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Control aspects of a Diesel Generator used to power a SODAR device

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1. Allows for subroutine 2 to be called and communication initiated if high Impacted by C4 3 16 Table 1 27 Table 3 Subroutine 2 F7 Re dial Low Batt CR10X Allows for subroutine 3 to be called and communication initiated if high Impacted by measured voltage lt 12V 4 19 Table 1 41 Table 3 Subroutine 3 Flags 1 3 have a default setting of low until after communication has been carried out to prevent the modem from contacting the mobile phone in succession The modem is limited to two calls every twenty four hours Flags 5 7 are initially set high to allow subroutines to be called and communication alarms if necessary However they are set low once the corresponding subroutine has run again to prevent constant re dial MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 55 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde 7 5 3 Run Generator The program signals to run the generator at intervals of one hour on and two hours off This makes sure the batteries receive adequate charge consistently Also If C2 is set high the generator detects an input signal in the form of Z which also signals the generator to operate See code lines 5 6 20 21 Appendix B 7 5 4 Output processing The data is collected in the storage module of the memory every thirty minutes The array ID is 501 and the time is logged with the information gathered Although readings are taken every ten seconds it is the processe
2. 8 33 32 70 85 69 76 32 76 Option Option Option F Option U Option E Option L Option Option L 10 Extended Parameters 4 digit P68 1 2 8 79 87 84 i 26 87 100 82 Option O Option W Option Option Option Option Option Option 11 Extended Parameters 4 digit P68 MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 78 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde 7 8 000 0000 0000 0000 12 Do P86 1 13 Do P86 1 25 14 End P95 11 Option Option Option Option Option Option Option Option Set Flag 1 High Set Flag 5 Low Subroutine 2 Battery Low on 24V System message 15 Beginning of Subroutine P85 1 02 16 Do P86 1 Subroutine 2 22 Set Flag 2 Low Call back command is run provided flag 2 is reset 17 1 string 2 3 timeout Initiate Telecommunications P97 72 20 60 60 Generic Modem 9600 Baud Use the Generic modem to send the Disabled when User Fag 2 is High Seconds Call Time Limit Should be long enough with a 10 sec Seconds Before Fast Tetry just in case it fails Fast Retries Minutes before Slow Retry Failures Loc no_fails MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 79 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde 8 0000 Call back ID Number dialled 447581092131 ACII binary digital characters used to transfer data In
3. Figure 13 Map of Denmark showing SAR measured wind speed InternationalEnergyAgency 2007 One limitation with satellite and SAR data is the fact that it is based on the wind stress at the surface For this reason there is a need to develop models to transfer this information to hub height for a potential turbine site This may not always be worthwhile and accurate enough MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 21 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde 4 5 SODAR 4 5 1 Introduction to SODAR SODAR Sonic Detection and Ranging devices are used to remotely measure the vertical turbulence structure and the wind profile of the lower layer of the atmosphere This technology has been widely used for meteorology applications however its usage in wind energy such as for measuring the wind field or the energy potential at a site is relatively new SODAR systems are similar to radar except that it uses sound waves rather than radio waves in the detection process It is also similar to SONAR Sound Navigation Ranging The main difference in this instance is the medium in which sound travels through SONAR systems detect the presence of objects underwater while SODAR operates on the principal of reflection due to scattering of sound by atmospheric turbulence ART 2008 Some advantages of SODAR over other wind measurement techniques include e Possibility to measure the wind profile over the whole rotor e Ground based ins
4. University of Strathclyde Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering Control aspects of a Diesel Generator used to power a SODAR device Author Ollie Kelleher Supervisor Dr Matthew Stickland A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment for the requirement of degree in Master of Science in Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde Copyright Declaration This thesis is the result of the author s original research It has been composed by the author and has not been previously submitted for examination which has led to the award of a degree The copyright of this thesis belongs to the author under the terms of the United Kingdom Copyright Acts as qualified by University of Strathclyde Regulation 3 50 Due acknowledgement must always be made of the use of any material contained in or derived from this thesis Signed Ollie Kelleher Date 10 09 2010 MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 i Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde Abstract The main aim of this project was to apply control and functional operation to a diesel generator that is used to charge batteries which in turn power a SODAR device A detailed literature review was conducted of the wind industry and current and predicted wind measurement techniques used The theoretical aspect of the SODAR device was analysed The generator used as part of this project was inspected and
5. v FINAL STORAGE Final results from OUTPUT PROCESSING INSTRUCTIONS are stored here for on line or interrogated Output Flag set high transfer to external devices see Figure OV5 When memory is full new data overwrites the oldest data UN f Sensors Control PROCESSING INSTRUCTIONS Performcalculations with values in Input Storage Results are returned to Input Storage Arithmetic transcendental and polynomial functions are included INTERMEDIATE STORAGE Provides temporary storage for intermediate calculations required bythe OUTPUT PROCESSING INSTRUCTIONS for example sums cross products comparative values etc Figure 23 Processes Instructions and storage areas CampbellScientific 2002 MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 41 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde 5 3 4 Remote Communication Both the data logger and the SODAR device used in this project allow for remote communication through the use of an external modem The computer board that is supplied with the SODAR comes with a serial port COM1 that allows for connection of a GSM modem There is also a GSM antenna that is of significant enough length so that a sufficient signal can be detected The software that is used for this is SODWIN 6 0 COM It needs to be installed on the laptop being used to communicate with the remote modem This software is capable of collecting the set SODAR parameters that are current
6. Reloy Nol v Da terga Aa TY f 20A fuse eloy Ho Reds Ave lev a reny ag cy L Ps 154 fuses 308 reloy 87 Pare CR1Ox RLFK30 lev fe Ground Blue Grey i 12y switched ECO l v supplies Low fuel 14 12yv switched control g Red White cl D P to stort generotor Ci n za hite Ped 5 ee id P generotor running comter Ce p feet Pyrite vom si Ground pa Ee HO em He ow O ok ii cun switch P fuel level under pii C3 Hire pf _ raed Yell e parey LIN 24y botiery ok 7P bottery tension under pih 24 pas urey E a RA slgnol from B P7 I rond hary Black White 8 Antores unit ai di ee hee 2 ie i Block y Wires don t ta i Grey seen to be k Y recieving dmm eorth sufficent stud voltoge to Red power the d GSM doto logger 24y supplies Spore logger MODEM trigger CS e ow at Block Mod H Mod Ground Z pee rt Flourescent 3A SCZ cons cobe i in CRIOk SA CS Serio 1 0 Communicotion Port peesi Loptop r Sodor 5A p SEB Conte ae id Ej Block sei Red AG white 107 Probe Ground leo Blue 12v bottery chorger 12V 2354h 20 Anp generotor stort hottery i rae A 70 Amp fuse Cea eee eee MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 88
7. an expansion of tropical diseases changes in the timing of seasonal patterns in ecosystems and drastic economic impact The evidence behind the climate altering effects of greenhouse gas emissions is visible worldwide Increased numbers of icebergs are breaking away each day It is estimated that arctic sea ice is melting at a rate of 9 per decade The International Panel on climate change predicts a mean global rise of 50cm in sea level over the next one hundred years In order to achieve the long term stabilisation of the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration the emissions will then have to be reduced by 56 percent by the year 2050 and approach zero towards the end of this century Daily 2010 There are a number of possible solutions proposed to confront this problem Reduction of energy use per person Carbon capture and storage Geo engineering including carbon sequestration Population control to lessen demand for resources such as energy and land clearing e Shifting from carbon based fossil fuels to alternative energy sources The latest report from the International Panel on Climate Change IPCC confirms that hundreds of technologies are now available at low cost to reduce climate damaging emissions and that government policies need to remove the barriers to these technologies It MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 2 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde is widely accepted tha
8. 2 15 End P95 Battery measurement taken and data logger low batt flag setting calls subroutine 3 if CR10X battery is low 16 If X F P89 1 3 x Loc battery 2 4 lt 3 12 F 4 30 Then Do 17 If Flag Port P91 1 17 Do if Flag 7 is High 2 03 Call Subroutine 3 18 End P95 Runs generator if input signal detected in the form of F 19 If Flag Port P91 1 42 Do if Port 2 is High 2 30 Then Do 20 Z F P30 1 1 F 2 0 Exponent of 10 MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 13 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde 3 2 Z Loc genrun 21 Else P94 22 Z F P30 1 0 F 2 0 Exponent of 10 3 2 Z Loc genrun 23 End P95 Measures battery voltage 24 Batt Voltage P10 1 3 Loc battery Output processing of data and measurements j Output storage format 25 Serial Out P96 1 71 Storage Module Stores data every 30 minutes 26 If time is P92 1 0 Minutes Seconds into a 2 30 Interval Same units as above 3 10 Set Output Flag High Final storage area selected 27 Set Active Storage Area P80 16581 1 01 Final Storage Area 1 2 501 Array ID Storage time 28 Real Time P77 3722 1 1110 Year Day Hour Minute Battery Sample Stored MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 74 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde 29 Sample P70 1706 1 1 Reps 2 3 Loc battery Temperature Average Min Max calculated and Store
9. 66 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde Appendix A Prompt Sheet MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 67 CR10X INSTRUCTIONS AND PARAMETERS INPUT OUTPUT INSTRUCTIONS INST or o2 o3 oa 05 o6 07 os 09 10 12 4 z 1 VOLT SE REPS RANGET SE CHAN Loc MULT OFFSET 2 VOLT DIFF REPS RANGET DIFF CHAN Loc MULT OFFSET 3 PULSE REPS CHAN PORT CONFIGt LOC MULT OFFSET 4 EXDELSE REPS RANGE SECHAN EXCHANT DELAYOOIs EXCITmMV LOC mur OFFSET 5 AC HALF BR REPS RANGE SECHAN EXCHANT EXCITmV LOC MULT OFFSET 6 FULLER REPS RANGE DIFFCHAN EX CHANT EXCITmV LOC mutT OFFSET 7 3WHALF ER REPS RANGE SECHAN EXCHANT EXCITmV LOC mutT OFFSET 8 EXDELDIFF REPS RANGET DIFFCHAN EX CHANT DELAY O01s EXCITmV LOC Mur OFFSET 9 FULLER wM EX REPS EXRANGET SRRANGE DIFFCHAN EXCHANt EXCITMV LOC mutT OFFSET BATT VOLT toc TEMP 107 REPS SECHAN EXCHANS LOC mur OFFSET RH 207 REPS SECHAN EXCHANT TEMPLOC RHLOC miT OFFSET TC TEMP SE REPS RANGE CHANLOC TCTYPET REFLOC LOC mutT OFFSET TC TEMP DIFF REPS RANGET CHAMLOCI TOIYPEt REFLOC LOC mur OFFSET PORT SERIAL O REPS CONFIGt CTSDELAY PORT OUTLOC NOLOC TCHAR MAX INDELAY Loc maT OFFSET RTD TEMP REPS RRoLOC LOC maT OFFSET INTERNAL TEMP Loc TIME oPnont Money Loc SIGNATURE Loc PORT SET s7est sant PORT wiDURATION PORT LOC DELAY 0 01 s EXCIT wDEL EX CHANT DEL wiex DEL after ex EXCIT mvt BURST MODE NOCHAN RANGET INCHAN OPTION SCAN ms
10. C 4 82 Option R 5 49 Option 1 6 48 Option 0 7 32 Option 8 76 Option L 38 Extended Parameters 4 digit P68 1 79 Option O 2 87 Option W 3 84 Option 4 1 Option 5 26 Option 6 87 Option 7 100 Option 8 82 Option 39 Extended Parameters 4 digit P68 1 3 Option 2 10 Option 3 48 Option 4 13 Option MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 85 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde 5 000 Option 6 0000 Option 7 0000 Option 8 0000 Option 40 Do P86 1 13 Set Flag 3 High 41 Do P86 1 27 Set Flag 7 Low 42 End P95 End Program jStorage data input locations 1 Temp 130 2 genrun 122 3 battery 121 4 no_fails 104 6 000 7 000 8 000 9 000 10 000 11 000 12 000 13 000 14 000 15 000 16 000 17 000 MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 86 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde 18 000 19 000 20 000 21 000 22 000 23 000 24 000 25 000 26 000 27 000 28 000 Final Storage Labels Output processed data 0 Year_RTM 0 Day_RTM 0 Hour_Minute_RTM 1 battery 2 Temp_AVG 3 Temp_MIN 4 Temp_MAX 5 genrun_MAX 5 genrun_Hr_Min_ MAX 6 genrun_MIN 6 genrun_Hr_Min_MIN MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 87 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde Appendix C Wiring Diagram edv hottery Shunt regulotor ann E e a charger LOGGER ENCLOSURE 75A fuses a 2 H 12V logger
11. Discard counts output frequency Hz C Destination 2x x 04 from above O Input Storage 102 FUNCTion 1 Senat por 9600 baud o Channel state 410 12 EXcitation CHANnel codes 2 Serial port 76800 baud 1 Duty cycle Ox Exoite all reps with EX CHAN x 3 Senal por 76800 baud to Storage Module 2 Counts 1x Increment EX CHAN x with each rep D Measurement 2 Memory test Differential measurement 11 EXcitation CHANne codes 1 Single ended measurement 405 SDI 12 CoMmanD codes Ox Excite all reps with channel x Entry Command Description 1x Increment chan x with each rep 24 LOCation start of 19 calibration values o M Initiate measurement Ze Excte all reps with channel x B0 Hz rej ocx Calibrate only when 24 i executed gt c initiate concurrent measurement Sk Exoite all reps with channel x 50 Hz rej mox hey in C before entering store results of 1 8 Mime Additional measurement commands 4x increment chan x with each rep 60 He rej automatic calibration specified by the SDI 12 sensor increment chan x with each rep 50 HE rej w v inmate venfy sequence 25 MASK noa Send identification 13 14 CHANneVOCation Base 2 representation of ports 8 1 1 means read If channel is indexed parameter 3 becomes an input O means dont read Entered as base 10 0 255 106 TIME VALues codes locaton holding a voltage measurement Results are stored as base 2 conversed to base 10 tinn t time seconds 1 indicates high O indicates low or not read nn No values 13 14 Ther
12. Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde Table of Contents Copyright Declaration ssscccossssecssoossoocsosssooesssocssoosssoscosssooesosocssoossosecossssoesssoesssossssse i Pa LoT n oo TE EEE E OA EE E gusauicehonstexsanssyeccouseenswaseckeseustussnmacaress ii AcknowledfementS vsscnccscssussscasssesscassvncdsusnenss case svncoussencesnse seseenssveckeasabsavondeunevenssvedteess iii Table of Contents sssissciasssscessoccesscssscesnsuncusssasoccssecseossceconstsusaoncnseseascassensseasecesendsacetacse iv List of PIQUPCS ses coscscsevessecccessateestassicsreerexceeeis nessa dentists soss ine eee iam viii Last of Vail sciichcccisceavacoancnnccccsiescconsedsacasnuiveundsnascensucssecaanctasiecsessccsanuuycenasanieesenseeesnavcanes x Chapter 1 Introduction sissceicssssvessessssvsssesssontssssnnsssanssessesssvesssesesessennesevccassvessosssensvenseve 1 W1 Objectives OF SIRI a ractegs se ececetp sctdienaptdeeas Bectaresten eens teenie eet 1 Chapter 2 Background essscsesssessscessecesocesocsssocssscessocssocsscosscocessecssecesocesocsssosssseessese 2 2 1 Environmental Concerns esssseessessseeseeessetessttssttssrssereseeesteessressresseeesseeeseets 2 XZ OIC OSIS oee E E a a er 4 Chapter 3 Wind Energy eesssossssesssecssecesocesoossoocesseessocssoosscosesocessesesocesocesoosssosssseessoee 5 Sel Hist ry of Wind Energy 2 cecastaneccvadexce atenienods nienia e aariaa 5 3 1 1 Large Scale Generation of Electricity sseeeseseee
13. SCANS I0 SMPLS TRUMmv ExCITmy LOC mar OFFSET CALIBRATION roct READ PORTS maSkt Loc TIMER LOC 0 resets timer PERIOD AVG SE REPS OPTIONT SE CHAN NO CYC LIM 0 01 s Loc MULT OFFSET VIB WIRE SE REPSt SECHAN EXCHAN STARTF ENDFf NOCYC DELOOTs LOC mur OFFSET PS0104E DIFF CHAN EXCHAN LOC Enhanced Parameters CSI parameters 4 23 t TDR MEASUREMENT ADDR OUTPUT PLENGTH C LENGTH MUX PROBE LOC mur OFFSET SOM NTS ADOR cs7est Cs3217 Fevest Faa2tt AVG OPT LOC mutT OFFSET SOM SWeA REPS ADOR FuNcTT CHAN Loc Mur OFFSET SOM AOS REPS ADOR Loc SOM CDI6AC REPS ADOR roc SDI 12 RECORDER ADDR mor PORT Loc mutT OFFSET SDI 12 SENSOR ADDR TmEvaLt LOC SDM CSAT3 REPS ADOR oPnont Loc SOM UDGO1 ADOR TemPLoc Loc MULT OFFSET SOME ADOR CHAN SDM GROUP TRIGGER SOM SIOS REFS ADDR MODE commano 1 PAR ZOPAR VALUESREP LOC MuLT OFFSET Ser TIME OPTIONt LoC SDM BAUD BIT PERIOD 10 ps DATALOGGER ID Loc SOM CAN ADOR Tauanta TSEGI Tseq2 100 10 1011 23 102428 DATATYPES STARTBIT NO BITS NO VALUES LOC MULT OFFSET TDRI00 ADOR OUTPUT MUXPROBE WAVFRM AV Vp POINTS C LENGTH WLENGTH PLENGTH ROFFSET LOC MULT OFFSET STATUS MONITOR cenont Loc EXTENDED VIB WIRE REPS RANGE SECHAN EXCHAN STARTF END FE SWEEP NO STEPS DMEAS CYCLES D REPS LOC MULT OFFSET SDM L 7500 REPS ADDR ornont Loc Option Codes RANGE codes 22 EXcitation CHANnel EXCITation mV 101 C 8765 C 4321 Each digit Configures respective channel Samy 2 72 ms integration time if excitation channel is indexed param
14. Table 2 SODAR internal components A Speaker B Parabolic Dish C Speaker Membrane Figure 21 Functioning Description of SODAR interface AQSystem 2008 MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 37 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde The system is controlled from a separate P C unit There is also an analog board which has filters and an A D Analog Digital board for sampling data The P C unit contains a flash memory used for storing programs and retrieved data The A D board is provided with a D A output which is used for generation of a digital tone pulse The digital tone pulse is filtered on the analog board and connected to the Power amplifier The Loud speaker drivers are transmitting in a cycle depending on the measuring mode Long tone pulses are used for measuring wind data at high altitudes and shorter tones are used measuring at lower altitudes As one loudspeaker transmits a signal or pulse it immediately follows that it works as a microphone to detect the reflected weak echo signal While this occurs the other subsequent inactive loudspeakers are too acting as microphones to detect background noise Once signals are received they are transmitted back and amplified through the preamplifier into the electronic unit The signals then connect into the analog board where they undergo correction and filtering Filtered signals then are sampled by the A D converter and the frequenc
15. The data collected includes e Outside temperature Max Min Average e CR10X and Generator start up 12V battery Voltage MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 51 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde e Generator Run time Max Min e The Number of failed modem attempts Operations carried out include e Generator operation intervals e Monitor fuel level e Monitor battery levels e Send alarm signals More detail of the program used to achieve this and a description of the wiring diagram follows 7 4 Programming Software 7 4 1 LoggerNet 4 0 LoggerNet is a more advanced version of PC200W that allowes increased logger capabilities The software has a very user friendly interface that is easily navigable It enables users to set up configure and retrieve data from a network of Campbell Scientific data loggers and share this data over an Ethernet communications network Some of the functions included allow multiple remote monitoring and control of several separate data loggers There are also powerful built in data analysis tools As well as Short Cut the built in function used to create programs described in 6 5 1 there are advanced functions included that allow the development of programs for specific needs These are known as CR Basic Editor Transformer and Edlog as shown in Figure 28 Tools Utilities Favorites 5 CAMPBELL SCIENTIFIC Figure 28 Logger Net user interface MSc Renewab
16. apparent wiring outlined did not seem to be present although it was felt that there was enough to connect everything sufficiently to run the program that was created and uploaded to the data logger MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 58 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde Chapter 8 Results and Discussion 8 1 Introduction This chapter reflects on the work conducted and achievements obtained throughout this project The experimental procedures undertaken have contributed to significant learning in the understanding and operation of the devices used 8 2 Laboratory experiments A significant amount of time was spent understanding the theoretical operation and control capabilities surrounding the use of the data logger by studying the operation manual Once connected and functional in the laboratory basic measurements were taken having established a form of connection and acquired the software to do so These results have already been identified and are discussed in section 6 5 The procedure of initial data logger use is well documented throughout Chapter 6 The outcome of the laboratory experiments showed that the logger was functioning as expected producing predicted results Also increased familiarity with the software and programming techniques led to the acquisition of a more advanced program compiler 8 3 Generator Repair Prior to applying the logger for practical use and achieving the targeted
17. control and operation requirements it was first necessary to identify and conduct repair to the engine and generator Initially it was thought that the device was a standalone generator supplied by Fischer Panda Upon further investigation it was discovered that a Yanmar diesel engine was synced in with the generator and operating via a control panel supplied with the generator Some time was spent establishing the type of engine used to drive the generator and an operation manual was acquired to conduct service as necessary The battery was also replaced to provide an electrical start capability to the control panel All of the work described was clearly outlined in section 7 2 and carried out successfully MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 59 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde The result of the work carried out led to increased familiarity with the combined engine generator operation It also meant that power was now available in the mobile trailer unit should any field testing of the SODAR be carried out in the future 8 4 Data Logger Application 8 4 1 Achieved Goals Having gained a complete understanding of operation and applied the data logger experimentally the next stage was to apply it for use in the required scenario The functionality goal of the data logger for use in this project has been clearly described in section 7 3 The process in achieving that goal is also described in detail and the steps
18. front of it on the right hand side of the photograph Figure 25 Data logger and supply voltage MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 44 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde 6 4 Establishing Communication 6 4 1 Setting up the apparatus The data logger came with a blue SC12 cable in the trailer which can also be seen in Figure 25 and it was thought that by connecting this to the CS I O port on the wiring panel and then to a SC USB cable before plugging it into a laptop that it would be possible to communicate to the logger A number of factors needed to be considered first e Installation of the software for the SC USB cable and establishing which COM port the cable operated under e Downloading of PC200W free software available from the Campbell Scientific website used to program and communicate with data loggers Having completed all this it was still not possible to connect with the logger A voltmeter was used to ensure that power was running through the wiring panel by checking that there was a voltage between the 5V supply and ground inputs available on the panel which can be used to power a modem or other device as discussed in section 5 3 4 This was present meaning that the data logger was receiving power and that the internal battery was not dead Following this inspection a contact was established within Campbell Scientific Franco Casule who was familiar with this particular device Having se
19. it was then possible to conduct preliminary simulations 6 5 Preliminary Programming 6 5 1 Software description As mentioned previously the software used in the initial stages of this project was PC200W It is designed for collecting data and is in comma separated format ready for easy importation into data analysis packages such as MS Excel It can also be used for setting the data logger clock checking measurements and graphically displaying input locations in real time An inbuilt function within PC200W is an option to create a program using an application called Short Cut See Figure 26 With Short Cut you can select sensors choose output data and create wiring tables The steps involved using Short Cut for building data logger programs are as follows e Select Scan interval time between measurements taken e Select sensor from a built in library e Select measurement outputs Max Min Average etc e Automatically generate an appropriate data logger program in DLD code e Review wiring tables data label tables and output lists Figure 26 shows a screen shot of PC200W and the location of some the functions described MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 46 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde Add data logger Delete data logger Edit data logger setup Split Arrays Short Cut View data files Card Convert Device Configuration CR10X OL Ses Eile Datalogger Network Tools Help Wi com
20. of SODAR Measurement Techniques Roskilde RISO National Laboratory MacKay D J 2008 Sustainable Energy without the hot air Cambridge NaturalPower 2010 August 10 Natural Power News Retrieved August 12th 2010 from http www naturalpower com news lidar sodar test site Oldbaum 2010 June 22 Oldbaum Services Retrieved June 28 2010 from http www oldbaumservices co uk AQ500 pdf Peinke J 2007 Wind Energy Oldenburg Springer Remtech 2009 12 Phased Array Sodar Family for all Ranges and Applications Retrieved July 18 2010 from http www remtechinc com sodar htm RenewableEnergyWorld 2008 March 27 Using LIDAR for Identification of Wind Parameters Retrieved July 16 2010 from Renewable Energy World http www renewableenergyworld com rea news article 2008 03 using lidar for identification of wind parameters 5 1911 SCINTEC 2004 January Acoustic Wind Profilers Retrieved August 8 2010 from Advanced High Performance Sodars for Wind and Turbulence http www scintec com PDFs Product_Information_FAS_2007 pdf TelosNet 2001 Ilustrated History of Wind Power Development Retrieved July 19 2010 from TelosNet Web Development and Darrell Dodge http www telosnet com wind early html Yanmar 2005 Yanmar Italy Retrieved August 19 2010 from LV Series Engine http www yanmaritaly it pdf manuali_operativi L V 20OperationManual pdf MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010
21. parameters ss ssseeeeseeeseeeeeseeresreerrerrrrreeee 29 Figure 18 Hanning Shape pulse frequency spectra for different ramp times 32 Figure 19 Orientation of the SODAR beamSs essseeeeseeseesresrisrresersrrrrersresrrseresrrssese 34 Figure 20 Internal view of SODAR device ssesesesseeeeseeseesrrsresreesersrrsrersersrrsrrrsrrseeee 37 Figure 21 Functioning Description of SODAR interface eeeeeeseeeeeeerrerrrreeee 37 Figure 22 CR10X data logger and wiring panel eesseseeseeeeeeseeeesersserrersersrrsrresrrsseee 40 Figure 23 Processes Instructions and storage areas ese eeeeeeeeeeneeceeeceeeeeeeeeeaeees 41 Figure 24 CRIOX communication Options si cisscesceces cacessencecenssvadacsesedeleneveccssasencezesceeed 43 MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 viii Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde Figure 25 Data logger and supply voltage 0 0 eile eeeeesecsseceeeeeeneesneeceaeeeaeeeseeeeaeees 44 Figure 20 Screenshot of PC200W sorcis audencetatilli cect tewedaatveed 47 Figure 27 Preliminary data logger results eeeseeseeeeseseeseesresresrrssersrerrersrrsresrresrrssese 49 Figure 28 Logger Net user interface nsssesssessessseeeseseesstessesseesseesrseressressresseessens 52 MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 ix Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde List of Tables Tabl e 1 Wind Energy Vat ae dca cecasustecadevsvsneccaeansuadoavsecadmdvalaasa
22. rain snow and icing conditions Rain and snow can cause invalid data to be returned to the SODAR particularly in the reflection of vertically sent sound pulses These probes also draw power from the battery contained in the mobile unit and are connected into the data logger 5 3 3 Data Acquisition This was the primary focus of this project All data monitored in the mobile trailer unit was to be collected and stored by a Campbell Scientific CR10X data logger shown in Figure 22 The CR10X is a fully programmable data logger and controller in a small rugged sealed module The data logger requires as 12V D V power supply and can be powered by the battery used for the generator start up The data logger comes with a detachable wiring panel black with green in outputs Figure 22 which connects via two D type connectors located at the end of the module The Wiring Panel has a 9 pin serial I O port which is used when communicating with the data logger and it also provides terminals for connecting sensor control and power leads to the CR10X It also provides transient protection and reverse polarity protection Communication with the data logger can be established through the use of a portable CRIOKD keyboard display or with a computer terminal CampbellScientific 2002 Figure 22 CR10X data logger and wiring panel CampbellScientific 2002 Further information in relation to initial communication will be discussed in section 6 4 MSc
23. undertaken to manipulate and develop instructions in Edlog are also well documented throughout section 7 5 The result of this part of the project included e Successful development of the program to achieve necessary results e Uploading the program to the data logger e Understanding of necessary wiring to apply logger functionality e Established direct communication and monitoring of data flag and port status e Sent out Alarm message via the GSM modem having detected low battery on the batteries used to supply the SODAR device All of these aspects were successful and described with the information used modified and given in Appendix A B amp C Some problems were encountered along the way however which impacted the collection of useful data MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 60 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde 8 4 2 Identified issues Upon wiring the data logger accordingly to run on the uploaded program some issues were encountered First of all the black and grey wires connected to the green plug used to supply power to the data logger through the wiring panel seemed to be delivering a very low voltage that was not significant enough to power it up This was overcome by directly connecting the data logger to the 12V battery used for the generator start up Upon inserting all other necessary input wires obtaining a power source and starting the generator further issues were encountered The re
24. 1 2 8 jNumber entered 87 100 69 24 65 84 43 67 Option Option Option Option Option Option Option Option MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 76 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde 5 Extended Parameters 4 digit P68 1 2 8 77 71 83 61 34 43 52 52 Option M Option G Option S Option Option Option it is best to enter the number in international format Option 4 Option 4 6 Extended Parameters 4 digit P68 1 2 7 8 55 53 56 49 48 57 50 49 Option 7 Option 5 Option 8 Option 1 Option 0 Option 9 Option 2 Option 1 7 Extended Parameters 4 digit P68 1 2 8 51 49 34 13 82 3 10 62 Option 3 Option 1 Option Option Terminate with carriage return then wait for response Option R Rx chars this waits for the LF amp gt Space Option 3 chars Option LF Option gt Message sent once connection established ALARM Fuel Low MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 77 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde 8 Extended Parameters 4 digit P68 1 2 8 32 69 15 65 76 65 82 77 Option space Option E Tx with echo now send the message Option 15 chars Option A Option L Option A Option R Option M 9 Extended Parameters 4 digit P68 1 2 7
25. 1 Transmit frequency fT 2 Transmit power PT 3 Pulse length t 4 Rise time up and down ft 5 Time between pulses T 6 The tilt angle MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 28 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde Some of these parameters and the relationship between them are shown in Figure 16 Shown is the basic pulse shape emitted from one transmitter and the repeated pulse with a time interval between A brief description of each parameter and its effects follows N PT i mM _ 4 tmM _ Bt lft Bt T SODAR Basic Pulse Shape lt _ T n T Pulse Repetition Figure 17 Relationship between SODAR parameters Ioannis Antoniou 2003 Frequency The frequency of a standard phased array SODAR is decided in the design process and cannot be altered much once assembled Choosing the frequency is based on two factors overcoming background noise and absorption in the atmosphere Because absorption also depends on temperature T and relative humidity RH the frequency must be chosen carefully as it is the only independent design parameter Power The most important factor relating to power is to make sure the speakers are not damaged by the voltage signal This can be clearly seen from the SODAR equation MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 29 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde Equation 3 SODAR equation Power received Te P P GAo
26. 1 World Primary Energy percentage Consumption by Fuel Type 2006 5 Figure 2 Early sail wing horizontal axis mill eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeecneeceeeseeeesaeeeaeenes 6 Figure 3 First Large Windmill to generate electricity Cleveland U S eee 7 Figure 4 200 kW Gedser Mill wind turbine Denmark ceecceesceceseeeeeteeeeneeeenes 8 Figure 5 Increase in size of Wind Turbine designs over last 30 years 0 0 0 eeeeee 9 Figure 6 Submitted and Consented wind farm applications in recent years 11 Figure 7 Wind Energy Resource Map for the U K ueessesseseseeressrresirrersrrerirrrrsrresee 14 Figure 8 SODAR and Anemometer measuring wind eseseeesseesesriesiereesreeriseresrresee 15 Figure 9 Doppler Lidar Wind Measurement Concept sseeeeesseeseeriesrereesrrerrrrrrerrseee 17 Figure 10 Inflow and wake wind LIDAR wind profile taken at the nacelle 18 Figure 11 Typical measurement taken from LIDAR device 0 eee eeeeeeeeeereees 19 Figure 12 SAR system viewing geometry esseseeseseeiereeseesersresressersesresseesresreesreeeeee 20 Figure 13 Map of Denmark showing SAR measured wind speed seeeeceeereece 21 Figure 14 Remtech arrayed SODAR seveistccue sass cceutesceevssecbecests bozeeessticesnsacdevseusteeceeneloes 24 Figure 15 Graphic description of Mechanical and Thermal Turbulance 00 0 25 Figure 16 Principle of SODAR shown with phased array 26 Figure 17 Relationship between SODAR
27. 8 2kw cos 6 Aa 2kvsin 6 2kw cos 8 Aa 2kw Solving for u v and w gives the three wind components Equation 11 Wind components 2 AQ w 2ksin tan Aa w 2ksin tan _ Aa Ok Since w is usually much smaller than u or v the w component in the tilted beam Doppler shifts is sometimes simply ignored in calculating u and v For example if w 0 1 ms then for Oo 2 10 the error in u is 0 3 ms This compares with a typical measurement uncertainty in u of 0 5 ms Each tilted beam also has finite width 689 This causes an extra spectral broadening in the Doppler signal of Equation 12 Extra spectral broadening AQ _ 2 08 Aa tan 0 ignoring the w term Typically 509 7 40 Bo 2 10 so if k 80 m and u 5 ms then Ao 250 rad s Af 39 Hz and Aw 160 rad s SAf 26 Hz It is also possible to calculate the wind speed and direction for each measurement taken WindSpeed u v u WindDirection tan y This is specific to each individual measurement taken and it is more beneficial to find the averaging of power spectra and averaging winds to obtain wind energy for that particular site Ioannis Antoniou 2003 MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 35 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde Chapter 5 Mobile SODAR unit 5 1 Introduction So far the majority of information reviewed is not directly related to the e
28. Key 88 to reset O5 x No of table overruns Key 88 to reset Dox oox Operating system version number O7200x Revision number Dexx Lithium battery vokage 09x Low 12V batt detect counter Key 88 to reset 102x Extended mem error counter Key 88 to reset Tixo Extended memory time to erase seconds TE SECURITY display or change Lock 1 2 3 A D Lock 4 5 amp 6 display only Lock 5 6 7 8 B telecommunication commands except A L N and E 21 STORE OR LOAD PROGRAMS Print program ASCII 2 Load program ASGII 0 compile 2 Load program ASCII 6 compile Store program in Flash 7 Load program from Flash 7N Store Load Clear program in Storage Module N N 1 8 1x Store program x in Storage Module N 2x Load program x from Storage Module N 3x Clear program x from Storage Module N program 1 8 2 Set Datalogger ID 10 Set Power Up Options D Clear ports fags timer and input and inter manual mediate storage 1 Clear intermediate storage 2 Retain ports flags timer and input and inter mediate storage 3 Do not chan wer up settings CAMPBELL SCENTIFIC INC oe il id a FW ON Lopan Le lt GS ESS RE SS mon meeen 69 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde Appendix B Program Code Data logger Code Used to monitor and control Generator Data logger ports C1 O P Start Generator C2 I P Generator Run C3 I P Fuel Low C4 I P Bat
29. MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 10 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde No market mechanism Renewables Obligation 2 e 2 Ta O Ko T 7 ma c 4 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 Offshore Consented Offshore Submitted Onshore Consented Onshore Submitted Figure 6 Submitted and Consented wind farm applications in recent years BWEA 2009 E ie installed TWhrs Homes equivalent CO savings in tonnes Jobs created Onshore 1771574 3 580 351 Off shore 390100 788 391 2161674 4 368 742 Table 1 Wind Energy Data BWEA 2009 MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 11 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde 3 3 Problems associated with wind energy 3 4 1 Intermittency Wind energy production is intermittent and non dispatchable Effectively matching the supply to the demand is often a problem As discussed most turbines have a capacity factor of around 30 Most renewable energy sources are tied to strong grids where the base load power plants generated by hydro electric coal or nuclear minimise quality concerns and make it less important for wind generation to be matched to consumption Also Intermittency can be balanced by using load management This is when the load is adjusted or controlled rather than the power station output An example of load management in the UK is the night stora
30. PHONE RADIO SC32A or SHORTHAUL j TRANSCEIVER SC929 MODEM f W ANTENNA Ii EOE RS232 TYPE INTERFACE Ji i i N 2 TWISTED PHONE N 1 PAIR WIRES UNE MCRi 1 UP TO J cane TRANSCEIVER l E W ANTENNA amp 10Km Jj READER CABLE Sc12CABLE RF SRM 6A RAD HAYES BASE SHORTHAUL COMPATIBLE i PHONE STATION MODEM PoE 1 I RS 232 COMPUTER i CABLE i ASYNCHRONOUS SERIAL Bt ttt eee eee COMMUNICATIONS PORT Figure 24 CR10X communication options CampbellScientific 2002 Chapter 6 Using the Data Logger 6 1 Introduction The project was split into two separate research areas Repair and operation of the SODAR device on University campus while powering it of the electricity mains which was conducted by my colleague Roger Carter The other aspect which I was dealing with was preparation of the mobile unit for deploying the device for operation in the field In Chapter 5 some of the field considerations are discussed This chapter deals more so with the experimental work undertaken with the data logger to achieve the required goals The two most important apparatus that were used consist of the diesel generator and the data logger as described in section 5 3 1 and 5 3 3 respectively the latter which will be discussed next MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 43 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde 6 2 Initial Retrieval The data logger was disconnected fro
31. Projections Nuclear 1990 2000 2007 2015 2025 2035 Figure 1 World Primary Energy percentage Consumption by Fuel Type 2006 EAI 2010 Chapter 3 Wind Energy 3 1 History of Wind Energy Windmills were first developed for the use of grinding grain and pumping water The earliest known design is the vertical axis system developed in Persia about 500 900 A D Vertical axis windmills were also used in China where they are thought to have originated It is believed that the first windmill was invented in China over two thousand years ago however the earliest actual documentation of a Chinese windmill was in 1219 A D The first windmills to appear in Western Europe were of a horizontal axis type It is presumed that the switch from vertical axis Persian design was due to the fact that European water wheels had a horizontal configuration They are also known to have had greater structural stability MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 5 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde As early as 1390 the Dutch set out to refine the tower mill design shown in Figure 2 which had appeared somewhat earlier along the Mediterranean Sea Figure 2 Early sail wing horizontal axis mill TelosNet 2001 It took over five hundred years to gradually improve the efficiency of the windmill sail design as shown above This process resulted in reaching a technological level which is now recognised by modern designers
32. R T e Ss 2 z P Power received from the atmosphere P Transmitted power G Antenna transmitting efficiency A Antenna effective receive area T Pulse length z Height a Absorption of air o Turbulent scattering cross section c Wind speed in air 340 m s If more power is put into the beam more power will be received back For this reason it is necessary to consider how much power the speakers are able to deliver without being damaged Ioannis Antoniou 2003 Pulse length The pulse length is the length of the pulse as shown in Figure 17 It is measured in milliseconds or in meters The effective pulse width with respect to power output is used in calculations This is the pulse width without the rise time plus half the rise time up and down So a pulse length of 100 ms with a rise time up and down of 15 will have an effective pulse length of 85 ms MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 30 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde The pulse length has an impact on the following parameters 1 Power received from the atmosphere Looking again at Equation 3 it can be seen that a longer transmit pulse means more received power Equation 4 Pulse width is proportional to received power R F 2 Frequency resolution Equation 5 Relationship between frequency and Pulse length 1 Af T 3 Height resolution Equation 6 Relationship between height and pulse leng
33. Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 40 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde Figure 23 shows how the data logger processes input information and carries out instructions The storage areas are outlined and some example output processing instructions are given that are sent to final storage This gives a good understanding of how a data logger operates to produce useful output data from signals received INPUT OUTPUT INSTRUCTIONS Specify the conversion of a sensor signal toa data value and store it in Input Storage Programmable entries specify 1 the measurement type 2 the number of channels to measure 3 the input voltage range 4 the Input Storage Location 5 the sensor calibration constants used to convert the sensor output to engineering units 1 0 Instructions also control analogue outputs and digital control ports INPUT STORAGE Holds the results of measurements or calculations in user specified locations The value in a location is written over each time a new measurement or calculation stores data to the locations OUTPUT PROCESSING INSTRUCTIONS Performcalculations over time on the values updated in Input Storage Summaries for Final Storage are generated when a Program Control Instruction sets the Output Flag in response to time or events Results may be redirected to Input Storage for further processing Examples include sums averages max min standard deviation histograms etc
34. UCTIONS 64 VALUES Loc Start Loc U t Tau UO T5 64 DESTination LOCation Start Loc Temp C pressure psi Signature 67 OUTPUT codes O Shor sap flow Kshapp 1 Long sap flow Kshapp dT W Qv Gr Qf INST or o2 o3 os os os 10 68 WIND VECTOR REPS SMPUSUBINTY SEN OUTT wee 70 SAMPLE REPS toc 71 AVERAGE REPS toc 72 TOTALIZE REPS toc 73 MAIMUM REPS Timer Loc 74 MINIMUM REPS Timet toc 75 HISTOGRAM REPS BINS FORME BSELLOC wv voct Lowun HIGH Line 77 REALTIME orriont 78 RESOLUTION OPTION 79 SMPLONMAUMIN REPS toc must follow inst 73 or 74 0 STORE AREA AREAT Locap 81 RAIN HISTOGRAM REPS SLOC SWATH MEAN BINS AMP BINS LOW LIM HIGH LIM MIN AMP OPTIONT DLocr s2 STDDEV REPS Loe Option Codes 69 SaMPLes SUBINTerval std dev 73 74 TIME of max or min 77 OPTION codes 80 AREA codes o No subinterval 00 Maximin value only foot Seconds 1 Final Storage 1 xox Number of seans per subinterval 01 With seconds vox Hour Minute 2 Final Storage 2 10 With Hour Minute Tax Hour Minute 2400 at midnight 3 input Storage SENsor type OUTput codes Ji Wath HourNinute Second xia Day xO Avg WS 61 o 61 Day Previous day at midnight 81 OPTION x AWgWS 61 75 FORM codes Year 00 Closed form Fraction output 32 ANG WS resuitant U u o u 0 Open form data beyond limits are 01 Giosed form Counte output X 0 anemometers amp vanes included 10 Open form Fraction output X 1 north amp east facing propellers 1 Clo
35. a aa A E EA Aaaa 36 5 3 SODAR Deployment Considerations ssssssssseeseeeseseeeessttssetssresseersseessseessees 38 5 3 1 Pow r availability nosriencsneronnae n R E E 39 5 3 2 Weather Condition S orca cca tres catctaaces ee eaaceatiacecese tcnereevslaceasasaceatwaytadnaesScaaneapddes 39 yoo LEM A CSU gags cea secretes se aa aR E EE E TIE EAEE 40 5 3 4 Remote Communication sc sosdts ieceattecelaneexcaeua siecdd ia bbcneunsstbenbacabeceesbtbecntiuiees 42 Chapter 6 Using the Data Logger ssscssssssssssssssssssssssssssssessssscsssssesenesesssasesenes 43 eA i Nile 810 0G pee nee earn Pee te eee ORT mA ene ee en RD a Sere nee Os eee CORE 43 6 2 ital Retrieval sessist eisai ra n eE aa E EA R EEEa 44 6 3 Powering the data logger sicscisinsiaisiassicnsascacecsadiceacaaduedadvascnten dastssadeaenesedasundedenseds 44 6 4 Establishing Communication aso seca an emdaegalee ancaw tv ota edaissbicaseeengacsazeeacevaretenuesens 45 0 4 1 Setting up th apparatus ssis issira istai 45 6 4 2 Connecting to the Data LoggerT sessesssssessessseseserssssresseessressersseresseesssees 45 6 5 Preliminary Programing jesciidcovessihaveresasessensacdened aaivovnsiabsngdadesneonnsscsvesevadeayeevadtes 46 6 5 1 Software descriptio Nesse a as r e needa cca SEEE ai 46 6 3 2 Program PSUS sereoo os eean o A E A ai 47 6 5 3 Preliminary Programming Results seseesseeesesseeeeseeesesrsesresrrseresressessresreses 49 6 5 4 Discussion of RESUS sasisseccadicisgna
36. a fully functional mobile trailer unit for the SODAR device All of these achievements discussed throughout the project will greatly assist in the deployment potential for the SODAR and allow for analysis of wind energy at multiple locations MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 64 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde References AQSystem 2008 August 19 Wind Finder AQ500 Stcokholm Mediavagen Sweeden ART 2008 May 24th Atmospheric Research amp Technology LLC Retrieved June 18th 2010 from About Sodar http www sodar com about_sodar htm Bruns E 2002 24 9 Environmental issues of offshore wind farms Retrieved 11 25 2009 from IEA WIND http www ieawind org Task_11 TopicalExpert Summary_40_Offshore pdf Buck S a 2008 11 14 Forest Encycleopedia Network Retrieved July 28th 2010 from Mechanical and Thermal Turbulence http w ww forestencyclopedia net p p4 1 8 i 132 view showNav n BWEA 2009 Wind Energy in the UK State of the Industry Report London British Wind Energy Association C B Hasager P A 2007 April Riso National Laboratory Retrieved August 7 2010 from Technical University of Denmark http 130 226 56 153 rispubl reports ris r 1586 pdf CampbellScientific 2002 CR1OX Measurement and control module instruction manual Retrieved June 5 2010 from Campbell Scientific Europe http www campbellsci co uk Daily S 2010 August 3 Science News Retriev
37. a3 B3 as Bs 35 x v z 54 BLOCKMOVE NOVALS SLoc Sse Dioc ODSTEP 36 x Y z 55 POLYNOMIAL REPS x FOO co co co co oa c5 a X z 56 saTve TEMP toc 38 ca 57 WBDSTIOVP PRESSURE DETEMPE WETEMP LOC 39 x z 58 LEFILTER REPS x Foo WoHT amp 20 x 2 59 RF OUI REPS x MULT RF E x Z co FFT LOG SMPL OPTION LOG AVG LOC MULT a x z 61 INDIR MOVE SOURCEX DESTY ey x 2 62 COVICORR VALUES MEANS var SDEV cov CORRS SAMPLES SLOC DLoc s x Z 63 EXTPARA2 DIGIT 7 8 parameters depends on the inst that 63 follows 45 x 2 64 PAROSCIENTIFIC VALUES LOCY DESTLOCT s x F z 65 BULK LOAD E E F r i F F r Loc ar x v z 66 Z ARCTANOUY X Y z a8 x 67 DYNAGAGE BLoc ksH RESIST AREA CONDUCT TCGAP LFCUTOFF HFCUTOFF OUTPUT DLOC MULT OFFSET 68 EXTPARA40IGIT 7 8 parameters depends on the inst that 68 follows 49 50 MAX MIN Dox Store spatial max or min at loc oot box Store max or min at loc or amp loc of max or min at 100 60 OPTION codes Ox Power spectra 1x Real and imaginary Magnitude and phase No taper Note A Program Control instruction that sets the output flag high is required to obtain output data from these instructions Option Codes 63 68 PARAMETERS 1 8 Following inst 97 RF IDs amp Phone No 1 digit at a time 32 Between RF IDs e g repeater amp site 32884 Between RF amp Phone Modem No 70 After last RF 13 Toend Following inst 98 256 character limit Base 10 value of ASCII Character 1 98 00 To end OUTPUT PROCESSING INSTR
38. adings that were being detected by the logger in the connect function of LoggerNet upon direct connection through the use of an SC929 cable via an SC USB to a laptop appeared to be of no use and significantly inaccurate Having successfully compiled the program and reviewed it thoroughly the suspected reason was believed to be in the mobile trailers circuitry The data logger was shown to log information however it was not as predicted This was assumed to be due to incorrect input signals being obtained This proved to be quite disappointing and the remainder of the project focused upon checking the wiring of the trailer and making sure all fuses were functional and that signals were being sent and received accordingly Efforts made were of no avail and therefore no data was successfully collected for report in this part of the project due to potential circuitry malfunction which could not be identified in time MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 61 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde Chapter 9 Conclusion and Recommendations 9 1 Conclusions Overall this project focused on a very broad spectrum and global scale before being narrowed down to a specific aspect that contributes to its entirety To recap on the development of issues and the structured process taken within this project the key areas and their relationship are as follows e Global environmental and economical issues e Identified solution in the fo
39. air as well as wind shear Turbulent fluctuations move with the wind Therefore the Doppler Effect shifts the sound frequency during the scattering process This level of frequency shift is proportional to the velocity of the scatter in the beam direction For example if the beam is directed vertically the vertical wind speed w can be calculated directly from the Doppler shift In order to calculate the horizontal components it is necessary to tilt the beam also by a small angle o from the vertical into two horizontally perpendicular directions whose wind components can be named u East and v North Now three Doppler shifts are obtained from each transmitted pulse which are a function of the wind components u v and w Ioannis Antoniou 2003 The transmitted pulse is assumed to be confined to a conical beam of half angle 0 For a system having pulse duration t and with speed of sound c the pulse is spread over a height range of ct As the pulse is scattered it is detected at any one time from a volume V where Equation 1 Volume of pulse detected CT V 2 z0 2 Where a is the height range and 7 zO is the horizontal extension with z being the height above the antenna array The ratio between received and transmitted powers at a height of a 100 m above ground and for a 4500 Hz SODAR is typically of the order of 10 Therefore absorption in the atmosphere is an important factor restricting the range that is the maximum
40. ame units as above 3 41 Set Port 1 High MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 71 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde Stop Generator 6 If time is p92 1 60 Minutes Seconds into a 2 120 Interval Same units as above 3 51 Set Port 1 Low Define initial Port settings 7 Set Port s P20 1 0007 C8 C5 low low low output 2 8887 C4 C1 input input input output j Reset CR10X data logger GSM communication 1min reset 8 If time is P92 1 5 Minutes Seconds into a 2 60 Interval Same units as above 3 45 Set Port 5 High Turn modem off provided communications with GSM have ended 9 If time is P92 1 0 Minutes Seconds into a 2 60 Interval Same units as above 3 55 Set Port 5 Low Check port and flag status and calls subroutines if high If low fuel is detected port 3 is high and therefore sets flag 5 high and calls subroutine 1 if necessary 10 If Flag Port P91 1 43 Do if Port 3 is High 2 30 Then Do 11 If Flag Port P91 1 15 Do if Flag 5 is High 2 01 Call Subroutine 1 12 End P95 MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 12 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde If low battery is detected 24V port 4 is high and therefore sets flag 6 high and calls subroutine 2 if necessary 13 If Flag Port P91 1 44 Do if Port 4 is High 2 30 Then Do 14 If Flag Port P91 1 16 Do if Flag 6 is High 2 02 Call Subroutine
41. and considered crucial to the performance of modern wind turbine airfoil blades Such advances include 1 Camber along the leading edge 2 Placement of the blade spar at the quarter chord position 25 of the way back from the leading edge toward the trailing edge 3 Centre of gravity at the same 1 4 chord position 4 Nonlinear twist of the blade from root to tip MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 6 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde 3 1 1 Large Scale Generation of Electricity The first use of a large windmill to generate electricity was a system built in Cleveland Ohio in 1888 by Charles F Brush Figure 3 The device was 17 meters in diameter Figure 3 First Large Windmill to generate electricity Cleveland U S TelosNet 2001 After World War I the use of 25 kilowatt electrical output machines had spread throughout Denmark but cheaper and larger fossil fuel steam plants soon put the operators of these mills out of business Wind turbine development was enhanced by design improvements of aeroplane propellers and monoplane wings Some of the first early small electrical output wind turbines in the 1900 s used modified propellers to drive direct current generators to produce electricity in remote locations The first bulk power systems were developed in Russia in 1921 where they designed a 100kW Balaclava wind generator The machine ran successfully for two years generat
42. are multiples of for Range of 1 64 0 015625 s 1164 to 1 s 1 8 0 125 s 111 1 to 32s TS 32 to 8191 s Enter a Program instruction select appropriate instructions from the following pages Entering an instruction number also loads blank entries for its associated parameters For example if Instruction 2 differential volts is desired key in which loads 01 P2 01 00 Reps repeats measurements on consecutive channels and places results in consecutive input locations 02 00 Range see option codes 03 00 First differential channel to make measurement 04 0000 First input location where measured result will be stored 05 0 0000 Multiplier 06 0 0000 Offset Key in values for each parameter then advance to next instruction in program 01 Pxx 2 ENTER PROGRAM TABLE 2 Same structure as 1 Allows use of a different Execution Interval 2 ENTER PROGRAM TABLE 3 subroutines only Same structure as 1 except no Execution Interval 1 2 and 3 Commands GIG Advance to next instruction GJE Back up to previous instruction GE Deiete entire instruction PARAMETER ENTRY TABLE See CR10X manual MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 E CLOCK set or display CR10X time HH MM SS displays current datalogger time 05200x Year 0521000 Day of Year Calendar on back O5 HHMM Hours Minutes GOIE INPUT STORAGE display data values flags or port status Compile prog
43. asurements 7 5 2 Digital I O Ports Terminals C1 to C8 on the data logger are digital input output ports They are generally used for reading the status of an external signal They are either set in a high or low state High and low conditions are 3V lt high lt 5 5V 0 5V lt low lt 0 8V They can also be configured as output ports and supply control on off of external devices in this case the generator and the modem Ports 1 5 that are used in this project are described in Table 4 The code that is referred to is the program uploaded to the logger to carry out such functions and can be found in Appendix B MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 53 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde Table 4 Ports used on data logger Port Type Name Function Description Code Line Input output Cl O P Start Generator Starts generator at intervals of 5 6 Table 1 program 1 hour then turns the engine off for 2 hours before restarting the loop Ensures batteries receive charge C2 I P Generator Run Measures Max and Min time 21 25 Table 1 generator runs every 30 mins program C3 I P Fuel Low Low fuel signal is detected at 12 14 Table 1 this port and calls subroutine 1 program to send alarm signal Fuel Low C4 I P Battery Low Low battery is detected 24V 15 17 Table 1 at this port and calls Program subroutine 2 to send alarm signal Batt Low C5 O P CR10X GSM Initiate
44. atter pattern that thermal and mechanical turbulence produce is different However there is almost always a proportion of acoustic energy reflected back towards the source of sound This backscatter or atmospheric echo is then measured using a monostatic SODAR system Logically as the acoustic pulse is reflected as backscatter the angle between the eddies and the antenna is 180 as it returns directly towards the source This detected backscatter is only caused by thermally induced turbulence and mechanical turbulence is generally not detected in a monostatic system ART 2008 MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 25 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde o O o9 o W Figure 16 Principle of SODAR shown with phased array SCINTEC 2004 Bistatic SODAR systems have transmitting and receiving antennas at various locations Because of this scattering angles other than 180 can be detected As well as that the increase in range of angles allows both thermal and also mechanical turbulence to be picked up It also increases the complexity of the device in design and application The shift in frequency of the returned signal relative to the frequency of the transmitted signal is thanks to the Doppler Effect as discussed It is this difference that allows us to calculate the measure of air movement at the position of the scattered eddy If the target or reflected turbulent eddies are moving in the direc
45. ck Check Printable ASCII 5y RF modem SDC state 2 Message Check Comma separated ASCII y Baud Rate Code baud rate Binary Final Storage format code 3 not valid for inst 97 k paea 97 is followed by inst 63 or 68 ia 1 1200 2 2600 3 76800 3 Program Table full 4 intermediate Storage full 5 Final Storage Area 2 not allocated CRIOX was reset by watch dog timer 9 Insufficient Input Storage 10 Low battery voltage 11 Attempt to allocate unavailable storage 12 Duplicate 4 ID 31 SUBROUTINES nested too deep 32 Instruction 3 and interrupt subroutine use same port 33 Cannot use control port 6 as counter with Instruction 15 or SOM 40 Instruction does not exist 41 Incorrect Execution Interval 0 insufficient Input Storage 61 Burst Measurement Scan Rate too Short 62 N lt Qin FFT 20 Subroutine encountered before END of previous subroutine 21 END without IF LOOP or SUBROUTINE 22 Missing END 23 Non existent SUBROUTINE 24 ELSE in SUBROUTINE without IF 25 ELSE without IF 26 EXIT LOOP without LOOP 27 IF CASE without BEGIN CASE 30 IFs and or LOOPS nested too deep D Mode Errors Program storage area full os 95 Flash program does not exist Addressed device not connected Uncorrectable errors detected 26 97 Data not received within 30 seconds os so Wrong file type or editor error DAY OF YEAR CALENDAR Add 1 to unshaded values during This prompt sheet
46. d 30 Average P71 16989 1 1 Reps 2 1 Loc Temp 31 Minimum P74 24806 1 1 Reps 2 00 Time Option 3 1 Loc Temp 32 Maximum P73 19768 1 1 Reps 2 00 Time Option 3 1 Loc Temp j Max amp Min Generator running time Stored 33 Maximum P73 27526 1 1 Reps 2 00 Value with Hr Min 3 2 Loc genrun 34 Minimum P74 3123 1 1 Reps 2 10 Value with Hr Min 3 2 Loc genrun Table 2 Program 02 0 0000 Execution Interval seconds Subroutine 1 2 and 3 Communication with Modem MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 75 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde Subroutine 1 Low fuel message Table 3 Subroutines 1 Beginning of Subroutine P85 1 01 2 Do P86 Subroutine 1 1 21 Set Flag 1 Low Call back command is run once flag 1 is reset 3 Initiate Telecommunications P97 1 string 2 3 timeout 7 8 0000 72 1 20 60 2 60 4 Generic Modem 9600 Baud Use the Generic modem to send the Disabled when User Flag 1 is High Seconds Call Time Limit Should be long enough with a 10 sec Seconds Before Fast Retry just in case it fails Fast Retries Minutes before Slow Retry Failures Loc number_fail_ connection Call back ID Number dialled 447581092131 ACII binary digital characters used to transfer data Initially communication is established with modem commands made 4 Extended Parameters 4 digit P68
47. d oil filter were put back in place before re sealing the hose Clean Castrol Magnatec SAE 15W 30 oil was then put into the engine The generator was started up and allowed to run for 5 minutes before being shut down and the oil level checked and modified accordingly 7 2 3 Adjusting the throttle Initially when the start button was pressed the engine would only turn over repeatedly but not run completely until the speed control throttle was pushed temporarily Having identified this issue it was deemed necessary to permanently modify its position so that the engine would start solely by hitting the start button This was carried out using a spanner to loosen the bolt and adjust its position before retightening it The diesel engine and generator were then operating smoothly and delivering a consistent power supply This meant that the next stage of the project required reconnecting the data logger and programming it to conduct control operations and monitor performance 7 3 Control and Operation Requirements The data logger is used in conjunction with the engine and the generator Circuitry is wired up accordingly and will be discussed at a later stage The presence of a GSM modem also allows alarm messages to be sent out to inform the operator via txt message to a mobile phone First the control functions of the data logger will be discussed The data logger is implemented to retrieve process and store data and also perform operations
48. d result of that data that is stored The data included in the output array is listed in Table 6 a screenshot of the final storage information collected taken from Edlog 501 501 501 501 501 501 501 501 501 501 Array ID Table 6 Final Storage data Output Instruction Set Active Storage Area P80 162 Real Time P77 Sample P70 Average P71 Minimum P74 Maximum P73 Maximum P73 Minimum P74 167 171 176 180 185 191 196 Line Number MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 Final Storage Label Year_RTM Day RTM Hour_Minute_RTM battery Temp_AVG Temp_MIN Temp_MAX genrun_MAX genrun_MIN genrun_Hr_Min_MIN 56 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde 7 5 5 Subroutines Subroutine 1 2 and 3 are almost identical except for the fact that they all deliver different messages The Alarm message delivered by each subroutine is as follows e Subroutine 1 ALARM FUEL LOW e Subroutine 2 ALARM BATT LOW e Subroutine 3 ALARM CR10 LOW The subroutine begins by initiating communication with the GSM using instruction 97 The type of modem selected is generic with a 9600 baud rate The model used is a Wavecom Fastrack supreme The call time limit is set to 20 seconds and fast retry is set to 60 seconds in the case of a failed attempt The number of failed attempts is stored in the data logger s memory Communication is conducted with the modem through the use of American Sta
49. dred meters The design of both devices was based around a parabolic dish and a facsimile recorder used to provide an Analog record of backscatter data ART 2008 The first digital based acoustic sounder was developed in 1975 at the University of Nevada at Reno and at Scientific Engineering System Inc S E S This was achieved by incorporating a microcomputer into the system Further developments from both S E S and N O A A saw the original single parabolic dish evolve into three axis digital based SODAR system which was able to measure the Doppler shift and backscatter intensities in real time This system allowed the newly modified device to determine the vertical profile of the horizontal wind speed and direction This commercial Doppler system was made available in the late 1970 s by S E S and was named Echosonde By the early 1980 s other companies such as Radian Corporation were using the technological advancements that S E S had made in Echosonde as the basis for developing a microcomputer based three axis Doppler SODAR system ART 2008 The 1980 s saw continued developments by various companies interested in improving this technology These include Xonics Inc and AeroVironment Inc as previously mentioned Xonic s device Xondar could measure wind profile and turbulence AeroVironment s Invisible Tower AVIT again was based on three adjacent parabolic dishes operating in sequence however one was pointed vertically and
50. due to their greater capacity Annual mean wind speed ae at 25m above ground level m s amp Pea TA eT OE km 25 0 125 km Copyright ETSU for the DTI 1999 Figure 7 Wind Energy Resource Map for the U K ECORATER 2010 MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 14 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde Chapter 4 Measuring Wind 4 1 Measuring Wind in remote Locations Wind power is moving towards the installation of wind farms in complex terrains offshore in forests and at higher altitudes As discussed wind turbines are now of multi MW capacity and are ever growing For this reason there is increased demand for an improved understanding of winds at these identified new challenging environments Figure 8 shows the difference in altitude measurement capabilities of a SODAR relative to an anemometer mounted to a met mast 200m 180m On aaa 140m ee 120m eS 100m _ 80m HOn p 40m ee 20m ai Figure 8 SODAR and Anemom eter measuring wind Oldbaum 2010 Traditionally wind has been measured using cup anemometers mounted on metrological masts however with the increased height Figure 8 and remoteness of turbines there may not always be local masts for the site in question and the cost of erection and maintenance of them has become more expensive Furthermore using an anemometer limits measurements to one specific area of a turbine such as the cent
51. e backscatter signal that determines the position of the scatter in the azimuth position C B Hasager 2007 The SAR illuminates a footprint and the signals returned from the footprint area are the backscattered values the NRCS Normalised Radar Cross Section It is again the relationship between NRCS and ocean wind speed similar to the scatterometers which is used to calculate the wind speed C B Hasager 2007 Flight track 9 Near range incidence x Along track direction y Across track direction Figure 12 SAR system viewing geometry C B Hasager 2007 MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 20 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde As a resource though it is not as reliable as there are much fewer wind maps available less than 1000 By implementing statistical methods of few samples it is possible to obtain rough estimates of the wind resource There is a known accuracy of around 1 1 m s standard error on a series of wind maps in comparison to offshore mast observations This fact is particularly useful in determining and identifying potential locations to install offshore masts or LIDAR SODAR devices On top of this if high quality met observations are available within a mapped area the relative differences in winds between different locations can be estimated with higher accuracy possibly around 0 6 m s Figure 13 below shows wind maps calculated from SAR S Wind Directi
52. e data logger will be given later on for more complex experiments Again the results can be found in Figure 27 and in Table 3 in section 6 5 3 MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 48 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde 6 5 3 Preliminary Programming Results As discussed PC400W shortcut function automatically generates the DLD code necessary to take measurements that is uploaded to the data logger The results of the basic measurements taken are displayed in Figure 27 and Table 3 Internal Temperature amp Supply Voltage 13 SSS u 9 Voltage V 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Temperature dime eenas sigle ended Voltage Figure 27 Preliminary data logger results Table 3 Preliminary measurements logged Average i Standard Deviation Internal Temperature f 0 175119007 10 98333 0 854205284 6 5 4 Discussion of Results The results obtained were as expected The internal temperature rose slightly with time however it appeared to level off The Supply voltage dipped according to the five incremental reductions as outlined in 6 5 3 The Single ended voltage logged a voltage from a 1 5V battery that appeared to be drained by 0 1V MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 49 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde It is possible to retrieve the DLD code that was uploaded to the data logger for each individual program and analyse it using
53. ect DB bh O acme VSB sI Clock Program Monitor Data Collect Data Clocks Datalogger Information CRIOX Datalogger Name CR10 Datal Datalogger Type CR10 atalogger PC Pc200w 4 0 ger Support Software CRU Direct Connect Connection COM Port COM4 E Pause Clock Update Datalogger Settings Baud Rate 1200 Securly Code 0 Datalogger Time Zone Offset Extra Response Time Os se 0 hours O m Datalogger Program Current Program loggerprogramtest2 DLD Send Program Retrieve Program Associate Program Figure 26 Screenshot of PC200W 6 5 2 Program Tests As no external sensors were available for the data logger that matched any of those in the inbuilt library some basic programming tests were conducted using sensors built into the logger and some external wiring connected to the wiring panel Data logger Internal Temperature The first measurement that was carried out was the internal temperature of the data logger using a thermistor that is located inside the device on the analog board The scan interval was set for every 10 seconds and the output measurements included the Max Min Average and Standard Deviation The results obtained were as expected and do not require any discussion as the experiment is only part of the familiarisation process of operating of the data logger The results can be found in Figure 27 and in Table 3 in section 6 5 3 MSc Renewable Energy Syst
54. ed August 13 2010 from New Carbon dioxide Emmissions Model http www sciencedaily com releases 2010 08 100802110827 htm EAI 2010 July 10 Internation Energy Outlook 2010 Retrieved July 15 2010 from U S Energy Information Administration http www eia doe gov oiaf ieo pdf highlights pdf ECORATER 2010 Wind Power Energy Retrieved July 5 2010 from copyright ETSU for DTI 1999 http www ecorater co uk wind power energy shtml EWEA 2010 Wind Energy The Facts Retrieved July 10 2010 from http www wind energy the facts org en part i technology chapter 3 wind turbine technology evolution of commercial wind turbine technology growth of wind turbine size html FischerPanda n d Fischer Panda Generator Retrieved June 12 2010 from ATG 4000 DC Generator Operation Manual http fischerpanda com Manuals Panda 20AGT DC 204000 20 12V 20Operation 20Manual pdf Gentry B 1999 Atmospheric Remote Sensing Laboratory Retrieved July 10 2010 from Wind Lidar www ece arizona edu arsl presentation2 ppt Government H 2007 Meeting The Energy Challenge Norwich TSO MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 65 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde InternationalEnergyAgency 2007 51st IEA Topical Expert Meeting State of the art of Remote Wind Speed Sensing Techniques using Sodar Lidar and Satellites Ris p 32 Roskilde Denmark Sven Erik Thor Ioannis Antoniou H E 2003 On the Theory
55. eeseseseeseeseesrrrreesersrerrresrrseeee 7 3 2 U K a d Wind Nicos cscs cases oe e E E NE 10 3 3 Problems associated with wind energy eesesseeseesseesesrresrsresreserseresressrseesreses 12 34 1 termiten Yernes e E OS RE EEE TE 12 3 4 2 Environmental Impacts siaccasscssssscccisscsiedesscscncsssuacecsassseanssaneeadsvanscecdenedoeasvanss 12 3 4 Wind E rgy SUNS sereia a E E E 14 Chapter 4 Measuring Wind ssesssocesooesoocsscesssccssocssoossoosessesssocesocesooscsoesssesssocssoosee 15 4 1 Measuring Wind in remote Locations ssesseeeseseesessrrerrsrersersrrrreesresrrsrresrrssese 15 42 LIDAR eserine engi a canta case seis ae na a aaea A iA a aE EASE OEE aAa 17 A SS ate Eei ee ARA AE a 19 JS SODAR conio ar aa a Wie a 22 MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 iv Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde 4 5 1 Introduction to SODAR siis s ccsasssdensastsnncsaasaccetasnpoadesabedaedaanenedsanesoandeaepeecsonees 22 4 5 2 History of SODAR rsen a a S 22 45 3 Th ry of SODAR reesen eoprei rasonas iona eran E ESETA E EEA S iE 24 4 5 4 SODAR Pulse Properties sesssessessessssessesscsesessesressesesessessessssssessessseeseeso 27 4 5 5 Calculating Wind Component from SODAR s ssesseeeeeereereerresrrererrersrrereees 34 Chapter 5 Mobile SODAR unit seeesooessoesscesssecssccssccsscocesseessccesocesocessoessseessecssosseo 36 5l WRT aera as teehee eaea n a a e aaee aana aaa Esaa 36 52 SODAR deyise a a a a
56. ems and the Environment 2010 47 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde Data logger Battery Voltage The next measurement that was taken and logged into the data logger s memory was the voltage supplied to the device The CR10X operates at a nominal 12V DC Below 9 6V or above 16V the CR10X will not operate correctly Again the scan interval was set for every 10 seconds Similar to before the output measurements included Max Min Average and Standard Deviation As the power supply used to convert the mains electricity was variable it was initially set to 12V and lowered in five intervals until the logger failed to operate It was not increased for fear of damaging internal components The results displayed the decline in voltage until the CR10X stopped working These results can also be found in Figure 27 and in Table 3 in section 6 5 3 Single Ended Voltage The final preliminary measurement that was taken with the data logger using PC200W was a basic single ended voltage Two wire sensors signal and ground were used to measure the voltage on a single ended channel relative to ground The scan interval was again set for every 10 seconds A multiplier was used to convert the result from milliVolts to Volts The two wires used to make measurements were connected to the data logger into input locations 1H and AG The other ends of the wires were connected to a simple 1 5V battery to the positive and negative terminals More details on wiring th
57. ere is considerable demand for cheaper sources of energy As this is only likely to increase in the coming years our attention will turn initially towards either nuclear or gas These alternatives however do not solve the long term problem due to the negative effects that they too can have on our environment Historically surges in oil prices have generated sporadic interest in developing alternative energy sources including wind energy which has proved to be the most commercially viable renewable resource in the short term All research indicates that the demand for energy will only increase and with limited supply of carbon based fossil fuels remaining it is essential that at least part of this demand is met through renewable sources An increasing amount of money is being put into renewable energy research The aim now is to develop reliable devices capable of providing a good alternative to conventional energy sources Figure 1 displays the predicted energy consumption for each energy resource in quadrillion British Thermal Units BTU 1BTU 1055 J For the next 30 40 years carbon based liquids solids and gasses fossil fuels may continue to power the world but the level of consumption and the cost will continue to rise until finally it has all run out Unless new oilfields are discovered we will be left in a dark world MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 4 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde History
58. ersity of Strathclyde 4 5 5 Calculating Wind Component from SODAR Having reviewed some of the parameters of the signal beam it is important to understand how the returned signal is used to calculate relevant wind data If three beams w v and u as described in section 4 5 4 were sent into the atmosphere the returned scatter data can be analysed The signal transmitted from a SODAR is a travelling wave with components like sin t kz or cos tkz The sound wave is scattered by turbulent effects and the return signal has a different frequency due to the Doppler Effect The total Doppler shift is Ao 2kw If the SODAR beam Figure 19 is tilted at a zenith angle 0 from the vertical and directed at azimuth angle with respect to East and the wind has components V u v w E K Figure 19 Orientation of the SODAR beams Ioannis Antoniou 2003 It follows then that A 2k usin coso vsin sing wcos The easterly wind component is u and the northerly wind component is v so an easterly or northerly wind gives a lower frequency SODARs are typically designed so that they direct two tilted beams in orthogonal planes say with 0 02 09 6 0 and o2 2 2 A third beam is vertical with 03 0 Then at each range gate height three Doppler shifts are recorded MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 34 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde Equation 10 Doppler shifts for 3 beams Aa 2ku sin
59. eter 4 becomes O High level rising edge East 250 ys integration time the input location from which to get the excitation voltage 1 High level falling edge 80 Hz rejection 2 Lowlevel ac rising edge 23 RANGE codes 3 Low level ac falling edge ER eeste range East 250 ys integration time o 10 20 30 101 F 8765 F 4321 Each digit sets Function for respective channel 1 21031 25m 13 5 2emv 0 No value retumed 2 42 22 32 75W 14 250 mV 1 Penod ms 3 13 23 33 25 mv 15 2500 mV 2 Frequency kHz 3 14 24 34 250 mV 3 Time since previous channel ms 5 15 25 35 2500 mV 23 OPTION code 4 digits 4 Time since channel 1 ms ABCD Counts on 2 since interpolated 3 CONFIGuration codes A Tigger Low resolution frequency kHz To record all counts O Trigger on 1st analog channel 7 Counts High frequency 84 Hz reset 1 Digtal tigger on C1 2 integral counts on 2 since 4 1 Low level AC 64 Hz reset 2 Same as 0 but sets C1 high during measurements 2 Switch Closure B Trigger option 101 AVeraGing OPTion 3 High frequency 16 bit O Trigger immediately o Execution interval averaging 4 Low level AC 16 bit 1 Trigger if above limit high o Continuous averaging 4 Low level AC 16 bit 2 Trigger if below limit low z000 Specify average interval in ms Discard counts beyond execution Interval 3 Tagger on rising edge Dox Capture all events until woot edges of channel 1 tx Gc 0 4 from above 4 Trigger on falling edge Sooo Test Memory
60. eters 4 digit P68 1 87 Option 2 100 Option 3 69 Option 4 24 Option 5 65 Option 6 84 Option 7 43 Option 8 67 Option j Number entered 33 Extended Parameters 4 digit P68 1 77 Option M 2 71 Option G 3 83 Option S MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 83 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde 4 61 Option 5 34 Option 6 43 Option it is best to enter the number in international format 7 52 Option 4 8 52 Option 4 34 Extended Parameters 4 digit P68 1 55 Option 7 2 53 Option 5 3 56 Option 8 4 49 Option 1 5 48 Option 0 6 57 Option 9 7 50 Option 2 8 49 Option 1 35 Extended Parameters 4 digit P68 1 51 Option 3 2 49 Option 1 3 34 Option 4 13 Option Terminate with carriage return then wait for response 5 82 Option R Rx chars this waits for the LF amp gt SPACE response 6 3 Option 3 chars 7 10 Option LF 8 62 Option gt j Message sent once connection established ALARM CR10 LOW 36 Extended Parameters 4 digit P68 1 32 Option space 2 69 Option E Tx with echo now send the message 3 15 Option 15 chars MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 84 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde 4 65 Option A 5 76 Option L 6 65 Option A 7 82 Option R 8 77 Option M 37 Extended Parameters 4 digit P68 1 33 Option 2 32 Option 3 67 Option
61. ge heater which is used to increase load overnight and therefore decrease the daytime load Another is wind energy with hydropower to ensure a backup resource An example such as Pumped storage hydroelectricity means that energy generated at peak output can be stored for times of high demand ECORATER 2010 There have also been significant developments in battery storage over the last number of years although batteries are relatively expensive to use on a large scale 3 4 2 Environmental Impacts In Sweden Denmark the Netherlands and the UK a significant number of wind farms have been installed both on and offshore Their impacts will not be fully understood until monitoring and research is conducted following their full installation Placing wind farms offshore eliminates some of the obstacles encountered when sitting wind farms on shore such as aesthetic impact on the landscape annoyance to inhabitants from noise and flickering light conflicts with other planning interests etc Further challenges remain For example the impact off shore wind turbines may have on birdlife marine life hydrography and marine traffic While there are now 20 years of experience in assessing and meeting environmental challenges associated with land based wind installations little is known of the effects of offshore wind installations Collection of information on existing sites including the impacts on birds flora and fauna sub sea noise visual i
62. ght oil pressure light operating state display and battery charging control light The battery also supplies power to the fuel pump and actuator which are part of the start up process FischerPanda The original battery that was removed read a voltage of around 6V Having connected it to a charger adjusting the input voltage and current supply it was felt after reviewing the readings that a number of cells inside the battery were more than likely exhausted An alternative newer battery was acquired and charged for twenty four hours until a 12V reading was detected The battery was then connected to the generator and the control panel light up once the switch MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 50 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde was flicked on The generator started once the start button was pressed and the speed control temporarily adjusted 7 2 2 Changing the Oil Given that the number of operational hours read 1950 and it was not clear when any maintenance was last carried out on the diesel engine it was considered necessary to do some to make sure no other issues were encountered Using the Yanmar operational manual a step by step guide was followed to change the oil and clean the oil filter Yanmar 2005 First of all the oil was drained using the connected hose at the base of the engine Next the oil filter was removed and cleaned thoroughly removing any dirt accumulated Finally the two dip sticks an
63. h errors CRIOX IM and CR10X 2M only 1 minutes into day max 1440 2 hours into year max 8784 1431 Range 3 store year day hour minute second into 5 input T 8 kHz 2 mV peak to peak locations 2 20 kHz 3 mV peak to peak 3 EO kHz 12 mV peak to peak 20 8765 4321 Each digit configures respective port 200 is a 3 cigit integer correction value for the probe 4 200 kHz 2 V peak to peak Oo Set low The correct entry is provided in the TOR maunal 1 Sethigh 1489 OPTION 2 Toggle 100 119 MUltipieXer and PROBE selection 0 Get CO and H O molar density 3 fms Pulse ABCR 1 Get CO2 and HzO absorptance 3 toms Pulse Q Sets duration for subsequent A Level 1 multiplexer channel 2 Get intemal pressure estimate auxillary measurements 5 300 ms Pulse f Puise Port Command B_ Level 2 multiplexer channel A ard B cooler ts Pulse Level 3 multiplexer channel 2 7 Configure as output R Number of probes to be read starting with the s 8 Configure as input channel specified by the ABC value 5 Get CO and H10 molar density and internal pressure estimate No change Enter 0 when level is not used PROCESSING INSTRUCTIONS EEE F is fixed value constant X Y amp Z are input locations must of oz os mst or oz o3 os os o6 o7 os os mw o m 12 30 c op 2 49 SPAMAX SWATH ISTLOC MAXLOCT 3 x z 50 SPA MIN SWATH ISTLOC MINLOCT 32 z 51 SPAAVG SWATH isTLoc AVGLOC 33 x oY z 52 RUNNINGAVG REPS SOURCE DEST INAVG 34 x E z s ANKE STARTLOC A1 57 a2 a2
64. he evolution in size of wind turbines over the past 30 years and the predicted generation capacity in the future with the MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 8 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde UPWIND project looking at development in the region of 10 20MW In recent news from Clipper Wind power a 7 5 MW prototype is expected to be ready for production by approximately 2012 This increase in size and capacity calls for accurate site surveying techniques up to heights at which the device will be operational Methods will be discussed later in Chapter 4 EWEA 2010 2 MAGENN MARS gt Past amp Present Future Wind Wind Turbines Turbines i UPWIND 10 and 20 MW Clipper 7 5MW MBE Figure 5 Increase in size of Wind Turbine designs over last 30 years EWEA 2010 MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 9 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde 3 2 U K and Wind Energy Renewable energy and especially wind power have had a significant impact on the British power generation market in recent years and are targeted to deliver 20 of total supply by 2020 With this target in mind we can expect to see an increase in contribution from renewable resources in the near future The UK has some of the richest renewable resources in Europe notably wind and marine wave and tidal stream resources If they can be harnessed effectively they can make a significan
65. height from MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 27 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde which scattered signals can be detected The ratio of received to transmitted power is proportional to the absorption term as shown in Equation 2 Equation 2 Ratio of Received to Transmitted Power Proportional to Absorption P 2az LR o e F Where the absorption coefficient a is the sum of classical absorption c and molecular absorption Oam Classical absorption is due to viscous losses when sound causes motion of molecules and is proportional to frequency squared Molecular absorption is due to water vapour molecules colliding with oxygen and nitrogen molecules and exciting vibrations which are dissipated as heat At low humidity there is little molecular absorption Ioannis Antoniou 2003 At high humidity O2 and Nz molecules are fully excited without acoustically enhanced collisions and there is again little extra absorption Absorption also depends on temperature and pressure since these affect collisions The resulting equation shows a complicated dependence on the mentioned parameters as well as on the sound frequency However in the frequency range of interest for SODARS that is between 1 and 10 kHz the following rule is valid The higher the frequency of a SODAR the more limited its range due to absorption Salomons 2001 Sending Beam signal Parameters that effect how the SODAR sends the beam include
66. identified control operations provided the input signals were valid MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 62 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde Although it is believed that the program uploaded is comprehensive and fully functional if wired correctly perhaps it proved to be a step too far as it is quite advanced coding An alternative approach would have been to simulate the intended results in the laboratory through individual programs designed to produce an output for that particular parameter or control operation This was overlooked due to the lack of practical application having successfully got the generator operational It may however be necessary to do in order to comprehend reasons for identified issues with circuitry in the future MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 63 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde 9 2 Recommendations The most important aspect that needs to be conducted to achieve a fully functional mobile trailer unit for the SODAR is to validate all existing circuitry This would prove to be quite a significant task and was outside the scope of this project due to time constraints If all circuitry is fully functional it would mean that the uploaded program could operate as required and produce valid results Also as the SODAR is being used to measure wind data and potentially identify sites for a wind turbine it would seem logical to look at potential renewab
67. ing 200 00kWh of electricity Further experimental wind turbines were undertaken around Europe and the U S after World War II as temporary shortages of fossil fuels drove research for alternative solutions Figure 4 shows the development towards a 3 blade structure that we are familiar with today This period of high energy costs is reflective of circumstances we see MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 7 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde today however global warming and carbon reduction had yet to become a priority Development continued worldwide until the 1960 s when declining fossil fuel prices once again made wind energy uncompetitive with steam powered generating plants Figure 4 200 kW Gedser Mill wind turbine Denmark TelosNet 2001 The 1980 s again saw a resurgence in wind power R amp D largely driven by increased fuel prices Furthermore in northern Europe countries such as Germany and Denmark were beginning to leverage excellent wind resources to create a small but stable market for renewable energy organisations Development was slow in the early 1990 s as wind proved uncompetitive with the likes of nuclear and fossil fuel based power generation Increased concern over global warming and government subsidisation increased interest and with technological advancement in the mid 90 s and today we see off shore structures with a generation capacity in the region of SMW Figure 5 shows t
68. ion Option B Option A Option T Option T MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 81 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde 7 32 Option 8 76 Option L 24 Extended Parameters 4 digit P68 1 79 Option O 2 87 Option W 3 84 Option 4 1 Option 5 26 Option 6 87 Option 7 100 Option 8 82 Option 25 Extended Parameters 4 digit P68 1 3 Option 2 10 Option 3 48 Option 4 13 Option 5 000 Option 6 0000 Option 7 0000 Option 8 0000 Option 26 Do P86 1 12 Set Flag 2 High 27 Do P86 1 26 Set Flag 6 Low 28 End P95 Subroutine 3 CR10X Data logger Battery Low message 29 Beginning of Subroutine P85 1 03 Subroutine 3 MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 82 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde 30 Do P86 1 23 Set Flag 3 Low Call back command is run provided flag 3 is reset 31 Initiate Telecommunications P97 1 72 Generic Modem 9600 Baud Should be long enough to send the string 2 3 Disabled when User Flag 3 is High 3 20 Seconds Call Time Limit Should be long enough with a 10 sec timeout 4 60 Seconds Before Fast Retry just in case it fails 5 2 Fast Retries 6 60 Minutes before Slow Retry 7 4 Failures Loc no_fails 8 0000 Call back ID Number dialled 447581092131 ACII binary digital characters used to transfer data Initially communication is established with modem commands made 32 Extended Param
69. is intended for field use or as a reference by those familiar with CR10X programming additional details and examples are in the CR10X Operator s manual CAMPBELL SCENT IC INC asw 1800N Omm vo located m Logan Utah 04321 1784 Australis Brazi gt Canada 435 7532342 Snakes France CR10X PROMPT SHEET supported by EDLOG and Short Cut communications is supported by GraphTerm and TELCOM DOS and PC208W Windows storage and status areas star modes togoing kay in S The CR10X can be interrogated or programmed via the 16 keys and display on the CR10KD The key is the most important because it controls access to each of the CR10X s 14 programming data Once in a star mode use A amp E to move between entries To enter a value use the T through 5 keys then press A To exit a star mode key in a different star mode To exit all star modes and begin CR10KD Keystrokes E Key in data or instructions A Enter Advance E Back up FAX 435 750 0540 South Armea Computer assisted programming is General Keystrokes E change value index a parameter Change sign of a number E Decimal point F Clear digit just keyed 212 BEGIN LOGGING compiles program and logs data 2 ENTER PROGRAM TABLE 1 01200x Advance to a given Instruction location Cfast forward O1 x200x Enter Execution interval between 1 64 and 8191s Valid entries
70. itially communication is established with modem commands made 18 Extended Parameters 4 digit P68 1 87 Option 2 100 Option 3 69 Option 4 24 Option 5 65 Option 6 84 Option 7 43 Option 8 67 Option Number entered 19 Extended Parameters 4 digit P68 1 77 Option M 2 71 Option G 3 83 Option S 4 61 Option 5 34 Option 6 43 Option international format 7 52 Option 4 8 52 Option 4 20 Extended Parameters 4 digit P68 1 55 Option 7 2 53 Option 5 3 56 Option 8 4 49 Option 1 5 48 Option 0 6 57 Option 9 MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 80 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde 7 8 50 49 Option 2 Option 1 21 Extended Parameters 4 digit P68 1 2 7 8 51 49 34 13 82 3 10 62 Option 3 Option 1 Option Option Terminate with carriage return then wait for response Option R Rx chars this waits for the LF amp gt SPACE response Option 3 chars Option LF Option gt j Message sent once connection established ALARM BATT LOW 22 Extended Parameters 4 digit P68 1 2 7 8 32 69 15 65 76 65 82 77 Option space Option E Tx with echo now send the message Option 15 chars Option A Option L Option A Option R Option M 23 Extended Parameters 4 digit P68 1 2 33 32 66 65 84 84 Option Opt
71. lain the detailed theory behind SODAR and exactly how it works Look at the mobile SODAR unit and identify some deployment considerations Data Logger control and operation Understand the data logger operation and conduct preliminary test programming Explain control requirements of the mobile unit used to power SODAR Identify issues with the generator and conduct maintenance as necessary Describe the modifications development and function of the program used to carry out the control and operation of the generator and other components Highlight the outcome of the work conducted and recommend future work as appropriate MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 1 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde Chapter 2 Background 2 1 Environmental Concerns There has been a great increase in the demand for renewable energy over the last decade worldwide World powers now acknowledge that fossil fuels are terminal and accept the need for pre emptive action Significant steps were approved in the Kyoto treaty This agreement required participating countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to specified levels For the first five years of this century 48 of total anthropogenic CO2 emissions remained in the atmosphere Effects include rising sea levels glacier retreat Arctic shrinkage and altered patterns of agriculture Predictions for secondary and regional effects include extreme weather events
72. le Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 52 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde 7 4 2 Edlog Edlog is a tool to create and edit data logger programs for all Campbell Scientific data loggers Instructions are available for sensor measurement intermediate processing program and peripheral control and data storage The CR10X instruction and parameter prompt sheet attached Appendix A can be used in conjunction with it to assist with inputting values according to requirements The built in pre compiler provides error checking and warns of potential problems in the program Edlog produces a DLD file type that can be uploaded to the logger to carry out the necessary functions Edlog was used in conjunction with LoggerNet to write the code necessary to perform functions and take measurements as outlined in section 7 3 1 7 5 Programming Description 7 5 1 Introduction The program created is based on the original however it is modified and commented in more detail The program does not consider the presence of the SODAR device as in this instance it was not ready for connection in the mobile trailer for a number of reasons For one the batteries that powered it appeared to be exhausted and need to be replaced and also the circuit was simplified to try and obtain some measurements and results This section describes some of the processing instructions that are taking place within the data logger that may be dependent on input signals and me
73. le sources of power to keep in conjunction with overall sustainability Such options could include Photo Voltaic Solar Panels that could be used to charge the batteries particularly in climates that may be suitable or during summer months If all circuitry was validated and the logger adequately operating in conjunction with the GSM modem the given code could be modified to include the presence of the SODAR device and the potential for a field test would exist If this could be achieved it would be possible to conduct accurate calibration and comparison of results with other remote wind measuring devices and cup anemometers at the test site discussed in section 4 1 This test site is fully commissioned and located in Worcestershire where they have a 90m met mast with an anemometer attached installed This location would prove ideal to correlate results obtained from the SODAR anemometer and potentially any LIDAR devices present if the data was made available The results obtained at this remote location may prove to be more accurate than those from a rooftop in an urban canopy where the device currently lies on campus This site in Worcestershire is fully accessible and open for use by any interested parties Identifying the necessary software analysing the data logger operating methods explaining the programming application and finally conducting maintenance on the generator has resulted in a solid basis for further advancement in achieving
74. ly set and it also allows for update and altercation of new input parameters The same software is used for communication via a telephone modem The modem also allows for retrieval of data obtained by the SODAR device for analysis off site AQSystem 2008 The data logger used in this project has an I O port which can act as a SV DC power line and can be used to power a modem Using a modem in conjunction with a data logger allows for remote communication and collection of data Retrieval of data via modem can be done under program control or by regularly scheduled polling of the data logger Campbell Scientific s data logger support software automates this process Telecommunications are part of the programming command language and can be found on the prompt sheet attached in Appendix A under instruction 97 and instruction 99 More details of this will follow in the description of the code functionality later in section 7 5 5 The diagram in Figure 24 shows all possible communication methods that can be used with the CR10X data logger These include direct connection with the device itself via a SC12 cable and then through a SC32A SC929 or RS232 type interface cable These can then be connected to a laptop using an SC USB cable MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 42 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde DATALOGGER SC12 CABLES PHONE CELLULAR MODEM
75. m the wiring panel initially and was located in the trailer The wiring panel was connected to several wires which were set to conduct various operations that became clearer later in the project following detailed research Initially it was necessary to disconnect the wiring panel from all wires and remove the data logger with it from the trailer into a lab where experimental work could be conducted on it The actual Campbell Scientific CR10X data logger is quite rugged and robust however some slight damage was discovered to the D type connection used to connect into the wiring panel It appeared to be bent and would not fit correctly to the wiring panel possibly due to an impact sustained Luckily after the damaged pins were straightened manually using a set of pliers connection with the wiring panel could be re established Had the impact to the connector been more severe the device may have needed to be sent to Campbell Scientific for repair 6 3 Powering the data logger The data logger was powered in the laboratory by wiring it up to a 12V D C supply voltage The supply voltage was provided by the mains and converted to D C in a power supply unit which allowed for adjustable voltage control This however was fixed at 12V as required by the data logger Figure 25 shows the data logger in the lab with a variable D C voltage supply Note the data logger is the can shaped rugged silver metallic unit connected to the wiring panel on the
76. maintenance was conducted as necessary The practical experimental aspect fell in line with the main aim of the project Preliminary laboratory work consisted of a detailed study and understanding of a Campbell scientific data logger and then using it to perform basic experimental measurements Further application of the data logger led to the acquisition of advanced software that was used to compile a program which monitored the battery charge and the fuel levels of the generator Alarm signals were issued via a GSM modem in the event of certain conditions arising The program was applied by uploading it to the data logger and wiring it up accordingly such that all input and output signals were detected as necessary MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 ii Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde Acknowledgements I would like to thank Dr Matthew Stickland for all his help and guidance throughout this project Special thanks must also go to Franco Casule of Campbell Scientific who was of great help in setting up the data logger used within this project Also I would like to thank other members of faculty for the assistance and supplying necessary equipment throughout this project They include Steven Black John Redgate and Pat McGuiness Finally I would like to thank my family for their support and assistance throughout this project and entire academic year MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 iii
77. med processing disable flag ey Binary Final Storage format n COMParison codes y Baud Rate Code 98 is followed by Inst 63 or 68 83 92 CoMmanD codes 1x Do Rag x is high Storage Module o Go to end of Pom Table 2x Doi nag x is low TN Storage Module address N 1 8 120 BUFFER 1 9 7999 Cal Subroutine 3x Doit port x i high 7N _ Fiemark to Storage Module N 1 8 ABC 10 18 Set flag 0 6 high 5x Do port x is low Transfer Data to Other Final Storage Area A Mode 20 28 Set flag 0 8 low 40 Doi modem is on 20 New data only Inst 26 only 0 binary 30 Then Do 50 Dei modem is of 21 All data inst 26 oniy 1 ASCI 31 Exit Loop if true Ports can be indexed with C B Buffer 32 Exit Loop if faise 97 MODEM baud codes O Selt timed 4148 Set Port 1 8 high 92 Time into INTerval Oy RF modem 1 Random 51 58 Set Pon 1 8 low Soo and INT in minutes ty Short haw Direct New dats 61 68 Toggle Port 1 8 T max is 1439 INT max is 1440 2y Phone modem 0 Appends new data to oid 71 78 Pulse Port 1 3 yoo T and INT in seconde 31 Voice cat back 1200 baud 1 Witas over old data Ports can be indexed with Tmax is 58 INT max is 60 30 Voice modem data callback 85 SUBROUTINE Subroutine number valid entries are 1 9 79 09 98 97 amp 08 allow special interrupts on 1y ce C7 amp C8 2y 3y 96 8 DEVICE baud codes Addressed Print Device ERROR CODES 300 baud 122 OPTION a1 Voice modem data call back o Data Report 1200 baud 1 Clo
78. moCouple TYPE codes x1 T copper constantan 27 OPTION codes 107 OPTION codes x2 E chrome constantan Sode Peak to Peak Volts O Get data and measure x3 K chrometalumel x ZO mv ggg 1 8 10 12 18 20 30 8 60 Execution Parameter X4 J Gron constantan 2 Zo mv 20 kHz so Get data after a group trigger XS B platinum rhodium 3 12 mv 50 kee x6 R platinum rhodium 2ov 200 kHz 414 OPTION codes x7 S platinum sthodium x 0 Output period in microseconds O Set time with hr min sec values from 3 input locations x8 N nickel chromium x t Output frequency in kHz 1 Set time with day hr min sec values from 4 input ocations x 0 Normal Measurement 28 REPS Hit C to skip repeat of excit 2 Set ime with yr day hr min sec from 5 input locations X 8 TC input from ASB40 isolation START Frequency of sweep 100s of Hz X Output 00999 if out of common mode range END Frequency of sweep 1005 of Hz 19 OUTPUT options inst 14 only Measure LaL 29 Enhanced Parameters 1 Collect waveform values 15 Configuration codes These parameters are listed on the manufacturer s calibration 2 Collect waveform plus first derivative ASCII Hex Pair Binay Logic level Rauc sheet where 3 Measure electrical conductivity 00 10 20 TTL 1200 baud o n 21 RS 232 1200 baud 130 OPTION codes o2 12 22 TTL 200 baud O Watchdog errors o3 13 23 RS232 300 baud 1 Table overruns 2 Low voltage counts OPTION codes 3 Lithium battery volts 0 seconds into minute max 80 4 Flas
79. n this report 4 5 3 Theory of SODAR The basic theory of SODAR functionality was mentioned previously in the Doppler effect of sound propulsion Further discussion will analyse these operational and theoretical methods In order to comprehend this technology it is first necessary to understand the median in which SODAR operates The Atmosphere Atmospheric motion is based on wind flow and turbulence Turbulence is caused by one of two forces namely thermal and mechanical MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 24 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde Figure 15 A thermal turbulent force is caused by temperature differences in the atmosphere hot air raises causing wind currents A mechanical turbulent force is caused by air movement over natural or man made obstacles This interactive mechanical turbulent force is due to the earth s rough variation in surface smoothness and is less prominent over flat seas The impact of turbulence from both mechanical and thermal sources is the formation of eddies In the case of mechanical turbulence the size of the eddy is directly proportional to the size of the obstruction and speed of the wind TURBULENT FLOW Figure 15 Graphic description of Mechanical and Thermal Turbulance Buck 2008 When a sound pulse is transmitted from the SODAR device through the atmosphere it meets an eddy and its energy is then scattered in different directions See Figure16 The sc
80. ndard Code for Information Interchange ASCII which is listed in Appendix E of the user manual for the CR10X data logger Initial commands are sent to the modem prior to dialling out the required number Once a response has been detected the modem then proceeds to sending a message which is different for each subroutine in this case as outlined Further commands are conducted before communication is ceased and retried if unsuccessful otherwise is successful the flag 1 is set high to reset the modem and flag 5 is set low to prevent unnecessary redial MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 57 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde 7 6 Wiring the data logger The circuit diagram of the wiring diagram used to connect the data logger to all necessary devices used in this project and described in the code is given in Appendix C The input port for each wire and a description of the colour used is given in this drawing A complete comprehension of the circuitry used was required to understand where all input and output signals are coming from At each input location there is a note on the signal being received Displayed is e CR10X wiring panel with connected wires e Fuel gauge with corresponding relays e Fuse connections for 12V and 24V supplies e Temperature Probe e 12V logger battery e GSM Modem e SC12 and SC929 cables e Laptop Computer The wiring diagram is modified from the original one given as some of the
81. nt 2010 32 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde Time between pulses Time between pulses and the maximum height the SODAR attempts to measure have a direct relationship It is critical that any measure of backscatter must be finished before the next pulse is sent therefore the maximum height is cT 2 For phased array SODAR it is important to make sure backscatter from other pulses have been completely detected before sending out another pulse otherwise it could effect the measurements and have an undesired effect The Tilt Angle The tilt angle is defined by the loud speaker spacing d of the antenna array by the number of speakers N and by the transmit frequency f or wave number k The resulting intensity pattern can be compared to optical interference patterns Equation 8 Intensity of loudspeaker array of N speakers 2 sin n sin o sin x 0 2 In theory it is possible for the beam to be steered by a variable phase shift between 0 and 2 2 Io between two respective loudspeaker groups Manufacturers of SODAR fix the progressive phase shift at 2 2 which helps to simplify the design In practice this leads to tilt angles of 16 30 for higher to lower transmit frequencies respectively The practical limit on the beam tilt angle is Equation 9 Limit on beam tilt angle tilt eat 4dk Ioannis Antoniou 2003 MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 33 Ollie Kelleher Univ
82. nt a number of pictures of the setup configuration it was made clear that the SC12 cable being used could not be used to communicate with the logger as the interface was not SC USB Interface but a USB to Serial Interface The blue SC12 cable that was originally used is just a through cable and not an interface For this reason it was necessary to purchase an interface which could be used to connect into a computer or a laptop The most inexpensive SC929 cable was chosen and ordered for delivery 6 4 2 Connecting to the Data Logger Upon delivery once everything was set up correctly it was found that the data logger appeared to be password protected from previous usage and would not allow connection This particular model allows for three levels of password security on the device and this is explained in detail in the user manual however it is not of significant importance at this stage The existing code that was on the data logger would not allow connection unless the password was entered correctly and it was not possible to override without re setting the MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 45 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde device As the password was not available the only solution was to re set the logger This was achieved by uploading a new operating system using the device configuration utility hardware configuration function See Figure 26 on PC200W software Having successfully re set the data logger
83. ntrusion and coastal impacts will prove vital in the future of offshore wind farm development and its environmental impacts Peinke 2007 MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 12 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde Birds The biggest environmental effect that wind farms have is on birds Such effects include e A physical change of the habitat providing extra resting areas e A collision risk for flying birds bats During periods with low visibility darkness fog and heavy rain there is a high probability that flocks of birds could collide with a wind turbine if passing through a wind farm The tailwind that is produced by wind turbines also elevates the flight altitude and the migration intensity of birds Suggestions have been made to use infrared cameras and microphones to study these effects on bird life however it is not sure how successful they will prove to be There are atlases available that show the migrating routes for birds These should be consulted when considering the design and location of a wind farm This will have an effect on the future potential locations Studies have shown that wind turbines off shore can kill up to 10 birds per year Again if it is feared that some of those birds of migrating flocks are becoming endangered planning permission may become restricted in the future in some areas MacKay 2008 Below the sea surface Turbine foundations and the base supporting struc
84. ot applied in the experimental aspect of this report it was felt that it was of critical importance to comprehend it adequately due to the renewable nature of this course MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 16 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde 4 2 LIDAR LIDAR Light Detection and Ranging is an optical remote sensing technology that measures properties of scattered light to determine wind speed and direction at significant heights using the ground based device It is similar to SODAR however it operates via the transmission and detection of light rather than sound The range to an object is determined by measuring the time delay between transmission of a pulse and detection of the reflected signal LIDAR is believed to be most suitable to replace the met mast based wind measurements used in power curve calculations for wind farms due to its level of accuracy in comparison to other methods LIDAR principle relies on measuring the Doppler shift of radiation scattered by natural aerosols carried by the wind Typically these are dust water droplets pollution pollen or salt crystals Figure 9 shows the principal on which LIDAR technology is based AEROSOL RECEIVER TELESCOPE MOLECULAR LASER RECEIVER Figure 9 Doppler Lidar Wind Measurement Concept Gentry 1999 A new generation of fibre based LIDARs has emerged over recent years that operates close to the theoretical limit of sen
85. ot been used for offshore wind energy purposes even though over 5000 observations have been taken at almost every location worldwide since 1999 to date The reason for this are e satellite wind mapping accuracy e satellite wind mapping frequency e low resolution satellite wind maps do not include the coastal zone e technological methodologies to transfer satellite data to wind energy tools SAR however produces wind maps near coastal areas in which most wind farms are located The technology has been around since 1987 when the first Seasat carried the first SAR sensor on board a satellite platform MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 19 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde SAR operates by looking sideways between the angles from near range to far range see Figure 12 In this dimension the slant range observations are made The distance on the ground between near and far range is the swath width The across track resolution is obtained through frequency modulation Azimuth range observations are made as the satellite travels along the flight track The azimuth resolution is specified as one half the antenna length The synthetic aperture is obtained by tracking the individual phase and amplitude of individual return signals during a given integration time interval Hence the distance is much longer than the physical length of the instrument antenna It is the Doppler shift in each individual recorded signal in th
86. ram without resetting input storage flags or ports Oeo Advance to a given Input Storage Location 8 Commands Display Input Location Number or enter location to advance to Enter value in Input Location change sign Display flags 1 8 toggle flag wikeys 1 8 Display ports 8 1 toggle port wikeys 1 8 7 FINAL STORAGE display values stored in area 1 or 2 O7 Select area 1 or 2 skipped if 2 not allocated 072o DSF location enter location to advance to 7 Commands Display Final Storage location No enter location to advance to or C to display data A Advance to same element in next array wi same ID E Back up to same element in previous array wi same D E MANUAL DATA DUMP 0820 Select Storage Area 1 or 2 skipped if 2 not allocated Otxx Output Device Baud Code see Inst 98 options 02000 Current or start Final Storage Location O3 00nx DSP or end Final Storage Location 04x Enter any number to start dump Aborns dump GOE STORAGE MODULE COMMANDS See Storage Module MEMORY ALLOCATIONS display or change Q12000 Input Storage Locations O2 xxxx Intermediate Storage Locations 03 x Final Storage Locations Area 2 O4200xx Final Storage Locations Area 1 Q52000 x Memory allocated for program bytes O6 xxxxx Remaining program memory bytes 21 criox STATUS ON BOARD FIRMWARE Binasa Progen sipaise O2 xxxxx Operating System signature Daos K bytes memory Flash SRAM O4 xx No of E08 s
87. re of the rotor There has been an increased need for determining the wind over the whole turbine rotor as discrepancies have been identified MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 15 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde between the measured wind at the rotor centre and the turbine performance InternationalEnergyAgency 2007 In order to develop wind turbines on a potential site successfully information should be gathered and collected for each specific site Such methods include LIDAR Satellite and SODAR By using remote sensing techniques wind profiles over the whole turbine can be measured Each various technique is based around the same principle of the Doppler shift and they all hold particular advantages and limitations A recent development in the U K for remote sensing devices is the commissioning of the first LIDAR and SODAR test site in August 2010 by one of the leading energy consultancy companies Natural Power The site located in Worcestershire has a 90m met mast which can enable correlation reports to be made against ground based devices to provide traceability back to anemometry It is open to all developers consultancies research organisations and turbine manufacturers NaturalPower 2010 As this project was based around the use of a SODAR device other methods will only be discussed briefly with more significant emphasis put on SODAR technology Although most of the following theory was n
88. rm of wind e Wind energy history market potential and possible constraints e Wind measurement techniques e SODAR and the technology e Applying SODAR in the field e Control aspects of a diesel generator used to power a SODAR device e Using a Campbell scientific data logger to achieve control and operational goals By reviewing such a wide variety of information significant learning s were achieved and more specifically the outlined goal of the project title was achieved successfully in the form of theoretical application Practical application was also achieved in the form of successfully understanding how the data loggers operates obtaining preliminary laboratory test results successful repair of the generator used modifying and developing the coding and instructions used to program the data logger uploading the program and communicating with the data logger while connected to the circuitry described in Appendix C More complete practical application would see a return of useful data from the data logger and fully functional circuitry of the mobile trailer unit However unfortunately due to the time constraint that limited this project duration a solution could not be established that would produce the output data required prior to report submission It was felt however if further analysis of the circuitry could be conducted that the data logger was sufficiently programmed to produce the outlined output results and conduct the
89. s GSM modem ignition 10 11 Table 1 ignition and shut down Program 7 5 2 Flags Flags are signals that are generated as a result of readings detected through the digital input output ports They are either set as high or low In this project the remote data logger is programmed to detect when the specified flag is set high When the flag is set high measurements and processes are carried out and the flag is set low once they have been completed If the data logger detects that the flag is low it collects data from the specified input locations and reviews incoming information before it can change to high again The flags outlined in this project are given and described in Table 5 MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 54 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde Table 5 Flag description Flag Name Function Code Line F1 Low Fuel Re set modem if high disabling communication for sub routine 1 2 3 12 Table 3 subroutine 1 F2 Low Battery 24V Re set modem if high disabling communication for sub routine 2 16 17 26 Table 3 subroutine 2 F3 Low Battery CR10X Re set modem if high disabling communication for sub routine 3 30 31 40 Table 3 subroutine 3 F5 Re dial Low Fuel Allows for subroutine 1 to be called and communication initiated if high Impacted by C3 2 13 Table 1 13 Table 3 Subroutine 1 F6 Re dial Low Batt 24V
90. sed form data beyond limits are 78 OPTION codes 41 Open form Counte output Where 91 Avg unt vector die excludes O Low resolution o 1 Std dev dir Yamartino WV LOCation 1 High resolution DLOC Su Aug resuitant vector dir o Frequency Distribution O Send directiy to Final Storage Ou Std dev dir CSI wox Weighted Value Loc MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde 68 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde PROGRAM CONTROL INSTRUCTIONS F is fixed data constant X Y amp Z are input locations ANS or o2 os os os o7 os 83 IF CASE lt F F cmot 85 BEGIN SUER Suert 86 DO Para 87 LOOP Detar count ss Fx lt gt Y x comet Y cut so Fx lt gt F x comet E cmt 90 LOOP INDEX Ster 91 IF FLAQPORT comer comot 92 IF TE Tt INT CMOt 93 BEGIN CASE case LoC 94 ass 85 END 96 SERIAL OUT Devicet 97 INITIATE TELE MODEMY FLAG Linisech F DEL sec NORETRIES SDEL min FAIL LOC w must be followed by Inst 63 or 83 98 SEND CHAR DEVICET must be followed by Inst 63 or 68 RUN FLASH PROGRAM indexing compiles program as TOT GOES BUFFERT PWDIREF LOC 121 ARGOS COMMAND COMMAND COMMAND 422 INMARSAT C OPTIONT DNID Les Option Codes FLAG DESCRIPTIONS 88 89 COMParison codes Serial Printer or Computer 98 DEVICEbaud codes O Output flag 1 32 ay Printable ASCII ty Addressed Print Device 1 8 User fags 2 a lt Sy Comma separated ASCII Inter
91. sitivity and typically only needs to detect one photon for every MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 17 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde 10 transmitted in order to measure wind speed As the Doppler shifted frequency is directly proportional to line of sight velocity the wind speeds obtained by LIDAR instrument seem not to need calibration This new technology which is available from companies such as LIDAR wind technologies Windcube and Natural Power ZephIR is extremely portable and can measure heights between 10m and 200m with acclaimed speed and direction accuracy errors of less than 0 5 and 0 5 respectively Similar to SODAR LIDAR is also a new instrument and its merits and limitations are not fully documented In the case of the LIDAR the measurement of the wind speed takes place on the surface of a cone where the depth changes as a function of the focus distance It is believed that the LIDAR is the most accurate remote sensing device and is most likely to completely replace met masts in terms of absolute wind speed Research areas concerning LIDAR at the moment concentrates on two main topics namely power curve assessment and wind field measurement from the nacelle The first deals with ground based approaches to replace conventional anemometers mounted on a met mast The second aims at the development and verification of new nacelle based approaches to measure inflow and wake wind fields as sho
92. sscossoossssesssocesocesooessocsssecssocssooseo 59 8 1 AG UCU os aaa spzat anetecp nes detectaucareascncvacgeieenicunds EE EE AE E aE 59 8 2 Laboratory experiments 4 pie5caa Geovenieisescevous sea siuawsad tadbaves iabieaenatopnoncsandsvansadbovenosnons 59 8 3 Gen rator ING NAIR esen r E sane EE 59 8 4 Data Logger A Ppl AION sos casiccndncseunsniesnsveakwentescrassuedsavendensondeleancsusaceiadedvedaonendee 60 5 4 Achieved TOA igor cis ae acre sseactiadaacenscemsaciieasedelndecaebactmueusaeuanceuneateolanseniatees 60 8 4 2 Identified TSSURS iiciin ienei an eie EEEE ER E Taraia SEAS 61 MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 vi Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde Chapter 9 Conclusion and Recommendations ccssccssssccssssscssssscssssssssscsseees 62 BS iy UV INS ccs dca adalat se a end dns Dir aac head E 62 9 2 REC OMNIS MAGS iiss fe vvceuasa saniuaecsaviendansnauaaseaidonasniealudesuenssneiiuddesiszensanscradeansieas 64 LSA TE e E A TE T T 65 Appendix A Prompt Sheet sseessecssocesoosscosssocessecesocesocssoocssocesseessocesoosscosssocessesssose 67 Appendix B Program Code seessccescocssscessccesocesocesoocssoccssecesccssoosecseesscessocesocsssosssse 70 Appendix C Wiring Diagram seessecsscosscosssocessccesocesocesoocesoesssecssocesoosscosssosssseessose 88 MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 vii Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde List of Figures Figure
93. t contribution to our long term energy goals relating to climate change and security of supply Recognising the potential benefits of renewable energy to the UK s energy objectives in 2002 the Government introduced the Renewable Obligation Electricity Generation RO to drive and support the growth of renewable energy generation The Obligation allows generally higher cost renewable electricity generation to compete directly with conventional fossil fuel based electricity generation This obligation coupled with the proposed targets spurred a rapid development of wind farms both on and off shore in the last decade The graph below Figure 6 shows how the Renewable Obligation Certificates ROC s have encouraged development in the wind industry which has simultaneously increased demand in identifying potential sites and surveying and measuring data from them Also shown in Table 1 is the installed wind energy capacity on and off shore the contributing TW hrs for a capacity factor of 29 4 onshore and 34 9 offshore the number of homes that could be supplied assuming an average annual household consumption of 4700kWh the amount of CO savings that took place with the replacement of brown energy with green CO off set of 430 g kWh and the estimated number of jobs created assuming 4 jobs are created in the UK for each MW installed onshore and 5 3 jobs for each MW installed off shore according to a report from Bain and Co BWEA 2009
94. t we cannot continue our current dependence on fossil fuels as a source of energy The European Union has taken a lead by proposing aggressive targets for emission cuts A binding target to have 20 of the EU s overall energy consumption coming from renewables by the year 2020 has been set In the U K The 2007 White Paper Meeting the Energy Challenge sets out the Government s international and domestic energy strategy to address the long term energy challenges faced by the UK and to deliver 4 key policy goals 1 To put the UK on a path to cut carbon dioxide emissions by some 60 by about 2050 with real progress by 2020 2 To maintain reliable energy supplies 3 To promote competitive markets in the UK and beyond helping to raise the rate of sustainable economic growth and to improve productivity 4 To ensure that every home is adequately and affordably heated Government 2007 Implementing these solutions will enable people to usher in a new era of energy one that should bring economic growth new jobs technological innovation and most importantly environmental protection MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 3 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde 2 2 Oil Costs Another factor that has caused interest in renewable energy is the rising price in oil around the world Oil accounts for 41 of the world s share of energy consumption With oil recently costing as much as 145 a barrel th
95. tcetantdued saaddecesauaccessangedaasandead ssaneedepenesoiarsaees 49 MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 v Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde Chapter 7 Applying the Data Logger ccsssscssssscssssccssssccssscscssssscssscscssssscoeses 50 FMT a cada tite a A acest Aces baal eae case 50 7 2 Engin IMI LAC sisses iriserai aiea aaeain 50 T2 t R pl cing the battery ission aiana ar aa 50 7 2 2 Changing the Oilsssssrscniiierinissiniaiinieiiee eissaia aia iait 51 T23 Adj sting th throttles sieer eee eke a 51 7 3 Control and Operation Requirements c0 cseiesssasasscessvessentasvsnesaeonscaosacesseancveeses 51 7 4 Programming Software 45 ss skaonassnnedaaasecadianteceuniasecastaneuaddudsoxdasdgeteatteananterdaaensetans 52 TAA LoggerNet 4 O iinn E E E 52 TA D TOG versed eda E E bse eeaees 53 T 95 Programming DCS CHUA seis Scencasvsnenss ansesavesveaonsasesiuoncovslneasssucnaatenvinessenaiancgevenas 53 cy MIA LVN t EAAS E tenseneceanase i eeenieeatesheeneaegacenie des 53 1 5 2 Digital I O PoOftS eiissisisirsiieiisiiinei eiieeii sisiane niisiis asE 53 TID Plasa E E E ee 54 1 5 3 RUN GenetatOt scorer e A en ea Eaa oe 56 7 5 4 Output processing sseseeeseseeeseseesseessereseeeseesssetsseessetsseesseteesseessressresseeesent 56 T99 SUDTOU NES cis secesdadseauasaciedapded aiadedcadastnnedsadeceda AEAEE 57 7 6 Winne thedata logger suser E E RS 58 Chapter 8 Results and Discussion sessocsssesssocssoc
96. tery Low C5 O P CR10X GSM ignition Scan rate 60 seconds averaging period 30 minutes sTemp E1 SE1 sms Calls 447581092131 jFlags used to initiate communication F1 P97 comms mode reset Low fuel F2 P97 comms mode reset Low battery 24V F3 P97 comms mode reset Low battery CR10X F5 re dial flag Low fuel F6 re dial flag Low batt 24V system F7 re dial flag Low battery on CR10X set to ensure no more than two calls to each phone every 24 hours j Measurement taken every 10 seconds Table 1 Program 01 10 Execution Interval seconds j Measure External Temperature MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 70 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde 1 Temp 107 P11 1 1 Reps 2 1 SE Channel 3 1 Excite all reps w E1 4 1 Loc Temp 5 1 0 Mult 6 0 0 Offset Set re dial flags 5 6 and 7 high 2 If time is P92 1 0 Minutes Seconds into a 2 720 Interval Same units as above 3 15 Set Flag 5 High 3 If time is P92 1 0 Minutes Seconds into a 2 720 Interval same units as above 3 16 Set Flag 6 High 4 If time is P92 1 0 Minutes Seconds into a 2 720 Interval Same units as above 3 17 Set Flag 7 High j Charge batteries for 1 hour then wait 2 until next charge unless flagged Start Generator D It time is P92 toe Minutes Seconds into a 2 120 Interval S
97. th Az 2 Rise time The reason that there is a rise time in the signal is because it passes through a Hanning filter first This gives the signal a ramp up and down at the beginning and the end and helps to protect the speakers from too quick a rise in voltage which could cause them harm Ioannis Antoniou 2003 MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 31 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde By assuming a pulse shape p t and duration t determining the Hanning shape is defined as follows Equation 7 Calculating Hanning shape Hizo 1 0 lt t lt fr 1 8 p t 1 Br lt t lt t 1 f Cer r 1 8 lt t lt T The frequency spectra for three pulse shapes are shown in Figure 18 below 1 t Figure 18 Hanning Shape pulse frequency spectra for different ramp times Ioannis Antoniou 2003 For an ideal pulse B 0 all the energy would be in the main lobe of the sine function around the y axis and decay to zero with no ripples This is not practical as unwanted ripples are introduced to the frequency By increasing B the pulse becomes broader and deeper with fewer ripples due to more of the energy being in the main lobe This is a more desired effect however broadening the main lobe causes the transmit frequency to be less well defined for this reason a balance must be reached between ripples pulse power and a well defined transmit frequency MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environme
98. that was used 5 3 1 Power availability In order to deploy the SODAR unit at a site one of the first critical requirements that must be made available is a consistent power supply This is achieved by the presence of a generator in the mobile trailer which is used to charge batteries which in turn power the SODAR data logger and lighting inside the trailer The type of generator used in this case is a Fischer Panda AGT 4000 connected to a Yanmar L48V diesel engine The Generator supplies a 12V charge to four 12V batteries which provide power to the SODAR It also charges a 12V starter battery which is used to start the generator power the data logger and is also used for part of the SODAR unit The generator has a number of operational sensors installed These include e Oil pressure sensor e Motor temperature sensor e Low fuel level e Low battery level Most of these operational aspects are linked in with the data logger and will be discussed in greater detail in Chapter 7 5 3 2 Weather Conditions The exterior of the trailer has some weather probes attached that can also be linked in to the data logger These include e Rain detection probe e Frost detection probe e Dew condensation probe e Temperature probe MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 39 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde The collection of data by the SODAR unit can be severely impacted by the presence of bad weather such as heavy
99. the other two tilted 30 degrees from the vertical in horizontally orthogonal directions ART 2008 Outside of the U S A other organisations in Europe and Australasia produced commercial Doppler SODAR systems One company in particular Remtech in France was one of the first to commercialise phased array SODAR systems which were capable of measuring Doppler shifts as well as turbulence parameters at heights of up to and over 1000 meters They were also the first company to apply multiple frequency coding which helped to extend the altitude performance in SODAR Figure 14 shows Remtech s arrayed Doppler SODAR MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 23 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde device which measures the frequency shift of the echo that varies according to the wind speed i e the Doppler shift and the echo intensity which varies according to thermal turbulence and structure Figure 14 Remtech arrayed SODAR Remtech 2009 More recently by the 1990 s phased array Doppler SODAR systems utilise a laptop computer for much of the system control and operation This has resulted in great simplification in comparison to earlier systems which required significant electronics and computer systems Nowadays SODAR systems can be battery powered and extremely portable within an enclosed trailer A R T 2008 More details of the apparatus used in this project and work undertaken will be discussed later i
100. the prompt sheet see Appendix A which is also available from Campbell Scientific As PC200W is limited to developing programs that are restricted to sensors contained in the built in library that is part of Short Cut the functionality of the data logger is limited and does not allow it to reach both its full potential and to conduct the objectives required as part of this project For this reason more advanced programming Campbell Scientific software was obtained on a free 30 day trial to achieve the required results This is known as LoggerNet 4 0 Chapter 7 Applying the Data Logger 7 1 Introduction As discussed in section 5 3 1 one deployment consideration for operating a SODAR device is the availability of power The presence of the Yanmar diesel engine synced with a Fischer Panda generator overcomes this issue The combined apparatus is controlled with the presence of the CR10X data logger which is wired to monitor the performance and conduct control operations Before it was possible to implement the data logger to conduct the necessary functions the generator and diesel engine needed to be inspected and repaired accordingly 7 2 Engine Maintenance 7 2 1 Replacing the battery The engine used in this project requires a 12V heavy duty battery connected in order to start it up The supply voltage is used to power the control panel which consists of the main on off switch operation counter generator start button motor temperature li
101. tion of the SODAR antenna it will have a higher frequency than that of the transmitted signal The opposite also applies in that when the target is moving away from the antenna the returned frequency will be lower It is this characteristic that allows Doppler SODAR systems to measure atmospheric winds and turbulence The thermal structure and radial velocity of the atmosphere at varying distances from the transmission antenna can be determined by measuring the intensity and the frequency of the returned signal as a function of time after the transmitted pulse By sending consecutive pulses one in the vertical and two in orthogonal directions at angles slightly tilted from the vertical we can obtain even further information This can be done by conducting geometric MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 26 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde calculations to obtain vertical profiles of the horizontal wind direction and both horizontal and vertical wind speeds ART 2008 Some of these calculations will be looked at later in Section 4 5 5 however first it is important to understand the transmitted pulse properties and some of its influencing factors 4 5 4 SODAR Pulse Properties A Transmitted sound pulse that is delivered by SODAR is scattered by fluctuations of the refractive index of air and by eddies as discussed Other factors that cause these fluctuations include variation in temperature and humidity of the
102. trument makes it is faster easier and cheaper to use relative to cup anemometers mounted on met masts e SODAR is generally cheaper than LIDAR Some drawbacks of SODAR include e The limited experience in the use of the instrument e Decrease in performance with height e Dependence on the prevailing atmospheric conditions e Need for a rigorous well established absolute calibration method InternationalEnergyAgency 2007 4 5 2 History of SODAR Acoustic scattering has been in development for the last 50 years The primary reason for this technology was to study the structure of the lower atmosphere Like many new technologies SODAR emerged from the United States during World War II Here scientists used acoustic backscatter in the atmosphere to examine low level temperature inversions as they affected propagation in microwave communication links MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 22 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde It wasn t until the 1970 s that the idea of designing acoustic sounders was seriously pursued once researchers had shown experimentally that atmospheric echoes could reliably be obtained to heights of several hundred meters The first two commercial systems were the Model 300 developed by AeroVironment and the Mark VII developed by N O A A National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration They were used to measure the turbulent structure of the atmosphere up to several hun
103. ture can have a serious impact on e Hydrodynamic system e Sediment characteristics e Benthos composition increase of epibenthos e Fish fauna with possible implication to fisheries This can have a major impact on marine life in the surrounding waters and effect animals such as seals dolphins fish etc if changes in the marine ecosystem result in a variability of the food chains There are other influencing factors such as e Risk of ship collisions e Sub sea noise MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 13 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde e Interaction with outdoor recreational life and activities surfing sailing kayaking etc However the overall predicted impact in these cases is suspected to be less significant Bruns 2002 3 4 Wind Energy Resource The map in Figure 7 shows the annual mean wind speed in the U K Clearly Scotland and Northern Ireland hold the best potential and therefore should exploit this resource as much as possible It is critical that turbines are located in the most suitable location in order to harness maximum viability at the best cost Such factors include the locality of transmission lines as well as resource availability and consistency along with the environmental impact and construction costs Although off shore farms require higher initial capital investments to construct in the longer term they may prove more environmentally friendly and more economical
104. wn below in Figure 10 Figure 10 Inflow and wake wind LIDAR wind profile taken at the nacelle RenewableEnergyWorld 2008 Figure 11 shows low level jet observation measurements taken from a LIDAR device where both wind speed and turbulence is recorded MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 18 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde u ms 9 15 2003 UTC 1 10 15 20 25 lt lt 5005 a Jet 4005 7 Mean Maxima Wind q 3005 Speed aw p a 100 i S 2 00 00 00 01 00 00 02 00 00 02 00 00 04 00 00 05 00 00 06 00 00 07 00 00 06 Time UTC u u ms 9 15 2003 UTC 0 0 0 5 1 0 a 2 0 3 0 SOOE High Turbulence Turbulence Levels 005 j Expected zovi turbine Al max height 100 Pky 00 01 00 o0 08 80 oo 03 00 00 04 00 00 05 00 0 06 00 00 07 00 00 05 00 D0 09 00 00 1000 00 Epy Figure 11 Typical measurement taken from LIDAR device InternationalEnergyAgency 2007 4 3 Satellite Satellite remote sensing methods are based on microwave scatterometry and SAR Synthetic Aperture Radar Satellite remote sensing provides wind maps 10m above sea level The snap shot images are produced twice daily and the wind maps are produced at a resolution of around 25km therefore they are not immediately turbine site specific Observations made by satellite remote sensing are restricted to off shore and are as close as 40km distance to the shoreline Until recently satellites have n
105. wuseessuedahad decvetessasesaasenveaas 11 Table 2 SODAR internal components eececeeececesececesececeeeeecesceeeneeeesaeeeetseeesnaeeees 37 Table 3 Preliminary measurements logged eee eeeeeeeseeeseeceeeeeseeesseecaeeeeeeseeeeaeee 49 Table 4 Ports used on data 16 i jsiatip cso aesgse sie souseran eee 54 Tabl e SF ole ESOT UNAM srusen a a a e a aaan 55 Table 6 Final Storage data 3 ccasniaandeonasentadnassncespaneeaeseageecastaaeenetona andar asa eermens 56 MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 x Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1 Objectives of Report The objectives of this report were as follows Literature Review Conduct an investigation into factors that motivate research in wind energy Review the history of wind turbines and look at their evolution Identify the U K s position in relation to wind energy and the potential that lies in this field for development and for the economy Develop an understanding of the funding that is available to subsidise capital costs involved in this area of renewable energy and the initiatives undertaken by the U K government to promote its development Identify some of the problems that are associated with wind energy on and off shore Look at existing methods of site surveying and measuring wind data for potential wind turbine installations Look at the history of SODAR and its development to date Exp
106. xperimental work conducted however it was felt that it was important to have a firm understanding of the bigger picture such as the energy crisis wind energy resource wind measurement techniques and lastly SODAR the remote sensing device used in conjunction with this project Such information is not of critical importance to the work carried out however it reflects the complete learning and comprehension of ideas and concepts taught on this course The following information presented will focus on the control aspects of powering the SODAR device and other electrical units in the trailer First a description of the SODAR used as part of this project is given 5 2 SODAR device The type of SODAR device used as part of this project is a Wind Finder AQ500 developed by AQS Systems a remote sensing company situated in Stockholm It is based on the monostatic technique i e the same loudspeaker driver is used both for transmitting of sound pulses and receiving of the echo signals The antenna has three separate loudspeaker drivers used for each wind component u v and w as described in section 4 5 5 See Figure 20 for an internal view of the SODAR device A graphical description of the interface used in conjunction with the device is also displayed in Figure 21 MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 36 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde A Figure 20 Internal view of SODAR device AQSystem 2008
107. y spectra for the three channels one with the echo signal and two with the background noise They are calculated by a FFT algorithm with 1024 points As the background noise is considered interference and of no use in the acquisition of useful data it is subtracted from the channel with the spectrum of the echo signal AQSystem 2008 The P C unit is then able to calculate required information such as the horizontal wind speed and direction together with component sigma values max value min value and the vertical wind speed This is done by analysing the detected Doppler shift of the returned echo signals 5 3 SODAR Deployment Considerations The main goal of this project was to prepare the SODAR unit for deployment in the field and to ensure it is capable of operating at a potential site for a wind farm or at an existing site while retrieving data for review Before successful testing at various sites can be conducted it is first necessary to ensure that a number of factors are considered to allow the device to operate remotely without human assistance These include MSc Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2010 38 Ollie Kelleher University of Strathclyde e Power availability e Weather conditions e Remote communication e Data acquisition The main experimental aspect of this project was based around data retrieval and control functionality Other aspects will be discussed briefly as they all feature in the mobile unit

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