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1. Sufferers can be given drugs to help shorten the attacks and for pain relief A doctor will need to be consulted to suppress the virus for longer but the virus can t be fully eradicated from the body Any recent partners will need to be examined If you have herpes you should wear a condom during sex and avoid sex when you have an attack This is the best method to ensure your partner doesn t catch herpes If you don t have herpes also use a condom during sex and check you and your partner s sexual health Trichomoniasis This is a small parasitic organism which causes irritation in the female vagina and non specific urethritis in men By having unprotected sex without a condom with a person who is infected with trichomoniasis This can affect both men and women There may be no symptoms for some women Some women might get a yellow green frothy discharge Men have no symptoms until they develop the urethritis With antibiotics and or vaginal pessaries for women Any recent sexual partners should be checked Continue with antibiotics to avoid re infection and abstain from sex until you have been cleared Always use a condom during sex Non specific Urethritis NSU These are infections which cause inflammation of the urethra This can be caused by chlamydia or by bacteria or viruses Women normally have no symptoms Men may have no symptoms although some
2. A website designed for school children in Zimbabwe to learn about sex education and relationships Global Volunteer Network Sex Education Volunteer Training Guide 2 3 10 GLOSSARY Here is a list of the main terms of sex and sexuality which will come up repeatedly in sex education The volunteer should take time to explain these terms to their students to ensure the terms are understood correctly Abortion The deliberate termination of pregnancy in a woman before she is able to give birth Abstinence A decision made by a man or woman to not have sexual intercourse Adultery When a man woman who is married has sexual intercourse with someone who is not their wife or husband Anal Sex When the penis is inserted into the partner s anus Anus The opening of the rectum through which solid waste leaves the human body B Biology The study of life from a scientific basis Bisexual A person who is attracted to both men and women Bladder Where urine is stored in the human body Blood test When a sample of blood is taken normally by injection from the arm so it can be checked for possible diseases e g HIV AIDS Celibacy When a person decides to not have any sexual intercourse Cervix The lower part of the womb or uterus in the female body which has a narrow opening to the vagina Child Abuse When a child is sexually assaulted normally by a person or people older
3. gt Itcan be transmitted from mother if she is infected to child across the placenta during pregnancy congenital syphilis What are the symptoms gt Painless ulcer chancre usually on the genitals Later you ll have swollen glands hair loss and rash These can happen to both men and women How do I treat Syphilis gt Syphilis if caught at an early stage is treatable through antibiotics and follow up blood tests What about my Partner gt Any recent sexual partners must be tested so they can be treated if they are positive You should not have any form of sex until you are cleared How do I prevent Syphilis gt Always use a condom when you have sex Global Volunteer Network Sex Education Volunteer Training Guide 2 3 26 Sexually Transmitted Diseases STD s Chart Below are charts containing the other sexually transmitted diseases which the volunteer should be aware of for teaching to their students These charts can be taught in one lesson or spread out over three to four lessons if the volunteer wants to cover them in greater depth They could also be taught along with the other STD s covered earlier in this section It is up to the volunteer to determine his her own lessons for their class It is important to bear in mind that some students will not have heard of these diseases at all and that they may not have access to the treatment due to funds or availability in the local area Therefore the vol
4. may have a penis discharge or pain when urinating With antibiotics Any recent sexual partners should be checked Abstain from sex until you are cleared Always use a condom during sex Global Volunteer Network Sex Education Volunteer Training Guide 2 3 28 Diseases which transmitted sexually and in other ways Hepatitis A This is a viral infection which affects the liver Hepatitis B This is a viral infection which affects the liver Hepatitis C This is a viral infection which affects the liver Pelvic Inflammatory Disease PID This is an infection of the womb and fallopian tubes which can cause infertility Global Volunteer Network How do you get it This is mainly passed on through contaminated food or water or not washing hands after toilet before food etc It can also be through anal and oral sex By having unprotected vaginal oral or anal sex without a condom with someone who is infected Blood transfusion with blood which hasn t been tested By sharing needles syringes toothbrushes razors and un sterilized instruments which pierce the skin From a mother who is infected to her baby Blood transfusion with blood which hasn t been tested By sharing needles and syringes Through contact with infected blood By having unprotected sex By having unprotected vaginal sex with a person who has chlamydia or gonorrhea What
5. AIDS epidemic If you have sex when you are not ready it will not be an experience you will wish to remember Note It is essential that the volunteer checks with the native teachers at their school on this topic as most countries have differing views on sex relationships and dating The volunteers may have to be wary about how to educate their students as the local community in general may not approve of dating and sex before marriage although it will be happening in the society For further information on this subject you may find the following articles useful Puberty Pregnancy and Sex on the AVERT website http www avert org puberty3 htm Relationships and talking about your feelings on the AVERT website http www avert org sfeel3 htm Global Volunteer Network Sex Education Volunteer Training Guide 2 3 52 Final Word This is just a small mountain of what can and should be taught about sex education These are the basic points which should be covered by the volunteer Any volunteer who chooses to teach this subject should be commended as it is never the first topic to be eagerly picked out However by making the decision to educate young people about sex education you will be making a real difference to people where you didn t realize you could and contributing to a better future for many people from all over the world Happy Educating Georgina Blewett GVN Ghana Teaching Program Volunteer 200
6. I would like to be a doctor The volunteer s response could be You must make sure that you work hard in order to stay in school and go to university If you get pregnant after unprotected sex this will make it difficult to go to school and your family won t be able to afford the school fees as the money will have to go on the baby Global Volunteer Network Sex Education Volunteer Training Guide 2 3 9 The aim of this task is to ensure the students be open with the volunteer who in turn can learn about his her students In this way the students will be more likely to listen to the volunteer teaching about sex education Websites Here is a list of websites for volunteers to gain more information about sex education It is important to consider that many of these websites contain sex education from a Western viewpoint which will need to be altered by the volunteer to teach to their class www avert org sexedu htm Comprehensive website with up to date information about sex education particularly in Britain and the United States http www brook org uk Website for the Brook and Family Planning Association in Britain http www plannedparenthood org American family planning website with news classroom activities and advice about sex education http www bbc co uk relationships sex and sexual health BBC website with advice about sexual health and relationships http www tarsc org auntstella index html
7. Network Sex Education Volunteer Training Guide 2 3 32 Condoms 10 Questions to Teach 1 Why use condoms Condoms are the ONLY form of contraception which prevents both pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases STD S from occurring There are two types of condoms available the male and the female However the male condom is overwhelmingly the one most commonly used and which should be taught by the volunteers 2 What is a condom The male condom is a fine rubber barrier which is rolled onto a man s penis when it is erect before sexual intercourse takes place The female condom is a sheath which fits inside her vagina This is optional for the volunteer to teach The male condom is made from latex or polyurethane If it is possible latex condoms should be used more than polyurethane as they are more readily available in most countries Condoms come in different sizes thicknesses and shapes This should be investigated by the volunteer so they are aware of which condoms are available in their area 3 Are condoms safe As long as condoms are used correctly during sexual intercourse they are the safest and most reliable method of contraception All reliable condom brands will have been rigorously tested and checked They may only be unsafe if either partner is allergic to rubber although this is normally very rare Any allergies should be treated at a healthcare centre immediately 4 When should I use a condom You
8. a month The egg will ripen and leave the ovary before it travels along the fallopian tube toward the female uterus The uterus will prepare its lining in order to accommodate the fertilized If this egg isn t fertilized it will disintegrate and be expelled from the body along with the lining This is the bleeding which is a period Most girls start their period between the ages of 11 and 14 years However some girls start earlier or later than these ages Some girls may get pain in their lower abdomen during their period or cramps This is due to the muscles of the uterus contracting and squeezing the lining out This pain may be quite strong or even unbearable to handle for which it is advised the girl should talk to a doctor Along with cramps girls can also have mood swings during their period which can make them become emotional or angry This is called PMS premenstrual syndrome The mood swings due to the hormones in the female body PMS is a perfectly normal condition which affects many girls and women Doing mild exercise having a massage or hot bath and taking a pain reliever can all help to ease PMS Sometimes a girl can miss her period This is quite normal as it can take a number of years before her period develops a regular cycle However if she has recently had unprotected sex she should visit her doctor or a healthcare centre as soon as possible When girls have their period they normally use sanitary towels or t
9. a detailed look at Abstinence in AIDS education view this article Abstinence Sex Education and HIV Prevention http www avert org abstinence htm Global Volunteer Network Sex Education Volunteer Training Guide 2 3 23 Sexually Transmitted Diseases STD S Due to the media attention which is regularly devoted to the HIV AIDS epidemic the awareness of Sexually Transmitted Diseases also known as STI s Sexually Transmitted Infections tends to become neglected However they are beginning to become a major health concern in both developed and developing countries As these diseases are all spread through sexual contact this leaves many people more vulnerable to contracting HIV AIDS Although there is a significant lack of research and statistics worldwide and in developing countries a high prevalence of STD s is increasing all the time The figure could be even higher due to many cases being unreported It is essential that volunteers inform their students of the basic STD s as most are treatable if caught early This is an important way for the students to start seriously considering the state of their own individual sexual health These are three of the most common sexually transmitted diseases 1 Chlamydia What is Chlamydia gt Chlamydia is an infection of the mucous membranes lining the genitals It affects both men and women It is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases gt If left untreated in w
10. rot in the teeth leading to toothache and gum disease The main points for volunteers to be aware of from this section are that students must begin to take an interest in their oral health by checking their teeth regularly for the problems listed Global Volunteer Network Sex Education Volunteer Training Guide 2 3 49 above and by brushing their teeth with a toothbrush and toothpaste at least twice a day every day Oral Hygiene Note This is particularly important for the volunteers to teach their students as in many of the countries where GVN is based standards of oral hygiene are lower compared to developed countries This means that the risk of transmission of sexually transmitted diseases through unprotected sex and oral sex is higher If the students aren t informed about proper hygiene they are less likely to be educated about safe sex Volunteers are advised to check on their arrival if their school has a biology teacher as this subject could be combined to be taught as an additional science lesson Bodily Hygiene Sweating The human body sweats when its body temperature rises to 37 5 degrees Celsius which is 0 5 degrees above the normal body temperature This involves water in the form of sweat evaporating from the skin which also takes the heat from the body This process occurs otherwise the human body would overheat and would collapse from heat exhaustion When the human body sweats it needs to be washed to remove the bact
11. safely by an experienced doctor The woman or girl must make sure they go to a licensed healthcare centre or hospital to have a safe abortion Note In poorer developing countries where healthcare lacks financial funding isn t properly structured or abortion is an illegal offence some women are likely to resort to having an unsafe abortion as this may be the only way for them to terminate their pregnancy This isn t carried out in a clean environment by a professional doctor and may seriously endanger or even kill the woman or young girl The volunteer is strongly advised to find out about abortion in their chosen country prior to and during their trip as the standards may vary enormously to the developed countries For further information on this topic volunteers can look at these websites Unplanned Pregnancy on the BBC Health Website http www bbc co uk health womens_health reproductive_unplanned shtml Abortion on the Planned Parenthood Website http www plannedparenthood org birth control pregnancy abortion 4260 htm Global Volunteer Network Sex Education Volunteer Training Guide 2 3 45 Puberty and Bodily Hygiene Many volunteers will be teaching young teenagers As a result this last section will focus on puberty relationships and bodily hygiene For any young person becoming a teenager is nothing short of a confusing stage This section is designed for volunteers to inform their students of the changes their b
12. than them Circumcision An operation performed on a boy or man to remove the foreskin from the penis Clitoris This is the sex organ at the top of the vulva in the female body Conception When an egg in the female body is fertilized by the male sperm and pregnancy begins Condom A sheath of fine rubber which is rolled onto the male penis before sexual intercourse It is used as a method of birth control to stop sperm passing between the male and female Contraception Also known as birth control used to prevent pregnancy and STD s Global Volunteer Network Sex Education Volunteer Training Guide 2 3 11 Ejaculation The release of semen from the male penis when it is hard or erect Erection When the penis is sexually aroused it fills with blood and becomes hard or stiff Female Circumcision Also know as F G M Female Genital Mutilation A practice of removing the clitoris clitoral hood and or the labia from the female body G Gay A person who is homosexual Genitals The reproductive and external sex organs in men and women H Heterosexual A person who is sexually attracted to someone of the opposite gender HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus A virus which affects the body s ability to fight off disease and lead to AIDS Homophobia When a person or people are afraid of and hate people who are gay lesbian or bisexual Hymen This is a thin stretc
13. the blood These rags may also be re used The volunteer should emphasize to their female students the importance of washing and keeping the rags clean at all times Puberty for Boys During puberty a boy s voice will begin to break This will mean his voice will become deeper This can happen very quickly or take a longer time Boys may experience times when their voice will be very low and suddenly go very high or squeak and vice versa The voice will eventually settle down and become a deeper pitch During puberty the male sex organs particularly the penis and testicles will develop and grow bigger Penises develop to become a variety of sizes Boys will start to have erections when their penis will become hard and grow in length Erections can occur at any time often in uncompromising situations when the boy doesn t want one This is perfectly normal and happens to many boys The majority of boys will also start to have wet dreams during puberty This is normally caused when a boy has a sexual dream during his sleep and semen comes out of the boy s penis onto the sheets or his pajamas It is perfectly normal and not anything to feel embarrassed about Boys should make sure they wash their sleeping area and their penis and testicles after they have had a wet dream Boys will develop growth of hair on their face as well as other areas of the body This normally starts with a small amount on the chin and upper lip As more hair develops as
14. variety of beliefs and attitudes to sex it can be difficult for young people to understand and know what is best for them as individuals in their sexuality Therefore Sex Education should be an activity which enables young people to gain positive and accurate information about sex and sexuality They can take this information and use it to develop a healthy attitude and assertive choices in their sexual behavior Young people with a healthy attitude and good knowledge about sexuality are less likely to end up with negative outcomes relating to sexuality e g unplanned pregnancy STD s and abuse Global Volunteer Network Sex Education Volunteer Training Guide 2 3 7 ACTIVITES FOR INTRODUCING SEX EDUCATION Talking about sexuality and sex is never easy for both children and adults The majority of people have been taught that it is wrong to talk openly about sexuality This may mean that it is difficult for the volunteers to know where to begin with sex education for their students It may be hard for the volunteers to talk about their own sexuality before even beginning with their students The students themselves might be reluctant to discuss these issues at first particularly with a stranger However by being open with themselves and the students the volunteer can establish from the start that it is normal for everyone to be uncomfortable when talking about sex and that they should not be embarrassed or ashamed to ask questions about
15. will flow to the skin s surface especially around the genitalia Your skin will feel warm and sensitive all over to touch Masturbation This is one of the main ways through which men and women express their sexual feelings by touching their own genitals Masturbation is called by many names These names include touching yourself pleasuring yourself and particularly for men wanking a hand job or jerking off Men masturbate by touching or rubbing their penis until it becomes erect and they have an orgasm and ejaculate Women masturbate by touching their clitoris until they have an orgasm Some people masturbate every day whilst others hardly ever do Masturbation is a perfectly normal and safe way of expressing your sexual feelings and doesn t cause you any harm Sexual Activities When a person feels sexual feelings for someone they will want to do sexual activities with that person This normally starts with kissing holding hands and cuddling This will usually develop to touching each other through clothes using their hands to touch each other s bodies and genitals This will eventually lead to vaginal sex Other sexual activities which are normally practiced include oral and anal sex Global Volunteer Network Sex Education Volunteer Training Guide 2 3 51 5 Points to Teach about Having Sex 1 Sexual feelings are completely natural and it is normal if you want to carry out these sexual activities on another person Howev
16. 6 The Global Volunteer Network welcome and appreciate your feedback on this training guide along with any other information you believe would should be incorporated useful websites etc Please send your information to us at infoO volunteer org nz Global Volunteer Network Sex Education Volunteer Training Guide 2 3 53
17. Global Volunteer Network fr VOLUNTEER TRAINING GUIDE SEX EDUCATION AND BODILY HYGIENE REVISED 19 JUNE 2007 Contents FOREWAR DEE 4 INTRODUCTION POINTS TO CONSIDER stane dead 5 ABOUT SEXUALITY POINTS TOLCONSIDER ienie inden ern 7 ACTIVITIES FOR INTRODUCING SEX EDUCATION nennen nenennsenenenenevenevererenerererns 8 Task designed for students aged 12 and Up s ssssseessssseesssssresesssreeessssreeesssseeesssrteesssseeeessneeeesssrrreerereesss 8 Task 2 designed for students aged 16 and Up nnennenseneneneenennensenseneeneenennensensenveneeneeneneenenn 9 Task 3 For students aged 10 and Upwards qu ssesssssssssecsecsscssssssessecsecsscsscussscsecseesccsseussecsesseeseenseseseenes 9 Websitesi 10 en ee 11 HIV AIDS FACTS TO TEACH nt maten 14 is spread throughs eal tlie a inn ede 14 HIV isnot spread throughtsanssrmen tende dE iste cali de ede 15 HIV AIDS in Africa A Brief 15 eet 16 HIV AIDS around 17 damned 17 18 18 19 elen ideen 20 Preventing HIV AIDS 10 Facts to Teach ennennensenseneeneeneenensensenseneene
18. aid anything unexpected about the character Activity Source Avert AIDS Organization Lesson and Activity Plans Attitudes to AIDS http www avert org lesson3 htm Activity 2 Spiderweb This task should take 40 minutes and is designed for students aged 13 and upwards The volunteer will need a blackboard and coloured chalk 1 The volunteer will begin by describing Sue an 18 year old virgin who has a 23 year old boyfriend Bill these names can be changed by the volunteer to suit their country 2 The volunteer will write their names on the blackboard as they introduce each character and draw a line connecting them to indicate that they are sexual partners 3 volunteer will explain that Bill has had two sexual partners before Sue Ask the students to name Bill s partners and their sexual partners The volunteer will draw the lines accordingly 4 The volunteer will continue to name and track partners until the entire blackboard is filled 5 The volunteer will now go back over the blackboard with the coloured chalk and label partners with stories for example one who has had a blood transfusion one who is a drug user etc 6 Include one partner who contracted HIV but who chose not to reveal it 7 The volunteer should explain to the class how Sue doesn t suspect that Bill is at risk from an STD as he has only had two partners This activity should illustrate visually to the class how having unprotected s
19. ampons to soak up the blood so it doesn t get on their clothes Sanitary towels are thick pads made out of soft cotton like material Girls place the towels inside their underwear Tampons are small pieces of rolled up cotton with a string attached to one end These are placed inside the vagina with the string hanging outside the body This string is used to pull the tampon out Both towels and tampons Global Volunteer Network Sex Education Volunteer Training Guide 2 3 47 come in different sizes and thicknesses This is because many girls have a varying rate of flow during their period Some girls have light periods whilst others have a much heavier flow Tampons and towels need to be changed every couple of hours during the day This is particularly in relation to tampons as a girl can become ill if she leaves her tampon in for too long Towels and tampons should be wrapped up and placed in a bin after they have been used There are normally special bins for this purpose in many female public toilets Tampons and towels should never be put in the toilet as they might cause a blockage in the sewage system which is bad for the environment Tampons are normally bought at supermarkets chemists and sometimes in nightclubs and bars Note As volunteers will be mainly teaching in developing countries they should be aware that many of their female students will be unable to buy tampons or towels and normally use rags or strips of cloth to soak up
20. are the symptoms There may be no symptoms Some may have a mild flu like illness vomiting abdominal pain dark urine with yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes There may be no symptoms Some may have a mild flu like illness vomiting abdominal pain dark urine with yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes There may be no symptoms Some may have a mild flu like illness vomiting abdominal pain dark urine with yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes Pain during sexual intercourse A sore abdomen or back heavy irregular or painful periods high temperature spotting feeling sick There may be no symptoms in some women Sex Education Volunteer Training Guide 2 3 Treatment Immunization for prevention Avoid alcohol smoking and drugs eat a well balanced low fat diet Check any proscribed medicines rest and exercise Avoid alcohol smoking and drugs eat a well balanced low fat diet Rest and exercise Antibiotics and rest What about my partner Any recent sexual partners should be checked and immunized Any recent sexual partners should be checked and immunized Any recent sexual and needle sharing partners should have a blood test to check for the Hepatitis C antibodies Any recent sexual partners should be checked How do prevent it Have immunization for prevention Avoid alcohol and drugs Eat a low fat well balanced d
21. be teaching in an area where abortion might be illegal or is frowned upon as an option for young women for have Every volunteer must be sensitive of the cultural attitudes of school where they are teaching for this particular topic It is vital that the topic must be taught with a neutral basis Abortion is a process which ends a pregnancy before the birth of the baby This can occur naturally when the embryo or fetus will stop developing and the body will expel it This is a spontaneous abortion and normally occurs through a miscarriage There is also induced abortion when the woman chooses to have an abortion A woman or child may choose to have an abortion for a number of different reasons gt She isn t ready to become a mother gt She may be single or the father of the baby may have left and she doesn t want to raise the baby by herself gt She is too young to have the baby gt She can t afford to have the baby gt She already has children and doesn t want more gt She may have been raped and doesn t want to keep the child gt She or the baby may have a health problem which is a danger to the woman or the child If a woman or girl chooses to have an abortion she must make sure that she has thought about this decision carefully and that it is HER decision Global Volunteer Network Sex Education Volunteer Training Guide 2 3 44 If a woman or girl has an abortion she MUST ensure it is carried out
22. blems such as septicemia and meningitis How Do You Get Gonorthea gt having unprotected vaginal oral and anal sex without a condom with someone who is infected with gonorrhea gt From the mother if she is infected to her baby through eye infections What are the Symptoms gt Both men and women may have no symptoms gt Women may have pain during sexual intercourse vaginal discharge or lower abdominal pain gt Men may have pain when urinating pain in the testicles discharge from the penis or rectum How Do I treat Gonorrhea gt Gonorrhea is treatable with antibiotics This is often followed by anti Chlamydia tablets as gonorrhea and Chlamydia often occur together Global Volunteer Network Sex Education Volunteer Training Guide 2 3 25 What about my Partner gt Any recent sexual partners must be test so they can be treated You shouldn t have sex until you ate cleared How Do I Prevent Gonorrhea gt Use a condom when you have sex 3 Syphilis What is Syphilis gt Syphilis is a bacterial infection which can enter the body through breaks in the skin or linings in the genital area It can affect both women and men gt If left untreated it will eventually damage the internal organs spinal cord heart and brain and the nervous system How do you get Syphilis gt By having unprotected vaginal oral or anal sex without a condom with someone who is infected with syphilis
23. ced beliefs about HIV AIDS which the students might have 1 The volunteer should ask the students to place their chairs in a circle 2 The students should be divided into groups of 4 or 5 people 3 Each group will receive pens and one Build a Character Questionnaire Build a Character Questionnaire INNAME BOOS Male Female circle Who does live with parents relations other young people adults Who s friends Does nesten have a boy girl friend Yes No circle If what is their name amp have a job Yes No circle Eso What isit donga bi ccs an Nene aati ded REE What does do during leisure time Sports listen to music visit friends spend time with their family other activity WHATS sc ccenstaditeedenes s Favourite Music Favourite Food Favourite TV or Radio Programme optional question Global Volunteer Network Sex Education Volunteer Training Guide 2 3 21 4 Ask each group to take 10 minutes completing the questionnaire 5 Then tell each group that their character is HIV positive Ask each group to take 10 15 minutes to list 10 ways how their character s life might be different because of this 6 Reassemble the whole class and ask each person to say how they felt about doing this exercise and whether they felt or s
24. cus in the cervix so the male sperm can t travel through to meet the egg The lining of the uterus is also changed so it is less likely to accept an egg which has been fertilised Some women whilst on this pill stop producing their monthly egg It is simple and easy to take It doesn t interfere with sexual intercourse It can be used by women of all ages and women who can t take the combined pill It can be taken by mothers who are breastfeeding Some women may have no periods or irregular bleeding It must be taken daily at the same time each day It doesn t protect against STD s It must be prescribed by a doctor before you can get it No serious risks Your doctor or nurse must give you clear instructions on how to take the pill The pill must be taken at the same time each day If you are more than 3 hours late within the time of taking your pill you are at an increased risk of getting pregnant Global Volunteer Network Sex Education Volunteer Training Guide 2 3 38 Continued Method of Contraception What is It Advantages Disadvantages Health Concerns How 1 Use It Combined Pill This is a pill made of two It is simple and easy to take It must be prescribed by a There is a slight increased Your doctor or nurse must hormones oestrogen and It doesn t interfere with doctor before risk of breast cancer give you clear instructions
25. develop breasts Girls can develop breasts of all sizes Some will develop larger breasts which will require them to start wearing bras to support them Other girls will develop small breasts and have no need to wear a bra Sometimes one breast will grow faster than the other For some girls their breasts or nipples may itch or tingle during puberty This will stop when the breasts have finished growing The classic sign of puberty and becoming a teenager is the unwelcome appearance of spots These normally appear on the face although they are common on the back shoulders neck and front of the body There are many myths surrounding why spots occur Spots are mainly caused by hormones in the body When you get a spot it is best to not try and pick at it ot squeeze it as this will usually make the spot worse or become infected Girls may try and use a special cream or lotion to treat the spots which can be bought at a chemist If a girl has several spots which aren t going away then she may have acne and is advised to go and see a doctor Note This advice can also be taught during puberty for boys The main sign of puberty for girls is when they start their period This is when a small amount of bleeding comes out of the vagina once a month normally every 28 days The bleeding normally lasts from 3 to 7 days When puberty starts ovaries inside the female body begin to release eggs which enable a woman to have a baby One egg is usually released once
26. due to stress illness and travel Both partners must be committed to learning the method None A woman s fertile time which is the period when she can become pregnant lasts for 8 to 9 days in each menstrual cycle Eggs from the female ovaries can last up to 24 hours One egg during each period is released 12 to 16 days before the next period If a woman has sex 7 days before she ovulates releases an egg she can become pregnant In natural family planning women are taught to recognize these different parts of their menstrual cycle by their different natural fertility signs If it is learnt properly it can be very effective Global Volunteer Network Sex Education Volunteer Training Guide 2 3 41 Pregnancy and Abortion When a woman becomes pregnant this is normally a cause for celebration However many pregnancies occur when the baby is unwanted and the mother and father aren t ready to become parents Teenage pregnancy is a significant problem in all the countries where Global Volunteer Network projects are based In the majority of these countries teenage pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases STD s considerably affect the quality of life for teenagers and their babies Many of these teenagers come from a poor background which already serves as an obstacle to a better future Combined with teenage pregnancy and STD s young people and in particular girls are faced with no opportun
27. e The IUD must be inserted within 5 days of a possible fertilisation of an egg chance of getting pregnant and have a low failure rate They can be used if other contraceptives fail e g a split condom You can be given ECP at home for future use ECP can be taken up to 72 hours after unprotected sex ECP isn t harmful if it is taken several times It doesn t affect any chance of future pregnancy be provided by a doctor before you can have them ECP must be taken the sooner the better ideally within 24 hours ECP can make you feel sick or even vomit The IUD can be painful to put in for some women ECP can t be used as an ongoing contraceptive it is only for after unprotected sex which has occurred within 72 hours For IUD there is a risk of pelvic infection if an STD is present nurse within 72 hours ideally within 24 hours after having unprotected sex For the ECP the doctor or nurse will give you a proscribed number of pills You will need to tell the doctor or nurse if you are on any other form of medication It is advisable to take the pills with food as some women feel sick after taking ECP If you vomit within 3 hours of taking the ECP you must return to take another one Your next period will either come at the expected time or it will be early or late and possibly heavier than usual If you don t get your period or your period is very light you should take a pregnanc
28. e of AIDS Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome It is very difficult to tell if someone has HIV as people who are infected will look and feel healthy for many years As a result some people won t even realize that they are HIV positive HIV causes parts of the immune system of the human body to be slowly wiped out This affects the body s ability to fight off disease Gradually the person will become sicker due to the body s weakened state and be unable to fight off illness This will eventually lead to a person s death There is no main symptom for HIV as many HIV positive people have different symptoms Many of the symptoms are common with normal illnesses such as tiredness fever or swollen glands People with HIV can receive treatments or drugs that will keep them healthy for a longer period of time However at present there is no cure for HIV AIDS HIV is found in the blood vaginal fluid semen and breast milk of the human body The method to check if a person is HIV positive is to do a blood test HIV is spread through gt gt Unprotected vaginal sexual intercourse with a person who is HIV positive Unprotected oral and anal sex with a person who is HIV positive although the risk is small This mainly applies if either partner has open cuts sores around their mouth which may come into contact with semen blood vaginal fluid or breast milk Sharing syringes or needles with a person who is HIV positive From
29. ed to teach The volunteer will need tennis balls or other small plain balls and a permanent marker The volunteer writes one name of an STD that they have covered during their teaching on each ball The volunteer asks all the students to stand in a circle and tell the class that they are playing a game The volunteer will bounce a ball into the circle Whichever student catches the ball must read out the name of the STD The volunteer must then ask the student to explain the main symptoms and treatment for this STD Other students can be asked if the volunteer doesn t know every answet This process must be repeated with each ball The volunteer must try to make sure that each ball is caught by a different person Source for Activity Planned Parenthood Educational Resources Classroom Activities Website http www plannedparenthood org educational resources teaching Global Volunteer Network Sex Education Volunteer Training Guide 2 3 31 Contraception This is an important section and should be given a significant amount of attention by the volunteer in their lessons Contraception is also known as birth control It is a method of preventing pregnancy from happening in the female body Some forms of contraception also help prevent sexually transmitted diseases from occurring It is essential that the volunteer should teach their students to think about protecting themselves from both STD s and pregnancy i
30. enensenseneeneeneeneneenennen 20 Activities for Teaching HIV Prevention ssssssscscescessesssessssscssesseessessssseussecsecsensesseuscecsecsencosssenseesees 21 Activity nieeenke tear daneen 21 22 15 22 Activity 3 The ABC etaleert 23 Sexually Tratsinitted Diseases STD Renee 24 Chlamydia steunende 24 2 Gonorrhed satan nnen deb near 25 Be SY PHI lis iz sana senen ennen neen dte tele le hetere 26 Sexually Transinitted Diseases STDs Chath vanonder etn 27 Teaching about STD s Classroom Activity a ananoonennenoeneeneenenneunenseneeneeneeneunenseneeneeneeneneenenne 31 eN NR MS 32 Condoms ene nen deden 32 Condoms 10 Questions to 33 aces clea yeh ae ta a a e vag cea Nungua este 42 How Does Pregnancy Happen essscssssssessecsecsscsssssseesecscesscsscussecsecsecuseuscussussesssscussussecsescessecaseseenseneeees 42 Facts About Pregnancy nsnsennenrenneerensenenneenenseneenennennennecseneenennennennensenenennennennecnen PEE iaai ES 42 An Unplanned Pregnancy innen nen RER Rieke RR ea eu 43 Puberty and Bodily deken elkeneen hele ennen nd 46 Ae eden eed 46 Piibe
31. er they can change how you feel about a person particularly if you were friends beforehand Due to all these emotional feelings it is important to consider when you want to have sex especially for the first time Volunteers need to educate their students about the emotional consequences of sex whether their students will feel good after having sex as well as the physical consequences and the need for contraception Due to the emotional and physical consequences involved in having sex it is important to choose wisely who you have sex with particularly for the first time Although it can feel like everyone around you is doing it you should not feel that you have to rush into having sex Everyone is different and individual The best way to have sex is with someone you know and trust when you are in a committed relationship and who respects you as a person If you are forced by a person to have sex against your will th s s rape and is not tolerated by any civilized society If you are raped it is essential to tell someone you trust as soon as possible and go to the police to report it You should not be ashamed about it You are NOT in the wrong The person who IS wrong is the person who has raped you You should not have sex with someone if you feel pressurized to do so or if it is something you feel uncomfortable about doing Making the decision to have sex is a big step and shouldn t be taken lightly in the current health climate and
32. eria from the skin and all clothing which has been worn Otherwise body odour can develop Washing Volunteers must educate their students about the importance of washing regularly and keeping the body clean If the bacteria caused by dirt aren t washed off the body then it will cause body odour Washing of the hands must always be done after going to the toilet handling food and whenever the hands become grubby or dirty Dirty clothes must always be washed as well Feet Feet are often the most abused part of the body and their care is regularly neglected To keep feet healthy and clean you must gt Wash them at regular intervals Cut the toenails properly to avoid in growing toenails Dry between the toes after washing the feet gt Treat cases of athlete s foot and verrucae and not leave them unchecked Visit a chiropodist or doctor for any serious skin conditions Wear trainers with socks Bacteria or fungus flourishes in warm damp places Bare feet cause moisture made from water to be left in the shoes instead of being absorbed by the socks which are washed and so kill the bacteria Bodily Hygiene Note In many developing countries the standard of bodily hygiene tends to be lower compared to developed countries As a result many volunteers will have to teach about basic hygiene Many people particularly if they come from a poor background don t have ready access to clean water to wash themselves Volunteers will often
33. ers It is possible that some of the teachers volunteers encounter may not have taught sex education at all in their schools and have a conservative attitude to sex education It is recommended that the volunteer should make sure all his her lesson plans ate checked in advance by at least one of the native teachers at their school to ensure the teacher understands what the volunteer wishes to teach This will ensure that no cultural insensitivity is caused and also encourage the teachers themselves to become better informed about sex education If they are carefully informed of the facts then the work of the volunteer can be continued long after their departure It is up to the volunteer to determine his her own lessons The volunteer can follow the chronology of this guide if they wish to or teach the sections in a different order The volunteer should be able to add or include their own individual ideas or recent updates to any section if they feel it is beneficial to their class and the guide as a whole However it is advisable that they share these ideas with at least one other person to ensure that the ideas are suitable for the guide The volunteer should ensure that no personal bias is involved when teaching the guide to their students This applies if there are parts of the guide which the volunteer may agree or disagree with for example their personal view on abortion A neutral bias involving a range of opinions must be presented to the st
34. ex is like sleeping with all the partners your partner has ever had and how important it is to practice safe sex as you don t always know where your partner has been Activity Source Planned Parenthood Educational Resources Teaching Materials Classroom Activities http www plannedparenthood org educational resources teachin Global Volunteer Network Sex Education Volunteer Training Guide 2 3 22 Activity 3 The ABC approach This is an educational strategy which was first used by Botswana as an AIDS awareness campaign during the 1990 s on billboards throughout the country and has since been adopted by a number of African countries Its main message is A Abstain from all sex B Be Faithful to one or less partners C Condomise Use a condom if you have sex This could be seen as a positive educational tool as it is stmple to teach and easier for the students to learn by heart However the ABC approach has been met with controversy over the past decade as different groups have argued that one point should be emphasized over the others This is particularly in relation to abstinence Volunteers should decide individually whether they should teach their students about these topical debates AFTER they have taught the basic facts about HIV Prevention and Education For a detailed look at the ABC approach in sex education view this article The ABC of HIV Prevention http www avert org abc hiv htm For
35. find that many of their students won t have a flushing toilet sinks or electrical showers Many students the volunteers encounter may not be aware of the importance of washing their hands after going to the toilet or handling Global Volunteer Network Sex Education Volunteer Training Guide 2 3 50 raw food or dirty goods For some students their families have to walk a great distance every day to collect their daily supply of water which will often be contaminated and dirty All these factors create a health hazard which further accelerates the spread of sexually transmitted diseases and fails to provide a healthy environment in which to practice safe sex Puberty and Relationships When girls and boys go through puberty they begin to be attracted to the opposite sex This will develop into sexual as well as emotional feelings for another person People experience sexual feelings from when they are very young but these feelings become more prominent when puberty develops Sexual feelings are usually caused by someone you meet something you experience or a dream or fantasy that you may have People can express their sexual feelings through many ways Physical signs There are physical signs for both men and women when they are sexually excited or turned on For men the main sign is an erection For women the signs are when the vagina becomes moist and the clitoris becomes bigger When men and women are sexually excited extra blood
36. gainst their will 5 Safe Sex people who have sexual intercourse where they are protected from pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases e g using a condom Semen Fluid containing sperm which is released from the penis when the male ejaculates Sexism when there is prejudice and bias by a person against the opposite sex Sperm Cells produced in the testes or balls of the male which fertilizes the egg to make a female pregnant Straight a heterosexual person U Uterus also known as the womb Part of the female reproductive organ where menstruation happens and pregnancy develops V Vagina the passage in the female body through the uterus and the vulva are connected Virgin a person who has never had sexual intercourse Note Volunteers are advised to take diagrams of the male and female reproductive organs and genitalia to use with their teaching Otherwise the diagrams can be drawn on the blackboard to teach the students The volunteer should take note to teach their students about the main features of the genitalia for both men and women and their purpose in sexual intercourse Volunteers should check that all diagrams which they wish to use for their teaching have been approved by the head teacher of their school Global Volunteer Network Sex Education Volunteer Training Guide 2 3 HIV AIDS FACTS TO TEACH HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus This is the caus
37. h of tissue across part of the vaginal opening 1 Incest When sexual intercourse occurs between people of the same family Infertile When a woman is unable to become pregnant or a male is unable to produce sperm which fertilizes a female egg Intercourse When two people have sex where the male penis is inserted into the female vagina L Lesbian A woman who is homosexual M Masturbation When a person becomes sexually aroused by touching their sexual organs Menstruation When blood and tissue is passed out of the uterus through the vagina of the female body for three to seven days Also known as a period Monogamy When a person in a committed relationship has sexual intercourse with only their partner Global Volunteer Network Sex Education Volunteer Training Guide 2 3 12 Oral Sex When a person stimulates his her partner s genitals sexually with their mouth tongue Penis The male reproductive and sex organ Pill also known as oral hormonal contraception which prevents pregnancy Premarital Sex when people have sexual intercourse before they are married Prostitution When a person performs sex acts in exchange for money Puberty The period during which a girl becomes a woman and a boy becomes a man Pubic Hair Hair which grows around the female and male genitalia R Rape when a person is forced by another person to have sexual intercourse a
38. he male and the female to both be responsible for contraception and their sexual health It can used with other contraceptives A woman can still become pregnant if the male doesn t put his penis in the whole way or withdraws before he ejaculates This is due to the pre cum which is the lubricating fluid which leaks out of the male penis before and during sex and can contain sperm If the fluid gets in or around the vagina the sperm can find their way inside and the woman might become pregnant Global Volunteer Network Sex Education Volunteer Training Guide 2 3 42 There is never a safe time to have unprotected sex Unless a woman wishes to become pregnant she should never have sex without contraception Women can become pregnant even during their period Women are normally only fertile for 8 to 9 days of each month However the male sperm can live inside the female body for several days so the female can become pregnant over a significant period of time A woman can t become pregnant if she swallows sperm through oral sex A woman can only become pregnant if sperm are released inside her vagina Women also can t get pregnant if they get sperm on their clothes as clothing generally serves as a barrier against sperm However contraception should still be used for oral sex as both men and women can still contract an STD There are signs which indicate if a woman is pregnant The first sign is normally a missed period Other sympto
39. heck online or in the area where their school is based 9 What if my partner doesn t want to use a condom Note This is often the most difficult obstacle to overcome when encouraging use of contraception It can be particularly difficult for both men and women in developing countries Many people in these countries haven t received an adequate sex education and are often ignorant about condoms Women are especially vulnerable Many of the countries where GVN projects are based have traditionally male dominated societies where women don t feel they can ask their husbands or partners to wear a condom and are more subjected to enforced unprotected sex and rape In some countries religion may affect whether contraception is allowed to be distributed and used The volunteers will be mainly teaching young teenagers This is a crucial age when sex education awareness and equality between sexes should be taught as being part of an individual s future Therefore each volunteer should take great care to teach their students about the connections between self esteem and safe sex and the importance of relationships Following is Georgina s own reply to this question from personal experience and research for this guide which emphasizes the main points volunteers should give to the students on this subject Volunteers should feel free to expand on this question It is often embarrassing when it comes to talking about contraception with each other Ho
40. ia is the country in Europe and Central Asia with the highest number of HIV infections and this prevalence continues to grow The highest prevalence rates are in the big cities but most regions are now becoming affected As Russia is undergoing a declining birth rate and HIV is affecting the young adult group of 20 to 49 as in Africa HIV AIDS education is urgently required to stop the decline of the general population in the next decade Russia has a large network of sex trade and slavery Many of the sex workers are drug addicts who inject They are likely to not use condoms with their clients and even if they do rarely with their sexual partners Nearly half of this group will be found to be HIV positive Russia is also experiencing a spread in HIV transmission amongst mothers to their babies as more women are infected Thailand Thailand is an unusual example in that its government in comparison to many other countries carried out a well publicized HIV prevention and education campaign in the 1990 s which has contributed to slowing the AIDS epidemic in this country However complacency has begun to set in and the current generation isn t receiving the adequate information which the previous Global Volunteer Network Sex Education Volunteer Training Guide 2 3 18 generation was educated about It is essential that volunteers can provide education to ensure the advances made in the past decade weren t made in vain As the budgets fo
41. iet Avoid anal sexual practices until recovered Always use a condom during sex Babies and children under 16 years should be immunized Always use a condom during sex Don t share needles Ensure any donated blood you receive has been tested Avoid any contact with infected blood Be treated to avoid re infection and be checked for STD s Avoid any sexual intercourse until you have been cleared 29 Continued Diseases which are transmitted sexually and in other ways Pubic Lice Crabs These are small lice which live in the pubic hair and cause irritation Scabies These are small mites which burrow into the skin and cause irritation Note How do you get it By close body contact normally during sexual intercourse with someone who is infected with lice It can also be spread by sharing clothes and bedding By close body contact sometimes during sexual intercourse with someone who is infected with scabies It can also be spread by sharing clothes and bedding What are the symptoms Intense itching in the pubic area Small nits eggs on the pubic hair Itching which becomes worse at night and a rash on the body Treatment Special shampoo cream or spray which can be applied to the pubic area All clothing and bed linen must be washed Special cream ointment or lotion All clothing and bedding should be washed What about my partner Any
42. ifficult It is clear that widespread HIV AIDS prevention and education is urgently needed in order to ease the epidemic which could devastate Indian society in the future For further information check out the website at http www avert org hiv india htm HIV AIDS around the world These are all countries where GVN has one or several projects China China is the most populated country in the world In this country HIV AIDS is becoming a ticking time bomb Official figures indicate the number of people infected with HIV has fallen in recent years However this is probably due to improved collection of data than a decline in new cases HIV prevalence is on the rise and with a significant amount of cases being unreported China is heading towards an AIDS epidemic on a par with Africa and India The main methods of HIV transmission are through heterosexual contact IDU and blood donation Like India HIV is beginning to affect all sections of society instead of high risk groups only Global Volunteer Network Sex Education Volunteer Training Guide 2 3 17 China is reported to have over 5 million drug users most of them being IDU Over half of these are estimated to share needles and syringes There is at least 4 million of the population working as prostitutes many of whom were forced into the trade due to economic reasons and poverty Both groups receive limited information about HIV AIDS which makes them more susceptible to risk of
43. infection Although China has started to implement new rehabilitation and education programs the Chinese government and police maintain a zero tolerance approach to drugs and prostitution which makes HIV prevention harder to enforce Like India China has a huge migrant population and emerging MSM minority Whilst homosexuality isn t illegal in China there is still a large stigma against gay men in society Migrants seeking a better job and lifestyle are mostly young and unmarried Without good education these groups are indulging in risky sexual behaviour Many people infected with HIV or STD s are reluctant to come forward to be treated for fear that they will be discovered and stigmatized Certain cases of HIV infection are due to blood and plasma donation This has been discovered in all provinces across China Many rural people sell their blood in order to make an income to blood processing companies within China who are usually operating illegally During donation the blood is often mixed before the infected blood is given back to the patient Although the Chinese government is beginning to crack down on illegal companies this practice is still operating leaving millions both known and unknown infected in the last twenty years China has a long way to go before its HIV AIDS problem can be resolved and prevention and education for its society should be a prime factor in ensuring the crisis doesn t reach epic proportions Russia Russ
44. ing long term scrotal pain Both operations must be carried out by an experienced doctor at a hospital The doctor will give strict instructions for the procedures and for self care afterwards Depo Provera This is an injection of one hormone progestogen into the female body It prevents the ovaries from releasing an egg each month during the menstrual cycle It doesn t interfere with sexual intercourse Women will normally have no periods One injection will last for 12 weeks It is a useful contraceptive for women who are unable to take the combined pill It must be proscribed by a doctor before you can have access to it Some women may have irregular periods and occassionally heavy bleeding It takes an average of 6 months for periods and fertility to return when the injections are stopped Some women may experience side effects of weight gain and depression It may reduce bone density There is a very slight risk of an increased chance of breast cancer The injection must be carried out by an experienced doctor or nurse at a family planning clinc healthcare centre or hospital The doctor or nurse will give strict instructions for the procedure and self care for afterwards Progestogen only Pill It is a pill which women take to prevent pregnancy The progestogen pill contains only one hormone progestogen It doesn t contain any oestrogen It works by thickening the mu
45. ip with one hand to get the air out and unroll the condom over the penis with the other hand Roll the condom all the way down to the base of the penis and smooth out any air bubbles as they can cause a condom to break Put lubricant on the outside of the condom before you have sexual intercourse Lubricant is the wetness which makes it easy for the penis to slide in and out during sex If there isn t enough lubrication the condom is more likely to break Always use a water based lubricant e g KY Jelly Avoid oil based lubricants such as Vaseline as these can also cause condoms to break Saliva or spit doesn t work effectively as a lubricant After the male has ejaculated or come hold the condom on the base of the penis and withdraw the penis before it becomes soft so no semen is split Wrap the used condom in tissue or toilet paper and put it in the rubbish Condoms should never be flushed down the toilet as they can block sewage systems and cause pollution 6 What if the condom doesn t unroll If the condom hasn t unrolled easily and you are struggling after a few seconds this could mean that the condom is upside down Hold the condom near the rim and slide it off the penis Then begin again with a new condom 7 What do I do if the condom breaks You should always check at intervals during sexual intercourse that the condom is still in place Condoms can slip or break for a number of reasons Examples The condom was torn b
46. ities to alleviate themselves and their families from poverty This section is designed for the volunteers to teach about the basic facts of pregnancy and the means of preventing it Volunteers must incorporate this message into their teaching Preventing pregnancy and STD s ensures young people have the ability to go to school and access to a brighter future How Does Pregnancy Happen Pregnancy happens when a man and woman have sexual intercourse Sexual intercourse is when a man puts his erect penis inside the vagina of a woman The male will move his penis in and out of the female vagina until he reaches the peak of his sexual excitement This is called ejaculation or coming Ejaculation is when the penis releases a sticky white substance called semen If the man and woman aren t using condoms then the semen will be released into the vagina Semen contains millions of tiny sperm cells which will swim up the vagina into the uterus and then the fallopian tubes One sperm will join with the egg which is released from the female ovaries once a month This is called fertilization When this occurs a woman will become pregnant Facts About Pregnancy To prevent pregnancy contraception must be used There are many different forms of contraception available to prevent pregnancy The most common forms are the pill and the condom The condom is the best form of contraception as it protects against both pregnancy and STD s It also requires t
47. mothers to their babies before or during birth and breastfeeding if the mother is HIV positive Through blood transfusions This still applies to many African countries as many still don t have standard test for HIV for donated blood and organs compared to the developed countries such as Britain and the United States Global Volunteer Network Sex Education Volunteer Training Guide 2 3 14 HIV is not spread through gt Anything that doesn t involve blood vaginal fluid semen or breast milk This includes toilet seats food water air faeces saliva vomit sweat urine insects animals knives forks tears HIV AIDS in Africa A Brief Overview GVN has several programs based in Africa including Tanzania Ghana South Africa Kenya Uganda and Rwanda Sub Saharan Africa has been more affected by HIV AIDS than any other region in the world despite the fact that it holds only 10 of the earth s population Over 22 million people at present are estimated to be HIV positive and at least 2 million people over the past year alone have become infected The epidemic is varied between different regions In some countries such as Kenya and Uganda HIV prevalence appears to be leveling off and the number of people dying is beginning to equal the number of new cases of HIV The worst affected is the region of Southern Africa and the country of South Africa with over 15 of the population infected Africa face
48. ms can include tiredness nausea morning sickness and tender breasts However not every woman experiences the same symptoms The way to find out if you are pregnant is to take a pregnancy test You must take emergency contraception if you have had unprotected sex If you have had unprotected sex and you don t want to become pregnant the first thing to do is to get emergency contraception within 72 hours of the sexual intercourse occurring This is the best method of preventing pregnancy You have to take a pregnancy test to find out if you are pregnant If a woman has had a missed period or any natural pregnancy indicators and she didn t take emergency contraception then she would be advised to take a pregnancy test Pregnancy tests can be bought from a chemist pharmacy or supermarket or the woman can go to the doctor or healthcare centre for guidance Ihe volunteer is advised to check how this applies in the area where their school is based The test may be done several times This is because stress can delay periods and some women receive negative results before they have confirmed it by receiving their period It is best to seek advice as soon as possible if you feel you might be pregnant An Unplanned Pregnancy If a woman or girl becomes pregnant there are these options available in the developed world However due to poverty or family and religious influence in many of the countries where GVN is based women may not have access to o
49. n 12 students Each group will be given 1 hour alone with the volunteer Each group will be given 10 minutes before their session to think of 1 question relating to sexuality that they would most like to ask the volunteer Examples Can you get pregnant the first time you have sex Can I get AIDS from kissing someone How do you know someone is gay Each student must think of a reply of what they think about their question The volunteer must listen to each student s question and answer He She must ask first the student and then the group s opinion on what is right wrong with the answer Then the volunteer can give his her own response to the question This task is designed for the volunteer to be aware of which topics of sex education need to be taught to their group and what topics the students are interested in learning about Task 3 designed for students aged 10 and up This task is designed as an introductory lesson to make the students comfortable with the volunteer and therefore with discussing sex education 1 2 The volunteer should ask all the students to sit in a circle Each student is then asked by the volunteer what their main hope or dream is that they wish to achieve in life The volunteer must then listen to each individual student He She must either respond to each student separately or to the class as a whole about how the decisions the students make will affect their lives Example Stadent
50. nsmission This should be emphasized if the volunteer knows that drug use may be common in the area Wear protective gloves or clothing and wash your hands if you come into direct contact with blood or body fluids which are known to be infected with HIV Check that your blood has been screened for HIV before you have a blood transfusion or received donated blood Global Volunteer Network Sex Education Volunteer Training Guide 2 3 20 Activities for Teaching HIV Prevention There is no one way to teach about HIV prevention Here are some activities which volunteers can incorporate into their teaching for their class Activities for teaching about Attitudes to HIV AIDS One of the main obstacles for teaching about HIV prevention is the fear and ignorance which surrounds HIV AIDS Many people who are HIV positive are afraid to come forward and receive vital treatment for fear that their status will be made public and they will be discriminated against by their community In many developing countries healthcare workers regularly haven t been properly educated about HIV AIDS and refuse to treat patients if they know they are HIV positive These activities are designed for the students to think about prejudice and stigma in society and how it can affect people who are HIV positive Activity 10 Differences This activity should take about 60 minutes The first activity should encourage discussion about prejudice and identify prejudi
51. nstead of just pregnancy on its own Three main forms of contraception are available gt Barrier Methods These stop sperm from the male penis entering into a woman s uterus and fertilizing her egg Examples include Condoms both male and female the cap the diaphragm and the IntraUterine Device the IUD or coil gt Hormonal Methods These change the level of hormones in the female body When the female body is in this condition it makes conception very difficult to occur Examples include The Pill implants rings patches and the IntraUterine System IUS gt Spermicides designed to kill the male sperm in the female vagina Examples include gels pessaries and foams which are inserted into the female vagina or placed on a special sponge to cover the cervix Note It is important to be aware that the majority of volunteers will be teaching in developing countries where a large portion of these contraceptives will be in limited supply or not available at all It is also likely that many of the students and their families will be unable to afford these contraceptives on a regular basis However it is advised that the volunteer should teach their students about all these contraceptives Condoms The main focus of this section will be on condoms This is because they are the best method particularly in developing countries for preventing pregnancy and halting the spread of the HIV AIDS and STD epidemic Global Volunteer
52. nt are HIV positive making India the second country in the world after South Africa with the most inhabitants affected by HIV AIDS As a result India is facing an AIDS epidemic on a huge scale albeit one that has been less covered in the media compared to Africa Infection rates in India increased dramatically in the last decade and are still growing instead of leveling off Originally HIV AIDS mainly affected high risk groups such as truck drivers and sex workers however despite this perception still remaining HIV AIDS is now moving into all sectors of society This is made easier by the language and cultural barriers across India where the majority of the population is illiterate and open discussion of sex is still a taboo subject Therefore efficient sex education is harder to carry out Global Volunteer Network Sex Education Volunteer Training Guide 2 3 16 The main source of HIV AIDS transmission is again through heterosexual contact India contains one of the world s largest road networks This involves millions of truck drivers India also has a large migrant population many of whom are moving within India particularly into the cities from the rural areas Isolation and long hours away from their homes mean the workers are likely to engage in risky sexual behaviour whilst on the road usually with prostitutes Most workers are unaware that they are infected with HIV and return to their wives who in turn are infected causing an epidemic a
53. o stop the acceleration of HIV What is evident across all the countries in general is that HIV prevalence is on the rise and showing no sign of slowing down in the near future Prevalence is particularly high in the smaller countries in Latin America including those where GVN projects are based such as Honduras Key groups are affected by HIV AIDS in Latin America including migrant workers IDU and MSM Drug use amongst individuals has become more common in many countries on the continent whilst homophobia is normal in many Latin American societies This prejudice ensures awareness of HIV amongst this group is often low as they are unwilling to acquire education and treatment for fear that their sexuality will be discovered However HIV is also increasingly being spread by heterosexual contact Fear and stigma of HIV is a large problem in dealing with the epidemic There is widespread ignorance of HIV in several countries due to lack of funding for education and poverty and HIV positive people face discrimination and harassment on a daily basis HIV AIDS prevention and education must be given a wider focus in order to bring Latin America s AIDS epidemic to a wider public platform and reduce the rising prevalence rates Global Volunteer Network Sex Education Volunteer Training Guide 2 3 19 HIV Prevention and Education In order to reduce the HIV AIDS global epidemic it is essential that people are given a thorough education on the facts
54. odies are going through as they begin to mature into adults It is important for the students to understand what is happening to them physically and mentally and the responsibilities which come along with this process This education will then allow them to establish a mature outlook on sex and its own responsibilities Note It is important for the volunteer to check with the teachers at their school before teaching this section as some schools may not be used to talking about puberty in an open discussion Puberty This is a period which mainly starts from the age of 10 years old and continues through to the ages of 14 to 15 years for both boys and girls Puberty begins when large amounts of chemicals called hormones start to be produced in the body This causes a period of physical and emotional change as young people begin to grow into teenagers and young adults Main signs of puberty for girls The development of breasts The beginning of their period gt The growth of hair in the genital area underarms and legs The development of the female reproductive sex organs gt The growth of the hips Spots Main signs of puberty for boys The development of the male reproductive sex organs gt Growth of hair in the genital area underarms face and legs Lowering of the voice Erections Spots Global Volunteer Network Sex Education Volunteer Training Guide 2 3 46 Puberty for Girls During Puberty girls begin to
55. of HIV AIDS at the beginning of this section and the means to prevent it This is the most effective method of HIV prevention Preventing HIV AIDS 10 Facts to Teach These are the most important facts that should be taught about HIV prevention YOU can prevent yourself from becoming infected with AIDS by 1 2 10 Abstaining completely from all sex This is the safest method of HIV prevention Delaying first sex or sex until you are ready and in a committed relationship with someone you can trust and you are able to practice safe sex Having sex with one person only or fewer people Making sure you are aware of your partner s sexual status Always using a condom whenever you have any form of vaginal oral and anal sex This has been proven to be the most effective method of preventing HIV transmission through sexual contact Don t have unprotected oral sex if you or your partner has cuts sores or blisters around their mouth as this is a way through which HIV can be transmitted This should particularly be emphasized if the volunteer is teaching to people who have poor oral hygiene which is more common in developing countries Take a blood test if you are worried that you might be HIV positive This should be done especially if you have had several sexual partners or unprotected sex and your partner was HIV positive Don t share needles with people if you are injecting drugs Clean needles reduce the risk of HIV tra
56. ome spermicides It can be messy It has a very high failure rate unless it is used with a diaphragm or condom None known unless you are allergic Spermicides are best used with a diaphragm or condom Spermicides should be put onto the diaphragm and the outside of the condom when it is on the erect penis before sexual intercourse takes place Global Volunteer Network Sex Education Volunteer Training Guide 2 3 37 Continued Method of Contraception What is It Advantages Disadvantages Health Concerns How 1 Use It Vasectomy and Tubal Legation These are permanent forms of contraception for men and women A vasectomy is an operation performed on a man The male tubes cut so sperm can no longer get to the penis Tubal legation is when clips are put on the female tubes so the egg is prevented from reaching the uterus Both these operations happen only once It is a permanent method of contraception for men and women who don t wish to have children It doesn t interfere with sexual intercourse Both methods require an operation Once done they are permanent and not easily reversible They may have short term side effects of pain or bruising It does not protect you from STD s For tubal legation there is a slight risk that the woman may have a reaction to the anaesthetic For a vasectomy there is a rare possibility of the male experienc
57. omen it can spread from the cervix to the uterus and fallopian tubes causing PID or Pelvic Inflammatory Disease This may lead to infertility If a woman has had PID she is more at risk of having an ectopic pregnancy and long term pelvic pain gt If left untreated in men the infection can spread from the penis to the testicles causing painful swelling and also lead to infertility How Do You Get Chlamydia gt having unprotected vaginal and anal sex without a condom with someone who is infected with Chlamydia What are the Symptoms gt Many men and women have no symptoms gt Women may have pain during sexual intercourse pelvic pain in the lower abdomen bleeding between periods pain when urinating or an unusual vaginal discharge gt Men may have pain when urinating or a watery or thick discharge from the penis Global Volunteer Network Sex Education Volunteer Training Guide 2 3 24 How Do I Treat Chlamydia gt Chlamydia is treatable with antibiotics What About My Partner gt Any recent partners must be treated Don t have sex until you are cleared and if you do use a condom How Do I Prevent Chlamydia gt Always use a condom when you have sex 2 Gonorrhea What is Gonorrhea gt Gonorrhea is a bacterial infection of the genitals anus throat and rectum It affects both men and women gt If left untreated it can cause infertility in both men and women and other serious health pro
58. progestogen sexual intercourse ermee belen A very small risk of heart on how to take the pill It is taken by women It There is less chance of same time each day attacks strokes and blood It should be taken at the stops ovaries in the female getting ovarian and uterine It shouldn t be used by clots same time each day body from releasing an egg cancer It can be taken up women over 35 who This is more likely in If you are more than 12 each month to the menopause smoke women over 35 who hours late within the daily normally leads to regular smoke are overweight ime of taking it you have an It lly leads to regul It can cause side effects k ght f taking it you h periods which are also andy as neediness clin have a family history of the increased risk of pregnancy lighter shorter and less changes nausea weight gain above conditions painful and irreuglar bleeding Emergency This is contraception which They both reduce the Both contraceptives must None known for the ECP You must see a doctor or Contraception is taken by a woman if she has had unprotected sex There are two main types the Emergency Contraceptive Pill ECP and the Intra Uterine Device IUD The ECP should be taken within 72 hours of unprotected sexual intercourse It contains only one hormone progestogen It prevents pregnancy by altering sperm transport in the female body and delaying an egg release from the ovary until sperm is no longer activ
59. r HIV AIDS campaigning by the government have been cut over the past few years and no major campaigns promoted young Thai adults are engaging in unprotected sex without sufficient awareness of HIV AIDS as something which could happen to them Thailand has a major problem with HIV transmission being spread through IDU which it failed to have much success in reducing to begin with MSM are again a high prevalence group but have only until recently begun receiving support and awareness education There is a large migrant population both official and legal from within Thailand and neighbouring countries that also lack HIV AIDS awareness despite the fact that they are at high risk due to their mobile lifestyle which encourages risky sexual behaviour In the 1990 s a 100 condom use program was promoted throughout the brothels in Thailand however its enforcement needs to be renewed to ensure low HIV prevalence rates amongst sex workers as prostitution shows no signs of diminishing HIV prevention and education must return to being a priority for the Thai government to ensure that their past successes will not be mere flukes in the fight against AIDS Latin America GVN has programs in Honduras El Salvador and Ecuador The continent of Latin America is similar to India in that it hasn t received as much media attention compared to Africa However Latin America is fast developing its own HIV AIDS epidemic which needs to be given more priority in order t
60. r be aware that all these options exist A woman or girl can choose to Continue their pregnancy and a raise their child b have the child adopted ot c terminate their pregnancy by having an abortion Global Volunteer Network Sex Education Volunteer Training Guide 2 3 43 a Continuing the pregnancy and raising the child The woman or girl will choose to keep the child and raise it with their partner by themselves or with their family or friends This is a huge responsibility and will permanently alter the course of the woman or young girl s life b Continuing the pregnancy and having the child adopted The woman or girl will choose to have the baby but when the baby is born the woman or girl will consent to give the baby to another person or couple That person or couple will have the rights and responsibility of parenting the child which are transferred to them from the birth mother by legal right This isn t an easy option but it is the best option if the woman or girl doesn t want to have an abortion but feels that they can t provide a good quality of life for their baby c Terminating the pregnancy by having an abortion Note Abortion isn t an easy topic to discuss or teach as so many people have different opinions about it Many people are strongly for or against abortion This will apply to many of the countries where GVN is based Therefore it is important for the volunteer to be aware that they may
61. r body The doctor or nurse will remove the IUD or IUS when it needs to be taken out However the IUD and IUS don t protect against STD s so condoms should be used as well during sexual intercourse Global Volunteer Network Sex Education Volunteer Training Guide 2 3 40 Continued Method of Contraception What is It Advantages Disadvantages Health Concerns How 1 Use It Fertility Awareness This is natural family planning which helps women to recognise the fertile and infertile times of their menstrual cycle so they are able to plan or avoid pregnancy This is done by checking cervical mucus body temperature and periods These indicate when a woman is more likely to get pregnant Natural Family Planning can help you to understand how your body works Once the method has been learnt you don t need to make repeated trips to see a health professional Natural Family Planning is allowed in nearly all religions There are no side effects Couples can share responsibility together No hormones are used You need expert instruction in order to learn how to practice the method properly During the fertile time sex must be avoided completely unless you use other contraceptives It takes at least six cycles to learn properly and records of body temperature and cervical mucus must be kept daily Body signs may be difficult to recognize and they may vary
62. rty for Girls ananas aaa anne Ra bd atlas 47 for Boys 48 Bodilyiflygiene annen neee neen ere eeen eeen 49 49 Bodily Hygiene 50 Pubertyand Relationships R E S 5 5 Points to Teach about Having 52 Final WOT 53 FOREWARD My name is Georgina Blewett I was a volunteer on the Ghana Teaching Program with Global Volunteer Network for three months from February to May in 2006 It was during this period as a voluntary school teacher that two girls in my class became pregnant Both of them were under 16 years old and stopped coming to school Sex Education and awareness may not immediately come to your mind when you decide to partake on a GVN program but the topic is becoming a matter of paramount importance Many developing countries don t have access to the information When that information is not there for whatever reason the effects can be clearly seen If a girl gets pregnant the chances are very high that she will be taken out of school and you may lose a pupil you could have taught If a boy or girl contracts HIV or an STD through unprotected sex their quality of life is threatened if there is no access to drugs and they may be stigmatized in their community This is just the tip of the iceberg These issues may no
63. ruggling or failing to finish school The grandparents may have to care for their grandchildren Households with one or more HIV patients have to spend a greater amount of their meager income on care and funeral costs and cut back on basic necessities In order to cope they may borrow from other households and use up their assets and savings causing many families to fall into further poverty The economy is being affected as there is less labour which makes the existing labour more expensive whilst agricultural work is being neglected Many African countries were already struggling to expand their economy and industry in order to attract foreign interest prior to the AIDS epidemic These problems combined will only worsen the situation One main method of reducing the morality rate is to provide antiretroviral ARV drugs to those who are HIV positive Unfortunately the majority of those in need of ARV drugs are still not receiving them and it will take a significant period of time before adequate numbers are supplied Due to these issues it is essential that HIV AIDS prevention and education continue to be implemented as it is considered to be one of the best methods to reducing the rate of AIDS in Africa For further information check out the website www avert org aidsimpact htm HIV AIDS in India India has over a billion inhabitants which makes it one of the most heavily populated countries on earth after China Over 4 million people at prese
64. s mounting challenge in dealing with the AIDS epidemic The prevalence overall continues to remain high and is still increasing in several countries Many people who are HIV positive are starting to become ill This is making a serious impact on society The majority of African countries lack basic healthcare and resources compared to the West The AIDS crisis is placing a serious strain on these existing health services as greater numbers of HIV patients become in need of care HIV AIDS has also reduced the mortality rate of healthcare workers making their already depleted numbers in even shorter supply Global Volunteer Network Sex Education Volunteer Training Guide 2 3 15 HIV AIDS has emerged as a generalized epidemic Rather than being confined to high risk groups such as sex workers and men who have sex with men MSM the main method of transmission is now through heterosexual sexual intercourse The main group affected is the adult age group 15 to 49 and more women are becoming infected compared to men HIV AIDS is affecting the young adult group in society who are the prime income for their household This is because the largest number of deaths relating to AIDS occurs in this group As a result it is threatening the stability of many households which are already impoverished The younger members left behind not only lose their parents but forced to take on their roles This often results in younger children st
65. sexual partners from the last three months should be checked Any sexual partners from the last three months should be checked How do prevent it Any recent sexual partners from the last three months should be checked if possible at the same time as you Keep all bedding and clothing clean Wash the genital area and keep it clean Any recent sexual partners from the last three months should be checked if possible at the same time as you Keep all bedding and clothing clean Wash the genital area and keep it clean For further information regarding all the sexually transmitted diseases the volunteer is advised to visit their local family planning clinic or healthcare centre before their trip They are also recommended to visit the healthcare centre or hospital in their chosen country after their arrival to gain recent statistics or information relevant to the area where their school is based Global Volunteer Network Sex Education Volunteer Training Guide 2 3 30 Teaching about STD s Classroom Activity This activity is designed for students to revise all the different STD s which they have been taught about including the symptoms and how they are treated gt gt The activity is for students aged 13 and upwards This activity should take 20 minutes depending on the number of students Complete this activity after the students have had lessons on all the STD s the volunteer has decid
66. ships and safe sex 10 Should I use only condoms during sexual intercourse Condoms can be used alongside with other contraceptives during sexual intercourse for instance with the pill However because condoms protect against pregnancy and STD s they should be promoted as the main contraceptive to use The following chart explains in detail the main list of contraceptives which are available in developed countries The volunteer can chose to devote one lesson to this chart or spend extra lessons on each separate contraceptive This is recommended for the more complicated contraceptives such as the IUD Volunteers are recommended to draw or bring diagrams of the contraceptives to show to the class Examples of the contraceptives can also be bought to show the class Global Volunteer Network Sex Education Volunteer Training Guide 2 3 36 Method of Contraception What is It Advantages Disadvantages Health Concerns How do Use It Diaphragm or cap A diaphragm or cap is a dome shaped soft rubber barrier It is used by women It fits inside a female vagina over her cervix the entrance to the uterus Pelvic muscles hold the diaphragm in place It is used each time a woman has sexual intercourse It can be used only when it is needed It protects the cervix so it helps to protect against some STD s and cancer of the cervix It can be put in several hours before sexual intercourse
67. should use a condom every time you have sexual intercourse This includes vaginal oral and anal sex You should practice using a condom first before sex if you haven t used one before You should NEVER use the same condom twice If you change from vaginal to anal intercourse you should also change the condom for a new one 5 How do I use a condom Note This question should be given at least one lesson on its own to ensure the students understand it correctly The volunteer could either draw diagrams on the board or show pictures to the class It is also recommended that the volunteer show an actual condom to the class i Before you use the condom make sure that the package and condom in good condition and that the expiry date on the package hasn t passed The condom packet should be opened at one corner Make sure the condom isn t torn by your fingernails teeth jewellery or through being too rough Place the rolled condom over the tip of the erect penis The condom should be unrolled smoothly with the rim on the outside Global Volunteer Network Sex Education Volunteer Training Guide 2 3 33 iv vi vil viii ix If the man is not circumcised the foreskin should be pulled back before the condom is rolled on The condom should have a reservoir top at its tip which is a space for the semen to collect If not the tip of the condom should be pinched to leave a half inch space Pinch the condom t
68. t be apparent when you first arrive at the program but that doesn t mean they are not happening This guide is designed to encourage all volunteers to be aware of these issues during their stay and provide a gateway to teach this subject to their pupils or the teachers themselves A little knowledge can really make a huge difference Global Volunteer Network Sex Education Volunteer Training Guide 2 3 4 INTRODUCTION POINTS TO CONSIDER Talking about sexuality and sex education is never straightforward There is no one method of talking or teaching about it and each person has their own individual ideas This guide hopefully will provide volunteers with the basics and means to go out and teach pupils in their own way The guide is designed to take into consideration cultural attitudes Volunteers are mainly going to countries where sex and sex education isn t discussed as openly as in the West and is often regarded as a taboo subject Religion is often at the centre of the communities and may be a factor as to how sex education is taught in that community Many of the pupils have little or no access to magazines leaflets the Internet or a family planning clinic which are important foundations for Western sex education This means that for the majority of pupils knowledge about sex education will consist of what their family may or may not have said or hearsay from their friends Volunteers may also need to be aware of the teach
69. takes place It doesn t affect a woman s menstrual cycle It makes sex less messy during menstruation The first fitting of a diaphragm should be done by an experienced doctor or nurse It can be messy Some women find it hard to put in or take out Some spermicides used with diaphragms may irritate the vagina or penis It must be left in place 6 hours after sexual intercourse has occurred Some women may experience bladder infections Diaphragms and caps should always be used with spermicide jelly or cream which kills the sperm Before sexual intercourse put spermicide on the cap or diaphragm Put the diaphragm into the vagina so it covers the cervix If it fits well you and your partner shouldn t be able to feel it during sexual intercourse If you have any problems with it see your doctor immediately Remove at least 6 hours after sexual intercourse and wash and dry it before it is used next time Diaphragms should be checked every year after any pregnancy or vaginal surgery and if you gain or lose more than half a stone in weight Spermicide Spermicides are foam pessaries cream or jelly which are made of chemicals which kill sperm It is easy to use and to carry It is used only when needed It can protect against some STD s It can be bought from family planning clinics or chemists It has to be used before sexual intercourse Some women and men are allergic to s
70. the boy becomes older this will grow into a moustache on the upper lip or a beard which covers most or the entire chin Some boys will choose to keep the hair whilst others prefer to remove the hair by shaving it off with a razor Boys are advised to use a shaving gel or foam before shaving so the skin isn t irritated They can also go to a barbershop if they don t want to do it themselves Most boys don t need to shave very often until they become older Global Volunteer Network Sex Education Volunteer Training Guide 2 3 48 Bodily Hygiene When girls and boys go through puberty and their bodies develop it is important for them to be aware of their personal hygiene Oral Hygiene The main problems of oral hygiene are gt Sensitive teeth gt Bad Breath gt Diet gt Bleeding Gums Sensitive teeth The main ways to combat this problem are using toothpaste designed for sensitive teeth and using warm rather than cold water to rinse out the mouth If the problem persists it is worth visiting the doctor for further consultation Bad Breath This is caused by poor oral hygiene Ways to combat this problem include brushing your teeth at least twice a day every day When brushing your teeth ensure you use your toothbrush to clean the back of your teeth and tongue Make sure you dislodge every piece of food which may become stuck in your mouth Drink plenty of water to prevent the mouth from becoming dry and use an antiseptic mouth
71. their sexuality Here are some introductory activities to get volunteers started Task designed for students aged 12 and up This task will require paper or post it notes and pens The time for this task is flexible depending on the number of students 1 The volunteer asks all the students to sit or stand in a circle Each student will receive a piece of paper with a term of sexuality written on it Examples condom vagina The note should be attached to their back or front of their head 2 The students will then each be assigned a partner Each group will take it in turns to guess what term of sexuality is written on their note by asking a yes or question Example Am part of the female body Yes 3 After every group has finished the volunteer should ask the students to repeat the terms out loud and what they thought about playing the game The activity should allow the students to start thinking about sexuality and encourage them to feel comfortable discussing the subject with the volunteer and each other Source Planned Parenthood Website Educational Resoutces Global Volunteer Network Sex Education Volunteer Training Guide 2 3 8 Task 2 designed for students aged 16 and up This task is designed for older teenagers and adults to encourage frank discussion of the sexual problems they may be facing 1 For this task girls and boys should be put into separate groups of no more tha
72. udents in order for the education to be successful Global Volunteer Network Sex Education Volunteer Training Guide 2 3 5 Some requirements of Western sex education may not apply for instance methods of contraception as they are simply not commonly available in that particular country This guide aims to give volunteers a basic synopsis of sex education from a Western viewpoint The synopsis can then be tailored by the volunteer to teach to their students so it reflects the cultural attitudes and relevant topics of their chosen country This will allow for a more successful exchange of information and education for the students Global Volunteer Network Sex Education Volunteer Training Guide 2 3 ABOUT SEXUALITY POINTS TO CONSIDER gt Sexuality is a part of human nature and a basic human instinct as much as the need to eat and drink gt Every person is sexual gt Sexuality is a normal part of living as a human being Every individual has a basic right to learn about and embrace their sexuality gt Sexuality comes in all forms gt Sexuality shapes our views on life and love and how people experience the world gt Sex and Sexuality is everywhere People can gt See it in television film and advertisements gt Read about it in books magazines leaflets and the Internet gt Talk about it amongst their friends and family gt Hear about it from family and strangers As a result of witnessing a
73. unteer should have this thought in mind before they proceed with teaching However it is advisable that students should be taught about all the diseases in this section Global Volunteer Network Sex Education Volunteer Training Guide 2 3 27 Diseases which sexually transmitted How do you get it What are the symptoms Treatment What about my partner How do prevent it Genital Warts Human Papilloma Virus HPV HPV is transmitted by direct skin to skin contact during sex or through mother to baby Sometimes the source can t be identified This affects both men and women Fleshy or flat lumps on the genitals They may not always be visible With liquid nitrogen freezing diathermy heat proscribed creams or chemical paints Women with HPV must have a smear test 3 years after their last smear Recent sexual partners must be checked so they can be treated if found to be have HPV Using a condom during sex Checking the genital area as condoms don t provide total protection from this infection Genital Herpes This is a herpes simplex virus which causes a skin infection Herpes is transmitted through close skin contact with someone who has the virus Also transmitted from mother to baby Herpes affects both men and women Painful red blisters or sores on the mouth and lips or on the genitals People may also have flu like symptoms or a discharge
74. ved The IUD is suitable if a woman is in a long term relationship They should be fitted by an experienced doctor The IUD can cause heavier periods or cramping The 105 can cause irregular bleeding within the first few months of it being inserted The IUD shouldn t be used by women who might be pregnant have an STD or who have recently had an infection in their uterus or fallopian tubes The IUD might not be suitable for women who haven t had children or who have more than one sexual partner Some women may faint or feel pain when the IUD is put in or taken out The IUD can sometimes come out by itself The copper in the IUD can occasionally cause an allergic reaction There is an increased chance of pelvic infection when an IUD is put in or if you get an STD Pelvic infection can cause infertility An IUD or IUS must be fitted by an experienced doctor or nurse at a family planning clinic healthcare centre or hospital The IUD should be fitted during or just after your period can also be fitted 6 weeks after you have had a baby immediately after an abortion or as an emergency contraceptive method after unprotected sex The doctor or nurse will put the IUD into your uterus which will stretch the cervix for a few minutes and may be painful Allow an hour for the procedure The doctor or nurse will give you strict instructions once the IUD is inserted for medical checks and self care of the IUD in you
75. wash Diet Food in a person s diet can affect the state of their teeth particularly if the food contains high amounts of sugar or acid Soft Drinks especially can be incredibly damaging on the teeth The average soft drink can have the equivalent of five teaspoons of sugar in it Soft drinks affect the surface of the teeth and high consumption can lead to complete erosion of the teeth causing gum disease a need for fillings and other problems This can cause major problems in developing countries where the majority of the population is unable to afford dental care The best method is to avoid soft drinks as much as possible exchange them for water Note Each volunteer is advised to check the regular diet used in their local area where their school is based This mainly applies if the volunteer s students drink soft drinks or processed foods containing high levels of sugar Bleeding Gums This is when the gums bleed whenever they are slightly irritated This is normally caused by one brushing one s teeth too hard One may think that they are getting rid of the tartar and plaque from their teeth but they may actually end up brushing the gums away and exposing the roots of the teeth which are extremely sensitive Instead a gentle up and down brushing motion should be used The areas between the teeth can also be cleaned using dental floss This removes pieces of food from gaps in the teeth which may not be removed by brushing and if left can
76. way from the urban cities of India India has a thriving billion dollar sex industry especially in the large cities of Mumbai and Kolkata despite prostitution being officially illegal Many sex workers are forced into prostitution against their will or through poverty and often not informed of the dangers of HIV AIDS This makes them mote resistant to insisting upon condom use which in turn is made worse as the clients are normally willing to pay higher prices to have sex without a condom Although projects to educate sex workers ate being practiced in various cities throughout India an overwhelming number of workers remain HIV positive Homosexuality in India is illegal and rarely talked about openly Despite this silence research indicates it is fairly common in India with many MSM being married or having female sexual partners The closed discussion around homosexuality means that many MSM are ignorant about the risks of HIV AIDS and the educators themselves regularly face harassment in their attempts to teach them All this is contributing to the spread of HIV AIDS amongst this group HIV AIDS is also spreading through IDU injecting drug users particularly in the north east of India and urban areas as needle sharing is a common problem Many IDU are sex workers and have sexual partners which doubles the risk As the Indian government has a tough stance on drug use this makes the task of educating IDU and getting them off drugs considerably d
77. wever sexual health is very important and your future isn t worth risking over a little embarrassment Sex is best when it is safe and you trust and respect the person you are sleeping with If you can t talk openly with your partner about contraception then maybe you ate not ready to have sex with that person If your partner doesn t want to use contraception this could indicate that they don t understand the dangers and you may need to explain these to them It s important to communicate with each other and to listen If they still won t use contraception you should reconsider having sex with them For further information and advice for this question gt Look at this article on condom on usage Using Condoms condom types and sizes on the AVERT website The second half of the article is particularly useful http www avert org usecond htm Global Volunteer Network Sex Education Volunteer Training Guide 2 3 35 gt Article Advice about Condoms also on the AVERT website http www avert org teencondoms htm gt Volunteers should visit their local family planning clinic for leaflets and advice on condom use and relationships gt Volunteers should also check the website http www vday org which is a global movement to stop sexual violence against girls and women It raises many questions of empowerment and respect for women which is extremely useful for the volunteers as these factors underline relation
78. y test 3 to 4 weeks after you took the ECP Global Volunteer Network Sex Education Volunteer Training Guide 2 3 39 Continued Method of Contraception What is It Advantages Disadvantages Health Concerns How do Use It The Intra Uterine Device IUD and the Hormone Intra Uterine System IUS An IUD is a small piece of plastic with copper wire wrapped around it This is put inside the uterus of the female body by a doctor or nurse Nylon threads attached to the IUD hang down into the vagina so the female can check that the IUD is in place The IUD prevents the fertilisation of an egg from occurring The copper wire on the IUD prevents the male sperm from moving towards the egg If the egg is fertilised the IUD stops the egg from implanting in the uterus An IUS is a small plastic system which places progestogen inside the uterus This also stops sperm from fertilising an egg They are reliable contraceptives They don t interfere with sexual intercourse They can stay in place for 5 years or more The IUD can be used as an emergency contraceptive The nylon threads of the IUD can t be felt during sexual intercourse They don t affect women who are breast feeding They are suitable for women who have had children The IUS is suitable for women with heavy periods and women who have light periods or no periods at all Women can become pregnant after an IUD is remo
79. y fingernails or other means The penis went soft before withdrawal The condom wasn t put on correctly Not enough lubricant or the wrong lubricant was used The condom slipped off during withdrawal During prolonged and very rigorous sexual intercourse Vv VV MV V The condom was out of date as this causes the rubber to lose its strength The condom can be damaged if the female has had certain thrush treatments gt The condom was kept in a warm place as this also causes the rubber to lose its strength Global Volunteer Network Sex Education Volunteer Training Guide 2 3 34 If the condom does break or slip off withdraw the penis quickly and replace the condom immediately If there is any chance that semen may have leaked from the condom the female should visit the family planning clinic or healthcare centre within 72 hours to seek advice about emergency contraception such as the morning after pill 8 Where can I buy condoms There is no age limit on buying condoms They are readily available in family planning or sexual health clinics and normally free of charge It zs advised that the volunteer should check on this in the area where they are based for their trip or on the Internet before they arrive Otherwise they can be bought from chemists garages nightclubs bars or pubs supermarkets on the internet and sex shops Most of these should apply to developing countries although it is advised that the volunteer should again c

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