Clampco Sistemi AP2000 Biconical Antenna AP3000
Contents
1. 144 mm x 270 mm x 74 mm gt 22 dB Weight Isotropic error 2 4 kg up to 1 8 GHz lt 0 5 dB from 1 8 GHz to 2 5 GHz lt 0 9 dB Connectors from 2 5 GHz to 3 0 GHz lt 1 3 dB N female Balun symmetry Material from 80 MHz to 90 MHz lt 0 6 dB from 90 MHz to 3 0 GHz lt 0 2 dB Dipole green anodized alluminium Balun brass p Steeg Operating Condition PVC Temperature From 30 C to 55 C Pr ion gr B re emigrate Humidity Max 95 at 50 C without condensation Measurement characteristics Antenna type biconical linear passive device with RF absorbing boom Polarization linear monoaxial Frequency range from 85 MHz to 3000 MHz Maximum applicable field gt 300 V m Antenna factor and SWR individually char certificate included Sensitivity gt 0 5 mV m AP2000 AP3000 User Manual Rev 6 1 August 2009 Page 16 of 17 AP2000 AP3000 Biconical Antenna CH calzavara Ss Clampco Sistemi Via Corecian n 60 33031 Basiliano UD Eege SE WEB E mail www clampco it clampco clampco it Biconical Antenna Kit Composition and codes AP2000 Kit n 1 AP2000 Biconical passive antenna n 1 OCF010 10 meters cable with ferrit for biconical antenna n 1 SUPPORTAP2000 support 1 4 54 7 degrees bended for biconical antenna AP3000 Kit n 1 AP3000 Biconical passive antenna n 1 OCF010 10 meters cable with ferrit for biconical antenna n 1 SUPPORTAP2000 support 1 4 54 7 degrees bended for biconical antenna2. Accessories and Options AT_WOODENTRIPODE Wooden tripod with rotating joint and bag AP_CARRYCASE Carry Case for biconical antenna SW3000 Measurement software for narrow band of electromagnetic fields AP2000 AP3000 User Manual Rev 6 1 August 2009 Page 17 of 17
3. i e with different wave impedance is not necessarily identical With regard to the usable band of the antenna in question the problem arises in practice in the vicinity of dipole curtain FM radiant systems where the near field zone is more extensive In this case the error will nevertheless be negligible because at these frequencies antenna AP2000 or AP3000 has a high impedance More generally however it is advisable to compare near field measurements performed using passive antennas with other measurements obtained with instruments active or wide band sensors featuring a higher receiving antenna impedance In particular in the near field zone it is advisable to measure the E and H components of the field separately using respective instruments of known and adequate rejection of the dual component AP2000 AP3000 User Manual Rev 6 1 August 2009 Page 12 of 17 AP2000 AP3000 Biconical Antenna CH calzavara Ss Clampco Sistemi Via Corecian n 60 33031 Basiliano UD Telephone Fax 39 0432 84381 39 0432 848997 WEB E mail www clampco it clampco clampco it 4 Maintenance 4 1 Functional check Antennas AP2000 and AP3000 do not usually require any maintenance except for general cleaning with a damp cloth Do not use solvents on plastic components The antenna cones in aluminium versions that are not anodised or treated may be cleaned with a polishing compound Please ask the manufacturer for assistance in
4. 4 1 PUIG ELON UK TE 13 4 2 Coaxial cable functional CheCK c cccccceeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeesaseeeceseeeseseeseas essen sean sesaneeseaneesoneessags 13 2 eG IN H D La un si stenvectcdaencsenenvecteteesncectasseacuhensectelae neceteaesdcenenvectoduesnecneensens 15 Specifications of Biconical Antenna AP2000 ccceececeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeseaeeeeeaeeceseeseaneeseneesseneeees 15 Specifications of Biconical Antenna AP 3000 sees cceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeseaeeeeeaeeseseeseeneeeeenesseneenes 16 BICONICAL ANTENNA KIT COMPOSITION AND CODEG ccccceecceeeseeeneeeeeeneeees 17 AP2000 AP3000 User Manual Rev 6 1 August 2009 Page 2 of 17 AP2000 AP3OOO Biconical Antenna CH calzavara SS Clampco Sistemi helping words to tly Via Corecian n 60 33031 Basiliano UD Telephone Fax 39 0432 84381 39 0432 848997 WEB E mail www clampco it clampco clampco it 1 User instructions 1 1 General features Antenna AP2000 AP3000 Figure 1 is a biconical passive antenna operating in the 60 2500 MHz band AP3000 in the 85 3000 MHz band designed and built in Calzavara Clampco Sistemi s NIRLab laboratory If used with the ferrite bead coaxial cable supplied by Calzavara and with the ortho angular tilted support it allows reliable measurement of electromagnetic environmental impact in the vast majority of practical cases Figure 1a AP2000 biconical antenna Figure 1b AP3000 biconical antenna 1
5. 2 Use of the ortho angular tilted support Firmly secure the base of the support to the ball joint on the light wooden tripod Figure 3 use the A brass threaded insert or an M5 nylon screw respectively Insert the cylindrical antenna rod into the support sleeve locking it by means of the threaded knob The knob need only be tightened gently to achieve adequate locking Correct positioning is achieved by aligning the base of the antenna rod with the bottom end of the support sleeve then rotate the antenna in the sleeve until the dipole axis is in a vertical plane Figure 2 Now the antenna can be moved to three successive mutually orthogonal positions maintaining the physical centre of the antenna in the same spatial position In fact the three components of the field being measured Ex Ey Ez can be measured in sequence by manually rotating the elbowed support through 120 in relation to the base of the support Figure 2 moving it successively to the three positions marked with the letters X Y Z and signalled by a AP2000 AP3000 User Manual Rev 6 1 August 2009 Page 3 of 17 AP2000 AP3000 Biconical Antenna CH calzavara ES Clampco Sistemi Via Corecian n 60 33031 Basiliano UD s Telephone Fax 39 0432 84381 39 0432 848997 WEB E mail www clampco it clampco clampco it helping worda to tly mechanical click Normally it is best to perform this operation while holding the support base with one hand
6. User Manual Rev 6 1 August 2009 Page 8 of 17 AP2000 AP3000 Biconical Antenna CH calzavara El Clampco Sistemi helping words to tly Via Corecian n 60 33031 Basiliano UD Teco Teas SEET EECH WEB E mail www clampco it clampco clampco it 3 4 Antenna factor To keep things simple let us assume that the antenna is struck by a monochromatic plane and uniform wave whose polarisation coincides with the axis of the dipole The system consisting of the antenna and ferrite bead coaxial cable returns a signal whose amplitude is proportional to the amplitude of the electric field being measured The proportionality factor depends on the geometric electrical characteristics of the dipole of the internal balun and of the cable If we ignore slight variations of the transfer characteristics in this chain due to temperature variations drift of the construction component characteristics and variations in the condition of the connectors and cables the frequency of the incident wave remains the only parameter free of this transfer We can therefore characterise the antenna ferrite bead cable system by means of a table that shows the numerical value of such transfer for a significant set of frequencies 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 AP3000 AP2000 O 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 Figure 7 AP2000 and AP3000 Antenna factor typical For the c
7. it is low enough to get negligible error due to stationary waves in the cable AP2000 AP3000 O 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 Figure 5 AP2000 and AP3000 return loss typical In general the use of this product as a transmitting antenna is not advisable for powers above 2 W You should however consult the manual of the generator or amplifier used regarding the maximum return loss coefficient permissible for the load Note In order to reduce the uncertainty of measurement associated with the possible presence of stationary waves in the coaxial cable used it is advisable to use a minimum value for the attenuator on the spectrum analyser input typically 5 or 10 dB AP2000 AP3000 User Manual Rev 6 1 August 2009 Page 7 of 17 AP2000 AP3000 Biconical Antenna CH calzavara El Clampco Sistemi helping words to tly Via Corecian n 60 33031 Basiliano UD Telephone Fax 39 0432 84381 39 0432 848997 WEB E mail www clampco it clampco clampco it 3 3 Antenna balun In an ideal biconical antenna the signal at the mouth of the antenna is picked up only by the cones Ina real antenna part of the signal picked up can also come from the inevitable RF currents that develop on the antenna rod or on the outer surface of the coaxial cable antenna unbalance The antenna balun and the ferrite beads eliminate or at least l
8. noise we can calculate the corresponding equivalent electric field at the point of measurement as follows convert to dBuV 115 107 8dBuV and add together the antenna factor and cable attenuation in all about 37dB at 1GHz This gives 29dByuV m corresponding to about 28 uV m This is the equivalent background noise in terms of field In order to identify a signal we must obviously distinguish it from the noise If we want an S N ratio of at least 10 dB the minimum clearly detectable signal is 39 dBuV m corresponding to about 89 V m The spectrum analyser set up could of course be different For example with RBW 10 kHz which increases the noise by 10 dB compared with the previous example VBW RBW peak sampling which increases the noise by roughly 5 dB an attenuator inserted as a precaution e g a 10 dB attenuator a higher reference level e g 0 dBm a detector of the max hold type the background noise of HP E4407B becomes about 27 dBuV With a value of 37 dB for antenna factor cable and with a margin of 10 dB for clear detection of the signal the minimum detectable signal becomes 74 dBuV which is equivalent to about 5 mV m AP2000 AP3000 User Manual Rev 6 1 August 2009 Page 10 of 17 AP2000 AP3000 Biconical Antenna CH calzavara El Clampco Sistemi helping words to tly Via Corecian n 60 33031 Basiliano UD Telephone Fax 39 0432 84381 39 0432 848997 WEB E mail www cl
9. the following cases unsatisfactory result of metrological validation variations of data on the calibration certificate compared with the previous certificate which are not justified by replacement of parts or up dating of version unsteady antenna connector unsteady or misaligned dipoles presence of dents indicating a heavy impact A simple check can be carried out using a normal resistance meter ohmmeter one of the two cones must have low impedance connection less than 10 ohm to the inner conductor of the antenna connector N female the other cone must have low impedance connection to the outer conductor of the connector Between the two cones there must be an open circuit for nn O3 series antennas while a few hundredths of an ohm should be measured on latest series if at least one of the above conditions is unsatisfactory you should contact the manufacturer beware of poor contacts at the tester tip on oxidised aluminium surfaces because aluminium oxide is an excellent insulator 4 2 Coaxial cable functional check Visual check check the cable especially in the area close to the antenna connector In general exposed parts of the outer sheath are indicative of a damaged cable Periodically check that the end of the inner conductor is not too far back from or projecting beyond the plane of the opening of the threaded ring on the male connector this can respectively cause poor contacts or damage
10. tly Via Corecian n 60 33031 Basiliano UD Telephone Fax 39 0432 84381 39 0432 848997 WEB E mail www clampco it clampco clampco it 3 5 System sensitivity Selective field measurements normally rely on a display instrument with a wide range of setting possibilities the spectrum analyser It is therefore better to take into consideration the entire measuring system including the spectrum analyser The thing that limits the display of low intensity signals is noise Thermal noise has a uniform spectrum distribution with a value of about 1 74dBm Hz at ambient temperature to this must be added the contribution of the spectrum analyser which depends on the processing chain of the signal from the sensor input attenuators IF amplifiers sampling method This varies as the state of the analyser varies input attenuation reference level sampling method display filtering display averages Finally there is parameter RBW resolution bandwidth which however has a known value 10LogRBWV It would be possible to establish an analyser noise figure and then add the RBW contribution but for simplicity it is better to consider a given state of the instrument For example the S A HP ESA E4407B with OdB input attenuation sampling of the sample type reference level at 70 dB RBW 1KHz and VBW 30Hz has a background noise of less than 115dBm at a frequency of 1GHz Ignoring a contribution from antenna
11. C jcalzavara BS Clampco Sistemi Via Corecian n 60 33031 Basiliano UD Telephone Fax 39 0432 84381 39 0432 848997 WEB E mail www clampco it clampco clampco it AP2000 Biconical Antenna AP3000 User manual AP2000 AP3000 User Manual Rev 6 1 August 2009 Page 1 of 17 AP2000 AP3000 Biconical Antenna CH cal en Ss Clampco Sistemi helpin Via Corecian n 60 33031 Basiliano UD Telephone Fax 39 0432 84381 39 0432 848997 WEB E mail www clampco it clampco clampco it Index k Haben 3 n 3 1 2 Use of the ortho angular tilted support eee eee eeeee ee eeee cece eee KEREN EEN RRE essen eesaaaessaeessaneesennenees 3 2 EXECUTION OF MEASUREMENT 0 cccccecceccecceeceeceeceeeeeeeesensenseneeneoneneeneeeesaeseesas 5 3 ANTENNA CHARACTERISTICS ccccccceeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeneensensenecnecnecaecneeaeenseaeenesaesaesas 6 3 1 Radiation CAG AIMS EE 6 JL AMeNNS NCO irois ai e EE rA E Ga a E E ere ai aaa Eai 7 3 3 Antenna Dalu EE 8 EELER H KEE E EE UE 10 3 0 EG eege EE 11 3 7 Functional check and metrological Validation ccccccceeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeneeeeeneeseeneeeeeneneeeeseennenes 11 3 8 Near field ME ASUL SINGIN sisacsiseacepacincccadceandesucnesegivecaceudsncannsciacenciqossanecepssiaenenicesceweacedsniesassctiacossen 12 4 MAINTENANCE ahiceotigowaaouiican canedeuaatieebaenntyeuiicdatensauan tigedinanntiiasinjanaeedennsaueoteauesesiventeeueenstveueuece 13
12. a deviation from the symmetrical behaviour of the antenna in the H plane is due to the presence of the cable the dipole carrier rod and the antenna support itself these effects are lessened by the presence of the ferrite beads on the outside of the coaxial cable and by the ferrite beads on the antenna rod under its plastic cover Deviation from the ideal diagram form in the E plane is due to the presence of the cable and of the dipole carrier rod the conical shape of the dipoles and their size in relation to the wave length which can no longer be ignored at the higher band frequencies These characteristics are inherent to this type of antenna to improve this aspect it is advisable to use active devices with optical fibre outputs i e without the RF connection cable see Calzavara Clampco active sensors and if necessary smaller dimensions It should be noted that the stochastic measurement error due to deviation from the omnidirectional characteristics anisotropy is calculated on the quadratic sum of the three components This means that over and under estimates of the individual component are normally compensated by reducing the error on the total field It should in fact be borne in mind that factor K is normally defined in a calibration with a wave striking the antenna in a single given direction 3 2 Antenna impedance The diagram below represents the typical return loss coefficient of antenna AP2000 and AP3000 As one can see
13. ampco it clampco clampco it If the operator wishes to control the entire band from 60 MHz to 2 5GHz and sets RBW VBW 100 kHz attenuation 10dB ref OdBm we get background noise of 39dBuV and 20 mV m detectable at 1 GHz Finally it should be noted that the antenna factor and the spectrum analyser s background noise vary with the frequency in practice all other parameters being equal the lower the antenna factor the greater the sensitivity The user must therefore from time to time evaluate the background noise present by operating his measuring chain under the conditions in which he intends to perform measurements With the procedure illustrated he will be able to determine the minimum sensitivity threshold still with the possibility of achieving very small sensitivity values by setting a low RBW value 3 6 Periodic calibration This passive device does not contain any parts whose characteristics deteriorate over time regardless of use Consequently the recommended calibration interval depends on intensity of use or on undesired accidental events falling crushing contact with liquids The calibration procedure is carried out against the sample in an environment free of return losses Calzavara Clampco Sistemi supplies the antenna complete with a calibration certificate issued by our internal laboratory This is obtained by comparison with the laboratory primary sample calibrated in SIT accredited or equivalent EA labora
14. crushing exposure to high temperatures to rain or to corrosive agents or the need to perform measurements of extreme importance AP2000 AP3000 User Manual Rev 6 1 August 2009 Page 11 of 17 AP2000 AP3000 Biconical Antenna CH calzavara El Clampco Sistemi helping words to tly Via Corecian n 60 33031 Basiliano UD Telephone Fax 39 0432 84381 39 0432 848997 WEB E mail www clampco it clampco clampco it or involving high costs if the measurement has to be repeated will of course require extraordinary metrological validation 3 8 Near field measurements When an antenna of this type is calibrated it is normally struck by a radiative type field plane wave or TEM mode where the ratio between the electric field and the magnetic field has a known and defined value 377 ohm wave impedance of the free space This condition does not normally occur in the near field region of a transmitting station In general a passive receiving antenna picks up energy from the electromagnetic field being measured and makes it available at the RF cable connector 50 ohm This means that the signal actually measured at the spectrum analyser depends not only on the amplitude of the electric field being measured but also on the associated magnetic field and its relative phase Consequently at a given frequency the response of a passive antenna in two conditions of equal electric field but with a different associated magnetic field
15. easurement and evaluation of electromagnetic fields in the frequency range 10 kHz 300 GHz with reference to human exposure It is therefore advisable to refer to this standard when defining the numerous operating details spatial and time averages receiving instrument settings correction factors periods of observation which constitute a common protocol for measurement On an international scale it is recommended that the following be consulted IEC 61566 Measurement of exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields Field strength in the frequency range 100kHz 1GHz ICNIRP Guidelines for limiting exposure to time varying electric magnetic and electromagnetic fields up to 300 GHz To obtain repeatable measurements in real conditions it is advisable to use software tools for controlling the spectrum analyser thereby relieving the operator of repetitive operations and reducing the occurrence of errors Calzavara Clampco Sistemi has developed the SW3000 software package under Windows which is currently being updated to the most recent national and international standards This package can in particular be used for spatial averaging of fields at different heights in relation to the ground A user manual is available for further details AP2000 AP3000 User Manual Rev 6 1 August 2009 Page 5 of 17 AP2000 AP3000 Biconical Antenna CH calzavara S Clampco Sistemi N Via Corecian n 60 33031 Basiliano UD Telep
16. hone Fax 39 0432 84381 39 0432 848997 WEB E mail www clampco it clampco clampco it helping words to tly 3 Antenna characteristics 3 1 Radiation diagrams Antenna AP2000 AP3000 is a short dipole antenna with linear polarisation Its geometrical structure makes it possible to obtain a transduction coefficient that is sufficiently high at low frequencies while maintaining an omnidirectional type radiation diagram even at the highest frequencies in the band The importance of this characteristic for the isotropy of the field measurement is well known The invariability of the result of the sum in power of the three field components Ex Ey Ez in relation to the tri axial orthogonal set up selected for making the measurement is totally reliant on the availability of an antenna with omnidirectional diagram i e described in terms of polar coordinates by the formula G 6 k sin 900 MHz 1500 MHz 1800 MHz 2200 MHz 750 MHz 1500 MHz 2200 MHz 2800 MHz Figure 4b AP3000 E plane and H plane experimental radiation diagrams AP2000 AP3000 User Manual Rev 6 1 August 2009 Page 6 of 17 AP2000 AP3000 Biconical Antenna CH calzavara El Clampco Sistemi helping words to tly Via Corecian n 60 33031 Basiliano UD Telephone Fax 39 0432 84381 39 0432 848997 WEB E mail www clampco it clampco clampco it In particular
17. imit the effects of these currents on the signal picked up To test the effectiveness of the balun rotate the antenna through 180 in the support sleeve bringing each cone to the spatial position previously occupied by the other cone The difference between the two signals is a measurement of the balun unbalance error This test must of course be carried out without altering any of the other radio electric environmental parameters Normally calibration of this antenna is performed using the average value of the readings obtained in the above two positions so that the associated error is symmetrical If calibration is performed by measuring factor K in the two positions and using at each frequency the average value of the two readings the error illustrated in the graph below can occur Alternatively it is possible to identify the single effective orientation of the antenna used for calibration but the uncertainty associated with antenna unbalance must still also be calculated 20 __ amp SOMHz x 2500MHz 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 400 600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 Figure 6a AP2000 Antenna experimental symmetry error typical 80M Hz 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 Figure 6b AP3000 Antenna experimental symmetry error typical AP2000 AP3000
18. one Fax 39 0432 84381 39 0432 848997 WEB E mail www clampco it clampco clampco it 5 Technical Note Specifications of Biconical Antenna AP2000 General Characteristics Dimensions Cross polar component rejection 172 mm x 270 mm x 74 mm gt 22 dB Weight Isotropic error 2 4 kg up to 1 5 GHz lt 0 5 dB from 1 5 GHz to 2 2 GHz lt 0 9 dB Connectors from 2 2 GHz to 2 5 GHz lt 1 2 dB N female Balun symmetry Material from 60 MHz to 80 MHz lt 0 6 dB from 80 MHz to 2 5 GHz lt 0 2 dB Dipole blue anodized alluminium Balun brass Operating Condition Enclosure PVC Temperature From 30 C to 55 C Protection grade Humidity IP42 Max 95 at 50 C without condensation Measurement characteristics Antenna type biconical linear passive device with RF absorbing boom Polarization linear monoaxial Frequency range from 60 MHz to 2500 MHz Maximum applicable field gt 300 V m Antenna factor and SWR individually char certificate included Sensitivity gt 0 5 mV m AP2000 AP3000 User Manual Rev 6 1 August 2009 Page 15 of 17 AP2000 AP3000 Biconical Antenna CH calzavara El Clampco Sistemi helping words to tly Via Corecian n 60 33031 Basiliano UD Telephone Fax 39 0432 84381 39 0432 848997 WEB E mail www clampco it clampco clampco it Specifications of Biconical Antenna AP3000 General Characteristics Dimensions Cross polar component rejection
19. onvenience of those who use the system connected to a spectrum analyser the transfer characteristic of the system described above is usually represented in terms of antenna factor i e of the value to be added to the indication in dBuV of the signal received by the spectrum analyser in order to obtain the intensity value of the incident electric field on the antenna in dBuV m For example if a certain signal at the frequency of 1GHz appears on the spectrum analyser with an amplitude of 84 dBuV about 22 dBm and the calibration table supplied with the system shows an antenna factor 36 dB at 1GHZz then the amplitude of the incident field is equivalent to 84 36 120 dBuV m or 1 V m In fact it should be noted that the above calculation is only strictly valid if it is assumed that the RF cable connecting the antenna to the spectrum analyser has no attenuation The value of the antenna factor indicated in the table in fact corresponds to a signal measured at the receiver output To obtain the overall antenna factor of the system including the RF cable it is therefore necessary to add the value in dB of the attenuation on this cable assessed at the respective frequencies and obtained from the relative certificate to the antenna factor values shown in the table supplied with the system AP2000 AP3000 User Manual Rev 6 1 August 2009 Page 9 of 17 AP2000 AP3000 Biconical Antenna CH calzavara El Clampco Sistemi helping words to
20. the female connector of the antenna or analyser AP2000 AP3000 User Manual Rev 6 1 August 2009 Page 13 of 17 AP2000 AP3000 Biconical Antenna CH calzavara El Clampco Sistemi helping words to tly Teena Tee SEET SC WEB E mail www clampco it clampco clampco it Via Corecian n 60 33031 Basiliano UD Check that there are no obvious signs of local deterioration of the cable Even slight recurrent distortion of the cable for example opposite the ferrite beads can cause resonance and defective behaviour of the device at some frequencies The cable must be periodically calibrated to evaluate its attenuation which is part of the measuring chain It is also important to check the intrinsic return loss at the connectors with a suitable load and a network analyser or equivalent device a high return loss coefficient can in fact affect the overall measuring uncertainty A metrological validation procedure for the individual cable significantly reduces the possibility of measuring unreliability the simplest method is to have two similar cables and compare the results obtained when they are used successively If in doubt please do not hesitate to contact the manufacturer the cost of cable maintenance is usually negligible AP2000 AP3000 User Manual Rev 6 1 August 2009 Page 14 of 17 AP2000 AP3000 Biconical Antenna CH calzavara El Clampco Sistemi helping words to tly Via Corecian n 60 33031 Basiliano UD Teleph
21. to prevent it from also rotating on the stand Put the dipole axis Antenna rod in a vertical plane and gently frighten Align The base the Knob P of the antenna roc with The Bottom enc of the support sleeve Ferrite peat coaxial cable 2 i Folarizarian F under measurement Base of A Fhe support hreaded insert Figure 2 Correct position of the antenna using the ortho angular support The ferrite bead cable must be connected to the antenna with the beaded end connected to the mouth of the antenna Always make sure that the connectors are well tightened to avoid poor contacts after measuring has been completed always check that the connectors are still tight Figure 3 light wooden tripod AP2000 AP3000 User Manual Rev 6 1 August 2009 Page 4 of 17 AP2000 AP3000 Biconical Antenna CH calzavara El Clampco Sistemi helping words to tly Via Corecian n 60 33031 Basiliano UD Telephone Fax 39 0432 84381 39 0432 848997 WEB E mail www clampco it clampco clampco it 2 Execution of measurement The measurement of electric fields which have environmental impact is a complex activity that falls within the scope of Italian technical standard guide for the m
22. tories 3 Functional check and metrological validation In general since it is necessary to perform measurements of declared uncertainty which satisfy required repeatability and reliability criteria it is always desirable to set up internal metrological validation procedures aimed at identifying and promptly resolving any problems with the devices used Periodic calibration in itself provides an opportunity for metrological validation but the intervals for this usually annual are not frequent enough to guarantee the accuracy of all measurements performed in the intervening period The chosen procedure however simple or complex must be aimed at least at identifying any potential serious faults in the equipment in order to prevent it being used and if possible should highlight any deviations from significant parameters which increase the total uncertainty of measurement The above procedure which must be repeated at intervals established by the user based on the relative requirements and the level of use of the device naturally requires the availability of an RF generator a receiver and one or more other antennas operating in compatible bands and finally the possibility of creating a measuring environment with radio electric and environmental characteristics that are repeatable over time In general intervals of no less than one third of the calibration interval is recommended The occurrence of a traumatic event for the device impact
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