KD2 Manual
Contents
1. 8 KD2 User s Guide O peration played along with the sample tempera T finished icon Thermal Conductivity To display the measurement in terms of ther mal conductivity press the right II button until the thermal conductivity is displayed in Wm tC watts per meter degree Celsius IL j wor c d Pes 1 tis o ru an ca O oO KD2 User sG uide O peration Thermal Resistivity To display the measurement in terms of ther mal resistivity press the right II button until the thermal resistivity is displayed in mC W meter degrees C per watt IIE lew DD Tl If the value shown for thermal resistivity is 9 99 this indicates that your sample is out of range for the KD2 to measure Thermal Diffusivity To display the measurement in terms of ther mal diffusivity press the right II button until KD2 User s Guide O peration the thermal diffusivity is displayed in mm s square millimeters per second 1 Lies I I _ mm s Im rie fe Fu C Turning it off The KD2 will shut off automatically after 5 minutes of inactivity To turn it back on press the left I button once How the KD2 takes measurements The KD2 s sensor needle contains both a heating element and a thermistor The con troller module contains a battery a 16 bit microcontroller AD converter and power control circ2. 2 temperature equilibrium 6 theory 16 assumptions 21 thermal conductivity calculation 18 25 KD2 User s Guide Index thermal diffusivity calculation 18 units 11 thermal resistivity computed 12 units 10 U units thermal diffusivity 11 thermal resistivity 10 W warranty 3 26
3. KD2 is designed to be a simple easy to use instrument that will allow you to make quick and accurate thermal properties mea surements Following are some instructions on how the instrument functions Turning iton To tum on the KD2 press the left button D once The LCD display will appear showing the previous measurement taken nn Ze i 37 Pes ro Lu E3 O ol KD2 User s Guide O peration Taking Measurements The KD2 measures thermal conductivity resistivity and diffusivity at the same time from one measurement but can only display one reading at a time after the measurement is made The right II button is used to tog gle through the calculated readings after the measurement has been made To begin a measurement press the left I button to turn on the instrument The instrument will be in the same measurement mode as it was when it was last used thermal conductivity thermal diffusivity or thermal resistivity mode and will display the last reading taken NOTE It is important to wait for about 5 minutes between readings if the probe is left in the same location If multiple mea surements of a sample are made too rapidly in succession the sample s temperature will not have had enough time to equilibrate from the previous reading and the resulting mea surement will be inaccurate For best results the sample should be as close to equilibrium as possible An ideal environment for
4. a medium the rise in temperature from an initial temperature To at some distance r from the probe is KD2 User s Guide Theory 3 T T lki Anh Axt 2 where q is the heat a per unit length per unit time W m A is the thermal con ductivity of the medium W mc and Ei is the exponential integral function EL a potoi la 3 with a r2 4xt and y is Euler s constant 0 5772 When t is large the higher order terms can be ignored so combining Eqs 2 and 3 yields 2 qd r T T in t y In 9 o 4 3 4 It is apparent from the relationship between thermal conductivity and AT T T shown in 17 KD2 User s Guide Theory Eq 4 that AT and In t are linearly related with a slope m q 4rAy Linearly regress ing AT on In t yields a slope that after rear ranging gives the thermal conductivity as cal am 5 where q is known from the power supplied to the heater The diffusivity can also be obtained from Eq 4 The intersection of the regression line with the t axis AT 0 gives In t r up 6 From the calculated t from the intercept of AT vs In t and finite r Eq 6 gives the dif fusivity Because the higher order terms of Eq 3 have been neglected Eq 4 is not exact However if the slope and intercept are com puted only for AT and In t values where t is KD2 User s Guide Theory
5. large enough to ignore the higher order terms Eq 5 and 6 give correct values for A and To verify these relationships realis tic values of A and x were supplied to Eq 2 varying both a and volumetric heat capacity pcp and the resulting slope and intercept tabulated for t ranging from 1 to 30 s Plots of slope vs theoretical A and In intercept vs In theoretical x show an exact linear relationship Fig 1 and 2 respec tively with low cross covariance zu n mi i Thermal Gorduciaity W m Figure 1 calculated A vs theoretical A 19 KD2 User s G uide Theory TE had Fic em Figure 2 calculated vs theoretical The experimental analysis differs from the theoretical shown in Eq 2 in that the heater and sensor have their own conductivity and diffusivity which in general differ from those of the medium being measured We have shown experimentally that the relation ships in Eq 5 and 6 still allow calculations of A and x but empirical factors must be introduced to correct for heater thermal prop erties 20 KD2 User s Guide Theory Assumptions The thermal conductivity measurement assumes several things the long heat source can be treated as a infinitely long heat source the medium is both homo geneous and isotropic and a uniform initial temperature Tp Although these assumptions are not true in the strict sense they are ade quate for accurate
6. thermal properties mea surements 21 KD2 User s G uide DeclarationofC onformity Declaration of Conformity Application of Council Directive 89 336 EEC Standards to which EN55022 1987 conformity is declared EN500082 1 1992 Manufacturers Name Decagon Devices Inc 950 NE Nelson Court Pullman WA 99163 USA Type of Equipment Thermal Properties Meter Model Number KD2 Year of First Manufacture 2001 This is to certify that the KD2 Thermal Prop erties Meter manufactured by Decagon Devices Inc acorporation based in Pullman WA USA meets or exceeds the standards for CE compliance as per the Council Directives noted above All instruments are built at the factory at Decagon and pertinent testing doc umentation is freely available for verification 22 KD2 User s Guide Index Index A accuracy 2 B battery replacing 13 type 13 C CE compliance 22 cleaning 13 contact information 2 D D diffusivity 16 E email 2 23 KD2 User s Guide Index F fax number 2 K K thermal conductivity 16 KD2 overview 1 specifications 2 L low battery indicator 13 M maintenance 13 measurement method 11 measurement range 2 O off turning off 11 on turning on 5 operation 24 KD2 User s Guide Index ons P probe maintenance 15 specifications 2 R R thermal resistivity 16 range 2 S seller s liability 3 specifications 2 T telephone number
7. KD2 Thermal Properties Analyzer Users Manual version 10 Decagon Devices Inc A UMS measure to know UMS GmbH Gmunderstr 37 D 81379 M nchen Tel 49 0 89 12 66 52 0 Fax 49 0 89 12 66 52 20 ums ums muc de www ums muc de 2001 Decagon Devices Inc All rights reserved Decagon Devices Inc 950 NE Nelson Court P O Box 835 Pullman WA 99163 KD2 User s Guide Table of C ontents Contents lL Introduction anaana aaa 1 About the KD2 ns 1 KD2 Specifications ren 2 Contact Information 2 W arranty Information 3 SOUS SAG DIY au 3 2 Operation asien 5 Turning Kon en eek ee aici ese 5 Taking Measurements 6 How the KD2 takes measurements 11 3 Care and Maintenance B Cleaning ne een B Battery Replacement B Caring forthe Probe 5 A TREOTY aveces net Sue an EA 16 Declaration of Conformity 22 i KD2 User s Guide Table of C ontents KD2 User s Guide Intro duction 1 Introduction Welcome to your new KD2 Thermal Proper ties Analyzer This guide is designed to help you understand and use your instrument to the best of its capability About the KD2 The KD2 is a compact portable meter used to measure thermal properties It consists of a hand held readout and a single needle sensor that can be inserted into the medium you wish to measure A reading is initiated by pressing the left button on the r
8. eadout The controller waits for 90 seconds to ensure tem perature stability then heats the probe for 30 seconds At the end of the reading the con troller computes the thermal properties based on the measurements made during the heat ing period of the probe This data is used to calculate thermal conductivity thermal resis tivity and thermal diffusivity Further details about the measurements and how they re KD2 User s Guide Intro duction made are given in chapters 2 and 3 of this guide KD2 Specifications Measurement Speed 2 minutes Accuracy 5 Thermal Conductivity Resistivity e 10 Thermal Diffusivity Power 3 0V CR2 type lithium ion battery Weight 148g 5 oz Operating Environment 5 to 40 C Range of Measurement K thermal conductivity 0 1 2 Wm c D thermal diffusivity 0 1 1 0 mm2s R thermal resistivity 0 5 10mC W Sensor Needle length 60mm e Needle diameter 0 9mm Cable length 72cm Contact Information If you need to contact Decagon for customer support or any other questions you can reach us by any of the following Email us at kd2 decagon com KD2 User s Guide Introduction Send usa fax at 509 332 5158 Call us at 1 800 755 2751 US and Can ada only or 509 332 2756 Warranty Information The KD2 has a 30 day satisfaction guarantee and a one year warranty Seller s Liability Seller warrants new equipment of its own
9. equili bration can be accomplished by placing the KD2 User s Guide O peration KD2 probe and sample in an isothermal chamber or styrofoam box How to Startthe Measurement Once the instrument is on do the following 1 Carefully insert the probe into your medium 2 Press the left button to begin the mea surement process The instrument will first equilibrate for 90 seconds During thistime you will be ableto see that it is equilibrating by the blinking hourglass icon below the value The temperature measured by the probe will be displayed in the lower right corner of the screen fn hk LILI a amp ming uC he N hourglass icon temperature KD2 User s Guide O peration 3 Note Make sure to watch the tempera ture during the equilibration stage to make sure it doesn t drastically fluctuate or rapidly change If the temperature is still rapidly changing pull the probe out of the sample and wait until the sample temperature is stable before measuring again After equilibrating it begins its 30 second heating and measurement cycle During this stage of measurement you will see a blinking thermometer icon appear and the temperature reading will increase Wm C 7rd E Da EN Ba E R 0 thermometer icon 4 When the reading is finished the check ered finish line flag will blink on the screen and a final reading will be dis
10. lower right comer of the LCD screen when the heater comes on an occasional low 13 KD2 User s Guide Care and M aintenance battery indication does not necessarily mean the battery needs replacing TM Im Li If this screen appears continually do the fol lowing to replace the battery 1 Unscrew the small screw on the back of the KD2 case 2 Lift the back shell off to reveal the bat tery batte y location KD2 User s Guide Care and M aintenance 3 Remove the battery and replace it with the new one making sure to orient the battery the same way you removed it Caring for the Probe The KD2 sensor contains a heater and ther mistor that are essential for the function of the instrument Care should be taken to prevent bending the probe The probe itself is stain less steel so it may be cleaned with a wet cloth or sponge if it becomes dirty 15 KD2 User s Guide Theory 4 Theory KD2 calculates its values for thermal conduc tivity K resistivity R and diffusivity D by monitoring the dissipation of heat from a line heat source given a known voltage The equation for radial heat conduction in a homogeneous isotropic medium is given by oT oT GT K r ot or or 1 where T is temperature C t is time s is thermal diffusivity m s and r is radial dis tance m When a long electrically heated probe is introduced into
11. manufacture against defective workmanship and materials for a period of one year from date of receipt of equipment the results of ordinary wear and tear neglect misuse acci dent and excessive deterioration due to corro sion from any cause are not to be considered a defect but Seller s liability for defective parts shall in no event exceed the furnishing of replacement parts F O B the factory where originally manufactured Material and equip ment covered hereby which is not manufac tured by Seller shall be covered only by the warranty of its manufacturer Seller shall not be liable to Buyer for loss damage or injuries to persons including death or to property or things of whatsoever kind including but KD2 User s Guide Intro duction not without limitation loss of anticipated profits occasioned by or arising out of the installation operation use misuse nonuse repair or replacement of said material and equipment or out of the use of any method or process for which the same may be employed The use of this equipment consti tutes Buyer s acceptance of the terms set forth in this warranty There are no understandings representations or warranties of any kind express implied statutory or otherwise including but without limitation the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness fora particular purpose not expressly set forth herein KD2 User s Guide O peration 2 Operation The
12. uitry When you begin a measurement the micro controller waits for 90 seconds for tempera ture stability then applies a known amount of current for 30 seconds to a heater in the 11 KD2 User s G uide O peration probe that has an accurately known resis tance The microprocessor calculates the amount of power supplied to the heater The probe s thermistor measures the changing temperature for 30 seconds while the micro processor stores the data At the end of the reading the controller computes the thermal conductivity and diffusivity using the change in temperature AT vs time data Thermal resistivity is computed as the reciprocal of thermal conductivity KD2 User s Guide Care and M aintenance 3 Care and Maintenance Your KD2 should require a minimum amount of maintenance Following are instructions for cleaning and battery replacement as well as considerations for the KD2 probe Cleaning The KD2 s controller is stainless steel If it needs cleaning do so with a damp cloth Do not immerse it in water Clean the LCD readout with a soft damp cloth moistened with water or a glass cleanser Do not use tis sue or other wood based fibers as they can scratch the plastic LCD screen Battery Replacement The KD2 uses a 3 0V CR 2 type Lithium ion battery It typically should last for about 1000 measurements If the battery charge is getting low a low battery indicator icon will appear in the
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