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Integrated authoring and translation system

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1. GO6F 15 38 Baker Pittsburgh Pa Nicholas D Brownlow Pittsburgh Pa Alexander OTHER PUBLICATIONS Franz Pittsburgh Pa Susan Interactive Author Assistance Tool IBM Technical Dis Holm Pittsburgh John Robert closure Bulletin vol 28 No 12 pp 5284 5286 May 1986 Russell Leavitt Pittsburgh Pa Deryle W Lonsdale Bridgeville Pa Teruko List continued on next page Mitamura Eric H Nyberg 3rd both of Pittsburgh Pa Primary Examiner Emanuel Todd Voeltz Assistant Examiner John W Hayes 73 Assignee Caterpillar Inc Peoria Ill Attorney Agent or Firm James R Yee Kevin M Kercher Jeffrey L Myers Notice UM is subject to a terminal dis 57 ABSTRACT The present invention is a system of integrated computer 21 Appl No 09 309 802 based processes for monolingual information development 22 Filed May 11 1999 and multilingual translation interactive text editor enforces lexical and grammatical constraints a natural ics language subset used by the authors to create their text Related U S Application Data which they help disambiguate to ensure translatability The 63 Continuation of application No 08 632 237 Apr 15 1996 resulting translatable source language text undergoes which is continuation of application No 08 363 309 Dec machine translation into any one of a set of target languages 22 1994 Pat No 5 677 835 which is a continu
2. The author then proceeds to edit the sentence and submits it to the grammar checker 620 again Structural ambiguity Structural ambiguity occurs where words in a sentence may group together in more than one way For example Remove the valve with the lever Does the phrase with the lever from a unit with the phrase the valve or does it instead from a unit with the verb remove In other words is this a sentence about a valve that has a lever attached to it or is it about using a lever to remove a valve In the IATS 105 the component designed to answer this question is the domain model 137 which is constructed in such a way as to minimize the occurrence of such ambigu ities 6 163 785 23 shown FIG 5 the DM MT 520 which supports exclusively the machine translation process contains two types of information On the one hand the semantic infor mation A supports the identification of relationships between concepts On the other hand the contextual infor mation specifies for a particular verb the so called deep cases or arguments that such verb take In the example under consideration let us consider first how the semantic information A and the contextual information B help the analyzer 127 determine the grammatical structure of Remove the valve with the lever Among many semantic relationships there is a relation ship is a part of which obtains for instance between
3. A a text editor adapted to accept interactively from an author input text written in a source language B a language editor which is an extension of said text editor which interactively enforces lexical and gram matical constraints on a natural language subset used by said author to create said input text said language editor comprising i a vocabulary checker which identifies occurrences of words that do not conform to said lexical con straints and which interactively aids said author in finding valid lexical replacements for said words that do not conform and ii a grammar checker which provides interactive feedback to said author concerning syntactic and semantic ambiguity said interactive feedback pro ducing unambiguous constrained text and C a domain model which communicates with said language editor wherein said domain model provides pre determined domain knowledge and linguistic semantic knowledge about lexical units and their com binations and D a machine translation system responsive to said language editor which is configured to translate said unambiguous constrained text into a foreign language wherein said domain model is a tripartite domain model said tripartite domain model comprising a kernel which contains lexical information that is required by said language editor and said a machine translation system wherein said lexical information includes lexical items within said natural language sub
4. 066 1 DR 71 FYNLONYLS 4 096 016 J 61 6 163 785 1 INTEGRATED AUTHORING AND TRANSLATION SYSTEM This 1 a continuation application of application Ser 08 632 237 filed Apr 15 1996 which is a continuation of Ser No 08 363 309 filed Dec 22 1994 issued Oct 14 1997 as 5 677 835 which is a fille wrapper continuation of application Ser No 07 941 180 filed Sep 4 1992 now abandoned BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1 Field of The Invention present invention relates generally to computer based document creation and translation system and more particularly to a system for authoring and translating constrained language text to a foreign language with no or post editing required 2 Related Art Every organization whose activities require the generation of vast quantities of information in a variety of documents is confronted with the need to ensure their full intelligibility Ideally such documents should be authored in simple direct language featuring all necessary expressive attributes to optimize communication This language should be consis tent so that the organization is identified through its single stable voice This language should be unambiguous The pursuit of this kind of writing excellence has led to the implementation of various disciplines designed to bring the authoring process under control Yet author
5. 6 163 785 3 translation the machine translation system This conform 15 learned by the source editor throueh trial and error The pre editing process just described may go through iterations by additional source editors of increasing compe tence The source text thus prepared is submitted for pro cessing to the machine translation system The output is target language text which depending on the purposes of the translation of quality requirements of the user may or may not be post edited If the translation quality required must be comparable to that of proficient human translation the output of machine translation will most likely have to be post edited by a competent translator This is due to the complexity of human language and the comparatively modest capabilities of the machine translation systems that can be built with present technology within natural limitations of time and resources and with a reasonable expectation of meeting cost effectiveness requirements Most of the modest systems that are built require indeed the postediting activity intended to approximate by whatever measure the quality levels of purely human translation Once such system is the KBMT 89 designed by the Center for Machine Translation Carnegie Mellon University which translates English to Japanese and Japanese to English It operates with a knowledge based domain model which aids in interactive disambiguation 1 editing of
6. The author s communication with the LE 130 consists of mouse click or keystroke commands However one should note that other forms of input may be used such as but not limited to the use of a stylus voice etc without changing the scope or function of the present invention An example of an input is a command to perform a CSL check or to find the definition and usage example for a given word or phrase The CSL text that may contain residual ambiguity or stylistic problems is analyzed for conformity with CSL and checked for compliance with the grammatical rules con tained in the knowledge bases as shown in block 230 The author is provided feedback to correct any mistakes via feedback line 215 Specifically the LE 130 provides infor mation regarding non CSL words and phrases and sentences to the author 160 Finally the text is checked for any ambiguous sentences The LE prompts the author to select an appropriate interpretation of a sentence s meaning This process is repeated until the text is fully disambiguated Once the author has made all the necessary corrections to the text and the analysis phase 230 has completed the disambiguated constained text 240 is passed to the MT analyzer and interpreter 250 The interpreter resides in the MT analyzer 127 together with the syntactic part of the analyzer and translates the disambiguated constrained text 240 into interlingua 260 The interlingua 260 is in turn translated by generator blo
7. by the LE The purpose of including this information in the LE DM is to help the authors ensure that their writing is made up of valid CSL words and phrases The dictionary definitions and usage examples will help the authors ensure that they are using a word or phrase of a part of speech and with a meaning that is permitted in CSL however dictionary definitions or usage examples will not be required for every CSL lexical item Rather they will be required only for the small percentage of ambiguous or vague terms whose CSL meaning will not be immediately clear to authors This probably amounts to less than half of the lexical items in the DM For example function words like for and the will not require definitions or examples many technical terms especially those with very specific technical meanings may not require definitions or examples either non CSL synonyms in the LEIDM will help authors who write a non CSL word or phrase to choose a synony mous or related CSL word or phrase with which to replace it It is desirable for the vocabulary checker to provide information about not only synonyms which are the same part of speech as the non CSL word with which they are synonymous but also about related words that might aid authors in rewording sentences If the latter are included the LEIDM must contain information about these related words in addition to the mandatory content 6 163 785 19 E Languaee Editor
8. items and a machine translation domain model which contains information which is required by only said machine translation system said machine translation domain model includes a hierarchy of concepts used by unambiguous mapping and semantic verification in translation 2 A computer based system for monolingual document development comprising a text editor adapted to accept interactively from a author information elements written in a source language a language editor which is an extension of said text editor which interactively enforces lexical and grammatical constraints on a natural language subset used by said author to create unambiguous constrained information elements wherein said author interactively aids in enforcing said lexical and grammatical constraints on said input text so as to produce said unambiguous constrained information elements memory means for storing said unambiguous constrained information elements for subsequent use a machine translation system responsive to said language editor that is configured to translate said unambiguous constrained information elements into a foreign lan guage and a domain model which communicates with said language editor wherein said domain model provides pre determined domain knowledge and linguistic semantic knowledge about lexical units and of their combinations so as to assist said language editor in said enforcement of said lexical and grammatical con straints
9. knowl edge about lexical units and of their combinations and grammar of a subset of a natural language and 4 producing after completion of step 3 unambiguous constrained text 4 The computer based method of claim 3 wherein said pre determined set of constrains includes a set of source sublanguage rules concerning vocabulary and grammar wherein said interactive feedback is performed in order to make said input text conform with said set of source sublanguage rules and to eliminate ambiguities 5 A computer based method for monolingual document development comprising the steps of 1 entering input text in a source language into a text editor 2 checking via a language editor said input text against constrained source language 3 providing to an author interactive feedback relating to said source input text if non constrained source lan guage is present in said source input text until said author modifies said source input text into a constrained source text said interactive feedback is performed after consulting a domain model which provides the neces sary domain knowledge and linguistic semantic knowl edge about lexical units and of their combinations wherein said domain model is a tripartite domain model comprising kernel which contains all lexical information that is required by said language editor and said a machine translation system wherein said lexical information 10 15 20 35 40
10. manager It should be noted that the present invention is not limited to the above hardware and software platforms and other plat forms are contemplated by the present invention A Text Editor The preferred embodiment of the present invention pro vides a text editor 140 which allows the author to input information that will eventually be analyzed and finally translated into a foreign language Any commercially avail able word processing software can be used with the present invention A preferred embodiment uses a SGML text editor 140 provided by ArborText ArborText Inc 535 West William St Ann Arbor Mich 48103 The SGML text editor 140 provides the basic word processing functionality required by authors and editors and is used with software by InterCap of Annapolis Maryland for creating graphics The present invention utilizes a SGML text editor 140 since it creates text using Standard Generalized Markup Language SGML tags SGML is an International Standard markup language for describing the structure of electronic documents It is designed to meet the requirements for a wide range of document processing and interchange tasks SGML tags enable documents to be described in terms of their content text images etc and logical structure chapters paragraphs figures tables etc In the case of larger more complex electronic documents it also makes it possible to describe the physical organization of a document into files
11. of concepts called the domain model Referring to FIG 3 and FIG 9 the Machine Translation MT component 120 of the IATS 105 contains two main sections The first the CSL analyzer 127 performs tie first processing stage of representing CSL text in interlingua The second main section the Target Language Generator 123 translates the interlingua representation of the CSL approved texts into a target language e g French Japanese Spanish In performing both tasks the MT com ponent 120 runs as one or more independent server modules accepting translation requests from a human translation controller not shown During target language generation target language generator 123 maps the Interlingua text 260 into the appropriate units of target language syntax to produce high quality output text 950 that requires no poste diting Once the MT analysis module 127 has produced Interlin gua text 260 for a certified CSL compliant IE that interlin gua may be stored away delivered or converted immedi ately into a target language IE or into an IE in each of several target languages by the generator 123 which includes a semantics to syntax mapper and a Generation Kit Tomita M and E Nyberg The Generation Kit and Trans formation Version 3 2 User s Manual Technical Memo 1988 available from the Center for Machine Translation Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh Pa MT analyzer 127 and MT generator 123 interact in two way
12. of objects processes and relations within a limited domain Yet a sublanguage may be limited in its lexicon while it may not necessarily be limited in the power of its grammar Under controlled situations a strategy aimed at facilitating machine translation is that of constraining both the lexicon and the grammar of the sublanguage Constraints on the lexicon limit its size by avoiding synonyms and control lexical ambiguity by specializing the lexical units for the expression of as far as possible one meaning per unit It is easy to imagine how these restrictions would avoid the problems exemplified in 1 2 and 4 above Grammatical constraints may simply rule out processes like pronominalization 6 above or require that the intended meaning be made clearer either through addition or repeti tion of otherwise redundant information or through rewrite The following example sets the parameters for application of this requirement Unconstrained ambiguous English which can be inter preted as either A B 1 or B2 below Clean the connecting rod and main bearings Unambiguous English version A Clean the connecting rod bearings and the main bearings Unambiguous English version Bi Clean the main bear ings and the connecting rod Unambiguous English version B2 Clean the main bear ings and the connecting rods The number and types of lexical and grammatical con straints may vary widely depending on the purpose of development of the c
13. semantic struc tures of a parse and moreover to generate these structures simultaneously The universal parser 910 produces all the possible that is valid f structures that can be derived from the sentences parsed Each of these syntactic f structures has semantic features in accordance with LFG theory these features are created at the same time as the rest of the syntactic f structure The semantic component may thus be regarded as an additional feature of f structures Thus the semantic component is a visible part of the syntactic parse The approach of simultaneously creating the syntactic and semantic structures has produced a system able to eliminate meaningless partial parses before com pleting them Semantics are added to the syntactic structure when the lexicon is accessed for the definition of a word Another part of the definition of a word is a set of structural mapping rules These mapping rules are used when syntactic equations in grammar rules add infirmation to a syntactic structure The target language generator component 123 takes inter lingua text 260 as its input and produces a target language text 950 as its output The target language generator 123 consist of two major modules one semantic and one syn tactic The semantic performs the function of target language lexical selection and choice of target language syntactic constructions it is aided in these tasks by the generation lexicon and the genera
14. source text and in said trans lation to the foreign language wherein said domain model is a tripartite domain model said tripartite domain model comprising a kernel which contains lexical information that is required by said language editor and said machine translation system wherein said lexical information includes lexical items within said constrained source language along with associated semantic concepts parts of speech and morphological information a language editor domain model which contains informa tion that is required only by said language editor wherein said information includes at least one of a subset of synonyms for items not within said con strained source language a dictionary definitions of said lexical items and a set of examples of using said lexical items and a machine translation domain model which contains infor mation which is required by only said machine trans lation system said machine translation domain model includes a hierarchy of concepts used for unambiguous mapping and semantic verification in translation 8 The system of claim 7 further comprising means for marking with a tag a portion of said input text which has been rendered unambiguous constrained text by said inter active enforcement wherein said tag indicates translatabil ity 9 The system of claim 7 wherein said machine transla tion system operates in a translation server environment which allows multiple authors to use the sy
15. the document to make it unambiguous However this interactive disam biguation is not typically done interactively with an author Once the system finds an ambiguous sentence that it cannot disambiguate it must stop the process and resolve ambigu ities by asking a author translator a series of multiple hoice questions In addition since the KBMT 89 does not utilize a well defined controlled input language the socalled trans lator assisted interactive disambiguation produces text which requires postediting In view of the above it would be advantageous to have a translation system that eliminates both pre and post editing SUMMARY OF THIE INVENTION The present invention is a system of integrated computer based processes for monolingual document development and multilingual translation An interactive computerized text editor enforces lexical and grammatical constraints on a natural language subset used by the authors to create their text and supports the authors in disambiguating their text to ensure its translatability The resulting translatable source language text undergoes machine translation into any one of a set of target languages without the translated text requir ing any post editing BRIEF DESCRIFIION OF THE DRAWINGS FIGS and 1 5 are high level block diagrams of the architecture of the present invention FIG 2 is a high level flowchart of the operation of the present invention FIG 3 is a high level infor
16. wherein said domain model is a tripartite domain model said tripartite domain model comprising kernel which contains all lexical information that 1s required by said language editor and said machine translation system wherein said lexical information includes all lexical items within a natural language subset along with associated semantic concepts parts of speech and morphological information a language editor domain model which contains infor mation that 1s required only by said language editor wherein said information includes at least one of a natural language subset of synonyms for items not within said natural language subset a dictionary of definitions of said lexical items and a set of examples of using said lexical items and a machine translation domain model which contains information which is required by only said machine translation system said machine translation domain model includes a hierarchy of concepts used for unambiguous mapping and semantic verification in translation 3 A computer based method for monolingual document development comprising the steps of 6 163 785 31 1 entering input text in a source language into a text editor 2 checking via a language editor said input text against a pre determined set of constraints stored in a domain model that provides pre determined domain knowledge and linguistic semantic knowledge about lexical units and of their combinations said pre determine
17. 0 begins again from block 710 In particular the Vocabulary checker 610 identifies every instance of a lexical item that is not known to be CSL For each such word the vocabulary checker 610 will determine which of the following descriptions is applicable and report supporting information to the user interface as listed below a non CSL word having known CSL synonyms in this case the Vocabulary Checker 610 will identify the synonyms For instance let us assume that the word let is non CSL Author s Input When Checked Open the valve and let more nitrogen go to the accumulator VC Message The term is non CSL but there are related CSL alternatives CSL Alternatives allow allowed enable enabled permit permitted leave left CSL Sentence as Edited Open the valve and allow more nitrogen to go to the accumulator word which may only appear in CSL as part of a phrase but which is not used in a CSL phrase in the current context in this case the Vocabulary Checker 610 will report acceptable CSL phrases containing the word Author s Input When Checked The first time the valve lash is checked the injector timing should be checked VC Message The term is used in a non CSL context CSL Alternatives advance signal timing advance timing groove timing gear timing mechanism 6 163 785 21 Sentence as Edited first time the valve lash 1 checked the injector timing mechanism should be checked a wor
18. 37 further comprising the step of marking with a tag a portion of said input text which has been rendered unambiguous constrained text wherein said tag indicates translatability 39 A computer based method for monolingual document development and multilingual translation the computer based method comprising the steps of 1 entering input text in a source language into a text editor 2 checking via a language editor said source input text against vocabulary source language constraints 3 providing to an author interactive feedback relating to said source input text if nonconstrained source lan guage is present in said source input text until said source input text has been modified into a constrained 10 15 20 25 30 35 50 55 60 65 38 source text said interactive feedback being done sub sequent to consulting a domain model which provides the necessary domain knowledge and linguistic seman tic knowledge about lexical units and their combinations wherein said domain model is a tripartite domain model said tripartite domain model comprising a kernel which contains lexical information that is required by said language editor and a machine translation system wherein said lexical information includes lexical items within said constrained source language along with associated semantic concepts parts of speech and morphological information a language editor domain model which contains infor m
19. 50 55 60 65 32 includes lexical items within said constrained source language along with associated semantic concepts parts of speech and morphological information a language editor domain model which contains infor mation that is required only by said language editor wherein said information includes at least one of a natural language subset of synonyms for items not within said constrained source language a dictionary definitions of said lexical items and a set of examples of using said lexical items and a machine translation domain model which contains information which is required by only said machine translation system said machine translation domain model includes a hierarchy of concepts used for unambiguous mapping and semantic verification in translation 4 checking for syntactic grammatical errors and seman tic ambiguities in said constrained source text by con sulting said domain model and 5 providing to said author interactive feedback to remove said syntactic grammatical errors and said semantic ambiguities in said constrained source text to produce unambiguous constrained text 6 A computer based method for monolingual document development comprising the steps of 1 entering into a text editor at least one information element created in a source language 2 checking via a language editor said at least one information element against a constrained source lan guage 3 prov
20. 620 The grammar checker 620 produces syntactically correct CSL text 625 The con strained syntactically correct text 625 is then disambiguated as shown in block 630 The result of the disambiguation is translatable unambiguous constrained text 635 The trans latable text 635 can be translated into a foreign language without any pre editing required The accuracy of the result ing translation also makes postediting unnecessary 1 Vocabulary Checker FIG 7 shows a flow chart of the operation of vocabulary checker 610 The vocabulary checker 610 identifies words not known to be CSL The vocabulary checker 610 identifies 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 20 occurrences of non CSL words in an author s text and helps an author find valid CSL replacements for non CSL words It recognizes word boundaries in a document and identifies every instance of a lexical item that is not known to be CSL As shown in block 706 the first term of a unit is selected to be checked The term is then checked as shown in block 710 against a CSL lexical database 1 dictionary which contains all CSL words If the term is not found in the CSL dictionary the term is then spell checked against a standard dictionary as shown in block 722 If the word has been misspelled the author is provided a means of correcting the spelling mistake i e the vocabulary checker 610 displays spelling alternatives as shown in block
21. 726 The item is then checked to determine whether it is in the CSL vocabulary as shown in block 734 If the item is in the CSL vocabulary then the procedure advances to block 718 However if the item is not in the CSL vocabulary the system checks to see if the LE DM contains a synonym for the item being checked as shown in block 736 If at least one synonym exists in the LE DM the system displays the synonym s which are part of the CSL vocabulary and allows the author to make a selection as shown in block 738 However should the LE DM not have a synonym for the item under checking the author has the opportunity to rework her input as shown in block 740 The outcome of this rework goes back to block 710 Once a legal selection has been made by the author the procedure 700 then proceeds to block 718 When a non CSL word is identified the author has the following options she can select an alternative and substi tute it for the word in the document or she can enter a new item and substitute it for the word in the document Typically the author selects one of the synonyms to replace the non CSL item If the author should decide to skip the problem the lack of resolution would result in failure of the text to be approved as CSL Block 718 checks to determine whether there are any more terms in the unit If there are no more terms the procedure 700 stops Otherwise the next term is selected as shown in block 714 and the procedure 70
22. EXT RY LIBRA SHARED SHARED RELEASE LIBRARY AUDIO VIDEO 460C LIBRARY LIBRARY Ed Ee IE3 IE7 IE11 460D 460E IE4 IE12 470 IE1 IE3 BOOK 1 IES IE7 480 IE1 IE3 BOOK 2 IEB IEB 485 Fig 4 U S Patent Dec 19 2000 Sheet 6 of 10 6 163 785 1 5 SEMANTIC INFO SYNONYMS WHICH CONCEPTS A RELATE WITH OTHER CONCEPTS USAGE EXAMPLES 2 DEFINITION KERNEL OBJECTS ATTRIBUTES EVENTS RELATIONSHIPS LE AUTHORING 520 550 VERB VERB CASE Figs U S Patent Dec 19 2000 Sheet 7 of 10 6 163 785 C TEXT 2 05 610 VOCABULARY SPELL CHECK CHECK 615 LEXICALLY CONSTRAINED 42 617 GRAMMAR CHECK 620 Cest 625 DISAMBIGUATION 630 TRANSLATABLE TEXT 635 Fig 6 U S Patent Dec 19 2000 Sheet 8 of 10 6 163 785 TERM IN CSL DICTIONARY AUTHOR CORRECTS SPELLING ITEM IN CSL VOCABULARY SYSTEM RUNS UNKNOWN ITEM AGAINST LE DM 730 DISPLAY SYNONYMS AND CHOOSE 738 700 Fig 7 U S Patent Dec 19 2000 Sheet 9 of 10 6 163 785 FROM 620 SYNTACTICALLY CORRECT TEXT 805 SEMANTICALLY CORRECT AUTHOR CORRECTS 820 825 FIG 8 6 163 785 Sheet 10 of 10 Dec 19 2000 U S Patent 096 YNINNYILNI 8313Hd831NI 06 L 39Vn9NVv1 p 0 6
23. L specification The LE 130 marks the document with an SGML tag that represents this CSL approval Checking must be performed on all text in a document which includes the following sentences headings list items captions call outs in graphics and information in tables Since the present invention is based on the premise that authors should be productive as possible during a CSL checking session and that authors should not have to work multiple authoring documents at once a batch mode of operation which requires a user to submit a document for processing and wait until the entire document is finished before he or she gets any feedback is not appropriate The LE 130 provides an interactive mode of operation for vocabulary checking grammar checking and interactive disambiguation FIG 6 shows a high level flow chart of the operation of the LE 130 The LE 130 takes in as input text 605 which may be ambiguous and unconstrained The potentially ambiguous unconstrained input text 605 is first checked with a vocabulary checker 610 which performs its functions as described below with the aid of a spell checker 615 Ihe services of the spell checker happen to be rendered in this embodiment by the spell checker regularly featured by the host TE 140 Once the vocabulary checker 610 has com pleted its check and made all necessary corrections with the aid of the author then the lexically constrained text 617 is supplied to a grammar checker
24. Referring to FIG 1 b the constrained language editor 130 1 set of tools to support authors and editors creating documents within the bounds of CSL These tools will help an author to use the appropriate CSL vocabulary and grammar to write service documentation The LE 130 is built as an extension of the SGML text editor 140 Although the LE 130 uses the same communication chan nels as the SGML text editor 140 the functions of the two are mutually exclusive However the user interface used to interact with the LE 130 is a seamless extension of the SGML text editor interface The author 160 creates documents in the SGML text editor 140 and invokes the LE 130 The LE 130 informs the author whether individual words in a document are non CSL and will be able to suggest synonyms in CSL for words that are relevant to the user application information domain but are not in CSL In addition the LE 130 tells the author whether or not the text in a file satisfies CSL syntactic constraints The LE 130 software includes the following a Vocabulary Checker a Grammar Checker including an interface through the MT Syntactic Analyzer which will provide the core grammar checking functionality and a User Interface UI In addition the CSL vocabulary information used by the CSL LE will be represented in the KIDM and the LE DM The LE 130 will certify that all vocabulary and sentence structures in a document conform to the CS
25. SGML is designed to enable documents of any type simple or complex short or long to be described in a manner that is independent of both the system and applica tion This independence enables document interchange between different systems for different applications without misinterpretation or loss of data SGML is a markup language that is a language for marking up or annotating text by means of or by using coded information that adds to the conventional textual information conveyed by a given piece of the text In most cases it takes the form of sequences of characters at various points throughout an electronic document Each sequence is distinguishable from the text around it by the special char acters that begin and end it The software can verify that the correct markup has been inserted into the text by examining the SGML tags upon request The markup is generalized in that it is not specific to any particular system or task For a more in depth discussion of SGML tags see International Standard ISO 8879 Information processing Text and office systems Standard Generalized Markup Language SGML Ref No ISO 8879 1986 The following capabilities are possible due to the use of the SGML tags 1 dividing documents into fragments or translatable units The text editor 140 software uses both punctua tion and SGML tags to recognize translatability units in the source input text e g an SGML tag is necessary to identify s
26. US006163785A United States Patent 1 Patent Number 6 163 785 Carbonell et al 4 Date of Patent 19 2000 54 INTEGRATED AUTHORING AND 52 U S Cle ee 707 530 707 500 707 531 TRANSLATION SYSTEM 707 536 704 2 704 4 704 8 704 9 704 10 58 Field of Search 704 1 2 4 7 75 Inventors Jaime G Carbonell Pittsburgh Pa 704 8 9 10 707 500 530 531 536 Sharlene L Gallup Morton Ill Timothy J Harris Pekin Ill James 56 References Cited W Higdon Lacon Dennis A Hill East Peoria David C Hudson U S PATENT DOCUMENTS ri WM pn 4 661 924 4 1987 Okamoto et al ic 704 8 5 MeEVID L 2 4 771 401 9 1988 Kaufman et al 707 533 Peggy M Andersen Pittsburgh Pa 4 821 230 4 1989 Kumano et al 704 6 Michael M Bauer Pittsburgh 4 829 423 5 1989 Tennant et al 704 8 Roy F Busdiecker IIL Pittsburgh Pa 4 954 984 9 1990 Kaijima et al 704 5 Philip J Hayes Pittsburgh Pa Alison K Huettner Pittsburgh Pa Bruce M List continued on next page McLaren Pittsburgh Pa Irene Nirenburg Pittsburgh Pa Eric H FOREIGN PATENTDOCUMENIS Pittsburgh Linda M 0 387 226 9 1990 European Pat Off Schmandt Pittsburgh John 0469884 2 1992 European Pat Off Sweet Pittsbureh Pa Kathryn L WO 94 06086 3 1994 WIPO
27. a via the text editor 140 The author has bidirectional communication via line 162 with the text editor 140 The LE 130 informs the author 160 whether words and phrases that are used are in CSL The LE 130 is able to suggest synonyms in CSL for words that are relevant to the domain of information which includes this document but are not in CSL In addition the LE 1390 tells an author 160 whether or not a piece of text satisfies CSL grammatical constraints It also provides an author with support in disambiguating sentences that may be syntactically correct but are semantically ambiguous The MT 120 is divided into two parts a MT analyzer 127 and a MT generator 123 The MT analyzer 127 serves two purposes it analyzes a document to ensure that the docu ment unambiguously conforms to CSL and produces inter lingua text The analyzed CSL approved text is then trans lated into a selected foreign target language 180 The MT 120 utilizes an Interlingua based translation approach Instead of directly translating a document to another foreign language the MT generator 123 transforms the document into a language independent computer readable form called Interlingua and then generates translations from the Inter lingua text As a result translated documents will require no postediting A version of the MT 120 is created for each language and will consist primarily of a set of knowledge sources designed to guide the translation of Interlingua text
28. aid machine translation system said machine translation domain model includes a hierarchy of concepts used for unambiguous mapping and semantic verification in translation 27 The method of claim 26 further comprising the step of marking with a tag a portion of said input text which has been rendered unambiguous constrained source text wherein said tag indicates translatability 28 The method of claim 26 wherein said step of trans lating first includes the step of translating said constrained unambiguous text into interlingua 29 The method of claim 26 wherein said step 2 of checking comprises the steps of a checking a term from said source input text against a constrained source language CSL lexical knowledge base b if the term is not found in said CSL lexical knowledge base then i spellchecking said term against a standard dictionary and allowing said author to correct the spelling of said term if it is misspelled ii checking said term against said CSL lexical data base and iii providing if available at least one CSL synonym from said domain model if said term is not in said CSL lexical knowledgebase and allowing said author to choose one of said at least one synonym 30 The method of claim 29 further comprising the step of repeating steps a and b for every term in said source input text 31 The method of claim 29 further comprising the step of providing a list of related CSL words or phrases t
29. anguage or sublanguage A limited domain will be referred to by means of a limited vocabulary which is used to communicate or express information about a limited realm of experience An example of a limited domain might be farming where the limited vocabulary would 6 163 785 13 Include terms concerning farm equipment activities MT component will operate on more than one kind of vocabulary The words and phrases for machine translation will be stored in the MT lexicon The vocabulary can be divided into different classes 1 functional items 2 general content items and 3 technical nomenclature Functional items in English are the single words and word combinations which serve primarily to connect ideas in a sentence They are required for almost any type of written communication in English This class Includes prepositions to from with in front of etc conjunctions and but or if when because since while etc determiners the a your most of pronouns it something anybody etc some adverbs no never always not slowly etc and auxiliary verbs should may ought must etc General content words are used in large measure to describe the world around us their main use is to reflect the usual and common human expertence Typically documents focus a very specialized part of the human experience e g machines and their upkeep As such the general vocabulary will be relatively res
30. anslation Car negie Mellon University May 1990 which is incorporated by reference The MT analyzer 127 guided by analysis knowledge data files translates a CSL text 305 input sentence in the source language into a semantic frame representation of the meaning of the sentence The knowledge structures brought to bear in the analysis phase are the analysis grammars the mapping rules and the concept lexicon The first part of the analysis is the parsing process driven by the syntactic analysis of the input sentence The parser 910 uses the semantic restrictions embodied in the concept lexicon domain model to guide its teatrnent of syntactic ambiguities encountered in its analysis of the input The mapping rules mediate between the syntactic analysis gram mars and the concept lexicon The output of this analysis is syntactic f structures con taining all applicable semantic information This structure can be further processed by the second part of the MT analyzer 127 to produce a semantically organized frame representation in the form of the instantiation of the relevant concepts from the concept lexicon that were encountered in parsing the sentence The MT analyzer 127 arrives at this form by retrieving the f structure s semantic features these features contain all relevant semantic information The syntactic parser 910 used in the present invention is well known in the art and is described in detail in Tomita and Carbonell The Un
31. ation of without the translated text requiring any postediting application No 07 941 180 Sep 4 1992 abandoned 06 17 28 42 Claims 10 Drawing Sheets 215 SOURCE CORRECTED TEXT 6 163 785 Page 2 U S PATENT DOCUMENTS 5 175 684 12 1992 Chong 704 3 5 225 981 7 1993 Yokogawa 704 2 5 243 519 9 1993 Andrews et al 704 8 5 677 835 10 1997 Carbonell et al 704 8 5 995 920 11 1999 Carbonell et al 704 9 OTHER PUBLICATIONS Structured Universal Natural Language Generator for Sophisticated Target Language Generation in Machine Translation Systems IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin vol 31 No 5 pp 407 408 Oct 1988 Patent Abstracts of Japan vol 15 376 1255 Sep 24 1991 amp JP A 03 148760 Jun 25 1991 KBMT 89 Project Report Carnegie Mellon Center for Machine Translation Feb 1989 Adriaens From to Alcogram Toward a Controlled English Grammar Checker Proc of Coling 92 Nantes 595 601 Aug 23 1992 Carbonell et al Knowledge Based Machine Translation the CMU Approach Machine Translation Theoretical and Methodological Issues Carbonell Steps toward Knowledge Based Machine Trans lation IEEE Trans on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intel ligence No 4 376 392 Eric H Nyberg 3rd The Framekit User s Guide Ver
32. ation that is required only by said language editor wherein said information includes at least one of a natural language subset of synonyms for items not within said constrained source language a dictionary of definitions of said lexical items and a set of examples of using said lexical items and machine translation domain model which contains information which is required by only said machine translation system said machine translation domain model includes a hierarchy of concepts used for unambiguous mapping and semantic verification in translation 4 checking for syntactic grammatical errors and seman tic ambiguities in said constrained source text by con sulting said domain model 5 providing interactive feedback to said author to remove said syntactic grammatical errors and said semantic ambiguities in said constrained source text to produce an unambiguous constrained source text and 6 saving said at least one unambiguous constrained information element for later use 7 translating with said machine translation system said at least one unambiguous constrained source text into a foreign language 40 A computer based method for monolingual document development and multilingual translation comprising the steps of 1 entering into a text editor at least one information element created in a source language 2 checking via a language editor said at least one information element against a constrained source lan g
33. borrowings from English general words such as truck or length The vast majority of the constrained language vocabulary then will consist of the special e g technical terms of one or more words which express the objects and processes of the special domain To the extent that the vocabulary is able to express the full range of notions about the special domain the vocabulary is said to be complete The development of a streamlined but complete vocabu lary contributes greatly to the success of the IATS system 105 The constrained language by specifying proper and improper use of vocabulary will assure that the documents can be produced in a manner conducive to fast accurate and high quality machine translation Voabulary items should reflect clear ideas and be appro priate for the target readership Terms which are sexist colloquial idiomatic overly complicated or technical obscure or which in other ways inhibit communication should be avoided These and other generally accepted stylistic considerations while not necessarily mandatory for 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 14 MT oriented processing are nevertheless important guide lines for document production in general It should be noted that although the bulk of the discussion in this document concerning the constrained source lan guage and or language in general centers around American English analogous compa
34. ck 270 into the target text 280 As shown in FIG 3 the interlingua text 260 is in a form that can be translated to multiple target languages 306 310 By requiring and enabling the author to create documents that conform to specific vocabulary and grammatical constraints it is feasible to perform the accurate translation of constrained language texts to foreign languages with no postediting required Postediting is not required since the LE vocabulary check block 217 and analysis block 230 have caused the author to modify and or disambiguate all possibly ambiguous sentences and all non translatable words from the document before translation II Detailed Description of the Functional Blocks In a preferred embodiment each author will have sole use of a DECstation with 32 Meg of RAM a 400 megabyte disk drive and a 19 inch color monitor Each workstation will be configured for at least 100 Meg of swap from its local disk In addition to the authors workstations DECservers will be 6 163 785 7 used as file servers for every two authoring groups for a total of no more than 45 users per file server Furthermore authoring workstations will reside an Ethernet local network The system uses the Unix operating system a Berkeley Standard Distribution BSD derivative is prefer able to a System V SYSV derivative A C programming language compiler and OSF Motif libraries are available The LE will be run within a Motif window
35. d in CSL The Vocabulary 6 163 785 25 Checker 610 will flag some of these cases for example if the word test is included in CSL as a noun but not as a verb the Vocabulary Checker will report that the past form tested is not CSL However the Vocabulary Checker 610 will allow the present verb form tests to pass since that form is identical to the plural CSL noun tests This case will trigger a fail response from the Grammar Checker 620 The Grammar Checker 620 uses the MT Analysis module 127 and the domain model 137 to identify sentences that do not conform to CSL grammatical constraints this is known as syntactical analysis and is shown in block 805 For each such sentence the Grammar Checker 620 reports that the sentence is not CSL It is also possible for a sentence to be in CSL but be ambiguous Consequently the present invention provides semantic analysis as shown in block 710 If the sentence being checked is not semantically ambiguous the disambiguation checker 630 will present some indication of the two or more possible meanings to the author and request clarification as shown in blocks 815 and 825 In a preferred embodiment when a sentence fails the Grammar Checker 620 and or the disambiguation checker 630 the author has the following options edit the document in cases of an ambiguous reading disambiguate the sentence recheck the same input or continue checking without editing Note that the present inventio
36. d language The DM 500 is defined in three sets of external human readable files which can be read by the process es that require their use Since the MT 120 and the LE 130 will be running in separate processes the information in the model Is represented internally in two forms one for the parts of the DM required by the MT 120 and another for the part required by the LE 130 So the K DM 510 is defined in a set of files which can be represented in both forms the LE DM 530 is only represented in the form used by the LE 130 and 10 15 20 40 45 50 55 60 65 18 the MT DM 520 is only represented in the form used by the MT 120 Described below are the external file formats the content of the various parts of the DM and the internal representation of the information used by the LE 130 Once again the K DM contains all information required by both the MT 120 and the LE 130 This includes a CSL lexical item the base word phrase or quoted term and a semantic concept the semantic concept associated with the lexical item represented in a lexical entry by a concept name Further it includes a part of speech one of a fixed set of parts of speech e g verb adjective etc a definition a rough definition for general vocabulary terms to clarify which of several senses a CSL lexical item may have and irregular morphological variants a listing of irregular mor phological forms and the name of the morpholog
37. d or phrase which must appear within double quotation marks in CSL but which is not enclosed in quotation marks in the current context in this case the Vocabulary Checker 610 will report that the term should be quoted Author s Input When Checked For more details read the Testing and Adjusting article in the next section VC Message This term is generally enclosed by quotes CSL Alternative None CSL Sentence as Edited For more details read the Testing and Adjusting article in the next section a word or phrase which must appear with specific man datory capitalization in CSL but which lacks that capitalization in the current context e g an acronym presented in lower case in this case the Vocabulary Checker 610 will report the correct CSL form s Author s Input When Checked Turn the screw until the pressure gauge reads 0 kpa 0 psi VC Message The term is improperly capitalized CSL Alternative kPa CSL Sentence as Edited Turn the screw until the pressure gauge reads 0 kPa 0 psi a non word that is a group of letters representing a misspelled word that has known spelling alternatives in this case the Vocabulary Checker 610 will identify the spelling alternatives regardless of whether the result is in CSL the user will resubmit the chosen alternative for further checking Author s Input When Checked When it is necesary to raise the boom the boom must have correct support VC Messa
38. d set of constraints includes a set of source sublanguage rules concerning vocabulary and grammar wherein said domain model is a tripartite domain model said tripar tite domain model comprising a kernel which contains all lexical information that is required by said language editor and a machine translation system wherein said lexical information includes all lexical items that satisfy said determined set of constraints along with associated semantic concepts parts of speech and morphologi cal information a language editor domain model which contains infor mation that is required only by said language editor wherein said information includes at least one of a subset of synonyms for items that do not satisfy said pre determined set of constraints a dictionary defi nitions of said lexical items and a set of examples of using said lexical items and a machine translation domain model which contains information which is required by only said machine translation system said machine translation domain model includes a hierarchy of concepts used for unambiguous mapping and semantic verification in translation 3 providing to an author interactive feedback relating to said input text said interactive feedback indicating if said pre determined set of constraints is met said interactive feedback is performed subsequent to refer ring to said domain model which provides the neces sary domain knowledge and linguistic semantic
39. e most accurate and efficient translation Even the most expert translator must take a considerable amount of time to translate a page of text For example it is estimated that an expert translator translating technical text from English to Japanese can only translate approximately 300 words approximately one page per hour It can thus be seen that the amount of time and effort required to translate a document particularly a technical one is extensive The requirements for translation in business and com merce has grown steadily in the last hundred years This is 5 10 15 20 25 30 50 55 60 65 2 due to several factors One is the rapid increase in the text associated with conducting business internationally Another is the large number of languages that such texts must be translated into in order for a company to engage in global commerce A third is the rapid pace of commerce which has resulted in frequent revisions of text documents which requires subsequent translation of new versions Many organizations have the responsibility for creating and distributing information in multiple languages In the global marketplace the manufacture must ensure that the manuals are widely available in the host languages of their target markets Manual translation of documents into foreign languages is a costly time consuming and inefficient pro cess Translations are usually inconsistent owing to the individual interpr
40. ecise set of MT processes running at a given time and their distribution across machines is determined by the FMS 110 which will modify the mix 6 163 785 27 according to the set of translation Jobs outstanding particular time Referring to FIG 9 the CSL Analyzer 127 consists of two interconnected components a syntactic parser 910 and a semantic interpreter 920 Semantic interpreter 920 is also known in the art as a mapping rule interpreter The syntactic parser 910 obtains the CSL text 305 input and produces a syntactic structure for it The syntactic parser 910 uses an LFG type grammar Lexical Functional Grammar is a formalized grammar which is well known in the art of machine translation As a result the resultant syntactic structure is an LFG f structure 960 As soon as the f structure for the CSL sentence 960 is created the semantic interpreter 920 starts applying mapping rules in order to substitute source language lexical units and syntactic con structions with their interlingua translations Lexical units map into instances of domain concepts e g the word data will map into the interlingua information while syntactic structures map into conceptual relations e g subjects of sentences often map into the agent relations in interlingua See Mitamura The Hierarchical Organization of Predicate Frames for Interpretive Mapping in Natural Language Processing Center for Machine Tr
41. ection titles 2 shielding insulating units that will not be translated Although the system is based on the premise that all words and sentences will belong to the constrained language that cannot be predicted in advance for example names and addresses or classes of vocabu 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 8 lary that cannot readily be exhaustively specified for example part numbers error messages from machinery SGML tags can be put around these items to indicate to the system that they are exempt from checking 3 identifying contents e g part number as discussed in 2 4 allowing partial sentences to be translated e g bul leted items 5 assisting in translating tables one cell at a time by identifying structure of text This feature is similar to that described in 1 6 assisting the parsing process described below through 2 3 4 5 7 assisting in disambiguation by providing a means of inserting invisible tags into the source text so as to indicate the correct interpretation of an ambiguous sentence 8 assisting in translating currencies and mathematical units through the identification of specific types of text that require special treatment 9 providing a means of labeling a portion of text as translatable In other words certifying that a portion of text has advanced through the process outlined below and that the text is unambiguous c
42. eneral taxonomic domain of object types such as car is a kind of vehicle a door handle is a part of a door artifacts are characterized by among other properties the property made by it must also represent knowledge about particular instances of object types e g IBM can be included into the domain model as a marked instance of the object type corporation as well as instances of potentially complex event types e g the election of George Bush as president of the United States is a marked instance of the complex action to elect The ontological part of the knowledge base takes the form of a multihierarcby of concepts connected through taxonomy gt 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 16 building links such as is a part of and some others We call the resulting structure a multihierarchy because concepts are allowed to have multiple parents on each link type The domain model or concept lexicon contains an onto logical model which provides uniform definitions of basic categories such as objects event types relations properties episodes etc used as building blocks for descriptions of particular domains This world model is relatively static and is organized as a multiply intercon nected network of ontological concepts The general devel opment of an ontology of an application sub world in is well known in the art See for example Brachman a
43. es Dialog File 275 Computer DB Mar 27 1990 Perez et al Language Translation Program Library Soft ware Review vol 10 Issue 3 6 pages May Jun 1991 U S Patent Dec 19 2000 Sheet 1 of 10 6 163 785 INTEGRATED AUTHORING AND TRANSLATION SYSTEM 6 163 785 Sheet 2 of 10 19 2000 U S Patent o gi 09 xr ima 051 1X31 M3ZANNV 1 1 aL 390005 Q31VISNVML IndlnO ES VDSNITHINI L FI 324005 01 iu aa aJ ES 021 U S Patent Dec 19 2000 Sheet 3 of 10 6 163 785 CORRECTED TEXT CONSTRAINED TEXT GENERATE TARGET TEXT 215 250 240 250 260 270 280 Fig 2 U S Patent 123A TARGET TEXT GENERATOR 1 506 Dec 19 2000 Sheet 4 of 10 6 163 785 est TEXT sos ANALYSIS 127 INTERLINGUA 260 123B 123C TARGET TEXT TARGET TEXT bas as VENESAIOR TEXT 2 TEXT 5 308 310 120 3 U S Patent Dec 19 2000 Sheet 5 of 10 6 163 785 IE 410 AS VIEWED IN THE AUTHORING TOOL 335 IE 450 AS FILED 450 E SHARED GRAPHICS LIBRARY CN GRAPHICS NAME 1 460A C TABLES SHARED C TEXT NAMES TABLES LIBRARY E SHARED OBJECT 460B SHARED T
44. etation of the translators who are not necessarily well versed in the application specific language used in the documentation Because of these problems fewer manuals than would be ideal are actually translated In the areas of research and development the explosion of knowledge which has occurred in the last century has also geometrically increased the need for the translation of documents No longer is there one predominant language for documents in a particular field of research and development Typically such research and development activities are taking place in several advanced industrialized countries such as for example the United States United Kingdom France Germany and Japan Many times there are addi tional languages containing important documents relating to the particular area of research and development Advances in technology particularly in electronics and computers have further accelerated the production of text in all languages The ability to produce text is directly proportional to the capability of the technology that is used When documents had to be hand written for example an author could only produce a certain number of words per unit of time This increased significantly however with the advent of mechanical devices such as typewriters mimeograph machines and printing presses The advent of electronic computer and optical technology increased the capability of the author even further Today an avera
45. ge The term is non CSL CSL Alternative necessary CSL Sentence as Edited When it is necessary to raise the boom the boom must have correct support a word that is not in CSL and about which the system knows nothing The message for an unknown word or phrase gives the author the opportunity to change the wording altogether or shield the illegal expression from checking as the case may require In the following example the author uses an SGML tag to tell the system to overlook the offensive language and leave it intact Author s Input When Checked Put approximately 0 9 L 1 quart of SAE10W hydraulic oil in the nitrogen end of the accumulator VC Message The term is unknown CSL Alternative None CSL Sentence as Edited Put approximately 0 9 L 1 quart of lt sic gt SAE10W lt sic gt hydraulic oil in the nitrogen end of accumulator a punctuation mark or special symbol that is not allowed in CSL in any context In cases where a non CSL word has no direct CSL synonyms that is words that could replace it directly in a document the system can identify related CSL words or phrases which an author could use to express the intended idea This functionality provides authors with additional support in rewording a sentence to include only CSL vocabulary However changes to use these related words could not be completed with the automatic replacement facility provided for synonyms since the changes would require some modificatio
46. ge author can produce significantly more text in a given unit of time than any author could produce using the hand written methods of the past This rapid increase in the amount of text coupled with enormous advances in technology has caused considerable attention to be paid to the subject of translation of text from its source language to a target language s Considerable research has been done in universities as well as in private and governmental laboratories which has been devoted to trying to figure out how translation can be accomplished without the intervention of a human translator Computer based systems have been devised which attempt to perform machine translation MT Such com puter systems are programmed so as to attempt to automati cally translate source text as an input into target text as an output However researchers have discovered that such computer systems for automatic machine translation are impossible to implement using present technology and theo retical understanding No system exists today which can perform the machine translation of a source natural language to a target natural language without some type of editing by expert editorsltranslators One method is discussed below In a process called pre editing source text is initially reviewed by a source editor The task of the source editor is to make changes to the source text so as to bring it into conformance with what is known to be the optimal state for
47. grammar checking and from vocabulary look up The author can request that checking be initiated on the currently displayed document or request vocabulary look up on a given word or phrase The UI will clearly indicate each instance of non CSL language found in the document Possible ways of indicating non CSL language include the use of color and changes to font type or size in the SGML Editor window The UI will display all known information regarding any non CSL word For example in appropriate cases the UI will display a message saying that the word is non CSL but has CSL synonyms as well as a list of those synonyms In cases where a Vocabulary Checker report includes a list of alternatives to the non CSL word in focus for example spelling alternatives or CSL synonyms the author will be able to select one of those alternatives and request that it be automatically replaced in the document In some cases the author may have to modify 1 add the appropriate ending the selected alternative to ensure that it is in the appropriate form When an author requests vocabulary information the UI will display spelling alternatives synonyms a definition and or a usage example for the item indicated The author can move quickly and easily between checker information and vocabulary look up information inside the UI This enables the author to perform information searches e g synonym look up during the process of changing the documents
48. he content of shared objects are displayed in the author ing tool but only pointed to in the filed information element 450 Shared objects differ from information elements in that they do not stand alone 1 they do not convey enough information by themselves to impart substantive information Each shared object is in itself a separate file as shown in block 450 Information elements are formed by combining unique blocks of information text and or tables with one or more shared objects Note that unique heading 415 and unique text 420 is combined with shared graphic 430 shared table 435 and shared text 425 A set of one or more information elements make up a complete document book 6 163 785 9 Shared objects stored in shared libraries Library types include shared graphic libraries 460a shared tables libraries 460b shared text libraries 460c shared audio libraries 460d and shared video libraries 460 A shared object is stored only one time When used in indi vidual information elements only pointers to the original shared object will be placed in the information shared file 450 This minimizes the amount of disk space that will be required When the original object is changed all those information elements that point to that object are auto matically changed A shared object can be used in any
49. he preposition with and nouns having the semantic feature INSTRUMENT such combination form instru mental phrases This information enables the analyzer to determine that a since lever is INSTRUMENT with the lever is INS b since remove can take the INS case the phrase with the lever attaches to fits together with and is inter preted as modifying remove Yet the DM 137 can only be as rich as we build it In those cases where the semantic information has not been devel oped as fully as possible the lexical entries in the domain may not be able to support the disambiguation process performed by the MT analyzer 127 Consider the case of nail in Peter has removed the box with the nail If the DM 137 contains the information about nails being part of a wooden frame but fail to contain the information that nails are I INSTRU NT then the MT analyzer 137 cannot possibly determine whether with 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 24 combines with nail to form an instrumental phrase The analyzer being unable to resolve the structural ambiguity the author will be asked to resolve it When the text submitted by the author undergoes grammar checking the following interaction occurs Author s Input When Checked Peter has removed the box with the nail grammar checker 620 Message The sentence is ambigu ous 1 Is the nail an instr
50. ical trans formations for each Examples of names of morphological transformations for verbs are past third person singular present past participle present participle The value of this field for the word drive for example would be past drove past participle driven indicating that those two forms of the verbs are irregular and all other forms are regular Finally the K DM includes typographical restrictions e g if the lexical item must be in all capitals have the first character capitalized etc MT DM 520 contains information required only by the MT 120 This includes selectional restrictions on con cepts and hierarchical classification of concepts for organi zation and inheritance of selectional restrictions The LE DM 530 will contain non CSL synonyms to help the authors to choose valid CSL lexical items Together the Kernel and the LEIDM will contain all information and all restrictions required to characterize the CSL lexicon in support of the LE Vocabulary Checker described below The LE DM contains additional information required only by the LE Vocabulary Checker This includes a dictionary definition the definition of the word or phrase that will be presented to authors by the LE non CSL synonyms synonyms for the CSL lexical items that authors might use in writing documents and a usage example an example of the word or phrase in a CSL sentence for presentation to the authors
51. iding to an author interactive feedback relating to said at least one information element if non constrained source language is present in said at least one infor mation element until said at least one information element has been modified into a constrained source text said interactive feedback is performed after refer ring to a domain model which provides the necessary domain knowledge and linguistic semantic knowledge about lexical units and their combinations wherein said domain model is a tripartite domain model said tripar tite domain model comprising kernel which contains all lexical information that is required by said language editor and said a machine translation system wherein said lexical information includes lexical items within said constrained source language along with associated semantic concepts parts of speech and morphological information a language editor domain model which contains infor mation that is required only by said language editor wherein said information includes at least one of a natural language subset synonyms for items not within said constrained source language a dictionary of definitions of said lexical items and a set of examples of using said lexical items and a machine translation domain model which contains information which is required by only said machine translation system said machine translation domain model includes a hierarchy of concepts used for unambiguous mapping and sema
52. ies and structural ambiguities 19 The system of claim 15 wherein said grammar checker provides a means for interactive disambiguation 20 The system of claim 15 wherein said vocabulary checker includes a spell checker 21 The system of claim 15 wherein said vocabulary checker is configured to identify words not included in said constrained source language 22 The system of claim 15 wherein said input text is provided in blocks of information elements 23 The system of claim 15 wherein said information elements contain tags which enable said information ele ments to be described in terms of their content and logical structure 24 A computer based system for monolingual document development and multilingual translation comprising a text editor adapted for accepting interactively from an author information elements written in a source lan guage a language editor which is an extension of said text editor which interactively enforces lexical and grammatical constraints on a natural language subset used by said author to create said input text wherein said author is interactively aided in enforcing said lexical and gram matical constraints on said information elements to produce said unambiguous constrained information elements machine translation system responsive to said language editor which translates said unambiguous constrained information elements into a foreign language and a domain model which communicates w
53. inside or are you supposed to check the inside of the cylinders There are two kinds of possible ambiguities Lexical ambiguities Lexical ambiguities occur where a word can have one or more meanings in the constrained language While it is a desirable that in the constrained language each word should have only one meaning per part of speech there are some words which will have more than one meaning For example the word gas can have the meaning natural gas or gasoline At the lexical level too the problem may be caused by one word which can be used in two different syntactic roles in CSL Such is the case of fuel which can be either noun or a verb in CSL When the author inputs a sentence where the syntactic role is not clear the Grammar Checker OC 620 may prompt the author as follows Author s Input When Checked The sensor is attached to fuel rack GC Message The term may be used as a noun or as a verb At this point the author has the option of editing the sentence without help from the system which simply requires rewriting and submitting again to the checker If the author opts to request for help the system may offer specific instructions to deal with problems of the same type In this case the help is specific Help GC Message If the word is a noun you may want to use a determiner before it If it is a verb can a determiner after it help Example The ship sinks vs Ship the sinks
54. ith said language editor and said machine translation means wherein said domain model provides pre determined domain knowledge and linguistic semantic knowledge about lexical units and their combinations so as to aid in producing said unambiguous constrained source text and in said translation to said foreign language wherein said domain model is a tripartite domain model said tripartite domain model comprising a kernel which contains lexical information that is required by said language editor and said a machine translation system wherein said lexical information includes lexical items within said natural language subset along with associated semantic concepts parts of speech and morphological information a language editor domain model which contains infor mation that is required only by said language editor wherein said information includes at least one of a natural language subset of synonyms for items not within said natural language subset a dictionary definitions of said lexical items and a set of examples of using said lexical items and a machine translation domain model which contains information which is required by only said machine translation system said machine translation domain model includes a hierarchy of concepts used for unambiguous mapping and semantic verification in translation 6 163 785 35 25 computer based system for monolingual document development and multilingual translation comprising
55. ities in said constrained source text 5 providing interactive feedback to said author to remove said syntactic grammatical errors and said 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 65 36 semantic ambiguities in said constrained source text to produce unambiguous constrained source text and 6 translating via a machine translation system said unambiguous constrained source text into a target lan guage wherein steps 2 and 4 further include the step of communicating with a tripartite domain model DM wherein said tripartite DM provides predetermined domain knowledge and linguistic semantic knowledge about lexical units and their combinations said tripar tite domain model including a kernel which contains lexical information that is required by said language editor and said a machine translation system wherein said lexical information includes lexical items within said constrained source language along with associated semantic concepts parts of speech and morphological information a language editor domain model which contains infor mation that is required only by said language editor wherein said information includes at least one of a set of synonyms for items not within said constrained source language a dictionary of definitions of said lexical items and a set of examples of using said lexical items and a machine translation domain model which contains information which is required by only s
56. iversal Parser Architecture for Knowledge Based Machine Translation Technical Report Center for Machine Tenslation Carnegie Mellon University May 1987 LR Parser Compiler Version 8 1 User s Guide Technical Memo Center for Machine Translation Carnegie Mellon University April 1988 which are incorporated by reference One of the advantages of interlingua translation systems over other types of MT systems is that the interlingua 260 is language independent that is the subject and target lan guages are never in direct contact This allows the construc tion of a machine translation system in which potentially any source and target languages could be selected while requir ing minimal modifications to the computational structure Clearly then any such system will need to be able to parse numerous source languages Hence a universal parser is needed which will take a language grammar as input rather than build the grammar into the interpreter proper This allows greater extensibility and generality 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 28 In other words when dealing with multiple languages the linguistic structure is no longer a universal invariant that transfers across all applications as it was for pure English language parsers but rather is another dimension of param eterization and extensibility However semantic information can remain invariant across languages though of course not acr
57. le if the word leak is in CSL as both a noun and a verb it would have two lexical entries Each lexical item will be updated with additional information required by the LE 130 and or the MT 120 such as a definition and irregular morphological variants The shared K DM 510 speeds up refinements and exten sions of the CSL saves duplication of effort in the authoring and translation components and provides a human readable structure to facilitate maintenance and extensions The K DM 510 is a lexicon containing both the syntactic and semantic information about terms words and phrases in the constrained language text It is the central lexical knowledge source for the analysis side of the automated machine translation MI process The K DM 510 is also used as the basis for the LE DM The K DM 510 includes a separate entry for each term in each syntactic category hus for a word like truck which is both a noun and a verb ithere are two entries K DM entries contain the following information root e g truck part of speech e g N for content words the concept or meaning e g O TRUCK morphological information e g irregular inflections syntactic information e g whether a noun is count or mass definitional information short definitions and textual examples documenting the different senses and uses of the words and a specification of the sense in which the word is to be used in the constraine
58. lete and a meaningful translation by IATS 105 becomes more certain Translation errors due to gaps are a common reason for postediting Hence gaps are disallowed Colloquial or spoken English often favors the use of very general words This may sometimes result in a degree of vagueness which must be resolved during the translation process For example words such as conditions remove facilities procedure go do is for make get etc are correct but imprecise In a sentence like When the temperature reaches 32 you must take special precautions the word reaches does not communi cate whether the temperature is dropping or rising one of these two terms would be more exact here and the text just as readable Some languages make distinctions where English does not always do so for example we say oil for either a lubricating fluid or one used for combustion iwe say fuel whether or not it is diesel Similarly when the word door is used in isolation it is not always possible to tell what kind of door is meant A car door A building door A compart ment door Other languages may need to make these dis tinctions Wherever possible full terms should be used in English D Domain Model Knowledge based Machine Translation KBM1 must be supported by world knowledge and by linguistic semantic knowledge about meanings of lexical units and their com binations A KBMT knowledge base must be able to repre sent not orly a g
59. mational flow and architectural block diagram of MT 120 FIG 4 shows an example of an information element FIG 5 is a block diagram of the domain model 500 FIG 6 is a high level flow diagram of the operation of the language editor 130 FIG 7 is a flow diagram illustrating the operation of the vocabulary checker 610 FIG 8 is a high level flow diagram of the disambiguation block 630 10 15 20 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 4 FIG 9 is an informational flow and architectural block diagram of MT 120 DETAILED DESCREfION OF THE PRESENT INVENTION I Integrated System Overview The computer based system of the present invention provides functional integration of 1 An authoring environment for the development of documents and 2 A module for accurate machine translation into mul tiple languages without pre or post editing Utilizing this technology in the production of multilingual documentation the user is assured of consistently accurate timely cost efficient translation whether in small or large volumes and with virtually simultaneous release of infor mation in both the source language and the languages targeted for translation decision to lirdc the source language authoring func tion together with the translation function is based on two principles 1 In a multinational multilingual business environment the information is not considered to be fully developed until it is deli
60. mbiguous words should be used in constructions that disambiguate them One difficult problem arising from the special nature of the domain is in some fields the frequent use of lengthy compound nouns The modification relationships present in such compound nouns are expressed differently in different languages Since it is not always feasible to recover these relationships from the source text and express them in the target language complex compound nouns with the follow ing characteristics may be listed in the MT lexicon Technical terms from the user application specific vocabulary and Compound terms consisting of more than one word Complicated noun noun compounding should be avoided if possible However with some items listed in the lexicon the MT is capable of handling this important characteristic of documentation Note that noun noun compounding which is a very common feature of the English language may not necessarily be a common feature of other language and as such the constraints under which the constrained language is created differs which the particular source language being utilized English is very rich in verb particle combinations where a verb is combined with a preposition adverb or other part of speech As the particle can often be separated from the verb by objects or other phrases this causes complexity and ambiguity in MT processing of the input text Accordingly verb particle combinations should be rewrit
61. mit III Washington D C Jul 2 4 1991 Nirenburg S World Knowledge and Text Meaning K Goodman and S Nirenburg eds The KBMT Project A Case Study in Knowledge Based Machine Translation San Mateo Calif Morgan Kaufmann KBMT 89 Project Report available from the Center for Machine Translation Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA phone number 412 268 6591 4th Printing March 1990 S Nirenburg ed Machine Translation Theoretical and Methodological Issues Cambridge Cambridge Univer sity Press pgs 68 89 1987 and Carbonell et al Steps Toward Knowledge Based Machine Translation IEEE Transaction on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence Vol PAMI 3 No 4 July 1981 which are all hereby incorporated by reference While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to preferred embodiments thereof it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention What is claimed is 1 A computer based system for monolingual document development comprising a text editor adapted to accept interactively from an author input text written in a source language language editor which is an extension of said text editor which interactively enforces lexical constraints and grammatical constrains on a natural language subset used by said author to create said input
62. n sentence For many words the system can eliminate some ambiguity by recognizing the part of speech of the word as used in a particular sentence noun verb adjective etc This is possible because each definition of a word is par ticular to the use of that word as a certain part of speech as indicated above for leak However to avoid the kinds of ambiguity that the MT 120 cannot eliminate the CSL specification strives to include a single one sense of a word or phrase for each part of speech Thus when a word or phrase is in CSL it can be used in CSL in at least one of its possible senses For example an author writing in CSL may be allowed to use leak in senses 1 and 3 above but not in sense 2 Saying that a word or phrase is in CSL does not mean that all possible uses of the word or phrase can be translated If a word or phrase is in CSL then all forms of that word or phrase that can express its CSL sense s are also in CSL In the above example an author may use not only the verb leak but also the related verb forms leaked leaking and leaks If a word or phrase with a noun sense is part of CSL both its singular and plural forms may be used Note however phrases which function as more than one part of speech are uncommon This heuristic is therefore less rel evant in the case of an ambiguous phrase A vocabulary is the collection of words and phrases used in a particular l
63. n and A Zwicky eds Natural Lnguage Parsing Psychological Computational and Theoretical Perspectives Cambridge Mass Cambridge University Press pgs 251 278 1985 and Kaplan R and J Bresnan Lexical Functional Gram mar A Formal System for Grammatical Representation in J Bresnan ed The Mental Representation of Grammatical Relations Cambridge Mass MIT Press pgs 172 281 1982 both of which are incorporated by reference In the rest of this document we refer frequently to the notion that a word or phrase may be in CSL or not in CSL Below we will describe the assumptions about the type of vocabulary restrictions that will be imposed by CSL and to clarify the use of the expression in CSL The same word or phrase in English can have many different meanings for example a general purpose dictio nary may list the following definitions for the word leak 1 verb to permit the escape of something through a breach or flaw 2 verb to disclose information without official authority or sanction and 3 noun a crack or opening that permits something to escape from or enter a container or conduit Each of these different meanings is referred to as a sense of the word or phrase Multiple senses for a single word or phrase can cause problems for an MT system which doesn t have all the knowledge that humans use to under stand which of several possible senses is intended in a give
64. n implements absolute adherence to constraints of vocabulary and grammar rather than just stylistic warnings or simple error detection such as subject verb agreement If the sentence is semantically unambiguous then it is translated into Interlingua as shown in block 720 Once the document passes the grammar checker 620 a SGML tag designating CSL approval can be inserted in the document In a preferred embodiment the Grammar Checker 620 provides pass fail feedback to the author 160 However more specific feedback other than pass fail feedback can be implemented For a more in depth discussion of grammar checking including disambiguation see Tomita M Sentence Dis ambiguation by Asking Computers and Translation 1 39 51 1986 and Carbonell J and M Tomita Knowledge Based Machine Translation the CMU Approach in S Nirenburg ed Machine Translation Theoretical and Methodological Issues Cambridge Cam bridge University Press pgs 68 89 1987 both of which are incorporated by reference F Machine Translation The MT 120 is an interlingua type machine translation system In such systems the constrained source language CSL and the target language never come in direct contact The processing in such systems generally occurs in two stages First representing the meaning of the CSL text in a language independent formal language called interlingua and second expressing this meaning using the lexical units a
65. nd Schmolze An Overview of the KL ONE Knowledge Repre sentation System Cognitive Science vol 9 1985 Lenat et al Using Common Sense Knowledge to Overcome Brittleness and Knowledge Acquisition Bottlenecks 1 Magazine 65 85 1985 Hobbs Overview of the Tacitus Project Computational Linguistics 12 3 1986 and Niren burg et al Acquisition of Very Large Knowledge Bases Methodology Tools and Applications Center for Machine Translation Carnegie Mellon University 1988 all of which are incorporated herein by reference The ontology is a language independent conceptual rep resentation of a specific subworld such as heavy equipment troubleshooting and repair or the interaction between per sonal computers and their users It provides the semantic information necessary in the sublanguage domain for pars ing source text in interlingua text and generating target texts from interlingua texts The domain model has to be of sufficient detail to provide sufficient semantic restrictions that eliminate ambiguities in parsing and the ontological model must provide uniform definitions of basic ontological categories that are the building blocks for descriptions of particular domains In a world model the ontological concepts can be first subdivided into objects events forces introduced to account for intentionless agents and properties Properties can be further subdivided into relations and attributes Relations will be defi
66. nd syntactic constructions of the target language Interlin gua MT systems as well as other types of MT systems are well known in the art Detailed descriptions of these differ ent approaches to machine translation can be found in Hutchins Machine Translation Past Present Future Ellis Horwood Ltd Chichester UK 1986 and Zarechnak The History of Machine Translation in Henisz Dostert McDonald Zarechnak eds Machine Translation Trends in Linguistics Studies and Monographs Vol 11 The Hague Mouton 1979 both of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety The meaning of the CSL text 350 is represented in the specially designed knowledge representation scheme called 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 26 interlingua which is well known in the art Interlingua is in turn represented in a frame notation and thus can be viewed as a kind of semantic network Like other artificial or formal languages interlingua has its own lexicon and syntax The lexicon is based on the domain from which the translated texts are taken e g computer maintenance space exploration etc Thus interlingua nouns are object concepts in the ontology interlingua verbs correspond roughly to events in the ontology and interlingua adjec tives and adverbs are the various properties defined in the ontology The ontology forms a densely connected network for the various types
67. ned as mappings among concepts e g belongs to is a relation since it maps an object into the set human organization while attributes will be defined as mappings of concepts into specially defined value sets e g temperature is an attribute that maps physical objects into values on the semi open scale O with the granularity of degrees on the Kelvin scale Concepts are typically repre sented as frames whose slots are properties fully defined in the system Domain models are a necessary part of any knowledge based system not only a knowledge based machine trans lation one The domain model is a semantic hierarchy of concepts that occur in the translation domain For instance we may define the object O VEHICLE to include O WHEELED VEHICLE and O TRACKED VEHICLE and the former to include O TRUCK O WHEELED TRACTOR and so on At the bottom of this hierarchy are the specific concepts corresponding to terminology in CSL We call this bottom part the shared K DM In order to translate accurately we must place semantic restrictions on the roles that different concepts play For instance the fact that the agent role of an E DRIVE action must be filled by a human is a semantic restriction placed on O VEHICLE and automatically inherited by all types of vehicles thus saving repetitious work in hand coding each example The Authoring part of the domain model augments the K DM with synonyms not in CSL and other info
68. ns to the sentence structure For example if was in CSL and capable was not author who wrote the following sentence 5 10 20 30 40 55 60 65 22 The system is capable of being programmed for several customer specified parameters would be told that capable capable was not a CSL word Although the word can can is CSL neither the word capable nor the phrase is capable of is capable of can be directly replaced with can without the need for further changes to the sentence 2 Grammar Checker The purpose of the Grammar Checker is to identify places where an author s text does not conform to CSL grammati cal restrictions and to focus the author s attention on those places The grammar checker 620 functionality will be provided by the Analysis module 127 of the MT system 120 extended to allow the system to report instances of syntactic and semantic ambiguity The grammar checker interface allows the author to respond interactively to requests for clarification of ambiguity It is possible that a sentence can be a constrained language but that it may have more than one interpretation The grammar checker interface will present some indication of the two or more possible meanings of the sentence to the author and request clarification An example of an ambiguous sentence would be Check the cylinders on the inside Are the cylinders located on the
69. ntic verification in translation 4 checking for syntactic grammatical errors and seman tic ambiguities in said constrained source text by con sulting said domain model 5 providing interactive feedback to said author to remove said syntactic grammatical errors and said semantic ambiguities in said constrained source text to 6 163 785 33 produce at least one unambiguous constrained infor mation element and 6 saving said at least one unambiguous constrained information element for later use 7 A computer based system for translating source lan guage input text to a foreign language comprising a text editor adapted to accept interactively from an author the input text written in a source language a language editor which is an extension of said text editor which interacts with said author to produce from said input text an unambiguous constrained source text by interactively enforcing vocabulary and grammatical constraints against a constrained source language a machine translation system responsive to said language editor which is configured to translate said unambigu ous constrained source text into the foreign language and a domain model which communicates with said language editor and said machine translation system and which provides predetermined domain knowledge and lin guistic semantic knowledge about lexical units and of their combinations so as to aid in producing said unambiguous constrained
70. o said author if said term has no direct CSL synonyms 32 The method of claim 29 further comprising the step of allowing said author to rewrite a sentence containing a non CSL term 33 The method of claim 26 further comprising the step of inserting a tag into said source input text after said author responds to said request for clarification of ambiguity 34 The method of claim 26 wherein said source input text is created in blocks of information elements 6 163 785 37 35 The method of claim 26 wherein said source input text is a text label in a graphic 36 The method of claim 26 wherein step 3 comprises the step of presenting an indication of the two or more possible meanings of said source input text to said author 37 Acomputer based method for monolingual document development and multilingual translation comprising the steps of 1 entering input text in a source language into a text editor 2 checking via a language editor said input text against a pre determined set of constraints stored in a domain model wherein said pre determined set of constraints includes a set of source sublanguage rules concerning vocabulary and grammar wherein first interactive feed back is performed in order to make said input text conform with said set of source sublanguage rules and to eliminate ambiguities wherein said domain model is a tripartite domain model said tripartite domain model comprising a kernel which contain
71. onstrained sublanguage In view of the above the present invention limits the authoring of documents within the bounds of a constrained language A constrained language is a sublanguage of a source language e g American English developed for the domain of a particular user application For a discussion generally of constrained or controlled languages see Adri aens et al From COGRAM to ALCOGRAM Toward controlled English Grammar Checker Proc of Coling 92 Nantes Aug 23 28 1992 which is incorporated by refer ence In the context of machine translation the goals of the constrained language are as follows 1 To facilitate consistent authoring of source documents and to encourage clear and direct writing and 2 To provide a principled framework for source texts that will allow fast accurate and high quality machine translation of user documents 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 12 The set of rules that authors must follow to ensure that the grammar of what they write conforms to CSL will be referred to as CSL Grammatical Constraints The computa tional implementation of CSL grammatical constraints used to analyze CSL texts in the MT component will be referred to as the CSL Functional Grammar based on the well known formalisms developed by Martin Kay and later modified by R Kaplan and J Bresnan see Kay M Parsing in Func tional Unification Grammar in D Dowty L Kartne
72. onstrained text that can be translated without postediting In the past authors have created by way of the text editor 140 electronic documents text only no graphics that represented a complete book This implies that all work is done by one writer and that the information created is not easily reused The present invention however compiles or creates books manuals documents from a set of smaller pieces or information elements which implies that the work can be done by multiple writers The result of this invention is enhanced reusability An information element is defined as the smallest stand alone piece of service information about a specialized domain It should be noted however that although a preferred embodiment utilizes information elements the present invention can produce accurate unam biguous translated documents without the use of information elements FIG 4 shows an example of an information element 410 which includes a unique heading 415 a unique block of text 420 a shared graphic 430 a shared table 435 and a shared block of test 425 Unique information is that information which applies only to the information element in which it s contained This implies that the unique information is filed as part of the information element 450 A shared object a graphic table or block of text is information that is referenced in the information element T
73. oss domains Therefore it is crucial to keep semantic knowledge sources separate from syntactic ones so that if new linguistic information is added it will apply across all semantic domains and if new semantic information is added it will apply to all relevant languages The universal parser attempts to accomplish this factoring without making major concessions to either run time efficiency or semantic accu racy The parser 910 is characterized by three kinds of knowl edge sources One contains syntactic grammars for different languages another contains semantic knowledge bases for different domains and the third contains sets of rules which map syntactic forms words and phases into the semantic knowledge structure Each of the syntactic grammars is completely independent of any specific domain likewise each of the semantic knowledge basis is independent of any specific domain likewise each of the semantic knowledge basis is independent of any specific language Further the mapping rules are both language and domain dependent and a different set of mapping rules is created for each language domain combination Syntactic grammars domain knowledge bases and mapping rules are written in a highly abstract human readable manner This organization makes them easy to extend or modify but possibly machine inefficient for a run time parser The function of the mapping rule interpreter 920 is to generate and manipulate the syntactic and
74. publication type A shared information element is an information element that is used in more than one document For example the same four information elements in release library 470 are used to create portions of documents 480 and 485 All communication between the author and the LE 130 will be mediated by an LE User Interface UI implemented as either an extension of standard SGML Editor facilities such as menu options or in separate windows The UI provides and manages access to and control of the CSL checkers and CSL vocabulary look up and it is the primary tool enabling users to interact with the CSL LE Although the term user interface is often used in a more general sense to refer to the interface to an entire software system here the term will be restricted to mean the interface to the CSL checkers vocabulary look up facility and the disam biguation facility Among other things the UI must provide clear informa tion regarding a the actions the LE is taking b the result of these actions and c any ensuing actions For example whenever an action initiated through the UI introduces more than a very brief real time pause the UI should inform the author of a possible delay by means of a succinct message The author can invoke LE functionality by choosing an option from a pull down menu in text editor 140 The available options allow the author to initiate and view feedback from CSL checking both vocabulary and
75. risons can be made in connection with all other languages There is nothing inherent about the system 100 described herein that requires American English to be the source language In fact the system 100 is not designed to work with American English as the only source language However the databases e g the domain model that interact with the LE 130 and MT 120 will have to be changed to correspond to the constraints of the particular source language The rules of standard American English orthography must be followed Non standard spellings such as thru for through moulding for molding or hodometer for odometer are to be avoided Capitalized words e g On ff Value Planned Repair should only be used to indicate special meaning of terms These terms must be listed in the user application vocabulary Such is also the case for non standard capitalization usage BrakeSaver Likewise abbreviations when used ROPS API PIN must be listed in the user application specific vocabulary The format for numbers units of measurement and dates must be consis tent Constrained language recovery items should also be used according to their constrained language meaning In doing so the writer assures that the MT always translates a word by using the proper constrained language word sense Some English words can also belong to more than one syntactic category In the constrained language all syntactically a
76. rmation to provide useful feedback to the author as he or she composes each information element 6 163 785 17 FIG 5 conceptually illustrates the Domain Model DM used by the present invention The DM 500 is a represen tation of the declarative knowledge about the CSL vocabu lary used by the MT 120 and the LE 130 The DM 500 is made up of three distinct parts 1 A Kernel Domain Model K DM 510 contains all lexical information that is required by both the MT analyzer 127 and the LE 139 in particular the kernel includes all CSL lexical items words and phrases with associated semantic concepts parts of speech morpho logical information etc 2 AMT Domain Model MT DM 520 which contains information that is required only by the MT analyzer 127 The MT Domain Model is the hierarchy of con cepts used for unambiguous mapping and semantic verification in translation It includes selectional restrictions on concepts and a hierarchical classification of concepts 3 ALE Domain Model LE DM 530 contains informa tion that is required only by the LE 130 this includes non CSL synonyms for CSL lexical items dictionary definitions of CSL lexical items and examples of the CSL lexical items in use The Kernel DM 510 will contain one lexical entry for every CSL lexical item word or phrase A lexical entry consists of a lexical item a word or phrase and minimally its associated semantic concept and part of speech for examp
77. s First the output of the former is the input to the latter and second they share some external knowledge sources especially the domain model 137 The MT system 120 is subdivided as shown in FIG 9 Analysis consists of a Parser 910 and an Interpreter 920 The other half of the MT 120 can be divided into a Mapper 930 and a Generator 940 The oval circles in FIG 9 stand for the data that is produced and passed between the major software modules The DM 137 and specifically the MT DM 520 is used in three different ways during translation 1 the parser 910 uses the DM 137 to constrain possible attachments using strict subcategorization of arguments and modifiers during syntactic parsing 2 the interpreter 920 uses Mhe DM 137 to instantiate the appropriate domain concepts during inter pretation 3 the mapper 930 uses the dM 137 to select the appropriate target realization for each interlingua concept The MT 120 runs as one or more server processes Each such MT process accepts translation requests from the FMS 110 and returns the results The requests contain SGML tagged CSL text and the results contain SGML tagged target language translations Since translations into more than one language may be going on at once the requests also include desired target language Since the MT server processes are specialized by target language a routing function is involved This routing function is performed automatically by the FMS 110 The pr
78. s lexical information that is required by said language editor and said a machine translation system wherein said lexical information includes lexical items that satisfy said pre determined set of constraints along with associated semantic concepts parts of speech and morphologi cal information a language editor domain model which contains infor mation that is required only by said language editor wherein said information includes at least one of a set of synonyms for items that do not satisfy said pre determined set of constraints a dictionary of definitions of said lexical items and a set of examples of using said lexical items and a machine translation domain model which contains information which is required by only said machine translation system said machine translation domain model includes a hierarchy of concepts used for unambiguous mapping and semantic verification in translation 3 providing to an author interactive feedback relating to said input text if said pre determined set of criteria is not met said interactive feedback is performed subse quent to consulting said domain model which provides the necessary domain knowledge and linguistic seman tic knowledge about lexical units and their combinations wherein said author produces through said interactive feedback unambiguous constrained source text and 4 translating said unambiguous constrained source text into a target language 38 The method of claim
79. s of varied capabilities and backgrounds cannot comfortably be made to fit a uniform skill standard Writing guidelines rules and standards are elusive difficult to define and enforce Efforts aimed at both standardizing and improving on the quality of writing tend to meet with mixed results However achieved and however successful these results push up documenta tion authoring costs Recent attempts at surrounding authors with the software environment that might enhance their productivity and the quality of their writing have only succeeded in providing spell checkers The effectiveness of other writing software has so far been disappointingly weak When the need to deliver information calls for the cross ing of linguistic frontiers the challenges multiply The organization that needs to clear a channel for its information flow finds itself to a great extent if not totally dependent on translation Translation of text from one language to another language has been done for hundreds of years Prior to the advent of computers such translation was done completely manually by experts called translators who were fluent in the lan guage of the original text source text and in the language of the translated text target text Typically it was preferable for the translator to have originally learned the target lan guage as his her native tongue and subsequently have learned the source language Such an approach was felt to result in th
80. s that feeds the MT analyzer 127 The DM 137 is a symbolic representation of 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 6 the declarative knowledge about the CSL vocabulary used by the MT analyzer 127 and the LE 130 FIG 2 shows a high level flowchart of the operation of IATS 105 The MT 120 LE 130 text editor 140 and graphics editor 150 are all controlled by the FMS 110 Control lines 111 113 provide the necessary control infor mation for proper operation of IATS 105 Initially the author 160 will use the FMS 110 to choose a document to edit and the FMS 110 will start the text editor 140 displaying the file for the specified document Via the text editor 140 the author enters text that may be uncon strained and ambiguous text into the IATS 105 as shown in blocks 160 and 220 The author 160 will use standard editor commands to create and modify the document until it is ready to be checked for CSL compliance Note that is it anticipated that authors will mostly enter text that is sub stantially prepared with the CSL constraints in mind The text will then be modified by the author in response to system feedback based on violations to the predetermined lexical and grammatical constraints to conform to the CSL This is of course much more efficient than initially entering totally unconstrained text However the system will operate properly even if totally unconstrained text is entered from the start
81. set along with associated semantic concepts parts of speech and morphological information a language editor domain model which contains infor mation that is required only by said language editor wherein said information includes at least one of a natural language subset of synonyms for items not within said natural language subset dictionary defi nitions of said lexical items and a set of examples of using said lexical items and a machine translation domain model which contains information which is required by only said machine translation system said machine translation domain model includes a hierarchy of concepts used for unambiguous mapping and semantic verification in translation 26 A computer based method for translating source lan guage text to a foreign language comprising the steps of 1 entering input text in a source language into a text editor 2 checking via a language editor said input text against a constrained source language 3 providing to an author interactive feedback relating to said source input text if non constrained source lan guage is present in said source input text until said author modifies said source input text into a constrained source text wherein said interactive feedback includes allowing said author to select from a list of at least one synonym a word or phrase to replace said non constrained source language 4 checking for syntactic grammatical errors and seman tic ambigu
82. sion 2 0 Carnegie Mellon Center for Machine Translation Paper No CMU CMT Memo Goodman The KBMT Project A Case Study in Knowl edge Based Machine Translation Morgan Kaufmann Pub lishers Inc 1991 Meyer Lexicographic Principles amp Design for Knowledge Based Machine Translation Paper CMU CMT 90 118 Carnegie Mellon Center Mitamura An Efficient Interlingua Translation System for Multi Lingual Document Production Wash D C Jul 2 4 1991 Nirenburg Acquisition of Very Large Knowledge Bases Methodology Tools and Applications Carnegie Mellon Paper No CMU CMT 88 108 Jun 1988 Nirunburg Machine Translation Knowledge Based Approach Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc 1992 Somers Introduction to Machine Translation Aca demic Press Oct 1991 Teruko Mitamura Hierarchial Organization of Predi cate Frames for Interpretive Mapping in Natural Language Proc 90 117 Tomita et al The Universal Parser Architecture for Knowl edge Based Machine Translation Carnegie Mellon Center for Mach Trans Tomita Generation Kit and Transformation Kit Version 3 2 User s Manual Carnegie Mellon Center for Mach Translation 88 Tomita The Generalized LR Parser Compiler Version 8 1 User s Guide Carnegie Mellon Center for Mach Trans lation Paper No CMU CMT 88 Memo IBM New for IBM Russian Language Translator for the PC Newsbyt
83. stem 10 The system of claim 7 wherein said author operates on a workstation which is part of a computer network 11 The system of claim 7 wherein said machine trans lation system includes an interpreter which is configured to translate said unambiguous constrained source text into interlingua 12 The system of claim 7 wherein said language editor provides said interaction with said author in a batch mode 13 The system of claim 7 further comprising a graphics editor adapted to create text labels wherein said text labels can be edited by said author with the aid of said language editor and subsequently translated by said machine transla tion system 14 The system of claim 7 wherein said constrained source language is a subset of a natural language and is specified as to lexicon and grammar 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 34 15 The system of claim 7 wherein said language editor comprises a vocabulary checker and a grammar checker 16 The system of claim 15 wherein said vocabulary checker checks said input text against a permitted lexicon and suggests alternatives to non lexicon word choices 17 The system of claim 15 wherein said grammar checker checks for compliance with predefined grammatical rules and suggests alternatives to undefined grammatical structures 18 The system of claim 15 wherein said grammar checker provides feedback to the author concerning lexical ambiguit
84. success fully parsed by the MT Analysis module 127 The parsing may fail for reasons including but not limited to those listed below The sentence includes grammatical constructions which the analysis module 127 will not parse Such is the case for instance when the sentence contains a reduced relative clause The reduction results from deleting the relative pronoun that and the verb be in a sentence like Don t change the values that are programmed into the unit Author s Input When Checked Don t change the values programmed into the unit grammar checker Message This sentence is difficult to parse Please check for one of the following problems Then the grammar checker 620 goes on to list the typical and most frequent situations where parsing is made difficult if not impossible through the use of grammatical construc tions not included in the repertoire of CSL The punctuation usage in the sentence does not conform to CSL restrictions As noted above punctuation marks and special characters which are not part of CSL in any context will be flagged by the Vocabulary Checker 610 However the Vocabulary Checker 610 does not parse input so it will not report cases in which such an element exists in CSL but has been used in the wrong context This kind of case will trigger a fail response from the Grammar Checker 620 CSL vocabulary word was used in a syntactic form that is not recognized for that wor
85. ten wherever possible This can usually be accomplished by using a single word verb instead For example use must or need in place of have to consult in place of refer to start the motor in place of turn the motor on 6 163 785 15 Full terms ideas should be used wherever possible This is particularly important where misunderstandings may arise For example in the phrase Use a monkey wrench to loosen the the word wrench must not be omitted While most techni cally capable people would understand the implication with out this word it must be rendered explicit during the translation process CIE text must have vocabulary which is explicitly expressed wherever possible abbreviations or shortened terms should be rewritten into lexically complete expressions Consider another example If the electrolyte density indicates that Here the meaning is more explicit and complete when the idea is fully expressed If measurement of the electrolyte density indicates that Finally in the following sentences have words or phrases missing the underlined words are supplied to make the meaning more redundant Turn the start switch key to OFF and remove the key Pull the backrest 1 up and move the backrest to the desired position Jump starting make sure the machines do not touch each other When such gaps are filled the idea is more comp
86. text wherein said author is interactively aided in enforcing said lexical constraints and said grammatical constraints on said input text so as to produce unambiguous con strained text a machine translation system responsive to said language editor that is configured to translate said unambiguous constrained text into a foreign language and a domain model which communicates with said language editor wherein said domain model provides pre determined domain knowledge and linguistic semantic knowledge about lexical units and of their combinations so as to assist said language editor in said enforcement of said lexical and grammatical con straints wherein said domain model is a tripartite domain model said tripartite domain model comprising 10 15 25 30 40 45 50 55 60 65 30 a kernel which contains lexical information that is required by said language editor and said machine translation system wherein said lexical information includes lexical items within a natural language subset along with associated semantic concepts parts of speech and morphological information a language editor domain model which contains infor mation that is required only by said language editor wherein said information includes at least one of a natural language subset of synonyms for items not within said natural language subset a dictionary of definitions of said lexical items and a set of examples of using said lexical
87. the concept hat and the concept costume where the hat is a part of the costume The same relationship obtains between the concept sole and the concept shoe heel and shoe etc The semantic information A held in the DMIMT 520 identifies this and other semantic relation ships between the concepts in the domain When the process in the MT analyzer 127 goes to the DM MT 520 for semantic information concerning the rela tionship between the concept valve and the concept lever The information in the DM 137 will not enable the MT analyzer 127 to tell whether lever is a part of valve the knowledge about such relationship is just not there So the MT analyzer 127 is still at a loss as to whether the phrase with the lever should be attached to the word valve Now when the MT analyzer 127 turns to the contextual information B it finds that the verb remove takes three cases a nominative NOM an accusative ACC and an instrumental INS at a deeper level of analysis however than that of the Latin grammar of our school days That is remove fits in the following case frame veng NOM ACC INS Based on this abstract pattern we can build sentences such as the following NOM VERB ACC INS The workman removed the sand with a shovel Peter has removed the box with the nail etc As the DM MT contains information about the combina tion of t
88. the trans lation functions of the present invention within a unified framework is the only way devised to date that eliminates both pre and postediting The text TE 140 is a set of tools to support the authors and editors in creating documents in CSL These tools will help authors to use the appropriate CSL vocabulary and grammar to write their documents The TE 140 communi cates with the author 160 and vice versa directly Referring to FIG 1 b the IATS 105 is divided into four main parts to perform the authoring and translation func tions 1 a Constrained Source Language CSL 133 2 a Text Editor LE 140 3 a MT 120 and 4 a Domain Model DM 137 The Text Editor 140 includes a Language 6 163 785 5 Editor 130 and Graphics Editor 150 addition File Management System FMS 110 is also provided for con trolling all processes The CSL 133 is a subset of a source language whose grammar and vocabulary cover the domain of the author s documentation which is to be translated The CSL 133 is defined by specifications of the vocabulary and grammatical constructions allowed so that the translation process is made possible without the aid of pre and post editing The TE 140 is a set of tools to support authors and editors in creating g documents in CSL These tools will help authors to use the appropriate CSL vocabulary and grammar to write their documents The LE 130 communicates with the author 160 and vice vers
89. tion structure mapping rules respec tively The output of this module is an f structure of the target language sentence that will be output by the system The goal of the generation module is to produce target language sentences from the interlingua text 260 frames produced by the CSL analyzer 127 6 163 785 29 There three main steps generation 1 Lexical Selection For each concept in the Interlingua the most appropriate lexical item must be selected 2 F Structure Creation A syntactic functional structure which determines the grammatical structure of the target utterance must be pro duced from the Interlingua Text frames 3 Syntactic Generation The syntactic functional structure is processed by the generation grammar to produce a target language sentence The design of the generation module 940 combines recent research in the area of lexical selection with a map and generate paradigm that has been utilized in previous trans lation systems For a more in depth discussion of machine translation and the specific design and operation of the modules described above see Nirenburg et al Machine Translation A Knowledge Based Approach Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc 1992 Sommers amp Hutchins Introduction to Machine Translation Academic Press London October 1991 Mita mura et al An Efficient Interlingua Translation System for Multi lingual Document Production Proceedings of Machine Translation Sum
90. to foreign language text In particular for every new target language a new MT generator 123 must be individually developed When fully functional the LE 130 will sometimes need to ask the author 160 to choose from alternative interpretations for certain sentences that satisfy CSL grammatical con straints but for which the meaning is unclear This process is known as disambiguation After the LE 130 has determined that a particular part of text uses only CSL vocabulary and satisfies all CSL grammatical constrains then the text will be labeled CSL approved pending this disambiguation As explained below disambiguation will not require any changes to the author visible aspects of the text After the text has been disambiguated it will be ready for translation into the target language 180 In practice the LE 130 is built as an extension to the text editor 140 which provides the basic word processing func tionality required by authors and editors to create text and tables The graphics editor 150 is used for creating graphics The graphics editor 150 provides a means for accessing the text labels on graphics through the text editor 140 so these text labels can be CSL approved as well The LE 130 via text editor 140 communicates with the MT analyzer 127 and through it with the DM 137 during disambiguation via bidirectional socket to socket line 132 In the preferred embodiment of the present invention the DM is one of the knowledge base
91. to remove non CSL language 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 10 In most cases the UI provides automatic replacement of non CSL vocabulary with CSL vocabulary with no need for the user to modify the CSL word to ensure that it is in the appropriate form However there are some cases in which the vocabulary checker described below which does no parsing of a document will not be able to identify the correct form to provide Consider the following caption in the case where the verb view is not in CSL but has the CSL synonym see Direction of Crankshaft Rotation when viewed from flywheel end The Vocabulary Checker will not know if saw or seen should be offered as a synonym for viewed Of course in this case a reasonable course of action might be to offer both possibilities and allow the author to choose the appropriate one Because there is no certainty that every case will allow a presentation that enables the author to order a direct replacement LE 130 provides a list of replacement options in the correct form where possible There may be cases though when the author will find it necessary to edit a suggested CSL word or phrase before requesting that it be put into the document Finally the LE UI provides support for disambiguating the meaning of sentences It does this by providing a list of possible alternative interpretations to the author allows the author
92. to select the appropriate interpretation and then tags the sentence so as to indicate that authors selection C File Management System The File Management System FMS 110 serves as the authors interface to the IE Release Library 470 and the SGML text editor 140 Typically authors will select an IE to edit by indicating the file for that IE in the FMS interface The FMS 110 will then initiate and manage an SGML Editor session for that IE Finished documents will be forwarded to a human editor or Information Integrator via FMS controlled facilities D Constrained Source Language CSL Given the complexity of today s technical documentation high quality machine translation of natural language uncon strained texts is practically impossible The major obstacles to this are of a linguistic nature The crucial process in translating a source text is that of rendering its meaning in the target language Because meaning lies under the surface of textual signals such overt signals have to be analyzed The meaning resulting from this analysis is used in the process of generating the signals of the target language Some of the most vexing translation problems result from those features inherent in language which hinder analysis and generation A few of these features are 1 Words with more than one meaning in an ambiguous context Example Make it with light material Is the material not dark or not heavy 2 Words of ambig
93. tricted for MT The technical nomenclature comprises technical content words and phrases and user application specific vocabulary Technical content items are words and phrases which are specific to a particular field of endeavor or domain Most technical words are nouns used to name items such as parts components machines or materials They may however also include other classes of words such as verbs adjectives and adverbs Obviously as these words are not used in common everyday conversation they contrast with general content words Technical content phrases are multiple word sequences built up from all the preceding classes These phrases are the most characteristic form of technical documentation vocabulary The user application specific vocabulary is the part of the terminology that contains distinctly user appli cation created words and complex terms These include the following product names titles of documents acronyms used by the user and from numbers The development of a useful and complete vocabulary is important for any documentation effort When documenta tion is subsequently translated the vocabulary becomes an important resource for the translation effort The MT 120 is designed to handle most functional items available in English except those referring to very personal it me my etc or gender based hers she etc or other pronominal it them etc usage This will include a number of technical
94. uage 3 providing to an author interactive feedback relating to said at least one information element if non constrained source language is present in said at least one infor mation element until said at least one information element has been modified into a constrained source test said interactive feedback is performed after con sulting a domain model which provides domain knowl edge and linguistic semantic knowledge about lexical units and of their combinations wherein said domain model is a tripartite domain model said tripartite domain model comprising a kernel which contains lexical information that is required by said language editor and said a machine translation system wherein said lexical information includes lexical items within said natural language subset along with associated semantic concepts parts of speech and morphological information a language editor domain model which contains infor mation that is required only by said language editor wherein said information includes at least one of a gt 6 163 785 39 natural language subset of synonyms for items not within said natural language subset a dictionary of definitions of said lexical items and a set of examples of using said lexical items and a machine translation domain model which contains information which is required by only said machine translation system said machine translation domain model includes a hierarchy of concepts used for unambiguo
95. ument 2 Does the box have a nail Once the author makes an interpretation choice the checker attaches an invisible SGML tag to the sentence which indicates to the system how the sentence should be translated As mentioned above the MT analyzer 127 is called by the grammar checker in order to check whether input text or an IE or part thereof conforms to the grammatical and seman tic constraints of CSL In this regard a preferred embodi ment returns a strict green light red light message for each sentence the latter indicating that the author must correct the composition of the flagged sentences via the authoring environment Once the entire input text or IE has been certified as CSL compliant it may be stored away or sent for immediate translation Referring to FIG 8 a high level flow chart of the grammar checker 620 syntactical analysis and disambigu ation checker 630 semantic analysis is shown The word sentence is used below to refer to the unit of text that passes or fails the checking by the analysis module 127 The unit that is checked may actually be a non sentential text component such as a heading title or list element or a caption or other text from a graphic The grammar checker 620 recognizes sentence boundaries and SGML element boundaries in an SGML marked up text It identifies every sentence that does not conform to the CSL specification This will include every sentence which cannot be
96. uous makeup Example The German word Arbeiterinformation is either information for workers Arbeiter Information or formation of female workers Arbeiterin Formation 3 Words which play more than one syntactic role Round may be a noun N a verb V or an adjective A N Liston was knocked out in the first round V Round off the figures before tabulating them Do not place the cube in a round box 6 163 785 1 4 Combinations of words which may play more than syntactic role each Example British Left Waffles on Falklands If Left Waffles is read N V the headline is about the British Left If Left Waffles is read as V N the headline is about the British 5 Combinations of words in ambiguous structures Example Visiting relatives can be boring Is it the visiting of relatives or the relatives who visit which can be boring Example Lift the head with the lifting eye Is the lifting eye an instrument or a feature of the head 6 Confusing pronominal reference Example The monkey ate the banana because it was What does it refer back to the monkey or the banana Generation problems add to the above increasing the overall difficulty of machine translation The magnitude of the translation problems is considerably lessened by any reductions of the range of linguistic phe nomena the language represents A sublanguage covers the range
97. us mapping and semantic verification in translation 4 checking for syntactic grammatical errors and seman tic ambiguities in said constrained text by consulting said domain model 5 providing interactive feedback to said author to remove said syntactic grammatical errors and said semantic ambiguities in said constrained source text to 10 15 40 produce at least one unambiguous constrained infor mation element 6 saving said at least one unambiguous constrained information element for later use and 7 translating with said machine translation system said at least one unambiguous constrained information ele ment into a foreign language 41 The method of claim 40 further comprising the step of marking with a tag said information element certifying it to be translatable 42 The method of claim 40 wherein step 3 of providing interactive feedback includes the step of allowing said author to select from a list of synonyms a word or phrase to replace said non constrained language in said at least one information element
98. verable in the various languages of the users 2 Combining the authoring and translation processes within a unified framework leads to efficiency gains that cannot otherwise be achieved FIG 1 shows a high level block diagram of the Integrated Authoring and Translation System AATS 105 The IATS 105 provides a specialized computing environ ment dedicated to supporting an organization in authoring documentation in one language and translating it into vari ous others These two distinct functions are supported by an integrated group of programs as follows 1 Authoring one subgroup of the programs provides an interactive computerized Text Editor TE 140 which enables authors to create their monolingual text within the lexical and grammatical constraints of a domain bound subset of a natural language the subset desig nated Constrained Source Language CSL Additionally the TE 140 enables authors to further prepare the text for translation by guiding them through the process of text disambiguation which renders the text translatable without pre editing 2 Translation another subgroup of the programs pro vides the Machine Translation M 120 function capable of translating the CSL into as many target languages as the generator module has been pro grammed to generate with the resulting translation requiring no post editing For a system that features translation as a central component the integration of the authoring and

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