Fall3d 5.0 Giovanni Macedonio, Arnau Folch and Antonio Costa
Contents
1. 12e7 12 x 107 3 1 1 BLOCK TIME_UTC This block of data defines variables related to time YEAR Simulation year MONTH Simulation month 1 12 DAY Simulation day 1 31 RUN_START_ HOURS_AFTER_00 Run start hour after 0000UTC ERUPTION_END_ HOURS_AFTER_00 Eruption end hour after 0000UTC If the SETSRC program is used to generate the source term this is the time instant at which source is switched off RUN_END_ HOURS_AFTER_00 Run end hour after 0000UTC Note that in general a run should continue even when the source term is switched off i e when the eruption has stop in order to give time for the remaining airborne particles to fall 3 1 2 BLOCK FALL3D This block of data defines the rest of variables needed by the program ZLAYER_ M Heights in m of the z layers in terrain following coordinates i e above the vent It is not necessary to specify the number of vertical layers since it is automatically calculated by the program TERMINAL_VELOCITY_MODEL Type of terminal settling velocity model Possibilities are ARASTOOPOUR Arastoopour et al 1982 GANSER Ganser 1993 WILSON Wilson and Wang 1979 and DELLINO Dellino et al 2005 TERMINAL_VELOCITY_MODEL_FACTOR Model dependent factor For ARASTOOPOUR it is not used For GANSER it is the sphericity w see 12 For WILSON it is the aspect ratio see 14 Finally for DELLINO it is the shape factor Y see 15 VERTICAL_TURBULENCE_MODEL Ty2. MAP_TOTAL_CONCENTRATION YES UNITS KG M3 Z_CUTS_ M 1000 2000 CONTOUR_LEVELS 1e 5 1e 4 Only used if OUTPUT_FILES_IN_PS_FORMAT YES MAP_Z_CUMMULATIVE_CONCENTRATION YES UNITS KG M2 CONTOUR_LEVELS 0 01 0 1 1 10 Only used if OUTPUT_FILES_IN_PS_FORMAT YES MAP_Z_MAXIMUM_CONCENTRATION YES UNITS KG M3 CONTOUR_LEVELS 1e 4 1e 3 Only used if OUTPUT_FILES_IN_PS_FORMAT YES e UNITS Units of MAP_Z_CUMMULATIVE_CONCENTRATION It must be KG M2 e CONTOUR_LEVELS Values of the contour levels for MAP_Z_CUMMULATIVE_CONCENTRATION Only used when OUTPUT_FILES_IN_PS_FORMAT is YES e MAP_Z_MAXIMUM_CONCENTRATION Possibilities are YES or NO If YES MoDELPOSTP plots the max imum value of concentration along the vertical for each point This variable can be useful for flight safety concentration tresholds e UNITS Units of MAP_Z_MAXIMUM_CONCENTRATION It must be KG M3 e CONTOUR_LEVELS Values of the contour levels for MAP_Z_MAXIMUM_CONCENTRATION Only used when OUTPUT_FILES_IN_PS_FORMAT is YES FALL3D 5 0 USER MANUAL 19 6 References Arastoopour H Wang C Weil S 1982 Particle particle interaction force in a dilute gassolid system Chemical Engineering Science 37 1379 1386 Azad A Kitada T 1998 Characteristic of the air pollution in the city of Dhaka Bangladesh in winter Atmos Environ 32 1991 2005 Bursik M 2001 Effect of wind on the rise height of volcanic plumes Geop
3. Vertical coordinate of the layer in m terrain following e ux wind x velocity in m s e uy wind y velocity in m s e T Air temperature in C 5 3 4 The topography file FileTop This is a file in GRD format containing the topography It is used BUILDDBS only when TYPE_OF_DATA PROFILE The file format is described in Table 10 and the meaning of the used symbols is the following e nx Number of cells in the x direction Coincides with the value defined in the NX record of the METEO DATABASE block FALL3D 5 0 USER MANUAL 16 Table 9 Format of the meteo data file FileDat for the PROFILE case Repeat this block for each meteo time increment itimel itime2 nz z 1 ux 1 ux 1 T 1 nz ux nz ux nz T nz Table 10 Format of the topography file FileTop for the PROFILE case DSAA nx ny xo xf yo yf zmin zmax z 1 1 z 1 nx AD Z ny nx e ny Number of cells in the y direction Coincides with the value defined in the NY record of the METEO_DATABASE block e xo x coordinate of the grid bottom left corner UTM coordinates in m Coincides with the value defined in the X_ORIGIN_ UTM_M record of the METEO_DATABASE block e xf x coordinate of the grid top right corner UTM coordinates in m yo y coordinate of the grid bottom left corner UTM coordinates in m Coincides with the value defined in the Y_ORIGIN_ UTM_M record of the METEO_DATABASE block yf y coordinate of the grid top ri
4. 3 0 Utilities ModelPostp Sources then issue the command make to produce the executable ModelPostp exe You can edit the Makefile to select your favourite compiler After compilation you may issue the command make clean to remove unneeded files If you are not going to run on a Windows platform you can also delete the executable Model Postp win exe 2 2 Folder structure Table 2 shows the folder structure The directory Fal13d 5 0 Sources contains the FALL3D 5 0 source files the directory Fal13d 5 0 Utilities contains the programs SETGRN SETSRC BUILDDBS and MODELPOSTP and finally the directory Fal134 5 0 Runs contains the runs one within each own folder An example run named Example is provided with the installation 2 3 Program run FALL3D 5 0 can be launched typing Fall3d exe FileInp FileSrc FileGrn FileDbs FileLst FileRes on a Unix Linux Mac X OS or Fall3d win exe FileInp FileSrc FileGrn FileDbs FileLst FileRes on a Windows OS where e FileInp Name including path of the control input file see section 3 1 e FileSrc Name including path of the source input file see section 3 2 FALL3D 5 0 USER MANUAL 7 Table 2 Default directory structure Fall3d 5 0 Sources 7 Das SetSrc SetSre BuildDbs ModelPostp ModelPostp Runs e FileGrn Name including path of the granulometry input file see section 3 3 e FileDbs Name including path of the meteo data inpu
5. La 11 5 2 2 The SOURCE block i iii ee a o ee a ee e 12 5 37 The program BUILDDBS vaa a i dae sa Kons ease e ke Ge Tn ade eae Sees wD 13 58l Program execution s e tT eue e ed Rab a a Ge ele ee ae g 13 5 3 2 The METEO_DATABASE block 0 0 0 0 000000050004 13 5 3 3 The meteo data file FileDat o 14 5 3 4 The topography file FileTop 14 5 4 The program MODELPOSTP 2 eee 15 Oe Program execution wn 08 0 det fh a a A we a a ae a dl RS 15 5 4 2 The POSTPROCESS_MODELS block 16 6 References 18 FALL3D 5 0 USER MANUAL 3 1 Introduction FALL3D 5 0 is a code written in FORTRAN90 which circumvents most of the simplifications behind the simpler volcanic ash fallout models The model solves the time dependent 3D advection diffusion sedimentation equation by means of a finite differences explicit scheme using a regular mesh It uses the gradient transport theory to evaluate the atmospheric turbulent diffusion within and above the At mospheric Boundary Layer ABL and experimental fits for the particle settling velocities in addition to values from a dataset that contains full 3D prognostic wind field source term and topography The model can consequently be used to forecast either ash concentration in the atmosphere or ash loading on the ground 1 1 Governing equation The non conservative form of continuity equation written in a generalised coordinate system X Y Z i
6. MANUAL 13 Table 7 Sample of the SETSRC input file Normally this block is appended at the end of the FALL3D 5 0 input file In this example a Suzuki source and two time intervals are assumed SOURCE X_VENT_ UTMM 500080 Y_VENT_ UTM_M 4177690 MASS_FLOW_RATE_ KGS 5d4 4d4 One value for each source time interval SOURCE_TYPE SUZUKI POINT_SOURCE Variables below are used only if SOURCE_TYPE POINT HEIGHT_ABOVE_VENT_ M 2000 SUZUKI_SOURCE HEIGHT_ABOVE_VENT_ M 3000 2800 Variables below are used only if SOURCE_TYPE SUZUKI One value for each source time interval 5 5 PLUME_SOURCE EXIT_VELOCIY_ MS 100 EXIT_TEMPERATURE_ K 1073 EXIT_VOLATILE_FRACTION_ IN O One value for each source time interval Variables below are used only if SOURCE_TYPE PLUME 4 4 One value for each source time interval e Ona Windows OS go to the folder Fal13d 5 0 Utilities SetSrc edit the script Script SetSrc Win bat to change the problemname variable and launch the script e On a Mac X Unix Linux OS enter the folder Fa113d 5 0 Utilities SetSrc edit the script Script SetSrc Unix to change the problemname variable and launch the script 5 2 2 The SOURCE block This block of data see Table 7 defines the variables needed by SETSRC Commonly this block is appended to the FALL3D 5 0 control input file The meaning of each record is the following e X_VENT_ UTMM x coordinate of the vent UT
7. SetGrn edit the script Script SetGrn Win bat to change the problemname variable and launch the script e On a Mac X Unix Linux OS enter the folder Fal13d 5 0 Utilities SetGrn edit the script Script SetGrn Unix to change the problemname variable and launch the script 5 1 2 The GRANULOMETRY block This block of data see Table 6 defines the variables needed by SETGRN Commonly this block is appended to the FALL3D 5 0 control input file The meaning of each record is the following e NUMBER_OF_CLASSES Number of granulometric classes e DISTRIBUTION Type of distribution It can be LINEAR or GAUSSIAN e FIMIN Minimum value of e FI_MAX Maximum value of e FI_MEAN Mean value of Only used if DISTRIBUTION GAUSSIAN e FI_DISP Value of o in the Gaussian distribution Only used if DISTRIBUTION GAUSSIAN e FI_SLOPE Slope of the linear distribution Only used if DISTRIBUTION LINEAR e MINIMUM _DENSITY Minimium value of density in kg m and associated value of For values of lower than this value larger particles density is assumed to be constant and equal to the minimum value e MAXIMUM DENSITY Maximum value of density in kg m and associated value of For values of larger than this value smaller particles density is assumed to be constant and equal to the maximum value FALL3D 5 0 USER MANUAL 12 Table 6 Sample of the SETGRN input file Normally this block is appended at the end
8. also to use other K parametisations such as a constant value for K a constant value for Ky or to estimate Ky using a Smagorinsky model as that used by RAMS model for Az A lt 1 Pielke et al Ove Oy 1992 B se 6 3 68 where A A A CsH is a dimensionless constant ranging from 0 135 to 0 32 Ka is a user defined parameter close to one and R 3 6 as Ri with 0 being virtual potential temperature de Oy Ox Ky Rmax Kmh3 CsgAy Kman 0 075K A 3 1 3 Settling velocity models Settling velocity fits contemplated by FALL3D 5 0 include _ Agdpp vs 4 3Capa 9 24 SRE KS 103 Ca lt Re 1 15Re0687 gt 10 0 44 Re gt 10 e ARASTOOPOUR Arastoopour et al 1982 where pa and pp stand respectivelly for the air and particle densities d is the particle diameter Re is the Reynolds number and Cg is a drag coefficient Agdpp a 11 PEN Sp a e GANSER Ganser 1993 a Da 0 4305 K gt Ce Reg it 01118 Re K K p 0806 Rek Ko 12 K 3 1 2 ta 191 84148 Logw 74 where w is the particle sphericity 1 for spherical particles FALL3D 5 0 USER MANUAL 5 Parameter Scaling Coordinates X x Y y Z z h x y Velocities U ur V uy Waeagl Mj jd Diffusion Coefficients Kx Ks Ky K Kz K J Concentration C cJ Density pa pJ Source Term S SJ Table 1 Summary of the scaling factors for the terrain following d
9. argument It is highly recomended to launch BUILDDBS through the script files included in the distribution e Ona Windows OS go to the folder Fal13d 5 0 Utilities BuildDbs edit the script Script BuildDbs Win bat to change the problemname variable and launch the script e On a Mac X Unix Linux OS enter the folder Fa113d 5 0 Utilities BuildDbs edit the script Script BuildDbs Unix to change the problemname variable and launch the script 5 3 2 The METEO DATABASE block This block of data see Table 8 defines the variables needed by BuILDDBS Commonly this block is appended to the FALL3D 5 0 control input file The meaning of each record is the following e YEAR Simulation year e MONTH Simulation month 1 12 e DAY Simulation day 1 31 e BEGIN METEO DATA_ HOURS_AFTER_00 Time in h after 0000UTC at which meteorological data start e END_METEO_DATA_ HOURS_AFTER_00 Time in h after OOOOUTC at which meteorological data ends The meteo time slice should include the simulation time slice defined by the records RUN_START_ HOURS_AFTER_00 and RUN_END_ HOURS_AFTER_00 of the TIME_UTC block e TIME_STEP_METEO DATA_ MIN Time step in min of the meteo data e X_ORIGIN_ UTM_M x coordinate of the grid UTM coordinates in m FALL3D 5 0 USER MANUAL 15 Table 8 Sample of the BUILDDBS input file Normally this block is appended at the end of the FALL3D 5 0 input file METEO DATABASE YEAR 2007 MONTH 03 DAY 01
10. boundary layer z h lt 1 an evaluation of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer ABL height h is required For this purpose FALL3D 5 0 uses a simple parameterisation valid on the entire ABL Ulke 2000 K 2 h 1 Kusz 1 7 9275 h L gt 0 stable es 5 fx 1 2 3 Kusz 1 gt 1 nt h L lt 0 unstable Note that in the neutral case L oo both expressions coincide Finally in the free atmosphere above the ABL z h gt 1 K is considered a function of the local vertical wind gradient a characteristic length scale le and a stability function Fe depending on the Richardson number Ri Mir 4 K l Oz FALL3D 5 0 USER MANUAL 4 For le and F the model adopts the relationship used by the CAM3 model Collins et al 2004 of the National Center for Atmospheric Research NCAR La le 5 i gt 5 ili stable Ri gt 0 3 1 F Ri 1 10Ri 1 8Ri y1 18Ri unstable Ri lt 0 where A is the so called asymptotic length scale A 30m while the Richardson number is calculated g 00 0z Oy 0V 02f On the other hand for the horizontal eddy diffusivity Ky Ks Ky FALL3D 5 0 assumes a large eddy parameterisation Azad and Kitada 1998 2 2 2 1 Ovr Ovy ie 3 EA ali where a is a dimensionless constant of the order of unity that ranges from 0 1 to 5 depending on the size of the domain and Ax and Ay are the horizontal grid spacings commonly a 0 5 The model permits
11. files If you are not going to run on a Windows platform you can also delete the executable Fall3d win exe Compile the optional utility program SETGRN Enter the directory Fal13d 5 0 Utilities SetGrn Sources then issue the command make to produce the executable SerGrn exe You can edit the Makefile to select your favourite compiler After compilation you may issue the command make clean to remove unneeded files If you are not going to run on a Windows platform you can also delete the executable SetGrn win exe Compile the optional utility program SETSRc Enter the directory Fal13 3 0 Utilities SetSrc Sources then issue the command make to produce the ex ecutable SerSrc exe You can edit the Makefile to select your favourite compiler After com pilation you may issue the command make clean to remove unneeded files If you are not going to run on a Windows platform you can also delete the executable SetSrc win exe Compile the optional utility program BurLpDBs Enter the directory Fall3 3 0 Utilities BuildDbs Sources then issue the command make to produce the executable SerSrc exe You can edit the Makefile to select your favourite compiler After compilation you may issue the command make clean to remove unneeded files If you are not going to run on a Windows platform you can also delete the executable BuildDbs win exe Compile the optional utility program MODELPOSTP Enter the directory Fazmap
12. the meteorological processor CALMET version 6 The latter option is prefereable because CALMET generates a 3D wind field that accounts for topographic effects and determines values for micrometeorological variables in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer ABL In the horizontal and the database use the same spatial discretization 5 3 1 Program execution To run BUILDDBS see section 2 1 for installation details simply type BuildDbs exe FileLog FileInp FileDat FileDbs FileLst TypeData FileTop on a Unix Linux Mac X OS or BuildDbs win exe FileLog FileInp FileDat FileDbs FileLst TypeData FileTop ona Windows OS where e FileLog Name including path of the BUILDDBS output log file e FileInp Name including path of the control input file that contains the METEO DATABASE block Normally this file coincides with the FALL3D 5 0 input file e FileDat Name including path of the meteo data file This is either the vertical profile file or the binary output from CALMET version 6 depending on the value of TypeData e FileDbs Name including path of the DataBase file This is the output from BuILDDBs that is used later by FALL3D 5 0 as input e FileLst Name including path of the DataBase record descriptor file e TypeData Flag to indicate the origin of meteorological data Possibilities are PROFILE or CALMET62 e FileTop Name including path of the GRD topography file Note that filenames are passed as a program call
13. BEGIN_METEO_DATA_ HOURS_AFTER_00 END_METEO DATA_ HOURS_AFTER_00 TIME_STEP_METEO_DATA_ MIN 60 X_ORIGIN_ UTM_M 450000 Y_ORIGIN_ UTM_M 4125000 CELL_SIZE_ KM 2 0 NX 51 NY 51 Z_LAYER_ M 0 10 40 250 500 1000 2500 5000 7500 10000 0 6 e Y_ORIGIN_ UTMM y coordinate of the grid UTM coordinates in m e CELL_SIZE_ KM Horizontal spatial discretization in km e NX Number of grid cells in the x direction for both FALL3D 5 0 and BUILDDBS e NY Number of grid cells in the y direction for both FALL3D 5 0 and BUILDDBS e ZLAYER_ M Heights in m of the database z layers If TypeData is PROFILE then BUILDDBS interpolates the measured values of velocity and temperature at these heights If TypeData is CALMET62 the heights represent the CALMET cell faces Note that the vertical discretizations of BuILDDBs and FALL3D 5 0 can differ The latter is defined in the record ZLAYER_ M of the FALL3D block 5 3 3 The meteo data file FileDat If TYPE_OF_DATA CALMET this is the binary calmet output file On the contrary if TYPE_OF_DATA PROFILE this is an ASCII file containing the definition of the vertical wind profile In this case the file format is described in Table9 and the meaning of the used symbols is the following e itimei Starting time in sec after OOUTC of the meteo data time slice e itime2 End time in sec after OOUTC of the meteo data time slice e nz Number of vertical layers e z
14. ETY_FACTOR 0 9 USE_LIMITER METHOD yes POSTPROCESS_TIME_INTERVAL_ HOURS 2 POSTPROCESS_TIME_INTERVAL_ HOURS Time interval to output results in h Results are also output at the end of the run The source file FileSrc The FALL3D 5 0 source file is an ASCII file containing the definition of the source term The source is defined at time intervals during which source values are kept constant The number position and values i e Mass Flow Rate of the source points can however vary from one time slice to another There is no restriction on the number and duration of the time intervals It allows in practise to discretize any type of source term This file can be created by the utility program SETSRC The file format is described in Table 4 and the meaning of the used symbols is the following itimel Starting time in sec after OOUTC of the time slice itime2 End time in sec after O0UTC of the time slice nsrc Number of source points can vary from one interval to another nc Number of granulometric classes MFR Mass flow rate in kg s x x coordinate of the source isrc UTM coordinates in m y y coordinate of the source isrc UTM coordinates in m z z coordinate of the source isrc terrain following coordinates in m i e above the vent src Mass flow rate in kg s of each granulometric class for this point source It must be verified that Y src isre ic MFR FALL3D 5 0 USER MANUAL 10 Table 4
15. FALL3D 5 0 Computer Code and Related Documentation Giovanni Macedonio Arnau Folch and Antonio Costa Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia Sezione Osservatorio Vesuviano Via Diocleziano 326 80124 Napoli Italy June 2007 FALL3D 5 0 USER MANUAL 2 Contents 1 Introduction 3 LI Governing equations ee EE PS i ai i e a 3 1 2 Parameterisation of the Eddy Diffusivity Tensor 00 3 1 3 Settling velocity models ce si a ui atei a a 4 2 Program setup 5 2 Installation eri rise E ee A E Be Sea AA 5 2 2 Holder structures ish sie 54d eh te A A A A rr elet 6 29 Programmer sai A oe te a See aa na A 6 3 The FALL3D 5 0 input files 7 gel Fhescontrol file Pilelnp i ice 2 dda 65 8 Bee a Le E ei T SL BLOCKATIMEZUT Cin a hd gk bE el aa ara at E Ta ee dal boo le 7 3 12 BLOCK PALL3D ic fon he oss PEAS dee Se BE AE Racy he eee 7 332 The source file FileSre ese pa ae EA Re Be ee a ea ER 8 3 3 The granulometry file FileGrn 9 34 The source Ale FileDbs 2 80 0 664 keena e a 9 4 The FALL3D 5 0 output files 9 4 1 The list file FileLst i So pela a A Lee Ge a ee a 9 4 2 The results file FileRes ionica aa a da dc ds GS 9 5 The utility programs 9 5 1 The program SETGRN reir A A A e E aa 9 SLE Programvexecuhion lt tr a A a e e A La 10 5 1 2 The GRANULOMETRY block 10 5 2 The program SETSRO uf dos E da e a eee A 11 5 2 Program execution e o ioc nee di AR
16. Format of the source file FileSrc Repeat this block for each time slice itimel itime2 nsrc nc MFR x y z src 1 1 sre 1 nc x y z src nsrc l src nsrc nc Table 5 Format of the granulometry file FileGrn nc diam 1 rho 1 fe 1 las rho nc fc nc 3 3 The granulometry file FileGrn The FALL3D 5 0 granulometry file is an ASCII file containing particle densities and granulometric distri bution This file can be created by the utility program SETGRN The file format is described in Table 5 and the meaning of the used symbols is the following e nc Number of granulometric classes e diam Class diameter in mm e rho Class density in kg m e fc Class mass fraction 0 1 If must verify that fe 1 3 4 The source file FileDbs The FALL3D 5 0 DataBase file is a binary file created by the BUILDDBs utility program It contains the meteorological database stored in a direct access binary file In addition to it BUILDDBS creates also an ASCII file that contains the explanation of each record of the FileDbs 4 The FALL3D 5 0 output files 4 1 The list file FileLst This file contains information concerning the run summary of input data run time error messages CPU time etc 4 2 The results file FileRes This is a binary file with the results from a FALL3D 5 0 run This file must be processed by the MoDELPOSTP utility to produce human readeable files normally in GRD format 5 The utility progr
17. M coordinates in m e Y_VENT_ UTMM y coordinate of the vent UTM coordinates in m e MASS_FLOW_RATE_ KGS Values of the mass flow rate in kg s One value for each time interval The duration of each time interval is constant and given by RUN_START_ HOURS_AFTER_00 minus ERUPTION_END_ HOURS_AFTER_00 divided by the number of time intervals automatically computed by the program from the number of values e SOURCE_TYPE Type of source distribution Possibilities are POINT SUZUKI or PLUME e HEIGHT_ABOVE_VENT_ M Heights of the plume in m above the vent One value for each time interval e A Parameter A in the Suzuki distribution One value for each time interval Used only if SOURCE_TYPE SUZUKI e L Parameter L in the Suzuki distribution One value for each time interval Used only if SOURCE_TYPE SUZUKI e EXIT_VELOCIY_ MS Magma exit velocity in m s at the vent One value for each time interval Used only if SOURCE_TYPE PLUME e EXIT_TEMPERATURE_ K Magma exit temperature in K at the vent One value for each time interval Used only if SOURCE_TYPE PLUME e EXIT_VOLATILE FRACTION_ IN Magma volatile mass fraction at the vent One value for each time interval Used only if SOURCE_TYPE PLUME FALL3D 5 0 USER MANUAL 14 5 3 The program BUILDDBS This program generates the database files for FALL3D 5 0 using as input either a veritcal profile sounding plus a topography file in format GRD or an output of
18. ams 5 1 The program SETGRN The granulometric distribution is defined in the granulometry file see section 3 3 The program SETGRN is an utility that reads the GRANULOMETRY block from the control input file and generates the granulometry FALL3D 5 0 USER MANUAL 11 file assuming that the mass fraction of particles follows either a linear or Gaussian distribution in and that the density of particles varies linearly with Note that other granulometric distributions different from a linear Gaussian can also be considered However in this case the FALL3D 5 0 granulometry file can not be generated by SETGRN but must be supplied directly by the user 5 1 1 Program execution To run SETGRN see section 2 1 for installation details simply type SetGrn exe FileLog FileInp FileGrn on a Unix Linux Mac X OS or SetGrn win exe FileLog FileInp FileGrn on a Windows OS where e FileLog Name including path of the SETGRN output log file e FileInp Name including path of the control input file that contains the GRANULOMETRY block Normally this file coincides with the FALL3D 5 0 input file e FileGrn Name including path of the granulometry file This is the output from SETGRN that is used later by FALL3D 5 0 as input Note that filenames are passed as a program call argument It is highly recomended to launch SETGRN through the script files included in the distribution e On a Windows OS go to the folder Fal13d 5 0 Utilities
19. ght corner UTM coordinates in m e zmin Minimum value of z in the domain e zmax Maximum value of z in the domain e z Height in m of each grid point 5 4 The program MODELPOSTP The program MoDELPOSTP alias for Model Postprocess is an optional utility that reads the output binary file of FALL3D 5 0 calculates some relevant quantities at selected time instants and produces elementary maps in GRD and PS formats 5 4 1 Program execution To run MODELPOSTP see section 2 1 for installation details simply type ModelPostp exe FileLog FileInp FileRes BASERES on a Unix Linux Mac X OS or ModelPostp win exe FileLog FileInp FileRes BASERES on a Windows OS where e FileLog Name including path of the MODELPOSTP output log file e FileInp Name including path of the control input file that contains the POSTPROCESS MODELS block Normally this file coincides with the FALL3D 5 0 input file FALL3D 5 0 USER MANUAL 17 e FileRes Name including path of the FALL3D 5 0 results file This is the output from FALL3D 5 0 that is used by as input e BASERES Path where the MODELPOSTP output files are dump Note that filenames are passed as a program call argument It is highly recomended to launch MODEL PosTP through the script files included in the distribution e Ona Windows OS go to the folder Fa113d 5 0 Utilities ModelPostp edit the script Script ModelPostp Win bat to change the problemname variable and launch
20. governing equations for each time interval and particle class accounting for wind Note that it introduces a time dependence in the source term even when all the eruptive parameters mass flow rate class fraction etc are kept constant in time 5 2 1 Program execution To run SETSRC see section 2 1 for installation details simply type SetSrc exe FileLog FileInp FileSrc FileGrn FileMet MODEL MESH on a Unix Linux Mac X OS or SetSrc win exe FileLog FileInp FileSrc FileGrn FileMet MODEL MESH ona Windows OS where e FileLog Name including path of the SETSRC output log file e FileInp Name including path of the control input file that contains the SOURCE block Nor mally this file coincides with the FALL3D 5 0 input file e FileSrc Name including path of the source file This is the output from SETSRC that is used later by FALL3D 5 0 as input e FileGrn Name including path of the granulometry file normally generated previously by SET GRN e FileMet Name including path of the meteo data file generated by BUILDDBs e MODEL Flag indicating the name of the model For FALL3D 5 0 it is always FALL3D e MESH Flag that indicates if the discrete source points must be interpolated onto a mesh For FALL3D 5 0 it is always YES Note that filenames are passed as a program call argument It is highly recomended to launch SETSRC through the script files included in the distribution FALL3D 5 0 USER
21. hys Res Lett 18 3621 3624 Collins W Rasch P Boville B Hack J McCaa J Williamson D Kiehl J Briegleb B 2004 Description of the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model CAM 3 0 Technical Report NCAR TN 464 STR National Center for Atmospheric Research Boulder Colorado Costa A Macedonio G Folch A 2006 A three dimensional Eulerian model for transport and depo sition of volcanic ashes Earth Planet Sci Lett 241 34 634 647 Dellino P D Mele R Bonasia G Braia L La Volpe R Sulpizio 2005 The analysis of the influence of pumice shape on its terminal velocity Geophys Res Lett 32 L21306 Ganser G 1993 A rational approachto drag prediction spherical and nonspherical particles Powder Technology 77 143 152 Jacobson M 1999 Fundamentals of atmospheric modelling 1st Edition Cambridge University Press New York Pfeiffer T Costa A Macedonio G 2005 A model for the numerical simulation of tephra fall deposits J Volcanol Geotherm Res 140 273 294 Pielke R Cotton W Walko R Tremback C Nicholls M Moran M Wesley D Lee T Copeland J 1992 A comprehensive meteorological modeling system RAMS Meteor Atmos Phys 49 69 91 Ulke A 2000 New turbulent parameterization for a dispersion model in atmospheric boundary layer Atmos Environ 34 1029 1042 Wilson L and T C Huang 1979 The influence of shape on the atmospheric settling velocity of v
22. lots total deposit thickness e UNITS Units of MAP_DEPOSIT_THICKNESS Possibilities are MM for mm CM for cm and M for m e COMPACTATION_FACTOR Deposit compactation factor e CONTOUR_LEVELS Values of the contour levels for MAP_DEPOSIT_THICKNESS Only used when OUTPUT_FILES_IN_PS_FORMAT is YES e MAP_TOTAL_CONCENTRATION Possibilities are YES or NO If YES MODELPOSTP plots the total concentration at certain z levels e UNITS Units of MAP_TOTAL_CONCENTRATION It must be KG M3 e Z_CUTS_ M z coordinates of the layers at which concentration is output e CONTOUR_LEVELS Values of the contour levels for MAP_TOTAL_CONCENTRATION Only used when OUTPUT_FILES_IN_PS_FORMAT is YES e MAP_Z_CUMMULATIVE_CONCENTRATION Possibilities are YES or NO If YES MoDELPOSTP plots the z cummulative concentration vertical integration FALL3D 5 0 USER MANUAL 18 Table 11 Sample of the MODELPOSTP input file Normally this block is appended at the end of the input file POSTPROCESS_MODELS OUTPUT_FILES_IN_GRD_FORMAT YES OUTPUT_FILES_IN_PS_FORMAT NO MAP_TOTAL_LOAD YES UNITS KG M2 CONTOUR_LEVELS 0 1 0 25 0 5 1 5 Only used if OUTPUT_FILES_IN_PS_FORMAT YES MAP_CLASS_LOAD NO UNITS KG M2 CONTOUR_LEVELS 0 1 0 25 0 5 1 5 A Only used if OUTPUT_FILES_IN_PS_FORMAT YES MAP_DEPOSIT_THICKNESS NO UNITS MM COMPACTATION_FACTOR 0 7 CONTOUR_LEVELS 0 1 1 5 10 50 3 Only used if OUTPUT_FILES_IN_PS_FORMAT YES
23. of the input file GRANULOMETRY NUMBER_OF_CLASSES 12 DISTRIBUTION GAUSSIAN FIMIN 0 FIMAX 5 GAUSSIAN DISTRIBUTION FI_MEAN 2 5 FIDISP 1 5 LINEAR DISTRIBUTION FI_SLOPE 0 5 MINIMUM DENSITY 1080 3 MAXIMUM_DENSITY 2300 5 5 2 The program SETSRC The distribution of sources is defined in a source file see section 3 2 The program SETSRC is an utility that reads the SOURCE block from the control input file and generates a source file The source term is constant for a given time interval but there is no limit on the number and duration of the time intervals It allows in practise to discretize any kind of time dependency time dependent mass flow rate column height etc The program admits three possibilities point source mass is released in a single source point Suzuki distribution Suzuki 1983 Pfeiffer et al 2005 and buoyant plume model Bursik 2001 The last option is more elaborated and involves the solution of the 1D radial averaged plume governing equations that describe the convective region of an eruptive column These equations are intimately coupled with the wind field which for small to medium size plumes may induce a substantial plume bent over and subsequent variations of plume height and mass release location For this reason when this option switched on the program reads the values of the wind field from a meteorological file computes the averaged wind direction and solves the plume
24. olcanic ash particles Earth Planet Sci Lett 44 311 324 Suzuki T 1983 A theoretical model for dispersion of tephra In D Shimozuru I Yokoyama Eds Arc Volcanism Physics and Tectonics Terra Scientific Publishing Company TERRAPUB Tokyo
25. omain coordinate system x X y Y z Z J indicates the Jacobian of the coordinate system transformation 4gdpp ee 13 e N BC apa 19 e WILSON Wilson and Wang 1979 24 ao 2 1L07 Re lt 10 e IS 1 Ca 4 1 Calfte 100 21000 pa 10 lt Re lt 10 14 900 1 Re gt 10 where is the aspect ratio b c 2a a b c ellipsoidal semi axes e DELLINO Dellino et al 2005 1 2065p 0 5206 Us 3 d pp PajpaV p2 15 dpa where y is the air viscosity and Y is the shape factor sphericity to circularity ratio FALL3D 5 0 USER MANUAL 6 2 Program setup 2 1 Installation e Ona Windows OS download and decompress the file Fal134 5 0 tar gzon your selected directory The Fall3d 5 0 tar file already contains Windows executables for FALL3D 5 0 and the rest of included utility programs It is not strictly necessary to have a FORTRAN90 compiler The untaring of Fal13d 5 0 tar will create the folders described in the Table 2 e On a Unix Linux Mac X operating system 1 Decompress and then untar the file Fal13d 5 0 tar issuing the command tar xvf Fall3d 5 0 tar This will generate directory Fal13d 5 0 see Table 2 Compile the program FALL3D 5 0 Enter the directory Fal13d 5 0 Sources then issue the command make to produce the executable Fall3d exe You can edit the Makefile to select your favourite compiler After compilation you may issue the command make clean to remove unneeded
26. pe of model for vertical diffusion Possibilities are CONSTANT or SIMILARITY See Costa et al 2005 for details VERTICAL _DIFFUSION_COEFFICIENT_ M2 S Value of the diffusion coefficient in m s Only used if VERTICAL_TURBULENCE_MODEL CONSTANT HORIZONTAL_TURBULENCE_MODEL Type of model for horizontal diffusion Possibilities are CONSTANT PIELKE or RAMS See Costa et al 2005 for details HORIZONTAL DIFFUSION_COEFFICIENT_ M2 S Value of the diffusion coefficient in m s Only used if HORIZONTAL_TURBULENCE_MODEL CONSTANT SAFETY_FACTOR Safety factor This is a factor that multiplies the critical time step It should be equal or lower than 1 0 typically 0 8 0 9 to ensure stability USE_LIMITER METHOD Flag to indicate the use of limiter Possibilities are YES or NO If YES the algoritm uses a limiter method See Costa et al 2005 for details FALL3D 5 0 USER MANUAL 9 3 2 Table 3 Sample of the input control file FileInp TIME_UTC YEAR 2007 MONTH 03 DAY 01 RUN_START_ HOURS_AFTER_00 RUN_END_ HOURS_AFTER_00 3 ERUPTION_END_ HOURS_AFTER_00 3 RUN_END_ HOURS_AFTER_00 6 0 FALL3D ZLAYER_ M 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 TERMINAL _VELOCITY_MODEL GANSER TERMINAL _VELOCITY_MODEL_FACTOR 0 8 VERTICAL TURBULENCE MODEL SIMILARITY VERTICAL DIFFUSION_COEFFICIENT_ M2 S 100 HORIZONTAL_TURBULENCE_MODEL PIELKE HORIZONTAL DIFFUSION_COEFFICIENT_ M2 S 1000 SAF
27. s OC OC OC OC _ OVij 1 OC px OC px OC px 3 ox ax aloe UTA ea Di where C is the scaled average concentration U V W are the scaled wind speeds Kx Ky and Kz are the diagonal scaled diffusion coefficients px the scaled atmospheric density and S is the source term in the generalized coordinate system Considering as a frame of reference a simple terrain following coordinate system where the horizontal coordinates remain unchanged with respect to the Cartesian x X y Y z Z the scaling factors are those reported in Table 1 Equation 1 is solved for each particle velocity class independently i e assuming no interaction between particles belonging to different classes during the transport process For a detailed description see Costa et al 2005 1 2 Parameterisation of the Eddy Diffusivity Tensor In order to solve equation 1 it is necessary to evaluate the vertical and horizontal diffusion coeffi cients Inside the atmospheric surface layer the Monin Obukhov similarity theory estimates the vertical turbulent diffusivity K in terms of the friction velocity us and the Monin Obukhov length L KZU dh where is the von Karman constant x 0 4 z is the distance from the ground and y is the atmospheric stability function e g Jacobson 1999 Above the surface layer the original form of the Monin Obukhov similarity theory is no longer valid In order to extend this theory to the entire
28. t file see section 3 4 e FileLst Name including path of the output list file see section 4 1 e FileInp Name including path of the FALL3D 5 0 results file see section 4 2 Note that filenames and locations are passed as a program call argument It is highly recomended to launch FALL3D 5 0 through the script files included in the distribution e On a Windows OS enter the folder Fal13d 5 0 edit the script Script Fal13d Win bat to change the problemname variable and launch the script e On a Mac X Unix Linux OS enter the folder Fal13d 5 0 edit the script Script Fal13d Unix to change the problemname variable and launch the script NOTE To create a new run you can simply create a new folder copy the control input file of the example Example inp and modifiy the script line which defines the problemname variable FALL3D 5 0 USER MANUAL 8 3 The FALL3D 5 0 input files 3 1 The control file FileInp The FALL3D 5 0 control file is passed to the program as a call argument This file is made up with a set of blocks that define all the computational and physical parameters needed by the dispersion model Ta ble 3 shows an example of control file Parameters within a block are listed one per record in arbitrary order and can optionally be followed by one or more blank spaces and a comment A detailed description of each record is given below Real numbers can be expressed following the FORTRAN notation e g
29. the script e On a Mac X Unix Linux OS enter the folder Fal13d 5 0 Utilities ModelPostp edit the script Script ModelPostp Unix to change the problemname variable and launch the script 5 4 2 The POSTPROCESS_MODELS block This block of data see Table 11 defines the variables needed by MopELPOSTP Commonly this block is appended to the FALL3D 5 0 control input file The meaning of each record is the following e OUTPUT_FILES_IN_GRD_FORMAT Possibilities are YES or NO If YES MODELPOSTP plots files in GRD format Files in GRD format can be readed directly by several plotting programs like the commercial software GRAPHER Alternativelly the user may also generate its own plots using functons from several free packages e g gnuplot in FORTRAN e OUTPUT_FILES_IN_PS_FORMAT Possibilities are YES or NO If YES MODELPOSTP plots files in PS format e MAP_TOTAL_LOAD Possibilities are YES or NO If YES MODELPOSTP plots the total ground load e UNITS Units of MAP_TOTAL_LOAD It must be KG M2 e CONTOUR_LEVELS Values of the contour levels for MAP_TOTAL_LOAD Only used when OUTPUT_FILES_IN_PS_FORMAT is YES e MAP_CLASS_LOAD Possibilities are YES or NO If YES MopELPosTP plots the class ground load e UNITS Units of MAP_CLASS_LOAD It must be KG M2 e CONTOUR_LEVELS Values of the contour levels for MAP_CLASS_LOAD Only used when OUTPUT_FILES_IN_PS_FORMAT is YES e MAP_DEPOSIT_THICKNESS Possibilities are YES or NO If YES MODELPOSTP p
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