FIELD APPLICATIONS OF SAFETY MANAGEMENT IN SMALL
Contents
1. After use the ladder must be placed lengthwise to the ground It should never be used when set in a horizontal position as a work floor For work need to be done over 6 meters height the user should wear a safety belt According to legislation it is forbidden to use a metallic ladder for activities which are close to electric power e Scaffolding There are some jobs that cannot be accomplished by the help of a portable ladder For this purpose scaffolding is applied which provides greater certainty compared to ladders Regarding this as an issue the types accompanied with the technical specifications and the basic principles concerning safety will be mentioned below 10 1 Types of scaffolding They are distinguished into a Stationary scaffolding These can be either wooden or metallic and are used for inside activities at a height above 3 50 meters and outside activities at a height over 4 00 meters Particularly wooden scaffolding is installed up to 10 meters high b Movable scaffolding trestles They can also be wooden or metallic and are used for either inside or outside works at a height below 3 50 meters It is though dangerous and prohibited by law to use trestles at balconies c Movable metallic scaffolding towers Whenever doing inside works at heights up to 12 00 meters or outside works at points until 5 00 meters high then towers are recommended as long as the technical specifications a2. KINGSTON USNZESE EMR Sit FIELD APPLICATIONS OF SAFETY MANAGEMENT IN SMALL CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS Dissertation submitted as part requirement for the Degree of Master of Management in Construction By CHARIKLEIA ZISI SUPERVISOR ANGELOS DAVARIS TEI PIRAEUS KINGSTON UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING SEPTEMBER 2007 CONTENTS 1 Introduction 1 1 Aim 1 2 Objective 2 Problem description 2 1 Sources Material 2 2 Methodology 2 3 Statistical analysis 3 Situation analysis 3 1 Estimates of the analysis 3 2 Results Risk assessment 4 Conclusions 5 Acknowledgements 6 References 7 Appendix 7 1 Certification from T E I ITEIPAIA 7 2 Mrs Siba s authoritization 7 3 Mrs Siba s sample questionnaire translated in English 7 4 Map extracts 7 5 Twelve completed questionnaires Page 2 Page 2 Page 2 Page 3 Page 3 Page 3 Page 4 Page 27 Page 27 Page 35 Page 41 Page 46 Page 46 Page 48 1 Introduction It is statistically proved that one out of three working people who lose their life during work belongs in the construction area This specific field is undoubtedly the most dangerous for the work force due to particularity intense activity fluctuations seasonal character work in difficult conditions etc Moreover the probability of an industrial accident in technical works is double compared with the average of all other fields The mo
3. below otherwise they may be of great danger a Before use they should be fastened from a point higher of the work s position b In cases where the work demands the laborer s movement there must be the appropriate infrastructure and attachments to ensure this potential c The safety belt should not allow the worker s free fall over one meter d A safety belt should not only cover the waist but other parts of the body as well like the back etc in order to prevent serious damage to the waist during a free fall e If a worker uses a safety belt it is wise enough to have another person nearby to provide help in need e Safe portable ladders Quite often it is necessary to do construction work repairs inspections etc in high points where there are no steady labor spots In such cases and to work safely one has to take in mind the quality of the ladder the correct placing and its proper use a Good quality Specifically wooden ladders must be manufactured from healthy wood without knots and splitings because they are most of the times the reason for breaking down Furthermore neither stucco nor paint should be placed on the wooden ladder so its condition can be optically checked The steps ought to be fitted in the poles and not nailed whereas the distance between two steps should be less than 0 30m In addition ladders which are ruined with broken steps must not be used and never join two ladders binding them togeth
4. NOTES DEMOLITIONS YES NO Removement of fences door and window frames 92 11 1 8 _Protective Equipment helmets full body safety belts glasses CE 50 6 6 50 Protection of openings from falling 92 11 1 8 Licensee handlers of work machines and equipment where required 67 8 4 33 Protective boardings 58 a 5 42 _Particular study if it concerns a project with reinforced concrete 42 5 7 58 Implementation of the project s plan if there are materials that contain amiantus 50 6 6 50 where there are scaffolding fill in the section scaffolding of the present checklist NOTES EXCAVATIONS PROPPING UP YES NO Propping up slopes 83 10 2 17 Fencing of excavation edges 83 10 2 17 _Materials far away from excavation edges 58 7 5 42 Protection from falling of passages bridging with safety fences 33 4 8 67 handrail and middle gap Safe portable ladders 83 10 2 17 Use of Personal Protective Equipment helmets etc CE 42 5 7 58 NOTES 28 BUILDING FRAMEWORK electromechanical works plasters paintings YES NO marbles etc Protection from the ends of concrete slabs and formworks 50 6 6 50 Protective porch at the height of the ground s floor roof 25 3 9 75 _ Sloping impervious boarding umbrella according to builders for worke
5. a closed or very limited space tanks manholes well ventilation and air renewal is on demand In addition another person has to be outside of this specific area to follow the work The handler is obliged to use personal protective equipment like a suitable overall leather shoes leather apron leggings gloves made from leather or other appropriate material mask with glasses and a cap for head protection To absorb the fumes and gases a general and local system has to be placed close to the point of electric soldering and beneath the worker s face 2 Welding A welding device consists of cylinders elastic tubes non return safety valves and a blowlamp The most important risks a user faces are mentioned below If cylinders are strongly hit or overheated then a serious accident can happen In cases where the cylinders are exposed to the sun or placed close to a fireplace then an explosion might occur Never should the organs that might come in contact with the oxygen be greased because of great danger To avoid any accidents the following safety measures are in order Whenever welding is taking place in a closed or limited space artificial airing provided by papier air should be ensured Around the points from welding works screens have to be placed for the workers protection against radiations 17 The transmission of the cylinders should not be done by the use of cranes that pick the loads with a ma
6. all the above is that the deviation or error from the population s mean 0 63 is added to the mean of every question Thus in TABLE 1 shown below all questions from the questionnaire have been classified in declining order according to their non implementation percentage Conclusions extracted from the statistical analysis Analyzing the facts it is obvious that percentages between 70 amp 90 are essential nonconformities while those between 40 amp 70 are less significant In the first case with the high percentage it means that people involved in the construction site are unaware of the legal standards applied or are intentionally taking the risk themselves by not complying with the rules For instance fire extinguishers Calendar of Safety Measures and Safety Marking is in most circumstances the omission In the 31 PROJECTS GROUP DESCRIPTION PERCENTAGE OF NON IMPLEMENTATION 4 BUILDING FRAMEWORK e Use of full body safety belts or et cetera protective arrangements from falling attics scaffolding etc 100 63 1 WORKSITE S PREPARATION _ Calendar of safety measures In advance notification 92163 6 SCAFFOLDING _Certification of completeness and steadiness from the Supervisor Engineer and the Constructor 92 63 6 SCAFFOLDING _Certification on testing from Y B E T type and for imported scaffolding from a recognized conveyor from the official authorities of the country of origin 92 63 Study on each scaffo
7. avoid risk of fatal electrocution Every electrical tool must be grounded except only if they are totally insulated or double insulated and grounding is not necessary Grounding needs to be incorporated in metallic coverings and as security against damaged cables where wires enter the tool All electrical tools have to be inspected and preserved regularly by a qualified electrician who keeps detailed records Risks that might occur during the handling of electrical tools are Whenever they are used without safety systems their movable parts accessories cutting disks grinding drills etc can cause an accident to the handler and to others working close there In cases where the tools are used with different parts from those that the manufacturer has planned then those parts may break down and injure the handler 15 During the working process the throwing parts of the material elaborated such as dust filings might harm the user s health and particularly the eyes e Metal Soldering Welding 1 Electric soldering During works that demand electric soldering certain risks are involved due to produced gases radiation emission and electrocution Electric soldering gases The exhalation and fumes such as oxides of various metals or other chemical analysis created by electric soldering even in small quantities may be extremely dangerous for the user and others in the surrounding area Moreover in
8. each part of the body and for each risk there are certain means of protection available The most common are mentioned below 1 Protective equipment for head Protective helmets appropriate for use in worksites made out of durable materials against percussion They cover the head from object s downfalls and striking onto things Apart from helmets there are also light protective means for the head such as caps manufactured by more flexible materials 2 Protective equipment for hearing This kind of equipment involves small bullets put on the ears to protect them from high noises Their synthesis is usually cotton or some sort of plastic material that can be adjusted to the ear size of the user The only disadvantage is that if the user s hands are not clean during the placing germs might be transferred in the ear s interior 2 Protective equipment for the eyes and the face To protect the eyes from hurling objects or materials such as metal filings dust caustic liquids etc there are many types of glasses in the market with arms masks even protective glasses from radiation X laser ultraviolet infra red 4 Protective equipment for respiratory channels They protect human organism from breathing chemical or biological factors by the use of various mask types which prevent the entrance of dust and gases 5 Protective equipment for hands and arms For this occasion there are gloves in order to protect hands from
9. informative materials All the officials ought to collaborate with the Institute and follow any educational programs held so that they are informed with the latest developments A number of principles guiding prevention strategies that need to be followed in order to achieve safety in the workplace are listed below 44 Through education workers and supervisors should be aware of danger and potential hazards Workers must be motivated to function safely by behaviour modification and training procedures The personal working environment should be safe through the use of administrative operational techniques or by the use of personal protective equipment Equipment machinery and objects must function safely and be designed according to human capabilities Provisions ought to be made for appropriate emergency actions in case of an accident or injuries Safety information such as written procedures checklists instructions must be distributed to the workers during routine task performance Warning signs at appropriate locations can play a significant role to accident prevention For example DANGER indicates the highest level of hazard WARNING represents an intermediate hazard and CAUTION the lowest level of hazard Safety markings refer to methods of non verbally identifying or highlighting potentially hazardous elements of the environment Inexperienced workers are more vulnerable towards acciden
10. to human and economic cost Only then one can take all necessary measures needed to avoid or eliminate it The nature of some activities is dangerous nonetheless they have to be done by someone For this reason facing occupational risk with drastic measures in it s source is better than dealing with it during it s progress As a last choice personal protective equipment is used whenever all the above is exhausted In some situations it is wise to replace the hazardous equipment materials procedures etc with something else less dangerous or harmless Generally it is common sense that prevention is better than cure Risk management The procedure of identifying selecting and implementing appropriate actions to control the risk is called risk management In order to analyze the term Risk many definitions have been given but they all imply something that is both uncertain and undesired In cases where either one of the previous characteristics are absent then there is no risk The possibility of an adverse outcome combined with an occurrence which is unknown is present for every activity in the construction site especially when machinery is involved Thus when there is the chance but not the certainty something obviously may go wrong with unwanted consequences A model which examines risk in practice is risk analysis and it consists of three stages e Hazard identification identifying risk agents and the conditions
11. 14 0 50 Wooden scaffolding at height 10m and Climbing ladder to the work ground have equal probability of conformity or nonconformity to regulations which denotes fair chance of being implemented 4 Conclusions Recommendations upon measures and decisions that ought to be taken 42 The cost of occupational accidents has undoubtedly repercussions on both the national economy and each individual member of the population This stems from the fact that the necessary financial resources are drawn from the economically active part of the population such as workers employers and other taxpayers To this end safety management follows a systematic model in order to place an activity into two categories safe or unsafe Workers behavior and conditions in the workplace are the most important observations through which the results can be obtained Whenever tools machines and systems can be misused or go wrong then the possibility of an accident to occur is substantial This aspect is supported by Murphy s Law which asserts whatever can go wrong will go wrong According to domino theory 88 of all accidents are caused by unsafe acts of people 10 by unsafe actions and 2 by acts of God A politic for the improvement of safety measures applied in small construction projects has to be based upon a tripartite collaboration of the employers the work people and the State The crisis due to the existing s
12. EWORK Prohibition of trestle use at balconies Their use can only be acceptable with T protective arrangements from falling at one metre and between the balcony s floor and the one metre and between above the trestle s work floor SCAFFOLDING _ Wooden scaffolding at height 10m 75 63 SCAFFOLDING e climbing ladder to the workground 75 63 SCAFFOLDING e protection of the workground from falling 75 63 40 PROJECTS GROUP DESCRIPTION PERCENTAGE OF NON IMPLEMENTATION R BUILDING FRAMEWORK e Use of full body safety belts or et cetera protective arrangements from falling attics scaffolding etc 100 63 F 1 100 63 1 100 63 ee C ds WW a NNNM T RTT K the Constructor 92 63 F3 92 63 0 90 83 37 SCAFFOLDING Certification on testing from Y B E T type and for imported scaffolding from a recognized conveyor from the official authorities of the country of origin 92 63 F4 92 63 0 90 83 37 sp tuwcvamorvolssindnaisdminit o2 GaaS o2 aroo I0 S exclusively supports workers and direct used materials 92 63 F5 92 63 0 80 74 10 S E S S M BUILDING FRAMEWORK Prohibition of trestle use at balconies Their use can only be acceptable with E protective arrangements from falling at one metre and between the balcony s floor N and the one metre and between above the trestle s work floor 115 63 F12 75 63 0 70 52 94 T WORKSITES PREPARATION 83 63 F6 83 63 0 60 50 18 IBUILDING FRAMEWORK _Licensee electrosolderers oxygen welder
13. Goulden C H Methods of Statistical Analysis 2 edition Accessed via http www amazon com exec obidos ASIN B0007H715Q ref nosim weisstein 20 Access date 9 6 2006 19 MathWorld Wolfram Student s t Distribution Accessed via lt http mathworld wolfram com Studentst Distribution html gt Access date 9 6 2006 20 McGraw Hill Theory and Problems of Probability and Statistics Accessed via lt http www amazon com gp explorer 00706028 1 6 2 ref pd lpo ase 002 3830892 3976855 gt Access date 5 7 2006 48 21 Shaw T William New Methods for Managing Student s t Distribution Accessed via lt http www mth kcl ac uk shaww web_page papers Tdistribution06 pdf gt Access date 5 7 2006 7 Appendix 49
14. air particle ejection that are burning radiation Portable fire extinguishers are distinguished into carbon dioxide CO2 dried dust water foam and are manufactured to deal with small size fires Fire extinction must be enforced from the outset and in circumstances where one is absolutely sure that he can manage to do so by himself then he has to use the suitable means First of all the correct fire extinguisher must be chosen and the next step 1s to replace the safety valve and put it in function Every worksite needs to be equipped by the necessary fire extinguishing means according to the machinery and the materials being present In addition the appropriate safety marking shown below always presented in red color accompanying the fire equipment is of great importance too 19 In a construction site safety marking is obligatory so that workers are informed and warned of a potential hazard Moreover safety marking is divided into permanent and occasional marking In the first occasion there are many categories of signs each one of which is characterized by a specific color and geometrical pattern The most frequently used are listed below a Prohibition signs rounded with red exterior and black interior colors Smoking is prohibited The use of a bare flame and smoking is forbidden No road for pedestrians Extinguishing with water is prohibited Not drinkable water Entrance is prohibited to non au
15. ayout at the 4 BUILDING FRAMEWORK scaffolding s edges 58 63 Pp Protection from the ends of concrete slabs and formworks 503 6 SCAFFOLDING _Scaffolding Safe Securing pole at bottom screws and hard horizontal ground and well rammed down earth 42 63 4 BUILDING FRAMEWORK _Protection from stairwell s openings landings lanterns openings between the parts of a ladder 33 63 BUILDING FRAMEWORK Use of Personal Protective Equipment helmets full body safety belts suitable boots etc CE 33 63 4 BUILDING FRAMEWORK 34 PROJECTS GROUP DESCRIPTION PERCENTAGE OF NON IMPLEMENTATION 35 questions means that they are conscious of the danger existing in the worksite and are determined to take all necessary measures 3 2 Results Risk assessment Evaluation of occupational risk The concept of risk is defined as the imminent bad or the unpredicted outcome of an incident Specifically though for occupational risk it is the danger that working people are putting themselves into with unpleasant consequences for their health since they are exposed to harmful factors in the working environment Furthermore it is related with the probability or frequency of exposure to the source of danger which is considered as the attribute or the ability that might be formed in an element or perhaps cause damage If occupational risk is not identified at first and dealt directly then a working accident
16. cases where soldering is being done in surfaces which are coated with alloy leaden fluorine or zinc the fumes that emerge can harm the individual s health Radiations According to the electric intensity there are three types of radiation at electric soldering a Ultraviolet radiation which is usually invisible and affects the skin s cells therefore very dangerous Workers may be also affected indirectly when this kind of radiation reflects in activities where there are not any absorptive surfaces b Infra red radiation which is also invisible and affects mostly the eyes or in some cases where it causes burns without being seen immediately c Lighting radiation which is something that can be seen and might cause blurring in the eyes Electrocution 16 A source of danger generated by electric soldering works is the circuit s entry outlet as well as the metallic parts of the device with everything else that accompany it General protective measures that ought to be taken in order to eliminate risk are Electric soldering works must be done only by licensee handlers which are entitled with the appropriate license issued from the Ministry of Industry after previous service as an assistant and examinations Inflammable materials should not be anywhere near the working area A fire extinguisher has to be ready for directly use in case of a fire Depending on whether electric soldering works need to be done in
17. cutting chemical factors heat as well as specific electrical activities All gloves do not provide the same protection therefore depending on the activity the worker must choose the appropriate ones After use they need to be washed thoroughly and dried with cotton not upon radiators because heat increases pervasion so they can be ready for next time 6 Protective equipment for feet and legs This means of protection is obviously very old since it is well known that ancient Greeks used leggings for their protection Depending on the type and nature of work there are many kind of shoes used by the workers which are described in the following Pumps bootees safety boots Shoes with additional protection at the end of the foot supported with metal covering Special shoes with rapid release of the laces Particular shoes with electric insulation Specific shoes durable at heat protective from cold shocks electrostatic loads 7 Protective equipment from falling e Full body safety belts The most important means of protection against falling is the use of full body safety belts They are used only in the following situations When the labor cannot be done in any other safety way Whenever there is an emergency While used as an additional measure provided that general protective measures have been taken For security reasons safety belts ought to be used according to certain rules listed
18. dvance Walls ought to be demolished floor by floor starting from top to bottom whereas in floor demolitions workers must be standing and moving upon boards or corridors e Excavations There are various types of excavations such as wells earthworks underground activities or tunnels The general rules regarding excavations have to be notified in 24 advance to all those involved in the labor To mention but a few the safety measures existing according to national legislation are listed below It is of high priority to examine beforehand whether electricity water gas and telephone networks go through the construction site which is due to excavating in order to seclude or remove them The whole procedure of excavating must be planned and organized in such a way including the supporting works The terrain needs to be verified for its steadiness as well as the adjacent buildings other structures roads not to be affected by the excavations All tasks developed by laborers should be supervised from the person in charge who is responsible of giving explicit instructions to them It is forbidden to place or transfer loads installations or equipment nearby the excavation s tips where there is the possibility of a breakdown On an occasion of underground excavations the methods applied ought to be in compliance with the risk involved therefore rescue and evacuation techniques are in order in case of a fire flood a
19. e pytog Yyeia Aoo Aeziu xat XovOrkeg Epyao ag otv EAA 60 E amp gAi amp Setg kar Ipoorztik o 2000 47 10 Tapyovt i ns A Baytoxac N Teyvik Epya Bacoi K v uvot amp M tpa IIp Anwyno EL IN LA E A01va 2004 11 Ynovpys o Epyao ac ka Kotwovtk v AoqooA ogov Nopo0go a yia tv vyw kat AOOAAELA tov epyaGou vov o otko opiK g epyao ec Kat tEXVIK pya 3 Ex6oon A0rlva 2001 12 Dzouropanos Spyridon Thesis Title Development of Safety Management System in Construction Projects in Greece based on Modern Requirement of European Union September 2004 13 International Labour Office A training manual Safety Health and Welfare on construction sites Geneva 1995 14 Jeanne Mager Stellman Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety International Labour Office Geneva Fourth Edition Volume II 1998 15 Vincent T Covello Milley W Merkhofer 1993 Risk Assessment Methods Approaches for assessing Health and Environmental Risks 16 FACTS Journal Evpona k s Opyaviou g yw tnv AogdAsia kar tnv Y yeto otnv Epyao o lt http agency osha eu int gt 9 6 2006 17 Fisher R A Statistical Methods for Research Workers 10 edition Accessed via http www amazon com exec obidos search handle url index books amp field author exact Ronald 20Aylmer 20Fisher gt Access date 9 6 2006 18
20. e Presidential Decree 305 96 which is adjusted to the directive 92 57 of the European Union the constructor of the project s Client is responsible for the syntax of the aforementioned system attributed into a file H S P Health and Safety Plan It defines the precautions and restrictions towards risks incurred during the construction stage at workers and all others who are involved in the project The design of the above system is mandatory whenever A Coordinator is necessary at the study phase that is in the case where more than one workshops are occupied in the construction Activities with particular hazards are foreseen to arise The data consisting H S P are going through persistent revision and enrichment during the progress of the technical work based on the historical study Changes are formed depending on weather conditions new geological situations that arise or even new architectural static electromechanical experience developed Its value and usefulness ends after the completion of the project H S F Health and Safety File It aims to prevent and eliminate risks for those who are potentially employed in the future with the preservation or the project s repairs The folder includes a The project s record plans and technical description b Data accompanied with instructions relevant to health and safety issues for subsequent works during the whole project s life cycle preservation conversion cl
21. e lifting machine s damages and parts extracted due to overloading or other causes The contact of a lifting machine with electric networks b Safety measures Lifting machines according to their power or the energy pattern with which they function are classified into categories and ought to be operated only by licensee handlers Apart from this prerequisite there are a number of precautions to have in mind during the use of lifting machines They must be installed and checked regularly by well trained people 13 They have to be well supported to the ground with counterweights flanges ropes etc even if they are not functioning The mechanical equipment should be disconnected from power at the end of the day An indication of the maximum weight and technical principles are in order In case they are destined for lifting people this should be predetermined They should be used only under suitable weather conditions and examined after intense bad weather During repairs lifting machines must be in complete halt and engines out of function Loads should neither be ascended and descended with great speed or rapid motions nor under angle They are not manufactured for overloading It is forbidden to use ruined wire ropes and unsuitable hooks or to transfer loads that are loose tied In no circumstances should people be present underneath loads that are lifted or transferred They are prohibited to ope
22. earing etc To complete the H S File it has to be updated by the Coordinator of execution comprising with the project s real elements as it was constructed Finally it ends up to the Client s possession and every owner of a private project owes to have a copy of it Last but not least both H S P and H S F are obligatory for the construction permit and are kept with the responsibility of the General Constructor 2 3 Statistical analysis Taking into consideration the two basic sources Mr Dzouropanos and Mrs Siba for this thesis research the latter would be preferred for a number of reasons In the first case Mr Dzouropanos the manual is addressed to young engineers who are working for the first time in construction activities The chapters that follow illustrate a detailed reference to every kind of activity carried out in a building site It is obvious that so many questions to be answered would demand considerable time on behalf of the person giving this sort of information In some circumstances they are not all needed since the type of work is irrelevant to them Particularly for small construction projects which are the subject of this dissertation a minor statistical sample is more than enough to reach to satisfactory conclusions Based upon Mrs Siba s indicative checklist one can gain time and accomplish an integrated picture of the extent that health and safety issues are followed Mrs Siba s sample translated
23. ective arrangements from falling and The use of helmet are unlikely to be feasible since it is Greek mentality that deters the workers from following the rules 2 F3 F4 F9 0 90 Certification of completeness and steadiness from the Supervisor Engineer and the Constructor e Certification on testing from Y B E T type and for imported scaffolding from a recognized conveyor from the official authorities of the country of origin and Protective porch at the height of the ground s floor roof are possible not to be implemented due to unawareness of the existence of such requirements in the first two cases while in the third case the protective porch might be considered as a supplementary not having anything to provide 3 F2 F5 F8 F15 0 80 39 PROJECT S GROUP DESCRIPTION PERCENTAGE OF NON IMPLEMENTATION R BUILDING FRAMEWORK e Use of full body safety belts or et cetera protective arrangements from falling attics scaffolding etc 100 63 S WORKSITE S PREPARATION Calendar of safety measures In advance notification 92 63 aa wat Ro n the Constructor 92 63 Certification on testing from Y B E T type and for imported scaffolding from OOOO a recognized conveyor from the official authorities of the country of origin 92 63 A SCAFFOLDING _ Study on each scaffold except for the one with a workground s width 60cm that S exclusively supports workers and direct used materials 92 63 S E S S M E N BUILDING FRAM
24. er It is preferable to use portable ladders manufactured specifically with extensions for higher points b Correct placing Before placing a ladder it is of significant importance to select the appropriate one for the corresponding job For this reason the ladder to be chosen should not be too big or very small but the right size so that the user does not overstretch his body In order to place a ladder under safety conditions the floor on which it is supported must be clean from other objects and not slippery The best positioning of the ladder is when the angle formed with the ground is between 68 75 or practically the inclination is one 1 to four 4 meaning that in height 4 meters the distance between the base and the wall is 1 meter They should also project 1 meter above the point where the task has to be done and be used only up to two steps from the top In addition it is rather dangerous to lean the ladder in front of doors and windows that are opening towards this direction c Proper use of a ladder To avoid any injuries the user of a ladder must be careful of the following He must always face the steps while climbing and descending If tools are needed they should not be kept with the hands but put in suitable cases It is necessary a second person to be present so as to hold the ladder in case it slips When somebody is on it the centre of gravity should be between the two poles for better stability
25. f education training research and informing for safety issues applied in small construction projects In the following an elaborate analysis will be stated Worker s education and their representatives is seriously lacking both in quality and in quantity In general educational programs the emphasis should be focused on the urgency for protection and precaution against occupational risk starting from elementary basis Safety technicians and occupational doctors who are the protective executives can be considered as deficiently trained Specialization on safety matters as far as occupational doctors are concerned is lacking due to inferior theoretical and practical training It is wise though to have them educated according to their specific field where they will be involved Research in Greece is still behind schedule despite the last century s progress because of limited financing and result diffusion If only the officials who recognize the situation be persuaded for the negative financial repercussions of bad working conditions opposed to the economic benefits by their improvement policies then the legislative framework will be implemented Information of all those who are involved is making progress nowadays even though deficiency is still remaining in the sector of writings and manuals A non governmental Institute on education organizing research and information is EL IN LA E which has offered significant instructive and
26. gnet instead suitable machinery must be used for safe unloading n the place of use cylinders ought to be set upright or almost straight and fastened with chains in partitions poles etc Cylinders must be stored in particular manufactured areas separately those that contain acetylene from those that contain oxygen Segregation should also be done between empty and full cylinders To protect himself the handler has to wear personal protective equipment during welding overall leather shoes gloves made from leather or other appropriate material black absorbent glasses and a cap on his head e Fire extinguishers One of the most important safety measures during worksite s preparation is the installation of fire extinguishers Fire is generated whenever three elements coexist a Combustible substance b Oxygen c High temperature If one of these elements does not exist then there is no fire Consequently prevention and fire extinguishing are achieved by the removal one of the three factors To avoid fire the reasons causing it ought to be mentioned Bare flames Red hot surfaces Electricity Sparks Physical or chemical phenomena Unidentified causes 18 In case of a fire in the construction site a systematic procedure is followed in order to avoid spreading Fire can be transmitted by various ways such as direct transmission via contact transference or conveyance of heat through the
27. in English is being presented in the appendix 7 3 The permission for the distribution of this questionnaire is being given by the author Mrs Siba see appendix 7 2 Furthermore during the analysis it will be ascertained whether consultants professionals and workers are aware of the standards required according to Greek legislation Selecting a survey sample of only twelve construction sites a statistical analysis from the experimental facts will be formed To this end the statistic method Student s t Distribution will contribute to the results concluded which is a special case of the generalized hyperbolic distribution This kind of probability distribution is based on the mean of a normally distributed population when the sample size is small Particularly for this survey a convenience sample is applied because precision is not the point but only facts that are compared to real situations Other reasons for choosing this method was that time and money were not in abundance therefore twelve questionnaires were used The measures mentioned in these questionnaires focus on the next topics e Personal Protective Equipment The equipment together with the accessories that a worker needs to wear or hold in order to be protected from risks during work is called Personal protective equipment In all cases it must have the sign C E Conformite Europeene which is common for all countries of the European Union The product or the equip
28. ld except for the one with a workground s width 60cm that BEES exclusively supports workers and direct used materials 92 63 83 63 75 63 75 63 4 BUILDING FRAMEWORK e Use of helmet 75 63 4 BUILDING FRAMEWORK Prohibition of trestle use at balconies Their use can only be acceptable with protective arrangements from falling at one metre and between the balcony s floor and the one metre and between above the trestle s work floor 15 63 6 SCAFFOLDING _ Wooden scaffolding at height 10m 75 63 6 SCAFFOLDING e climbing ladder to the workground 75 63 6 SCAFFOLDING e protection of the workground from falling 75 63 3 EXCAVATIONS PROPPING UP Protection from falling of passages bridging with safety fences handrail and middle gap 67 63 4 BUILDING FRAMEWORK _ Sloping impervious boarding umbrella according to builders for worker s and neighbour s protection where necessary e g adjacent plots pavements adjacent passages etc 67 63 DEMOLITIONS EXCAVATIONS PROPPING UP BUILDING FRAMEWORK 6 SCAFFOLDING _ Protection of neighbours from pollution and accident burlap protective boarding pedestrian passage way 58 63 33 PROJECTS GROUP DESCRIPTION PERCENTAGE OF NON IMPLEMENTATION 6 SCAFFOLDING For particular labour grounds of bigger width 58 63 6 SCAFFOLDING _ Protection from falling at the workground back 58 63 6 SCAFFOLDING STOP horizontal handrails at 1m middlespace or other safe l
29. lling 25 3 9 75 _Certification of completeness and steadiness from the Supervisor Engineer and 8 1 11 92 the Constructor _Certification on testing from Y B E T type and for imported scaffolding from 8 1 11 92 a recognized conveyor from the official authorities of the country of origin _Study on each scaffold except for the one with a workground s width 60cm that 8 1 11 92 exclusively supports workers and direct used materials NOTES HAND TOOLS YES NO Certification 75 9 3 25 Tools and cables in good condition 100 12 0 0 Safe storage and transportation 100 12 0 0 _Fenders 75 9 3 25 NOTES ELECTRIC BOARD YES NO Security lock 50 6 6 50 Earth grounding 100 12 0 0 Non electrocutative switch 100 12 0 0 _Placing in a cupboard 92 11 1 8 Written data of the licensee electrician in charge 58 7 5 42 NOTES 30 The data obtained is further processed by the help of the Student s t Distribution methodology Standard deviation S o r r 2 where r n 1 andfor n 12 then r 12 1 II Seg 1 153 S 1 222 At 95 confidence and sample mean of 11 taken from a sample set of 12 11 degrees of freedom tn 1 ti 1 796 Upper confidence limit UCL UCLia Xa tsi S P P S Ao HN UCLow 92 1 796 1 22227 N12 92 percentage of non implementation UCLo2 92 0 63 92 63 Systematic presentation of the statistic sample tables The conclusion arising from
30. ment that has this sign is being examined and it can be circulated in the countries of E U and used safely if the instructions for use and installation are followed Itis used in certain circumstances When all other means of measure has been depleted in order to eliminate risk Whenever used as a temporary measure in case of extraordinary risks While used as a temporary measure until permanent measures are completed By the usage of Personal protective equipment the risks confronted are listed below Objects downfall Downfall from heights Hitting striking squeezing parts of the body with objects or machinery Cutting scratching Slipping Electrical risks Natural factors Temperature heat flames cold radiation noise Chemical factors Dust fumes fog steam gas Biological factors What has to be mindful during the use of this kind of equipment is a It must be suitable for the user All people do not share the same anthropometric characteristics so Personal protective equipment has to be adjusted according to the demandable size b It must be clean and well maintained In cases where Personal protective equipment is not clean it might cause infections to the user and extra care should be taken for its storage so that conditions prevailing there do not change their properties c The workers using Personal protective equipment ought to be aware of the instructions for proper use For
31. might occur In this case for someone who wants to protect himself from such a risk it is a necessity to recognize its sources The following are some sources of danger capable to threaten workers lives The materials used during work Materials that contain for instance chemical substances may be harmful due to their properties or the way they are used Labor equipment used at work If machinery tools and all other necessary during work is not according to technical specifications or does not abide with the safety rules then it may be a source of danger for the workers The use of this kind of equipment by a person that does not have the appropriate knowledge or the use of equipment without conservation can be the reason for a working accident The labor environment It is very important for the area where people work to fulfill the basic specifications in order to ensure health and safety conditions The physical chemical biological factors that exist in the working area 36 Factors such as noise dust fumes must be controllable otherwise they may affect workers health The methods and practices that are followed during work Each activity is accompanied by a certain methodology so that it does not influence or burden on other working activities done in the same area To deal with occupational risk it is very important to recognize the extent and the possibility of something happening according
32. nd rocks downfall Supporting labor should be regularly checked to ascertain that the supports and timber are in good condition despite the changeable weather e Electricity All the electrical equipment and electric installations regarded in the construction sites are a source of danger for the workforce if safety regulations are not enforced in practice Thus it is imperative to comment on the most important risks in order to avoid any accidents Before the commencement and during the construction s works every bare electric cable noticed must be handled appropriately by a qualified person and not drawn near from other workers Each part of an electrical installation should have the appropriate size and characteristics for the power s requirements and specifically to endure at the working conditions so that they are not destroyed from water dust electrical thermic or chemical effects 25 Every section of an electrical installation needs to be manufactured established and preserved in such a way that the risk of an electrocution fire and external explosion is eliminated All electrical appliances and outlets have to be clearly marked and to carry the indication of the purpose and their voltage n cases where the installation s layout cannot be identified easily then the circuits and devices must be marked with inscriptions or other suitable means Whenever it is a necessity installations should be pro
33. nt of works it must be completed and attested by Directories Departments or Labor Inspection Offices It is also compulsory for all projects in progress In advance notification is demandable in the following situations whenever the expected duration of labor exceeds 30 working days and incases where more than 20 workers are been occupied or whenever the expected works exceed 500 wages In all cases it has to be kept in a safe place at the construction site and 1f changes occur the calendar of safety measures must be informed accordingly It is hold in the worksite by the contractor s or subcontractor s responsibility but in cases where they do not exist by the owner of the project Anybody who has a legitimate interest may ask to have a copy of the calendar and attest it at the above mentioned services Those who are obliged to update the calendar are The supervisor engineer 22 People appointed by the law to conduct an inspection concerning the results and tests of this examination The qualified Technical Labor Inspectors that can specify any suggestions In a regular or extraordinary inspection at the worksite the conclusions concerning the deficiencies and risks in safety issues are registered by the supervisor engineer He is also entitled to indicate the recommended safety measures by the law as well as his own initiatives for the improvement of working conditions and have them written in the appropriate c
34. ocial insurance system the unemployment increase the lacking of government financing the social security contribution evasions and the increase of illegal employment are some of the reasons for the difficulties arising as far as the law implementation is concerned This situation stands because priority to the speed for legislative conformity according to communal orders was given without an elaborate analysis of the social economic dimensions mentioned being proceeded It is a necessity for radical mentality changes prevailing at the worksite and generally in the sector of the collective labor relations First and foremost the employers must accept the fact that conformity to safety regulations is not an unnecessary and expensive luxury but a social imperative and profitable investment which increases directly the productivity of work and strengthens competitiveness of the company 43 In Greece lack of sensitivity is dominant as well as the tendency to impute the blame always to somebody else such as the State the employers the trade union leadership etc Until now there has not been a common conscience that each person without exception governmental executive employer employee syndicalist specialist etc has personally one share of the responsibility to put into practice the law like forestalling occupational risk and improving working conditions The measures that ought to be taken consist in the sector o
35. olumn of the calendar In consistent with the Presidential Decree 1073 81 article 113 all construction sites private and public projects regardless the size are responsible to keep a calendar of safety measures which neither has to be attested nor is of a specific layout Nevertheless some of the following safety rules ought to be inscribed A certification for the scaffolding s completeness and stability given by the supervisor engineer Inspections that have to be done for activities to be continued after a calamity Inspections of trench s slopes and their supporting The supervisor s license for the installation of a lifting machine upon scaffolding Wire rope s inspections and their repeated examination Inspections and repeated examination of the lifting machines Accident notification In case of an accident the employers and their representatives announce it within 24 hours at the peripheral departments of the Technical and Health Inspection Furthermore the Police Authorities must be immediately informed in order to keep data unchanged to ascertain the accident s causes and provide the proportionate services to the misfortunate e Demolitions 23 It is common sense that the demolition of any building entails risks for the workers and the people passing by To this end safety measures are in order following a certain methodology The appropriate precautions and procedures ought to be
36. or labour equipment 58 7 5 42 Licensee handlers according to law 75 9 3 25 Right operation and recent upkeep 83 10 2 17 Circulation licences 92 11 1 8 _Number plates 100 12 0 0 Demonstrative facts of insurance 58 7 5 42 Payment proof of yearly circulation charges 58 7 5 42 NOTES 29 SCAFFOLDING YES NO Wooden scaffolding at height 10m 25 3 9 75 Scaffolding Safe Securing pole at bottom screws and hard horizontal ground and well rammed 58 7 5 42 down earth Sufficient and safe connections with the building 92 11 1 8 _Protection of neighbours from pollution and accident burlap protective boarding pedestrian 42 5 7 58 passage way _Workgrounds width 0 60 m 2 beams of 30 cm for simple labour 58 7 5 42 For particular labour grounds of bigger width 42 5 7 58 Protection from falling at the workground back 42 5 7 58 STOP horizontal handrails at 1m middlespace or other safe layout at the 42 5 7 58 scaffolding s edges Towers movable scaffolding 73 9 3 25 e height triple of the bases s smallest side 58 7 5 42 e brake at the 4 wheels 67 8 4 33 e climbing ladder to the workground 25 B 9 75 e total cover beaming of the workground TS 9 3 25 e protection of the workground from fa
37. oustic level that is higher than environmental noises easy recognition and distinction from other environmental noises or other acoustic sign floating frequency non simultaneous use of two acoustic signs confusion secured provisioning in case of normal provisioning pause inspection of good operation during installation and in regular time intervals c Oral announcement This kind of announcement is accomplished between one speaker or a transmitter and one or more listeners The characteristics that accompany an oral announcement are 21 Short simple and explicit messages knowledge of the language by the people to whom the announcement is addressed use of code words for example start end move withdraw etc d Signs with gestures A special educated person called signaller undertakes to give the signs with gestures to the handler who receives them The most commonly used are General gestures START STOP FINISH Vertical movements LIFTING DESCENT VERTICAL DISTANCE Horizontal movements MOVE WITHDRAW RIGHT LEFT HORIZONTAL DISTANCE Danger DANGER e Calendar of safety measures According to Greek legislation the calendar of safety measures concerns private technical works and has to be provided by the project s contractor or subcontractor but in cases where they do not exist by the owner of the project At the same time with the issue of the construction permit and before the commenceme
38. r s _ Sloping impervious boarding umbrella according to builders for worker s 33 4 8 67 adjacent passages etc Protection from elevator s openings 100 12 0 0 _Protection from stairwell s openings landings lanterns openings between the 67 8 4 33 parts of a ladder _Use of Personal Protective Equipment helmets full body safety belts suitable 67 8 4 33 boots etc CE Safe portable ladders 83 10 2 17 Certified equipment machinery tools etc 58 7 5 42 _Certification for installation and right operation of lifting machines 33 4 8 67 Checking of wire ropes 67 8 4 33 Licensee electrosolderers oxygen welders 17 2 10 83 Equipment handlers with the necessary law licences 42 5 7 58 Cleanliness settlement of circulation corridors passages ladders corridors etc 75 9 3 25 Safety marking ig 2 10 83 Elevators installation PS 3 9 75 Use of full body safety belts or et cetera protective arrangements from falling 0 0 12 100 attics scaffolding etc e Use of helmet 25 3 9 75 e Assistant s work at licensee s installators presence 83 10 2 17 Prohibition of trestle use at balconies Their use can only be acceptable with protective arrangements from falling at one metre and between the balcony s floor and the one 25 3 9 75 metre and between above the trestle s work floor where there are scaffolding fill in the section scaffolding of the present checklist NOTES LABOUR MACHINERY YES NO _Certification f
39. rate close to electric aerial wires though if it is necessary the orbit has to be within limited safe distance e Labor equipment In some works machinery equipment and hand tools are of high priority To this end they ought to be Well designed and manufactured taking into consideration health and safety issues Maintained in good condition for operation Used only for the purpose of manufacture and by authorized well trained people Supplied with protective shields and covering 14 Kept in a place where they are accessible easy to check and to be found Tools are designed by manufacturers with instructions for the handlers who are obliged to follow accurately Furthermore they are responsible for Protecting themselves from sharp ends by keeping tools into cases especially during transportation Not having pointed or generally any other tools in their pockets Not holding in their hands small tools while using some other tool because they might be injured Being extra careful with tools that can slip and cause an accident Not being distracted by anything during work Electrically driven hand tools are most common in the construction site like drills laps etc This kind of machinery is a major source of danger due to the connection with electric current For safety reasons certain technical specifications are in order Portable electrical tools ought to be operating in low potential to
40. rding to non implementation percentage Gaining information from the statistical analysis the highest percentage of non implementation corresponds to the use of full body safety belts This sort of protective equipment may seem useful against falling from attics scaffolding etc The risk taken by those who work at the construction site disregarding a potential accident is approximately estimated to fifty percent About a half of the people consisting the workshops do not need to work in high points which means that the risk is eliminated The other half though are 38 consciously putting themselves in danger since they are aware of the existence of full body safety belts The percentage of having casualties at the worksite is fifty percent taking in mind random situations such as inexperienced tired or careless workers If any of them were asked the reason why this situation stands the probable answer would be that full body safety belts cause inconvenience during work or even demand considerable time to lock and unlock In order to evaluate risk fifteen safety and health measures with the highest percentage of non implementation are the most important to comment on and therefore presented in TABLE 2 If these measures are multiplied by a factor of significance Fj starting from 1 0 and declining to 0 50 the results are classified as denoted TABLE 3 1 FI1 F11 1 0 The use of full body safety belts or et cetera prot
41. re followed height triple of the base s smallest side brake at the 4 wheels climbing ladder to the work ground total cover beaming of the work ground protection of the work ground from falling 11 d Suspended scaffolding These are usually installed when no other means of scaffolding can be used like the cleaning of buildings external sides the lagging with materials for buildings external sides etc 2 Basic principles concerning safety The construction and the removal of metallic scaffolding should always be done according to the manufacturers instructions and specifications by well trained people Stationary scaffolding ought to be secured from horizontal movements and leaning firmly on the building in order the labor upon it to be safely done The ground where scaffolding is placed must be solid steady with adequate strength Work grounds least acceptable width is 0 60m 2 beams of 30cm for simple labor whereas for activities involving material placing it is 0 80 m 1 10 m For every work ground there must be a horizontal handrail at 1m middle space or any other safety layout at the scaffolding s edges Each worker has to use a ladder or a safety structure to have an access to the scaffolding and not climb upon it A protective porch is needed for pedestrian passage way and burlap or net for the neighbors safety It is forbidden for a scaffolding to be close to aerial
42. s 83 63 F7 83 63 0 60 50 18 SCAFFOLDING _ Wooden scaffolding at height 10m 75 63 F13 75 63 0 50 37 82 SCAFFOLDING e climbing ladder to the workground 75 63 F 14 75 63 0 50 37 82 41 Calendar of safety measures In advance notification Study on each scaffold except for the one with a work ground s width 60cm that exclusively supports workers and direct used materials Safety marking and Protection of the work ground from falling are less possible not to be implemented because the calendar of safety measures as well as safety marking are obligatory and of primarily importance Moreover in most cases there is a study for the use of scaffolding and safety measures against falling are taken 4 F10 F12 0 70 Elevators installation and Prohibition of trestle use at balconies Their use can only be acceptable with protective arrangements from falling at one meter and between the balcony s floor and the one meter and between above the trestle s work floor are generally prevalent at the worksite since the majority of construction projects are multi storey block of flats which means working at high points and the rule is followed with few exceptions 5 F6 F7 0 60 Fire extinguishers and Licensee electrosolderers oxygen welders are measures more likely to be implemented provided that flammable labor demands fire protection whereas handlers of electric oxygen welding are commonly licensee 6 F13 F
43. sitive effect instead of punishment All people responsible for safety must have in mind the possibility that danger is or will be present For this reason consideration of danger is partly a matter of personality and partly of experience It may also be encouraged by training or guaranteed by making it an inseparable part of each day s activities Workers and supervisors must be encouraged to learn how to anticipate and recognize the signs of danger out of experience and indications that could lead to loss of control and so to damage Behavioural adaptation The amount of risk people are willing to take during work differs from one another This can be explained as behavioural adjustment where the control process has to do with greater productivity more mobility and higher speed of mobility It does not depend upon a person s ability to be safe nor upon the opportunity to be safe but instead upon the person s desire to be safe According to research from all measures taken to prevent accidents the most effective one is the improvement of person s motivation towards safety Last but not least it has to be mentioned that safety management systems are adapted to human behaviour which determines the models to be applied The aforementioned research was held in order to ascertain field applications of Safety Management in small construction projects Furthermore it could be expanded in the construction industry in enterprises in p
44. st common causes of working accidents in construction sites are people falling from heights objects falling load management technical works machinery The recording of the existing situation in small construction projects in Greece will determine the degree of conformity or nonconformity regarding safety measures 1 1 Aim The point in writing this thesis is to provide an assessment on the Safety Management Systems concerning small projects To this end a statistical approach is in order to conclude to some estimates for evaluation 1 2 Objective The methodology to be followed will be to establish the research starting from a small sample given by a questionnaire and analyzing the results according to the group classification At a second stage the most important factors of nonconformities will lead to suggestions for implementation 2 Problem description 2 1 Sources Material The basic sources that will be used in this thesis are 1 The user manual regarding health and safety made out by Spyridon Dzouropanos 2 The indicative site inspection of health and safety regulations composed by Maria Siba 3 Bibliography Greek and foreign 4 Research in the Internet 5 Interviews and discussions with people relevant to construction works in small projects 2 20 Methodology Initially an elaborate description of the system H S F H S P applied in Greece is on demand According to th
45. t sequence therefore prior safety training and persuasion for safe attitudes is in order Fire extinguishers first aid stations emergency exits are of top priority for the employers before setting up a construction site The effectiveness of safety information must be based upon prior scientific research concerning the factors which influence the workers attitude The motivation for accident prevention has a long history since the approaches being implemented so far have been proved effective enough These approaches are grounded on the notion that safety can be enhanced if only a certain methodology is set Punishment The enforcement of the law towards safety by means of punishment being imposed to those who do not abide with the rules has the same results as any other 45 compulsory measures These attempts affect directly an individual s attitude because the fear of punishment deters him from doing something wrong The question is though how sensitive one is towards this kind of treatment Some people have a high sense of responsibility while others are irresponsible and cumbersome On the other hand punishment may bring negative side effects and create a dysfunctional organizational climate marked by resentment uncooperativeness and even sabotage In this case bad behaviour that was to be prevented may on the contrary be stimulated Encouragement Incentive and recognition programs in improving safety have a po
46. taken as far as the disposal of the remains is concerned The planning and the supervision of the demolition works are of great importance and that is why a qualified person is appointed Before the commencement of a demolition a thoroughly examination has to be held to the terrain where the building was constructed the frame and the walls which carry the burden All the water electricity and gas supply must be cut unless the situation demands the maintenance of the above services then they need to be properly covered The prohibited area around the building being demolished should be suitably fenced with a barrier two meters high and signalized so as the public is safe In case there are installations containing flammable materials it is necessary to take into consideration special precautions against fire and explosion Demolitions should be in halt during bad weather conditions especially in windy days because rickety constructions might collapse Buildings which are being demolished have to be sprinkled with water regularly to avoid dust rising in the surrounding area Every foundation wall used as a ground supporting wall or adjacent to a structure should not be demolished before the adjoined building is supported by buttresses and other protective equipment Depending on whether explosives are used for the demolition of basic sections extra protection should be taken concerning the safety distances agreed in a
47. tected from thunders Signaling and telecommunication lines must not be found in the same props with the lines of medium and high voltage Warning labels have to be placed in suitable spots so as to forbid the entrance of non authorized people into electrical installation areas or handle electrical appliances Electrical equipment should be supervised before being operated for reassurance of proper functioning At the end of works electrical installations ought to be inspected tested and the results recorded in accordance with regulations 3 Situation analysis 3 1 Estimates of the analysis The procedure that needs to be followed is listed below Collection of the desired information In order to reach to a satisfactory conclusion during the research twelve questionnaires of Mrs Siba s see appendix 7 5 were distributed to people involved in the construction site The vast area where the survey took place is being presented in the map extracts shown in the appendix 7 4 26 Yet not all of them were friendly and cooperative towards the request to give their opinion by completing the checklist Even though a certification see appendix 7 1 explaining the reason of the survey was displayed none the less some of them were suspicious or overloaded with so much work that they would not spare the time In most cases neither the safety technician nor the supervisor designer was present during the acti
48. thorized people No road for vehicles handling loads Do not touch b Obligatory signs rounded with blue color and white filling Compulsory eye protection Compulsory head protection Compulsory ear protection Compulsory respiratory channels protection Compulsory leg and feet protection Compulsory hand protection Compulsory body protection Compulsory face protection Compulsory protection against falling Compulsory passage for pedestrians General obligation c Warning signs triangular with black exterior and yellow interior colors Flammable substances or and high temperature Explosive substances Toxic substances Erosive substances Radioactive materials 20 Suspended loads Danger of electrocution Danger from falling d Fire extinction signs square with red color and white filling Fire hose Ladder Fire extinguisher Telephone for fire fighting Direction that must be followed Occasional marking includes a Lighted signs They are characterized by appropriate bright contrast without any blurring a bright surface of a united color containing icon symbol duration and gleam frequency non simultaneous use of two lighted signs confusion secured provisioning in case of normal provisioning pause inspection of good operation during installation and in regular time intervals b Acoustic signs They are characterized by an ac
49. ublic services and 46 organizations where human workforce is occupied Even though the level of occupational risk in those cases might be less compared to the risk involved in the construction sites still there are a lot to be stated as far as non conformities to safety measures is concerned 5 Acknowledgements Acknowledgements will be offered to those who assisted on the materialization of this project such as e Mr Angelos Davaris The supervisor professor e Mrs Maria Dosi Siba Technical Supervisor of work Director of the department K E ILE K Makxedovia Op xn 6 References 1 Av ps ong IL IIazoio vvoo T Ek csis ION AoQ Aeiu Epyaoias 1997 2 A E H AoQ Aeta otnv Epyacia Tou ac aoqo Acusg epyaoiac A E H 3 A on X pp Mapia Xepuv pio pikpys diapKetac Y yeta kot AopdAsia oto Teyvika Epya Kateptvn M ioc 2005 4 Adon LiBBad Mapia Aogdreia ota spyot ia EAN Y A E A0 va 2004 5 A viag X D eopywd ou E Bayi kag N Xjpavon Aoo Aetag kat Yysiag EL IN LA E A01 va 2007 6 EL IN LA E Yysia xot Aoq Agw otig kataokeu g 3 k oon A0nva 1998 7 M T ATE X otua Aoo AsuG amp Yysiacg Epyo IIpoo0rkn op oov BipaaoOrkng T E I IIewoa 2004 8 IIoza nuac O0cvag Kias Xprjovog Etzaciotukr ITi0avottov 1 Ex 606 AOjva 1996 9 Xnvop novAog II DL
50. under which they potentially produce adverse impacts 37 e Risk assessment describing and quantifying risks e Risk evaluation comparing and judging the significance of risks The key information provided by the above activities is elaborated into risk management which is further analyzed into e Option generation identifying alternatives for managing risk e Option evaluation appraising and comparing available options e Option selection selecting one or more alternatives for implementation e Implementation and enforcement implementing monitoring and enforcing alternatives The level of risk generally depends on the nature of the risk source the exposure process and the consequence process A comprehensive risk assessment must determine characterize and quantify factors such as e Release assessment describes and quantifies the potential of a risk source e Exposure assessment describes and quantifies the relevant conditions and characteristics of human and environmental exposures to risk agents e Consequence assessment describes and quantifies the relationship between specified exposures to a risk agent and the health and environmental consequences of those exposures e Risk estimation is a constitution of the results derived from release assessment exposure assessment and consequence assessment to produce quantitative measures of health and environmental risks Risk assessment acco
51. vities at the worksite All that was to be seeing were a few workshops struggling to have a day s work done and nothing else However the professional engineers responsible for each construction project accepted to provide the necessary information Elaboration and organization of the data A questionnaire with a concentrated percentage of yes and no answers for every question derived from all questionnaires is being presented in the following pages 27 INDICATIVE amp NOT EXHAUSTIVE PEAK POINTS AT WORKSITE S INSPECTION TELEPHONES 1 ebbe etri then tate N a O EFE E a du eias WORKSITE S ADDRESS enoii HH mene SUPERVISOR ENGINEER eerte hehehe anh aaia WORKSITE MANAGER NAME 1 0 cece eee cence Hen EXPERTISE ocet E e aea a EEr easi WORKSITE S PREPARATION YES NO Calendar of safety measures In advance notification 8 1 11 92 Health and Safety Plan H S P Health and Safety File H S F 67 8 4 33 _ Protection from D E I s cables 100 12 0 0 e Application to D E I 100 12 0 0 e Transposition 100 12 0 0 e Additional measures boardings etc 42 5 7 58 _ Worksite s fencing 83 10 2 17 Pharmacy 50 6 6 50 Fire extinguishers 17 2 10 83 Personal Protective Equipment 42 5 7 58
52. wires No work is allowed on scaffoldings if weather conditions do not permit it e Basket carrying lifting machines 12 Certain works at heights are most preferable to be done with special basket carrying lifting machines instead of portable ladders and scaffolding These machines enable people to work with safety provided that they are manufactured under strict specifications As far as the installation handling and preservation is concerned the rules applied are the same as those for generally lifting machines mentioned further down e Lifting machines Within the construction site the use of lifting machines is most common in order to carry heavy loads or materials Some of them are the derricks the winches and other relevant devices with lifting hooks To be more specific all the basic causes of accidents due to risks involved and safety measures to be taken will be analyzed below a Basic causes of accidents due to risks Activities performed via lifting machines hide risks capable of injuring the handler or any other person that might be around Responsible for most accidents are risks such as The braking of wire ropes or other parts of lifting machines The fall of loads during transfer or lifting The shifting or wrong installation of lifting machines The overloading or mistaken handling of lifting machines People s circulation in areas where lifting machines run or beneath the lifted loads Th
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