AF3000 user manual - Edward Orton Ceramic Foundation
Contents
1. 20 PG 20 AUXILIARY OUTPUT A OP 20 AutoFire3000 Kiln Controller RAMP RATE UNITS RATE 20 ERECTRIGILFY COSTA COST 20 20 IDENTIFIGA TION NUMBER EOE 20 TEMPERATURE DEVIATION TEDE 21 BAT Code Deeb nade inhi 21 CENTER ZONE ADJUSTMENT 2 21 TE S RR ots 21 THERMOCOUPLE TEMPERATURES T123 cccsccccccccsesssscecececsesessnaecececeesensnaececececsessaaeeecececseeaaececececeeseaseaecececsesesnaaeeeeeesceensaaees 21 EGECTRONICS 1 EMPERATURE seas 21 PROGRAM LOCK MODE 21 CONFIGURATION NUMBER CFG cccccccccssssssscecececsesenseaecececsesessaaececececsessaaesecececsensaaeaecececeeseasaaececececeessaaececececseaaeaeeeeseeeneaaees 22 SOPT WARE VE2. 8 SATUS 8 Deas ates ee dee 8 PROGRAMMING idveescesesecsossesss seieessssbssseossscabetsseeses 9 CONE TABU EERIE RES 9 CONE FIRE EXAMPLE EE E TE EE EEE E 10 USER PROGRAMS 11 TEMPERATURE 11 USER PROGRAM HEATING COOLING 11 MAXIMUM RAMP RATE FOR USER 5 12 USER PROGRAM TARGET 12 USER PROGRAM COOLING aaa be a ne 12 CHANGING A TARGET TEMPERATURE DURING A 1111 12 USER PROGRAM a e 12 13 ADDING TIME TO AHOLD 13 SHORTENNGA HOLD eta Rhein eb ee Rabi ithe elie 13 USER PROGRA
3. se to display current program segment during a firing se to review the actual heating or cooling rate during a ramp segment STATUS Use to review the entire program before or during a firing Use to set a temperature for the alarm to sound Use to review the Kilowatt power consumption or cost of the kiln firing Use to Skip to next ramp during a firing Use to look up cone temperatures before a firing ENTER Use during programming to enter values Use to Start the firing START 0 OPTION Use to access advanced controller options Use to back up during programming Use to Stop a firing or exit the options menu AutoFire3000 Kiln Controller Display Lights The controller uses 4 numerical displays and 3 indicator lights The 3 lights tell when the controller is turning on the relays to power the heating elements For a single zone controller all 3 lights turn on and off together unless the Balance option has been adjusted For multi zone controllers each light is independent The top light represents the top zone the middle light represents the middle zone and the bottom light represents the bottom zone pats 2 MIDDLE Itt 11 9 HOURS MINUTES DEGREES Two of the four decimal points on the display are also used as indicators The decimal point on the far right is used to indicate if the controller is displaying temperature in degrees Fahrenheit F or Centigrade C I
4. 1 FIRE 3 DELAY CONE 1 5 STATUS 15 Display Shows AutoFire3000 Kiln Controller Display Shows 0 OPTION 0 OPTION 0 OPTION To stop the kiln anytime during the firing press Stop The controller display will indicate Abort Press Stop again to return to IdLE Alarms Alarms are used to notify the operator of problems with the kiln performance or controller performance Some alarms will terminate the kiln firing while others allow the firing to continue with the alarm condition on the display Some alarms have no affect on the outcome of the kiln firing Thermocouple Alarms Thermocouple not detected during power FAIL Thermocouple failed during a firing firing stopped TC2 Thermocouple failed while controller Idle TCR Thermocouple polarity reversed firing stopped TCL Thermocouple temperature is lagging firing stopped 16 AutoFire3000 Kiln Controller Deviation Alarms See TEdE option to adjust Deviation FTH Fail to Heat kiln is heating too slow firing continues FTC Fail to Cool kiln is cooling to slow firing continues FTL Firing too Long kiln temperature has stalled firing stopped LTdE Low Temp Deviation kiln is loosing temperature firing continues HTdE High Temp Deviation kiln is overheating firing stopped Power Interruption Alarms PF Power failed and firing was resumed PF 1 Power failed and firing was sto
5. 12 AutoFire3000 Kiln Controller the controller display for hold time Each Hold will have its own number The hold time for the first ramp will be displayed as Hd 1 the hold time for the second ramp as Hd 2 and so on Set Point Hold You can program the controller to hold at a temperature indefinitely by programming a Hold Time of 99 59 The controller will hold the kiln temperature until the Stop key is pressed Adding Time to a Hold ADD If the kiln is firing and you need to add time to the current ramp hold time press the 2 AddTime 2 TIME key 5 minutes will be added to the hold time each time the key is pressed If the firing is in the first ramp you can only edit the first ramp hold time To edit the second ramp hold time wait until the firing has progressed into the second ramp Shortening a Hold To end a hold before the time has expired use the Skip Step function to advance to the next ramp Press the 9 Skip key to view the next ramp and press Enter User Program Vent Fan Optional If your controller has been configured to control an auxiliary vent fan each ramp will allow the fan to be turned on or off during the specified ramp Refer to the Options section for additional details on the Auxiliary Output and Fan options is the controller display for vent fan Each ramp will have its own fan setting The fan setting for the first ramp will be displayed as FN 1 the fan setting for the second ra
6. 108 2345 11 324 1022 153 1112 162 2145 108 2361 12 324 1022 153 1112 162 2167 108 2383 Degrees C Hi Fire Ramp 1 Target Ramp 2 Target Ramp 3 Target Ramp 4 Target Cone Degrees C Degrees Degrees C Degrees hour hour hour hour 1 180 550 100 600 90 1017 60 1137 2 180 550 100 600 90 1022 60 1142 3 180 550 100 600 90 1032 60 1152 4 180 550 100 600 90 1042 60 1162 5 180 550 100 600 90 1066 60 1186 6 180 550 100 600 90 1102 60 1222 7 180 550 100 600 90 1119 60 1239 8 180 550 100 600 90 1129 60 1249 9 180 550 100 600 90 1140 60 1260 10 180 550 100 600 90 1165 60 1285 11 180 550 100 600 90 1174 60 1294 12 180 550 100 600 90 1186 60 1306 25 AutoFire3000 Kiln Controller Appendix D User Program Charts User Program 1 Ramp Rate Temperature Hold Time Vent Fan on off User Program 2 Ramp Rate hr Temperature Hold Time Vent Fan on off 1 User Program 3 Ramp Rate hr Temperature Hold Time Vent Fan on off 1 User Program 4 Ramp Rate hr Temperature Hold Time Vent Fan on off 1 26 AutoFire3000 Kiln C
7. K Type K 5 5 R Type R Auxiliary Output AOP The AOP Option sets the Auxiliary relay outputs to the desired functions for controlling a Vent fan and or External alarm Setting the AOP option to A2F3 or F2A3 enables the FAN option for cone Fire programs and the FN ramp segment for User Programs Settings Meaning NONE No external relay functions F2A3 Vent fan is enabled on output J3 pin 2 Alarm on J3 pin 3 2 Vent fan is enabled on output 3 Alarm J3 2 Ramp Rate Units RATE The RATE Option sets the units for programming and review of heating and cooling rates The factory default setting is for Degrees per Hour Settings Meaning MAX FULL rate HOUR Degrees per Hour 999 C 1799 F Hour MIN Degrees per Minute 16 65 C 29 97 F Minute TIME Time to Temperature Hours Minutes 00 00 Hours minutes Electricity Cost COST The COST Option allows the operator to set a value for the Kilowatt Hour usage of the electric service This value is used to calculate a firing cost for review on the controller display The value must be entered by the user it can usually be found on your electric bill Cost calculations first require a second value entry in the KW option as described below Cost calculations are only as accurate as the programmed variables To view the COST calculations press the 8 key during or after the kiln firing Kilowatt rating KW The KW
8. OR TORT Buyer shall determine suitability of the Autofire Kiln Controller for the intended use and assume all risk and liability therewith Some states do not allow this exclusion or limitation of incidental or consequential damages so the above limitation or exclusion may not apply to you This warranty gives you specific legal rights and you may also have other rights which vary from State to State The above limitation does not apply in the event that any Warranted Components are determined by a court of competent jurisdiction to be defective and to have directly caused bodily injury death or property damage provided that in no event shall Orton s liability exceed the greater of 1 000 00 or the purchase price of the specific Kiln Controller that caused such damage Service may also be obtained on Warranted Components no longer under warranty by returning the Autofire Kiln Controller prepaid to Orton with a description of the problem and Buyer s name and contact information Buyer will be contacted with an estimate of services charges before any work is performed Customer Satisfaction Policy If for reason you not completely satisfied with the performance of the Orton Autofire Kiln Controller or the conditions of this warranty return the Kiln Controller in good working condition transportation and insurance prepaid within 30 days of purchase date to your Orton Autofire Kiln Con
9. for the High Fire Programs cones 1 12 Mid Fire cones 010 01 and Low Fire cones 022 011 First program the Cone firing then press the 0 Option key until the display shows OFST and press Enter Use the 1 or 2 key to change the offset value Press Enter again to return to the option menu OFST settings are stored in memory and will apply to all future Cone fire programs in the same range Settings F Settings Meaning 20 11 Decreases final ramp temperatures 15 8 Decreases final ramp temperatures 10 6 Decreases final ramp temperatures 5 3 Decreases final ramp temperatures 0 0 No adjustment in temperatures 5 3 Increases final ramp temperatures 10 6 Increases final ramp temperatures 15 8 Increases final ramp temperatures 20 11 Increases final ramp temperatures Thermocouple Offset TCOS This offset adjusts the thermocouple reading on the controller up to 45 F 25 C TCOS can be used to compensate for inaccurate temperature readings resulting from aged or poorly positioned thermocouples Temperature offset applies to all firings To Program the offset Press 0 Option key until the display shows TCOS and press Enter If you want the kiln to fire Hotter press 1 key and the display will show H 1 Continue pressing 1 until the desired thermocouple offset shows in the display e g H 15 for a 15 offset and press Enter If you want the kiln to fire Cooler press 2 AddTime key and the displ
10. must press the Enter Start key to load the changes If the key is not pressed the controller will simply wait for your next selection Pressing the Enter Start key will advance you to the next option if you are setting up a program or changing settings Note If you are programming the controller and no keys are pressed for 1 minute the controller will return to the mode AutoFire3000 Kiln Controller Threshold Alarm To sound an audible alarm when the controller reaches a temperature press the 7 Alarm key ALAR shows in the display alternating with the alarm temperature You can use the numerical keypad to enter a new alarm temperature or press Enter to keep the existing value Setting the value to zero disables the alarm feature When the kiln reaches the alarm temperature the display will indicate ALAR and the buzzer will sound Silence the alarm by pressing any key except Stop Pressing Stop ends the firing Use the alarm function in Cone fire mode or User Program mode You can program the Alarm before you start the firing or during the firing Program Review To review the current program in the controller memory before or during a firing press the 6 ProgReview key The entire program will automatically scroll through the display and then return to normal operation Delay time and Preheat time are included in the review 6 PROG REVIEW Power Consumption To review the current power consumption during or after
11. per hour during the final 200C of the firing Cone Fire Advanced Options There are two Advanced Options available for Cone Fire programs only These are Cone Offset and the Speed adjustment For information on these options see the Options Section AutoFire3000 Kiln Controller Cone Fire Example To fire to Cone 06 Fast firing speed 20 faster 30 minute Preheat hold 15 minute hold at cone temperature No controlled cooling Follow these steps starting with the controller displaying IdLE Display Shows 0 OPTION 5 STATUS 0 OPTION To stop the kiln anytime during the firing press Stop The controller display will indicate ABRT Abort Press Stop again to return to IdLE 10 AutoFire3000 Kiln Controller User Programs Nine User Programs are available The User Program mode allows you to customize your firing schedule and specify how fast the kiln heats or cools to any temperature User Program 1 allows 20 ramps User Programs 2 9 each have 10 ramps Each ramp consists of a heating rate a target temperature and a hold time USER Press the 4 UserProg key to begin programming The message USER appears in the display Use 4 PROG the numeric keypad to select which program you wish to create or modify You must select 1 9 Then press Enter Temperature Units If your controller is configured to display temperature values in F heating rates will be programmed as Degrees Fahrenheit per hour and targe
12. reduce power to the top while higher values increase power to the top The Power to the bottom heating element is automatically changed This feature can be used if the kiln is not heating uniformly 100 is the factory default This applies 100 of available power to both the top and bottom elements Changing the setting to 150 would increase the power to the top elements by 50 while decreasing power to the bottom elements by 50 The bAL setting can be changed in increments of 10 Center Zone Adjustment CAdJ The CAdJ option is available on single zone and multi zone controllers that have been configured to operate an independent relay for the center kiln section CAdJ allows changes in the amount of power supplied to the middle heating elements of the kiln by selecting a power percentage between 0 and 200 Values less than 100 reduce the power to the center zone while values greater than 100 will increase the power This feature can be used if the kiln is not heating uniformly 95 is the factory setting The CAdJ setting can be changed in increments of 10 Safety Temperature This option displays the maximum programmable temperature allowed by the controller Thermocouple Temperatures T123 T123 displays the independent temperature readings for Multi Zone controllers These are TC 1 for the top TC 2 for the middle and TC 3 for the bottom thermocouple For multi zone controllers the average temp
13. Autofire 3000 Kiln Controller USER S GUIDE AutoFire The Edward Orton Jr Ceramic Foundation AutoFire Kiln Controller User s Guide AutoFire3 999 Controller Orton Ceramic Foundation Orton Ceramic Foundation 6991 Old 3C Highway Westerville Ohio 43082 9026 Telephone 614 895 2663 Fax 614 895 5610 www ortonceramic com November 2008 AutoFire3000 Kiln Controller TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 5 54 29 3 lid 3 FEATURES 3 TEST FIRING WITH WITNESS CONES suscsssiscscsosssssssenssssescesentessessvisesosssssssssscteossvestsosssecsossseessesvssoesessssessneessssdsvensosdsosedsobeeses 5 CONE FIRE WORKS 5 KEYPAD OVERVIEW 6 DISPRAY hes etek cia oe 7 STARTING A FIRING 7 7 ENTERING VALUES n ease SE oe ae hee en eee en Ge ore 7 THRESHOLD ce See iS 8 PROGRAM REVIEW EIR EE i 8 IPOWER GONSUMPTION 8 DELAY START E
14. Cone 10 bar under the sensing rod to shut off power if the kiln reaches high temperatures This bar will last many firings and can act as a backup safety device for the firing Features The AutoFire 3000 includes many standard features a user friendly keypad and robust temperature control software AutoFire3000 Kiln Controller Firing Methods and Features method Select a preset program for a specific cone number from Cone 022 to Cone 12 These programs are designed specifically for ceramic firings e User Program method Create 9 custom firing schedules with unique heating and cooling rates target temperatures and hold times This method can be used for ceramics heat treating glass fusing enameling or jewelry applications e Preheat Use with Cone Fire mode to slowly dry ware and hold the kiln at 200 F 93 C to remove moisture e Speed adjustments Use with Cone fire mode to speed up or slow down a firing in order to adjust for load size or thick pieces of ware e Delay start Use with either mode to delay start the kiln up to 100 hours 99hr 59min Set Point Control User Program option to hold kiln at temperature indefinitely Full On Full Off User Program option to heat kiln as fast as possible to cool as fast as possible Add Time Add additional hold time to firings already in progress Back Correct or make changes while programming without having to start over
15. M VENT FAN OPTIONAL scccssssecesssececeessececseccecessneeceesaececseseeeesuseecsesueeecseneececsueeecseauececeeaeeeeesaeeecseaaeesenesaees 13 PROGRAMMING USER PROGRAMS 14 SELECTING A STORED USER PROGRAM 853 65 ib oh vce 14 USER PROGRAM ete e e e e e e e e e e S e e e e e e eiS eE Ee e eE ESE ESES e e eEeEeEeEe rererere 15 PLA RIMS E E T O ESEA E O NENO OTE EAO T OEE 16 E BD 16 DEVIATION ALARMS 17 POWER INTERRUPTION ALARMS ae eee dh ie ed cea 17 DIAGNOSTICA AR vest aie ote aa be aaa Shan Gn be ed od ai San er bem boas NRL Sean Sede ee oe nec ees 17 OPTIONS MEN Us 17 5 eS 18 CONE OFFSET O A eo ewes es es Sade i es Se 19 THERMOCOUPLE OFFSET 5 a i Eer E E EEEE EEIE EEI 19 VENT FAN FAN 19 TEMPERATURE e a e raar 19 CHANGE TEMPERATURE UNITS
16. Option allows the operator to set a value for the Kilowatt rating of the kiln This value is used to calculate a Kilowatt Hour usage for review on the controller display The wattage rating must be entered by the user it can usually be found on the kiln manufacturer label KWHR calculations are only as accurate as the programmed KW value To view the KWHR calculations press the 8 key during or after the kiln firing Identification Number Id The Id Option sets a controller identification number for Orton ControlMaster software program This is an identification number from 0 to 15 20 AutoFire3000 Kiln Controller Temperature Deviation TEdE The TEdE Option sets a temperature deviation value at which an audible and visual alarm will occur The temperature deviation applies to the following alarms FTH FTC and LTdE The factory setting is 100 F 56 C The alarms can be disabled by setting the value to zero Use the numeric keypad to enter the desired deviation value and press Enter Top Bottom Balance bAL The bAL option is only available on single zone controllers that have been configured to operate independent relays for the top and bottom kiln sections bAL changes the amount of power being supplied to the top and bottom heating elements by selecting a power percentage between 0 and 200 This is the percentage of power going to the top heating elements Values less than 100
17. RSION O A Ca 22 TESTINPUTS AND QUTPUTS esas cab 22 RESET vc he chee Ap EE hae BEER BEE 22 MUBTIEZONE CON ERO Liisa 22 REFERENCE SECTION 23 APPENDIX LOW CONE PROGRAMS cccccsccccsesessscesecececsescaeeeccceceesaaesecececeeesaecesececeeneaaeeesececeesessaaeseeeceeseseaeeeeececeensaaees 23 APPENDIX MID FIRE CONE PROGRAMS csccccccccscssssscececececsessaaececcceceensaaececececsensaaeeecececeesenseaesecececeessaaeceeececseeaaeeeeeeseeeneaaees 24 APPENDIX HIGH FIRE CONE PROGRAMS ccccccccccessessssececececsessauececececsesaaececececsensaaeaecececeeseseaeeeeececeesuaaeceeececsesaaeeeeeeeceeseaees 25 APPENDIX D USER PROGRAM CHARTS cssssssssecececsesssceeecccecsensaaeeecececsensaaesesececseneaseseseeeceeseaseaeseeececsessaaeeeeececsesssasseeeesceeneaaees 26 APPENDIX CONNECTING THERMOCOUPLES cscsessscesecececsessscecececeesesnanscecececsessaaececececeesauececececeenessaseceeeesesesssaeeeeececeensaaees 27 APPENDIX TYPICAL WIRING DIAGRAM ccccccccccecsessssececececsessaaeseccceceeseaaeeecececseeasseesececeesesssaeseeececsessaaeeeeececeeeaaeeeeeeeesenenaees 28 AutoFire3000 Kiln Controller Introduction This User s Guide explains the features and operation of the Model 3000 Controller The c
18. Ramp 1 Target Ramp 2 Target Cone Degrees hour F Degrees hour F 022 396 979 108 1087 021 396 1004 108 1112 020 396 1051 108 1159 019 396 1144 108 1252 018 396 1211 108 1319 017 396 1252 108 1360 016 396 1314 108 1422 015 396 1348 108 1456 014 396 1377 108 1485 013 396 1431 108 1539 012 396 1474 108 1582 011 396 1499 108 1607 Degrees Low Fire Ramp 1 Target Ramp 2 Target Cone Degrees hour C Degrees hour C 022 220 526 60 586 021 220 540 60 600 020 220 566 60 626 019 220 618 60 678 018 220 655 60 715 017 220 678 60 738 016 220 712 60 772 015 220 731 60 791 014 220 747 60 807 013 220 777 60 837 012 220 801 60 861 011 220 815 60 875 23 AutoFire3000 Kiln Controller Appendix Mid Fire Cone Programs Cones O10 to O1 This firing range is used to fire earthenware and low temperature glazes If the ware is not thoroughly dried a preheat cycle can be added With lead free glazes a 10 to 20 minute hold is beneficial Earthenware or other bodies containing ball clays talc and kaolin contain compounds such as water carbon and sulfur that are burned off during the firing The body will lose about 10 of its weight In addition a physical change in any silica present can cause cracking of ware unless the heating rate is slowed near 1063 F 573 C This change occurs during both heating and cooling The complete firing schedules for Cones 010 to O1 are shown below The standard firing tim
19. Self Supporting Cones on the middle shelf of your kiln so that they can be seen through a kiln peephole Use a series of cones close to the final firing temperature see Appendix C For example if firing to 1945 F Cone 04 use a Cone 03 Cone 04 and Cone 05 for the test firing To evaluate heat distribution place a set of cones on each shelf during the test firing Most kilns fire more uniformly at Cone 06 than they do below Cone 06 Provide ventilation for the kiln in accordance with the kiln manual or KilnVent instruction manual After the firing examine the fired cones Some variation in the bending of the cones may occur depending on how the kiln was loaded and the location of the cones Cone Fire How it works When firing to a cone number the controller constantly monitors the actual heating rate of the kiln If the kiln does not fire as rapidly as programmed the controller re calculates and adjusts the top firing temperature to compensate for the slower firing rate This process more accurately fires to the cone number selected When the heating rate slows cones deform at slightly lower temperatures At faster heating rates cones deform at slightly higher temperatures This ability to recalculate and to fire to a cone value is a unique patented feature of all Orton controllers Orton Controllers contain three preset programs for firing to a cone number Low Fire Mid Fire and High Fire Each of these programs can be adjus
20. ate for User Programs When the Ramp Rate is set to 9999 degrees per hour or 99 99 degrees per minute or 00 00 Time the controller will interpret this as full power for a heating ramp This will allow the kiln to heat as fast as possible to the target temperature without rate control If the ramp is a cooling the controller will interpret the same values as no power and allow the kiln to cool as fast as possible without rate control a Program Review will show the message FULL to indicate the uncontrolled rate Deviation alarms will not be active during the heating cooling ramp Caution Overshoot in temperature may occur when a kiln is heating at full power especially at lower temperatures User Program Target Temperatures Each ramp requires you to program the desired target temperature F is the controller display for target temperature Like rate each temperature will have its own number The temperature for the first ramp will be displayed as J the temperature for the second ramp as F 2 4 2 and so on Caution Do not program target temperatures that exceed the temperature rating for your kiln The maximum programmable value for target temperatures can be viewed in the SFTY option User Program Cooling Ramps Cooling ramps are programmed the same as heating ramps You must program the Rate for the cooling and the target temperature The criteria for a cooling ramp is the target temperature must be lower than
21. ay will show C 1 Continue pressing 2 until the desired thermocouple offset shows in the display e g C 10 for a 10 offset and press Enter Multi zone A separate offset can be selected for individual thermocouples TC 1 top TC 2 middle and TC 3 bottom Vent Fan FAN The Fan Option is used for Cone fire programs only The controller must be equipped with an auxiliary output relay and the AOP option must be set to A2F3 or F2A3 Settings Meaning OFF Fan is Off all the time ON Fan is On until kiln cools to 212 100 OPT Fan is On until the final ramp It then turns off for the remainder of the firing Note If the kiln is above 900 C and struggling to reach temperature the vent fan will turn off automatically for the remainder of the heating cycle Temperature Difference dIFF The dIFF Option displays the largest temperature difference between the top middle and bottom thermocouples for multi zone controllers This feature is useful in determining temperature uniformity within a kiln during a firing 19 AutoFire3000 Kiln Controller Change Temperature Units CHG The CHG Option allows the temperature units to be displayed in either degrees Fahrenheit F or degrees Centigrade C Thermocouple Type TC The TC Option allows Type S or R thermocouples The setting must match the actual thermocouples in use Settings Meaning
22. e Program edit User Program option to change target temperatures and hold times during the firing without having to stop and restart the controller Advanced Options Cone Offset Use with Cone Fire to adjust the firing temperature of the kiln by 11 C 420 F to fine tune the controller to your kilns performance e Skip Skip from a current ramp or hold segment to the next ramp segment e Alarm Program an alarm to sound when a specific temperature is reached e Thermocouple Offset Adjust display temperature by as much as 25 C 45 F to offset aging thermocouple s Auxiliary Output Control a relay to switch on vent fan or external alarm e Power Consumption Review the calculated cost or Kilowatt usage of the kiln firing Display Messages and Information e Cone Table Look up table for cone number temperatures e Program Review Review the current firing program before or during a firing e Status Display the current status and actual heating cooling rates of the firing e Temperature Units Display Temperature in Fahrenheit F or Centigrade Units e Computer Interface Monitor Analyze kiln data from a PC using AutofireDLS datalog software AutoFire3000 Kiln Controller Test Firing with Witness Cones A test firing will help in learning the operation and features of the controller Follow your kiln manufacturer s instructions for setting up your kiln Place a set of Orton
23. e is about 6 8 hours Degrees F Mid Fire Ramp 1 Target Ramp 2 Target Ramp 3 Target Ramp 4 Target Cone Degrees Degrees F Degrees F Degrees F hour hour hour hour 010 324 1022 153 1112 180 1549 108 1657 09 324 1022 153 1112 180 1580 108 1688 08 324 1022 153 1112 180 1620 108 1728 07 324 1022 153 1112 180 1681 108 1789 06 324 1022 153 1112 180 1720 108 1828 05 324 1022 153 1112 180 1780 108 1888 04 324 1022 153 1112 180 1837 108 1945 03 324 1022 153 1112 180 1879 108 1987 02 324 1022 153 1112 180 1908 108 2016 01 324 1022 153 1112 180 1938 108 2046 Degrees C Mid Fire Ramp 1 Target Ramp 2 Target Ramp 3 Target Ramp 4 Target Cone Degrees C Degrees Degrees Degrees C hour hour hour hour 010 180 550 85 600 100 843 60 903 09 180 550 85 600 100 860 60 920 08 180 550 85 600 100 882 60 942 07 180 550 85 600 100 916 60 976 06 180 550 85 600 100 938 60 998 05 180 550 85 600 100 971 60 1031 04 180 550 85 600 100 1003 60 1063 03 180 550 85 600 100 1026 60 1086 02 180 550 85 600 100 1042 60 1102 01 180 550 85 600 100 1059 60 1119 24 AutoFire3000 Kiln Controller Appendix C High Fire Cone Programs Cones 1 to 12 The firing range of higher temperature bodies such as stoneware and porcelain varies between Cone 4 and Cone 10 These bodies are fired nearl
24. e program will begin automatically once the Preheat hold time has expired You can Skip out of the Preheat ramp or hold period at any time by pressing the 9 Skip key and Enter 5 shows in the display indicating the optional Hold time at the end of the firing HOLd will be alternating with a Time value Using the numeric keypad select a time for the kiln to hold at the top cone temperature Enter time as Hours Minutes If no Hold is needed program zero hours and zero minutes 00 00 Then press Enter 6 COOL shows in the display indicating the optional Cooling ramp at the end of the firing COOL will be alternating with a rate value Using the numeric keypad Enter a cooling rate for the kiln to cool to 392 F 200 C The maximum cooling rate is limited to 180 F 100 C hour If no controlled cooling is needed program the rate value as zero Then press Enter The controller will return to The programmed firing schedule is automatically stored and ready to begin the firing To verify the program you can press the 6 Review key at any time 7 advanced features are desired Press Enter Start to begin the firing Cone Table This feature displays the firing temperature for a Cone number Press 9 ConeTable while the controller is Idle or during a Cone firing Using the numeric keypad enter a Cone number and press Enter to display the target temperature for self supporting cones fired at the rate of 108 F 60 C
25. erature reading is reported on the display during normal operation This option can be used to verify temperature uniformity throughout the kiln The message indicates no temperature reading found Electronics Temperature ELEC ELEC displays the controller electronics temperature This can be useful in monitoring the electronics temperature in hot environments or for diagnosing a controller problem The ETH alarm will activate if the controller temperature is above 80 C 176 F Program Lock Mode LOCK The LOCK Option allows either a single User Program or a Cone Fire program to be locked into memory preventing the settings to be changed from the keypad This feature is useful when only one particular program is used repeatedly to fire the kiln When LOCK is set to LO only the Delay Start time can be changed UN is the Unlocked setting To change between Locked and Unlocked mode press the 3 Delay key three times Press Enter to select either LO or UN and then press Stop 21 AutoFire3000 Kiln Controller Configuration Number CFG CFG displays the factory configuration number this identifies the controller model Software Version SOFT SOFT displays the factory software version of the controller Test Inputs and Outputs TEST The TEST Option allows the heating elements for each zone to be turned on independently for 2 minutes while monitoring t
26. f this decimal point is lit the controller is set to display temperatures in C The center decimal point between the second and third digit lights whenever the display is showing a time value The decimal point separates Hours on the left from Minutes on the right When the Controller is first turned on The controller runs a brief self diagnostic test The display will light up and the audible alarm sounds temporarily In 5 seconds or less the display will alternate between the kiln temperature and IdLE IdLE is the mode where the controller is not actively firing the kiln or being programmed for a firing Starting a Firing The display shows STRT for 5 seconds when the firing begins STRT is the Start message The display will show kiln temperature throughout the firing The temperature display will alternate with alarm messages if any alarms occur If the controller is programmed to hold at a specific temperature the remaining Hold Time will alternate with the temperature as well Ending a Firing When the controller completes the firing the display alternates 4 messages CPLT Firing Complete Firing Time hrs mins Final Firing Temperature and Current Kiln Temperature Press any key to return to IdLE If you stop the firing before completion with the Stop key the display will indicate AbRT abort in place of CPLT Press Stop again to return to IdLE Entering values Whenever a change is made from the keypad you
27. he thermocouple temperatures for each zone In sequence each zone turns on and displays the temperature for the corresponding thermocouple You can Press Enter to advance to the next zone before the 2 minutes expires TEST will also activate the Auxiliary outputs identified as J3 3 and J3 2 Reset RST The RST feature clears the controller memory of all existing program values and replaces these with the original factory values supplied with the controller Do not perform a reset unless all other efforts to correct faults with the controller have failed A reset may change important option settings for your kiln Before attempting a reset you should become familiar with the correct option settings for your controller Most important is the TC option setting To reset the controller press the 0 Option key until RST is displayed and press Enter Use the 1 or 2 key to change the setting from NO to YES and press Enter This will reset the controller to the factory configuration Verify the controller is accurately displaying temperature after the reset You may need to adjust the TC setting for the thermocouple and the CHG setting for the display temperature Parameter Resets to Possible Action TC Thermocouple Type Type S Set to Type K CHG Temperature Units Fahrenheit F Set to C It will be necessary to re enter any User Programs that were stored in memory Multi Zone Control Multi zone controllers use more than one thermoco
28. ime during the stated two 2 year period Orton will at its option repair or replace the Warranted Components as set forth below The liability of Orton is limited to replacement and or repair at its factory of the Warranted Components that does not remain in good working order Repair parts or replacement products will be furnished on an exchange basis and will be either reconditioned or new All replaced parts or products become the property of Orton Following receipt of notice from Buyer of a valid warranty claim and the Autofire Kiln Controller containing the Warranted Components Orton will perform its obligations under this limited warranty within 10 business days Limited warranty service may be obtained by delivering the Autofire Kiln Controller during the warranty period to your Orton Autofire Supplier or to The Edward Orton Jr Ceramic Foundation 6991 Old 3C Highway Westerville Ohio 43082 and providing written proof of purchase and a description of the defect or problem Buyer must insure the shipment of the Autofire Kiln Controller or assume the risk of loss or damage in transit prepay shipping charges to the service location and use the original shipping container or equivalent Buyer will be responsible for shipping and handling charges in excess of US 50 00 incurred by Orton in returning the Autofire Kiln Controller to the Buyer after completion of limited warranty service This warranty does not apply to any damage to the Autof
29. ing ramp and the optional Preheat and the optional Cooling The Speed option must be modified before the kiln is started Three speeds Fast Standard and Slow are available on the front panel for convenience Fast is the same as the F 20 setting within the SPd option Slow is the same as the S 20 setting within the SPd option In addition to Fast and Slow which can be selected from the keypad during Cone Fire programming to change the firing speed by 20 the SPd option allows adjustments in 10 increments up to 40 First program the Cone firing and select one of the three speeds With the controller displaying IdLE press the 0 Option key to display SPd Press Enter and use the 1 or 2 key to change the setting Press Enter again to return to the option menu SPd settings are stored in memory but the setting is over written when you program a new Cone firing and select a new speed Settings Meaning Std Standard See cone fire tables for standard firing speed 5 10 5 20 5 30 5 40 10 20 30 40 Slow Slows firing time 10 20 3096 40 Fast Accelerates firing time by 10 20 30 or 40 18 AutoFire3000 Kiln Controller Cone Offset OFST This offset feature allows you to adjust the final heating step of the Cone programs This is useful when the kiln does not quite bend witness cones to the desired angle Cone Offset is a calibration feature that allows a separate temperature offset
30. ire Kiln Controller resulting from Operation beyond electrical rating External sources including but not limited to chemicals heat abuse and improper care Improper or inadequate maintenance by Buyer Parts or equipment not supplied by Orton Unauthorized modification or misuse Operation outside environmental specifications Improper installation Over firing melting of materials being fired regardless of the cause of the over firing ON Ve Warranted Components returned for service where no warranted defect is found will be subject to service and shipping and handling fees If the Warranted Components are not in good working order as warranted above Buyer s sole remedy shall be repair or replacement of the Warranted Components as provided above To the extent permitted by law ALL EXPRESS AND IMPLIED WARANTIES FOR THE WARRANTED COMPONENTS INCLUDING THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE LIMITED TO THE TWO YEAR WARRANTY PERIOD COMMENCING ON THE DATE OF PURCHASE AND NO OTHER WARRANTY WHETHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WILL APPLY TO THIS PERIOD To the extent permitted by law ORTON S REMEDY AND BUYER S SOLE REMEDY IS LIMITED SOLELY AND EXCLUSIVELY TO REPAIR OR REPLACEMENT AS SET FORTH HEREIN ORTON SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR AND BUYER S REMEDY SHALL NOT INCLUDE ANY INCIDENTAL CONSEQUENTIAL OR OTHER DAMAGES OF ANY KIND WHATSOEVER WHETHER A CLAIM IS BASED UPON THEORY OF CONTRACT NEGLIENCE
31. mp as FN 2 and so on To set the fan to On press 1 or to set the fan to OFF press 2 AddTime key 13 AutoFire3000 Kiln Controller Programming User Programs USER During programming default values may appear in the display If the controller was previously 4 proc programmed the last settings will appear 1 Press the 4 UserProg key USER shows in display 2 Using the numeric keypad select the desired user program number 1 2 3 or 4 For Example you would press the 1 key to enter a program or to modify the existing program stored in the User Program 1 location Then press Enter 3 1 shows in the display indicating the rate value for the first ramp Use the numeric keypad to enter the desired heating rate Then press Enter 4 F 1 or C 1 shows in the display indicating the target temperature for the first ramp Use the numeric keypad to enter the desired temperature Then press Enter 5 Hd 1 shows in the display indicating the Hold time for the first ramp Use the numeric keypad to enter the desired time for the kiln to hold at the first target temperature Time is entered as Hours Minutes Then press Enter 6 shows the display if available Use the 7 or 2 key to select a fan setting either OFF ON for the first ramp Then press Enter The Fan option will not appear unless the auxiliary output option for the controller has been configured 7 Repeat steps 3 through 6 to p
32. ontroller Appendix Connecting Thermocouples Type K Thermocouples shown For Type S or Type R thermocouples the positive leg of the thermocouple should be color coded Black 1 Thermocouple controller Press buttons to release insert wires 27 AutoFire3000 Kiln Controller Appendix F Typical Wiring Diagram Computer Serial Port 3 Pin Serial vi Connector RS232 lt Relay Common Output AutoFire Controller Top Relay Only Middle Relay Only 7 Pin Output Power Bottom Relay Only Connector AOP Relay J3 3 AOP Relay J3 2 24 Thermocouple Input Block 6 Pin Input Power Connector Relay 12udc T92P7D22 12 or equivalent Heating element or 220 Safety Contactor Coil Transformer 05 24 or equivalent 220VAC L1 Fuse L2 250 0 254 28 AutoFire3000 Kiln Controller Autofire Kiln Controller Limited Warranty This limited warranty is given only to the immediate purchaser Buyer of the Autofire Kiln Controller 000 This limited warranty is not transferable The Edward Orton Jr Ceramic Foundation Orton warrants the controller motherboard and keypad installed on the Autofire Kiln Controller Warranted Components to be in good working order under normal operating conditions for a period of two 2 year from the date of purchase Should the Warranted Components fail to be in good working order at any t
33. ontroller has 12 keys for programming Orton controllers use P I D control algorithms to tightly control kiln temperature This eliminates temperature cycling Cycling occurs when the controller turns the kiln on or off in a way where the actual temperature does not closely follow the desired firing schedule Orton controllers store all of the program information in memory when turned off If power is lost during a firing the controller remembers how far the firing has progressed and determines if it can resume the firing when power is restored Controller Models There are two basic controller models Single Zone These use a single thermocouple to control the kiln temperature Multi Zone These use 2 or 3 thermocouples to separately control sections of a kiln Precautions The controller is not a safety device The controller operates relays to turn the kiln elements on and off It is possible for relays to fail in the on position The controller cannot protect against relay failure To prevent over firing never leave the kiln unattended especially at the end of a firing Controller accuracy and performance depends on the condition and position of the thermocouples in use Getting Started Read all precautions and instructions before using your controller If your kiln has manual control switches for the heating elements turn all the dials to the highest settings If you have a Kiln Sitter on your kiln you use a
34. orrections This prevents the need to start over when programming a User Program or Cone fire program Repeating a firing To Repeat a firing without making changes to the program simply press Start when the controller is displaying IdLE Use the Program Review feature to verify that the program you want is loaded into memory AutoFire3000 Kiln Controller Programming for Cone Fire CONE During programming default values may appear in the display If the controller was previously programmed the last settings will appear 1 FIRE 1 Press The 1 ConeFire key CONE shows in display alternating with the last Cone selection value 2 Using the numeric keypad select the desired Cone number For Example you would press the 0 key and the 6 key for a Cone 06 firing Then press Enter 3 SPd shows in the display indicating the Speed setting Press the 1 key to select Fast 2 key to select Standard or the 3 key to select Slow Then press Enter 4 shows in the display indicating the optional preheat time Preheat will heat the kiln at the rate of 60 F 33 C hr up to 200 F 93 C PRHT will be alternating with a Time value Using the numeric keypad enter a time for the kiln to hold at 200 F Time is entered in Hours Minutes If no preheat is needed program zero hours and zero minutes 00 00 Then press Enter After the kiln firing has started and the Preheat temperature is reached the Cone Fir
35. pped because cooling ramp ended 2 Power failed and firing was stopped because temperature was below 212 F Power failed and firing was stopped because temperature dropped in the last ramp by 72 F Diagnostic Alarm bAdP Invalid User Program ETH Electronics too Hot controller temperature above 80 C firing stopped Options Menu Advanced settings and features are available through the Options menu Press the 0 Option Key to advance through the options menu During a firing not all options can be changed To exit Options press the Stop key or wait 1 minute without pressing any key 0 OPTION To view an Option setting press Enter when the option code is displayed Use the 1 ConeFire key or 2 AddTime key to change the setting for the option Press Enter after making the change 17 AutoFire3000 Kiln Controller Option List SPd Speed Changes cone program speed 40 OFST Cone Offset Adjust firing temperature to match witness cones by 20 TCOS Thermocouple Offset Change a thermocouple temperature reading by 25 FAN Vent Fan Set the Vent Fan control for cone programs if enabled Temperature Difference Displays difference between thermocouples multi zone only CHG Change Temperature Units Change temperature units to F or C TC Thermocouple Type Select thermocouple type Type K S R AOP Auxiliary Out
36. put Enable a vent fan or external alarm output RATE Ramp Rate units Change units for programming ramp speed COST COST per Kilowatt Calculate firing cost KW Kiln Power Rating Calculate power consumption Kilowatt hours Id Computer ID Assign a number from 0 to 15 as a controller ID TEdE Temperature Deviation Deviation setting for alarms FtH FtC LtdE and HtdE bAL Power Balance Change power between top and bottom heating zones Center Power Adjust Adjust power to middle heating zone SFTY Safety Temperature Displays maximum programmable temperature T123 Thermocouple Temperatures Displays individual thermocouple temperatures multi zone ELEC Electronics Temperature Displays temperature of the electronics LOCK Program Lock Lock or Unlock the programs against changes CFG Configuration Number Displays factory configuration SOFT Software Version Displays factory software version TEST Test Heating Elements Test controller inputs and outputs RST Factory Reset Reset all values to factory settings The options list will vary depending on the controller configuration Multi zone options do not appear in single zone controllers If the program loaded into memory is a User Program Cone fire options do not appear Options Descriptions Firing Speed SPd Speed is a Cone Fire option Slow settings are for heavy loads and fast settings are for light loads Speed alters all heating ramps of a Cone Fire program except the final heat
37. rogram additional ramp rates temperatures and hold times After you have programmed your final ramp the controller should be displaying the next available RA number If the value for the next available ramp rate is set to zero degrees per Hour or Minute press Enter The controller will automatically exit the programming mode For Time mode the value should be set to 99 99 Note If the user program that you are working with was previously programmed the values that have been stored in memory will appear for all the ramp settings Whenever you enter a zero value for a rate RA all settings beyond that point will be erased This feature can be used to erase an entire user program by entering a zero rate at RA 1 8 When the controller has returned to IdLE press Enter Start to start the firing Selecting a Stored User Program To select a stored User Program without making any changes to the ramps 1 Press 4 UserProg key USER will show in display 2 Using the numeric keypad select the desired User Program number 1 9 3 Press the Back Stop key to exit programming mode 4 When the controller has returned to IdLE press Enter Start to start the firing 14 AutoFire3000 Kiln Controller User Program Example Use program 1 To fire to 1830 F at 300 F hour 15 minute hold at temperature Cool down to 200 F at 500 F hour Shut off Follow these steps starting with the controller at IdLE Press USER 4 proc
38. s from Harrop Industries Inc Kiln temperatures can be measured using Orton Pyrometric Cones or TempChek shrinkage keys or electronically with Orton s Pyrographics kiln monitoring systems Orton conducts independent testing of refractories and other ceramic materials for more than 200 companies each year We design and build special testing equipment for internal use well as for others We also regularly do work for customers to help solve difficult product or processing problems The Edward Orton Jr Ceramic Foundation 6991 Old 3 Highway Westerville OH 43082 9026 614 895 2663 614 895 5610 fax www ortonceramic com
39. t temperatures will be programmed as Degrees Fahrenheit If your controller is configured to display temperature values in C heating rates will be programmed as Degrees Centigrade per hour and target temperatures will be programmed as Degrees Centigrade To change the temperature units see the CHG option User Program Heating Cooling Rates Rate is the speed of the firing Rate is programmed as Degrees per Hour if the RATE option is set to HOUR Some calculations may be required to determine your desired heating rate Example if you know that you want to heat the kiln from room temperature 75 F to 212 F over a 2 hour period First determine the amount of temperature rise 212 75 137 degrees Then divide the amount of temperature rise or drop by the number of hours you would like it to take to get there 137 2 68 5 degrees per hour Round the calculated rate to the nearest whole number and your heating rate would be 69 degrees hour If you prefer to program heating and cooling rates in degrees per minute adjust the RATE option in the options menu to MIN If you prefer to program heating and cooling rates in Hours and Minutes adjust the RATE option in the option menu to TIME RA is the controller display for rate Each ramp rate will have its own number The rate for the first ramp will be displayed as RA 1 the rate for the second ramp as RA 2 and so 11 AutoFire3000 Kiln Controller Maximum Ramp R
40. ted to a cone temperature within the firing range These programs are designed to fire normal loads of thin ware ceramics When a kiln is more heavily loaded or when thick ware is fired additional firing time is needed Experiment to determine the best firing conditions The preset firing programs in the controller are Program Product Fired Cone Range Firing Time Low Fire Decal Luster China Cones 022 011 3 5 hours Mid Fire Glaze Bisque Earthenware Cones 010 01 6 8 hours High Fire Stoneware Porcelain Cones 1 12 9 11 hours LO FIRE PROGRAM MID FIRE PROGRAM HI FIRE PROGRAM ke lt lt oc a a 0 100 200 AutoFire3000 Kiln Controller Keypad Overview Numerical values for cone numbers hold times target temperatures and heating rates can be programmed by using the numerical keypad Most keys have multiple functions for special features as described below Use to select a Cone Fire program Acts as a scroll Down button to change Option settings Use to select Fast speed during Cone fire programming Use to increase hold time for active firings Acts as a scroll Up button to change Option settings Use to select Standard speed during Cone fire programming Use to program a delay start time Use to select Slow speed during Cone fire programming se to select one of the 4 customized User Programs se to edit a User Program in progress
41. the kiln firing press the 8 Cost key The display will show the calculated electric usage for the firing if the option KW is programmed with a known wattage 8 COST rating for the kiln In addition the display will show a calculated firing cost if the COST option is programmed with a known price for KWHR usage Note These calculations are estimates and are dependent on the accuracy of the values set by the operator Delay Start To program the controller to begin a firing at a later time press 3 Delay key AELA shows in the DELAY display Using the numeric keypad enter a time delay in Hours Minutes format and press Enter Delay must be programmed before the firing is started Once the firing is started the remaining delay time will count down on the display Note you can bypass the Delay time once the delay period has started by pressing the Enter key Status To review the current status of the controller during a firing press the 5 Status key 5 STATUS The current ramp segment is displayed If the current status is a heating or cooling ramp the display will also show the actual ramping rate See the RATE option for more information on how the actual ramp rate display can be modified The controller returns to normal operation after 5 seconds Back To back up during programming press the Back Stop key This will return you to the previous entry The Back feature can be used anytime during programming to make c
42. the preceding target temperature If you program a target temperature at the end of the firing that is below your room temperature the controller will never be able to complete the firing This will result in FTL alarm To avoid this alarm manually stop the firing by pressing the Stop key or program a higher end temperature Changing a Target Temperature During a Firing If the kiln is firing and you need to modify the current ramp target temperature or hold time Press the 4 UserProg key The controller will display the current target temperature and setting Use the numeric keypad to change the temperature value and press Enter The controller will next display the current ramp hold time and setting This too can be modified if necessary Press Enter again to exit the editing mode User Program Hold Time Hold time refers to the amount of time you want the kiln to remain at the target temperature Hold Time is often referred to as Soak or Dwell Time Each ramp allows the option of programming a hold time Hold time is programmed in Hours and Minutes The decimal point light in the center of the controller display separates hours from minutes The two digits to the left of the decimal point indicate hours while the right side indicates minutes Example A hour hold time should be programmed as 01 00 or A 30 minute hold time would be 00 30 During a Hold time the controller will count down the remaining time of the Hold on the display
43. troller supplier or The Edward Orton Jr Ceramic Foundation 6991 Old 3C Highway Westerville Ohio 43082 and your purchase price will be refunded Prior to returning your Autofire Kiln Controller contact Orton for an authorization number and include with your shipment For Autofire Kiln Controllers ordered in error a restocking charge will apply 29 History of Orton Helping the Ceramic Community grow since 1596 In 1896 Professor Edward Orton Jr began the Standard Pyrometric Cone Company manufacturing Pyrometric cones at Ohio State University These cones quickly became the standard by which firings were monitored and controlled as they often are today Because of his interest and commitment to advancing the ceramic arts and industries and his desire to have high quality Pyrometric cones always available for monitoring and control of the firing process Orton left his company as a non profit Trust Income is used to develop and disseminate technical information that helps solve firing and other processing problems Orton s Center for Firing provides information and technical assistance on customer specific firing problems as well as publications technical notes and other related information The Orton product line includes a full range of Kiln Monitoring Products Venting Systems for electric kilns Testing Services and Laboratory Instruments In 1999 Orton s Lab Instrument products expanded with the acquisition of new product
44. uple to separately monitor and control different sections of the kiln The temperature on the display represents the average temperature between the multiple thermocouples A multi zone controller can continue to operate as long as one thermocouple signal is present However thermocouple alarm messages should not be ignored The controller can only perform zone control if all the thermocouple signals are available If only one thermocouple signal is available the controller will automatically switch to single zone control Additional Alarms are available with Multi zone controllers Thermocouple detected missing TC2 Middle Thermocouple detected missing TC3 Bottom Thermocouple detected missing TCdE Thermocouple Deviation 180 F 100 C deviation between two thermocouples firing stopped Flashing Indicates section of kiln with low power firing continues without zone control Lights 22 Reference Section AutoFire3000 Kiln Controller Appendix A Low Fire Cone Programs Cones O22 to O11 The low fire range is typically used to fire decals or decorations Some decals lusters and gold have a limited firing range and may need to be fired more slowly The complete firing schedules for Cones 022 to O11 are shown below The standard firing time is about 3 5 hours Degrees F Low Fire
45. y to vitrification and can shrink up to 16 As with earthenware bodies water carbon and sulfur are potential burnout materials and venting is important to remove gases generated With the presence of silica the firing needs to be slowed near 1063 F 573 C to prevent cracking Typical porcelain bodies are formulated from kaolin feldspars silica and ball clays The weight loss during firing can be around 10 to 12 and shrinkage can approach 20 Porcelain bodies require good temperature uniformity at their final firing temperature If slightly overfired the body may warp or blister On maturing the body becomes its own glaze A hold time is usually desirable for best fired results The complete firing schedules for Cones 1 to 12 are shown below The standard firing time is about 9 11 hours Degrees F Hi Fire Ramp 1 Target Ramp 2 Target Ramp 3 Target Ramp 4 Target Cone Degrees Degrees F Degrees F Degrees F hour hour hour hour 1 324 1022 153 1112 162 1863 108 2079 2 324 1022 153 1112 162 1872 108 2088 3 324 1022 153 1112 162 1890 108 2106 4 324 1022 153 1112 162 1908 108 2124 5 324 1022 153 1112 162 1951 108 2167 6 324 1022 153 1112 162 2016 108 2232 7 324 1022 153 1112 162 2046 108 2262 8 324 1022 153 1112 162 2064 108 2280 9 324 1022 153 1112 162 2084 108 2300 10 324 1022 153 1112 162 2129
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