed and if there are no arguments to define then all currently active definitions are printed Note that you may have different functions defined with the same name but different arities Some useful definitions are 72 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual define max x y x gt y x lt y y define min x y x lt y LaPeer x x gt y y 6 12 10 Delete Remove a trace or breakpoint General Form delete debug number Delete the specified breakpoints and traces The debug numbers are those shown by the status command unless you do status gt file in which case the debug numbers are not printed 6 12 11 Destroy Delete a data set plot General Form destroy plotnames all Release the memory holding the data for the specified runs The command destroy all also resets plot numbering back to 1 such that running an AC analysis say after destroy all always generates the acl plot vector This is useful if cir files contain plot lines which address explicit plot names like tranl v 6 because if other circuits are run first then the plot numbering may be changed 6 12 12 Diff
96. ge storage Capacitance due to gate bulk charge storage Capacitance due to bulk drain charge storage Capacitance due to bulk source charge storage Gate Source charge storage Gate Drain charge storage Gate Bulk charge storage Bulk Drain charge storage Bulk Source charge storage Instantaneous power 128 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual Mos6 model parameters input only nmos N type MOSFET model pmos P type MOSFET model Mos6 model parameters input output Threshold voltage Threshold voltage Saturation voltage factor Saturation voltage coeff Saturation current factor Saturation current coeff Threshold voltage coeff Sat current modification par Bulk threshold parameter Bulk threshold parameter 1 Static feedback effect par Surface potential lambda Channel length modulation param lambda0 Channel length modulation param 0 lambdal Channel length modulation param 1 Drain ohmic resistance Source ohmic resistance B D junction capacitance B S junction capacitance Bulk junction sat current Bulk junction potential Gate source overlap cap Gate drain overlap cap Gate bulk overlap cap Sheet resistance Bottom junction cap per area Bottom grading coefficient Side junction cap per area Side grading coefficient Bulk jet sat current density Lateral diffusion Oxide thickness Surface mobility Surface mobility Forward bias jet fit parm Gate type Substrate doping Surface stat
97. ging and long simulation periods are often encountered WinSpice3 includes both Trapezoidal and Gear integration Gear Integration is a very valuable especially for Power supply designers 7 5 4 Special Cases MOSFETs Check the connectivity Connecting two gates together but to nothing else will give a PIVTOL Singular matrix error Check Model Level SPICE2 does not behave properly when MOSFETs of different Levels are used in the same simulation Long Transient Runs ITL5 0 Don t forget to change the ITL5 OPTIONS parameter of transient iterations to 0 which means run until completion no matter how many iterations it takes 7 5 5 WinSpice3 Convergence Helpers WinSpice3 has several other options available to help convergence 1 Gminsteps DC Convergence Example OPTIONS GMINSTEPS 200 The Gminsteps option adjusts the number of increments that Gmin will be stepped during the DC analysis Gmin stepping is invoked automatically when there is a convergence problem Gmin stepping is a new algorithm in WinSpice3 that greatly improves DC convergence 94 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual 2 The where function DC Transient Convergence Example scontrei where endc The new ICL Interactive Command Language in WinSpice3 allows the user to ask for specific information about where a convergence problem is taking place In some cases WinSpice3 does not report the node or device that is failing to converge The where
98. gular Matrix or Gmin Source Stepping Failed SPICE will then terminate the run because both the AC and transient analyses require an initial stable operating point in order to start During the transient analysis this iterative process is repeated for each individual time step If the node voltages do not settle down the time step is reduced and SPICE tries again to determine the node voltages If the time step is reduced beyond a certain fraction of the total analysis time the transient analysis will issue an error message Time step too small and the analysis will be halted Solutions to the DC analysis may fail to converge because of incorrect initial voltage guesses model discontinuities unstable bistable operation or unrealistic circuit impedances Transient analysis failures are usually due to model discontinuities or unrealistic circuit source or parasitic modelling The various solutions to convergence problems fall under one of two types Some are simply Band Aids That is they 89 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual merely try to fix the symptom by adjusting the simulator options While other solutions actually effect the real cause of the convergence problems The following techniques can be used to solve 90 95 of all convergence problems When a convergence problem is encountered you should start at solution and continue on with the subsequent fixes until convergence is achieved The order of the solutions is set up
99. h 6 626200e 34 These are all in MKS units If you have another variable with a name that conflicts with one of these then it takes precedence 6 9 History Substitutions A history substitution enables you to reuse a portion of a previous command as you type the current command History substitutions save typing and also help reduce typing errors A history substitution normally starts with a A history substitution has three parts an event that specifies a previous command a selector that selects one or more word of the event and some modifiers that modify the selected words The selector and modifiers are optional A history substitution has the form event selector modifier The event is required unless it is followed by a selector that does not start with a digit The can be omitted before selector if selector does not begin with a digit History substitutions are interpreted before anything else even before quotations and command substitutions The only way to quote the of a history substitution is to escape it with a preceding backslash A need not be escaped however if it is followed by whitespace or 6 9 1 Events and Their Specifications WinSpice3 saves each command that you type on a history list provided that the command contains at least one word The commands on the history list are called events The events are numbered with the first command that y
100. he transient analysis If this keyword is specified WinSpice3 uses the values specified using IC on the various elements as the initial transient condition and proceeds with the analysis If the IC control line has been specified then the node voltages on the IC line are used to compute the initial conditions for the devices Look at the description on the IC control line for its interpretation when UIC is not specified NOTE WinSpice3 uses a dynamic timestep algorithm where the timestep is varied according to the slope of the output curve This helps to speed up analysis during parts of the curve that have small rates of change and concentrate the analysis where the rate of change is high For this reason the value of TSTEP is only used as a guide to the initial timestep A minimum timestep can be enforced in WinSpice3 using the DELMIN or MINTIMESTEP system variables see section 5 1 in this document 5 4 Batch Output These lines are ignored by the interactive WinSpice3 and are only handled by the batch mode versions cspice and bspice They are provided for backward compatibility with SPICE2 5 4 1 SAVE Lines General form SAVE vector vector vector Examples SAVE i vin input output SAVE mi1 id SAVE ALL The vectors listed on the SAVE line are recorded in the rawfile for use later with WinSpice3 The standard vector names are accepted 53 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual If no SAVE
101. hrough the source to the negative node POLY ND only has to be specified if the source is multi dimensional one dimensional is the default If specified ND is the number of dimensions which must be positive VNI VN2 are the names of voltage sources through which the controlling current flows one name must be specified for each dimension The direction of positive controlling current flow is from the positive node through the source to the negative node of each voltage source PO P1 P2 Pn are the polynomial coefficients The optional initial condition is the initial guess at the value s of the controlling current s in Amps If not specified 0 0 is assumed The polynomial specifies the source current as a function of the controlling current s The first example above describes a current source with value I 1E 3 1 3E 3 I VCC 4 2 3 4 Current Controlled Voltage Sources General form HXXXXXXX N N lt POLY ND gt VN1 lt VN2 gt PO lt P1 gt lt IC gt Examples HXY 13 20 POLY 2 VIN1 VIN2 0 0 0 0 1 IC 0 5 1 3 HR 4 17 VX 0 0 1 N and N are the positive and negative nodes respectively POLY ND only has to be specified if the source is multi dimensional one dimensional is the default If specified ND is the number of dimensions which must be positive VN1 VN2 are the names of voltage sources through which the controlling current flows one name must be specified for each dimension The direc
102. ibly after earlier substitutions q Quotes the selected words preventing further substitutions xX Quotes the selected words but breaks the selected text into words at whitespace p Shows prints the new command but doesn t execute it 6 9 4 Special Conventions The following additional special conventions provide abbreviations for commonly used forms of history substitution e An event specification can be omitted from a history substitution if it is followed by a selector that does not start with a digit In this case the event is taken to be the event used in the most recent history reference on the same line if there is one or the preceding event otherwise For example the command Echo quetzal echoes the first and last arguments of the most recent command containing the string quetzal e Ifthe first nonblank character of an input line is the is taken as an abbreviation for s This form provides a convenient way to correct a simple spelling error in the previous line For example if by mistake you typed the command cat etc lasswd you could re execute the command with lasswd changed to passwd by typing Ip e You can enclose a history substitution in braces to prevent it from absorbing the following characters In this case the entire substitution except for the starting must be within the braces For example suppose that you previously issued the command cp accoun
103. in conductance Capacitance due to gate source charge storage Capacitance due to gate drain charge storage Gate Source charge storage Gate Drain charge storage Source current Power dissipated by the mesfet 117 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual MES model parameters input only nmf N type MESfet model pmf P type MESfet model MES model parameters input output Pinch off voltage Pinch off voltage Saturation voltage parameter Transconductance parameter lambda Channel length modulation parm b Doping tail extending parameter rd Drain ohmic resistance rs Source ohmic resistance G S junction capacitance G D junction capacitance Gate junction potential Junction saturation current Forward bias junction fit parm Flicker noise coefficient Flicker noise exponent MES model parameters output only type N type or P type MESfet model gd Drain conductance gs Source conductance depl_cap Depletion capacitance verit Critical voltage 10 17 Mos1 Level 1 MOSFET model with Meyer capacitance model off Device initially off ic Vector of D S G S B S voltages Mos1 instance parameters input output l Length w Width ad Drain area Source area Drain perimeter Source perimeter Drain squares Source squares Initial D S voltage Initial G S voltage Initial B S voltage Instance temperature 118 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual Mos instance parameters output only Drain current So
104. inSpice This is needed because different versions of BSIM3 are not compatible with each other in term of the model parameters The version is selected by placing a VERSION x x x option in the MODEL line as follows VERSION 3 1 BSIM3 v3 1 VERSION 3 2 BSIM3 v3 2 Omitted BSIM3 v3 2 2 37 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual The DC characteristics of the level 1 through level 3 MOSFETs are defined by the device parameters VTO KP LAMBDA PHI and GAMMA These parameters are computed by WinSpice3 if process parameters NSUB TOX are given but user specified values always override WTO is positive negative for enhancement mode and negative positive for depletion mode N channel P channel devices Charge storage is modelled by three constant capacitors CGSO CGDO and CGBO which represent overlap capacitances by the non linear thin oxide capacitance which is distributed among the gate source drain and bulk regions and by the non linear depletion layer capacitances for both substrate junctions divided into bottom and periphery These vary as the MJ and MJSW power of junction voltage respectively and are determined by the parameters CBD CBS CJ CJSW MJ MJSW and PB Charge the piecewise linear voltages dependent capacitance model proposed by Meyer models storage effects The thin oxide charge storage effects are treated slightly different for the LEVEL 1 model These voltage dependent capacitances are included only if TO
105. include line may be used to copy some other file as if that second file appeared in place of the include line in the original file There is no restriction on the file name imposed by SPICE beyond those imposed by the local operating system 3 5 2 LIB Lines General form LIB filename Examples LIB users spice common bipolar lib This is an extension not found in the Berkeley version of SPICE3 that provides backward compatibility with PSPICE The LIB line is similar to the INCLUDE line except that the specified file is assumed to contain MODEL and SUBCKT definitions WinSpice3 searches for any undefined models or subcircuits in the specified file and extracts the required definitions and pastes them into the circuit The main difference is that 11 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual because it only extracts parts of the specified file and does not include the whole file in your circuit the LIB line uses far less memory The input file can have any extension but by convention has the extension lib 12 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual 4 CIRCUIT ELEMENTS AND MODELS Data fields that are enclosed in less than and greater than signs lt gt are optional All indicated punctuation parentheses equal signs etc is optional but indicate the presence of any delimiter Further future implementations may require the punctuation as stated A consistent style adhering to the punctuation shown here m
106. included WinSpice3 computes the DC small signal value of the transfer function output input input resistance 52 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual and output resistance For the first example WinSpice3 would compute the ratio of V 5 3 to VIN the small signal input resistance at VIN and the small signal output resistance measured across nodes 5 and 3 5 3 9 TRAN Transient Analysis General form TRAN TSTEP TSTOP lt TSTART lt TMAX gt gt Examples TRAN 1NS 100NS TRAN 1NS 1000NS 500NS TRAN 10NS 1US TSTEP is the printing or plotting increment for line printer output For use with the post processor TSTEP is the suggested computing increment TSTOP is the final time and TSTART is the initial time If TSTART is omitted it is assumed to be zero The transient analysis always begins at time zero In the interval lt zero TSTART gt the circuit is analysed to reach a steady state but no outputs are stored In the interval lt TSTART TSTOP gt the circuit is analysed and outputs are stored TMAX is the maximum step size that WinSpice3 uses By default the program chooses either TSTEP or TSTOP TSTART 50 0 whichever is smaller TMAX is useful when one wishes to guarantee a computing interval that is smaller than the printer increment TSTEP UIC use initial conditions is an optional keyword that indicates that the user does not want WinSpice3 to solve for the quiescent operating point before beginning t
107. ine with leading white space to be a comment 3 3 MODEL Device Models General form MODEL MNAME TYPE PNAME1 PVAL1 PNAME2 PVAL2 Examples MODEL MOD1 NPN BF 50 IS 1E 13 VBF 50 Most simple circuit elements typically require only a few parameter values However some devices semiconductor devices in particular that are included in WinSpice3 require many parameter values Often many devices in a circuit are defined by the same set of device model parameters For these reasons a set of device model parameters is defined on a separate MODEL line and assigned a unique model name The device element lines in WinSpice3 then refer to the model name For these more complex device types each device element line contains the device name the nodes to which the device is connected and the device model name In addition other optional parameters may be specified for some devices geometric factors and an initial condition see the following section on Transistors and Diodes for more details 9 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual MNAME in the above is the model name and type is one of the following types R Semiconductor resistor model e Semiconductor capacitor model SW Voltage controlled switch VSWITCH CSW Current controlled switch ISWITCH URC Uniform distributed RC model LTRA Lossy transmission line model D Diode model NPN NPN BJT model PNP PNP BJT model NJF N channel JFET model
108. int is determined with the terminal voltages for that device set to zero After convergence is obtained the program continues to iterate to obtain the exact value for the terminal voltages If a circuit has more than one DC stable state the OFF option can be used to force the solution to correspond to a desired state If a device is specified OFF when in reality the device is conducting the program still obtains the correct solution assuming the solutions converge but more iterations are required since the program must independently converge to two separate solutions The NODESET control line serves a similar purpose as the OFF option The NODESET option is easier to apply and is the preferred means to aid convergence The second form of initial conditions is specified for use with the transient analysis These are true initial conditions as opposed to the convergence aids above See the description of the IC control line and the TRAN control line for a detailed explanation of initial conditions 30 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual 4 4 1 Dxxxx Junction Diodes General form DXXXXXXX N N MNAME lt AREA gt lt OFF gt lt IC VD gt lt TEMP T gt Examples DBRIDGE 2 10 DIODE1 DCLMP 3 7 DMOD 3 0 IC 0 2 N and N are the positive and negative nodes respectively MNAME is the model name AREA is the area factor and OFF indicates an optional starting condition on the device for DC analysis If
109. ircuit After convergence has been obtained the program continues iterating to obtain the exact value for the controlling variable Hence to reduce the computational effort for the de operating point or if the polynomial specifies a strong nonlinearity a value fairly close to the actual controlling variable should be specified for the initial condition 4 2 3 1 Voltage Controlled Current Sources General form GXXXXXXX N N lt POLY ND gt NC1 NC1 PO lt P1 gt lt IC gt Examples G1 105 3 0 0 1M GR 17 3 17 3 0 1M 1 5M IC 2V GMLT 23 17 POLY 2 3 5 12 0 1M 17M 3 5U IC 2 5 1 3 N and N are the positive and negative nodes respectively Current flow is from the positive node through the source to the negative node POLY ND only has to be specified if the source is multi dimensional one dimensional is the default If specified ND is the number of dimensions which must be positive NC1 NC1 are the positive and negative controlling nodes respectively One pair of nodes must be specified for each dimension PO P1 P2 Pn are the polynomial coefficients The optional initial condition is the initial guess at the value s of the controlling voltage s If not specified 0 0 is assumed The polynomial specifies the source current as a function of the controlling voltage s The second example above describes a current source with value I 1E 3 V 17 3 1 5E 3 V 17 3 2 note that since the source nodes ar
110. ise to the circuit equivalent to the output noise referred to the specified input source This is done for every frequency point in a specified range the calculated value of the noise corresponds to the spectral density of the circuit variable viewed as a stationary gaussian stochastic process After calculating the spectral densities noise analysis integrates these values over the specified frequency range to arrive at the total noise voltage current over this frequency range This calculated value corresponds to the variance of the circuit variable viewed as a stationary gaussian process 2 8 Analysis At Different Temperatures All input data for WinSpice3 is assumed to have been measured at a nominal temperature of 27 C which can be changed by use of the TNOM parameter on the OPTION control line This value can further be overridden for any device which models temperature effects by specifying the TNOM parameter on the model itself The circuit simulation is performed at a temperature of 27 C unless overridden by a TEMP parameter on the OPTION control line Individual instances may further override the circuit temperature through the specification of a TEMP parameter on the instance Temperature dependent support is provided for resistors capacitors diodes JFETs BJTs and level 1 2 and 3 MOSFETs BSIM levels 4 and 5 MOSFETs have an alternate temperature dependency scheme that adjusts all of the model parameters before input to SPICE
111. ktname where the nodes are the node names that replace the formal parameters on the subckt line All nodes that are not formal parameters are prepended with the name given to the instance and a as are the names of the devices in the subcircuit If there are several nested subcircuits node and device names look like subckt1 subckt2 name If the variable subinvoke is set then it is used as the prefix that specifies instances of subcircuits instead of x WinSpice3 occasionally checks to see if it is getting close to running out of space and warns the user if this is the case 6 14 Bugs When defining aliases like alias pdb plot db Miri Es2 4 you must be careful to quote the argument list substitutions in this manner If you quote the whole argument it might not work properly In a user defined function the arguments cannot be part of a name that uses the plot vec syntax For example define check v 1 cos tranl v 1 does not work If you type plot all all or otherwise use a wildcard reference for one plot twice in a command the effect is unpredictable The asciiplot command doesn t deal with log scales or the delta keywords WinSpice3 recognises all the notations used in SPICE2 plot cards and translates vp 1 into ph v 1 and so forth However if there are spaces in these names it won t work Hence v 1 2 and 5 5 aren t recognised BJTs can have either 3 or 4 nodes which makes it difficult for the s
112. l charge fixed and mobile 1 0 5 0 coefficient MOS2 only flicker noise coefficient ae ae 1 0e 26 AR flicker noise exponent 10 Coefficient for forward bias depletion capacitance formula DELTA width effect on threshold voltage MOS2 and MOS3 The level 4 and level 5 BSIM1 and BSIM2 parameters are all values obtained from process characterisation and can be generated automatically J Pierret 4 describes a means of generating a process file and the program Proc2Mod provided with WinSpice3 converts this file into a sequence of BSIM1 MODEL lines suitable for inclusion in a WinSpice3 input file Parameters marked below with an in the I w column also have corresponding parameters with a length and width dependency For example VFB is the basic parameter with units of Volts and LVFB and WVFB also exist and have units of Volt micrometer The formula P By P P effective W fective L is used to evaluate the parameter for the actual device specified with L fective bee DL and W spective W nput z DW Note that unlike the other models in WinSpice3 the BSIM model is designed for use with a process characterisation system that provides all the parameters thus there are no defaults for the parameters and leaving one out is considered an error For an example set of parameters and the format of a process file see the SPICE2 implementation notes 3 For more information on BSIM2 see reference 5 40
113. l line Also one should not confuse this line with the NODESET line The NODESET line is only to help DC convergence and does not affect final bias solution except for multi stable circuits The two interpretations of this line are as follows 1 When the UIC parameter is specified on the TRAN line then the node voltages specified on the IC control line are used to compute the capacitor diode BJT JFET and MOSFET initial conditions This is equivalent to specifying the IC parameter on each device line but is much more convenient The IC parameter can still be specified and takes precedence over the IC values Since no DC bias initial transient solution is computed before the transient analysis one should take care to specify all DC source voltages on the IC control line if they are to be used to compute device initial conditions 2 When the UIC parameter is not specified on the TRAN control line the DC bias initial transient solution is computed before the transient analysis In this case the node voltages specified on the IC control line are forced to the desired initial values during the bias solution During transient analysis the constraint on these node voltages is removed This is the preferred method since it allows SPICE to compute a consistent DC solution 5 3 Analyses 5 3 1 AC Small Signal AC Analysis General form AC DEC ND FSTART FSTOP AC OCT NO FSTART FSTOP AC LIN NP FSTART FSTOP Exa
114. line is given then the default set of vectors is saved all node voltages and voltage source branch currents If SAVE lines are given only those vectors specified are saved For more discussion on internal device data see Appendix B See also the section on the interactive command interpreter for information on how to use the rawfile The interactive version of this statement is described in section 6 12 38 5 4 2 PRINT Lines General form PRINT PRTIYPE OV1 lt OV2 OV8 gt Examples PRINT TRAN V 4 I VIN PRINT DC V 2 I VSRC V 23 17 PRINT AC VM 4 2 VR 7 VP 8 3 The Print line defines the contents of a tabular listing of one to eight output variables PRTYPE is the type of the analysis DC AC TRAN NOISE or DISTO for which the specified outputs are desired SPICE2 restricts the output variable to the following forms though this restriction is not enforced by WinSpice3 V N1 lt N2 gt specifies the voltage difference between nodes N1 and N2 If N2 and the preceding comma is omitted ground 0 is assumed For AC analysis V N1 lt N2 gt gives the magnitude of the complex voltage For compatibility with SPICE2 the following five additional values can be accessed for the AC analysis by replacing the V in V N1 N2 with Vv magnitude same as VM below VR real part VI imaginary part VM magnitude VP phase in radians or degrees see the units variable description VDB 20 log10 magnitude I
115. lk current Gate Source voltage Drain Source voltage Bulk Source voltage Bulk Drain voltage Number of drain node gnode Number of gate node snode Number of source node bnode Number of bulk node dnodeprime Number of internal drain node snodeprime Number of internal source node von Turn on voltage vdsat Saturation drain voltage sourceverit Critical source voltage drainverit Critical drain voltage rs sourceconductance rd drainconductance gm Source resistance Source conductance Drain resistance Drain conductance Transconductance gds Drain Source conductance gmb Bulk Source transconductance Bulk Source transconductance Bulk Drain conductance Bulk Source conductance Bulk Drain capacitance Bulk Source capacitance Gate Source capacitance Gate Drain capacitance Gate Bulk capacitance cbd0 Zero Bias B D junction capacitance cbdsw0 cbs0 Zero Bias B S junction capacitance cbssw0 Capacitance due to gate source charge storage Capacitance due to gate drain charge storage Capacitance due to gate bulk charge storage Capacitance due to bulk drain charge storage Capacitance due to bulk source charge storage Gate Source charge storage Gate Drain charge storage Gate Bulk charge storage Bulk Drain charge storage Bulk Source charge storage Instantaneous power 122 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual Mos2 model parameters input only nmos N type MOSFET model pmos P type MOSFET model Mos2 model parameters input o
116. lysis Note Solutions 5 and 6 should be used as a last resort because they will not produce a valid DC operating point for the circuit All supplies turned ON However if your aim is to get to the transient analysis then solutions 5 and 6 may help you get there and possibly uncover the hidden problems plaguing the DC analysis along the way 7 5 2 DC Sweep Convergence Solutions 1 Check circuit topology and connectivity This is the same as 0 in DC analysis Set ITL2 100 in the OPTIONS statement Example OPTIONS ITL2 100 Increases the number of DC iterations WinSpice3 will go through before giving up 2 Make the steps in the DC sweep larger or smaller Example From DE VEC O08 Tir To DE VCE 0T 02 Discontinuities in the SPICE models can cause convergence problems Larger steps can help to bypass the discontinuities while smaller steps can help WinSpice3 find the intermediate answers that will be used to find non converging point 3 Do not use the DC sweep analysis 92 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual Example From DC VEC 0 Se VCC 1 0 To TRAN 01 1 VCC 1 0 PULSE 0 5 0 1 In many cases it is more effective and efficient to use the transient analysis by ramping the appropriate voltage and or current sources than to use the DC analysis 7 5 3 Transient Convergence Solutions 1 Check circuit topology and connectivity This is similar to 0 in DC analysis 2 Set RELTOL 01 in the OPTIONS
117. may result in severe civil and criminal penalties and will be prosecuted to the maximum extent possible under law Make sure you read the readme txt file which might contain some useful information and give details of how to contact the author it is amazing how many people don t read ANY of the documents when in doubt RTFM Note that WinSpice3 adds no files to the Windows directories 1 2 Running WinSpice3 Click on Start point to Programs and find the WinSpice3 popout Click on wspice3 to run the program The following window or something like it will appear im Z SPICE3 WSPICE3 EXE LoL Eile Help Program WinSpice version 6 03 based on Berkeley Spice 3f5 a Date built Jul 16 1998 00 53 31 Type help for more information quit to leave WinSpice 1 gt This window emulates a terminal window as is seen in versions of Spice3 running on Unix machines At this point WinSpice3 will accept numerous commands typed in at the keyboard see section 6 12 for details of the commands supported The command interpreter is based on the Unix C shell and it is possible to write complex programs with it For example the setplot command see section 6 12 42 is implemented using such a script look in the lib script directory in the directory WinSpice3 is installed in for the script However since you haven t read that far yet the quickest way of running a simulation is to open one of th
118. mmarise the parameters available on each of the devices and models in note that for some systems with limited memory output parameters are not available There are several tables for each type of device supported by WinSpice3 Input parameters to instances and models are parameters that can occur on an instance or model definition line in the form keyword value where keyword is the parameter name as given in the tables Default input parameters such as the resistance of a resistor or the capacitance of a capacitor obviously do not need the keyword specified Output parameters are those additional parameters which are available for many types of instances for the output of operating point and debugging information These parameters are specified as device keyword and are available for the most recent point computed or if specified in a save statement for an entire simulation as a normal output vector Thus to monitor the gate to source capacitance of a MOSFET a command save ml cgs given before a transient simulation causes the specified capacitance value to be saved at each timepoint and a subsequent command such as plot m1 cgs produces the desired plot Note that the show command does not use this format Some variables are listed as both input and output and their output simply returns the previously input value or the default value after the simulation has been run Some parameters are input only because the output
119. mples AC DEC 10 1 10K AC DEC 10 1K 100MEG AC LIN 100 1 100HZ DEC stands for decade variation and ND is the number of points per decade OCT stands for octave variation and NO is the number of points per octave LIN stands for linear variation and NP is the number of points FSTART is the starting frequency and FSTOP is the final frequency If this line is included in the input file WinSpice3 performs an AC analysis of the circuit over the specified frequency range Note that in order for this analysis to be meaningful at least one independent source must have been specified with an AC value 48 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual 5 3 2 DC DC Transfer Function General form DC SRCNAM VSTART VSTOP VINCR SRC2 START2 STOP2 INCR2 Examples DC VIN 0 25 5 0 0 25 DC VDS 0 10 lt 5 VGS O 5 1 DC VCE 0 10 25 IB 0 10U 1U The DC line defines the DC transfer curve source and sweep limits again with capacitors open and inductors shorted SRCNAM is the name of an independent voltage or current source VSTART VSTOP and VINCR are the starting final and incrementing values respectively The first example causes the value of the voltage source VIN to be swept from 0 25 Volts to 5 0 Volts in increments of 0 25 Volts A second source SRC2 may optionally be specified with associated sweep parameters In this case the first source is swept over its range for each value of the second source This option c
120. nb sss i i lt C VDS dependence of n Threshold voltage offset AT VDS 0 VBS 0 Length dependence of vof0 __ VBS dependence of vof Length dependence of vofb Width dependence of f vofb S VDS d dependence of vof Width dependence of vofd 109 27 09 01 vglow WinSpice3 User Manual VBS dependence of ai Length d dependence ofbi0 Exponential factor of hot electron effect _ Width dependence of bi0 7 VBS d dependence of bi Width dependence of bib Upper bound of the cubic spline function Width dependence of vghigh Tenk dependence of vglow Gate o oxide thickness i in um Lower bound of the cubic spline function Maximum Vds Gate source overlap capacitance per unit channel width m Gate drain overlap capacitance per unit channel width m Flag for channel charge partitioning Maximum Vgs i i iti Source drain diffusion sheet resistance in ohm per square Source drain junction built in potential Source drain bottom junction capacitance per unit area Default width of source drain diffusion 1 in um ee Canaan Source drain Junction saturation current per unit area Source drain side junction capacitance grading coefficient Length r reduction of source drain diffusion E 110 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual Capacitor instance parameters output only Capacitor model parameters input only c Capacito
121. nd there is no built in command with that name the directories in the sourcepath list see section 6 2 are searched in order for the file If it is found it is read in as a command file as if it had been loaded using the source command see section 6 12 49 Before it is read however the variable arge is set to the number of words following the filename on the command line and argv is set to a list of those words After the file is finished these variables are unset Note that if a command file calls another it must save its argv and argc since they are altered Also command files may not be re entrant since there are no local variables of course the procedures may explicitly manipulate a stack This way one can write scripts analogous to UNIX shell scripts for WinSpice3 Note that for the script to work with WinSpice3 it must begin with a blank line or whatever else since it is thrown away and then a line with control on it This is an unfortunate result of the source command being used for both circuit input and command file execution Note also that this allows the user to merely type the name of a circuit file as a command and it is automatically run The commands are executed immediately without running any analyses that may be specified in the circuit to execute the analyses before the script executes include a run command in the script C shell type quoting with and and backquote substitution may be used Within si
122. ndition specification using IC VDS VGS is intended for use with the UIC option on the TRAN control line when a transient analysis is desired starting from other than the quiescent operating point See the IC control line for a better way to set initial conditions The optional TEMP value is the temperature at which this device is to operate and overrides the temperature specification on the OPTION control line 4 4 3 1 JFET Models NJF PJF WinSpice provides two JFET models LEVEL 1 gt Shichman Hodges LEVEL 2 gt Parker Skellern FET model see 9 The Level 1 JFET model is derived from the FET model of Shichman and Hodges The Level 2 model is an alternative model by Anthony Parker at Macquarie University In both models the DC characteristics are defined by the parameters VTO and BETA which determine the variation of drain current with gate voltage LAMBDA which determines the output conductance and IS the saturation current of the two gate junctions Two ohmic resistances RD and RS are included Charge storage is modelled by non linear depletion layer capacitances for both gate junctions which vary as the 1 2 power of junction voltage and are defined by the parameters CGS CGD and PB 35 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual BETA transconductance parameter B LAMBDA channel length modulation parameter A drain ohmic resistance source ohmic resistance CGS zero bias G S junction capacitance Cgs zer
123. ng and the relevant SPICE input file If you have defined BUGADDR the mail is delivered to there NOTE this command does not work yet but it seems too useful to take out Future versions of WinSpice3 will use this command to email bug reports to the author 6 12 6 Cd Change directory General Form cd directory Change the current working directory to directory Displays the current directory if directory is not given 6 12 7 Cross Create a new vector General Form cross vecname n vectorl vector2 Create a new vector vecname from index n in each of the input vectors n 0 selects the first item in each vector If any input vector is complex then the output vector will be complex The index value n may be a constant or a vector If n is not scalar only the first value in the vector is used If n is a complex vector only the real part is used This command can be used to get the nth value in a vector e g cross val 5 v 3 let index 5 cross val index v 3 Both of the above are equivalent The second example uses scalar vector index to fetch the 6 item in vector v 3 6 12 8 Dc Perform a DC sweep analysis General Form dc Source Name Vstart Vstop Vincr Source2 Vstart2 Vstop2 Vincr2 Do a DC transfer curve analysis See the previous sections of this manual for more details 6 12 9 Define Define a function General Form define function argl arg2 expression Define the user de
124. ngle quotes no further substitution like history substitution is done and within double quotes the words are kept together but further substitution is done Any text between backquotes is replaced by the result of executing the text as a command to the shell If any command takes a filename the filename must be enclosed in double quotes if the filename contains spaces as is permitted in Windows long filenames You may type multiple commands on one line separated by semicolons There are various command scripts installed in lib scripts where is the directory containing the EXE file and the default sourcepath variable includes this directory so you can use these command files almost like built in commands In fact the setplot command is actually implemented as a script in this way 6 2 Variables The operation of WinSpice3 may be affected by setting variables with the set command In addition to the variables mentioned below the set command in WinSpice3 also affect the behaviour of the simulator via the options previously described under the section on OPTIONS Variables can contain text strings numbers or be Boolean i e have the meaning TRUE or FALSE Variables can be defined and deleted with the set and unset commands see later String and number variables can be defined with a command of the form set variable value Boolean variables are a little odd in that they take the value TRUE if they are defin
125. nts 19 4 2 1 Ixxxx and Vxxxx Independent Sources cccccesesseeseeeseeeseeeeeeeeeeseeeseenseceseeeseeseesneesees 19 Aht PULSEO Pulse e cutie aar th cele GU a ele nae ieee ake 19 4 2 1 2 SIN Sinusoidal sseni eiia REE EE EAER EE Ein 20 4 2 1 3 EXPQ Expotiential rerne innii in ETE E E EERE EN AiK 21 4 2 1 4 PWLO Piece Wise Linear s sesesseeseeseeseseesersesessesstsresresrsteseesessesreseseeseeseesessts 21 4 2 1 5 SFFM Single Frequency FM s seessesesseesesseesersesserorsossorseverssessesossonrovsersrssesorsese 22 4 2 2 Linear Dependent Sources xii cei po cocks oesesussaceensh odeteseeeeeteeeicny seeeieedcees tay larccentengeeceae 22 4 2 2 1 Gxxxx Linear Voltage Controlled Current Sources cceesseseseeeeeeeeeeeeeseeseenes 22 4 2 2 2 Exxxx Linear Voltage Controlled Voltage Sources csesseeseeeeeeeeereeneeeeenes 22 4 2 2 3 Fxxxx Linear Current Controlled Current Sources c cecccescessesseeeseeseeeneeeseeaes 23 i 27 09 01 6 WinSpice3 User Manual 4 2 2 4 Hxxxx Linear Current Controlled Voltage Sources c cccccecceeseeseeeteeeseeseeeseeees 4 2 3 Non linear Dependent Sources using POLY cccsccesesseesseeseeeseeeseeeseesseeeeeeeeseeeneesees 4 2 3 1 Voltage Controlled Current Sources ccceecceeseesseeseeeseeseeeeeesceeseeeseeseeeseenseenseeaes 4 2 3 2 Voltage Controlled Voltage SOurces ccccecccescesseesseeseeeseeseeeceeeeeesecsseeseeerens
126. number If varname is the name of a list variable it is shifted to the left by number elements i e the number leftmost elements are removed The default varname is argv and the default number is 1 6 12 47 Show List device state General Form show show devs params show devs params devs params show dev dev dev param param param dev dev param param show t param param param t param param The show command prints out tables summarising the operating condition of selected devices much like the SPICE2 operation point summary e If device is missing a default set of devices are listed e If device is a single letter devices of that type are listed e If device is a subcircuit name beginning and ending in only devices in that subcircuit are shown end the name in a double to get devices within sub subcircuits recursively The second and third forms may be combined letter subcircuit or letter subcircuit to select a specific type of device from a subcircuit A device s full name may be specified to list only that device Finally devices may be selected by model by using the form modelname or subcircuit modelname or letter subcircuit modelname If no parameters are specified the values for a standard set of parameters are listed If the list of parameters contains a the default set of parameters is listed along with any other specified parameters For both devices and parame
127. o bias G D junction capacitance Cgq gate junction saturation current Ig coefficient for forward bias depletion capacitance formula 4 4 4 Mxxxx MOSFETs General form MXXXXXXX ND NG NS NB MNAME lt L VAL gt lt W VAL gt lt AD VAL gt lt AS VAL gt lt PD VAL gt lt PS VAL gt lt NRD VAL gt lt NRS VAL gt lt OFF gt lt IC VDS VGS VBS gt lt TEMP T gt Examples M1 24 2 0 20 TYPE1 M31 2 17 6 10 MODM L 5U W 2U M1 2 9 3 0 MOD1 L 10U W 5U AD 100P AS 100P PD 40U PS 40U ND NG NS and NB are the drain gate source and bulk substrate nodes respectively MNAME is the model name L and W are the channel length and width in meters AD and AS are the areas of the drain and source diffusions in meters Note that the suffix U specifies microns le 6 m and P sq microns le 12 m2 36 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual If any of L W AD or AS are not specified the default values defined by the OPTION control line variables DEFL DEFW DEFAD and DEFAS are used see section 5 1 The use of defaults simplifies input file preparation as well as the editing required if device geometry s are to be changed PD and PS are the perimeters of the drain and source junctions in meters and default to 0 0 NRD and NRS designate the equivalent number of squares of the drain and source diffusions these values multiply the sheet resistance RSH specified on the MODEL control line for an ac
128. oA 69 3 Modifiers Sante ee ee OA ASN AR Se ACE IE BROS a 69 4 Special Conventions sseni E E E E EE ad rarenteusnoovewel E AE 6 10 Filename Expansions hrenn n a E E RRE NEEE aeea ESSEE ii 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual 6 11 Control Structures isorine iie a ea aa a a A A ad vec ence a Arse 69 GALA While End i 5scaianciaainiaiisndnaiainvs qarnideins naiaiaeiianenaeinaaraenien 69 6 11 2 Repeat End cnni dial addin al endiwaaaialainda dala diiindiaiiiedien 69 67113 Dowhileie Bind eis ee hea eee ek Relea le estes Ree take tea tadees A ai ia 69 GTA r Roreach Endr reien Me ket hee latte ee die ata deed aS Rl eA 70 GTS The Theis Elsie 28 siete a eden de tenes heat ence aun E ETA a 70 RENE SL PARE AEEA RA E A EE E A RA EES 70 eP E E E0 E E E 70 Ce Eo Do nE Ta LI AATE E T 70 6 119 Break isiesyinenikuei ese o e a a o eens Quem a ete 70 6 12 Commands ensesine en ei nb dae aa a n a btn 71 6 12 1 Ac Perform an AC frequency response analysis cccccescesseeeeeseeeseeeseeeseeeseeseeeaeenseens 71 6 12 2 Alias Create an alias for a command ce eecesceeseesseeeceeseeeseeeseceeecseeeseenseensesseeeeenseens 71 6 12 3 Alter Change a device or model parameter ccceeccesseesceeseeeseeseeeeeeseeeseeeeeeseeeseeeaeens 71 6 12 4 Asciiplot Plot values using old style character plots cccsccesceeseeeseeeseeseeeeeseeeteeeaeens 71 6 12 5 Bug Mail a bug report renererien RNE a E K ae 72 6 1226 Cd Chan s
129. oesie iii ni E E cou consa consoscvees 4 4 3 Jxxxx Junction Field Effect Transistors JFETS ccccccccscccsssceesseesecessecessecesseeeseeeenes 4 4 3 1 JFET Models NJF PIF ccceccecessssesseseeeecesceecseesceecseesceesaeeceaecaeeeaeeaeeeeaeeaeeeeaeeees AAA MEXXX MOSFET Siirteen e se ctoccas otek EEE ete Bosca yidoal vedo wiecuates E panes 4 4 4 1 MOSFET Models NMOS PMOS ccccscsssessesseseeesceseeseeseeseeseesecsecseeseseeeereesseaes AAD LEEXKEMESEB SS cessive sascsoisveteses aesnpecaesiga EE E E E E AE 4 4 5 1 MESFET Models NMF PMEB ccccccessessessesscesesseesceseeseeseesecseesecseeseeeeseeenseeseenes ANALYSES AND OUTPUT CONTROL 1 0 cccceccccscesseseeseeseeseeseeseeseceeeeseeseeseesecsecsecsecesneeeseeseeaes 5 1 OPTIONS Simulator Variable Sceire anei REEE 5 2 Initial Conditions dhien a a a a a a a aa 5 2 1 NODESET Specify Initial Node Voltage Guesses cccccccsceeseeeseeeseeseeeseeeseeseeesseeaeens 2 2 ICsSet Initial Conditions sciri i i E E ER EK R E 5 3 INEI DAT E E tes AR estes aba stes ie sh E T TOA 5 3 1 AC Small Signal AC Analysis 0 ccccccccecscessceecsseeeseeseeeeeeseeeseceseeseesseseaeensecseeeneeeaeens 5 3 27 DC DC Transfer FUNCIO ine eers a e E EE EEEE EREE ERR 5 3 3 DISTO Distortion Analysis kanonen ne E E E E E 5 3 4 NOISE Noise Analysis e srcsnrnisirinenii irian i E E R a 5 3 5 OP Operating Point Analysis cccecceccsseessceseeeseesecesecesecesecseeeeeeseces
130. of end 1 of t line pos_node2 Positive node of end 2 of t line neg node2 Negative node of end 2 of t line 116 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual LTRA model parameters input output LTRA model Resistance per metre Inductance per metre null Capacitance per metre len Length of line nocontrol No timestep control steplimit Always limit timestep to 0 8 delay of line nosteplimit Don t always limit timestep to 0 8 delay of line lininterp Use linear interpolation quadinterp Use quadratic interpolation mixedinterp Use linear interpolation if quadratic results look unacceptable truncnr Use N R iterations for step calculation in LTRAtrunc truncdontcut Don t limit timestep to keep impulse response calculation errors low compactrel Special reltol for straight line checking compactabs Special abstol for straight line checking LTRA model parameters output only rel Rel rate of change of deriv for bkpt abs Abs rate of change of deriv for bkpt 10 16 MES GaAs MESFET model Area factor Initial D S voltage Initial G S voltage MES instance parameters output only Device initially off Number of drain node Number of gate node Number of source node dprimenode Number of internal drain node sprimenode Number of internal source node vgs Gate Source voltage ved Gate Drain voltage Gate capacitance Drain capacitance Gate Drain capacitance Transconductance Drain Source conductance Gate Source conductance Gate Dra
131. of magnitude in the OPTIONS statement Add the OFF keyword to semiconductors especially diodes that may be causing convergence problems The OFF keyword tells WinSpice3 to first solve the operating point with the device off Then the device is turned on and the previously found operating point is used as a starting condition for the final operating point 6 Change DC power supplies into PULSE statements 91 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual Example From VEG 1 01S BC To vcc 1 0 PULSE 0 15 This allows the user to selectively turn on certain power supplies just like in real life This is sometimes known as the Pseudo Transient method Use a reasonable rise time in the PULSE statement to simulate realistic turn on for example V1 10 PULSE 05 0 1U would provide a 5 volt supply with a turn on of 1 microsecond The first value after the 5 voltage in this case 0 is the turn on delay that can be used to let the circuit settle down before turning on the power supply 7 UIC Example TRAN 1N 100N UIC Insert the UIC keyword in the TRAN statement UIC means Use Initial Conditions UIC will cause WinSpice3 to completely by pass the DC analysis You should add any applicable IC and IC initial conditions statements to assist in the initial stages of the transient analysis Note this solution is not viable when you want to perform an AC analysis because the AC analysis must be proceeded by an operating point AC Ana
132. of the form output voltage input voltage and the other of the form output voltage input current These two types of transfer functions cover all the cases and one can find the poles zeros of functions like input output impedance and voltage gain The input and output ports are specified as two pairs of nodes The pole zero analysis works with resistors capacitors inductors linear controlled sources independent sources BJTs MOSFETs JFETs and diodes Transmission lines are not supported The method used in the analysis is a sub optimal numerical search For large circuits it may take a considerable time or fail to find all poles and zeros For some circuits the method becomes lost and finds an excessive number of poles or zeros 2 5 Small Signal Distortion Analysis The distortion analysis portion of WinSpice3 computes steady state harmonic and intermodulation products for small input signal magnitudes If signals of a single frequency are specified as the input to the circuit the complex values of the second and third harmonics are determined at every point in the circuit If there are signals of two frequencies input to the circuit the analysis finds out the complex values 5 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual of the circuit variables at the sum and difference of the input frequencies and at the difference of the smaller frequency from the second harmonic of the larger frequency Distortion analysis is supported for th
133. of view of accuracy but occasionally increases computation time A value greater than 2 eliminates all breakpoints and may be worth trying depending on the nature of the rest of the circuit keeping in mind that it might not be safe from the viewpoint of accuracy Breakpoints may usually be entirely eliminated if it is expected the circuit will not display sharp discontinuities Values between 0 and 1 are usually not required but may be used for setting many breakpoints COMPACTREL may also be experimented with when the option TRYTOCOMPACT is specified in a OPTIONS card The legal range is between 0 and 1 Larger values usually decrease the accuracy of the simulation but in some cases improve speed If TRYTOCOMPACT is not specified on a OPTIONS card history compaction is not attempted and accuracy is high NOCONTROL TRUNCDONTCUT and NOSTEPLIMIT also tend to increase speed at the expense of accuracy 4 3 3 Uxxxx Uniform Distributed RC Lines Lossy General form UXXXXXXX N1 N2 N3 MNAME L LEN lt N LUMPS gt Examples U1 1 2 0 URCMOD L 50U URC2 1 12 2 UMODL 1 1MIL N 6 N1 and N2 are the two element nodes the RC line connects while N3 is the node to which the capacitances are connected MNAME is the model name LEN is the length of the RC line in meters LUMPS if specified is the number of lumped segments to use in modelling the RC line see the model description for the action taken if this parameter is omitted 4
134. oint of a simple differential pair In addition the ac small signal response is computed over the frequency range 1Hz to OOMEGHz SIMPLE DIFFERENTIAL PAIR vec 7 0 12 VEE 8 0 12 VIN 1 0 AC 1 RSI 1 2 1K RS2 6 0 1K Q1 3 2 4 MODI Q2 5 6 4 MODI RGI SI 3 10K RC2 7 5 10K RE 4 8 10K MODEL MOD1 NPN BF 50 VAF 50 IS 1 E 12 RB 100 CJC 5PF TF 6NS TF V 5 VIN AC DEC 10 1 100MEG END 9 2 Circuit 2 MOSFET Characterisation The following deck computes the output characteristics of a MOSFET device over the range 0 10V for VDS and 0 5V for VGS MOS OUTPUT C OPTIONS NODE NOPAGE HARACTERISTICS VDS 3 0 VGS 2 0 M1 1 2 0 0 MOD1 L 4U W 6U AD 10P AS 10P VIDS MEASURES ID WE COULD HAVE USED VDS BUT ID WOULD BE NEGATIVE VIDS 3 1 MODEL MOD1 NMOS VTO 2 NSUB 1 0E15 U0 550 DC VDS 0 10 0 VGS 0D I END 9 3 Circuit 3 RTL Inverter The following deck determines the DC transfer curve and the transient pulse response of a simple RTL inverter The input is a pulse from 0 to 5 Volts with delay rise and fall times of 2ns and a pulse width of 30ns The transient interval is 0 to 100ns with printing to be done every nanosecond SIMPLE RTL INVERTER vec 4 0 5 VIN 1 0 PULSE 0 5 2NS 2NS 2NS 30NS RB 1s 2 10K Q1 3 2 0 Q1 RC 3 4 1K MODEL Q1 NPN BF 20 RB 100 TF 1NS CJC 2PF SDC VIN 0D OT
135. or of DS GS BS initial voltages Length Width EE Dranarea Drain perimeter Source perimeter Number of squares in source Device is initially off Initial G S voltage R Initial B S voltage Flag to indicate PMOS 104 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual BSIM1 model parameters input output Flat band voltage Strong inversion surface potential Length dependence of phi _ Width d dependence of phi eel Bulk effect coefficient i Length d dependence ofkl SSJ Width dependence of k1 Length dependence of k2 Width dependence of k2 JJS VDS dependence of threshold voltage Length dependence of eta CCCs Length dependence of x2e VDS dependence of tee Length dependence of x3e Width dependence of x3e TO Channel length reduction in um Zero field mobility at VDS 0 VGS VTH VBS dependence of muz Width dependence of x2mz Mobility a at VDS VDD VGS VTH channel length modulation Length dependence of mus Width dependence of mus ss TZIZ Length dependence of x2ms Width dependence of x2ms Length dependence of x3ms Width dependence of x3ms VGS dependence of mobility Length d dependence of u0 E aH VBS dependence of u0 VDS dependence of mobility velocity saturation Length dependence oful Width dependence of ul Width dependence of x2ul 105 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual VDS dependence of ul Width dependence of x3ul l Sub threshold slope _ ee
136. or use with the UIC option on the TRAN control line when a transient analysis is desired starting from other than the quiescent operating point See the IC control line for a better way to set initial conditions 4 4 5 Zxxxx MESFETs General form ZXXXXXXX ND NG NS MNAME lt AREA gt lt OFF gt lt IC VDS VGS gt Examples Z1 7 2 3 ZM1 OFF 4 4 5 1 MESFET Models NMF PMF The MESFET model is derived from the GaAs FET model of Statz et al as described in 11 The DC characteristics are defined by the parameters VTO B and BETA which determine the variation of drain current with gate voltage ALPHA which determines saturation voltage and LAMBDA which determines the output conductance The formula are given by 42 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual AA Ea Yi 3 Tae y 1 1 a g 1 AV for ea B V Ve so 3 1 Ta AV for Veer Two ohmic resistances RD and RS are included Charge storage is modelled by total gate charge as a function of gate drain and gate source voltages and is defined by the parameters CGS CGD and PB e fme fae foe enim OF fu f p es fe re preamen i T LAMBD channel length modulation 1 V A parameter drain ohmic resistance source ohmic resistance CGS zero bias G S junction capacitance CGD zero bias G D junction capacitance PB gate junction potential t KF flicker noise coefficient flicker noise exponent FC coefficient for forward bias depletion
137. ortion output signifies cos 2J 2F 1 t at 2F1 and cos 2J 3F1 t at 3F1 using the convention that 1 at the input fundamental frequency is equivalent to cos 2JF1t The distortion component desired 2F1 or 3F1 can be selected using commands in WinSpice3 and then printed or plotted normally one is interested primarily in the magnitude of the harmonic components so the magnitude of the AC distortion value is looked at It should be noted that these are the AC values of the actual harmonic components and are not equal to HD2 and HD3 To obtain HD2 and HD3 one must divide by the corresponding AC values at F1 obtained from a AC line This division can be done using WinSpice3 commands If the optional FROVERF1 parameter is specified it should be a real number between and not equal to 0 0 and 1 0 in this case DISTO does a spectral analysis It considers the circuit with sinusoidal inputs at two different frequencies F1 and F2 F1 is swept according to the DISTO control line options exactly as in the AC control line F2 is kept fixed at a single frequency as F1 sweeps the value at which it is kept fixed is equal to FZOVERF 1 times FSTART Each independent source in the circuit may potentially have two superimposed sinusoidal inputs for distortion at the frequencies F1 and F2 The magnitude and phase of the F1 component are specified by the arguments of the DISTOF1 keyword in the source s input line see the description of independent sources
138. ot the given exprs on the screen if you are on a graphics terminal The xlimit and ylimit arguments determine the high and low x and y limits of the axes respectively The xindices arguments determine what range of points are to be plotted everything between the xilo th point and the xihi th point is plotted The xcompress argument specifies that only one out of every comp points should be plotted If an xdelta or a ydelta parameter is present it specifies the spacing between grid lines on the X and Y axis These parameter names may be abbreviated to xl yl xind xcomp xdel and ydel respectively The xname argument is an expression to use as the scale on the x axis If xlog or ylog are present then the X or Y scale respectively is logarithmic loglog is the same as specifying both The xlabel and ylabel arguments cause the specified labels to be used for the X and Y axes respectively If samep is given the values of the other parameters other than xname from the previous plot hardcopy or asciiplot command is used unless re defined on the command line The title argument is used in the place of the plot name at the bottom of the graph 76 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual The linear keyword is used to override a default log scale plot as in the output for an AC analysis Different styles of plot can be selected via the linplot pointplot and combplot keywords Specifying linplot gives a plot where each point is connec
139. ou issue when you start WinSpice being number one For complex commands such as for that consist of more than one line only the first line makes its way to the history list The history 66 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual variable specified how many events are retained on the history list You can view the history list with the history command see section 6 12 20 on Page 74 These are the forms of an event in a history substitution The preceding event Typing is an easy way to reissue the previous command ln Event number n l n The nth previous event For example 1 refers to the immediately preceding event and is equivalent to Istr The unique previous event whose name starts with str str The unique previous event containing the string str The closing can be omitted if it is followed by a newline 6 9 2 Selectors You can select a subset of the words of an event by attaching a selector to the event A history substitution without a selector includes all of the words of the event These are the possible selectors for selecting words of the event 0 The command name The first argument The last argument n The nth argument n gt 1 Nn1 N2 Words n through n2 Words 1 through x Words x through xX Words x through 1 x Words 0 through x The word matched by the preceding str search The colon preceding a selector can be omi
140. our nodes are distinct in the actual circuit then two modes may be excited To simulate such a situation two transmission line elements are required see the example in Appendix A for further clarification The optional initial condition specification consists of the voltage and current at each of the transmission line ports Note that the initial conditions if any apply only if the UIC option is specified on the TRAN control line Note that a lossy transmission line see below with zero loss may be more accurate than the lossless transmission line due to implementation details 4 3 2 Oxxxx Lossy Transmission Lines General form OXXXXXXX N1 N2 N3 N4 MNAM Gl Examples 023 1 0 2 0 LOSSYMOD OCONNECT 10 5 20 5 INTERCONNECT This is a two port convolution model for single conductor lossy transmission lines N1 and N2 are the nodes at port 1 N3 and N4 are the nodes at port 2 Note that a lossy transmission line with zero loss may be more accurate than the lossless transmission line due to implementation details 4 3 2 1 Lossy Transmission Line Model LTRA The uniform RLC RC LC RG transmission line model referred to as the LTRA model henceforth models a uniform constant parameter distributed transmission line The RC and LC cases may also be 27 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual modelled using the URC and TRA models however the newer LTRA model is usually faster and more accurate than the o
141. pice3 User Manual 6 12 15 Echo Print text General Form echo text Echoes the given text to the screen 6 12 16 Edit Edit the current circuit General Form edit file Open the current WinSpice3 input file in the editor and allow the user to modify it While the editor is running WinSpice3 watches for the original file to be updated and if so reads the file back in Ifa filename is given then edit that file and load it making the circuit the current one By default Windows Notepad is used This can be changed by setting the environment variable editor see section 6 2 e g WinSpice3 18 gt set editor c program files accessories wordpad exe WinSpice3 19 gt edit 6 12 17 Fourier Perform a fourier transform General Form fourier fundamental frequency value Does a fourier analysis of each of the given values using the first 10 multiples of the fundamental frequency or the first nfreqs if that variable is set see below The output is like that of the four WinSpice3 line The values may be any valid expression The values are interpolated onto a fixed space grid with the number of points given by the fourgridsize variable or 200 if it is not set The interpolation is of degree polydegree if that variable is set or 1 If polydegree is 0 then no interpolation is done This is likely to give erroneous results if the time scale is not monotonic though 6 12 18 Hardcopy Save a plot to a file for
142. pression in fa the function argument fv p0 p1 fa p2 fa 2 p3 fa 3 p4 fa 4 p5 fa 5 Suppose now that the function is two dimensional with arguments fa and fb Then the function value fv is determined by the following expression fv p0 pl fa p2 fb p3 fa 2 p4 fa fb p5 fb 2 p6 fa 3 p7 fa 2 fb p8 fa fb 2 p9 fb 3 Consider now the case of a three dimensional polynomial function with arguments fa fb and fc Then the function value fv is determined by the following expression 23 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual fv p0 pl fa p2 fb p3 fc p4 fa 2 p5 fa fb p6 fa fc p7 fb 2 p8 fb fc p9 fc 2 pl0 fa 3 p11 fa 2 fb p12 fa 2 fc p13 fa fb 2 p14 fa fb fc pl5 fa fc 2 pl6 fb 3 p17 fb 2 fc p18 fb fc 2 p19 fc 3 p20 fa 4 Note if the polynomial is one dimensional and exactly one coefficient is specified then SPICE assumes it to be p1 and p0 0 0 in order to facilitate the input of linear controlled sources For all four of the dependent sources described below the initial condition parameter is described as optional If not specified WinSpice assumes 0 the initial condition for dependent sources is an initial guess for the value of the controlling variable The program uses this initial condition to obtain the dc operating point of the c
143. printing General Form hardcopy file plotargs Just like plot except creates a file called file containing the plot The file is an image in plot 5 format and can be printed by either the plot 1 program or Ipr with the g flag 6 12 19 Help Print summaries of WinSpice3 commands General Form help all command Prints help If the argument all is given a short description of everything you could possibly type is printed If commands are given descriptions of those commands are printed Otherwise help for only a few major commands is printed 6 12 20 History Review previous commands General Form history number Print out the history or the last number commands typed at the keyboard 74 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual 6 12 21 Iplot Incremental plot General Form iplot node Example iplot v 1 v 2 Incrementally plot the values of the nodes while WinSpice3 runs The iplot command can be used with the where command to find trouble spots in a transient simulation The iplot command adds a form of visual trace to the circuit See the trace command section 6 12 56 for a different type of trace that is available Several iplot commands may be active at once Iplotting is not applicable for all analyses To remove an iplot trace entry use the delete command see section 6 12 10 To display a list of iplots use the status command see section 6 12 51 6 12 22 Let Assign a value to a
144. r model Default width First order temp coefficient Second order temp coefficient First order voltage coefficient Width correction factor 10 7 CCCS Current controlled current source CCCS instance parameters input output gain Gain of source control Name of controlling source CCCS instance parameters output only neg node Negative node of source pos_node Positive node of source i CCCS output current CCCS voltage at output CCCS power 10 8 CCVS Linear current controlled current source CCVS instance parameters input output gain Transresistance gain control Controlling voltage source 111 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual CCVS instance parameters output only pos_node Positive node of source neg node Negative node of source CCVS output current CCVS output voltage CCVS power 10 9 CSwitch Current controlled ideal switch CSwitch instance parameters input only Initially closed Initially open CSwitch instance parameters input output control Name of controlling source CSwitch instance parameters output only pos_node Positive node of switch neg node Negative node of switch i Switch current Instantaneous power CSwitch model parameters input output Current controlled switch model Threshold current Hysteresis current Closed resistance Open resistance Control current to switch on Control current to switch off CSwitch mod
145. r of source node drain prime node Internal drain node source prime node Internal source node vgs Voltage G S vgd Voltage G D ig Current at gate node Current at drain node Source current Current G D Transconductance Conductance D S Conductance G S Conductance G D Charge storage G S junction Charge storage G D junction Capacitance due to charge storage G S junction Capacitance due to charge storage G D junction Power dissipated by the JFET 115 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual JFET model parameters input output N type JFET model P type JFET model Threshold voltage Threshold voltage Transconductance parameter Channel length modulation param Drain ohmic resistance Source ohmic resistance G S junction capacitance G D junction cap Gate junction potential Gate junction saturation current Forward bias junction fit parm Doping tail parameter Parameter measurement temperature Flicker Noise Coefficient Flicker Noise Exponent JFET model parameters output only N type or P type JFET model Drain conductance Source conductance 10 15 LTRA Lossy transmission line LTRA instance parameters input only ic Initial condition vector v1 i1 v2 i2 LTRA instance parameters input output Initial voltage at end 1 Initial voltage at end 2 Initial current at end 1 Initial current at end 2 LTRA instance parameters output only pos_nodel Positive node of end of t line neg nodel Negative node
146. results iin 10 1m AC ew Tio kK noise v 1 iin dec 10 10 100k 1 print noise onoise end A sample session showing how WinSpice3 stores the results is shown below Spice 1 gt run Noise analysis Spice 2 gt setplot Type the name of the desired plot new New plot Current noise2 simple resistor circuit Integrated Noise V or A noisel simple resistor circuit Noise Spectral Density Curves V or A sqrt Hz const Constant values constants noisel Spice 3 gt display Here are the vectors currently active Title simple resistor circuit Name noisel Noise Spectral Density Curves V or A sqrt Hz Date Tue Aug 20 23 35 17 1996 frequency frequency real 41 long grid xlog default scale inoise spectrum voltage real 41 long onoise rl voltage real 41 long onoise spectrum voltage real 41 long Spice 4 gt The onoise_rl plot contains the noise contributions of resistor rl at each frequency point If the last option on the noise line had been omitted this vector would not have been created NOTE in SPICE2 the syntax for noise lines was different and SPICE2 required an AC line to be present The AC line is not required for WinSpice3 For your information to make the circuit above work on SPICE2 the noise line above would need to be replaced by ac dec 10 10 100k noise v 1 iin 1 5 3 5 OP Operating Point Analysis General form OP The inclusion o
147. rlier versions of SPICE2 are still accepted Modified Gummel Poon BJT Parameters mee ene e ne a p pamm G a G Me far wie G e wf ne pomara x uti foo C fe ro fs gt EC G Me p eer G e wf se peno G o e 33 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual B C leakage emission coefficient rae current where base resistance falls halfway to its A infinite min value minimum base resistance at high currents coerce e pemanan o T pme Te a on example area Nn z Ss p mesic vcr p emera narioa fag o peamees fe e fraction of B C depletion capacitance connected to internal base node ideal reverse transit time S infinite e 5 imee fo p ee fewer fa fer T B 7 temperature exponent for effect on IS flicker noise coefficient 34 27 09 01 a U U Nn 05 ies WinSpice3 User Manual coefficient for forward bias depletion capacitance formula TNOM Parameter measurement temperature pena 4 4 3 Jxxxx Junction Field Effect Transistors JFETs General form JXXXXXXX ND NG NS MNAME lt AREA gt lt OFF gt lt IC VDS VGS gt lt TEMP T gt Examples J1 7 2 3 JM1 OFF ND NG and NS are the drain gate and source nodes respectively MNAME is the model name AREA is the area factor and OFF indicates an optional initial condition on the device for DC analysis If the area factor is omitted a value of 1 0 is assumed The optional initial co
148. rom it s initial state overriding the affect of any set or alter commands In SPICE 3e and earlier versions this was done automatically by the run command 6 12 34 Reshape Alter the dimensionality or dimensions of a vector General Form reshape vector vector or reshape vector vector dimension dimension or reshape vector vector dimension dimension This command changes the dimensions of a vector or a set of vectors The final dimension may be left off and it will be filled in automatically Ifno dimensions are specified then the dimensions of the first vector are copied to the other vectors An error message of the form dimensions of x were inconsistent can be ignored 6 12 35 Resume Continue a simulation after a stop General Form resume Resume a simulation after a stop or interruption control C 6 12 36 Run Run analysis from the input file General Form run rawfile Run the simulation loaded by a previous source command If there were any of the control lines ac op tran or dc they are executed The output is put in rawfile if it was given in addition to being available interactively 6 12 37 Rusage Resource usage General Form rusage resource Print resource usage statistics If any resources are given just print the usage of that resource Most resources require that a circuit be loaded 78 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual Currentl
149. ronics Research Laboratory University of California Berkeley May 1985 J R Pierret A MOS Parameter Extraction Program for the BSIM Model ERL Memo Nos ERL M84 99 and M84 100 Electronics Research Laboratory University of California Berkeley November 1984 Min Chie Jeng Design and Modeling of Deep Submicrometer MOSFETSs ERL Memo Nos ERL M90 90 Electronics Research Laboratory University of California Berkeley October 1990 Soyeon Park Analysis and SPICE implementation of High Temperature Effects on MOSFET Master s thesis University of California Berkeley December 1986 Clement Szeto Simulator of Temperature Effects in MOSFETs STEIM Master s thesis University of California Berkeley May 1988 J S Roychowdhury and D O Pederson Efficient Transient Simulation of Lossy Interconnect Proc of the 28th ACM IEEE Design Automation Conference June 17 21 1991 San Francisco A E Parker and D J Skellern An Improved FET Model for Computer Simulators IEEE Trans CAD vol 9 no 5 pp 551 553 May 1990 R Saleh and A Yang Editors Simulation and Modeling IEEE Circuits and Devices vol 8 no 3 pp 7 8 and 49 May 1992 H Statz et al GaAs FET Device and Circuit Simulation in SPICE IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices V34 Number 2 February 1987 pp160 169 96 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual 9 APPENDIX A EXAMPLE CIRCUITS 9 1 Circuit 1 Differential Pair The following deck determines the DC operating p
150. s in the original Spice3 The default value is 1 GMIN Sets the value of GMIN the minimum conductance allowed by the program The default value is 1 0e 12 ITL1 x Sets the DC iteration limit The default is 100 ITL2 Sets the DC transfer curve iteration limit The default is 50 x ITL3 x Sets the lower transient analysis iteration limit The default value is 4 Note not implemented in WinSpice3 ITL4 x Sets the transient analysis timepoint iteration limit The default is 10 ITL5 x Sets the transient analysis total iteration limit A value of 0 the default disables this limit KEEPOPINFO Retain the operating point information when an AC Distortion or Pole Zero analysis is run This is particularly useful if the circuit is large and you do not want to run a redundant OP analysis 45 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual METHOD name Sets the numerical integration method used by SPICE Possible names are Gear or trapezoidal or just trap The default is trapezoidal MINTIMESTEP x The same as DELMIN PIVREL x Sets the relative ratio between the largest column entry and an acceptable pivot value The default value is 1 0e 3 In the numerical pivoting algorithm the allowed minimum pivot value is determined by EPSREL AMAX1 PIVREL MAXVAL PIVTOL where MAXVAL is the maximum element in the column where a pivot is sought partial pivoting PIVTOL x Sets the absolute minimum value for a matrix entry to be
151. s the default limiting of the time step based on convolution error criteria in the RLC and RC cases This speeds up simulation but may in some cases reduce the accuracy of results LININTERP is a flag that when specified will use linear interpolation instead of the default quadratic interpolation for calculating delayed signals 28 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual MIXEDINTERP is a flag that when specified uses a metric for judging whether quadratic interpolation is not applicable and if so uses linear interpolation otherwise it uses the default quadratic interpolation TRUNCDONTCUT is a flag that removes the default cutting of the time step to limit errors in the actual calculation of impulse response related quantities COMPACTREL and COMPACTABS are quantities that control the compaction of the past history of values stored for convolution Larger values of these lower accuracy but usually increase simulation speed These are to be used with the TRYTOCOMPACT option described in the OPTIONS section TRUNCNR is a flag that turns on the use of Newton Raphson iterations to determine an appropriate timestep in the timestep control routines The default is a trial and error procedure by cutting the previous timestep in half REL and ABS are quantities that control the setting of breakpoints The option most worth experimenting with for increasing the speed of simulation is REL The default value of is usually safe from the point
152. seeeseeeseenseeneeeaeens 87 6 12 62 Unlet Delete Vectors eceecceccesseeseeesecececsceeseceseceeeseeeseesseeeseeeseceeecaeceseseseseeeseeeeseeeatens 87 6 12 63 Unset Clear a variable rione enera e aee a aAa Rn RER SOTEER ee Tr NESER 87 6 12 64 Version Print the version of WinSpice ssessesseeseesseseseessrseeseeseesessessessrsreseesessessesrese 87 6 12 65 Where Identify troublesome node or device sssssssesssssssessesrssersresesssssessrsresseseeseesess 87 6 12 66 Write Write data to a filenisspinisninaissienriia nnie a i a i i 87 6 137 Miscellaticous ii2 0 8s ap ugnen ea iti a tne ele 88 OAs ABURS csc ssh sain cs fesse sasnch ate sensenda a antecsdcaadetslntaceauteadvenouascea teva suendte css scuaheiesavetne 88 7 CONVERGENCE oranie a aE AREE A fie POLO A RA 89 7 1 Solving Convergence Problems s0c 2s rt Sees Relves E E R E A 89 7 2 What is Convergence or Non Convergence ccccscceseeseeeseeeeeeeceseenseeeseceeesseeseenseenseeaes 89 7 3 SPICE3 New Convergence Algorithms sssssssssesserseeseeseesessesresrrseesessessestesrseesesseesessesee 90 7 4 Non Convergence Error Messages Indications cescesseeeseeeseeseeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeseenseenseeeenaeens 90 7 5 Conver geniGe Solutions nian e e e a a a a a aa 90 Tat DECConv rgeice Solitons niece enr EE E R ROEE SEE EEK teas 90 7 5 2 DC Sweep Convergence Solutions en n ERE E EE EEE 92 7 5 3 Transient Convergence Solutions cccccccec
153. set word set word value Set the value of word to be value if it is present You can set any word to be any value numeric or string If no value is given then the value is the boolean true The value of word may be inserted into a command by writing word Ifa variable is set to a list of values that are enclosed in parentheses which must be separated from their values by white space the value of the variable is the list The variables used by WinSpice3 are listed in section 6 2 6 12 41 Setcirc Change the current circuit General Form setcirc circuit name The current circuit is the one that is used for the simulation commands below When a circuit is loaded with the source command see below it becomes the current circuit WinSpice3 maintains a list of circuits which have been loaded into the system The length of this list is defined by the value of the environment variable maxcircuits which to conserve memory is set to 1 by default 80 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual 6 12 42 Setplot Switch the current set of vectors General Form setplot plotname Set the current plot to the plot with the given name or if no name is given prompt the user with a menu Note that the plots are named as they are loaded with names like tranl or op2 These names are shown by the setplot and display commands and are used by diff below If the New plot item is selected the current plot becomes one with no vectors
154. should specify a format supported by the printer The length of the page for asciiplot and print col The number of events to save in the history list Iprplot5 String This is a printf 3s style format string used to specify the command to use for sending plot 5 style plots to a printer or plotter The first parameter supplied is the printer name the second parameter supplied is a file name containing the plot Both parameters are strings It is trivial to cause WinSpice3 to abort by supplying an unreasonable format string Iprps String This is a printf 3s style format string used to specify the command to use for sending PostScript plots to a printer or plotter The first parameter supplied is the printer name the second parameter supplied is a file name containing the plot Both parameters are strings It is trivial to cause WinSpice3 to abort by supplying a unreasonable format string maxcircuits Number The maximum number of circuits that WinSpice3 will store When a circuit is opened with the source command and the number of circuits exceeds this value the earliest circuit is deleted A list of circuits in the system can be displayed using the setcire command see section 6 12 41 for details 58 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual nfreqs Number The number of frequencies to compute in the fourier command Defaults to 10 Don t have asciiplot and print col break between pages noasciiplotvalue Boolean Don t print the
155. ssion coefficient i Ideal reverse beta nn Reverse emission coefficient Reverse E Early voltage D Reverse E Early voltage same as var reverse beta roll off corner current B C leakage saturation current B C leakage emission coefficient Current for base resistance rb rbm 2 Minimum base resistance Collector resistance Zero bias B E depletion capacitance rrr CMS B E built i in potential B E builti in potential same as vje BE junction grading coefficient B E junction grading coefficient same as mje Ideal forward transit time Coefficient for bias dependence of TF TTT High current dependence of TF Excess phase __B C built in potential B C built i in potential same as vo B C junction grading coefficient B C junction grading coefficient same as mjc Zero bias C S capacitance Substrate junction built in potential same as vjs Forward and reverse beta temp exp Energy gap for IS temp dependency 103 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual Temp exponent for IS Parameter measurement temperature NPN or PNP invearlyvoltr Inverse early voltage reverse invrollofff Inverse roll off forward i itt iti i O O OC invrolloffr Inverse roll off reverse collectorconduct Collector conductance TTN emitterconduct Emitter conductance ZZZZZZUNZZUNCOS excessphasefactor Excess phase fact 10 4 BSIM1 Berkeley Short Channel IGFET Model ic Vect
156. sting Print a listing of the current circuit General Form listing logical physical deck expand If the logical argument is given the listing is with all continuation lines collapsed into one line and if the physical argument is given the lines are printed out as they were found in the file The default is logical A deck listing is just like the physical listing except without the line numbers it recreates the input file verbatim except that it does not preserve case If the word expand is present the circuit is printed with all subcircuits expanded 6 12 25 Load Load rawfile data General Form load filename Loads either binary or ASCII format rawfile data from the files named The default filename is rawspice raw or the argument to the r flag if there was one 6 12 26 Noise Perform a noise analysis General Form noise V OUTPUT lt REF gt SRC DEC LIN OCT PTS FSTART FSTOP lt PTS PER SUMMARY gt See section 5 3 4 for details of this command 6 12 27 Op Perform an operating point analysis General Form Op Do an operating point analysis See section 5 3 5 of this manual for more details 6 12 28 Plot Plot values on the display General Form plot exprs ylimit ylo yhi xlimit xlo xhi xindices xilo xihi xcompress comp xdelta xdel ydelta ydel xlog ylog loglog vs xname xlabel word ylabel word title word samep linear linplot combplot pointplot Pl
157. storage Gate Bulk charge storage Bulk Drain charge storage Instantaneous power 125 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual Mos3 model parameters input only nmos N type MOSFET model pmos P type MOSFET model Mos3 model parameters input output Threshold voltage Threshold voltage Transconductance parameter Bulk threshold parameter Surface potential Drain ohmic resistance Source ohmic resistance B D junction capacitance B S junction capacitance Bulk junction sat current Bulk junction potential Gate source overlap cap Gate drain overlap cap Gate bulk overlap cap Sheet resistance Bottom junction cap per area Bottom grading coefficient Side junction cap per area Side grading coefficient Bulk jct sat current density Oxide thickness Lateral diffusion Surface mobility Surface mobility Forward bias jet fit parm Substrate doping Gate type Surface state density Maximum carrier drift velocity Junction depth Fast surface state density Depletion layer width alpha Alpha eta Vds dependence of threshold voltage delta Width effect on threshold input delta null Vgs dependence on mobility Kappa Parameter measurement temperature Flicker noise coefficient Flicker noise exponent 126 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual Mos3 model parameters output only type N channel or P channel MOS 10 20 Mos6 Level 6 MOSFET model with Meyer capacitance model Mos6 instance parameters input only off
158. ted to the next by a line If pointplot is used the points are represented by a character with no joining lines The combplot is drawn with a vertical line from each point to the X axis The plot type can also be specified via the plotstyle variable e g set plotstyle combplot The if a plot style is given in the plot command this overrides the variable Finally the keyword polar to generate a polar plot To produce a smith plot use the keyword smith Note that the data is transformed so for smith plots you will see the data transformed by the function x 1 x 1 To produce a polar plot with a smith grid but without performing the smith transform use the keyword smithgrid 6 12 29 Print Print values General Form print col line expr Prints the vector described by the expression expr If the col argument is present print the vectors named side by side If line is given the vectors are printed horizontally col is the default unless all the vectors named have a length of one in which case line is the default The options width length and nobreak are effective for this command see asciiplot If the expression is all all of the vectors available are printed Thus print col all gt file prints everything in the file in SPICE2 format The scale vector time frequency is always in the first column unless the variable noprintscale is true 6 12 30 Pz Perform a Pole Zero Analysis General Form NODE2 NO NODE pz NODE
159. ters the word all has the obvious meaning For example show all all shows all output parameters in all devices Note there must be spaces separating the that divides the device list from the parameter list 6 12 48 Showmod List model parameter values General Form showmod models parameters The showmod command operates like the show command above but prints out model parameter values The applicable forms for models are a single letter specifying the device type letter letter subckt modelname subckt modelname or letter subcircuit modelname 6 12 49 Source Read a WinSpice3 input file General Form source file For WinSpice3 Read the WinSpice3 input file 83 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual WinSpice3 commands may be included in the file and must be enclosed between the lines control and endc These commands are executed immediately after the circuit is loaded so a control line ofac works the same as the corresponding ac card The first line in any input file is considered a title line and not parsed but kept as the name of the circuit The exception to this rule is the file spiceinit Thus a WinSpice3 command script must begin with a blank line and then with a control line Also any line beginning with the characters is considered a control line This makes it possible to embed commands in WinSpice3 input files that are ignored by SPICE2 Lines beginning with the character
160. the OPTION control line 4 1 1 3 Semiconductor Resistor Model R The resistor model consists of process related device data that allow the resistance to be calculated from geometric information and to be corrected for temperature 13 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual The parameters available are TC1 first order temperature coefficient ae o f TC2 second order temperature coefficient Q C2 foo e C panov mmo ocean Yon Joo 9 The sheet resistance is used with the narrowing parameter and L and W from the resistor device to determine the nominal resistance by the formula L NARROW W NARROW R RSH DEFW is used to supply a default value for W if one is not specified for the device If either RSH or L is not specified then the standard default resistance value of 1k Z is used TNOM is used to override the circuit wide value given on the OPTIONS control line where the parameters of this model have been measured at a different temperature After the nominal resistance is calculated it is adjusted for temperature by the formula R T R T 1 FC TAR STC r is 4 1 2 Cxxxx Capacitors 4 1 2 1 Simple Capacitors General form CXXXXXXX N N VALUE lt IC INCOND gt Examples CBYP T30 TUE COSC LT 23 LOU 1LC 3V N and N are the positive and negative element nodes respectively VALUE is the capacitance in Farads The optional initial condition is the initial time zero value of
161. the area factor is omitted a value of 1 0 is assumed The optional initial condition specification using IC VD is intended for use with the UIC option on the TRAN control line when a transient analysis is desired starting from other than the quiescent operating point The optional TEMP value is the temperature at which this device is to operate and overrides the temperature specification on the OPTION control line 4 4 1 1 Diode Model D The DC characteristics of the diode are determined by the parameters IS and N An ohmic resistance RS is included Charge storage effects are modelled by a transit time TT and a non linear depletion layer capacitance which is determined by the parameters CJO VJ and M The temperature dependence of the saturation current is defined by the parameters EG the energy and XTI the saturation current temperature exponent The nominal temperature at which these parameters were measured is TNOM which defaults to the circuit wide value specified on the OPTIONS control line Reverse breakdown is modelled by an exponential increase in the reverse diode current and is determined by the parameters BV and IBV both of which are positive numbers 31 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual mae mee we oe om a is awe dee fe a E T transit time B E ga saturation current temp exp 3 0 3 0 jn 2 0 Sbd coefficient for forward bias depletion capacitance formula ee e e e 4 4 2 Qxxxx
162. the magnitude and phase of the F2 component are specified by the 49 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual arguments of the DISTOF2 keyword The analysis produces plots of all node voltages branch currents at the intermodulation product frequencies F1 F2 F1 F2 and 2 F1 F2 vs the swept frequency F1 The IM product of interest may be selected using the Setplot command and displayed with the print and plot commands It is to be noted as in the harmonic analysis case the results are the actual AC voltages and currents at the intermodulation frequencies and need to be normalised with respect to AC values to obtain the IM parameters If the DISTOF1 or DISTOF2 keywords are missing from the description of an independent source then that source is assumed to have no input at the corresponding frequency The default values of the magnitude and phase are 1 0 and 0 0 respectively The phase should be specified in degrees It should be carefully noted that the number FZOVERF1 should ideally be an irrational number Since this is not possible in practice efforts should be made to keep the denominator in its fractional representation as large as possible certainly above 3 for accurate results That is if FROVERF1 is represented as a fraction A B where A and B are integers with no common factors B should be as large as possible Note that A lt B because FLOVERF 1 is constrained to be lt 1 To illustrate why consider the cases where FALOV
163. thers are The operation of the LTRA model is based on the convolution of the transmission line s impulse responses with its inputs see 8 The LTRA model takes a number of parameters some of which must be given and others that are optional parameter default example So resistance length inductance length conductance length capacitance length length of line ia no default breakpoint control arbitrary unit 1 3 65e 12 1 0 ABS breakpoint control NOSTEPLIMIT don t limit timestep to less not set than line delay NOCONTROL don t do complex timestep control MIXEDINTERP use linear when quadratic seems bad COMPACTREL special reltol for history compaction COMPACTABS special abstol for history compaction TRUNCNR use Newton Raphson method not set for timestep control TRUNCDONTCUT don t limit timestep to keep impulse response errors low The following types of lines have been implemented so far RLC uniform transmission line with series loss only RC uniform RC line LC lossless transmission line and RG distributed series resistance and parallel conductance only Any other combination will yield erroneous results and should not be tried The length LEN of the line must be specified not set RELTOL ABSTOL p D ga U NOSTEPLIMIT is a flag that will remove the default restriction of limiting time steps to less than the line delay in the RLC case NOCONTROL is a flag that prevent
164. tion before the Transient analysis No Convergence in DC analysis PIVTOL Error WinSpice3 programs will issue Gmin Source Stepping Failed or Singular Matrix messages DC SWEEP Analysis No Convergence in DC analysis at Step xxx DC Transient TRAN Internal timestep too small IMPORTANT NOTE The suggestions listed below are applicable to most SPICE programs especially if they are Berkeley SPICE compatible 7 5 Convergence Solutions 7 5 1 DC Convergence Solutions 1 Check the circuit topology and connectivity OPTIONS NODE LIST will provide a nice summary print out of the nodal connections Common mistakes e Make sure all of the circuit connections are valid Check for incorrect node numbering or dangling nodes e Make sure you didn t use the letter O instead of a zero 0 e Check for syntax mistakes Make sure you used the correct SPICE units MEG instead of M for 1E6 e Check for a DC path to ground from every node 90 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual e Ensure that there are two connections at each node e No loops of inductors or voltage sources e No series capacitors or current sources e Have ground node 0 somewhere in the circuit Be careful when using floating grounds a large valued resistor connected from the floating point to ground may be needed e Check to see that voltage current generators are at their proper values e Check to see that dependent source gains are correct
165. tion of positive controlling current flow is from the positive node through the source to the negative node of each voltage source PO P1 P2 Pn are the polynomial coefficients The optional initial condition is the initial guess at the value s of the controlling current s in Amps If not specified 0 0 is assumed The polynomial specifies the source voltage as a function of the controlling current s The first example above describes a voltage source with value V I VIN1 I VIN2 25 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual 4 2 4 Bxxxx Non linear Dependent Sources General form BXXXXXXX N N lt I EXPR gt lt V EXPR gt Examples Bl 0 1 I cos v 1 sin v 2 B1 0 1 V ln cos log v 1 2 2 v 3 44 v 2 v 1 Bl 3 4 I 17 B1 3 4 V exp pi i vdd N is the positive node and N is the negative node The values of the V and I parameters determine the voltages and currents across and through the device respectively If I is given then the device is a current source and if V is given the device is a voltage source One and only one of these parameters must be given The small signal AC behaviour of the non linear source is a linear dependent source or sources with a proportionality constant equal to the derivative or derivatives of the source at the DC operating point The expressions given for V and I may be any function of voltages and currents through voltage sources in the system Only the D
166. ts money 68 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual Then the command cps looks for a previous command starting with cps while the command cp s turns into a command cp accounts moneys 6 10 Filename Expansions The characters and have the same effects as they do in the C Shell i e home directory and alternative expansion It is possible to use the wildcard characters and also but only if you unset noglob first This makes them rather useless for typing algebraic expressions so you should set noglob again after you are done with wildcard expansion Note that the pattern abc matches all characters except a b and c 6 11 Control Structures 6 11 1 While End General Form while condition statement end While condition an arbitrary algebraic expression is true execute the statements The condition is an expression involving vector and scalar variables see sections 6 5 and 6 6 For example the following will sweep a resistor value control echo KEKKK KKK KK KKK KKK KKK KKK KKK KKK KKK KKK KKK KKK KKK KK KKK KKKKKKKKKKK echo Sweep altering R1 directly echo KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KK KKK KKK KKK KKK KKK KKK KKK KK KKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKK let res 1 while res lt 100 alter rl resistance res op print v 1 v 2 let res res 5 end endc 6 11 2 Repeat End General Form repeat number statement end Execute the statements number times or forever i
167. tted if the selector does not start with a digit 6 9 3 Modifiers You can modify the words of an event by attaching one or more modifiers Each modifier must be preceded by a colon The following modifiers assume that the first selected word is a file name T Removes the trailing str extension from the first selected word ch Removes a trailing path name component from the first selected word t Removes all leading path name components from the first selected word 67 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual For example if the command ls l usr elsa toys txt has just been executed then the command echo WATE AR A o lel es eS aie se produces the output usr else toys usr elsa toys txt toys The following modifiers enable you to substitute within the selected words of an event If the modifier includes g the substitution applies to the entire event otherwise it applies only to the first modifiable word g s r Substitutes the string r for the string The delimiter may be replaced by any other delimiting character Within the substitution the delimiter can be quoted by escaping it with V If is empty the most recently used string takes its place either a previous or the string str in an event selector of the form str The closing delimiter can be omitted if it is followed by a newline g amp Repeats the previous substitution The following modifiers quote the selected words poss
168. ubcircuit expansion routines to decide what to rename If the fourth parameter has been declared as a model name then it is assumed that there are 3 nodes otherwise it is considered a node To disable this you can set the variable nobjthack which forces BJTs to have 4 nodes for the purposes of subcircuit expansion at least The name param notation might not work with trace iplot etc yet The first line of a command file except for the spiceinit file should be a comment otherwise WinSpice3 may create an empty circuit Files specified on the command line are read before spiceinit is read 88 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual 7 CONVERGENCE Both DC and transient solutions are obtained by an iterative process which is terminated when both of the following conditions hold e The non linear branch currents converge to within a tolerance of 0 1 or 1 picoamp 1 0e 12 Amp whichever is larger e The node voltages converge to within a tolerance of 0 1 or 1 microvolt 1 0e 6 Volt whichever is larger Although the algorithm used in SPICE has been found to be very reliable in some cases it fails to converge to a solution When this failure occurs the program terminates the job Failure to converge in DC analysis is usually due to an error in specifying circuit connections element values or model parameter values Regenerative switching circuits or circuits with positive feedback probably will not converge in the DC
169. ulk effect coefficient i Length d dependence ofkl SSJ Width dependence of k1 Length dependence of k2 Width dependence of k2 JJJYSJS VDS dependence of threshold voltage at VDD 0 Length dependence of eta0 _ V Length dependence of etab Channel length reduction i inm o Channel width reduction i in um Low field mobility at VDS 0 VGS VTH VBS dependence of low field mobility Width dependence of mu0b Mobility at VDS VDD VGS VTH Width dependence of mus VBS dependence of mus TZIUN Length dependence of musb Width dependence of musb Length dependence of mu20 Width dependence of mu20 Length dependence of mu2b Width dependence ofmu NTN VGS dependence of mu2 Length d dependence of mu2g C VDS dependence of mu in linear term Length dependence of mu3b Width dependence of mu3b Width dependence of mu3g 108 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual VDS dependence of mu in linear tne Length d dependence ofmu40 VBS dependence of mu4 VGS dependence of mu4 l w dependence of mu4g Width dependence of ua0 VBS dependence of ua Length dependence of ub0 Length dependence of ubb Width dependence of ubb VDS dependence of mobility ssss i i s si ziS VBS dependence of ul Width dependence of ulb VDS d dependence oful Tenei dependence ofuld Length dependence of n0 Width dependence of nO Length dependence of nb Width dependence of
170. urce current Gate current Bulk current B D junction current B S junction current Gate Source voltage Drain Source voltage Bulk Source voltage Bulk Drain voltage Number of the drain node Number of the gate node snode Number of the source node bnode Number of the node dnodeprime Number of int drain node snodeprime Number of int source node von Turn on voltage vdsat Saturation drain voltage sourceverit Critical source voltage drainverit Critical drain voltage rs Source resistance sourceconductance Conductance of source rd Drain conductance drainconductance Conductance of drain Transconductance Drain Source conductance Bulk Source transconductance Bulk Source transconductance Bulk Drain conductance Bulk Source conductance Bulk Drain capacitance Bulk Source capacitance Gate Source capacitance Gate Drain capacitance Gate Bulk capacitance Capacitance due to gate source charge storage Capacitance due to gate drain charge storage Capacitance due to gate bulk charge storage Capacitance due to bulk drain charge storage Capacitance due to bulk source charge storage Zero Bias B D junction capacitance Zero Bias B S junction capacitance Gate Source charge storage Gate Drain charge storage Gate Bulk charge storage Bulk Drain charge storage Bulk Source charge storage Instantaneous power 119 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual Mos model parameters input only nmos N type MOSFET model pmos P type MOSFET model Mos1
171. urposes See the following section on the interactive command interpreter for the parameters that may be set with a OPTIONS line and the format of the set command Any combination of the following options may be included in any order x below represents some positive number 44 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual ABSTOL x Sets the absolute current error tolerance of the program The default value is 1 picoamp BADMOS3 Use the older version of the MOS3 model with the kappa discontinuity BYPASS x This option when set to a non zero value avoids recomputation of nonlinear functions that do not change with iterations The default value is 0 CAPBRANCH Calculate capacitor branch currents during analyses This is an experimental feature which can cause convergence problems but which may be useful in some cases Sets the charge tolerance of the program The default value is 1 0e 14 Sets the value for MOS drain diffusion area the default is 0 0 Sets the value for MOS source diffusion area the default is 0 0 Sets the value for MOS channel length the default is 100 0 micrometer Sets the value for MOS channel width the default is 100 0 micrometer DELMIN x Sets the minimum timestep value used in transient analyses If WinSpice3 tries to go below this value in attempting to achieve convergence the analysis will be aborted A value of 0 disables the minimum limit Any negative value sets the minimum timestep to 1E 9 TMAX a
172. urrent flow is from the positive node through the source to the negative node VNAM is the name of a voltage source through which the controlling current flows The direction of positive controlling current flow is from the positive node through the source to the negative node of VNAM VALUE is the current gain 4 2 2 4 Hxxxx Linear Current Controlled Voltage Sources General form HXXXXXXX N N VNAM VALUE Examples HX 5 17 VZ 0 5K N and N are the positive and negative nodes respectively VNAM is the name of a voltage source through which the controlling current flows The direction of positive controlling current flow is from the positive node through the source to the negative node of VNAM VALUE is the transresistance in ohms 4 2 3 Non linear Dependent Sources using POLY For compatibility with SPICE2 WinSpice allows circuits to contain dependent sources characterised by any of the four equations i f v v f v i f i v f i where the functions must be polynomials and the arguments may be multidimensional The polynomial functions are specified by a set of coefficients p0 p1 pn Both the number of dimensions and the number of coefficients are arbitrary The meaning of the coefficients depends upon the dimension of the polynomial as shown in the following examples Suppose that the function is one dimensional that is a function of one argument Then the function value fv is determined by the following ex
173. utput Threshold voltage Threshold voltage Transconductance parameter Bulk threshold parameter Surface potential Channel length modulation Drain ohmic resistance Source ohmic resistance B D junction capacitance B S junction capacitance Bulk junction sat current Bulk junction potential Gate source overlap cap Gate drain overlap cap Gate bulk overlap cap Sheet resistance Bottom junction cap per area Bottom grading coefficient Side junction cap per area Side grading coefficient Bulk jet sat current density Oxide thickness Lateral diffusion Surface mobility Surface mobility Forward bias jet fit parm Substrate doping Gate type Surface state density Width effect on threshold Crit field exp for mob deg Crit field for mob degradation Maximum carrier drift velocity Junction depth Total channel charge coeff Fast surface state density Parameter measurement temperature Flicker noise coefficient Flicker noise exponent Mos2 model parameters output only type N channel or P channel MOS 10 19 Mos3 Level 3 MOSFET model with Meyer capacitance model off Device initially off 123 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual Mos3 instance parameters input output Length Width Drain area Source area Drain perimeter Source perimeter Drain squares Source squares Initial D S voltage Initial G S voltage Initial B S voltage Vector of D S G S B S voltages Instance operating temperature
174. uts as specified in plot four and print cards If an out parameter is given on a width card the effect is the same as set width Since WinSpice3 ASCII plots do not use multiple ranges however if vectors together on a plot card have different ranges they do not provide as much information as they would in SPICE2 The output of WinSpice3 is also much less verbose than SPICE2 in that the only data printed is that requested by the above cards 4 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual 2 TYPES OF ANALYSIS 2 1 DC Analysis The DC analysis portion of SPICE determines the DC operating point of the circuit with inductors shorted and capacitors opened The DC analysis options are specified on the DC TF and OP control lines A DC analysis is automatically performed prior to a transient analysis to determine the transient initial conditions and prior to an AC small signal analysis to determine the linearized small signal models for non linear devices If requested the DC small signal value of a transfer function ratio of output variable to input source input resistance and output resistance is also computed as a part of the DC solution The DC analysis can also be used to generate DC transfer curves a specified independent voltage or current source is stepped over a user specified range and the DC output variables are stored for each sequential source value 2 2 AC Small Signal Analysis The AC small signal portion of WinSpice3
175. with the non linear dependent source The following subcircuit will implement a non linear capacitor 26 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual Subckt nlcap pos neg Bx calculate f input voltage Bx 1 0 v f v pos neg Cx linear capacitance Cx 2 0 if Vx Ammeter to measure current into the capacitor Vx 2 1 DC OVolts Drive the current through Cx back into the circuit FX pos neg Vx 1 ends Non linear inductors are similar 4 3 Transmission Lines 4 3 1 Txxxx Lossless Transmission Lines General form T TXXXXXXX N1 N2 N3 N4 Z0 VALUE lt TD VALUE gt lt F FREQ lt NL NRMLEN gt gt lt IC V1 Il V2 I2 gt Examples T1 1 0 2 0 Z0 50 TD 10NS N1 and N2 are the nodes at port 1 N3 and N4 are the nodes at port 2 ZO is the characteristic impedance The length of the line may be expressed in either of two forms The transmission delay TD may be specified directly as TD 10ns for example Alternatively a frequency F may be given together with NL the normalised electrical length of the transmission line with respect to the wavelength in the line at the frequency F If a frequency is specified but NL is omitted 0 25 is assumed that is the frequency is assumed to be the quarter wave frequency Note that although both forms for expressing the line length are indicated as optional one of the two must be specified Note that this element models only one propagating mode If all f
176. y for RF and power devices like RF BJTs and power MOSFETs Many vendors cheat and try to force fit the SPICE MODEL statement to represent a device s behaviour This is a sure sign that the vendor has skimped on quality in favour of quantity Primitive MODEL statements CAN NOT be used to model most devices above 200MHz because of the effect of package parasitics And MODEL statements CAN NOT be used to model most power devices because of extreme non linear behaviour In particular if your vendor uses a MODEL statement to model a power MOSFET throw away the model It s almost certainly useless for transient analysis 6 Reduce the rise fall times of the PULSE sources Example From VCC 1 0 PULSE 0 1 0 0 0 To VCC 1 0 PULSE 0 1 0 1U 1U Again we are trying to smooth strong nonlinearities The pulse times should be realistic not ideal If no rise or fall times are given or if 0 is specified the rise and fall time will be set equal to the TSTEP value in the TRAN statement 7 Change the integration to Gear Example OPTIONS METHOD GEAR Gear should be coupled with a reduction in the RELTOL value Gear integration with a reduction in RELTOL tends to produce answers in the direction of a more stable numerical solution while trapezoidal integration tends to produce a less stable solution Gear integration often produces superior results for power circuitry simulations due to the fact that high frequency rin
177. y valid resources are Accepted timepoints rejected Rejected timepoints e listed incorrectly as Transient iterations per point 79 27 09 01 WinSpice3 User Manual 6 12 38 Save Save a set of output vectors General Form save all vector vector Examples save i vin input output save ml1 id Save a set of output vectors discarding the rest If a vector has been mentioned in a save command it appears in the working plot after a run has completed or in the rawfile if SPICE is run in batch mode Ifa vector is traced or plotted see below it is also saved For backward compatibility if there are no save commands given all outputs are saved When the keyword all appears in the save command all default values node voltages and voltage source currents are saved in addition to any other values listed 6 12 39 Sens Run a sensitivity analysis General Form sens output_variable sens output_variable ac DEC OCT LIN N Fstart Fstop Perform a Sensitivity analysis output_variable is either a node voltage ex v 1 or v A out or a current through a voltage source ex 1 vtest The first form calculates DC sensitivities the second form calculates AC sensitivities The output values are in dimensions of change in output per unit change of input as opposed to percent change in output or per percent change of input 6 12 40 Set Set the value of a variable General Form

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