Dec 05 - mnmars.org
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1. ground truth information for forecasters Spotter reports of hail size wind damage and surface based rotation in real time greatly assist the radar warning operator since that information can be correlated with Doppler radar displays he says The result may be a more strongly worded statement to convey greater urgency or issue a tornado warning a few munutes earlier than would otherwise have been possible While NWS offices utilize the real time reporting of severe weather events to assist in warning operations hurricanes Katrina and Rita have shown us that ham radio opera tors are equally important during the recovery phase of natural disasters Floyd points out Floyd also cites the example of the Hurricane Watch Net HWN on 14 325 MHz He notes that the HWN which organized in 1965 during Hurricane Betsy started out as an informal group of amateurs but has since developed a more formal relationship with the National Hurricane Center in Miami via its Amateur Radio station WX4NHC formerly W4EHW HWN ham radio members and volunteers at WX4NHC work together when hurricanes threaten to provide real time weather data and damage reports to NHC forecasters So far some 75 NWS offices in the US are planning to participate along with the Prairie Storm Prediction Center in Winnipeg Manitoba Canada An official EchoLink Internet Radio Linking Project IRLP reflector is expected to be available for use du2. ANY SOUND CARD PROGRAM WITH A WATERFALL DISPLAY CAN BE USED TO AID IN THIS PROCEDURE C IF YOU ARE NOT THE NECOS BE SURE TO FINE TUNE TO THE NECOS FREQUENCY IF YOU THINK NECOS IS OFF FREQUENCY INFORM NECOS IMMEDI ATELY SO NAVMARCORMARS DOES NOT OPERATE OFF FREQUENCY 6 EVEN IF YOU DO HAVE A TEMPERATURE COMPEN SATED CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR TCXO AND THINK THIS DOESN T REQUIRE YOU TO CHECK YOUR FRE QUENCY THINK AGAIN ALTHOUGH NOT LIKELY THESE CIRCUITS CAN ALSO MALFUNCTION AND CAUSE YOU TO GO OFF FREQUENCY 7 NAVMARCORMARS PROUDLY SERVING THOSE WHO SERVE BT OVER mn er en ee Ok ee Test Your MARS skills Dec 2005 You recetve a message addressed to you on a MARS voice net The text begins with the following line ZUI UR 231455Z SEP 02 What does this mean A Please cancel your message of 231455Z SEP 02 B Please confirm delivery of the message bearing the date time group 231455Z SEP 02 C I draw your attention to your message of 231455Z SEP 02 D The accuracy of the heading in your message of 231455Z SEP 02 is questionable Check for the answer in next month s MN MARSGRAM MN MARSGRAM December 2005 page 6 SKYWARN RECOGNITION DAY IS DECEMBER 3 The seventh annual SKYWARN Recognition Day SRD special event will take place Saturday December 3 from 0000 until 2400 UTC te starting Friday December 2 in US time zones Cosponsored by the National Weather Service NWS and ARRL SKYWARN Recogni
3. Reid NNNOXYA NNNOGAZ3 Snail Mail 13600 Princeton Circle Savage MN 55378 2625 E Mail nObhc aol com Minnesota State Coordinator Tim Isom NNNOXEE NNNOGAZ Content Contributions Welcomed and Encouraged Volume 9 Number 12 you have made and will no doubt continue to make to the MARS program Bravo Zulu to all On behalf of my family and the staff of Minnesota Area Navy Marine Corps MARS let me wish you and yours a very Happy Holiday season Thank you for your service to Navy Marine Corps MARS Enjoy this issue of the Minnesota MARSGRAM BT OVER www communityzero com mnmars As changes are published for NTP8 D and I m almost sure there will be some updates and corrections the revisions will be posted The November MARSGRAM article Future Challenges for MARS some questions from members about NTIA frequency specifications In this issue we are including the text of Chief MARS Info Broadcast 31 05 that clarifies the view Chief Navy Marine Corps MARS has on the NTTA standards Yes it s the fourth quarter of the year and we re due for an exercise Actually we will have an opportunity to contribute to the quarterly FEMA NECN exercise as well as our own Minnesota exercise Please see the brief description by NNNOGAZ TWO regarding our 4 quarter exercise If the scenario sounds raised familiar you re correct it s playing out in western and southwestern Minnesota As 2005 draws to a close I
4. VI Plus in the November 1997 QST I picked an OMNI VI Plus because it s the rig at my main station the MDS on 3 5 MHz when using the 500 Hz IF filter is 135 dBm this will vary a bit from unit to unit What does this mean It says a sional level of 135dBm increases the no signal audio output by 3dB when using the 500Hz filter Does the MDS change with different filter bandwidths Yes it does by 10 times the log of the ratio of the bandwidths we use 10 times the log since we re dealing with noise powers A 3 kHz filter MN Navy Marine Corps MARS Staff Minnesota State Director NNNOGAZ Tim Isom NNNOXEE Assistant to the State Director NNNOGAZ ONE Al Doree NNNOKZC Assistant to the State Director Em Comm NNNOGAZ TWO Al Doree NNNOKZC Assistant to the State Director Net Ops Rpts NNNOGAZ THREE Bob Reid NNNOXYA Assistant to the State Director Training NNNOGAZ FOUR Robert King NNNOSXU December 2005 page 2 for SSB lets in more noise so one would expect the MDS in SSB to be worse by 10 times the log of 3 kHz 500 Hz 7 8 dB Thus the MDS would be 127 2 dBm with a 3 kHz IF filter In other words with the wider SSB filter you can t hear down as far An interesting question to ask 1s How does the OMNI VI s MDS compare to the lowest theoretical noise power The lowest theoretical noise power is k Boltzmann s constant 1 38 x 10 times the temperature in degrees Kelvin galactic noise versu
5. find that we ve had another good year Each of you should be proud of the contributions that MINNESOTA TRAFFIC NETS Designator 5G1B Local Times 18 30 Daily Frequency Pri NCE Sec NBG Ter NAR MINNESOTA ADMIN NET 5G4A Pri NCE 19 00 2nd Sunday MARS DATA SYSTEM Frequency NNODVD NCO AFSK USB Intranet site http www communityzero com mnmars MN MARSGRAM More on Noise Carl Luetzelschwab KOLA WorldRadio August 2005 We ll look at the three important issues that are under the umbrella of noise recetver sensitivity internal noise external noise and quality of service Then we ll work through two examples Let s start with receiver sensitivity I should mention that I m going to throw out many numbers in this Noise series so be forewarned Receiver sensitivity Our receivers ate not perfect they have internally gener ated noise produced by the movement of electrons in any substance that has a temperature above absolute zero that limits our ability to hear One measure of the sensitivity of a receiver is called its minimum discernible signal MDS or noise floor It s the level of an RF signal that increases the no signal audio output by 3dB In other words the RF signal level generates the same audio output power as the internally generated receiver noise The ARRL measures MDS in their product reviews For example in the product review of the Ten Tec OMNI
6. may be re quested and given from proword to proword Some ex amples would be SAY AGAIN FROM LINE TO LINE SAY AGAIN TO LINE TO INFO LINE or SAY AGAIN INFO LINE TO BT Copying third party traffic includes important information in the message header that is not found in Administrative traffic Fills in the header of Third Party Health amp Welfare ot MARSGRAM messages will be requested and given as follows SAY AGAIN PRECEDENCE SAY AGAIN DATE TIME GROUP SAY AGAIN FROM LINE etc You can substitute any of the message parts in the SAY AGAIN format The other components of the header are ORIGINATOR ORIGINATING STATION TO LINE entire TO line ACTION ADDEE STREET LINE CITY STATE LINE CODE entire zip code PHONE FIGURES entire number This leaves only one part of the message we haven t discussed the text Use the same basic procedure when requesting fills in the message text Use the prowords SAY AGAIN with any of the variations described above to accurately identify the missing text BT OVER J Pe n i Erm neJ x Fok ae mai n Ae es ia Boston Aug 26 2005 Two Massachusetts based U S Coast Guard assets a 47 foot motor lifeboat from Coast Guard Station Gloucester and a HH 60 Jayhawk helitcop ter from Air Station Cape Cod transit out of the Gloucester Harbor during a training exercise U S Coast Guard photo by Public Affairs Specialist 3rd Class Luke Pinneo MN MARSGRAM De
7. planning issues 5 _F The operating signal ZEN is only used with third party messages 6 _F A State Director has the authority to address mes sages to NNNOALL REGION FIVE all Navy Marine Corps MARS members in Region Five 7 _T_ Only Chief MARS NNNOASA has the authority to address NNNOALL all Navy Marine Corps MARS mem bers 8 I Service messages are never sent to third patties 9 IT Service messages always include your Area Director and the Area Director of the originating stations as addees 10 _F A message addressed to NNNOALC should be read on your State voice net even though the State Director 1s not present on the net as there is something in the message you think everyone has a right to hear ley NNNOOCF Paul Leska Sr Dec 5 NNNOOCE Joel Jensen Dec 17 Service Recognition NNNOXEE Timothy Isom 14 yrs Don t forget your paperwork Test Your Analytical Skills Dec 05 Power Supply Santa brought you a new rig that needs 14 A at 13 2 V Your existing 13 2 V power supply also runs equipment that consumes 10 25 and 55 W If the existing supply is rated at 20 A Can it handle the load or is 1t time for a trip to the store Answer in the next of the Minnesota MARSGRAM Test Your Analytical Skills Nov 05 Computer Back up Power You ve finally decided to protect that computer of yours from power dropouts the purchase of an uninterruptible power supply UPS is in your future Y
8. 00 UTC the noise versus frequency is roughly halfway between the rural C curve and the quiet rural D curve in Figure 1 up to about 10 MHz above which it drops off significantly due to the energy spectrum of a frequency MHz Figure 1 Man made noise and galactic noise versus frequency is at the noise floor of our system doesn t mean we can copy it well We need to know what s com monly called the quality of service This is the signal to noise ratio for a given intelligibility require ment or bit error rate with a digital wave form and it s dependent on the waveform For example for 90 intelligibility with suppressed carrier SSB the signal to noise ratio relative to noise in a 1 Hz bandwidth needs to be at least 48 dB for an operator to operator link from Table 4 in the Ionospheric Communications En hanced Profile Analysis and Circuit Prediction Program User s Manual that comes with downloading VOACAP see the January 2001 column Using the 10 times the log of the ratio of the bandwidths equation this translates to a 13 dB signal to noise ratio in a typical 3 kHz SSB bandwidth BT OVER MN MARSGRAM December 2005 page 4 Training Corner Requesting Fills Handling messages by voice on MARS traffic nets 1s becoming more and more a rare event The digital modes have made traffic handling almost automatic Writing messages by hand on paper is even rarer Even so 1n situations
9. E PLUS MINUS 100 HZ BUT WAS ALREADY PLUS MINUS 20 HZ FOR SCD ALL SSB HF CHAN NELS ARE BEING REDUCED IN WIDTH FROM 3000 HZ TO 2800 HZ 3 NOWHERE IN THE NTIA RED BOOK REGULA TIONS IS THERE A REQUIREMENT THAT YOU MUST PURCHASE A NEW RADIO TO MEET THESE RE QUIREMENTS ONLY FEDERAL GOVERNMENT AGENCIES THAT PURCHASE NEW RADIOS MUST PURCHASE RADIOS THAT MEET THE NEW SPECIFI CATIONS OLDER RADIOS CAN CONTINUE TO OPERATE AS LONG AS THEY DO NOT CAUSE IN TERFERENCE ANY OPERATIONS THAT CAUSE INTERFERENCE MUST BE CORRECTED BEFORE FURTHER OPERATIONS MAY CONTINUE 4 NEARLY ALL CURRENT AMATEUR RADIOS MEET THE BANDWIDTH REQUIREMENTS FOR SSB RIGHT OUT OF THE BOX SINCE THEY TRANSMIT A 2 4 KHZ TO 2 7 KHZ WIDE SSB SIGNAL MOST NEW AMA TEUR RADIOS AND MANY OLDER ONES ALREADY MEET OR CAN EASILY BE MODIFIED TO MEET THE NTIA FREQUENCY STABILITY REQUIREMENTS 5 BOTTOM LINE DO YOU NEED TO PURCHASE A NEW RADIO THE SHORT ANSWER IS NO YOU MUST HOWEVER ENSURE THAT YOU OPERATE WITHIN THE NTIA SPECIFICATIONS HERE ARE SOME OPER ATING PRACTICES TO ENSURE YOU STAY ON FRE QUENCY A START YOUR RADIO AS LONG AS POSSIBLE BEFORE YOU INTEND TO TRANSMIT TO ENSURE IT IS UP TO NORMAL OPERATING TEMPERATURE B CHECK YOUR FREQUENCY WITH WWV TO DE TERMINE YOUR FREQUENCY ERROR PRIOR TO ACTING AS NECOS AN EASY WAY TO DO THIS IS TO TUNE IN TO WWV ON AM AND THEN SWITCH TO SSB THEN ADJUST FREQUENCY SO THE TONE HEARD ON SSB MATCHES THE TONE HEARD ON AM
10. MARSGRAM Information for Minnesota Navy Marine Corps MARS Members December 2005 NNNOALL Minnesota by NNNOGAZ Tim Greetings Finally Mother Nature has decided the time has come for winter weather and when she decided 1t was with some particularly nasty weather for the west and southwest parts of Minnesota As I sit here in my warm radio shack gathering material for the December newsletter there are people in the western reaches of our state that have been without power for at least three days and there is a chance it will be after December 1 before they do have their power restored Reminds me those of you close the action did you file an EEI report Remember we don t have to be in an emergency situation for EEI reports to be submitted and yes they can be brought to the net and passed to the evening traffic rep for relay to the switch A few housekeeping chores As of December 1 2005 the draft version of NTP8 D will become the document that guides the operation of Navy Marine Corps MARS This document 1s available for download at the national Navy Marine Corps MARS site Shortly after December 1 the various NTP8 C corrections and changes will be removed from the Minnesota Intranet site at http The MINNESOTA MARSGRAM is published for the benefit of Amateur Radio Operators in Minnesota and other interested individuals The contents DO NOT reflect official Navy positions EDITOR Bob
11. ation numbers and FRNs Customers doing business with the FCC are required to register for a FCC Registration Number FRN and pass word obtained from the Commission Registration System CORES Previously users had to contact FCC support staff to assist in resetting a forgotten password The new self service password reset feature allows authorized users to reset their own FRN password online instantly via the CORES website Resetting a forgotten password is achieved by establishing and then using your Personal Security Question PSQ and answer To register for an FRN or to update a current FRN with a new PSQ and answer visit http Awww fcc gov frnreg Minnesota 4 Quarter ECOM Exercise Mighty Winds by Al NNNOGAZ TWO A large deep low pressure cell developed in Kansas moving north east bringing heavy rains to southern Minnesota and blowing snow and freezing rain to northwestern Minnesota on Dec 13 causing wide spread power and communications outages in north central Minnesota As a result Interstate 94 and state highway 10 were closed from Fargo N D to St Cloud and Brainerd As the low pressure cell moved northeast on Dec 14 the storms counter clockwise winds and accompanying cold front changed over to freezing rain and heavy ice as 1t moved into south central Minnesota causing further power and communications outages in and around the Twin Cities Interstate and state highways around the Twin Cities were al
12. cember 2005 page 5 Navy Marine Corps MARS and the NTIA Frequency Standard In the November issue of the Minnesota MARSGRAM the article Future Challenges for MARS by Bill Sexton was published In this article Mr Sexton included a section on Frequency Stability and the NTIA frequency require ments Since the publication of this article several questions have come up as to how this affects members of Navy Marine Corps MARS In August of 2005 Bob Sutton Chief Army MARS issued a broadcast to Army MARS members indicating the grandfather period for MARS members would end by January 2008 Chief Navy Marine Corps MARS Bo Lindfors addressed the issue as it relates to those of us in Navy Marine Corps MARS in the Chief Navy Marine Corps MARS info broadcast 31 05 Below 1s the text of that broadcast Hopefully this will answer many of the questions posed by Mr Sexton s article SUBJ CHNAVMARCORMARS INFO BCST 31 05 1 RECENTLY CHIEF ARMY MARS AND CHIEF AIR FORCE MARS HAVE ISSUED BROADCASTS AS TO HOW ARMY AND AIR FORCE MARS ARE HANDLING THE MORE RESTRICTIVE NTIA HF FREQUENCY STABILITY AND BANDWIDTH REQUIREMENTS THE REQUIRED OPERATIONAL CHANGES FOR NAVMARCORMARS HAVE BEEN INCLUDED IN NTP 8 D WHICH HOPE WILL BE APPROVED AND PRO MULGATED THIS MONTH 2 THE NTIA RED BOOK DELINEATES THE NEW REQUIREMENTS FOR HF WE MUST OPERATE WITH A FREQUENCY STABILITY OF PLUS MINUS 20 HZ THE OLD NTP 8 C REQUIREMENTS FOR SSB WER
13. e at our QTH But before we go through the doesn t go examples we need to below 10 MHz business B residential C 7 rural D quiet rural quickly cover one as it doesn t get lactic F MDS of OMNI VI tlic ccc through the Quality of service ionosphere Just because a signal And fourth 1f you have an OMNI VI with its extrapolated MDS of 162 dBm n a 1 Hz bandwidth the dashed F curve which assumes the MDS is constant for all the ham bands a pretty fair assumption man made noise limits your ability to hear Thus making the OMNI VPs MDS better won t help here s where trading sensitivity for strong signal performance 1s very important 2 5 e N m a q I T o 2 Now let s address atmospheric noise due to lightning discharges better known as QRN What this represents 1s the constant drizzle of noise propagating into your QTH from lightning discharges worldwide it is estimated that there are two thousand thunderstorms occurring worldwide at any given moment The ITU document has worldwide maps of monthly median atmospheric noise in four hour time periods for the four seasons for a total of 24 maps Each map gives the noise in dB above 174 dBm at 1 MHz along with two other plots that allow you to calculate the noise at other frequencies and to show low the noise varies statistically For my QTH in a winter month in the 4 PM to 8 PM local time period 2100 01
14. ospheric noise due to lightning discharges Let s look at man made and galactic noise first The ITU document includes a plot of man made noise and galactic noise versus frequency and this is reproduced in Figure 1 it s Figure 10 in the ITU document All noise powers ate monthly median values and were measured with short vertical monopole antennas And as indicated in the vertical axis legend they re in a 1 Hz bandwidth There are several important pieces of information with Noise cont d pg 3 MN MARSGRAM Noise cont d from pg 2 respect to HF operation in Figure 1 First the environment you live in determines how man made noise will impact your QTH Ideally you would like to be in the quiet rural D environment Second as you go lower in frequency the noise increases So if you re a lowband aficionado noise 1s critical Third unless you live in a quiet rural environment and are an aficionado of the higher HF bands galactic noise the E curve is probably not a big issue galactic noise generally December 2005 page 3 lightning discharge As would be expected the atmospheric noise propagating into my QTH is greatest during the summer months lots of thunderstorms And since it s mostly a low frequency phenomenon it s greatest when my QTH 1s in full darkness atmospheric noise propagates just like our signals Now we have information about our receiver sensitivity and estimates of the external nois
15. ou know the follow ing about your computer system your computer draws 100 Watts your monitor draws 200 watts your printer draws just 25 W that s right you re still using a dot matrix What is the mintumum UPS rating in Volt Amps V A you can buy and still safely operate Answer The total power load of your system 1s 100 W 200 W 25 W 325 Watts Computer equipment is rarely a resistive load and often has turn on current surges For your setup a 500 VA unit would be a good choice
16. ring SRD An 8 5 x 11 inch certificate 1s available in exchange for a self addressed stamped envelope with a list of NWS stations worked Address requests to SKYWARN Recognition Day 920 Armory Rd Goodland KS 67735 Separate stations also will issue individual QSL cards BT OVER MN MARSGRAM Power and Circuitry Across 2 Opposite of OFF 4 Devices used to open and or close circuits 6 Double Double throw 8 Motor part that is stationary 9 Attach to a circuit 10 Automatic Link Establishment 13 Short 14 Non radiating load 15 Energized circuit 16 Used to carry AC wiring Down 1 Used to fuel a home generator 3 Binding 5 Ham s rock 6 Function of a fuse 7 The black wire is 11 Electrical Engineer 12 Component of a motor that forms inductance 13 Resists the flow of RF December 2005 page C ealed wih Gdipsec resed wa popso sa om Forgot Your FCC FRN Password Reset it Online The Federal Communications Commission FCC has announced two new online capabilities that were imple mented at the end of September 2005 e Online FRN Password Reset This will allow users to mstantly reset their FCC Registration Number FRN passwords online via the Commis sion Registration System CORES e Call Sign FRN Association This will provide users with self service tools within the Universal Licensing System ULS to help manage the association of call sions antenna registr
17. s frequency times the bandwidth in Hz Here s where a calculator really comes in handy At room temperature 25 C 298 K in a 1 Hz bandwidth the lowest theoretical noise power 1s 174 dBm If an OMNI VI had a 1 Hz filter the MDS would be better than the 135 dBm value by 10 times the log of 500 Hz 1 Hz 27 dB it s better because the 1 Hz filter lets in less noise This works out to an MDS of 162 dBm in a 1 Hz bandwidth Note that its 12 dB away from being perfect which is the 174 dBm theoretical limit this 12 dB difference is the noise figure of the OMNI VI This brings up another interesting question Is there any reason to make the OMNI VI s MDS better to allow it to hear signals closer to the theoreti cal limit We ll answer that question in the next section External noise So far we ve discussed a recetver and its internal noise Now let s hook it up to an antenna to see what external noise does to our ability to hear Since external noise has a great impact on propagation it has been studied extensively One excellent reference on noise is Recommendation ITU R P 3727 the old CCIR Report 322 which is appropriately titled Radio Noise You can purchase this 75 page document on the ITU International TelecommunicationsUnion website Attp www itu int for 36 Swiss Francs There are three sources of external noise that can impact out HF operations man made noise galactic noise and atm
18. so closed for sometime There will be two ECOM nets The 5G5E nets will be called on Tuesday Dec 13 and Wednesday Dec 14 local time following the 5G1B voice traffic nets Members are asked to prepare an EEI and at least one SITREP message to be transmitted on one of the two nets BT OVER 5G1B Net Schedule 6 30PM 4007 kHz USB Day NECOS Tfc Rep Sun XYA XEE Mon XEE XEE Tue KZC KZC Wed BQH BQH Thu SXU SXU Fri ACY OCF Sat Rotating Duty see below Don t be bashful if the net has not been called by the net control station within 2 minutes jump in and start things rolling Saturday NECOS TREP Schedule NECOS TREP Dec 3 SXU SXU Dec 10 ACY OCF Dec 17 XYA XEE Dec 24 XEE XEE Dec 31 KZC KZC Jan 7 BQH BQH Test Your MARS skills Nov 2005 TRUE FALSE Indicate whether each statement is True or False 1 _T_ The Region Director has the authority to address NNNOALL State all Navy Marine Corps MARS members in your State 2 _F The operating signal ZUI means that the originator of the message wants to know when the message was delivered 3 _F Individual members not holding staff positions have the authority to use collective call signs within their own State when they originate administrative messages 4 _F Your State training officer has the authority to address messages to NNNOALL State all Navy Marine Corps MARS members in your State as long as the message deals with ECOM
19. tion Day is the Weather Service s way of expressing its apprectia ie ill tion to Amateur Radio operators for their commit ment to helping keep communities safe During this 24 hour special event teams of radio amateurs set up stations at local NWS offices to contact other hams across the US and around the world Ham radio operators volun teering as storm spotters are an extremely valuable asset to National Weather Service operations since they are cross trained in both communications and severe storm recognition says SRD organ zer Scott Mentzer NOQE the Meteorologist In Charge at the Goodland Kansas NWS office home of WXOGLD Last year 114 NWS offices participated in SRD logging more than 15 000 QSOs during the 24 hour event says David Floyd NS5DBZ the Warning Coordination Meteo rologist at Goodland The object is for amateur stations to exchange QSO information with as many NWS stations as possible on 80 40 20 15 10 6 and 2 meters and 70 cm Contacts via repeaters and Voice over Internet Protocol VoIP modes such as EchoLink and IRLP also welcome Operators exchange call sign signal report QTH and a one or two word description of their weather such as 22 cC 22 cC sunny partly cloudy windy etc According to Floyd in typical SKYWARN operations during severe weather direct communication between mobile spotters and local NWS offices provides critical
20. when power is off computers are down and only back up batteries are running our radios then pencil on paper becomes a vital tool It is frequently necessary to obtain missing or scrambled text in messages that are sent by sideband or by digital means It 1s vital to remember that you may not ROGER for any MARS message unless you have a complete meaning 100 copy of the text If you have any questions about the accuracy of your copy of the message you must ask the sender of the message to resolve these questions You do this by asking for FILLS When requesting a message FILL the only authorized proword is SAY AGAIN Do not ask for fills by saying I need or give me These are not authorized prowords When giving fills the only authorized proword is I SAY AGAIN This bears repeating When asking for fills use the prowords SAY AGAIN When giving fills use the prowords I SAY AGAIN When requesting fills you need to be very specific with your request For example you might any one of the follow ing options to request the information you need SAY AGAIN WORD BEFORE BLANK SAY AGAIN WORD AFTER BLANK SAY AGAIN FROM BLANK TO BLANK or SAY AGAIN PRECEDENCE etc If you are the sending station you would reply to the request for information as follows I SAY AGAIN WORD BEFORE BLANS I SAY AGAIN WORD AFTER BLANW I SAY AGAIN FROM BLANK TO BLANK or I SAY AGAIN PRECEDENCE etc When copying Administrative traffic fills
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