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1. 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 page 94 The compass rose The compass rose is available from the Display menu gt Drawing tools and by clicking on the CD icon The compass rose is a disk giving the direction and the distance to the cities or points of interest It can be seen sometimes in viewing points showing summits around the horizon we eo 60 P Es 4X 77 amp i g To define points of interest select 3 Configure the compass rose in the Configuration menu In the dialog box select the origin location upper right then add locations points of interest that will be shown on the compass rose ANTANANARIVO MADAGASCAR CAPE TOWN SOUTH AFRICA DURBAN SOUTH AFRICA EAST LONDON SOUTH AFRICA PRETORIA SOUTH AFRICA SYDNEY AUSTRALIA VALPARAISO CHILE YAOUNDE CAMEROUN Indiquer le pays Indiquer la distance Indiquer azimut Mettre le Sud en haut Distances en miles EAST LONDON 754km 1 Bry ay St ee GOSS A compass rose made for Johannesburg South Africa S lectionnez les villes que vous souhaitez voir figurer sur la rose des directions i fo Ca Go The compass rose is available in Shadows Expert and Shadows Pro User manual of Shadows Pro version 4 0 Francois Blateyron
2. cccccccesseccccseseceeceeeeeceeeeeeceesaeeeeeesaeeeeeseees 73 Determine the instant when the Sun will have a given Azimuth and Altitude cc ceecccccssscccccesecceeeeeecceeseaseceesaeeeeesaeeeeeseees 74 Determine the hour of rise or set of a star on the rete at a given date ccccecccccceseecccceesecceeeeeeecesseeeeceseeeeecesseeeeesseueesessaees 75 Determine the instant of culmination of a star on the rete at a given date eeeccccssssccccessecceceescecceeeecceeseeeecessaeeeeesaeeeeessaees 76 Determine the maximum altitude of the Sun over a year for a given location ccccsseeccccesseccceesscecceeeeceecuaeeeeecueseeeesuaaeeeesaees 77 Determine the maximum altitude of the Sun on November 12t for a given location ccccccccccccsesessessssccceeeeecceceeeeseessesssttaeees 77 Determine the maximum altitude of a star at a given date for a given location ccccccsssecceceeeceeeceseececceeeceesueeceesueeseesaees 78 Determine the right ascension and declination OF a STAM eeccecessseccccseeccccceesececcaeseceesauececsaaueccesaeaseeessuaecessuesecessuasecessuaaesessages 79 TAC UMIVETSal ASU Ola DE araa a a sanctus od maura us baceil ced seaman nd eeu a teacwcate Oui Madydeosetaanuunsedree 81 Listor problems solved with a Universal Astrolabe sciisscitnrsievctvecided E E ence deeuaas pen ee a E 82 Convert coordinates between ecliptic and equatorial SYSTEMS ccccccccsssecccceesecccceesecceccuasccessuesece
3. We first find the ecliptic longitude of the Sun at this date by rotating the alidade on the back to June 15t 1 This corresponds to an ecliptic longitude of 71 2 or Gemini 11 page 71 Then on the front of the astrolabe rotate the rete to bring the mark 71 of the ecliptic circle onto the horizon on the sunrise side 3 To find the hour of the sunset use the other side of the horizon on the right of the astrolabe Rotate the ruler to the same point on the horizon 4 You can now read the hour of sunrise on the limb 5 here approximately 4h10 The azimuth of sunrise is read by looking the azimuth arc ending to the horizon 6 here around 125 east of south i e 35 north of east User manual of Shadows Pro version 4 0 Francois Blateyron page 72 Determine the instant when the Sun will have a given Azimuth at a given date Let s take again the Paris example on June 1st see previous exercise At what time will the Sun be at azimuth 30 east from south Let s find the ecliptic longitude for this date by rotating the alidade on the back of the astrolabe to point June 1 1 The ecliptic longitude is 2 71 or 11 in Gemini On the front of the astrolabe rotate the rete to bring the mark 71 on the ecliptic circle to the arc of azimuth 30 3 Then rotate the ruler to the intersection between the ecliptic circle and the azimuth circle of 30 4 Solar ti
4. 16 h 55 min 27 s 16 924269 h Duration of the shortest Day 7 h 34 min 01 s 7 566871 h Date of passage at Perihelion 4 January 9 h 27 min UT Sun s Distance at Perihelion 0 983299257 A U 147099474 km Date of passage at Aphelion 6 July 12 h 54 min UT Sun s Distance at Aphelion 1 016699975 A U 152096151 km Obliquity of Ecliptic Eccentricity of Earth s orbit 23 26 14 23 437274 0 016702111 Date of Easter 5 April Qibla direction of Mecca 60 49 East of South Daily ephemeris Daily Data Date 30 January 2015 0 h UT Julian Day 2457052 5 __Day of the Year Day of the Week 30 Friday Julian Century 0 150787132 Equation of Time Sidereal Time of Greenwich at 0 h UT 13 min 10 3 s 0 21954 s 8 h 35 min 39 s 8 59423 h Right Ascension of the Sun 20 h 48 min 50 s 20 813845 h Declination of the Sun 17 48 08 17 802258 Mean Longitude of the Sun 308 55 09 308 919303 True Longitude of the Sun 309 45 57 309 765816 Apparent Longitude of the Sun 309 45 40 309 761234 Mean Anomaly of the Sun True Anomaly of the Sun 25 43 17 25 721260 25 44 12 25 736576 Equation of the Center of the Sun 0 50 47 0 846513 Distance of Earth to Sun Hour of Sunrise 0 984903
5. Using the equation of time The following explanation is given for the convention used in Shadows MT ST and in parenthesis for the opposite convention ST MT When the equation of time is positive negative the length of the day time difference between two crossings of the meridian is greater than 24 hours In this case the True Sun defining the solar time is late compared to the mean Sun The difference ca be as much as 15 minutes depending on the date This difference is not negligible at all It sometimes puzzles people looking at a sundial because the difference with the clock time is significant a lot of people in Europe think that they just need to add 1 hour during the winter and 2 hours during the summer to the solar time to get the clock time Values of the equation of time are slightly different from one year to the next That is why it is calculated for the reference year which can be changed in the P General preferences by clicking on the Reference icon After four years the values become the same again Therefore the equation of time can be calculated for a given year or as a mean of four years Graph of the equation of time This graph shows values of the equation of time in minutes ordinates as a function of the date abscissa The month is given in Roman numerals the day of the month is graduated every ten days 1 11 21 The equation of time contains two periodical terms one being twice as fast as the other
6. Shadows Pro user manual version 4 0 The ideal software package for understanding and designing sundials and astrolabes This manual is the reference for Shadows Pro in version 4 0 It replaces the on line help in HTML format that was provided until version 3 5 Copyright 2014 2015 by Francois Blateyron Reproduction and or copy of part of this manual strictly forbidden without written authorization of the author Version last updated on January 30 2015 page 2 Table of contents TABLE OF CONTENTS rc E EE E N ATE ONNAN 3 PART 2 INTRODUCTION TO SHADOWS SOFTWARE sscsssiasscnnvessaasescscscvonnsstssasonsenwasenstcensesunesesonedesnnesceswsseasenasnsustssapeauneeeie 9 Introduction cs cere cece erceecencezacuaaarareiescanauadcneoraneseeanceaeaearacesasnatenenconeeessannerisneaueeseenserasneenuesaancarasuessevesgenceeaesseetweeaennerteaonnes 9 PTS Ee SVL WU SON he care geet E E EE sweetest eterno pe neces A AT AE EEN E 9 ISUPEG EONS COTM Stall SiO WS ssnin a a e unasetsabacaads E E N AE Aa iaa aait 9 metalation Or the SHAG OWS CENS wneir n EEEE EEE E ETE ETA A 10 CS AE EA E T E AE E E E I E TETA E A E E T E E A 10 ra URE EEEE S TE E peice A A AAE EE E A ETE E A T IET A AE A T PETEA E A T anor 11 Features ofthe three license evelSe R E E a EEA E E A EaD 12 SAGO WS INC WANE siiani ennan EEE EE SEESE EE ASEE EEEE EE A AERE EEE EEEE E 12 SONE EDE a E E E E E E E A sauna sees 12 STONE PO ai T A A T A tended cas etce ea denee
7. The comment will not be displayed on the sundial Language Latin Add a new Motto Me lumen vos umbra regis Edit Delete Nox mihi inimica Ora ne te fallat hora Parva sed apta EA Mottoes are stored in a file mottoes txt located in Per aspera ad astra Pereunt et imputantur Sol lucet omnibus 1 1 Plures labori dulcibus quaedam otiis th e In sta atl O n fo d e r of Shad OWS Rapide praeterit Semper amicis hora Sic transit gloria mundi Silens loquor Sine nude planet Associated comment Sol oritur cadit et lustratis evolat horis at not Sol regit omnia Sol Rex regum Sole nitente loquor taceo sine solibus hori Soli soli soli Solis mendaces arguit horas Soulet eici vire sin oili Suprema haec multis forsan tibi OK Cancel page 35 Import an image Insert an image frame from the Frame menu gt Insert an image frame Image frames can contain and display files in the following image formats Windows BMP bitmaps GIF bitmaps either transparent or opaque in 16 or 256 colors JPG bitmaps in 16 bits WMF or EMF vector drawings Bitmap images are made of pixels they can be used for pictures and photos Drawings are made of lines and geometrical shapes they can be used for symbols and stylized drawings You may prepare the image in the software program of your choice save it in one of the formats above and then import it into Shadows Alternatively you can s
8. e Direction rose e Mariner s astrolabe e Planisphere mobile sky chart e And more Shadows Pro Shadows Pro is the most advanced level and is made for professional sundial makers and power users Shadows Pro adds the following features to Shadows Expert e Planispheric and universal astrolabes e Vertical declining analemmatic sundial e Bifilar sundials e Drawing of azimuth and altitude lines on the sundial e Sidereal and astronomical hour lines e Solar graph azimuth altitude with horizon mask e Export of drawing layout in WMF and DXF AutoCAD e Export of animations in AVI e Tool for the calculation of sundial parameters from a photo e Efficiency graph of a solar panel page 12 Order a Shadows Expert or Shadows Pro license Shadows has been the only freeware program to offer so many simple to use and powerful features for designing sundials Available since 1997 Shadows continues to evolve and improve with new features but remains simple and easy to learn and use Shadows is the result of several years of work and countless hours of programing in order to provide a simple way to access to the underlying science of sundials and astrolabes By ordering a Shadows Expert or Shadows Pro license you not only unlock the full potential of the program but also support the development efforts by the author and contribute to improving the program Shadows is the freeware level that everybody can download and u
9. 1h Each time zone is one hour apart However some countries have adopted an offset that is not an exact hour like the center of Australia which is at UT 9h 30m or Nepal at UT 5h 45m Tropic Each of the two parallels at latitude 23 27 N and S where the sun reaches the zenith at a solstice They define a band where the sun can pass the zenith and be in the north direction northern hemisphere or in the south direction southern hemisphere The northern Tropic is called the Tropic of Cancer and the southern tropic is called Tropic of Capricorn Universal Time Universal Time UT Standard Time of Greenwich Vernal point Intersection between the ecliptic and the celestial equator The vernal point corresponds to the direction of the Sun when its declination crosses 0 upward it is then the beginning of spring The vernal point is noted y page 103 Zenith Point of the celestial sohere situated exactly above the local vertical ascending direction Zenithal distance Complementary angle of the altitude equal to 90 altitude The zenithal distance is counted from the zenith point above the observer Zodiac A set of celestial constellation located on the ecliptic were the sun moves in its apparent motion This band is divided into twelve constellations the astronomers include a thirteenth Zodiac constellation The sun moves from one constellation of the Zodiac to another when its declination reaches certain
10. Glossar Vor teCNNICIl TEIS eane aa A a A a N 100 PREGUENUYVASKEG OUESIONS aenn a R T E 105 Is there atrisk in paying on Internet With Paypal noeneen inni E E E E A ao ews 105 cannot pay with a credit card Can pay with another payment solution cccccceseccceseccceeececeeececeeecesaueceteueceteuecetsnecetanecs 105 want to buy Shadows Pro for my company can receive AN INVOICE ccccccsssccccceseececcaeeceecaeeeceesaeeceesaeeceesauseceesugaeeeesaees 105 HOW IS Shadows delivered vost ycs conicranecndeyentoniertatdaledun Ee Eeka EEEE Ener NEAN death edinidadeanntoasuedniedadeyaddeibeinatalweontedewettseales 105 Carr Gbtaim ShaAdOWS Ona CDROM T aii E cate hedecehea a oe tals ts ta cede cata A 105 ordered my license several days ago but did not receive anything yet WAY ccccccsssseccccsssecccceeseceeseeeeceesseeeceesuaeeeeeseees 105 Cantinstall Shadows on MacOS On TMG Ke areata EN AA cosa vance ANEA a A NEA 105 Can Shadows be used under Windows XP Crcessiessstee terra entilernie wierhnenieimeiente aa na i 105 have received a message announcing the license but I cannot find the file what can I dO sesssssssssessssrssrerserersrrresreseerreseee 106 OW tTOINStIlTAS CENS E arianen eE EAA EEA RE EE E ARE AAEE E 106 You ll need to back up the license file licence txt from the installation folder or from the Email you received On the new PC download the latest version on this web site and install it Then copy the
11. So 47 267 will be entered as 47 16 Arc seconds can be neglected 0 02 1 2 The Time Zone can be selected in the list UT means Universal Time i e the time of Greenwich UT 3 h means that the location has a time shift of three hours from Greenwich and it is east of Greenwich The additional shifted due to the daylight saving time is not taken into account here The longitude correction between the location and the chosen meridian is given below In general this correction should not exceed 2 hours In France and the occidental Europe except Great Britain and Portugal the standard meridian is UT 1h Import a location from Google Maps Google Maps is widely used tool that provides free map of any place in the world It can be used to find your location and to insert the coordinates of this place into Shadows by copy paste To import a Google Maps place into Shadows center the place on the map in Google Maps then click on the link Obtain the URL of this page Then copy the address line of your Web browser and open in Shadows the dialogue of a new location then click on the button Paste an URL in the Google Maps frame The latitude and longitude of the place are automatically recognized You will need to enter the name country and time zone Google Maps can be reached from maps google com Import a location from Google Earth Google Earth is a very accurate tool for the visualization of the Earth surface It allows the u
12. The pigment will be transferred to the wet base at the same positions as the lines Then you only have to paint the lines along the sketches It is also easy to draw straight lines with paint by installing rubber tape on both side of the line separated by the line thickness For a large dial it is advisable to work from a table of coordinates and draw lines using a ruler a divider calipers compass and a protractor Use the equinoctial ruler This ruler provides a quick way to draw the hour lines Access to it from the Configuration menu gt gt Equinoctial ruler and print it page 39 To use this ruler you place the point B and then draw the solar noon line through this point Then add the equinoctial line in red below using the angle between the equinoctial line and the noon line Trace a line between point B and each graduation of the ruler Positive values are on the right side l of the noon line negative values on the left side f It is much simpler than plotting the coordinates of each hour line from the table of coordinates Points on the ruler can be exported to an Excel file It provides distances from point O and hour lines on the equinoctial line Point O is defined as the intersection between the solar noon line and the equinoctial line On some sundials the ruler and table cannot be used either because the equinoctial line is not visible or because point B is too far outside the sundial plate Create a large
13. You can notice that the equation of time crosses the zero axis four times a year page 86 GRAPH OF THE EQUATION OF TIME 2015 NOTTINGHAM ENGLAND UK Time in minutes to add to the Solar Time to get the Mean Time correction of longitude induded The value read from this graph is added to the solar time to get the mean time or subtracted from the mean time to get the solar time To get an accurate value of the equation of time for a given date you have to use the table of the equation of time or the ephemeris ee ee ee es ee ee es es ee es es ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee es ee ee es ee ee ees January February March April May June July August September October November December This curve can include the longitude correction by activating the P General preferences gt Equation of time gt Include the longitude correction The color of the curve can also be changed in this preference This graph can be printed and installed beside a sundial to provide a way to correct the solar time read on the sundial GRAPH OF THE EQUATION OF TIME 2015 NOTTINGHAM ENGLAND UK Time in minutes to add to the Solar Time to get the Mean Time correction of longitude induded 8 a oO oO The two components of the equation of time can be superimposed on the general curve A L ab s ab ob lt ab aN VANAN l by clicking on the The
14. You may acquire a license for Shadows Expert or Shadows Pro by paying a license fee These levels offer advanced features that are not available in the standard level Please refer to the documentation for information on how to buy these licenses and see the list of features for each level Updates You may update your version free of charge at any time and without time limitation to any version 4 x by downloading it from the Shadows Web site Grant of license This agreement grants you a non exclusive right to install and use Shadows on your own computer s Products created using Shadows can be transferred or sold without authorization of the author This includes drawings tables of results real sundials you built using the program data etc You can use Shadows freely for your personal needs or in the context of a commercial activity Distribution You may transfer or distribute freely Shadows in its original form including the installation program documentation files and all other files except your personal license Expert or Pro It is strictly forbidden to sell Shadows without written permission of the author page 111 It is possible to include Shadows in a collection of programs distributed free of charge However requiring a fee specifically for Shadows is prohibited Individual license file When using Shadows Expert or Shadows Pro a license file is sent to you in order to unlock the advanced features of your level
15. freeware Shadows in its basic level is free It comes with a powerful set of functions and a full documentation Features included in Shadows include e Plane sundials with polar style horizontal vertical declining equatorial polar meridian e Sundial drawn to scale 1 of any size and any orientation or reclination e Compatible with any location on Earth in northern or southern hemisphere 3 500 locations installed e Style drawn to scale 1 e Tables of coordinates of hour line points and declination arcs e Reporting of solar or mean time with or without longitude correction e Text frames that can be moved and resized on the sundial with preinstalled list of mottoes e Equation of time drawn in various forms e Drawing of a protractor and azimuth circle e Full online help user interface translated in 14 languages e And more Shadows Expert Shadows Expert is a level dedicated to users who want to access to more advanced functions in the program Shadows Expert adds the following features to Shadows e Analemmatic sundials e Cylindrical sundials e Spider sundial e Ephemeris tables e Drawing of Italic and Babylonian hours e Insertion of image frames on the sundial e Exportation of data and images e Drawing of the construction layout of a sundial e Simulation of the roof s shadow on the sundial e Change of orientation and reclination of a sundial e Tool for the determination of a wall s declination
16. page 95 Determination of sundial parameters from a photo This tool is available from the Tools menu gt Determination of sundial parameters from a photo This tool allows one to find for which latitude a vertical sundial was designed and with which orientation The tool works only for vertical sundials facing south or any direction within 90 from the South or the north in southern hemisphere Determination of sundial parameters from a photo This tool is working only on photos of vertical sundials deciining or not Step 1 The photo must be taken Load a photo without parallax nor distortion Step 2 Move the three segments over the hour lines then enter their solar hour line 1 noon 2 Solar hour 9 h 12 h 13 h Hour angle 45 0 15 Measured angle 30 0 0 3 11 3 e Once the lines are in place dick on C j E n Latitude 47 30 North Wall dedination 18 16 East Angle of the sub style 16 17 16 3 More about this tool OK 1 Load an image Click on the button Load a photo and select an image file Files can be in BMP JPG or GIF format For a better precision the photo must have been taken in front of the sundial without any parallax horizontal or vertical and without optical deformations due to the camera You can check that the sides of the sundial are parallel to the frame of the photo 2 Place the segments on hour lines The middle segment must be
17. 178 of ecliptic longitude 4 Read solar time on the limb 5 here around 2h55 a m To find the rising hour of the star move Vega to the other side of the horizon 6 Move the ruler to 178 of ecliptic longitude 7 Read solar time on the limb 8 here between 10h35 and 10h40 a m Let s consider an astrolabe built for Firenze Italy latitude 43 46 N At what time will the star Altair in the constellation of Aquila culminate above the horizon on September 21 On the back of the astrolabe we find that the ecliptic longitude for this date is 178 by using the same method seen as the previous exercise On the front of the astrolabe rotate the rete to move Altair on the meridian line between the pole and south 1 anual oT SNaadows Pro version 4 0 W Francois D late VI OTI pa ge 76 Rotate the ruler to 178 of ecliptic longitude 2 Then read solar time on the limb 3 here between 7h55 and 8h in the evening Let s consider an astrolabe built for Delft in Netherlands latitude 52 00 N Bring the mark 90 of the ecliptic circle to the meridian line and read the corresponding altitude on the almicantarats altitude circles The 90 mark is the point where the ecliptic is tangent to the Tropic of Cancer which corresponds to the summer solstice in the northern hemisphere Here we read around 62 of altitude The exact value can be calculated by 90 52 23 5 61 5 L
18. 4 0 Fran ois Blateyron page 43 The horizontal sundial This is the horizontal sundial with polar style Other types of horizontal sundials exist such as the horizontal analemmatic sundial described later in this document Geometry of the sundial The table of a horizontal sundial is parallel to the horizontal plane of the location which is not always parallel to the ground that is perpendicular to the vertical line defined by a plumb line The style planted in the table is directed according to the north south axis and points towards the north celestial pole in the northern hemisphere in the southern hemisphere it points towards the south celestial pole The angle formed between the style and the table is equal to the latitude of the location The opposing angle at the end of the polar style is equal to the co latitude 90 latitude of the location Thus for a horizontal sundial located at the North Pole the style will be vertical whereas at the equator the angle will be null and the style will be horizontal Limits of illumination A horizontal sundial gives the hours of the morning and of the afternoon In the countries of high latitude it may be illuminated all 24 hours of the day during the summer In the northern hemisphere the sun reaches its highest declination on the summer solstice 21 of June and the resulting shadow is at its shortest During the winter it is the opposite with the lowest declinatio
19. Astronomy on the personal computer by Richard M West Springer ISBN 3540672214 2000 Astronomical algorithms by Jean Meeus Willmann Bell Richmond ISBN 0943396611 1998 The best book ever published on astronomical equations and algorithms Books on astrolabes A treatise on the astrolabe by Walter William Skeat et Geoffrey Chaucer Ed BiblioBazaar ISBN 1 1036 3101 2 The astrolabe by James E Morrison Ed Janus ISBN 0 9393 2030 4 An excellent book that makes a synthesis of what was written on astrolabes up to now Astrolabes at Greenwich A Catalogue of the Astrolabes in the National Maritime Museum by Koenraad van Cleempoel Oxford 2006 ISBN 0 1985 3069 2 Al Farghani On the astrolabe by Richard Lorsch Franz Steiner Verlag ISBN 3 515 08713 3 Glossary of technical terms Abscissa Name given to the horizontal component of a Cartesian coordinate The abscissa is usually written X User manual of Shadows Pro version 4 0 Fran ois Blateyron page 100 Altitude Angle measured vertically from the horizon up or down to the celestial object yielding values between 90 and 90 The altitude is part of the horizontal coordinates system with the azimuth At sunrise or sunset the altitude of the Sun is 0 Analemma Name given to the figure 8 shaped curve drawn sometimes at the position of an hour line usually the noon line Analemmatic Used to qualify a sundial of elliptical shap
20. Europe E the time zone is UT 1h except for UK and Portugal that ana a ee are at UT Latitude Io 0 Noth C South If you do not know the coordinates you may find them from Google Maps or Google Earth and copy paste them directly in Shadows Longitude J0 10 East West Do not enter negative number nor decimal point Time zone UT 1h To know how to import coordinates read the section Add new locations to the database at the end of this Interface with Google Earth Interface with Google Maps manua Note if you wish that your sundial includes the longitude correction go to Infomation given by the sundial inthe Sundial menu Google Paste a location Google Paste a URL Import a file le Pointto a location on the map get its URL then use Shad itin Shadows Cancel Help Find the direction of the local meridian The local meridian indicates the north south direction and defines the meridian plane which contains the style of almost all types of sundials It is therefore usually useful to know precisely where the direction of the meridian is in order to align a sundial Several methods for defining the local meridian are given below It is interesting and educational to try them all and compare their results Using a compass A compass indicates the direction of the magnetic pole But the meridian direction relies on the geographic pole that is not located at the same point as the magne
21. Seanad asunaaaoateen Gah N A ma gone anodontia aR 46 LS OT UMIDA t Oeae N A en deavc Cena E ORO A OT 46 Cons TUCHO Neare a R 46 istallat oN a n A E E EE E E E ae A 46 TMEVESRICAl CSCI SUNN CAN asics a a A eueoounes saoueens aamne eee 47 Geometry OF TAS SUC Al annaa vasyesae passat pas TT tea ieneaaeain basen aon tease eee 47 LEAVE ST CMIA IEW AEN OIA onnie E Seok Wired atcd ec a aol need newdata nav EE veh awstats one A E 47 CONMSUBUCUI OM wctanectsrerternensdeansdcasacnacesesdesdasne E ou taneebecennedueaadansdaasnecaacbanceeataneadecuadcanedenasaneasaacamboreabennenes 48 MMe VENI CAl GIheCl west SUIIGI Al ici dos3sisarctuvenaecuvd E E A E sexe avaseosainee sexsavaunapantee OO 48 GEometro NE SUN GI aleeseen oes taase ous iateboeseatea anteeeneaaea eaten es a eee 48 Gmt Orli o eanan ETN TAN nt er SNR Peter oem nee eer or Renner Conn ene rey rhea eee 48 CONSO CHON 2 2 daincvocesins ta vtelneven vedi tivte E te vas nanwireandeean de vectedtinacta E E E S eee ate 49 Hetaa Oiee bisadecs tuba baaueasecd aumbd uaa besaseastaendyanbesiseatamebsynabictacas E T 49 THe VEricalGirect Cast Sundial esner a 49 Gomer o The Sundial iama aaan biti ecto 49 GMS OLINUNAN At OTe a EINAN NENE EN ENA A SR 49 CONSU CHO Nias a E T E es pt E E close how as actives A E E E E eae aea teak eaeaeunIae 50 Metala oieee ATA A AO TE A A OA 50 TREMEN ANC dieen a E RE 51 Graph of Visibility hours OF The merndian s ndida misicima a a a ieee 51 The eguatoriai Sundial ecb ess toa
22. The trajectory of the apparent Sun the ecliptic crosses the celestial equator at two points the ascending vernal point and the descending vernal point When the Sun appears at one of those vernal points it announce the equinox Historically the Earth s orbit has been decomposed into twelve sectors of 30 each corresponding to one of the Zodiac signs A declination arc is usually drawn on a sundial when the apparent Sun changes sectors Two of these arcs are for the two solstices another one for the two equinoxes which are superimposed For each sector change the declination of the Sun can be calculated O 11 29 20 20 23 26 20 20 11 29 0 11 29 20 20 23 26 20 20 11 29 It is also possible to decompose the orbit into smaller sectors of 10 of ecliptic longitude These 36 sectors are called decants Arcs related to the declination of the Sun Because of the inclination of the ecliptic with respect to the celestial equator the declination of the Sun varies during the year from 23 45 above to 23 45 below the equatorial plane It is therefore possible to draw an arc every 10 or every 5 of declination As the extreme value is not an integer divisor it is common to draw the solstice s arcs at the same time This option is available in Shadows Expert and Shadows Pro Arcs related to the date It is also possible to draw arcs for certain intervals of time every months every 2 w
23. axis is aligned on the east west line Horizontal analemmatic sundial Horizontal analemmatic sundial for Berlin Germany 52 30 N for Bangkok Thailand 13 45 N Depending on the location the eccentricity and the length of the date line are changing The vertical analemmatic sundial Two different types of vertical analemmatic sundials are offered the vertical direct south and the vertical declining M IV ve VI Vil Vill IX Vertical direct south analemmatic sundial Vertical declining analemmatic sundial 20 east On a declining sundial the date line is inclined and the ellipse is stretching with the declination With a declination of 90 direct east or west the ellipse is just a line perpendicular to the date line and the date line makes an angle with the horizontal plane of the local latitude Vertical direct south analemmatic sundials are available in Shadows Expert and Shadows Pro Vertical declining analemmatic sundials are available in Shadows Pro page 58 The armillary ring This sundial is drawn in the inner surface of a semi cylinder whose axis is inclined along the Earth s rotation axis This sundial is a polar cylindrical sundial Its style is its axis usually a metal rod Often a marker is installed at the middle of the axis in order to see the shadow moving with the Sun declination The marker can be a small sphere Ho
24. been tested using a recent anti virus program before its release The author is not liable even if despite his best efforts a virus damages the PC or if any problem occurs No compensation or refund is possible whatever the damage or problem page 112 Termination Should you cease to use the program you shall uninstall it from your computer If you were using a Shadows Expert or Shadows Pro license you must also delete your personal license file Thank you for reading this document through to the end page 113
25. d A D M F Points along the analemma curve are given every 5 days It is O ORDINATES OF ANALEMMA CURVES 5 used either for the analemma at noon or for mean time a a a aa sundials with each hour line drawn as a complete or half 6 26 IV 734 23 259 71 778 81 19 5 7 1V 449 64 165 96 479 29 20 3 analemma curve 8 6V 330 66 127 09 354 25 21 0 9 11 V 266 27 106 35 286 73 21 8 10 16 V 226 70 93 89 245 37 22 5 11 21 V 200 62 85 94 218 25 23 2 12 26 V 182 82 80 79 199 87 23 8 13 1 Vi 168 67 77 06 185 44 24 6 14 6 VI 161 19 75 43 177 96 25 1 page 37 Coordinates of hour points analemmatic sundials F a oe 2 E i The ellipse of an analemmatic sundial is described with hour Origin of the x y co ordinates point A a vere aa a A points with the same number of points as on screen 4 4 0 43 30 19 96 47 68 24 7 5 4 30 46 19 15 27 48 65 18 3 6 5 0 48 30 10 33 49 39 12 1 7 5 30 49 57 5 21 49 85 6 0 8 6 0 50 00 0 00 50 00 0 0 9 6 30 49 57 5 21 49 85 6 0 10 7 0 48 30 10 33 49 39 12 1 11 7 30 46 19 15 27 48 65 18 3 12 8 0 43 30 19 96 47 68 24 7 Coordinates of the mobile style analemmatic sundials Allows the drawing of the date line in the middle of an analemmatic sundial A B C D E 1 TABLE OF POSITIONS OF THE MOBILE STYLE 2 Angle between equinoxial and solar noon 90 3 4 4 5 dec X mm Y mm 6 Cancer 23 439 0 13 06 7 Leo Gemini 20 151 0 11 05 8 Virgo Ta
26. display the home screen at any time by clicking on the icon on the top left tool bar Create a new sundial from the File menu A sundial can also be created with the help of a 3 stage wizard by selecting File gt D Create a Sundial In the first screen choose the location where you plan to install the sundial Select the country from the top roll over list and select the city from the main list For what location do you want to create the sundial If your location is not in the list you can add it PETERSBOROUGH Pryuoum Usually it is sufficient to choose a city near your PONTEFRACT POOLE PORTSMOUTH exact location a difference of a few kilometers is Eevee O ean not usually significant emeei ihain ai ae Click on Next gt Edit re Location In the second screen choose the category of sundial from What type of sundial do you want to create Sundial with polar style classical Analemmatic sundial Cylindrical sundial Bifilar sundial This type of sundial has a style made of wo threads thal cross each other ata dierent height Click on Next gt User manual of Shadows Pro version 4 0 Francois Blateyron page 17 What declination and inclination do you select Vertcal declewng sundial Make it a meridian sundial hours between 11 am and 1 pm Enter the table inclination from the horizontal The beta angle may be negatve enh For a sundial with polar
27. gt specifies the language of the motto The name of the language will be taken into account as is and english and anglais will be considered as two different languages page 108 An optional comment can be added to the motto with the keyword lt COMMENT gt It may be used to provide a translation or indicate the reference of the source This comment is not displayed on the sundial but it will be visible in the dialog box Users adding mottoes are invited to send them to the author so that other users can also enjoy them Add new locations in the database The location database is saved into one or two text file s organized in a particular manner Shadows comes with a predefined database stored in the file shadows database txt in the installation folder When you add new locations they are saved into the file shadows userdatabase txt in order to avoid overwriting new locations when a software upgrade is performed This file is saved in My Documents Shadows Data If you have entered new locations you can send your file shadows userdatabase txt to the author and allow all users to use these locations It is possible to edit the file to fix or complete some records but you should be very careful when doing so You should backup the original file before any change If the file has been changed incorrectly it could corrupt the whole program File Format SVERSION 7 SNBRECORDS 2755 NEWSORLEANS LA USA 29 950000 90 066667 6 1 NEW
28. has the effect of shifting the curve off the hour line so that it is not vertical anymore unless the sundial location is right on the reference meridian The analemma curve can be displayed from the Drawings menu gt b Draw analemma And it can be configured from F Analemma options page 31 Traces Analemma at noon Shiftthe analemma by the longitude correction Analemma at each trace Do not draw the analemma To draw an analemma curve at each hour line the sundial must display the Mean Time See the dialog Information given by the Sundial in the Configuration menu Information given by the sundial Also trace the corresponding hour line Draw a point for each day of the month Only draw the points Form Complete analemma curve Summer Fall halfcurve Winter Spring halfcurve Draw the complete analemma preferably when itis drawn at noon Draw the half analemmas on sundials showing Mean Time when they are traced for each hour line oe cane Points can be drawn on the curve in order to indicate the date A point is drawn for the first day of the month and then every five days thereafter Declination lines Declination lines are curves that mark the trajectory of the style shadow during the day Several options can be chosen for declination lines By default arcs are drawn for each zodiac sign change Arcs related to ecliptic longitude
29. is oblique and its end is projected to infinity Consequently the accuracy is not very good due to construction and installation tolerances User manual of Shadows Pro version 4 0 Francois Blateyron page 49 Construction The style is usually built as a large rectangle with a notch to locate the shadow on the declination lines Sometimes the style is just a perpendicular rod fixed at point A Points B are arbitrary and defined by the length of the truncated style see Dimensions dialog box The generated table of coordinates provides information for graphical construction of the various lines that make up the vertical direct east sundial Coordinates for the hour lines declination lines and analemma are tabulated using both Cartesian and polar format Cartesian coordinates are given in millimeters from the origin at point A Polar coordinates are referenced to the fixed point B pole with the radial coordinate given in millimeters and the angular coordinate given in degrees with a convention of positive angles defined counterclockwise from the horizontal Installation The dial is installed on a vertical wall facing east The style can be a simple rod planted perpendicular to the dial plate at the point A But a bar can also be installed parallel to the dial plate oriented towards the Celestial Pole Direct east sundial in the Invalides Paris Photo FB r manual of Shadows Pro version 4 0 Francois Blateyr
30. is usually a groove allowing the style to slide or a series of holes to accept the style at the correct date Reading time If the shadow is long enough and intersects the ellipse solar time is directly read at the intersection In case the shadow is too short it must be extended to the ellipse see below on o on o S xe M IXe a ii Vile i e IV a 7 Tee s VII N ey yn e VI Ill o _ Ix b o o x k o o x I I 0 XI Correct reading of time Incorrect reading by drawing a line by extending the shadow to the ellipse from the center to the shadow end Contrary to what can be seen on the Brou sundial it is not possible to draw an analemma curve on the date line and place the style on this curve to get the mean time This is therefore why Shadows does not allow the display of mean time on an analemmatic sundial The ellipse As latitude increases the ellipse tends to be more circular and the date line tends to be shorter At the pole an analemmatic would be circular with a date line as a single point and would be identical to an equatorial sundial On the equator the analemmatic sundial is reduced to a single line scaled with hour points and the date line is maximum Analemmatic sundials are available only in Shadows Expert and Shadows Pro page 5 The horizontal analemmatic sundial The minor axis of the ellipse is aligned on the meridian line north south and its major
31. it will work Some users reported that they use Shadows under MacOS using the program Wine Can Shadows be used under Windows XP Shadows is primarily developed for the latest Windows platforms such as Windows 8 Windows 7 or Windows Vista It may run on an older platform but without any guarantee by the author try the freeware version before ordering a paid version page 105 I have received a message announcing the license but cannot find the file what can I do Some mailing programs like Outlook Express hide the attached files on received messages You just need to go in the Options in the Security tab and to uncheck the related option Once the file is saved you can set back the option as it was before Sometimes firewall or anti virus programs eliminate attached files or even the message itself Consult the documentation of the program to know how to allow attachments at least temporarily or allow the sender of the message How to install the license Just follow the instructions of the Installation guide have installed the license file but Shadows says it is corrupted what can do The file has probably been damaged during the transfer or when it was saved Contact the author to send the message again have installed the license file but it is not recognized by Shadows what can I do The license file must be named licence txt or licence dat and must be saved in the folder where Shadows is installed If another
32. license file into the new installation folder 106 ANNEXES arrain A A E A EE AE E E E S 108 How totranslate the prop are ionen aeda aa a A T we eA ei eee 108 Howtotranslite the User IOLGnLACe rusii rn a a a E trains A A A O E 108 Howtottanslatethe use mManudlermtarinaa nnan N TAN NN AAN AAN 108 Add YOUR own MotOES arnee E a E Sunk ae A E E aa 108 Add newlocationsininedataDase siera OS O O nad oleae 109 Edit Modia localo aeaa A N R OA NO RONN 110 TOW OESMOO LIE ME OF OS CANN Ir ana a aide vapetuadedneccaauaaatuagennetunban diaadeamtanearadaieaesenteatanetmaedasdaebiaendepacamietakianens 111 Shadows End Wser License Agreement scion ioe A ea ia nee ea anaemia AAE 111 ENCE Wale VISION eeir e ace dadumat edad ern tatebey Goaupeaneldaduneh conte nave badenab dc shaw eaviedadueah Chesney ba deaed shispeanedadubad edesu vente tadubeneatimedatdad a aie 111 Sabre Ware VETS OT aAA E A E A 111 EN e ENE S E E E E AEA I E A S A RI I N A O RT E A A A AE ae RT T E AEE 111 GNEO Pali INS O a S EN E N cue siaaeuitenaccuias 111 DEIGUN en rere peer ne A torent at beeen ree wer Cente cen Con ee een eT ener E Cree ee nth eee ee Seed erate nee E Seren 111 GIVI UST ICC NSS TING eccs scr cesccwshcaacattacncdecaednes abel tosstutnebecundsdesdetaneited ATR mie Manta ena 112 ID UN a ie cst seein a set ean ick es acs te ck Sc cea at wk dc veh coe a daa en vk dd Vd dw bv olla pata ow ecco dee ree oat 112 CO EGU OVS saranin neaidoasae aden seen sonsaysndonsedaimons aa aadousetat
33. many possibilities In Shadows it is possible to insert a vector drawing or an image that can be printed with the sundial Vector format is preferred as it can provide a helpful guide when drawing the outline of the decoration during construction Add some text Text frames can be placed on the sundial in order to add labels symbols etc Text font and size can be modified Typically text frame are used to label hour lines and other types of lines or add mottoes and geographical coordinates w Free text entered by the user A motto chosen from a predefined list A Zodiac symbol The name of the location The type of sundial The geographical coordinates The text font size and color can be modified Add a motto The motto of a sundial is often the part that we remember It expresses the place of mankind in the universe regarding time regarding death or regarding God The motto is often philosophical sometimes religious and usually contain a double meaning Do not hesitate to add a motto on your sundials by choosing one from the list of mottoes included in Shadows taken from a book a favorite poem or even from you own inspiration The motto is a statement you wish to make with your sundial Mottoes are inserted through text frames Shadows comes with more than 550 mottoes in English Latin French German Italian and other languages Select a motto from the list You can modify it or add a comment usually a translation
34. name is used it won t be recognized Especially check that the file does not have the extension twice licence txt txt by enabling the viewing of file extensions in Windows I installed the new version but I can t access to the advanced functions why The license file is normally copied automatically in the new folder In case it failed just follow the instructions in the installation guide I installed my license file but some functions are still locked with a red key Shadows exists in three levels Shadows is a freeware and does not need any license file Shadows Expert and Shadows Pro each requiring a license file The Shadows Expert license will unlock functions marked with a yellow key you will still see the red keys in this case The Shadows Pro license will unlock the complete program Shadows tells me that a new version is available on line can download it Of course No matter if use the freeware version of Shadows or one of the advanced versions like Shadows Expert or Shadows Pro you can freely download any new version New versions bring improvements and new features It is always recommended to upgrade to the latest version use version 3 4 can upgrade directly to version 4 0 You can upgrade from any version to the latest version freely The latest version always includes all the new features and improvements introduced by intermediate versions My computer crashed and lost the Shadows license file what ca
35. not allow one to display other types of hour lines such as Italic hour lines When the shadow of the style is visualized on the sundial a circular marker is drawn to help read the time page 56 Analemmatic sundials Analemmatic sundials are a family of sundials that have a mobile style moving with the date An analemmatic sundial is made of a large ellipse labeled with hour points and a date line in the middle of the sundial where the style is placed The most common analemmatic sundial is horizontal It is usually drawn on the ground as a large ellipse with the role of the style played by someone standing at the appropriate position on the date line By holding a hand overhead a shadow is cast that intersects the ellipse at a point where hour is read History The first analemmatic sundial installed in France and probably the World s first analemmatic sundial is at the Brou church It is dated from 1513 and was first described in 1644 by Vauzelard who is now considered as the theoretician of analemmatic sundials A very few analemmatic sundials have been created before 1950 Dijon 1827 Besancon 1902 Montpellier 1927 Avignon 1931 Position of the style In an analemmatic sundial the style is a straight rod perpendicular to the sundial plate positioned at the correct date on the central date line The date line is labeled with date or declination or zodiacal symbols On a small analemmatic sundial the date line
36. own e Awall facing the pole A direct north south sundial lit for only a few moments in the day and almost never during the winter would be an interesting object with an eccentric decoration and an incisive motto e Above the entrance door of the house so that visitors can see the dial and its motto which affirms the hospitality of the occupants of the house Inside the house e Facing a picture window under a bow window in a corridor facing the east and lit at the sunrise anywhere inside the house where the sun enters and shines directly the dial in the room In this case the sundial could be made from a more delicate and precious material than an external dial e On the ceiling with a mirror to send the sunlight upwards In this case the lines must be reversed but the originality is guaranteed page 19 On the roof of the house e Why not use the slope of the roof to make a large sundial visible for more than a hundred meters from the house The style can be installed for the occasion but you can also use the chimney or an antenna A polar sundial can be suitable for houses oriented North South Elsewhere e Onthe wall of the local school It isa good opportunity to set up an educational project with the pupils teachers and parents Concepts of celestial mechanics astronomy calendars and time become relevant topics Workshops covering topics from the design to the installation can be planed And why not have an offic
37. page 15 Orientation of the sundial plate Contrary to what most people think sundials do not necessarily need to face south It is possible to have them declining towards east or west or even north It just requires illumination by sun light for at least part of the day part of the year The declination angle is the horizontal angle between the direction perpendicular to the wall and the direction of the local meridian If the wall is facing exactly south its declination is zero If it faces east the declination will be 90 east The inclination angle is the vertical angle between the horizontal plane and the sundial plate A vertical sundial is inclined by 90 while a polar sundial is inclined by the latitude of the location Dimension of the sundial Do you want to create a monumental sundial for your town square or just a pocket sundial It is time to think about consequences of the size With a small sundial you can print its drawing on one or several sheets of paper and transfer the drawing onto the final material With a larger sundial you will need to draw lines using their coordinates and angle The weight of the sundial is also important especially if you plan to install it high on the wall of your house Type of sundial Do you want to make a sundial with a polar style Or with just a perpendicular style gnomon Or an analemmatic sundial a shepherd s sundial or an armillary sohere Before starting check the type of sun
38. placed on the solar noon line Place one line on each side of the noon line Move the segments by clicking on their handles on each ends Enter the solar time corresponding to each line They must be integer hours 3 Calculate The following information is provided e The latitude of the sundial e The declination of the wall with respect to the meridian direction south or north A negative value means that the wall is east from south in the northern hemisphere or east of north in the southern hemisphere e The sub style angle with respect to the noon line A negative angle means that the sub style is on the left of the noon line in northern hemisphere and that the sundial is facing east from south The sub style line is drawn with a dash line With a good photo the latitude can be estimated with an accuracy of approximately 1 and the orientation with an accuracy of around 2 to 3 Errors usually come from the position of segments on the photo Photo Micka l Porte User manual of Shadows Pro version 4 0 Francois Blateyron page 96 PART 5 EXPLORING FURTHER Become a member of a sundial society If you want to meet other sundial enthusiasts discuss technology and history and learn from experienced users become a member of a sundial society British Sundial Society BSS c o The Royal Astronomical Society Burlington House Piccadilly London W1J OBQ United Kingdom www sundialsoc org uk North
39. representation of the celestial sohere on a plane It is an astronomical calculator used for example to find hours of setting or rising of the Sun or of a star or to convert coordinates of a star from a coordinate system to another horizontal equatorial ecliptic or to find azimuth altitude right ascension declination etc Already used by Greeks astrolabes were specially developed by Muslim astronomers around the 15th and 16th centuries Astrolabes usually have drawings on their two faces front and the back whose purpose may be different and or complementary The front of the astrolabe The front of an astrolabe is constituted with the mater 2 on which several mobile disks and accessories are installed The mater can be suspended by a ring called the throne not drawn here The limb 1 is around the mater and is thicker The mater throne and limb are fixed with respect to each other The mater has a hole in its center Plates can be installed on the mater that are designed for a given latitude An astrolabe is usually provided with at least three plates in addition to the mater which can contain also the same drawings The Rete 3 is installed on top of the plate then sometimes a Ruler 6 y a N 1 The Limb is around the mater and scaled in N degrees 90 quadrants and in hour angles It shows north south east and west points and is usually used with the ruler 2 The Mater can have the same drawings as a p
40. shadowspro com that you have the latest version the problem may already been fixed e If not download and install the latest version e If the problem still occurs after the update check in the Frenquently Asked Questions if a similar problem has been reported e Ultimately contact the author and describe your problem as precisely as possible Send also the trace file that you can get from the Help menu gt Troubleshooting gt Display the trace file If you have detected a genuine problem the author will fix it in short notice and will publish a new version Please note that the support does not apply if your question relates to unsupported platforms such as older versions of Windows or virtual machines running on other operating systems Shadows End User License Agreement c copyright 1997 2015 by Francois Blateyron all rights reserved Web Site www shadowspro com E mail info shadowspro com Please read this file carefully Thank you This End User License Agreement is a legal agreement between you an individual an association or an organization and the author of Shadows Francois Blateyron By installing and using the Shadows you fully accept the terms of this agreement If you do not agree you must not install Shadows and delete it from your computer Freeware version Shadows the standard level of this product is a freeware program The freeware version only requires the user to register himself Shareware version
41. sides may have such inclined and declining sundial on sides that are neither horizontal nor vertical Note equatorial and polar sundials are examples of inclined sundials This sundial is characterized by both inclination measured from the horizontal plane and by its declination D measured from the east west line M Changing the declination and the inclination LZ Go to the Configuration menu gt Change the sundial s orientation inclination The modification is applied in real time so that you can see how changes affect the layout page 55 The spider sundial The spider sundial is built on the same basis as a sundial with polar style It can be inclined and declining Its name comes from the layout that looks like a spider web due to oscillating hour lines and circular declination lines Hour lines are in fact drawn with the equation of time inclined They are unfolded to allow a linear reading depending on the date from the inner circle to the outer circle The style must be a polar style long enough to allow the reading on all circles The hour is read at the intersection between the circle corresponding to the date and the shadow of the style The exact value is interpolated between the two closest hour lines By default the inner circle corresponds to the summer solstice The blue circle in the middle is the winter solstice and the outer circle is again the summer solstice This type of sundial does
42. solstices The solstice arcs limit the shadow s extension on the dial Style A rod inserted in the table of the dial Its shadow gives the hour The style polar style is parallel to the polar axis of the Earth Sub style line Line joining the points A and B in the drawing between the attach points of the polar style and the perpendicular style Sundial Surface with graduations for the hours during the day on which the shadow of a style is projected by the sun to indicate the hour Sundial declination Angle measured between the normal of a wall and the local meridian plane It is used for example on a vertical declining sundial The declination is counted positive towards the west from the south Temporary hours Antique hours counting 12 hours between sunrise and sunset The duration of one hour counted in this system is varying between 40 and 80 minutes throughout the year These hours are sometimes called Planetary hours Time Zone Strip of 15 of longitude stretching from the north pole to the south pole which allows the globe to be split into 24 segments Each zone is centered on a meridian at a multiple of 15 The meridian of origin is that of Greenwich which defines Universal Time This zone occupies the longitudes 7 5 to 7 5 Each country uses in principle the hour of the nearest zone in longitude but this is not the case in Europe where most countries including France have adopted the zone UT
43. style select the type from the roll over list In case of a declining sundial or reclining you need to enter angles in the edit field above drawings Each sundial may be configured as a meridian dial that is read only between 11 am and 1 pm if you click on the check box Make it a meridian sundial Click on Finish User manual of Shadows Pro version 4 0 Fran ois Blateyron page 18 Choose a place for your sundial One can install a sundial anywhere as long as it receives some light from the sun during a part of the day The majority of people think that only a wall oriented south or north in the southern hemisphere can receive a sundial but you should not restrict your choice to that On the contrary the most original dials regardless of their decoration are almost always oriented between the cardinal points and sometimes they are not vertical You should consider the following points before selecting a site e duration of daily illumination during the year e visibility from the street or the garden e exposure to bad weather wind and rain e accessibility for the sundial installation e risk that plants and bushes may obscure the sundial e risk of deliberate defacement or robbery e risk of injury to people caused by the style especially for a metal style on a horizontal or equatorial dial Below are some possible places for the installation of a sundial In the garden e A horizontal or equatoria
44. time expressed in civil time of the Sun s passing of the meridian for a given date It allows one to know at what civil time the shadow of the style will be visible on the meridian sundial and especially on the analemma curve The longitude correction is already included in the curve The value of the equation of time can be deduced by the difference between the curve and the 12 h line GRAPHE DE VISIBILITE D UNE MERIDIENNE 2014 MANOSQUE FRANCE so 1 Solar noon hour of Sun s passing the local meridian 2 Curve of 11h45 in solar time 3 Curve of 12h15 in solar time 4 Curve of 11h40 in solar time i e approx when the shadow enters the meridian dial 5 Curve of 12h20 in solar time i e approx when the shadow leaves the meridian dial A F PZ W__ LZ z a a W___ za Ss es ee ee ee eS ee ee eS ee ee ee co ss 10 5 20 25 x 35 4 45 s 13h 5 10 5 Heure gaie User manual of Shadows Pro version 4 0 Fran ois Blateyron page 52 The equatorial sundial The equatorial sundial is a special case of the inclining dial for which the layout of the hour lines becomes very simple Indeed the face of this dial is in the plane of the celestial equator extension of the terrestrial equator to infinity The style is perpendicular to the plate and directed towards the celestial pole The shadows are rectilinear and move oppositely to the sun at the same speed Hour lines are thus regularly
45. two components are the obliquity of the W ecliptic red curve and the eccentricity of the Earth s orbit green curve broronrhhb bd B Fb onnuwueunanano TRA DAA EA Tt RAT Rha tRNA Oh a Pt OHA ILA I A Taan 1s as January February March April May June July August September October November December page 87 Graph by months This graph displays the equation of time split by month in order to provide better accuracy GRAPHE DE L EQUATION DU TEMPS 2014 MANOSQUE FRANCE Temps en minutes ajouter au Temps Solaire pour obtenir le Temps Moyen correction de longitude induse 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 3 K Vertical graph of the equation of time ae GRAPH OF THE EQUATION OF TIME 2015 NOTTINGHAM ENGLAND UK Ld 24 This graph shows the declination of the Sun ordinates as a function of the value of the equation of time abscissa The curve has a figure 8 shape which is obtained by folding the graph of the equation of time as a function of the date The date is provided next to the curve marked every day by a point and a number every five days This graph provides two pieces of information when you know the date the value of the equation of tim
46. values 0 11 29 20 20 and 23 27 Zodiac arc Declination arc drawn for a date corresponding to a Zodiac sign change which is around the 21 of each month There are seven Zodiac signs among which one is for the equinox two for the solstices page 104 Frequently Asked Questions Is there a risk in paying on Internet with Paypal Paypal is the world s biggest secure web site for online payment with hundreds of millions of user accounts The site offers secure payments and support several currencies There is no risk in providing your credit card number because the transaction is encrypted between your PC and the server as shown by the small padlock on the bottom right of the window You may also pay by direct transfer if you have a Paypal account Using Paypal is the most secure and fastest way to get your Shadows Expert or Shadows Pro license cannot pay with a credit card Can pay with another payment solution You can send cash money only Euros by regular mail or you can use Western Union services Read more about payment solutions www shadowspro com en order htm I want to buy Shadows Pro for my company can I receive an invoice Yes an invoice will be sent on demand How is Shadows delivered The program can be downloaded freely on Download page www shadowspro com en download html When you buy a Shadows Expert or Shadows Pro license you receive by e mail a license file licence txt which contains
47. you need in this manual You can start by downloading the freeware program Shadows that will do all the calculations for you and print all the drawings you need Designing a sundial with Shadows Preliminary information to collect Before starting the design of a sundial you need to collect information that will be required during the creation process 1 Location of installation 2 Orientation and or reclination of the support 3 Type of sundial Once the sundial is designed you may configure the following options e Dimension of the sundial plate width height and its shape rectangle disk e Indications given by the sundial solar hours Babylonian hours e Furniture motto labels on the drawing Location of installation Contrary to commercial sundial sold in garden shops and designed for an average latitude your sundial can be customized specifically for your location The location is defined by its latitude its longitude and its time zone Shadows includes a database of 3 500 locations already configured You may also want to add your favorite locations For a sundial marking solar time only the latitude matters For a sundial of civil time which includes the longitude correction longitude and time zone will be required A precision of 1 arc minute is enough for the longitude as it corresponds to 1 km to 1 5 km of distance in the East West direction With a precision of 1 arc second you can reach 20 meters
48. 1 13 5 30 25 70 12 41 73 96 154 78 n 4 0 Francois Blateyron page 38 Constructing the sundial Choose a material In the case of a sundial prepared on a plate that is later installed at its final place light materials can be chosen to allow easy transportation and lifting unless it is made with mosaic The most frequently used and practical materials are e Wood Preferably laminated with a waterproof treatment to resist bad weather You will probably use wood for your first sundials You could also use a composite wood made of small particles aggregated under high pressure e g the MDF This kind of material often called chipboard is sometimes used to build office furniture or hi fi soeakers e Tiles You can find tiles of up to 50 cm in gardening shops They are often reasonably priced and have a surface made of some kind of composite material like chalk or marble The surface shouldn t be too irregular There are special paints that harden in an oven which make it easy to construct a beautiful little sundial using this material e Marble Use this only for small sundials because of the weight and cost Lines can be engraved by sanding Protect the part that are not engraved with a negative mask e Glass Choose a sheet of security smoked or matt glass which is thick enough to be not too fragile The lines can be engraved or painted e Plexiglas Lighter than glass and very interesting to work with but is more pron
49. 755 A U 147339504 km 7h 52 min 13 s UT Hour of Passage at Meridian 12h 17 min 50 s UT Hour of Sunset 16 h 43 min 28 s UT Azimut at Sunrise Sunset Altitude at Meridian 159 31 00 59 5165 19 13 52 19 2311 Duration of the Day 8h 51 min 15 s 8 85417 h Duration of the Civil Twilight Duration of the Nautical Twilight 0 h 38 min 03 s 0 63405 h 1h 19 min 55 s 1 33195 h Duration of the Astronomical Twilight 2h 00 min 23 s 2 00651 h Duration of true night 11 h 07 min 58 s 11 13280 h Apparent Diameter of the Sun 32 4780 Ephemeris General ephemeris are calculated for the Reference date chosen in the Preferences and for the Reference location chosen in the Tools menu gt Edit the location database This ephemeris provides the precise dates of solstices and equinoxes duration of seasons duration of the longest and the shortest day of the year dates of perihelion and aphelion and corresponding Sun Earth distances precise values of obliquity of the ecliptic and eccentricity of the Earth orbit date of Easter and the Qibla direction of Mecca Times are given in Universal Time Daily ephemeris are calculated for the Reference location and for the date selected in the Configuration menu gt Define the ephemeris date Data are calculated at O h UT Data provided here are date Julian day day of t
50. American Sundial Society NASS c o Frederick W Sawyer III 27 Ninas Way Hampton Run Manchester CT 06040 6388 USA www sundials org from other countries France www commission cadrans solaires fr Italy www gnomonicaitaliana it Spain www relojesdesol info Spain Catalonia www gnomonica cat Austria www gnomonica at page 97 Bibliography Books on sundials The Book Of Sun Dials Collected By Mrs Alfred Gatty by H K F Gatty and E Lloyd Kessinger Publishing ISBN 1162981113 2010 Monks Manuscripts and Sundials The Navicula in Medieval England by Catherine Eagleton Brill Academic Publishers ISBN 9004176659 2010 Sundials Design Construction and Use by Denis Savoie Springer Praxis ISBN 0387098011 2009 A reference book from one of the best specialists in gnomonics Easy to read well explained and illustrated Sundial by F Miller A Vandome and J McBrewster Alphascript Publishing ISBN 6130073240 2009 A Book of Sundial Mottoes by Alfred H Hyatt BiblioBazaar ISBN 1110384270 2009 Sundials Webster s Timeline History 520 BC 2007 by ICON group international ISBN 0546908020 2009 Ye Sundial Booke by T Geoffrey and W Henslow Read books ISBN 1408621967 2008 Sundials by C St J H Daniel Shire ISBN 074780558X 2008 Sundials History Art People Science by Mark Lennox Boyd ISBN 0711224943 2006 Easy To Make Wooden Sundials Instructions and Plans for Five Projects Milton Stonem
51. Dimensions dialog box The generated table of coordinates provides information for graphical construction of the various lines that make up the vertical direct west sundial Coordinates for the hour lines declination lines and analemma are tabulated using both Cartesian and polar format Cartesian coordinates are given in millimeters from the origin at point A Polar coordinates are referenced to the fixed point B pole with the radial coordinate given in millimeters and the angular coordinate given in degrees with a convention of positive angles defined counterclockwise from the horizontal The sundial must be installed on a vertical wall facing the West The most important part of the style is its end that can be realized as an eye piece disk with a hole or by a simple rod with or without a portion of the polar style at its end Left direct west sundial painted on Albi cathedral France Photo FB The vertical direct east sundial Geometry of the sundial The direct east sundial faces precisely east Its polar style is parallel to the sundial plate and to the Earth s rotation axis Point B is rejected to infinity and hour lines are parallel to each other This is why the style of this sundial is usually a rod planted on point A The whole sundial plate is included in the meridian plane Limits of illumination The vertical direct east sundial can only give hours from sunrise to the local noon Around noon the shadow
52. EE O A E S ER EEN 91 O AE eea eae E EIo E E E A EE T E A EAE T AE PE E AA E E E TE aed aed TA EAE E 91 MMe orsoni eand SUNSOE eaa A N A A ANAE AE NA NATIN 91 Graploemiclency Ol d solai paN ksenia a a ete ee a oe 92 TREMODIESKE NID N A ENN NE INS 93 THeDOnrI Oena a E S E a OT E E Tn eR A E E A ae eae 93 TGs AZ MIT CIC EREE TE AT ATE AATE E A E A T AEE E AEE E TEAT TTT 94 Thetangent HETWOrK omoa e E PPE A E A 94 INE COMM Pas Sk OSC a A A A E A henrenirie 95 Determination of sundial parameters rom A photo ciccaranieas u aa e a a a a a a a e 96 PART 5 EXPLORING FURTHER siscssecssscisscesecawessadasycesads cueiiees sy de unceuesssacuspesoadssisbsoeasususnesauseiadeescsvncuneessaiesvseasadudssessauensnte s 97 Become a memper OF aiSUN Gla socie ctcecs5 trac saccieceve tadonstancasta a edea eaat 97 BitiSli SUNG Tat Society BSS Merasa sacar a Sheers wc are ep E sss T Sa inoca oa er ee ond 97 North American sundial societ NASS aineen est asia ana sa N ENAN av acaneuticeaue N NANANA 97 TROM OLNEE COUNTIES cxcussscvine ts censum naatne E EET ER Ea 97 BOO SCAN oa tat tese saat tattle E ancteta aascneataaseteuearaedie 98 BOOKS OMS ONOI S os yacecs cine tae N be alate aes aet we N N N N A eevee teint elena 98 BOOKS ClO OULE Gi E aeea sina tether enact tac ta E manele nant Mae teal tated nah clens teenies E 100 BOOKS aWOUL astronomical calculations siacasess lace secedacasess A EA NE aT NA AUNTS 100 BOOKS Omas tl Old eS manuan aa a aaa aa a a a a A 100
53. N 29 Mean ime CLOCK IME orar eE E N E NE T N 29 taleh US cean aie ae cana Se aa ne EET T T OTEA A aA 30 Babylonie NOUL ase EE AE E TE TT A TOO EN 30 UTC A NOUS esn I N 31 sidered NOUNS senig A E E A E E 31 Azimut and akitude nf the SUM a a E beersoanrees 31 ANEM CUVE EET T N O AEO O TE E E TEETE 31 Dechnatiornm iNe aona SS ee eae 32 Arco related Tto ccliptic one tude enea E E ET EEE ADE 32 Arcs related to the declination of the SUN essssssseeesssrersssreeessreressreressrecesssecesssecesssecesssecessseresssteessseeesssreesssrteessteressrceessreeesseeeess 32 PUES EVAL to nedalo aonr aana wasn cto vain ca cc ind va cdg da hanna tac dg ant es oda Set nd duane ue ees 32 ACS TOG A cular Aae Scots eet ha E E rears ces eae erate un eae re at eee nara eee 33 Chaniee the style Gna cOlOMOF Gla WiNSS snini een anen decease sei ed oda AINN NAIA a A NNNNA RTN 33 Changing Other attributes Om THE SUNG al ssesccesacece seeds naa aa seb aal ea Soa eetam eas boca sw baw Ae eneee ete anata eee 33 Decorate THC SUNG Ia axsssacai ise asecioesheatis diss asnwslansa aaa dgaut S sanueuvaceeansusaisdawed vistas E 35 No lohic e lagi shit qa rerneeyreere fete ee E E TET eee ITS Tet ee A TTL ee nT Te Te nT mnt corer tC rr ee ye nrc t 35 Add TANT CEOS satin hb descr aa test r cte atte ata dts st aa as dicts aut de au Dacca TE eats eset atta asso inert ext 35 IMPO IMA EE cans sia a E E aivaranetnicadace EAN NE suse sane eteadage eaves avaauadace unease eednen sevacavamcuag
54. PART S AST ROLABES visien a a ws wands tnawand eter sands avadoole tev ediede len vandsavavoudsieedendeiuitonts 63 page 5 ais alot elarey nME SEELA Be 0 ok me Reena E T E cee me nae i Ree OnE Se ne ee ee ne nna ENS Re ae ee ae On REE TR ere ROE Re ae RN e me ROM neers ere aN 63 TMSHRPOML Ol TG aS CO hE rara a a od ware stewie vase una te se ec dv aon tes A ged ba eda Maa ah aonb eau E 63 Wie DACK Of CHS AS INO Ae ras sesca sete A a a pieacannoshanaealesavamiateanaannaas 64 Diferent types OF ASthGlAD ES irsana EEE r a A 64 THE stercograp phic ProjeCUO Numai a a a EA S 65 ThePlan onene astroei N NN aA a a 67 REtEOf Le ast lO aD Cs cen ne n E EEA NETE E E EE E E EE AEN 67 ROCA CIID LING Tele ai E E T E T T T 68 Examples Ol ancient ete S a a E T E E NEA 69 CONnTEUrING the drawine Of Lhe aS Old DG seeren aAA A cavemen 69 Onhe ee Gee eee a ee E ee ef Oe ae EY oe oe Pee eee er eee eee eee 69 TIS AC Kc checpanecaincaean na tanea tac veceesha eats N 70 Howto CAG SU Ol Al Cacao paces aaa eae teeta esas da ae nein wach ccs veg ae eats ae ern nv aan a se nao 71 List of problems solved with a planispheric aStrolabe ccccccsssscccccessecccceesecccceesececsaesecceeaesecceseeeeeeeseeaccessueecessaeeceesaeeesessages 71 Determine the hour and direction of the sunrise Or sunset at a given date 00 ceeeeccccccceeeseeeccceeceeesseceeeeeeeeeseeeeeseeeeeneeeeeeeeas 71 Determine the instant when the Sun will have a given Azimuth at a given date
55. Sundidhaan aa ous adaihaeeeaadeaptaneanacneaainanseramneleoees 40 Draw the CONSTRUCTION AVOUT srao cresg teva ccewhtraceeudesacassdcpaseendecncuesdtredueaddncuuabsiaskwedichatwabvendcesdenaseuhie anon didn eaignnanee eee 40 Buld ETT Style cis storas creas ae oe aauce E a tou wine wales sale sels E bce eats emigre E 41 Schemat oes TVE oss cave ascnmas cance tacoctgontd a TA Bounces aes nondeasbe ace asucecn A aa sega se cota oe NA 41 A Sa eid ake ay 248 Fe aca perenne ae ete eee et eer ere ce ee Pe Pe Vee et Aen Me Oe Ae eon eee eT eee Cee mee rere 41 WIE Ol AM SEVIS cin A wendevaa baw eiason seen ue babue puaw ani ena pacue dace ascan ne A 42 Theperpendicular Style nenie E E O ae ile vase bls na a etile vane aaa aike anual aa eed nae add ante bp aan aa 42 Th polar eyepiece pierced ISK ccscaicsauccadssavscasnedsvdadeyanteaen edule caduban dna dvedusdede basdcduerdasdodepos eie iiA Eei inie eaae eased aas 42 Truncated SEY le norna a E E N ddenadawerenades Booed t s deat eeaateweennaiad ddotat E 43 TMS MOPZOM AI SUIMGIAl ea ea sede cabuestemnseaaceudid Seeantevlnccod pre Mevcnteatacnwdenc nc euaneeuandacdaiebecmacetnen A N 44 GSO ITS CON ES SUN Cel eso tec eet nd aces oat wrest auc A tan eavaeruaasueen me ensonanee 44 LES O UMHA Oena aaah Pes susie E E A E tei nude anes votanseleeae A 44 C nsMuUcHO eero a a N 44 Mera O EE A E E E 44 THe VEMiCaliGireet SOUTH Sundial a E ean aaeaeaeeuedeedinee aaateaneaiane 46 Geometry OF ThE SUDO all ienes raaa a
56. This file is strictly personal and must not be transferred to anybody else Copying and distributing your license file to someone else is an infringement of copyright laws Copyright Shadows is protected by copyright laws and international treaties on intellectual property The distribution of Shadows either the freeware or the shareware versions does not imply any transfer of intellectual property to the user Components accompanying Shadows shall not be used separately This includes but is not limited to executable code source code images pictures texts help files and other documentation HTML or JavaScript code icons which are all copyrighted by the author Use of any of these components for publication purpose in any form without written permission of the author in prohibited Teachers and coordinators may use the software its creations and its documentation for educational or leisure purpose in a classroom or with a small group of persons Any public use conference web site blog magazine papers radio TV etc shall be authorized explicitly by the author Contributions You may contribute to the development of Shadows by sending translations of the user interface the documentation or the web site pages In this case your name will be associated to the contributor list You may also suggest new features report bugs or any problem you may encounter These contributions though do not allow you to claim any copyright
57. YORK NY USA 40 7160667 74 066667 5 1 OKLAHOMASCITY OK USA 35 466667 97 500000 6 1 FIRENZE ITALYS ITALIA 43 766667 11 250000 1 1 FOGGIA ITALYS ITALIA 41 450000 15 566667 1 1 FOLIGNO ITALYS ITALIA 42 950000 12 700000 1 1 GELA ITALY ITALIA 37 066667 14 250000 11 SEND Reserved keywords start with the character Lines with keywords should not be modified VERSION provides a backward compatibility in case of evolution of the file format NBRECORDS provides the number of records in the file This value is used as a check If you add some records manually do not forget to update this value SEND should be at the end of the file Each record is defined with several fields separated by a tabulation character The name of the city and of the country should not contain any space therefore space characters are replaced by S GREENWICHSOBSERVATORY ENGLANDS UK 51 466667 0 000000 O 1 SANSMIGUELSDESTUCUMA 7 ARGENTINA 26 816667 65 216667 3 1 The first field is the name of the city or location The second field in the zone district state region or contains the character if not used The third field is the country Coordinates are given after the country name SYDNEY AUSTRALIA 33 866667 151 216667 10 1 In the above example the latitude is 33 52 South 33 866667 in decimal and the longitude is 151 13 East 151 216667 in decimal and the time zone is UT 10h The minus sign in the longitud
58. a TE A eee 53 TSE TOO EIE e e E a E E E I E E T E vate E E E reac E E E E E 53 GeOMetl OF EME Sundalo E ETE EE A E E A AE ETEA 53 Lies OT MUAA O ean N EN 53 CONISUPUIC TIO Nee E E AAA 53 Hie CEClIANIS polar sundida a E A a a beensouyress 54 THE GEGCINING ANG INGIMING SUNdidisesgeniis nna a N 55 Chongeine the declination ane Ee MN CHMAM OM arsan E EEA T EA EA E E 55 Te SOIC EAO lal AAEE TE AAEE EEA PET A E A EAA E AE AEAEE AE A TE AE E TEA oe aaa ieee 56 A alemmatic SUING Al Se iasscscnsacdowbasacuascnsncdeu nny e E a N E OEE EN EN ANENE ANS 57 EE ST A AEN AAEN E NE ne ANO IE VE AEA A AI ANE AAE ANE I AV TE AN AE AN A N 57 POSION OrtNe SVIE eea eA iE AE AA E Aa A A raa a rea E 57 Reading TIME cierna OTE E eae and he eae eens 57 ECI Gae a a T ATA E E A TE teeta terete 57 The HOrizontalanalemimatic sundidissrerae e n a E ANA E 58 The Verticalanalemnmatic sundial aee A E A a A a ieeE 58 The SIUM MRE TU E an a T A 59 ThE cylindrical Polak sundial WITMOUL SV Eda a E O E ee eee 59 ARG ef olay 1 60 Sd ea a a a a a 60 THE VEFECalCVINGNIC ASU Gall 1cctscarstavceziinchidacsaauevsetaciedectbaustarietiGarth tee ene tae taden th ance nase tbdacsbauee ad inahocacsbausoneieatldecsbaw aoa neeaes 60 AAI Ee Taleo 6 Lao cease ee tee mE Crt Cr eee 61 MVS OLIZ OI All DUNE AR SUNT ell ennir a dean a dea acs vette a AAA deca encom 61 The Vertical Gechinine DifttarSuUNG lal acc cecsnrdncseuatecsndcandeouava vec E dean tae aed eau eeu eee una mance A 61
59. a tape measure measure the distance m between the two stick ends Calculate the azimuth of the Sun A in the Shadows program for the instant the measurement was taken Then calculate the open angle a between the two sticks a 2 arcsin M7 21 and finally calculate the wall declination by _ a D w A 90 Method of the oblique shadow This method is the simplest and only requires waiting until the Sun is passing in the wall plane so that the light rays are almost parallel to the wall With the Shadows program calculate the azimuth of the Sun for that instant The declination of the wall is then equal to that azimuth plus or minus 90 depending on whether the wall is about to be lit or about to fall into the shadow Method of the network of tangents peer In the Shadows program you can print a network of tangents Tools menu This network can be used as a tool to help O measure the declination of a vertical wall The paper must lay Ei on the wall and a style is placed perpendicularly to the sheet West l p East on the 0 line The style casts a shadow on the network of lines each line being graduated in degrees This value is the angle between the direction of the Sun and the perpendicular axis of the wall 7 Record the angle and instant the measurement is taken A l In the Shadows program calculate the azimuth of the Sun A a Pee at that instant The wall declination D is simply given by subtracting th
60. also be rotated using arrows on the keyboard up arrow ff and down arrow and holding the CTRL key pressed The rotation is performed by 1 degree increment User manual of Shadows Pro version 4 0 Francois Blateyron page 68 Examples of ancient retes Photos National Maritime Museum Greenwich UK Configuring the drawing of the astrolabe Display the front side of the astrolabe Display the back side of the astrolabe Change the diameter of the astrolabe and the thickness of the limb amp Change the latitude of the plate On the front Display the limb Display the altitude circles and the azimuth arcs on the plate Display the equator and Tropic circles on the plate Sy Display unequal hours Display the opaque rete Display the transparent rete Display stars and constellations Display the ruler on the astrolabe G Change colors of elements Other options can be accessed from the Drawings menu in particular scaling options for the limb and the plate page 69 Stars can be displayed from magnitude 1 to magnitude 4 and star names can be displayed star up to magnitude 2 star up to magnitude 4 star names displayed Star pointers can be dispalyed on the opaque rete as on ancient astrolabes On the back Aan Display the back Display a calendar on the limb Display the arcs of unequal hours Display the shadow square Display the equation of time Display the alidade The ca
61. an Dover Publications ISBN 0486241416 2003 Sundials at Greenwich a catalogue of the sundials nocturnals and horary quadrants in the national maritime museum Greenwich by National Maritime Museum amp Hester Higton 2002 ISBN 0198508778 Sundials An Illustrated History of Portable Dials by Hester Higton Philip Wilson Publishers Ltd ISBN 0856675237 2002 page 98 Sundials their construction and use by R Newton Mayall amp Margaret W Mayall Dover publications 2000 ISBN 048641146X Sunclocks paper sundials to make and use by Jeffrey V Trionfante Jvt publications 1999 ISBN 1893812510 Making a Clock Accurate Sundial by Sam Muller Naturegraph Publishers ISBN 0879612460 1997 Sundials history theory and practice by Rene R J Rohr Dover publications New York 1996 ISBN 0486291391 Latitude hooks and azimuth rings by Dennis Fisher Ragged Mountain Press ISBN 0070211205 1994 The Stones of Time Calendars Sundials and Stone Chambers of Ancient Ireland by Martin Brennan Inner Traditions Bear and Company ISBN 0892815094 1994 A celebration of Cornish sundials by Carolyn Martin Truran ISBN 1850220719 1994 Sundials amp Time dials by Gerald Jenkins amp Magdalen Bear Tarquin Publications Norfolk England ISBN 0906212596 1987 Anno s sundial by Mitsumasa Anno Philomel Books ISBN 0399213740 1987 Sheding a glorious light Stained Glass Window Sundials by C Daniel 1987 The art of
62. are given in millimeters from the origin at point A Polar coordinates are referenced to the fixed point B pole with the radial coordinate given in millimeters and the angular coordinate given in degrees with a convention of positive angles defined counterclockwise from the horizontal Ag tx Xxn 1 gt Installation A vertical direct south can be combined with a horizontal sundial with a single style to create a double sundial This type of sundial is often associated with a meridian sundial with an analemma curve that provides the equation of time and longitude correction to allow reading of mean time The vertical direct south sundial is the most common type of sundials It is usually seen on the bell tower of a church on the facade of a public building or on private homes The sundial must be installed exactly facing south north in southern hemisphere and the style perfectly aligned with the Earth s rotation axis page 46 Vertical direct south sundial Aix en Provence France Photo FB The vertical declining sundial Geometry of the sundial The vertical declining sundial can be installed at on any vertical surface not aligned with one of the cardinal directions That is all the orientations between those of a vertical direct east and a vertical direct west dial as well as orientations between the vertical direct south and the vertical direct north dial Here a critical measurement is the declination o
63. asurement methods How to use it L Enter the location in the upper right frame By default this location is set to the reference location defined in the software Enter the date and the instant of the measurements Astronomical data are provided only for information all calculation are being performed by the software Select a measurement method in the left frame under the graphic Enter the additional parameters as required Proceed to the measurements outside and write down accurately the time of each observation It is recommended to repeat the measurements several times in order to increase the accuracy When back in front of the computer enter the series of data one by one in the Data frame then click on the button Validate The software calculates the declination from the data and adds the result to the list An average result is calculated from the list and displayed The average increases the accuracy by balancing random errors due to the manual measurements Once the declination value is obtained it can be used to design a sundial by entering it as a parameter into the Create a new Sundial wizard page 25 Adjust the size of the sundial Size of the sundial plate The plate is the surface on which the sundial is drawn It is drawn in Shadows with a frame that can be rectangular elliptical or polygonal Its size is defined by its width and its height that can be changed in the E Configuration menu gt s Dime
64. can an image in a book or make a custom drawing using vector drawing software Examples of vector cliparts are included with Shadows in the sub folder cliparts of the installation folder Image frames are available in Shadows Expert and Shadows Pro Export drawings Copy paste the view into another software This option creates an image of the displayed view It can be copied either as bimap image or a vector drawing The latter option is recommended for curves and line drawings because they can be scaled without showing pixels and each part of the drawing can be modified individually When copying the view as a bitmap image you can select the resolution in a dialog or in the Preferences O Multiple of screen resolution v The resolution can be a multiple of the screen resolution e g x1 or x4 or set as a fixed width in pixels from 640 to 3000 the height in this case is calculated from the image aspect ratio Resolution in width The image is placed into the memory and is ready to be pasted into another program Resolution of the image 1600 x 1151 Keyboard shortcuts CTRL C to copy as a bitmap image SHIFT CTRL C to copy as a vector drawing _ Do not show this dialog anymore Fe The copy in vector format F is available in Shadows Expert and Shadows Pro e Jo The copy in bitmap format e is available to all users Export a vector drawing Export in EMF This feature will create a file with the e
65. ce It is also capable of simulating the light spot cast from an eyepiece disk with a hole Shape of the style Polar Style Perpendicular Style A Triangular Style B D Straight eyepiece The shape of the style is used during the animation of the Polar eyepiece shadow Eyepiece Disc diameter 10 mm Hole diameter 2 mm The eyepiece can be configured with the diameter of the disk that casts a shadow and the diameter of the hole that casts a light spot User manual of Shadows Pro version 4 0 Francois Blateyron page 28 Indications given by the sundial Choose indications Additonal drawings The selection of the type of drawing is done in the Configuration menu gt Indications given by the sundial Local solar time Local solar time is the time obtained directly from the hour angle of the Sun In this case it is noon when the Sun passes through the local meridian hour angle 0 The vast majority of sundial display solar time Solar time depends on the longitude of the location It will not be the same solar time at the same instant both in Paris and Berlin A sundial displaying solar time lines can be easily recognized by the noon line which is vertical on a vertical sundial Solar time of the time zone Here a longitude correction is applied between the place of the sundial and the reference meridian of the time zone To enable it check the box Include the long
66. d on the limb Photo Museum of history of science Oxford The mariners astrolabe is available in Shadows Expert and Shadows Pro User manual of Shadows Pro version 4 0 Fran ois Blateyron page 83 This page is left intentionally blank page 84 PART 4 OTHER GNOMONIC AND ASTRONOMICAL FEATURES The equation of time Origin of the equation of time Shadows use by default the French convention for the equation of time it is defined as the difference between the mean time and solar time see below The equation of time provides the time difference between solar time and mean time Solar time is given by the Sun s hour angle mean time is given by the division of a day by 24 hours of 3600 seconds the second is a primary quantity defined from the light speed Therefore solar time is not synchronized with mean time because of variations of astronomical origin From one day to the next the Earth has progressed in its orbit and the direction of the Sun has slightly changed see the figure below This variation is not constant over the year as the orbital speed varies with the distance to the Sun the orbit is elliptical In addition the Earth s axis is inclined with respect to the ecliptic plane the apparent orbit of the Sun The projection of its position on the celestial equator introduces another periodical variation We E a oe ri The ecliptic plane red is inclined on the cele
67. dial that would best fit your needs Indications given by the sundial The sundials that we see during holidays are usually giving local solar time But sundial can provide other types of information Read the section called Indications given by the sundial to know what information can be displayed on your sundial It will also impact its readability its design and its aesthetic Decoration Many considerations go to the decoration of a sundial including its shape the color of the plate the shape of the style the color of hour lines and declination lines the border the font used for text labels and the motto the motto text itself and any drawing you may add on the sundial animals landscape church to name a few KAA MWEN CROC T sl N Oy CS Ss SAS SaEs LLDD lt SSAA a AE LF Bl A ANS gt SDSS AP D D EOK E G I T R I I AF a a gt page 16 Quick creation of a sundial from the home screen When you launch Shadows a home screen with icons is displayed Icons allow users to select the main features If you use the freeware level 3 Shadows some features are locked o y and indicated by yellow or red ee SEET ence markers in the upper right corner depending on whether they are enabled in Shadows Expert or Shadows Pro respectively A Shadows Pro license allows Unrestricted access to all features in the program license You can
68. dian or right of the place if west of Greenwich meridian The longitude will be LONGITUDE G1 G2 G1 L2 L1 with G1 and G2 as longitudes left and right of the location or in case of a western longitude right and left of the location For example for the village Villers Buzon France Doubs using a 1 25000 map page 20 G1 5 50 G2 gt pE bl 252 5 mm L2 58 0 mm Longitude 7 50 5 58 07252 9 p7 51 09 Bet 252 5 mm 5 50 y A precision of 1 minute is sufficient Make sure you take the readings in degrees and not in grads which are sometimes also used on maps Find the latitude Proceed as described above except that you now have to use the horizontal lines to be marked as G1 and G2 For Villers Buzon GL 27 gt 10 47 15 G2 GZ 47 15 L1 371 0 mm L2 273 5 mm Latitude 47 10 5 4273 57371 0 27 137 41 371mm L2 273 5 mm 47 10 G1 Enter the location in the database Once you have found the coordinates enter the location in the database in order to conveniently use the readings again for another sundial at this location Tools menu gt Edit the location database Or when creating a sundial click on Add a location page 21 You can enter the geographical coordinates with an Errol nar aca accuracy of 1 arc second Location County ENGLAND UK The time zone is very important In Western
69. e and the Sun s declination 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 Time in minutes to add to the Solar Time to get the Mean Time correction of longitude 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 included User manual of Shadows Pro version 4 0 Francois Blateyron page 88 Solar ephemeris An ephemeris is a set of astronomical data calculated for a given date The data provided here are related to the time of the position of the Sun Solar ephemeris is available in Shadows Expert and Shadows Pro General ephemeris Ephemeris Location Latitude General Data NOTTINGHAM ENGLAND UK 52 58 00 North Longitude 1 10 00 West Time Zone Correction of Longitude UT Oh 4 min 40 s 4 6667 min Civil time Solar time 17 min 56 s 0 29877 h Annual Data Year 2015 Date of the March s Equinox 20 March 22 h 46 min 21 s UT Date of the June s Solstice 21 June 16 h 39 min 01 s UT Date of the September s Equinox 23 September 8 h 21 min 34 s UT Date of the December s Solstice Duration of Winter 22 December 4h 49 min 20 s UT 88 d 23 h 42 min 06 s 88 987569 d Duration of Spring 92 d 16 h 52 min 40 s 92 703241 d Duration of Summer Duration of Fall 93 d 15 h 42 min 33 s 93 654549 d 89 d 21h 27 min 46 s 89 894282 d Duration of the longest Day
70. e and the local zenith Ordinate Name given to the vertical component of a Cartesian coordinate It is often written y Polar style Style that points towards the celestial pole It is represented by the hypotenuse in a triangular style The hour lines converge at the foot of the polar style which is labeled point B in this program For some sundials this point is projected far from the foot of the perpendicular style Radian Unit used in the angle measurement There are 27 radians in the circumference of a circle One radian equals 180 z degrees Revolutionary time Decimal hour containing 100 minutes of 100 seconds A day contains 10 revolutionary hours This measure of time was established in 1790 by the French revolutionary council but has never really been used It was soon made obsolete Right ascension Angle formed by the plane passing through a given point of the celestial equator and the vernal point It is counted from 0 to 360 or more likely in hours from O h to 24 h Sidereal Time Hour angle of the Vernal Equinox T It is used to define the relative position of the equatorial and hour coordinates Solstice One of the two times in the year when the sun is farthest away from the equator In the northern hemisphere the summer solstice is on June 21st or 22nd the winter solstice is on December 21st or 22nd In the southern hemisphere it is the opposite Solstice arc Declination arc drawn on the
71. e for which the style must be moved on a line to a position depending on the date Analemmatic sundials are usually big and drawn on the ground so a person s body is used as a style Anomalistic year Time between two consecutive transits of the Earth at its perihelion it equals 365 days 6h13m53s Arcdegree Unit used to measure angles It corresponds to 1 360 of a circumference A degree contains 60 arcminutes of 60 arcseconds each Arcminute Unit used for angle measurement There are sixty arcminutes in a degree One arcminute contains sixty arcseconds Arcsecond Unit used for angle measurement There are sixty arcseconds in an arcminute Armillary sphere Sphere reproducing the Earth inclined parallel to the polar axis Its equator is graduated to give the hours by the shadow cast by the pole axis of the sphere It is a kind of equatorial sundial Atmospheric Refraction Deviation of light rays due to variations in atmosphere s ability to bend light The effect is often most visible when the celestial body is close to the horizon For example the image of the Sun can be visible above the horizon while the Sun is below The effect is usually around 36 arcseconds on the horizon Azimuth Angle between a vertical plane passing through a given point in the sky and the meridian plane of the location The azimuth is counted positively from the south to the west Babylonian hours The Babylonian hours were coun
72. e indicates a place located East of Greenwich meridian and in the latitude it indicates a southern hemisphere place The time zone may be positive or negative and be integer or decimal MARACAIBO VENEZUELA 10 666667 71 616667 4 1 RALPUR 7 INDIA 2ls4333933 DLs 023239 Se 1 KATHMANDU NEPAL 27 716667 85 3166067 5 75 1 After the time zone a number indicates if the location is standard 1 or has been created by the user 0 page 109 Edit Modify a location This dialog allows you to enter a new location or to modify an existing one Names are converted into capital letters The country will be used to sort the locations If it is a new country it will be added in the list of countries You need to spell the country precisely and always the same way BELGIQUE and BELGIUM will be considered as two different countries The field Zone allows you to enter a district a state or a region For example French districts are labelled by their number Paris is 75 American states are denoted by their two letter abbreviations CA for California Latitude and longitude are entered in two parts degrees and arc minutes Do not enter signs but use the radio buttons to indicate the direction east or west north or south Note if you know the latitude in decimal form ex 47 267 you need to calculate the amount of arc minutes for the decimal part To do so multiply the decimal part by 60 and keep the integer part 0 267 x 60 16 02
73. e of Greenwich shifted by 12 hours This time should not be used to call the standard time of Great Britain which has been replaced by the Universal Time Hemisphere Half of a sphere separated by an equator plane On Earth there is the northern or boreal hemisphere and the southern or austral hemisphere Horizontal coordinates Azimuth and height of a star This coordinate system is local to the observer The azimuth is counted from O to 180 starting on the local meridian The altitude is counted from O to 90 above the horizon Hour Angle Angle between the plane of the great circle through an object and the meridian of the location It is calculated in a retrograde sense sometimes in degrees but more often in hours from O to 24 hours or from 12 to 12 hours The hour angle H and the right ascension qa are related to each other and to the hour angle of the Vernal Equinox T by the following formula T a H Hour coordinates Hour angle and declination This system is intermediate between the horizontal system and the equatorial system using it simplifies the coordinate conversion The origin of the hour angle is the local meridian Hour line The lines that allow you to read the hour using the shadow of the style Hypotenuse Longest side of a right triangle The side opposite the right angle Italic hours The italic hours were counted from the sunset of the previous day Those hours were in use unti
74. e to scratching e Metal Sheets of iron copper or aluminum can all be engraved and enhanced with oxidation colors or enamel It is also possible to cast and use a resin color that when hardened can be painted to look like wood or metal The advantage of casting a sundial is that you can create several dials using the same mold The mold can be made of silicon rubber for example to make it easier to get the dial out of the mold Transfer the drawing on the material Shadows can print the dial on several sheets which can be reassembled in order to get a full scale model For dials of reasonable sizes up to 60 cm each side you can paste the paper dial on the background and mark every point with an awl After that you can trace the lines by connecting the points and engrave and or paint them Painted sundials may use the technique of a fresco painting on a wet undercoat This technique is very difficult to master because you need to work quickly and without any errors The materials are the same as used for frescos and covering walls wet chalk and mineral pigments All the old dials were painted using this technique and they survive quite a long time before they have to be restored Avoid classic mural paintings because they will not last long enough and have to be restored about every five years In the case of a fresco painted dial you can cut the lines to a width of 1mm to make a stencil and use a sponge with pigment powder to apply the lines
75. e two columns containing French and English translations must not be removed or reversed Other languages may be declared in any order Advice to translators you can load the file into Excel write the translation in the right column or modify an existing one and you can read the existing translations on the same line to better understand the meaning It is important not to modify or remove the symbols used sometimes in a sentence such as n d s Some lines also do not need translation as they are neutral the same in all languages They are marked with the keyword SKIP in the first column Then when finished just save the file and test it directly in the Shadows program Once fixed or completed you can send the file to the author in order to include it in the installation package for distribution to everybody How to translate the user manual A new user manual in PDF format now replaces the previous HTML online help For the moment the user manual is available in French and English If you want to translate the user manual contact the author to get the Word document and modify it directly Add your own mottoes Mottoes installed with the program are stored in a text file named mottoes txt The first lines of the file are comments and begin by Each motto is written on a line with some keywords inside brackets lt and gt lt LANG English gt I tell only sunny hours lt COMMENT this is a comment gt The keyword lt LANG
76. e value of the angle L read on the network from the value of the azimuth A y SL It s better to do the measurement when the Sun is not perpendicular to the wall but has an angle of at least 40 page 24 Method of circle bisectors This method is based on the fact that the elevation of the Sun is symmetrical on either side of the meridian For example one UN hour before the meridian the Sun s altitude is the same as one he hour after Here we do not need to know the time of the meridian passing as we will find the bisector circles of same height Install a plumb line above a sheet of paper placed on a horizontal surface Add an object on the plumb line between half and 2 3 of its height Mark the shadow of this object on the paper at various moments in the morning Draw a series of circles centered on the plumb line and passing through the marks on the paper Wait until the shadow crosses the circles and mark again these positions Then draw a line between the two points of given circle Identify and mark the midpoints These midpoints are located on the meridian line Finally measure the direction of that line with respect to the perpendicular direction to the wall Calculation tool for the determination of the wall declination This tool can be found in the Tools menu gt Calculate the declination of a wall The aim of this tool is to find the declination from measurements made by the user using one of the proposed me
77. eeks or every 10 days Though it should be noticed that such arcs do not superimpose each other as for Zodiac arcs The consequence can be too many arcs that are too close to each other That s why this option is recommended only for large sundials page 32 If the sundial displays mean time using half analemma curves arcs of date will be also limited to half a year allowing the creation of two complementary sundials one for winter amp spring and another one for summer amp fall This option is available in Shadows Expert and Shadows Pro Arcs for particular dates The trajectory of the shadow on a sundial follows an arc during the day This option makes it possible to create a custom arc on your sundial for a particular date of the year in addition to the standard declination lines if desired It allows you to mark an anniversary or birth date This option can be reached from Drawings menu gt Anniversary Date Select a date using the lists and click on the button Add Enter the date OK 13 v May The freeware level of Shadows allows only one date at a time while Shadows Expert and Shadows Pro allow an unlimited number of dates Itis not necessary to enter the year Help Remove Remove all Click to know how to unlock Change the style and color of drawings The color and thickness of lines in drawings can be modified from the Drawings menu gt Style of lines Click on the na
78. ency of a solar panel This graph is available from the Display menu gt Solar graph and by clicking on the icon GRAPHE O EF FICACITE D UN PANNEAU SOL AIRE LOME TOGO wm This graph provides the efficiency rate in for the solstices and equinoxes The efficency is maximum when the Sun is facing the panel The value on th eright axis is the angle of the Sun Ie from the perpendicular direction of the panel By double clicking on the graph or clicking on the f fi f AIN if f I j ms fj ul oe i i i N l a l N icon you can configure the orientation and inclination of the panel and select the location of l l installation A User manual of Shadows Pro version 4 0 Fran ois Blateyron page 92 Solar panels installed on and parallel to the roof of a house cannot be oriented optimally This function makes it possible to predict the efficiency of the panel Note that the value does take into account light absorption due to the weather or the atmosphere at low altitude The mobile sky map EFA The sky map is available from the Display menu gt Solar graph and by clicking on the icon The protractor The map displays selected stars and constellations inside the horizon circle of the selected location for a given date and time Several options are available in the toolbar Z Display tropic circles Display celestial equator D
79. essuaeecessuaeecessuunsessaganses 17 Choose a place for your sundial 2s xciussioonssucsumsiessienssinnaneanidanstimamsqasinseupatendvandaceateasbenssbeaiodasiantalensnsanndessmesiennsdnsaitenitontsansseecesnetan 19 Mine eE aa a a can to E T A AT E A A A A E N sete 19 On the tront ola NOUSE sigra e e O N E E NE 19 Dade TS NOUE ra E EE E EEEE EE E E EE EE A E EE 19 Omtherodi ofthe NOUSE enn E E aren Rees te ene oe ee 20 FS Mel ciate pee rvs EA na E Penta pce es sacs nara I E E A A arms EA A ET aoa T E S E TA 20 Determine the longitude and latitude of a place sosseennssseenesserersssererosssrersssreresssrrresssrersssererossereesssreeeessseressereresseree 20 Fi Nelone tude aane E E E N E ia 20 PA E E E EE EEE E EE EEEE E E E E E E 21 Enter the location inthe database cae ce cecarectentadesesnanranuacaceninsanecaieathcueaunauevacsathdenennawednnscndusapnane EAEN AKE DER EEN AER 21 Find the direction of the local meridian ccccceseccccssecccesecccceececcenececescceseececeuececeusceeseueceseuaeceseeeeeseeecessunecessuaeeesagecs 22 E eh OND ASS A EEA A N E EE AEN AE AA naan ENEE A AE E E A 22 Using the Sun s passage to the MEVICIAN icccssscsasonnsevassnnssvacctesseassuosaeasededarasehoseraredesssassaasenase4us esasshasenanndasaess thas snsendedaasashaseusapleseessszaceas 22 EE AEE a e E EEA A OE E N A A AE E A E EET E ES E 22 Find the declination ol a Wall eraris gee EAN EEE EEE EEE EEE NER N 23 Method using a protractor and a plumb INe si
80. esuusecessueseceesuuaecessaeaeseesaaaeses 82 Temane 15 Cl Ol E10 Cos ceres carte svctaneddan songluntadnacunesasen sea pecamenocatvale E AA batwae sausen ovaoumcure races ueodaas 83 PART 4 OTHER GNOMONIC AND ASTRONOMICAL FEATURES ccscscscsccscscscscscscsccccscscscscscscscscsscscscscssscncscessscsces 85 TES OQ UALIONIOF VUNG arora a Yael adems Sages e sceweuirnntaneas Maced E Maced eaumnegtusseaeds 85 Orgeno kid ar s 16 B F lt elke ake mee 9 eee nner em pnre cet eee et ne ee ee Re E re ree reer 85 CONVENTION USEC TOF Th SeQUahiON OF UMC xpiicecesacecccs cities wectscccwesntinh E E a aera an enweates 86 Sine the CQUAHON OF LIC cmncscenaimaruriateiratiacstputesssnetusnetassuiietiseencueunie EE E E atime eae omIme OATES 86 GraphsOt tie Qu atin Ob TME annan eaa e a ond eon caus duce tone Bos saa we nc Gomdgoe ba AR ANR a R Ra 86 GPA IY TINO EIA Sai a EAE T oe ecw AA a te WE La ac Vata win Sas asa cm ines a a E enone eased aanes 88 Vertical erap iron the CquatlOnOn Tie raisin a S Ta arene 88 SOA ep hemer S ro OE E E E E E oan putioeaatndeld canateutedaeds 89 Genel al ephemeris ea A EEE a eenan eaenRe 89 Dall VEDIO ELIS sann aa NEE TAE TA O A TA a A RA 89 Instant ephe motri irena a a a E E E EN E T EAEE aE N 90 Ephemers Sel Cat O lr sera ano A EAEE A E TGEA 90 Thesali EraP Mecina A E A 91 Mepal Solare Oa oa A E A E E E E meaner ieeaeet 91 The hOnizontal sOlare ra pi innnan a R a N N O O a O a R 91 PHE NOnNZON INAS I orein reai EE E A E E
81. et s take the same astrolabe as the previous exercise On the back of the astrolabe we find that the ecliptic longitude on November 12 is 229 5 On the front of the astrolabe bring the 229 5 mark of ecliptic longitude to the meridian line and read the corresponding altitude on the almucantarats Here we read a bit more than 20 of altitude page 77 Determine the maximum altitude of a star at a given date for a given location Let s take an astrolabe built for Cairo Egypt latitude 30 02 N On the back of the astrolabe we use the alidade and the two pinholes to point a star The astrolabe must be hung by the ring of the throne vertically Let s point to the star Sirius We measure for example its altitude at 35 Then we find that the ecliptic longitude on April 20 is around 30 On the front of the astrolabe rotate the rete to bring Sirius on the azimuth circle of 35 1 Then rotate the ruler to point 30 on the ecliptic circle 2 We read solar time on the limb at the end of the ruler 3 here around 2h55 p m User manual of Shadows Pro version 4 0 Francois Blateyron page 78 This problem has a second solution if we bring Sirius on the other intersection with the 35 circle 4 Rotate the ruler to 30 on the ecliptic 5 and read the hour 4h55 6 Let s consider an astrolabe built for Boston USA latitude 42 21 N We will find the right ascension and the decl
82. f its hour angle to indicate the time in contrast to other types of sundials The shepherd s dial is usually made from a wooden cylinder that can easily be stored in a pocket It has a ring on the top with a small rope to hang it vertically It can be used throughout the year but it requires the date to be known in order to rotate the style correctly It can only give the solar time Vertical lines are drawn by default for zodiac signs changes They are equivalent to declination lines and can be configured in the Drawings menu gt Properties of declination lines It is possible to scale the lines by date This sundial is available in Shadows Expert and Shadows Pro The vertical cylindrical sundial This sundial is drawn on the external surface of a vertical cylinder and has a style planted perpendicularly to the surface The perpendicular style can be declining that is it can face any azimuth However the polar style needs to intersect the cylinder surface at point B The more declining the dial the more shifted is the layout Direct south not declining Declining by 30 towards west This sundial can be installed on a round tower of an old house or on a castle This sundial is available only in Shadows Pro page 60 Bifilar sundials Bifilar sundials constitute a family of dials where the style is made of two orthogonal threads tight above the sundial at two different heights The shadow cast by the treads
83. f the plate when attached to the wall One measures the azimuth of the wall compared to due south in the northern hemisphere or to due south in the southern hemisphere An azimuth of 0 will give a vertical direct south north in southern hemisphere dial An azimuth of 90 east will give a vertical direct east sundial Lastly an azimuth of 180 will give a vertical direct north south in southern hemisphere dial The vertical declining sundial provides very interesting lines for an azimuth between 20 and 60 Limits of illumination The plate of the vertical declining sundial is illuminated when the Sun is above the horizon and passes in the semi circle centered on the wall declination d 90 to d 90 A sundial declining towards north south in the southern hemisphere will be illuminated shortly in the morning and again shortly in the evening but not during the day In winter the sundial may not be illuminated at all page 47 Construction The generated table of coordinates provides information for graphical construction of the various lines that make up the vertical declining sundial Coordinates for the hour lines declination lines and analemma are tabulated using both Cartesian and polar format Cartesian coordinates are given in millimeters from the origin at point A Polar coordinates are referenced to the fixed point B pole with the radial coordinate given in millimeters and the angular coordinate given in degree
84. g CTRL lt arrow gt Change the shape of the plate Shadows offers several geometrical shapes for the sundial plate rectangular elliptical or circular octagonal rectangular with cut corners or hexagonal This settings are available in the toolbar with the following icons O O OnO page 26 a 2 wins Octagonal plate Hexagonal plate Visualizing and animating the style s shadow It is possible to visualize the shadow of the style on the sundial as it is at the current moment by selecting the Tools menu gt as View the style s shadow If the sundial would not be currently illuminated by sunlight it will appear entirely gray It is also possible to visualize the shadow at another time of the day or of the year by selecting the option Tools menu gt Animate the style s shadow page 27 Date lt gt gt 11 August Hour lt gt Solar Time 14 h 00 min gt Civil Time 15 h 09 min Fast a e Skip night Solar Hour Daylight savings time Mean Hour J Slow The shadow can be animated for a given instant throughout the year or throughout the day Time can be chosen in solar time or civil time clock time Buttons allow the user to step forward or backward or to start an automatic animation The shape of the style can be changed in the Tools menu gt Style shape The software changes the shape of the shadow to match the choi
85. g on one of its ends at 90 or 270 It is scaled in degrees of ecliptic longitude The pointer also called Brachiolus can be moved on screen by dragging its end with the mouse It is made of two parts that move with the ruler The universal astrolabe is usually used to convert coordinates See also the List of problems solved with a universal astrolabe The universal astrolabe is available only in Shadows Pro page 81 List of problems solved with a universal astrolabe Convert coordinates between ecliptic and equatorial systems The universal astrolabe allows the immediate conversion of coordinates To convert ecliptic coordinates to equatorial coordinates you have to put the ruler horizontally and point the coordinate with the Brachiolus articulated arm For example 1 coordinate 75 of longitude and 10 of ecliptic longitude Bring the ruler on the ecliptic The right ascension can be read with meridians and declination with parallels Here we read 72 of right ascension or 4 h 48 min and 32 of declination User manual of Shadows Pro version 4 0 Francois Blateyron page 82 The mariners astrolabe The mariners astrolabe is mainly offered as an aesthetic object as it is not used for calculations except for measuring angles horizontal or vertical The alidade has two small holes used to sight a star or a point on the horizon Q www shadowspro com The angle is rea
86. he style where sometimes a ball or an eyepiece is attached Style height 30 mm Co ordinates of the points A and B of the style A 0 0 B 0 mm 39 76 mm 39 76 mm 90 gt f In case you need to draw the style to scale go to the Configuration menu gt b Drawing of the style It will be possible then to use this print out to cut the style on wood or another material The style can be cut from the triangular shape but also it can be constructed using a rod or any decorated variation as long as B C and A C are of the correct length The triangular style C It is the simplest style as it is printed by Shadows Just draw the sub style and install the style on points A and B It casts a visible shadow and make hour easy to read But the material should not be too thick or its thickness should be taken into account on the drawing The triangle may be decorated as sometimes seen on old sundials but always keep the correct position of points A B and C Point C casts a shadow on a declination line The line segment B C casts a shadow along hour lines page 41 The polar style C The perpendicular style C The polar style is a rod attached on point B and oriented parallel to the Earth axis i e along the longest side of the triangle and pointing at the north celestial pole The shadow of a polar style is parallel to hour lines It is sometimes necessary to support the style with a foot additional rod tha
87. he year day of the week Julian century equation of time sidereal time of Greenwich at 0 h UT position of Sun right ascension declination hour angle azimuth altitude orbital parameters of Sun ecliptic longitude mean true apparent anomaly mean true equation of center distance of the Earth to the Sun hour of sunrise and sunset hour of passage at meridian azimuth at sunrise sunset altitude at meridian duration of day duration of twilights civil nautical astronomical apparent diameter of the Sun page 89 Instant ephemeris OY Instant ephemeris can be calculated for a given r Ephemeris 9 instant defined in the H Configuration menu gt Instant Data Define the ephemeris date or in real time Universal Time 12 h 31 min 39 s 12 52750 h Civil Hour 12 h 31 min 39 s 12 52750 h Solar Hour 12 h 13 min 43 s 12 22861 h Daylight Saving Time No Julian Day 2457053 02198 Equation of Time 13 min 15 6 s 795 59270 s Sidereal Time 21 h 04 min 41 716 s 21 07825 h Nutation in longitude Nutation in longitude 5 487046 9 201580 Apparent sidereal time 21h 04 min 42 052 s 21 07835 h Right Ascension of the Sun Declination of the Sun 20 h 50 min 58 5 s 20 8496 h 17 39 36 0 17 6599 Distance of Earth to Sun 0 984967575 A U 147349051 km Hour Angle of the Sun 0 h 13 min 43 2 s 0 2287 h Azi
88. ial opening with an inaugural speech by the mayor or the headmaster e Ona building in your village or town Do not hesitate to propose a project to your mayor he will surely be interested e On your neighbors house If you discuss sundials with people around you they will probably ask questions and may eventually ask you to prepare one for them Determine the longitude and latitude of a place Establishing the geographical location of the sundial is fundamental for the precision of the dial The simplest solution is to use a GPS device or a smartphone You ll get the position with precision to a fraction of an arc second which is more than sufficient You can also do it with a map of the location having a very precise scale like 1 100000 or even better 1 25000 You will have to find your geographical longitude and latitude Both can be measured using the method of interpolation Note in order to achieve a reliable interpolation the two references shouldn t be too far apart to compare the charted area accurately Maps are made using a Lambert projection that is approximately square over short distances Find the longitude First find on the map a vertical line left and right of the actual place Find the readings of those lines being G1 and G2 Using a graduated ruler measure the distance in cm or mm L1 between those two lines Next measure the distance L2 between the vertical line G1 left of the place if east of the Greenwich meri
89. in Dimension of the drawing which allows you to choose on how many pages the circle will be drawn In this case be sure to draw the printing cutouts in P General preferences gt Document it will make it easier to assemble precisely all pages The tangent network tan The tangent network is available from the Affichage menu gt Drawing tools and by clicking on the J icon This network is aimed at helping one to measure the declination of a wall You need to put the network against a wall the lines vertically parallel to a plumb line A style is installed on the 0 line perpendicularly to the sheet By default the style height is set to 50 mm By hitting the or keys of the keyboard you can enlarge or reduce the style height by 5 mm The method to measure the wall declination is given in the following page Find the declination of a wall In order to increase the precision it is recommended to print the network on several pages To do so go to Dimensions of the drawing and set the number of pages Used together with a large style it will allow a better precision When the distance between two lines is large enough a dashed line is drawn for each 1 2 degrees Hauteur du gnomon 50mm ou sur le clavier pour augmenter ou r duire la hauteur du gnomon
90. ination of Betelgeuse in the constellation of Orion Rotate the rete to bring the star on the meridian line 1 Align the ruler with the star and read its declination on the ruler marks 2 here approximately 8 User manual of Shadows Pro version 4 0 Francois Blateyron page 79 The right ascension is given by the direction of the vernal point Aries 0 Rotate the ruler to the ecliptic longitude O 3 and read the right ascension on the limb 4 here around 5h 55 The precise coordinates of the star are a 5h55 0 7 25 User manual of Shadows Pro version 4 0 Francois Blateyron page 80 The universal astrolabe The universal astrolabe makes it possible to solve the major drawback of the planispheric astrolabe which works only for a given latitude Ancient astrolabes used to be shipped with a set of plates for several latitudes every 5 The universal astrolabe can be used for any latitude Shadows offers the Saphae Arzachelis which was invented in the 11th century by the Andalusian astronomer Arzaquiel In this astrolabe the stereographic projection is not made from the pole on the equatorial plane but from the vernal point on a plane crossing both poles meridian parallel equator articulated pointer Brachiolus Tropic of Cancer ecliptic N DO UW A Ww N Be rotating ruler The ruler The ruler can be rotated on screen using the mouse by clickin
91. is a cross This type of sundial was discovered by German mathematician Hugo Michnik in 1922 Since then a number of variants have been explored like the declining vertical bifilar sundial One of the threads is called the meridian thread because it is contained by the local meridian plane The other thread is called the transversal thread and is always perpendicular to the meridian thread The furniture of a bifilar sundial is similar to the one of a classical sundial hour lines converge to a single point and diurnal arcs are hyperbolas One can consider that the point where hour lines converge is equivalent to the attachment point of the polar style in a classical sundial point B Similarly the point located right below the thread intersection is equivalent to the attachment point of the perpendicular style in a classical sundial point A When the height of each thread is properly calculated hour lines are spaced regularly every 15 as in an equatorial sundial resulting in an equiangular bifilar sundial In this case the height of the transversal thread is calculated from the height of the meridian thread and the latitude Bifilar sundials are available only in Shadows Pro The horizontal bifilar sundial This horizontal sundial has one thread oriented north south meridian thread and another thread oriented east west transversal thread The center of the dial where hour lines converge is slightly shifted towards south compa
92. ish German Italian Spanish Polish Brazilian Portuguese Many thanks also to Wade B Lawrence Denis Savoie Arnaud Nivel Elie Nicolas Eddie French Andrea Bulfon Jim Tallman Alexis Balmont Aoutine Christian Viard Claudy Hirsoux G Bridevaux Herbert Ramp Hubert Boehm Jean Daniel von Allmen Jean Pierre Gu rin Max Grennerat Patrick Friant Pierre Louis Thill Ren Michalet Philippe Sauvageot Sergio Doret Veris Mugnai Yannick Cherriere Yves Cloutier Guiseppe Gilberto Pierre Goria Jean Roche John Croudy Maurean Dean Jean Saulais Roderick Wall Kurt Berndt Special thanks to Kurt Berndt for proof reading correcting and improving this user manual in English Sources e Geographical coordinates of cities are from Grand Atlas de g ographie from L encyclop die Universalis after Rand McNally amp company e Astronomical equations after Astronomical Algorithms by Jean Meeus Willmann Bell e Gnomonical formulae for plane sundial with polar style established by the author by solving the light collective contribution Karl Peter Emmelmann Marco Tomljanovich Carlos Maria Sanchez Rodriguez Maciej Michalski Juarez Silveira Sant Anna vector problem e Formulae for analemmatic bifilar and cylindrical sundials are from Gnomonique by Denis Savoie Ed Les Belles Lettres ISBN 2251420169 2001 e Formulae for astrolabes James Morrison and R D Hollander page 11 Features of the three license levels Shadows
93. isplay ecliptic circle Display equatorial scales Display horizontal scales ELST P amp Display horizon mask Change the reference location ec ey 76 at Change the date Ye Display the position of Sun The protractor is available from the Display menu gt Drawing tools and by clicking on the icon This protractor is provided to make the drawing of the sundial easier on real material wood marble etc Tables of coordinates give Cartesian and polar values and it is sometimes easier to use polar coordinates on large sundials The accuracy of the drawing can be improved with protractors larger than the ones that can be found in stores The default drawing provides a 12 cm radius protractor on an A4 page Go to Configuration gt Dimension of the drawing to set the number of pages on which to draw the protractor It is then possible to print it directly on an A3 page to have a bigger one Then paste the page on cardboard and cut around and inside the circle Sundial drawings can then be made with this protractor and a long ruler page 93 The azimuth circle The azimuth circle is available from the Drawing menu gt Drawing tools and by clicking on the icon This option allows one to draw a big circle graduated in degrees and hours This circle can be used to measure an azimuth or an hour angle or as an equatorial or a declination circle Its size can be selected
94. itude correction With this correction the sundial will display the same solar time as the time zone reference meridian in Western Europe UT 1h whatever the location of the sundial within this time zone Mean time clock time The time is corrected with the equation of time If the longitude correction is also included it gives the civil time and which is the time given by a clock or a watch Daylight savings must be added manually if applicable page 29 The equation of time produces a figure 8 shaped curve for each hour line Marks or colors can be added in order to know which side of the curve should be used The full curves are difficult to read when too many hour lines are drawn e g when quarter hours are drawn This is why it is sometimes better to draw only half curves Italic hours Italic hours are counted from sunset the day before They can be marked from 0 to 24h or 24h to O in the latter case they provide the number of hour until sunset Italic hours can be also displayed using the keyboard shortcut CTRL i Italic hours are available in Shadows Expert and Shadows Pro Babylonian hours Babylonian hour are counted from sunrise Babylonian hours can be displayed using the keyboard shortcut CTRL SHIFT b Babylonian hours are available in Shadows Expert and Shadows Pro Half curves are drawn between solstices from June to December or from December t
95. ivil time Created by Dan O Neal for the Fa city of Santa Avelina in Guatemala The declining polar sundial This variant of a polar sundial has its plate rotated around the polar axis by a given angle If this angle is 90 towards west it gives a normal direct west sundial The declining polar sundial can be used to create a multiple sundial on the sides of a polyhedron cylinder oriented along the polar axis For example a cylinder with 8 sides can sport a direct south polar sundial two polar sundials declining by 45 east and west two polar sundials declining by 90 east and west and two polar sundials declining by 135 east and west The latest declines by 180 and is never lit by the sun Example of a multiple polar sundial on a hexagonal cylinder Imagine that each sundial is folded on the sides of a cylinder Declinations are 60 120 and 180 around the polar axis page 54 The declining and inclining sundial This sundial is installed on a plane that is neither vertical nor horizontal inclining and that do not face the local meridian declining Declining and inclining sundials are quite rare because such supports are not common in architecture They can be installed for example on chamfers on a church or on rocks Some angles may be interesting as they generate nice layouts with hour lines and declination lines Such sundials are sometimes found on multiple sundials For example a polyhedral sundial e g with 10
96. l the end of the 18th century in Italy Latitude Angle formed ina given place by the local vertical and the equatorial plane The latitude is counted from the Earth equator positively towards the north from 0 to 90 and negatively towards the south Leap year Year that contains 366 days obtained by the insertion of an additional day on February 29th every four years This procedure provides a mean year duration of 365 25 days which is close to the anomalistic year duration Years for which the millennial value is dividable by 4 are leap years except those which are not multiples of 400 For example 1968 1996 2000 are leap years but 1900 and 2003 are not Longitude Angle formed by the local meridian and the Greenwich meridian counted from 0 to 180 starting at Greenwich positively towards the West Magnetic north Direction given by the compass It varies from one place to another due to variations in the local magnetic field of the Earth This direction cannot be used in gnomonics to obtain accurate results Mean time It s the solar time corrected by the equation of time From mean time you can add the longitude correction to obtain the civil time page 102 Meridian 1 Set of all locations having the same longitude on Earth 2 Plane defined by the local vertical line plumb line and the axis of rotation of the Earth meridian plane 3 Half circle of the celestial sphere passing through the pol
97. l sundial can be placed on a small column at the junction of two paths The column should not exceed 1 2 meters in height e Ameridian dial can decorate a pillar or a tree facing south north in southern hemisphere in a place lit around midday all the year e Anarmillary sphere a kind of equatorial dial drawn on arches can replace a sculpture in the middle of the garden e Onone or both of the pillars of the entry gate The dial offers the time to the passers by and reminds them that the landowner is a sundial lover e Astaircase with its stone or concrete handrail can receive a declining and inclining sundial a supreme luxury as itis rare and difficult to design except with the help of Shadows On the front of a house e A wall facing the south north will be adequate for a vertical direct south north dial If the wall is slightly declining you can still orient the face of the dial directly south north using shimps e Awall facing east exactly or declining between 80 and 100 or facing west is an excellent place for a nice direct east a direct west or a vertical declining sundial These dials are lit only during the morning or the evening Their drawing is somewhat Spartan so they are often richly decorated and have a motto adapted to the rising or setting of the sun e Awall declining between from 20 to 70 towards east or west offers more possibilities The hour lines in this case are already a nice decoration on their
98. lar graph DIAG RAMME SOLAIRE PITESTI The solar graph represents the horizon circle with scales in altitude up to the Zenith and on which are drawn the Sun s trajectories at several moments of the year and different moments of the day It is possible to superimpose a horizon mask to show obstacles on the horizon by clicking on the La icon xt W 5 This functions is available only in Shadows Pro Tap aay R 1 TZ 3h The horizontal solar graph This graph is available from the Display menu gt Solar graph then on the icon It displays the Sun s altitude as a function of azimuth during the year The azimuth 0 corresponds to the direction of the local meridian direction of south in the northern hemisphere This graph is useful for predicting the duration of sunlight on a sundial and moments where it will be in the shadow of an obstacle building tree etc and so cannot give time This function is available only in Shadows Pro The horizon mask It is possible to define a horizon mask describing the obstacles on the horizon that may affect the illumination of the sundial The mask is defined by a series of points altitude for a given azimuth An altitude of 0 lays on the horizon an altitude of 90 is at the zenith It is possible to draw houses and trees that may cast a shadow on the sundial The horizon mask is saved in a text file HorizonMask txt which is loaded automatically when the dial
99. late The three circles are the two tropics and the equator The drawings inside the horizon are azimuth and altitude arcs almucantarats 3 The Rete can be rotated around the central axis It is usually decorated with fine and rich details 4 The Ecliptic circle is scaled in ecliptic longitude and displays Zodiac symbols It is part of the Rete 5 Stars of the celestial sphere can be drawn directly or may be replaced by small pointers attached to the Rete 6 The Ruler rotates around the center and points to a scale on the limb page 63 The back of the astrolabe The back contains several drawings and an Alidade One usually starts by using the back of the astrolabe before using the front for example to find the Sun s altitude with the back and knowing the date assess the solar time on the front 7 Scales in degrees to measure altitudes or angles with the alidade 8 Scales in ecliptic longitude with Zodiac symbols 9 Calendar to find the ecliptic longitude of the Sun for a given date 10 Equation of time depending on the date 11 Unequal hours 12 Shadow square to calculate distances and heights 13 Alidade used for sighting through with a pinhole on each end Some astrolabes may provide other drawings on the front or the back such as the Qibla for several locations equal hours etc Different types of astrolabes Across time astrolabes have been impro
100. lendar drawn on the limb is scaled from the inner edge to the outer edge with the following indications e months e days e zodiac signs e Sun s ecliptic longitude e quarters of circles scaled in degrees On one side with degrees of altitude to read arcs of unequal hours in function of of the date pointed on the calendar on the limb page 70 On the other side with minutes to read the equation of time in function of the date pointed on the calendar on the limb The planispheric astrolabe is available only in Shadows Pro How to build an astrolabe Building an astrolabe is slightly more complex than building a sundial But Shadows makes it possible to prepare all the required elements An astrolabe can be seen as a stack of layers made of disks rings and rulers Each element must be prepared separately by printing the corresponding drawing and replicated it on an adequate material Elements that can be printed are eee e e The matter and a plate on the background The plate is designed for a given latitude e The limb e Other plates of higher or lower latitude spaced by 5 for example Plates can be printed on both sides of a disk to save weight The rete The ruler The back The alidade for the back List of problems solved with a planispheric astrolabe Determine the hour and direction of the sunrise or sunset at a given date Let s take an example for Paris latitude 48 50 N on June 1
101. me can be read on the limb 5 here around 10h55 am User manual of Shadows Pro version 4 0 Francois Blateyron page 73 We can also determine that the altitude of the Sun at this moment is a bit more than 60 6 Let s consider an astrolabe built for Prague Czech Republic latitude 50 05 N When will the Sun be at an azimuth of 60 west and an altitude of 20 Rotate the rete to bring the ecliptic circle at the intersection of the azimuth arc 60 west and the altitude circle 20 1 This point has an ecliptic longitude of about 6 With the ruler aligned on this point 2 one can read solar time on the limb 3 here between 3h35 and 3h40 in the afternoon User manual of Shadows Pro version 4 0 Francois Blateyron page 74 On the back of the astrolabe rotate the alidade to point 6 of ecliptic longitude 4 The date is read on the inner ring 5 here March 26 Let s consider an astrolabe built for Casablanca Morocco latitude 33 39 N At what time will the star Vega in the constellation Lyra set on the horizon on September 21 On the back of the astrolabe rotate the alidade to point September 21 1 The ecliptic longitude is read around 178 2 On the front of the astrolabe rotate the rete until Vega is on the horizon on the evening side 3 User manual of Shadows Pro version 4 0 Francois Blateyron page 75 Rotate the ruler to point
102. me of a drawing element in Hour lines Fla istic the left list and change its thickness from the ganes OLB an naure Thickness 0 75 mm ree ia ae roll over list and its color by clicking on a cell Lines of 5 minutes 8 of the color picker Lines of minutes Analemma curve Zodiac arcs Capricornus arc December solstice Aclavile Segiiemue er Alternatively the color components can be Pisces Scorpius arc Aries Libraque arc Equinoxes L Taunie virgoate entered manually as R red G green and B Gemini Leo arc Cancer arc Summer solstice blue Va ues Diurnal arcs in date Ares of months 1st Arcs of months 11th Arcs of months 16th Arcs of months 21st Anniversary date arc 5 Lines of altitude Reload default styles Annuler Changing other attributes on the sundial The sundial view is configured using the Drawings menu and using icons of the toolbar Rectangular plate The plate is the surface on which the sundial is drawn Elliptical plate Can specify a circular plate by selecting an identical width and height Hexagonal plate with six sides Octagonal plate height sides Corresponds to a rectangle with cut corners Limitation of the hour span for example between 8 h and 14 h LOWOU User manual of Shadows Pro version 4 0 Francois Blateyron page 33 gt J a S gt a b t A B Draw hide hour numerals Use 24 h or 12 h format Use Roman or Arabic n
103. mmneceecdanvet 12 Order a Shadows Expert or Shadows Pro license sevciacescteicrvncwenenadtinedionsexceensdhseneeusvn canon dhaneueecysuneacdessarsncseusuasdeeusvanswweanpadat 13 PART Z SUNDIAL LS erin N EE AN a 15 Ifthe CRUE O 1 SATIS aac E E E E E A E A E E N A EE A E A A E T 15 Designing a sundial With SNaQOWSosssrerrnssiersiis enine onnon EnO EEEE nears eee eee TENA 15 Preliminary mniormaon CO Colletini A a e had E EEE E AAT TN ETA A EAA 15 EGE AION o VS O ae EEE ET A E E RE E EEE NOE E AEAT AE EAEE E 15 Orientation OF the sundial LATS n ci cacsavascansesvdeans omsanansadcasensewseenavegedunnsowssanavedeassntevesenanodchanesovassnanedesanes tbasanesoicdaassdbasaberetesaasasbarces 16 Boa 1S SOT CN SUING all cs concer E E EN E A A EE scan tumestsseunmuroray A OE 16 TYPE Or MM e E E E A E ca oa da oe ne E A ea tees 16 indications given by the SUM OIA sea icsccaveccsccarsteesoiensd dawaatinvaenensidaeasdaesedersd vacanh aedancnsacdentd abdapeadancuaediancuseainseuatsteaeudaaseccuansieeaseeasesenee 16 SO NOUN sciatic succes see naw sepa aatcyss want E eacean aigzc sap at ction E Sauna wai en nese adsense aeainsnesue tou neaweaecn sana tauseswerne ss 16 Quick creation Of a sundial from the HOME screen ccccccssssececcaeeccecaeseccccueeceecaueeceesussecessuesecessueecessuaecessueueceesaueecessuageseesaganses 17 Create a NEW sundial from the File MENU ccccesescccccseeeececeeeeccecaeeccesseueceesaeusceesaeaeceessueeceesuasecessuaseceesuesec
104. muth of the Sun h Oh 13 min 51 2 s 0 2309 h Azimuth of the Sun F 27 48 0 3 4633 Altitude of the Sun 19 18 40 0 19 3110 Zenithal Distance of the Sun 70 41 20 0 70 6890 updated every second the clock of the PC is used as civil time This section provides data valid for the selected date and instant or recalculated in real time each second Data provided here are Universal time civil time solar time Julian day equation of time sidereal time right ascension declination distance of the Earth to the Sun hour angle azimuth altitude and zenithal distance Ephemeris generator This function generates a text file containing a table of data calculated for each hour or each day The data contained can be selected as well as the number of lines to generate YYYY MM DD year month day hh mm ss hour minutes seconds JD Julian day in days EoT Equation of time in seconds st Sidereal time in hours Az Azimuth of the Sun in hours Ht Altitude of the Sun in degrees RA Right ascension of the Sun in hours Dec Declination of the Sun in degrees HA Hour angle of the Sun in hours UT HSe HSw Time of sunrise and sunset in hours UT DD Duration of the day in hours HSs Meridian transit time in hours UT The ephemeris generator is available only in Shadows Pro page 90 The solar graph The polar solar graph This graph is available from the Display menu gt So
105. n do to get it back Send an Email to the author and ask to have the license file resent will need to change my PC what do need to do to transfer the Shadows Pro license You ll need to back up the license file licence txt from the installation folder or from the Email you received On the new PC download the latest version on this web site and install it Then copy the license file into the new installation folder My firewall program has detected that Shadows tries to connect to Internet Does it contain a virus or a spyware Shadows periodically checks if a new version is available on the web site www shadowspro com To do so the program detects if an Internet connection is active and consults a file containing the available version So it is normal that Shadows establishes a connection There is no risk for your computer Shadows does not contain any virus and does not send personal information on the Internet Normally the verification is a transparent mechanism for the user even if no connection is there But if your computer is protected by a firewall the page 106 connection will be detected and you will be notified It is therefore recommended to configure your firewall and authorize Shadows to use Internet You can also disable the automatic mechanism in the P General preferences page 107 How to translate the program Shadows is developed in French and English by the author Other translations have been made by u
106. n reached at the winter solstice December 21 where the shadow reaches longest During the equinoxes the extremity of the style projects a shadow on a line oriented exactly east west For a location in the tropics the declination of the sun may be greater than the latitude In this case the sun passes over the zenith and generates an inverted shadow For such a location the declination lines are drawn on each sides of the style At noon for a declination equal to the latitude the sun does not generate any shadows Horizontal sundials can be found on small columns in garden and squares The table is often polygonal or circular Construction The generated table of coordinates provides information for graphical construction of the various lines that make up the horizontal sundial Coordinates for the hour lines declination lines and analemma are tabulated using both Cartesian and polar format Cartesian coordinates are given in millimeters from the origin at point A Polar coordinates are referenced to the fixed point B pole with the radial coordinate given in SHH millimeters and the angular coordinate given in degrees with a convention of positive angles defined counterclockwise from the horizontal Installation Horizontal sundials are usually found on small columns in parks and gardens The table is sometimes circular or polygonal page 44 The sundial must be oriented along the meridian line M its style pointi
107. nates of hour lines A B G D E F G H Pi a SE The number of lines in the table depends on the 2 Origin of the x y co ordinates point A 3 ee i point B number of hour lines drawn on the sundial Eitem a e So hours hours etc Each hour line is described by i H 2 SET a 1a ae a point every 5 days When a point is outside the i e ee a a frame it is noted with a star symbol 10 6 30 11 4 151 95 2 43 154 00 9 36 11 6 30 16 al 134 24 0 50 136 05 9 36 12 6 30 21 4 120 58 2 75 122 21 9 36 13 6 30 26 4 109 80 4 53 111 28 9 36 14 6 30 1 5 101 15 5 95 102 52 9 36 15 6 30 6 5 94 13 7 11 95 40 9 36 16 6 30 11 5 88 39 8 06 89 59 9 36 Coordinates of declination lines A B C D E F A A EEEE TOTT Each arc of declination is described by series of points corresponding to hour lines The name of the arc is given 1 2 3 4 Soh min x mm y mm radius mm angle 6 7 8 Cancer 23 44 me before values It may be a Zodiac arc or decant it can be for 4 0 577 83 440 54 726 61 37 3 Zan es aa a given date or declination depending on the choice made in 5 0 152 34 73 77 169 26 25 8 a aT 9 5 30 111 19 40 97 118 50 20 2 7 10 6 0 86 68 22 63 89 59 14 6 the Drawings menu gt Declination lines options 11 6 30 70 03 11 08 170 90 9 0 12 7 0 57 73 3 26 57 82 3 2 13 7 30 48 07 2 31 48 13 2 7 14 8 0 40 14 6 40 40 65 9 1 Coordinates of analemma curves
108. ng to the pole P P Horizontal sundial at the Lowell observatory in Flagstaff AZ USA Photo FB User manual of Shadows Pro version 4 0 Fran ois Blateyron page 45 The vertical direct south sundial Geometry of the sundial This sundial is installed on a vertical wall In the northern hemisphere it faces south and in the southern hemisphere it faces north The style points towards the ground and forms an angle with the plate equal to the co latitude 90 latitude The solar noon line is vertical and superimposed on the sub style line Limits of illumination The sundial is lit as soon as the sun is above horizon and more south more north in southern hemisphere than the east west line If it is installed in the tropics there will be a period of the year where it is not lit as the sun is behind the wall It may be possible to install a complementary sundial on the other side of the wall At the summer solstice when the sun is at its highest point in the sky the shadows are long and extend far from the base of the style On the contrary during the winter the shadows remain close to the base of the style Construction The generated table of coordinates provides information for graphical construction of the various lines that make up the vertical direct south sundial Coordinates for the hour lines declination lines and analemma are tabulated using both Cartesian and polar format Cartesian coordinates
109. nsions Two modes can be used in this dialog The Manual mode or the Automatic mode The manual mode allows the user to adjust the width and height of the plate independently as well as the height of the style The automatic mode adjusts automatically the height of the plate and of the style from the value of the width Here the width of the plate is changed The scale of the drawing is not changed as the height of the style is the same in both cases Adjust the scale of the drawing The scale of the drawing is given by the height of the perpendicular style placed at A The scale can be changed independently from the size of the frame by using the manual mode and adjusting the height of the style On the right the style is half the height as the one on the left The drawing shows more hour lines inside the frame Adjust the anchor of the style The anchor of the style is the position of point A within the frame The anchor can be changed from the Configuration menu gt a Style anchor Point A can be set as a percentage of the frame width and height or as a distance from the upper left corner of the frame In the former case point A will remain at its relative position when the frame size is changed while in the latter case it will stay at a given distance in millimeters from the corner Example showing the effect of changing the anchor horizontally The anchor can also be changed from the keyboard usin
110. o June One can create two sundials marking mean time one working each half of the year Left from June to December Right December to June page 30 Unequal hours Unequal hours are counted 12h from sunrise to sunset Depending on the season these hours vary in length In Central Europe they vary from 40 to 80 minutes Unequal hour lines are crossing with hour lines on the equinoctial line as during equinox they have the same length Unequal hours are available only in Shadows Pro Sidereal hours Sidereal hours correspond to the hour angle of the vernal point and are used to locate stars Sundials that display this type of hours are quite rare and difficult to read and interpret Sidereal hours are available only in Shadows Pro Azimuth and altitude of the Sun This option does not draw hour lines but rather curves representing the horizontal coordinates of the Sun Some sundial will only provide the altitude such as for the shepherd s dial The example on the right shows azimuth lines in orange and altitude arcs in green Azimuth and altitude curves are available only in Shadows Pro Analemma curve It is quite common to see sundials with a figure 8 shaped curve at noon It is the analemma curve which is represents a correction the equation of time allowing viewers to read mean time as on a watch To do so you must also include the longitude correction that
111. odiac change corresponding to the declinations 0 11 29 20 20 and 23 26 Ecliptic 1 Plane of the Earth s orbit around the sun 2 Large circle on the celestial sohere where the Sun moves in its apparent motion Equation of time The difference between solar time and mean time This equation varies during the year and its value can reach 16 minutes page 101 Equinox One of the two days in a year when the sun is crossing the celestial equator At the equinoxes the day and the night have the same duration Equatorial coordinates Right ascension and declination of a star Coordinate system anchored on the ecliptic The origin of the right ascension is the vernal point it is counted from O to 24 hours anticlockwise The declination is counted from 0 to 90 around the equator Geographic north Direction included in the meridian plane pointing towards the geographic north celestial pole It s the direction used in gnomonics not the magnetic north Gnomon Primitive sundial made of a simple rod whose shadow is cast on the ground Today this term is used to name the style planted perpendicularly to the sundial table Gnomonics The science of sundials Greenwich English city located near London Greenwich meridian Meridian crossing the Greenwich observatory used as the reference meridian to measure longitudes on Earth Greenwich Mean Time GMT Time equals the civil tim
112. of your license file in a safe place in case you need to reinstall your hard drive or change to a new PC Shadows has been fully designed and developed by Francois Blateyron the author The user manual illustrations and photographs are also by the author In June 2005 the Soci t Astronomique de France French Amateur Astronomy Society awarded the author with the Julien Saget Price for the Shadows software The author wishes to thank the people who helped him during the development by sending suggestions testing the program or translating parts of the documentation or the user interface Translations have been kindly provided by English collective contribution German Claudio Abacherli Carmen amp Axel Wittich Sonja Lejeune Karl Peter Emmelmann Christian Haack Hermann Dellwing Italian Claudio Abacherli Marco Tomljanovich Federico Bettinzoli Spanish Gilberto De Hoyos C Jesus San Jos Hernandez Carlos Maria Sanchez Rodriguez Mario D Crespo Isabelle Blateyron Dutch Fer J De Vries Thibaud Taudin Chabot Portuguese Hugo D Valentim Brazilian Hugo D Valentim Rog rio Lu s Brochado Abreu Juarez Silveira Sant Anna Portuguese Hungarian Tulok L szl Slovenian Stane Accetto Polish Maciej Michalski page 10 Greek Czech Russian Arabic Catalan Vangelis Skarmoutsos Jaromir Ciesla Serge Zukanov Alexei Krutiakov Ahmed Ammar Kamoun Sofien Gabriel Gruix Help files have been translated by Engl
113. ogue is open and saved when the dialog is closed Only one mask can be defined at a time Other graphs and tools Time of sunrise and sunset AL This graph is available in the Display menu gt Solar graph then by clicking on the 4 icon This graph provides the civil time watch time of sunrise meridian transit and sunset as a function of the date for a given location The longitude correction is already included in the graph page 91 GRAPHE ANNUEL DES DOREES DU JOUR acs wane des 1 Solar noon meridian transit time 2 Sunrise 3 Sunset Colored areas outside the sunrise and sunset curves are twilights with from the lighter to the darker the civil twilight the nautical twilight and the astronomical twilight This graph is calculated for the Reference location The reference location can be changed in the location database GRAPHE ANNUEL DES DURES DE JOUR ANNUEL DES ES iR CRAPHE ANNUEL DES DUR ES DC JOUR DAKAR N GAL ONN LATITUDE SIN TEST ONY Above the left graph is calculated for Dakar Senegal latitude 14 40 it can be noted that the duration of the day is almost the same for the entire year In the middle the city of Brussels Belgium latitude 50 50 the duration of the day is around 8 hours in winter and more than 16 hours in summer On the right a location at 80 of latitude where there are periods of continuous night and continuous day Graph of effici
114. on page 50 The meridian dial A meridian dial is a variant of a classical sundial often horizontal or vertical Large horizontal meridian dials can be found on some churches while vertical meridian dials are more common and usually have an analemma curve around the noon line A meridian dial aims at providing mean time around noon this is why it provides time usually 30 minutes to a maximum of one hour before or after noon Oxford Paris Crillon hotel Dijon Palace of the Dukes Montb liard Pr la rose park Several large horizontal median dials can be found adorning Italian or French churches e g the famous Saint Sulpice church in Paris with the rose line Shadows makes it possible to create a meridian dial from any sundial with polar style To do so check the option Make it a meridian sundial in the selection of type of sundial with polar style during the creation process It is also possible to choose Limit hours of the sundial in the Drawings menu The meridian sundial option will limit hours to between 11 h and 13 h All of the other options can be used Recommended options on meridian sundials are to draw hour lines with a span small enough to provide accuracy for example every 5 minutes and to draw the analemma curve around noon with Zodiacal symbols or dates to help users to read the difference on the correct side of the curve Graph of visibility hours of the meridian sundial This graph provides the
115. ons we aden sel aitons ay ade sei tars etm O 112 PROGUEE INCOR rity ates casencenndivasgeeraasaave rane e ti taden tenia aa ease AA E aa ee eee Eee es eee ee 112 ENGITATIONEOL Wala Vos A E este naan acuweasansaian E 112 STATE aI O es ed carci a a aac cu vayama ie thedaucaver aacdonetvnn deter eaudalenuascuien suadous de natederanade losanscovet wnudecoduacentovanadetadniaees enadaueduuccmPeaunecauecsees 113 page This page is left intentionally blank page 8 PART 1 INTRODUCTION TO SHADOWS SOFTWARE Introduction Shadows is a software package for designing calculating and drawing sundials and astrolabes Users are provided with a complete toolbox with which to build orient and understand all kinds of sundials It draws the different parts of an astrolabe and allows the user to move the mobile parts on screen Shadows also offers complete ephemeris and several graphs and tools related to the Sun It is a great educational tool for teachers animators and children Shadows in its standard level is a freeware program You can use it freely for your personal use and even distribute it to your friends provided you keep all original files together including the installation program and documentation This standard version contains many useful functions and allows the construction of various types of sundials Shadows Expert is an advanced level provided for skilled users wishing to explore more technical features and additional sundial t
116. or intellectual property on any part of Shadows Product integrity You may not modify alter decompile or reverse engineer Shadows files or any part of the documentation Components and files accompanying Shadows cannot be used separately In particular it is strictly forbidden to alter the program to display another name than the author s name it is forbidden to use a resource modification tool to modify menus texts dialogs or any texts of the application Limitation of warranty Shadows and its components are tested to the best ability of the author on his development platform Nevertheless the author cannot offer any guaranty of good function on any platform or any context You have the responsibility to ensure the correctness of the results before use You shall verify that Shadows is working correctly on your platform hardware and software prior to ordering a Shadows Expert or Shadows Pro license No refund will be possible for any reason All sales are final Shadows is developed for the Windows platforms in use at the time of its release Compatibility with prior versions of Windows is provided as best as possible but may not be perfect Shadows is mainly designed for Windows 8 Windows 7 and Windows Vista on PC compatible computers However it should be possible to use Shadows with a Windows emulator on another platform Mac OS Linux etc but no technical support nor guarantee will be offered in this case The program has
117. red to the point located beneath the crossing of threads The noon line is oriented north south as in a classical horizontal sundial If the sundial is equiangular the transversal thread lays under the meridian thread and the hour lines are equally spaced every 15 The horizontal bifilar sundial is an excellent alternative to the horizontal sundial when a style with a sharp point might create a hazard for the public while it offers a similar drawing The vertical declining bifilar sundial The general vertical bifilar sundial has a vertical thread parallel to the wall meridian thread and a horizontal thread transversal thread oriented east west when the sundial is not declining The interesting property of an equiangular vertical bifilar sundial is that threads are no longer horizontal and vertical but inclined yet they remain orthogonal to each other The meridian thread is above the sub style line Another bizarre property is that the noon line is not vertical Hour lines are regularly spaced every 15 page 61 Vertical declining bifilar sundial Vertical declining bifilar sundial with a horizontal and a vertical threads with equally spaced hour lines Threads are inclined User manual of Shadows Pro version 4 0 Francois Blateyron page 62 PART 3 ASTROLABES Introduction to astrolabes Note please refer to the glossary to find the definitions of technical terms used in this text An astrolabe is a
118. ropic of Capricorn that defines the limits of the astrolabe 6 Horizon circle 7 Civil twilight arc 8 Nautical twilight arc 9 Astronomical twilight arc 10 Altitude circles above the horizon also called Almucantarats 11 Azimuth circles From left to right plates designed for the following locations Madras India latitude 13 Alexandria Egypt latitude 31 Delft The Netherlands latitude 52 Troms Norway latitude 69 Rete of the astrolabe The rete of an astrolabe represents the ecliptic circle and the celestial sohere with stars and constellations on a transparent disk or a metallic ornamented support that is superimposed on the plate The ecliptic circle is scaled with the Sun s ecliptic longitude and with zodiac symbols The rete can be drawn transparent to allow a clear reading of the plate underneath Old retes are made in metal with pointers for stars Shadows can draw both types of retes page 6 7 Opaque rete Transparent rete The transparent version can be used if you want to print it on Plexiglas or on a transparent film The opaque version is closer to what can be seen on old astrolabes with pointers for stars as below An ae ers ea wn Ta aser in ij The rete can be rotated on screen with the mouse by clicking on the area around 270 You can then move it to align a given position on the ecliptic circle with the limb or the scales on the plate The rete can
119. s also e The equator is projected onto itself as by definition it lays on the equatorial plane e All circles of a given declination are projected as concentric circles with center O User manual of Shadows Pro version 4 0 Francois Blateyron page 65 1 The equatorial circle is projected onto itself 2 The Tropic of Cancer is projected onto a circle inside the equatorial circle 3 The Tropic of Capricorn if projected as a circle outside the equatorial circle It limits the drawings of the astrolabe 4 The Zenith point is projected in 5 on the north south line of the astrolabe far from the center when the latitude is low 6 The North Pole is projected at the center of the astrolabe 7 The local horizon is projected as a large circle shifted from the center 8 Altitude circles above the horizon are projected as shifted circles called almucantarats c User manu al of Shadows Pro version 4 0 Fran ois Blateyron page 66 The Planispheric astrolabe The planispheric astrolabe is so called because it is the projection of a sphere on a plane It uses the stereographic projection which projects the sphere onto the equatorial plane from a pole 1 North Pole is at the center of the astrolabe 2 Zenith which depends on the latitude for which the plate is designed 3 Circle of the Tropic of Cancer 4 Equatorial circle 5 Circle of the T
120. s with a convention of positive angles defined counterclockwise from the horizontal For dials with a large declination angle point B is projected far from point A and the polar coordinates are not given In the northern hemisphere when the style is on the right side of the noon line it is declining towards west and is illuminated mainly in the afternoon If the style is on the left side it is a morning sundial as it declines towards east In the southern hemisphere the situation is reversed Left declining sundial on the St Cross church in Oxford United Kingdom Photo FB The vertical direct west sundial Geometry of the sundial The vertical direct west sundial faces precisely west Its style is rectangular with the upper edge oriented towards the celestial pole Point B is cast to infinity and hour lines are parallel to each other and to the sub style Limits of illumination The vertical direct west sundial can only give hours from local noon to the sunset Around noon the shadow is oblique and its end is projected to infinity Furthermore the accuracy of readings just after noon is not very good due to construction and installation tolerances page 48 Construction The style is usually built as a large rectangle with a notch to locate the shadow on the declination lines Sometimes the style is just a perpendicular rod fixed at point A Points B are arbitrary and defined by the length of the truncated style see
121. se Advanced levels Shadows Expert and Shadows Pro require the purchase of a license Prices are given on the page Buy Shadows Pro on www shadowspro com Do not hesitate upgrade to Shadows Pro and enjoy its powerful features page 13 This page is left intentionally blank page 14 PART 2 SUNDIALS Introduction to sundials A sundial is a device from which time can be read using the position of the Sun or more precisely using its hour angle or sometimes its altitude Known since the most ancient times it soread from the renaissance to the 19 century and then slowly became obsolete due to the growing success of horology People started to be interested again by sundials after the 1980s and the subject is very popular today Studying sundials will allow you to discover various disciplines history techniques of art fresco engraving etc philosophy of mottoes celestial mechanics and many more It is possible to design a sundial on just about any support plane cylindrical spherical of any orientation and for any location This manual describes several types of sundials but other types exist sometimes more exotic than useful The layout of a sundial lines arcs texts can be very diverse and can provide all kinds of information solar time civil time season date Sun s declination hour of sunrise or sunset hour of another city etc If you intend to design your own customized sundial you will find everything
122. seemeremantiacecemeiaen 36 EO ANY VS S aeiee nA A ue Sate cahroe eared 00g wae aes cea eas E gene ea ee 36 Cony paste The VIEW INO another SOL Wal E monien a a E seiner eae ee 36 Expor a Vector dr 9 en ee eR ERE Stren ern Tere RCA Serr nye reenter Sent Ere Renee Me nent e ene P ET ONT ae Fee IE Ter cen ete ere trae tT Eee ees re treet 36 EXO PUM EI VIE ayes ctrrnan rans reas camarybesan tees tiesto pada veal E E a E E enon 36 EXDOrUinDXF GAD SOItWare orraa A caeneuaueeseancnsaee us tease beans E A eae die eaten E 37 TODIESIOl COOLGIN ALCS ctr sectcous ssh oat vas a Secahun sas uead patie dees eee Saas nmin a a a bent taaid E eae 37 Coram tes Ol MO UR NES ry N ta occa AE N ENN NSSR 37 Coordinate Sor decina On iNe Sson a EE a as E E eae ae ee 37 COGEGINALES Oa MI a CUI GS anne A AENA AN N N N dela NAATA 37 G rdinatesof hour points analemmatic sundial seersieremeen iene EAE AE EET 38 Coordinates of the mobile style analemmatic sundials osssssnnsosssseeneessssrereesssserrressssrerreesssrrrrressserereessserereesssrerrressseeereessssee 38 Coordinates of hour lines on the equinOctial lihe recia ie E E a A A E 38 Coordinates Ol SPECAN IN GS saze cicestacenieepictincahac vane A TT A te ee 38 CONMSEUCEIMNS tMesundid isco ea EEE Ea NE EEE EE EAE E EO 39 CHOOSES Materio bearsiran eanne e EE E E ETa 39 Transter the drawneonthe material recs nna NRA N T O a OA S T ER 39 WS THe SQUIMOCM Al Gls eraren ea E N OESE ETENE EEEE E E 39 Created lar ee
123. ser to save the geographical coordinates of a viewed place on screen Shadows now includes an interface with Google Earth in order to visualize locations of the database and import coordinates from Google Earth e Defining a place in Google Earth the compatible locations with Shadows are the placemark represented by a pin or square icon e Saving a location file in Google Earth click on a placemark with the right button of the mouse and select Save As Give a name to the file and select type KML in the type list do not save in KMZ e Importing a file from Google Earth to Shadows once the KML file is created click on the button Import a file in the New location dialog box of Shadows then select the file e Copying a place from Google Earth into the clipboard click on a placemark with the right button of the mouse and select Copy e Pasting a Google Earth place into Shadows click on the button Paste a location in the New location dialog box of Shadows Captured information the location name and the country if it exists as well as its coordinates latitude and longitude are captured You will have to enter the Time Zone manually and in some cases the country Google Earth can be downloaded from earth google com page 110 Troubleshooting the program If you encounter any problem with the program please follow this procedure AE e Goto the Help menu gt s About Shadows and note the complete version number e Check on www
124. sers Translations of the user interface can be modified by users themselves and new translations can be proposed to the author A complete translation includes e strings from the user interface e help files or from version 4 the user manual It is possible to use the program in one language and use another language for the help How to translate the user interface Strings are stored in a text file called shadows language txt This file can be loaded in Excel for example The first four columns are keywords used by the program to find the right string Then there is one column of text by language To modify the translation file go to the menu Help gt Translations gt Open the translation table The file is opened with Excel Once modifications are made save it it must be saved in Unicode Text file format under the name shadows language txt in the folder My Documents Shadows Data Then you can check the results in Shadows by selecting Reload the translation file in the same menu It is possible to add a new language that is not yet available in the program After the first header lines one can find two lines used to declare language names The first one contains the English name of the language i e German The second line contains the local name of the language e Deutsch If a particular string is not translated the program will use its English or French translation instead depending on the language preference Th
125. sible to find the direction of the local meridian see previous section and to measure the angle between the wall and the meridian then do not forget to subtract 90 to find the wall declination Method using a protractor and a plumb line First you need to print the Azimuth circle from the Tools menu in Shadows Cut it in two parts along the East West diameter and stick it on a semi circular piece of cardboard This protractor is then placed perfectly horizontal its straight part diameter on the wall to be measured Then install a plumb line so that its shadow will pass through the center of the protractor Write down the angle value given on the protractor by the shadow of the thread and the time the measurement was taken In the Shadows program calculate the azimuth of the Sun for that instant The wall declination D is obtained by subtracting the angle L read on the protractor from the azimuth of the Sun A D A S L page 23 Method of the chord You need to attach two sticks of wood of length I by a hinge so that it makes a kind of compass A third stick is installed perpendicularly to the others vertically On its summit attach the thread of a plumb line This device can be installed on a horizontal table placed against the wall Open the hinge so that one stick stays horizontally against the wall and the other is facing the Sun so that the shadow of the i plumb line is passing through the hinge With
126. spaced every 15 360 24 h Declination lines are always circles This type of sundial is seasonal because when the sun is above the celestial equator it illuminates the upper side of the dial whereas during the rest of the year it illuminates the lower side Around the equinoxes this dial is lit edge on all day long and it is quite impossible to read the hour on it Upper side The style points towards pole Lower side The polar sundial Geometry of the sundial The polar sundial plate is parallel to the pole axis and is facing the intersection point between the celestial equator and the local meridian The inclination of the sundial plate is equal to the latitude Therefore it is the complementary sundial of the equatorial sundial The hour lines of the polar sundial are all parallel and oriented towards the pole The style can be a simple rod placed at point A perpendicularly to the sundial plate or it can be a rectangular style place between the two points B It is the same kind of style as for a vertical direct east or west sundial Limits of illumination The polar sundial non declining is illuminated throughout the year and as long as the sun is over the horizon just as for a horizontal sundial Construction The y axis is oriented along the polar axis towards the pole page 53 Stes PFFF Y ara AII R REL PA A ANE 4 Z Z 7 Polar sundial with analemma curve in order to provide c
127. sssndspadvncuspxsdiewsgadoncuayaienadsaudeanvwasubiensanbencuwevieqansenieneaveeagiwsbanisuecvedbeneetaenneesseriiectversacuabe 23 DUCE olihe Chord eria ccc gant cas E EE E E E AA E A A EE 24 Method of the obligue SNACOW sacescarscdssvancecesvatensSeusanursenscead SausacctacnbancSsenad eines a EE T SNR E aa A NeraN 24 Method of the network of tangents ic sreccasaessassazensecdnuetascansndacdsinustanaenvasaciancedansunve sansanussenganvancussavebeusiauaseuisaueseneaeiaseudsavesenseasnceucsaer beds 24 Method or cwcie DISeCtO Senni a ere ee aro E a a en ne eon A 25 Calculation tool for the determination of the wall declination c cece ccceccececcececcececcecuccecucecucececsecscccecesceceseeceseecesaecesaucusaecesaees 25 Adjust the SIZE OT ENC sundial esnea A O sened ie a eunsas E vaveaserenecd mencieetaeneeasens 26 SIS Ole Leis IN CH PIILEE TA ti ancunau ae iesenaiten 26 ACIUSE THE SCalG OF TS CA WINE sanini Git sctecarctens A E A ds oe aeseena aeeasaae 26 Adiust THE ANCHOR On LIS SLY Oen a AOAN 26 Change the shidpe Of the plate srunsa vacate cesareartua cis E es direndean aia E ed aaa aad a aa aaa 26 Visualizing and animating the styles Shad OW eerren nren E A AT E eianacsesantucdaneuoegeusmanaeanee 27 INGICATIONS CIVER DY EMG SUM Gla e tastes aN 29 CHOOSE INGICATIOINS aarne ladteatsacdaa sau N NNN N N NN N N deste 29 Bereziena a N E AE A E A RA E A et ath ene hee EE A AT E AE I SA gre A A A AT 29 Solar time othe Ume ZONE caron E E E A E A
128. stall Shadows from a CDROM skip this part and insert the disk in the computer 2 Start installation a During the installation choose the language and click on Next page 9 3 b Read the End User License Agreement if acceptable check the box undestand then click on Next Click again on Next unless you need to change the installation folder Select how you want the icons to be created and click on Next Wait until the installation is finished f Finally click on Finish The program is now installed a Under Windows 7 or earlier versions you can access to Shadows from the Start menu gt All programs gt Shadows 4 0 b Under Windows 8 and later access Shadows by typing its name in the Search area or by installing it as a tile in the Windows screen Dap Installation of the Shadows license When a Shadows Expert or Shadows Pro license is ordered it is delivered by E mail in the form of a encrypted text file The license is included on the CDROM when the box version is ordered im SS a Open the license file in Notepad or in another text editor Select all the text with CTRL A Copy it in memory with CTRL C Start Shadows and go to Help gt Information about Shadows license Click on the button paste the license code Your personal information should be displayed in the dialog Your license is now installed and you can access to advanced features Shadows Expert or Shadows Pro Important Please keep a copy
129. stial equator blue by around 23 The A B arc travelled by the apparent Sun is projected in A B When the Sun is close to the vernal point g the A B arc is shorter than the A B arc left above figure This is the case around the equinoxes When the Sun is close to its maximum declination around the solstices right above figure the A B arc is longer than the A B arc page 85 These two phenomena are at the origin of the equation of time They are superimposed and give the familiar double sinusoidal shape of the curve Convention used for the equation of time Two conventions are used for the equation of time mean time solar time the convention in Shadows or solar time mean time the convention in most English books The later reverses the curve but the values are to be used in an opposite manner so that the result is the same This convention may be chosen in the preferences Equation of time The following table explains how to use the value of the equation of time EoT given by the program depending on the convention To get solar time from mean time subtract the EoT add the EoT To get mean time from solar time add the EoT subtract the EoT Default value used in Shadows Note adding a negative number is equivalent to subtracting this number without its sign 12 plus 5 equals 12 minus 5 7 Subtracting a negative number is equivalent to adding this number without its sign 12 minus 5 equals 12 plus5 1
130. sundial With Shadows you can create a sundial of any size by setting the width and height of the plate and the height of the style from m Dimensions On very large sundials it is not advisable to print the drawing to scale as it will likely consume too many pages of paper In this case the use of coordinate tables is preferable During the design phase it is good to see the sundial on screen but above 2 or 3 meters of size you may experience spurious lines on the drawing as coordinates are getting too large for the drawing on screen The solution then is to create a reduced version of the sundial at 1 4 or 1 10 of the full scale All dimensions are then to be divided by this ratio to get back to the real scale For example an horizontal sundial of 10 m x 4 m with a style height of 1 50 m may be modelled on screen at 1 10 by entering 1000 mm x 400 mm for the table dimension and 150 mm for the style height Then multiply all x y coordinates given by Shadows by 10 to build the real sundial Angles can be used directly as they do not change with scale Draw the construction layout The construction layout visualizes the graphical method of a sundial used in the past by sundial makers until electronic calculators became common This layout requires only a ruler a pair of divider calipers compass and a protractor First draw the sub style passing through points A and B Then draw the segment A C perpendicularly with a length equaling the st
131. sundial construction by Peter Drinkwater Warwick UK ISBN 0946643091 1985 The great sundial cutout book by Robert Adzema E D Dutton 1978 ISBN 0801531179 Greeks and Roman sundials by Sharon L Gibbs Yale Univ Press 1976 ISBN 0300018029 Sundials their theory and construction by Albert E Waugh Dover books London 1973 Sundials a simplified approach by means of the equatorial dial by Frank W Cousins Baker Ed ISBN 0212983555 1969 Scratch dials and medieval church sundials by T W Cole self published 1938 The book of old sundials by Lancelot Cross London Foulis 1914 LA f OD A Q ra O A D Q A O Use l ows Pro version 4 0 Fran ois Blateyron page 99 Books about time Tools of Timekeeping A Kid s Guide to the History amp Science of Telling Time by Linda Formichelli amp W Eric Martin Nomad Press ISBN 0972202676 2005 From sundials to atomic clocks understanding time and frequency by Joanes Jespersen amp Jane Fitz Randolph Dover publications 2003 ISBN 0486409139 Time s Pendulum The Quest to Capture Time From Sundials to Atomic Clocks by Jo Ellen Barnett Perseus Books ISBN 0306457873 1998 TIMES PENDULUM Longitude the true story of a lone genius who solved the greatest scientific problem of his time by Dava Sobel Harper Perennial ISBN 0007214227 2005 A great book about an incredible story Books about astronomical calculations
132. t strengthens the style The polar style may be longer than the normal B C length In this case it will be used to read hours but not dates or seasons with declination arcs unless a marker is added on point C Long styles sometimes have a ball fixed on point C in order to cast a shadow on declination arcs On some sundials the style is a simple rod placed perpendicularly to the sundial plate at point A In this case only the very end of the shadow is used for reading hours which is not so convenient It is used sometimes with ancient hours or sidereal hours The polar eyepiece pierced disk Xx A polar style may support an eyepiece pierced disk at its end Alternatively the disk may be supported by additional legs The hole at the center of the disk must be placed exactly at point C to function properly Supporting legs can be attached anywhere on the disk as they are not used for reading time If the disk is attached to the polar style care should be taken so that the polar style is securely attached to avoid bending in the wind page 42 Truncated style C East and west facing sundials as well as polar sundials have their polar style parallel to their table Point B in this case is rejected to infinity In such a case a perpendicular style can be used or a rectangle on one side or both sides If the rectangle is on both sides it will be necessary to mark point C User manual of Shadows Pro version
133. tained by averaging several measurements made at different days Using bisectors You need a vertical plumb line above a horizontal piece of wood or a table Draw a series of concentric circles from a center point above which you install the plumb line You can attach a small ball on the line in order to have a clear shadow of the line on the ground The diameter of circles will depend on the height of the ball page 22 The measurement starts in the morning by marking the ball s shadow each time it crosses a circle Continue through the afternoon until you have two marks for each circle These marks are symmetrical with respect to the meridian Next draw a line joining the two marks of a given circle and mark the midpoint The meridian is found by drawing a line from the center of all circles passing through all midpoints Find the declination of a wall Sud Sauwth The declination of a wall D is the angle between the perpendicular axis of the wall and the local meridian This angle is also found between the wall plane and the East West axis The declination is defined as positive towards West and negative towards East A wall facing South will have a declination of 0 in the southern hemisphere it will be for a wall facing North For a wall greatly declining for example facing North West its declination will be between 90 and 180 A wall facing North is declining by 180 In addition to the methods given below it is also pos
134. ted from the sunrise with constant duration for an hour contrary to the temporary hours Babylonian hours were useful to know the time since the sunrise Those hours were used by the Chaldeans the Egyptians the Persians the Syrians and the Greeks Celestial equator Projection of the Earth s equator on the celestial sphere Circle great circle small circle A great circle is a circle on a sphere whose diameter is the same as the diameter of the sphere Meridians and the equator are great circles of the Earth A small circle is a circle on the sphere whose diameter is smaller than the diameter of the sphere A parallel at a latitude greater than 0 is a small circle Civil time Mean time of the reference meridian shifted if needed by one hour if the daylight saving time is used Civil time is the clock time Colatitude Is the complementary angle of the latitude taken from the pole The co latitude is in degrees equal to 90 latitude Declination Angular distance of a point on the celestial sohere to the equatorial plane with the convention of positive 0 to 90 toward the north negative toward the south Declination arc Trajectory of the shadow s endpoint on the sundial during the day This curve is usually an hyperbola except for the equinox where it is a straight line Declination lines Lines indicating the date using the end of the shadow of the style The lines are generally drawn for every Z
135. the codes that will activate the advanced functions of the program You just need to install the license file in the folder where the program is installed and that s all There is no delivery by regular mail The complete process is done using Internet in order to reduce risks and costs of international shipping Can I obtain Shadows on a CDROM You can get the program and the license on CDROM by ordering Shadows Pro Box version You will receive the installation program you license and a copy of the full web site www shadowspro com ordered my license several days ago but I did not receive anything yet why The license is sent by e mail if you didn t receive it it may be caused by one of the following reasons e your e mail address was perhaps erroneous gt check your payment receipt sent by Paypal e the message was considered as a spam gt check in your spam folder e your mailbox was full and has rejected the message e your e mail address was rejected gt provide another address if possible e the author is sometimes unable to access the Internet during few days Do not hesitate to contact the author to ask again for the license message Can l install Shadows on MacOS or Linux Shadows is developed for the Windows platform However some emulator programs allow Windows programs to run under other operating systems such as MacOS or Linux Several Shadows users are using this solution but no guarantee is provided by the author that
136. tic pole On some maps one can find the magnetic declination of the pole and use it to correct the compass direction The difference between the magnetic and geographic poles can reach 20 to 30 Nowadays the magnetic pole is located 82 North 113 West in the north part of Canada See the following site for more information Some locations have local magnetic disturbances due to mountains for example and it is sometime necessary to check the value of the local magnetic declination on a map The magnetic declination evolves rapidly with time The measurement should be made using a precise compass graduated in half degrees In order not to disturb the reading you must be away from any metallic object such as cars drainpipes walls with metallic structure etc Then the compass reading must be corrected by the magnetic declination Using the Sun s passage to the meridian You will need a vertical plumb line above a horizontal ground or table Using Shadows ephemeris calculate when the Sun will pass the meridian for your location on a given date At that precise instant the shadow cast by the Sun is aligned exactly with the meridian Mark the position of the shadow on the ground Place another mark right below the plumb line The meridian is the line joining these two marks The drawback of this method is that it is only valid at one instant If a cloud blocks the sun at that instant you need to wait another day A better value is often ob
137. umerals for hours Draw hour lines of 30 minutes Draw hour lines of 15 minute Draw hour lines of 5 minutes Draw hour lines every minutes Should be used only on very large sundials Selection of the font and size of text used for hour numerals Draw the analemma curve at noon Options for the analemma curve Draw hide declination arcs Options for declination arcs Style of drawing lines Mark the position of the style with letters A and B Draw X Y axes on the sundial origin Draw the sub style line Useful on declining sundial Draw the solar noon line Draw the noon line for the reference time zone Includes the longitude correction Draw lines only when the Sun illuminates the sundial Extend hour lines to the plate edges Extend all hour lines to the plate edges Draw flatten down style Visualize its size on the sundial Draw the construction layout This layout is the ancient way to draw hour lines page 34 Decorate the sundial A sundial is not just a set of lines It should also be well decorated and perhaps have a philosophical motto The decoration may be part of the drawing around the perimeter or both The first step is the frame that can have a border or not It is quite common to find drawings of animals or plants around the polar style point B or graphical representation of Sun The detailed description of decoration techniques is out of the scope of this manual but the flexibility of the Shadows software allows for
138. ur lines are all parallel to each other and equally spaced They mark the Sun s hour angle Declination lines are parallel circles crossing hour lines perpendicularly When the radius of the cylinder is large and the cylinder height is small it leads to an armillary ring the equatorial band of an armillary sphere This sundial gives the same indications as a planar polar sundial The armillary ring sundial is available in Shadows Expert and Shadows Pro The cylindrical polar sundial without style It is a cylinder cut through its middle and oriented along the Earth rotation axis This sundial does not have any style The shadow is cast by one of its lateral edges In the morning time is read by the shadow cast by the right edge of the cylinder left in the southern hemisphere In the afternoon the shadow is cast by the other edge Hour lines are swept by the shadow twice during the day once by each edge This sundial is available in Shadows Expert and Shadows Pro page 59 The shepherd s dial This sundial is drawn on the external surface of a cylinder held vertically The style is perpendicular to and can be rotated around the cylinder axis When using this dial rotate the style to align it with the date then rotate the whole cylinder to have a vertical shadow the style is then facing the Sun direction The length of the shadow gives the time The shepherd s dial use the Sun s altitude instead o
139. urus 11 472 0 6 111 9 Libraque Arie 0 000 0 0 10 scorpius Pisce 11 472 o 6 111 11 Sagittarius Aq 20 151 0 11 05 12 Capricornus 23 439 0 13 06 Coordinates of hour lines on the equinoctial line A B c E ec This table provides intersection points between hour lines and 1 CO ORDINATES OF HOUR LINES ON THE EQUINOXIAL LINE 2 Angle between equinoxial and solar noon 90 the equinoctial line as drawn on the equinoctial ruler 3 Distance between points O and B 62 01 mm 4 Distances are given in mm from point O on the equinoxial line gt _ aa Te ae Distances are given from point O solar noon line or from point 6 6 30 361 14 361 14 S su b style 7 7 0 181 53 181 53 8 7 30 118 33 118 33 9 8 0 85 22 85 22 10 8 30 64 26 64 26 11 9 0 49 38 49 38 12 9 30 37 92 37 92 Coordinates of special lines A B c neo yE As for hour lines coordinates of points for Babylonian Italic 1 COORDINATES OF THE BABYLONIC HOUR LINES Bay Octo of the tey coordinates point A sidereal unequal and azimuth and altitude lines are given Hour Minutes X1 mm Y1 mm X2 mm Y2 mm 4 1 0 202 18 115 19 166 29 226 29 5 1 30 136 21 60 70 99 12 172 84 6 2 0 102 05 33 99 63 19 147 70 7 2 30 80 66 18 36 39 31 134 26 8 3 0 65 68 8 24 20 92 127 14 9 3 30 54 37 1 26 4 96 124 24 10 4 0 45 35 3 77 10 46 124 85 11 4 30 37 85 7 48 27 02 129 10 12 5 0 31 40 10 29 46 90 138 1
140. ved and have evolved into many types Classical Planispheric astrolabe Universal astrolabe Mariners astrolabe User manual of Shadows Pro version 4 0 Francois Blateyron page 64 Muslim Planispheric astrolabe Quadrant astrolabe Rojas astrolabe All these astrolabes are describes in D Hollander s book see bibliography Current version of Shadows offers the Mariners astrolabe the planispheric astrolabe and the Universal astrolabe The stereographic projection The Stereographic projection which is used in planispheric astrolabes projects a point of a sohere onto the equatorial plane as seen from one of the poles For an astrolabe the center of projection is the south pole for the northern hemisphere and the north pole for the southern hemisphere N The center of projection 1 is the south pole The point P on the celestial sohere 2 with a declination d is projected onto the equator as point P 3 Its distance to the center is measured by x This projection keeps the other coordinate the right ascension a The polar coordinate of point P will be x a The lower the declination the farther the projected point from the center O This is the reason why the projection is limited to the southern tropic The stereographic projection has interesting properties for drawing maps e The projection of any circle of the sphere is also a circle on the projection plane e The projection does not alter angle
141. xtension emf containing the current view as a vector drawing in Enhanced Windows MetaFile format This file format is compatible with most drawing programs and word processors You can then modify any part of the drawing e g the curve representing the equation of time in a third party program Some programs are able to drive engraving machines from a vector drawing or even machine tools page 36 EMF export is available in Shadows Pro Export in DXF CAD software The drawing can be exported in DXF format from AutoCAD Most CAD programs support this format as do programs that can drive machine tools This format contains a series of ASCII codes that describe the sundial drawing It can be loaded and modified in a text editor Only drawings are exported in DXF and some automatic texts but not text and images contained in frames If you want to have the complete drawing use the EMF export The DXF format has many variations and some programs may not load or will interpret differently the DXF file generated by Shadows In case of problem you may contact the author to try to find a solution or add new options to support the variant DXF export is available in Shadows Pro Tables of coordinates Tables of coordinates are generated as tab delimited text files that can be loaded into a text editor or a spreadsheet program e g Excel Tables of coordinates are generated from the Configuration menu gt Tables of coordinates Coordi
142. yle height Next draw a line perpendicular to B C to create point D on the sub style line This point belongs to the equinoctial line From D draw a circle with a radius equal to the length of the segment D C The lower intersection of the circle with the sub style line give point E Then draw another circle centered on E with a radius equal to the length of the segment E D page 40 From E D draw line segments every 15 and extend them until they cross the equinoctial line Then hour lines can be constructed from point B to these intersections If you want to draw hours draw segments every 7 5 15 2 and for hours use angles of 3 75 15 4 etc Build the style In Shadows the style position is marked on the sundial with points A and B Point A corresponds to the perpendicular style also known as the gnomon Point B corresponds to the polar style when it exists When this point is rejected for being too far from point A then the style length is truncated to point B Schematics of the style This drawing is available from the Configuration gt l menu gt Schematics of the style The style is not drawn to scale but as a scaled drawing showing dimensions and angles The style height A C and the style length A B are given as well as the positions of points A and B in the Cartesian coordinate system used on the sundial Length of base of the style 39 76 mm Point C is the end point of t
143. ypes Shadows Pro is made for the most experienced sophisticated and demanding users and professional sundial makers These two latter versions Shadows Expert and Shadows Pro require the purchase of a license see www shadowspro com en order html Please report bugs or problems and send photos of sundials you may have constructed by sending an E mail to info shadowspro com or fblateyron shadowspro com Check out the web site for new versions www shadowspro com Shadows allows for automatic detection of new versions as they become available on the web site if the computer is connected to the Internet If a new version is available a message will inform you to consult the page that describes the new version This function can also be launched manually from Help gt ey Check if a new version is available Installing Shadows ona PC Shadows is developed for Windows and in particular the latest versions Windows 8 1 Windows 8 Windows 7 and Windows Vista Shadows is a 32 bit application that can be used on 32 bit or 64 bit versions of Windows Under some circumstances Shadows can also run under MacOS using Wine Parallel Desktop or VMWare Note that technical support will be provided only for Windows platforms Instructions to install Shadows 1 Download the latest version of Shadows on www shadowspro com the installation file shadows exe is approximately 7 5 MB and can be downloaded in tens of seconds Note if you in

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