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1. c CD e Val om Rm eo CD Pr Gm H LL Nn cD A worker entered a dry well confined space As he descended an 18 ft ladder he was overcome by hydrogen sulfide A second worker tried to rescue the first worker but was also overcome by the toxic gas A third worker entered the confined space to try to rescue the first two workers and suffocated All three workers died at the scene What went wrong l The second worker did not recognize the signs of hydrogen sulfide when his coworker was overcome ANSI Z390 1 3 3 2 and 3 3 3 2 The second and third workers rushed to rescue their fallen coworker but were overcome themselves because they were not prepared They did not have appropriate rescue equipment or respiratory protection and neither worker notified EMS API RP 55 Section 6 5 and 6 6 Did you find anything else that may have contributed to this accident l There was a potential lack of training on safe work practices 2 The air was not monitored before the first worker entered the confined space 3 The space was not ventilated 4 A winch system was not used to act as protection against a fall and was not in place for rescue 5 There was a lack of training on permit required confined space entry requirements of 1910 134 communication rescue and conditions of the permit 6 There was a lack of supervision during the permit space entry K There was a lack of appropriate PP
2. when there is less than 19 5 oxygen in the air Oxygen resuscitation equipment used to give breathing air to fallen workers in an emergency Parts per million ppm a measurement that means parts of a vapor or gas per million parts of air by volume Personal monitor a device workers wear within the breathing zone that measures hydrogen sulfide concentrations in the surrounding air Portable monitors also known as gas detectors a device designed to be placed between a worker and the source of hydrogen sulfide or in a confined space used to measure the amount of hydrogen sulfide in the atmosphere Positive pressure seal check a way to check a respirator s integrity by closing off the exhalation valve to see if any air leaks out of the respirator 233 General Patton Ave Mandeville LA 70471 1 800 892 8179 www pecsafety com page 49 Qualitative fit test QLFT an exam that relies on your response to a test agent to determine if a respirator is completely sealed Re CH CH 4 gt a gt D gt Quantitative fit test QNFT an exam that measures how much a respirator leaks Regulator a device used to control the rate of gas released from the calibration gas cylinder during portable monitor gas detector calibration Respirator a device that covers your mouth and nose and is designed to improve the air your lungs breathe in Safety data sheet SDS gives detailed
3. Instructor Manual COSC EET O CLE E EES OOOO EEE ESOL EEE DEEDES O EE OESD Copyright 2015 by PEC Premier Safety Operations LLC Revised July 7 2015 All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Per the United States Copyright Act of 1976 no part of this publication may be reproduced stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic mechanical photocopying recording scanning or otherwise except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the prior written permission of the Publisher All trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their owners Various photos and videos used in this program are accredited to PEC Safety Shutterstock and the United States Armed Forces Title Hydrogen Sulfide 4 Hour End User Published by PEC Safety seseeeeeeneeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeee Safety Analyst Whitney Green Writer Editors Catherine Ebey Lauren Parrish Project Assistants David Freese Andrew Reyes aeneeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeneeee e eeeeeeseeeeeseee Disclaimer Course participants will not have met the requirements to work in H S environments above the Occupational Exposure Limits OEL until such time as the company provides and documents additional applicable training required by 29 CFR including medical evaluations fit testing and use of respirators and monitor and rescue equipment specific to the workplac
4. emm Cc CD _ Val om Rm eo CD Pr _ eo Cc Va CD 4 Rinse respirator parts thoroughly in clean warm running water Drain Make sure all soap is removed because soap left behind can cause skin irritation and respirator degradation 5 Hand dry respirator parts using a clean lint free cloth or allow them to air dry 6 Put the respirator back together replacing parts when necessary 7 Test the respirator to make sure all parts are still working If the soap you used did not contain a disinfecting agent you must soak the respirator for 2 minutes using either of the following cleansers before rinsing the respirator e Diluted bleach add 1 milliliter mL of bleach to 1 liter L of warm water e Diluted iodine add 0 8 ml of tinctured iodine to 1 L of water e Other commercially available disinfectant cleansers recommended by the manufacturer Respirators need to be stored in a safe place away from dust sunlight extreme temperatures excessive moisture and damaging chemicals to prevent facepiece and exhalation valve deformation damage and contamination Emergency use respirators must be stored in a designated area and according to manufacturer instructions Note that before you can work while wearing a company s designated safe area Either perform respirator also known as working under air the repairs yourself if you have been trained to do your company must
5. CH N O Del ei Le LLI o Re Li G D O O o lt SR 6 Modify the practice of flowing back live acid into an open tank 7 Modify the practice of adding neutralizer so workers are not exposed to vapors or gases from the tank 8 Make sure company and contractors acidizing procedures include the potential hazard of HS as a byproduct 9 H may be released during a kick or burp during drilling or work over operations A Kick or burp is an entry of water gas oil or other formation fluid into the wellbore during drilling or work over It occurs because the pressure exerted by the column of fluid in the wellbore is not great enough to overcome the pressure exerted by the fluids in the formation drilled Production Facilities Fluid Transfer and Maintenance Production tanks and facilities can contain substantial volumes of hydrocarbons and HS When performing tank gauging thieving sampling fluid transfer or maintenance operations special precautions should be taken to protect yourself from these hazards Also be aware that haulers transporting production water are not required by Federal DOT to label or placard their loads even though these tanks may contain an H S hazard Products going into these tanks with concentrations as low as 0 2 ppm could potentially create H S atmospheres that are above occupational exposure levels OELs that require respiratory protection Concentrations of 2 ppm co
6. ef Gei CH N p D Del ei Le LLI Re Li G D O O o lt SR PortaCounts may be used for QNFTs they cannot interfere with the seal either You must be clean shaven because facial hair can interfere with the respirator seal The most common cause of respirator seal leakage is facial hair Follow your company s policy on facial hair Improper fit usage or maintenance can compromise the protectiveness of the respirator There are two types of fit tests a qualitative fit test QLFT and a quantitative fit test QNFT A QLFT passes or fails you in respirator fit based on how you react to a test agent usually an aerosol with a strong smell OSHA QLFT protocols include saccharin isoamyl acetate also known as banana oil Bitrex and irritant smoke A QNFT assesses respirator fit by numerically measuring how much outside air leaks into your respirator A PortaCount may be used to perform a QNFT A PortaCount works by measuring the concentration of microscopic dust particles in the ambient air and then measuring the concentration of those dust particles that leak into the respirator The ratio of these two concentrations is called the fit factor See Appendix A of 29 CFR 1910 134 for more information about fittest protocols Types of Respirators Two major types of respirators are air purifying respirators APRs and SARs APRs filter out contaminants from the existing atmosphere Note that AP
7. it can cause fires explosions or metal damage H H 9 is soluble in can dissolve in water and oil but its solubility decreases as the temperature of the liquid rises When H S dissolves in water it forms an acid that can corrode metal H S causes severe corrosion to metals such as copper carbon steel steel silver brass and bronze Metals housing H S gas can suffer sulfide stress cracking or become very brittle If either of these happen a metal container such as a pipeline may fail entirely causing the gas to escape into the open air To avoid metal corrosion treat drilling fluids and other products as necessary to chemically reduce the corrosive properties of H S before you start Bleach and hydrogen peroxide are strong oxidizers work Physical and Chemical Properties of H S Toxicity Highly toxic Causes severe health effects if inhaled Density Density 1 5g L Collects in low lying areas and confined spaces Vapor density 1 19 at 32 F at 760 mmHg 19 heavier than air Flammability Flammable limit 4 3 46 Extremely flammable vapor by volume in air May spontaneously ignite at high temperatures Melting point Melting point 117 2 F very low HS is almost always in gas form meaning it will Can be compressed into a liquid be invisible to you and transported by sea highway If in compressed liquid gas form can cause rail air or pipeline frostbite upon contact Combus
8. pulmonary edema on SDS Respiratory arrest Cardiac arrest Brain damage Death 233 General Patton Ave Mandeville LA 70471 1 800 892 8179 www pecsafety com page 9 COCO CEO O LETHE SEH ESET E EEO EES EEE EEOE SEE EEETEESEET ETE e e Waa o ee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeseeeeeseeeeesseeesseseeee Moers eeeeeeseeee e e had Coe ere eo e re ern E eer See Dee DEES EEE ELE E LEDS ER EEE EET ELE EE HEL EDS EHTEL DERE EEE E LEE ES Warning Signs and Alarms Companies use OSHA required warning signs to mark areas contaminated with H S These warning signs correspond to the concentration of H S within the area All well drilling sites will be classified based on whether H S is present or not There are three types of warning signs posted around H S areas These three signs have color coded flags based on the severity of the hazard These flags correspond to classified API conditions There are four API classifications for H S areas No Hazard Condition API Condition Low Hazard API Condition II Medium Hazard and API Condition III High RE Ai Pm Hazard These classifications are based on potential E Ga zard ificati i Ge Se Te eA TR or actual exposure to H S For information about sach hazardo AP Con dition read the API API Condition II flag shown with H S warning sign Hydrogen Sulfide Conditions table API Hydrogen Sulfide Conditions API Condition Suspected HS Requirement
9. vehicle Air monitoring must be performed before tank gauging 29 CFR 1910 134 g 2 i AP RP 55 Section 9 21 She was working alone around potentially high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide Standby personnel should have been present for air monitoring and had the hydrogen sulfide concentration been determined standby workers should have been available for the entire operation 29 CFR 1910 134 g 3 i vi She was not wearing respiratory protection and did not have her escape pack with her Respiratory protection must be worn when the area may contain hydrogen sulfide above the PEL as is commonly found when gauging tanks containing sour crude 29 CFR 1910 134 a D Did you find anything else that may have contributed to this accident 4 page 20 There was a potential lack of training on safe work practices There was a potential lack of training on the proper procedure to divert crude to a different tank There was a lack of training on the characteristics of hydrogen sulfide gas Supply lines are located at the bottom of tanks With the first tank in a full condition the gas would be pressured out of the tank through the vent lines Once leaving the vent lines the gas 19 heavier than air would have settled on the ground near the tanks This area inside the tank dike is typicall where the valve to divert the flow would be located The tank battery dikes would help the gas build up in this area possibly contributing to t
10. D R O Tp U LLI ef Gei CH N O Del O LLI E Re D Li G D O O o S L The Respirator Type Pros and Cons chart shows the advantages and disadvantages of each type of respirator Each type of respirator can only be used for so long the useful life of a respirator does not last forever Air Supply The air supply in a SAR will depend on how much air is stored and how many workers are breathing from the air supply Whether workers are using a continuous air supply from a compressor system or an air supply of multiple Grade D breathing air compressed gas cylinders it is important to put a worker in charge of monitoring Compressor systems are monitored for proper function and to make sure compressed gas bottles do not get completely exhausted of air An SCBA s air supply will vary between workers depending on lung capacity physical ability and their familiarity with wearing a respirator Most SCBAs will contain around 25 to 30 minutes of air The low air alarm is usually set at 25 of that air supply which gives workers time to get to a safe area before they run out of air If the low air alarm sounds workers should immediately leave the area Respirators that are not in acceptable condition and cannot be repaired must be tagged and removed from service Repairs and refurbishments are only allowed within the limitations set by the manufacturer Any technical portion such as valves regu
11. Operations Test tanks for H S If the H S concentration exceeds or could exceed 10 ppm during sampling or tank gauging operations more controls are needed and workers must wear respiratory protection during these operations When abandoning facilities pipelines and flow lines left in place should be purged and bullplugged or otherwise capped Take precautions to prevent an iron sulfide fire Check vessels for the presence of naturally occurring radioactive material NORM Vessels must be flushed with water purged drained locked out and tagged out by blinding or isolating equipment and left open to the atmosphere page 16 Know what s below Call before you dig Take necessary precautions during the following operations because H S may be present e Plugging and abandoning wells e Hydraulic fracturing also known as fracking Snubbing Perforating also known as perfing Acidizing e Fishing Tubing Wireline Any other drilling or workover operations When performing a hydrochloric acid treatment on a produced water injection well the hydrochloric acid can react with iron sulfide scale in the well bore rig tank to create H S gas Workers or the supervisor should anticipate the potential H S hazard Adequate mitigation steps should be in place to protect workers from potential H S exposure Inform all contractors and well site supervisors about the requirement to monitor LEL H S when flowing
12. Paquosap pue suO so dxs JO say payUsWNDOp asey syoda zuaz y Yd eY Iy JBAO pue PUNOIE suoj puo ajqewwey pue 31x0 pue sjana USHAKO moj Alan Ul Ufsai Aew asoy ssodea pue seseb uocqpezop y jo suoj esjJUSDUO gt y jy jo asea Didei ay 0 peaj ues up Helos jo sayrjey zay Bujuado SpPJOZD PIOAD pup aziubo de O MOY Bumpupu pin Burasiuy o Buibanb aqaavZ7VH YINVL page 19 233 General Patton Ave Mandeville LA 70471 1 800 892 8179 www pecsafety com Gei CH N gt 2 gt Ba e 2 D R O Tp U LLI ef Gei CH N D Del ei Le LLI Re Li G D O o o lt SR aseeeeeeseeeeesseeeeeeseeeeeeee ssseeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeseeeeeeseeeeeseeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeseeeeeeseeeeesseeeseeseeee e e ed ee e e e e MMMM coco cece ese er ere eE TEE EEE O ELSES EET E HOSES EH SESE EES ESSEOHSESSEOES EEE EES EES ELSEHE ELSES EELEHESEELELE A worker was gauging a tank when she realized the tank was full so she started to divert the supply line to another tank The shutoff valve blew out releasing sour crude and hydrogen sulfide She tried to walk away but only made it about 15 ft before she was overcome by the gas and died When investigators inspected the incident they found a personal gas monitor a 30 minute SCBA and a SAR sitting inside her vehicle unused What went wrong L No air monitoring was performed We know this because the worker left the gas detector in her
13. Protect Yourself 46 Glossary 47 Gei CH N gt D gt Ba e E D R O Tp U LLI ef Gei O N D Del ei Le LLI Re Li G D O o o lt SR page vi HYDROGEN SULFIDE END USER Gei N gt gt Ba e E D R O Tp U LLI ef Gei CH N O Del ei Le LLI o Re Li G D O O o S SR Introduction seseeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeseeeeeseeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeseeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeseeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeseeeeg Hydrogen sulfide or H S is a hazard that can creep up on you You cannot see it and if the concentration is high enough you will not even be able to smell it This toxic gas is colorless and collects in low lying areas H S is so powerful that it can kill you with one breath It is known as The Silent Killer In this course we will review how you can protect yourself and your coworkers from hazardous exposure to HA Regulations and Standards Several government agencies regulate H S exposure OSHA enforces safety regulations lists exposure limits for the gas and has specific respiratory protection requirements listed in 29 CFR 1910 134 The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health NIOSH and the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists ACGIH provide expos
14. S and confined spaces 233 General Patton Ave Mandeville LA 70471 1 800 892 8179 www pecsafety com page 39 Gei O N gt D gt Ba e E D R O Tp U LLI ef Gei O N p D Del ei Le LLI Re Li G D O O o lt SR One Worker is Injured One Dies from Toxic Release POPC OCHO EEE E HEHE ESHEETS EEOOHO EEE OSOT TO OSEOOTEOETOOT SEH OSHOEESESHSE EES ebe ee ees eeeeeeesseee OMerseesseseseseseseseseneeeeS sesseeeeeseeeeseeseeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeseeeeseeseeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeseseeeeeseeeeeseseeeeeeseeeeeseeeeeeeseseeeee Two workers were unclogging a plugged steam ejector when they lost consciousness Materials in the pipe had decomposed and released hydrogen sulfide and CO The air had not been monitored for hydrogen sulfide CO oxygen or LEL flammable gases before the work started Worker No 1 passed out shortly after removing the line s flange Worker No 2 called the Emergency Response Team telling them it looked like Worker No 1 was having a heart attack Worker No 2 tried to move Worker No 1 but passed out The ERT arrived and performed CPR Both workers were rushed to the hospital Worker No 2 recovered and was later released from the hospital Worker No 1 never came out of his coma and died three days later What went wrong l The workers did not monitor the air before entering the confined space Confined spaces must be monitored before entry and contin
15. Sulfide in Contined Spaces CRSP oO eee LEE ESEEHEESEEHE TEE EOE SOTO H ELSE ETHOS EH TESOL ED ESTEE ELE SHEE SEES ER TEESE ELE HEEL EH EDEL TONS aeeeeeseeeeeseeeeeeeeeeesseeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeegeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeseeeee H S is extremely hazardous when present in confined spaces A confined space is a space that is large enough for a worker to enter has limited or restricted entry or exit and is not meant to be occupied for a long amount of time Many processes that require workers to perform tasks in confined spaces also put them at extreme risk of exposure to HS Using the necessary safety measures for H S in confined space work will help keep you and your coworkers safe from the hazardous effects of the gas These measures include lt eo emm GG Cc CD Val om m eo CD Pr eo Nn cD Obtaining a confined space permit that relates to H S exposure conditions include the GPS location on the permit if applicable Conducting air monitoring before entering any confined space that may contain H S Ventilating the space before entering Conducting continuous monitoring while workers are in the confined space Venting or purging lines on vessels before beginning work Being aware of emergency rescue procedures if there is an overexposure to H 4 d f f y G f lt f l Obtaining any necessary training for procedures relating to H
16. Tubing usually comes in 3 foot lengths it toward the air monitor Check the Gd before each use to make sure it remains defect free Most manufacturers recommend you change the tubing annually Directs and traps the calibration gas The calibration adaptor cup cap forces the gas to flow over the sensors of the instrument page 28 JPEG make sure the specific model of the gas detector is compatible with the calibration station All calibrations must be performed according to manufacturer instructions The basic steps to calibrating a gas detector are 1 Gather the materials listed in the Choosing the Correct Regulator table 2 Turn the gas detector on using the normal startup procedure 3 Activate the gas detector s calibration feature This varies from gas detector to as detector Some require pressing and Folding two buttons simultaneously where others require pressing one button for a certain period of time Check your user manual for instructions 4 Connect the appropriate regulator to the appropriate calibration cylinder 5 Connect the requlator and calibration adapter using the tubing OTT DT OTTEN If engineering and administrative controls cannot keep levels of H S below exposure limits you must wear appropriate PPE and respiratory protection PPE must be made from material that H S cannot pass through or weaken Workers required to work in areas contaminated with H S concentrati
17. all directions Keep unauthorized personnel away Stay upwind Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas sewers basements tanks Keep out of low areas Ventilate closed spaces before entering PROTECTIVE CLOTHING Wear positive pressure self contained breathing apparatus SCBA Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer It may provide little or no thermal protection Structural firefighters protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY itis not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible EVACUATION Spill See Table 1 Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances Fire Inhalation exposure Skin exposure Eye exposure If tank rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire ISOLATE for 1600 meters 1 mile in all directions also consider initial evacuation for 1600 meters 1 mile in all directions EMERGENCY RESPONSE FIRE DO NOT EXTINGUISH A LEAKING GAS FIRE UNLESS LEAK CAN BE STOPPED Small Fire Dry chemical CO water spray or regular foam Large Fire Water spray fog or regular foam Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk Damaged cylinders should be handled only by specialists Fire involving Tanks Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles Cool containers wi
18. and Flaring 11 e Sulfur Dioxide 12 e Administrative Controls 12 Hydrogen Sulfide Service Operations 15 Drilling and Servicing Operations 16 Production Facilities Fluid Transfer and Maintenance 18 Offshore Operations 21 Gas Processing Plants 21 seeeeeeseeeeeseseeeseeeeeeeseeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeseeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeseeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeseeeeseeeee e raining 22 e Fixed Monitor Service and Calibration 23 e Fixed Monitors 23 e Personal Monitors 23 e Portable Monitors 24 Using a Gas Detector 25 e Gas Detector Operation 26 e Bump Testing 26 e Calibration 27 BEEN a e Respiratory Protection Program 30 e Training 30 e Medical Evaluation 31 e Fit Testing 3 e Types of Respirators 32 e Respirator Limitations 33 Air Supply 34 e Selecting Respirators for Use 34 233 General Patton Ave Mandeville LA 70471 1 800 892 8179 www pecsafety com page v amp gt cD aly Cry ven CD bs z L i Respirator Use 36 e Respirator Inspection 36 e Checking the Seal 36 e Maintenance Cleaning and Storage 37 e Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health 38 e Respirators for Use with Hydrogen Sulfide and Sulfur Dioxide 38 Hydrogen Sulfide in Confined Spaces 39 Emergency Response 40 e Contingency Plans 40 e Dispersion Models Al e Immediate Action Plans Al e Rescue Al e Pret Aid A2 e Post exposure Medical Evaluation 45 Emerging Technology A5
19. back to an open tank Make sure workers onsite are equipped with personal monitoring devices when required Use a JSA before this type of work to review the specific issues that relate to the concentrations and procedures for that site Make sure company and contractor workers know that acidizing procedures include the potential hazard of HS as a byproduct Remind everyone that they have SWA JPEG zseeeeeseeeesseeeeeeeeeesseeee aeeeeeseeeeeeeseeeseeeeeesseeeeeee ee ee eeeeneeeeeseeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee aeeeeeseeeeeseeeeeesseeeesseeeessee e Wad e e e ee ee ee see ee Reese THOT ee eege eeeeseeeesseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeseeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeese A worker was exposed to H S gas while performing a hydrochloric acid treatment on a produced water injection well The worker was positioned on top of the rig tank adding neutralizing agent to the fluids returning from the acidized well He was exposed to vapors from the tank felt dizzy and began descending the stairs from the rig tank It is believed that he lost consciousness while descending the stairs falling to the ground at the base of the tank He immediately regained consciousness and with assistance was transported to the local medical center He was checked out and returned to work the next day Readings taken at the rig tank shortly after the incident indicated concentrations of 30 ppm H S and during a re enactment readings of up to 80 ppm H S were generated while the neutralizing agent
20. corrosive hydrogen sulfide Sulfur dioxide SO very irritating toxic and colorless gas that has a strong nasty odor ACC Acceptable ceiling concentration American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists ANSI American National Standards Institute APF Assigned protection factor API American Petroleum Institute APR Air puritying respirator BSEE Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act CFR Code of Federal Regulations page 50 sesseeeeeseeeeeseeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeesseeeesseeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Supplied air respirator SAR type of respirator that supplies clean air to the user from some other source Upwind working in an area away from the way the wind is blowing the source of hydrogen sulfide moving opposite the direction the wind is blowing Ventilation a method of controlling the environment with air flow an engineering control used to improve or maintain the quality of air in a work environment Visual alarms the use of steady flashing or strobe lights to alert workers to an emergency situation in areas with high noise levels Wind sock a device used to check which way the wind is blowing sesseeeeeseeeeeseeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeesseeeeeseeeeeeseeeeeseeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeee CO Carbon monoxide CO Carbon dioxide CPR Cardiopulmonary re
21. detector usage and calibration requirements Many companies use a third party vendor to perform their calibrations Even if the company does not want their workers to perform calibrations workers are still required to perform bump tests before each use in from the atmosphere take oxygen from that air and put it into your blood for use in almost all body functions then you exhale what is left over When your lungs pull oxygen from the air and put it into your bloodstream they are vulnerable to any other inhaled particles or vapors that might harm you Thus inhalation is one of the four main exposure routes in which you can be exposed to hazardous substances If engineering controls and administrative controls cannot keep you safe from inhaling contaminated air you need to don respiratory protection Respirators are often needed for confined space work Other potentially hazardous respiratory situations happen when using chlorine and from exposure to asbestos H S or sandblasting Welding produces metal fumes that can be toxic and hazardous if inhaled particularly over long periods of time so respirators may be necessary to safely perform welding operations Gei N gt gt Ba e E D R O Tp U LLI ef Gei CH N O Del ei Le LLI o Re Li G D O O o lt SR Respiratory Protection Program Your company should have a Respiratory Protection Program in place The p
22. immediate unconsciousness and death N have trouble breathing sooner than workers who do Raai can vary from person fo parson not have asthma Other variables that affect your because everyone enges reaction to H S include the exposure concentration susceptible or sensitive to the effects of H S because frequency and duration of any of several factors These individual variables l S If you smoke cigarettes drink alcohol or take include body mass overall physical condition age gt Se Wee prescription medications or illicit drugs you may be smoking habits and personal biochemistry For S le if vouh h Ilb more sensitive to the effects of H S These substances example if you have asthma you will be more l is e are toxins that your liver normally filters out of your sensitive to lower concentrations of H and may Health Effects of Exposure to Hydrogen Sulfide ipm Can smell H S odor ppm Headaches dizziness nausea and vomiting coughing difficulty breathing 100 ppm Loss of sense of smell after 3 minutes Respiratory tract and eye irritation 200 ppm Sense of smell eliminated almost instantly Pe secede 500 ppm Unconscious after brief exposure Tree Unconscious almost instantly Breathing stopped Victim will die if not rescued right away 1 000 ppm Instant unconsciousness Permanent brain damage or death E PEG d A F E T Y Gei N gt gt Ba e 2 D R O Tp U L
23. inspect a respirator check its function tightness of connections each component for wear and tear and elastic parts for dry rot and pliability When you inspect an SCBA make sure the air cylinders are fully charged Check the air cylinder pressure level to make sure pressure is at 90 or higher before you use the respirator Recharge the cylinder if its pressure falls at or below 90 capacity before you store the respirator Also inspect the regulator and warning devices to make sure they are still functioning page 36 zeeeeeeseeeeeseeeeeseeeeseeeeeeeseeeeeseeeeeseeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeesseeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeseee e Limitations and capabilities of positive pressure full facepiece respirators e Limitations and capabilities of SARs e Brands models and sizes of respirators available e Necessary site specific respirator information if any seseeeeeeseeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeseeeeesseeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeseeeeeeseeeeeseeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeseeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeessee Keep records of emergency use respirator inspections Document the inspection date the inspector s name and signature inspection results any required maintenance and the respirator s serial number All of this information should be available on a tag attached to the respirator or in a report filed at the facility Your company must keep each report on file until a more recent report is received Respirators that fail inspection should be remo
24. level Check with your client and operator TE E 2 for their accepted exposure level immediately dangerous to life or health IDLH and you will need special PPE to work in that environment H S Workplace Exposure Limits OSHA ACC 20 ppm NIOSH followed by API and ANSI REL 10 ppm IDLH 100 ppm TLV TWA 1 ppm STEL 5 ppm 233 General Patton Ave Mandeville LA 70471 1 800 892 8179 www pecsafety com page 7 Health Effects sesseeeesneeeee seeeeeeeesseeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeseeeeeseeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeseeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeseeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeesseeeeegeeeeeseeeeeeeseeeegeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeee When you inhale H S the chemical affects your Optic Nerve eyes nose brain lungs and the nerve pathways that connect them to each other Specifically H S Olfactory Nerve paralyzes the nerves that interpret smells for your brain H S also impairs the part of your brain that 2 H H y controls your breathing which can cause you to have trouble with or even stop breathing Symptom Vagus Nerve severity depends on the gas concentration and how long you were exposed Look at the Health Effects of Exposure to Hydrogen Sulfide table and notice how the health effects become increasingly severe as the H S concentration increases ER An H S concentration of 1 000 ppm only 1 10 of 1 H S affects these nerve pathways will cause
25. recommends 0 25 that SO is also heavier than air and will collect ppm as a short term exposure limit STEL averaged in low lying areas and confined spaces When over 15 minutes The Sulfur Dioxide table shows how someone inhales SO it produces sulturous acid on symptoms become increasingly severe as you are the nose and throat membranes and they suffocate exposed to higher concentrations of SC SO exposure mainly affects your eyes throat and Administrative Controls lungs As you are exposed to higher concentrations of SO symptoms become increasingly severe Administrative controls or proper work procedures Chronic exposure to SO or exposure to low and practices are the second way companies concentrations over a long period of time can alter protect you from H S Administrative controls can a victim s sense of smell and taste cause exercise greatly reduce the number of H S related accidents induced shortness of breath predispose you to Your company should verify that you are trained to frequent respiratory infections and increase your handle H S environments and conduct site specific risk of developing chronic cold symptoms known as safety meetings tailgate meetings nasopharyngitis SO molecule Observing a windsock will tell you what direction to evacuate in Typical Alarm Settings Alarm Level Warning Signal lowalarm 1 10ppm_ Flashing amber light High alarm 20 ppm lowalarm 10ppm_ 1 Flashing amber li
26. was being added This field has consistently measured concentrations of less than 1 ppm HS What went wrong 1 The hydrochloric acid reacted with iron sulfide scale in the well bore rig tank creatin HS gas The potentialhazard of H wasnot anticipated by the workers or the job planner Therefore adequate mitigation steps were not in place to protect the workers from HS exposure Isolated similar concentrations of H had been noted in past acid jobs but were not effectively communicated Did you find anything else that may have contributed to this accident 1 Discuss the recommended preventative actions submitted by the shown in the PowerPoint with your instructor _ E Make sure well files and program templates indicate that pumping hydrochloric acid may create or release HS Issue a Safety Alert on to increase DH awareness Inform all contractors and well site supervisors of the requirement to monitor for EL H when flowing back to an open tank Make sure workers on site are equipped with personal monitoring devices when required Use a JSA before this type of work to review the specific issues relating to the concentrations and procedures for that site 233 General Patton Ave Mandeville LA 70471 1 800 892 8179 www pecsafety com page 17 lt eo emm GG Cc CD _ Val om Rm eo CD Pr _ eo LL Va CD Gei N gt gt Ba e E D R O Tp U LLI ef Gei
27. www pecsafety com saeeeeeeseeeeeseeeeeeseeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeseeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeseeeee Course Objectives Upon course completion students will be able to T1 CD Gs H Identify the hazards associated with hydrogen sulfide List the major properties of hydrogen sulfide Name common sources of hydrogen sulfide Discuss facility engineering controls Discuss safe workplace practices involving hydrogen sulfide Describe the importance of confined space entry procedures List hydrogen sulfide exposure limits and the personal protective equipment requirements for each limit Recognize symptoms of hydrogen sulfide exposure Recognize warning signals for hydrogen sulfide detection systems to be used Describe the correct use of monitoring equipment Give examples of proper rescue and first aid techniques for victims of hydrogen sulfide exposure Name the essential parts of a hydrogen sulfide contingency plan Explain the significance of wind direction indicators page iii Gei N gt 2 gt Ba e E D R O Tp U LLI ef Gei CH N O Del be Le LLI o Re Li G D O O 0 lt SR Company Responsibilities In addition to presenting PEC Safety s Hydrogen Sulfide End User course material companies must complete the following tasks to be in compliance with OSH As regulatory requirements page iv Verif
28. you which alarms go off at certain concentrations of H S under typical alarm settings When you see flashing lights or hear an alarm leave the area immediately unless you are trained and authorized to deal with an H S emergency Engineering Controls Companies use engineering controls as the first way to protect you from H S Companies work from a long list of controls to keep you from being exposed to high concentrations of H S Training must include discussion about site specific engineering controls Workers must be familiar with the following e Design or remodeling of worksites e Enclosed worksites e Ventilation and monitoring equipment e Metallurgical properties of equipment e Burning flaring and venting of HS e Containment and dispersion Most companies prefer to use local exhaust or natural ventilation to control the amount of H S in the air Enclosing the H S producing process can also keep H S out of the air All of these controls must be in place to keep exposure as low as is reasonably achievable Burning and Flaring Some companies provide flaring or venting lines when H S could be present in concentrations over 15 ppm These lines provide an engineering control designed to reduce worker exposure Companies may burn off the H S gas to prevent it from accumulating in the work area Burning and flaring H S produces SCH To protect yourself during burning and flaring operations e Monitor the SO concen
29. 800 892 8179 www pecsafety com Respirator Limitations All respirators are limited by their service life and assigned protection factor APF Service life refers to the length of time respiratory equipment provides adequate protection to the wearer When you inspect your respirator check the cylinder for adequate service life for the work you are about to perform If the respirator has reached the end of its service life do not use it tag the respirator out and remove it from service Each type of respirator has an APF based on what it is equipped with A respirator s APF refers to the workplace level of respiratory protection that a respirator or class of respirators is expected to provide to workers APFs go up based on the respirator mask facepiece and mode Respirators with higher APF values are more protective Respirators that are put in positive pressure mode have higher APF values than those in negative pressure mode SCBAs have the highest APFs The Assigned Protection Factors table describes the APFs for each type of respirator Each respirator also has specific limitations inherent in its design One of the most common problems is respirator seal leakage ma lt gt gt This respirator uses an air cylinder that meets ANSI Grade D requirements page 33 lt eo emm Cc CD _ Val om Rm eo CD Pr _ eo Cc Va CD Gei CH N gt gt Ba e E
30. 800 892 8179 www pecsafety com page 27 Gei CH N gt D gt Ba e E D t O Tp L LLI ef Gei CH N a O Del be Le LLI o Re Li G D O O 0 SR Characteristic Flow rate Demand flow Fixed flow Material type Cylinder size Tubing Calibration adaptor cup cap Choosing the Correct Regulator Volume of fluid that Se through a Using a regulator with the wrong flow given surface per cubic feet per second rate will decrease calibration accuracy Find the correct flow rate for the gas detector you are using in the user manual Pulls the gas from the cylinder as Use demand flow when your gas detector needed has a built in pump or Ke ou are performing an automatic calibration using a calibration station Pulls the gas from the cylinder at a Use fixed flow when your gas detector fixed rate does not have a built in pump Brass or steel Use brass regulators for non corrosive non reactive gases Use stainless steel regulators for corrosive reactive gases The cylinder size must match the Read the cylinder label to determine the regulator size cylinder size for the regulator Do not guess when choosing cylinder size because the wall thickness and ressure the gas Is stored under cannot S determined at a glance Not all dimensions of cylinders will indicate the same capacity Collects the calibration gas and funnels
31. 8179 www pecsafety com Attending H S education and training sessions Using controls and following safe work practices Using required PPE and personal monitors Reporting exposure incidents Using SWA when necessary What to do in emergencies e Your role in the H S contingency plan e Participation in drills Workers should participate in drills that simulate an emergency involving H S where they can practice performing their duties and enhance emergency planning and readiness These drills should be realistic simulations where equipment is deployed communications gear is tested and workers role play as rescuers and victims After drills contingency plans should be revised and retested until those responsible for the plan are confident the plan is operational Training is a necessary part of protecting workers page 3 lt eo emm Cc CD _ Val om Rm eo CD Pr _ eo LL Va CD seeeeesseeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeseseeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeseeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeesseeeeeseeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeseeeee H S can occur naturally or be produced during industrial processes HS is produced in nature primarily through the decomposition of organic material by bacteria Natural H S can also develop within low oxygen environments such as bogs swamps and polluted water H also forms part of natural gas petr
32. E for entrant and rescuer Le respirators and personal monitors 8 There was inadequate rescue procedure implementation and _ training Could the second worker or third worker have manually retrieved the incapacitated first worker trapped up an 18 ft vertical ladder This is evident because rescue equipment was not provided and the workers were not trained in its use fee PEG d A F E T Y Gei CH N gt gt Ba e E D R O Tp U LLI ef Gei CH N D Del ei Le LLI Re Li G D O o o lt SR Post exposure Medical Evaluation Victims of H S inhalation are in danger of developing medical complications for some time after rescue Once the immediate H S emergency is under control victims should be transported to a health care facility to receive professional medical attention and remain under observation until released by a licensed health care professional Some delayed physiological effects which may appear at a later date include pulmonary edema dizziness photophobia and nausea to name a lt eo emm Cc CD Val om eo CD Pr _ eo LL Va CD emm few In some severe exposures hyperbaric oxygen therapy may be recommended by the attending physicians Individuals overcome by H S who have recovered and wish to return to work must receive medical clearance before they can return to the workplace Workers using the buddy
33. J SHE 2 Burpuno 6 panosddo uoN e s uoyd e sedoud ams e sewn usado e D s92uN0g uous joyuazod jo o10 My e p p aoud p nb sp Idd 109M swoydwis yyjpay emm Ae aspa 0u pres E Aun podas Ajayoipawiy e uuo sakojdwa Buunp papiacid so uoyrayoud Krozosdsas puundn ADMD puns sayajoy ANOA jo spunj Su MOUX a uado Aua Bujup aj eziumuiy e ajq ssod u ym BuiBn08 Ajaypipewiuut sodas puo SD JD JOM SJOSUN AJPNIDAJ e o soud sjun Oju MOJ deg e s ypjoy Ian Buruado swojo Ip pee Eis Buuin snod sed ADYOM Buoy so saojdw mot q papmosd s akojdw no MOJ oj e PETET soB yjnw JO 20 asf e S8INPII01q SA2YIDIdg Ae d Pausigpis pup juawissassy PipzpH s saAojdwia nok Moyo S81ND9201g S8242D4g YOM PUD zuauss ssy PuDZD D Burpnpu uoy2ajo1d anok 404 saunparod Kajos paysijqnyse spy sakojdwie an SYINYOM 5Ss3Vv WI ZO BAUE HSC Uy ay OC gs e GEM A z vun 1 poubisep INO FTONI AOF GusG wun Han 10 74 9 VHSO LZE 008 4 WE Um dew yy jWyYy AOH EUSO MAM 391440 YHSO Bae 10 jeuoibau NOK jeju UO BOW JO SayrSyz0M paezey yiy 0 Uap Apuond YM SassauIsng pazis wnipaw pue jjews 0 dIApe jeNUapYyUOD pue 2344 S4ayjo UOHEYNSUCZ AOH EUSO nmm WeIHOsY uoneynsuon ais UC SYHSO saaya pue SidhOjdwa Wo SUs39U02 10 suogsanb saMsUe djay ueo YHSO S aney SiayJOM pue 3IejdHom Auugau pue ayes e Buipiaosd 40 ajqisuodsay aue suahojdwia Joy yyeay pue Ajayes puoggp2OO au apun d Ch uDUD PP WNOL sesnparoid s
34. LI ef Gei CH N i O Del o LLI E Re Li G D O O O S SR body If you have taken or used any of these before Chronic effects occur when you come into contact with you are exposed to H S your liver has to filter low concentrations of H S over a long period of time multiple toxins out of your bloodstream As your liver works harder to clean your blood it may become Acute Toxicity rate allowing toxins to linger and compounding the Acute exposure can lead to acute toxicity the effects of H S on your body health effects that are the result of a single dose or exposure to a substance A single breath of HS at about 1 000 ppm can paralyze your respiratory system and result in convulsions coma and death To see what symptoms can result from acute toxicity caused by H S read the Symptoms of Hydrogen overwhelmed and stop metabolizing at its normal You can also become more sensitive to the effects of H S naturally If you are repeatedly exposed to low concentrations of H S over a long period of time you can become sensitive to the Sulfide Exposure table lt eo emm c CD _ Val om Rm eo CD Pr _ eo Va CD substance When you are exposed again you may experience increasingly severe health effects i ia at lower concentrations Wearing contact lenses Chronic Toxicity can also make you more sensitive to the effects of Chronic exposure is when you come int
35. Rs are not recommended for use in areas contaminated with H S SARs supply clean air to page 32 the user from another source An SAR gives the user breathing air from an independent source such as a cylinder or compressor There are two types of SARs hoseline or airline respirators and self contained breathing Worker wearing an SCBA apparatuses SCBAs There are three types of SCBAs work units rescue units and escape packs Escape pack SCBAs are used for short term emergency use and are also known as escape only respirators emergency use respirators or auxiliary SCBAs You must know where these escape packs are located so that if there is an emergency you know where to get appropriate respiratory protection quickly A hoseline or airline respirator has a hose attached to it that draws air from an independent source that is not carried by the user The hoseline or airline respirator limits motion based on how long the hose is and it may need to be used with a full facepiece and an auxiliary SCBA With an SCBA the user carries the breathing air source This allows the user unlimited motion but forces the user to carry the weight of the breathing air source Cylinders supply breathing air to SCBAs while compressors or cascade systems supply breathing air to hoseline or airline SARs A cascade system is designed to provide breathing air to hoseline or airline respirators Make sure each b
36. aintenance Follow the maintenance schedule for performing tank gauging water line blowdown line repair valve replacement and sampling so that H S release hazards can be avoided 233 General Patton Ave Mandeville LA 70471 1 800 892 8179 www pecsafety com page 15 lt a gt H emm Cc CD Val om Rm eo CD Pr eo Nn cD Gei CH N gt D gt Ba e Pa D R O Tp U LLI Qa Gei CH N p D Del ei Le LLI Re Li G D O O o S SR Test the gas phase of produced fluids periodically to determine the H S concentration Assess significant changes in wellhead pressure gas oil water ratios flow rates and similar parameters to prevent leaks or failures Test annuli of flowing wells at regular intervals for any pressure changes because pressure changes can indicate a down hole failure of the packer tubing or casing Test relief valves and other applicable components on pressure vessels according to regulatory requirements or company policy Review your company s corrosion monitoring program to detect and mitigate internal and external corrosion activity Observe artificial lift wells for any change in operating conditions that could cause leaks or failures Use visual observation soap bubble testing portable detection equipment and fixed monitoring equipment to detect H S leaks especially in enclosed facilities Drilling and Servicing
37. ary20Id 430M Duo a S10034U03 QNS A8 BuiBnog omg e CLD yorey 40qe7 JO uawpedag S N au 40 YHSO JO SMAIA JPINYJO au 422 421 juess293U JOU 30 jeuonewsojut 10 SI Lay pezey Huibmes yuey siy Souejy sdays jeuONeN YHSO au y Mi A0 250 ayoopoayf dean 2 Buyus SOUS e suayshg doo pasoj toes UOWUDILLI 9A9 99 sa 6 BuiBn0g ajowey e 1 EE b KK D SN oul SD YONS Sjouoy Duusaubuz Iueuedut DINC y s es D uD ei seoinos UO BurziuBosey e anByo OD puo kma 4 StH OH 104 sayow soB yinw appudouddo so yuewdinbe ze JO 31X04 JO SU PUD asf e Vote Kojosdsas uoyoju Aroyoudser asn sadAl e ppo 4 ug ai as puo PER uoypajosd Asoyouidses PUD Jdd JO een eco e Ad1Og JOM Suel e UOYDOIUNUIWO gt pJOZDH e SID OM O4 Buruway apiAoig sr esuodsas WunjD 30 SAINpaooud lt WW ubjg asuodsay u s wg e A pe K a seunpacoid seoyooud 20m BurBnns yun e A SSaUZZID been we AA e SUING ai YSDY 2x0 Bulpoas Pauip IIO lt l posy soho og SO um lt ie e i SSOUI DIUOIUD sp yons ste Buroyuoy e sou Duussaubg e ll INoA Good 40 sp u BUILUIAJAP 04 SAzISHIOM ep Sinscocea jo JD sjuawssassy Bez pup aunsodxg pnpuo sr ddd SUaAO1dWI suojyneseud doud yy dies paw oped aq ue Gujjpuey ping pue Dutaeun Hujbneb yuey spiny Duuiatsugn 10 sajdwes Hunoajjo2 syue Hul6neb aym yeap sese gt awos UU pue easneu aupepeay Hugues SSBUIZZIP Hupua adx SuBYIOM
38. ators SARs e Location of spare air cylinders if applicable e Site specific issues e Situations that would require respirators e Limitations and capabilities of positive pressure full facepiece respirators e Limitations and capabilities of supplied air respirators e Brand model size of respirators available Medical Evaluation Your company must provide you and your coworkers with a medical evaluation to determine if you can use a respirator safely This medical evaluation will determine if you have any medical conditions that would prevent you from using a respirator effectively Medical conditions that can pose problems with respirators include lung heart and brain disease glasses or contact lenses back injuries and claustrophobia A physician or other licensed health care provider PLHCP must perform the medical evaluation using the OSHA Respirator Medical Evaluation 233 General Patton Ave Mandeville LA 70471 1 800 892 8179 www pecsafety com page 31 Questionnaire included in Part A of Appendix C in 29 CFR 1910 134 If the PLHCP that evaluated you believes you need a follow up exam your company must provide you with that exam These medical exams must take place during working hours and at no cost to workers You will receive a copy of the evaluation from your PLHCP For you to use a respirator at work your company must receive a written recommendation from the PLHCP that you can use that respirato
39. called rotten egg gas swamp gas sour gas meadow gas stink damp devil s breath and many other names You may see it listed in chemical manuals as sulfuretted hydrogen hydrogen sulphide Some companies produce H S for use in manufacturing These companies will have containers of H S stored in their buildings and eventually transport the gas to other companies Each H S container must have certain label elements to warn workers of its dangerous contents You may see containers labeled with Globally Harmonized System GHS or National Fire Protection Agency NFPA ratings erties zeseeeesseeeeeseeeeseeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeesseeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeee heavier than air at an equal temperature and tends to collect in low lying areas because it will sink below the lighter air you breathe The gas will also collect in confined spaces lt eo emm Cc CD _ Val om Rm eo CD Pr _ eo Cc Va CD emm hydrosulfuric acid or dihydrogen sulfide In Spanish HS is called sulfuro de hidr geno or referred to as Areas of Potential H S Exposure gas venenoso These names all refer to the same Cellars Manholes Sewers toxic gas D goes by so many unusual names REH SE Lag because of its distinctive smell at low concentrations EE H Mud systems Trenches Containments p The chemical formula for H S is two parts hydrogen dikes Pi
40. carried on the user s body Can access remote air supplies via a hoseline connection Hoseline can interfere with mobility Cost Hoseline can never be longer than 300 ft from the last Requires a lot of support high pressure connection equipment May need to be used with a full facepiece and an Can have a very limited auxiliary SCBA use duration under certain circumstances Tends to be a lot heavier and bulkier than SAR Usually requires more training than SAR 233 General Patton Ave Mandeville LA 70471 1 800 892 8179 www pecsafety com page 35 Gei N gt gt Ba e E D R O Tp U LLI ef Gei CH N O Del ei Le LLI o Re Li G D O O o lt SR seseeeeesseeeee Before you use a respirator in the field you must know the e Location of hoseline airline SARs and SCBAs e Location of spare air cylinders if applicable e Situations that would require respirators Respirator Inspection Inspect respirators on a regular basis How frequently you inspect a respirator depends on what the respirator is used for Respirators used In non emergency situations must be inspected before Low oxygen indicator each use and during cleaning Emergency use respirators should be inspected once a month and before and after each use Inspect emergency escape only respirators before bringing them into the workplace When you
41. d States Department of Transportation Engineering controls reduce sources of exposure through jobsite design and modification Escape pack a self contained breathing apparatus respirator used for short term emergency use also known as an emergency use respirators escape only respirator or an auxiliary self contained breathing apparatus Fit test a test that makes sure a respirator is completely sealed with no leaks that would let contaminants in Fixed monitor a device that continuously monitors hydrogen sulfide concentrations in a specitic location Hazardous atmosphere areas where there are contaminants in excess of the permissible exposure limit or threshold limit value time weighted average page 48 Hoseline respirator a supplied air respirator that gets breathing air from a cascade system or compressor from an attached hose also known as an airline respirator Hoseline respirator a supplied air respirator with a hose attached to it that draws air up from an independent source that is not carried by the user also known as an airline respirator Hydrogen sulfide H S toxic gas that is colorless and collects in low lying areas and confined spaces Immediate action plan a plan that describes what to do as soon as you are aware of an emergency situation Immediately dangerous to life or health IDLH an environment that causes negative health effects that cannot b
42. e PEC Safety 233 General Patton Avenue Mandeville LA 70471 Phone 800 892 8179 Fax 985 892 8114 Website www pecsafety com seseeeeeeneeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeesseeeee e eeeeseeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeseee Graphic Designers John Simon Jenny Woods Subject Matter Expert Richard Emberling Contributors Eric Rosemann Dennis Schmitz Instructor s Foreword seseeeeeeseeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeseeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeseeeeeseeeeeeeee PEC Safety produces safety training materials relative to the oil and gas industry regulations as set forth by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration and other regulatory agencies It is the goal of PEC Safety to provide current comprehensive materials that promote a culture of safety and safety practices in the work and personal environments While instructors may choose to supplement course materials with additional information it is imperative that regulations outlined in PEC Safety course materials be covered in their entirety Course Goal Upon course completion students will gain the necessary knowledge to work safely in environments contaminated with hydrogen sulfide This course is intended for oil and gas industry workers who may come in contact with hydrogen sulfide during their regular job duties 233 General Patton Ave Mandeville LA 70471 1 800 892 8179
43. e field Alternatively some companies may have you use colorimetric gas detector tubes to monitor Gei CH N gt gt Ba e E D R O Tp U LLI ef Gei CH N D Del ei Le LLI Re Li G D O o o lt SR H S Colorimetric gas detector tubes are made from The breathing zone aa PEG S A F E T Y high quality borosilicate glass tubes with a uniform inside diameter Inside each tube is packed with a gas detecting reagent When both ends of a detector tube are broken inserted into the pump and an air sample is pulled through the tube by means of pulling back on the pump handle the detecting reagent changes color The length of the discolored layer is proportional to the concentration aeeeeessseeseeeeee e e e o sees ee ees seeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeseeseeeeesseeeeeesseeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeseeeeeseeeeeeeeseeeeeseeeeeng As a worker it is your responsibility to monitor all potentially hazardous atmospheres before entering to determine if there are hazardous gases present Monitoring is especially important before working in confined spaces or performing hot work The gas detector used to identify atmospheric hazards must be a properly calibrated direct reading instrument Gas testing must be conducted by someone knowledgeable in the use of the instrument and familiar with the confined space Most companies will purchase a multi gas detector that checks the space for oxygen LEL combu
44. e frequent and comprehensive To perform basic first aid for a victim of H S you must first identify the type of exposure that has occurred Take a look at the first aid procedures in the First Aid for Victims of Hydrogen Sulfide table Bag valve mask page 42 JPEL POTENTIAL HAZARDS HEALTH TOXIC Extremely Hazardous May be fatal if inhaled or absorbed through skin Initial odor may be irritating or foul and may deaden your sense of smell Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns severe injury and or frostbite Fire will produce irritating corrosive and or toxic gases Runoff from fire control may cause pollution FIRE OR EXPLOSION These materials are extremely flammable May form explosive mixtures with air May be ignited by heat sparks or flames Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back Runoff may create fire or explosion hazard Cylinders exposed to fire may vent and release toxic and flammable gas through pressure relief devices Containers may explode when heated Ruptured cylinders may rocket PUBLIC SAFETY CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first If Shipping Paper not available or no answer refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover As an immediate precautionary measure isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters 330 feet in
45. e non sparking tools around areas that may be contaminated with hydrogen sulfide 29 CFR 1910 106 e 6 i Did you find anything else that may have contributed to this accident 2 There was potentially a lack of training on safe work practices 3 The worker should have continuously grounded himself by maintaining contact with the ladder or handrail to prevent static buildup 4 Monitoring was not conducted therefore the work environment should have been considered IDLH 5 The worker was not wearing appropriate PPE i e FRC and a respirator He would have needed the PPE because the concentrations of hydrogen sulfide were found to be high enough to support combustion and would have far exceeded the PEL and there was no mention of respirator use To protect yourself and the equipment you are Hydrogen Sulfide Service Operations working on API recommends the following practices Observe flow line and gathering line right of ways for for Ss ae e abnormal conditions conducive to pipeline failures e Hydrogen sulfide service operations such as those caused by excavation construction trespassing dramatic changes in landscape or Drilling and servicing operations surface erosion Be cautious because you could be e Production facilities fluid transfer and exposed to H S during excavation maintenance beet Inspect valves flanges gauges connections and liquid storage tanks to see if they need repairs or e Gas processing plants m
46. e reversed and reduces your ability to escape from a dangerous atmosphere Job safety analysis JSA formal review of a jobsite for hazards that is completed before work begins Kick also known as a burp an entry of water gas oil or other formation fluid into the wellbore during drilling or work over that occurs because the pressure exerted by the column of fluid in the wellbore is not great enough to overcome the pressure exerted by the fluids in the formation drilled Maximum use concentration MUC the maximum atmospheric concentration of a hazardous substance a worker can be expected to be protected from when wearing a respirator that is determined using a respirator s assigned protection factor and a hazardous substance s exposure limit JPEL Metal sulfide a product formed by a reaction between hydrogen sulfide and a metal such as iron or steel which could auto ignite and burn when exposed to air Naturally occurring radioactive material NORM made up of materials enriched with radioactive elements found in the environment Negative pressure seal check a way to check a respirator s integrity by closing off the inlet opening to see if any air leaks into the respirator Oxidizer a chemical other than a blasting agent or explosive that initiates or promotes combustion in other materials causing fire either by itself or through the release of oxygen or other gases Oxygen deficiency
47. e significant environmental harm it is your right and the right of all workers to use Stop Work Authority SWA to stop work Use SWA as necessary Attend and participate in company provided safety meetings These meetings should be held before each job involving H S Make sure you perform a job safety analysis JSA before you start work Now we will discuss other administrative controls including observing wind conditions controlling ignition sources performing ventilation and air monitoring and using the buddy system Make sure that all required permits are used and that compliance is maintained with the requirements of the permit Wind conditions tell you which way H S will spread Stay aware of wind conditions and direction at all times Check the wind sock or streamer regularly and any time you are unsure which direction the wind is blowing Whenever possible start on the upwind side when working on equipment Make sure you are not downwind of an H S source Have an escape route and know where the exits are in case you have to get out immediately Always move crosswind and then upwind to get away from a source of H S If you notice the smell of H S or hear an alert or alarm stop breathing and don your escape pack respirator if applicable 233 General Patton Ave Mandeville LA 70471 1 800 892 8179 www pecsafety com page 13 Gei O N gt E Ye e E D R O Tp U LLI ef G
48. ei N O Del be Le LLI o Rei D G D re O 0 Se SR Leave the area immediately going crosswind at a right angle and then upwind Use non sparking tools non sparking corrosion resistant ventilation systems approved explosion Perform a thorough check for workers and ignition sources in the area before you start any potentially hazardous work Notify your supervisor before you start operations that could release H S If you are working in a permit required confined space maintain compliance with the permit requirements Ventilate work areas vents and purge lines on vessels before beginning work Always maintain continuous air monitoring while working in confined spaces Never take shortcuts and always follow all procedures Use the buddy system when working in H S areas When using the buddy system workers are paired off so that if one buddy is struggling the other buddy can assist or call for help When you are paired off look out for your buddy Make sure you maintain contact with your buddy and know where they are at all times while in the H S area Keep all non essential workers away from the area to reduce page 14 BONING E iy GE re ventilate before eas work unnecessary H S exposure As a buddy you must be able to e Help your buddy with rescue operations if trained e Observe your buddy for signs of hazardous exposure e Periodically check your buddy s PPE to
49. esigned to provide breathing air to hoseline respirators Chronic toxicity adverse effects that happen after continuous or repeated exposure to a toxic substance Compressor a machine that is part of the system used to provide breathing air to a hoseline supplied air respirator Confined space a space that is large enough for a worker fo enter has limited or restricted entry or exit and is not meant to be occupied for a long amount of time Contingency plan a company document that gives workers a step by step guide for dealing with emergencies Corrosion metal degradation caused by hazardous chemicals Gei CH N gt D gt Ba e Pa D R O Tp U LLI Qa Gei CH N O Del O LLI E Re D Li G D O O o S L Crosswind moving at a right angle to the current wind direction Density a measurement of how heavy a substance is when compared to normal air at an equal temperature and atmospheric pressure Dispersion model a model used for predicting conditions that can happen as a result of a release of hydrogen sulfide can be included as part of a company s contingency plan Downwind working where the wind could blow hydrogen sulfide in your direction Emergency Response Guidebook details how emergency responders should act during the initial phase of a dangerous goods or hazardous materials transportation incident issued by the Unite
50. fe for entry Ventilate the space to reduce the atmospheric contaminants to a safe level After starting ventilation wait a minimum of 10 minutes and then test the atmosphere again to determine if the ventilation is improving the atmosphere If you suspect that there may be other gases present your company must periodically monitor the atmosphere to determine their presence Gas detector Gei N gt D gt Ba e Pa D R O Tp U LLI Qa Gei O N ho O Del Gei LLI E Re Li G D O O o S SR Gas Detector Operation All gas detectors will have different characteristics Be sure that you are familiar with the make and model of the gas detector you will use It is important to read the user manual before you begin using a gas detector When turning on a gas detector make sure you are in an atmosphere similar to the one you will be working in i e humidity temperature dampness etc to avoid false readings Making sure the atmosphere is clean and free of atmospheric hazards is important because the gas detector will auto span automatically calibrate for oxygen When testing the atmosphere in confined spaces the monitor will need to be equipped with pump and suction tubing This allows you to take direct readings without putting the gas detector itself inside the space Take readings from various levels such as in the bottom the middle and the top of the space because certa
51. ffect workers or the public to the extent that an emergency condition may result from accidental release 233 General Patton Ave Mandeville LA 70471 1 800 892 8179 www pecsafety com page 41 Dispersion models are available for predicting conditions that may result from a release of HS Computer generated H S dispersion models are acceptable for use in emergency planning These models can be used to calculate vapor cloud travel and exposure concentrations over specific time periods The effectiveness of dispersion modeling increases with the accuracy of the H S data input into the model Immediate Action Plans You also need to know what to do immediately during an emergency The immediate action plan for H S includes the following steps 1 Stop breathing and purge and then don your emergency use respirator or escape pack if available 2 If an emergency use respirator or escape pack is not available stop breathing and move away from the source of H S or SO and get out of the affected area making sure to move crosswind at a right angle and then upwind of the source 3 Alert other affected workers 4 Go to your company s emergency assembly point 5 Account for all workers 6 Help workers in distress if trained to do so and you have the appropriate PPE Refer to the DOT s Emergency Response Guidebook ERG Guide 117 for more information about H S emergency procedures Rescue An H S emergency ma
52. ggs that is ep SR ug of the sense of smell do not rely on odor as the easily detected at low concentrations At high sly waring lorie presence T Ai Niches concentrations H S impairs and even temporaril gw p H y concentrations H also causes severe health effects eliminates your sense of smell Because of the as l l l if inhaled rapid onset of olfactory fatigue and paralysis loss esscocoococsooccoooooooocoocooooocooocoooosooososoocoooooibcoccoscccocococcoocoocoocosooooocoocoocoococoosocococoocooooocoooosooooooooccocoosooooocosoocoocoocosocoooocosooooocoocoocoooosoosooooocoocooooocoscoooocoocooccocoooooooooocoocooooooooooosooo You can be exposed to H S through inhalation or ZS skin contact Practice good personal hygiene to help Limits of Exposure prevent any damage to your health The exposure OSHA NIOSH and ACGIH have exposure limits that poses the greatest danger to workers is death set for H S to protect workers from harm Note by inhalation Skin absorption of H S is minimal but that their exposure limits are for air levels only it is a concern when you are exposed to compressed I liquid H touches your skin you can become STE E TE ET overexposed even if the H S concentration in the s i area is lower than the exposure limit The Hydrogen are generally regarded as unhealthy for continuous Se Eege J Sulfide Workplace Exposure Limits table lists the D a a a a pte exposure limits from each organization If the exposure
53. ght High alarm 20 ppm Intermittent siren and flashing red light Very high alarm 50 ppm Sa siren and flashing amber and d light bi PEG Ss A F E T Y Gei CH N gt D gt Ba e E D R O Tp U LLI ef Gei CH N O Del ei Le LLI E Re Li G D O O O S SR Sulfur Dioxide Concentration Exposure Limits and Typical Characteristics in air in ppm E T Ei ie May cause respiratory changes API action level 5 ppm Burning eyes breathing irritation and minor throat irritation NIOSH STEL lt Gm H emm c CD Val om Rm eo CD Pr _ eo Va cD 12 ppm Throat irritating cough Constriction in chest Watering eyes Nausea Can be tolerated for only a few minutes Causes a sense of suffocation even with the first breath Rescue promptly and apply artificial ventilation and CPR techniques 1 000 ppm Death may result unless rescued right away Immediately start artificial breathing and CPR Your company must provide you with site specific hands on H S training before you may work in an environment contaminated with H S After you have completed all required H S training remember to obtain all required work permits before you start work in H environments During work use the safe work practices we will discuss in this section If you feel that your work is putting you in danger of death or serious physical harm or could caus
54. he fatal atmosphere that the worker encountered JPEL Offshore Operations Minor problems in onshore environments can be more critical in offshore environments Offshore operations are typically remote have compact facilities and have limited escape and evacuation routes According to API and BSEE offshore workers must be regularly trained in the use of oxygen resuscitation equipment If a hazardous H S condition is known or suspected boats and helicopters should approach the site from an upwind direction when possible Gas Processing Plants Gas processing operations typically include higher volumes of gas containing H S potentially higher concentrations of HA and a greater number of workers and more equipment Many gas treating and sulfur recovery processes happen in gas processing plants Because most of these methods result in a concentrated H S stream or reaction product companies using these methods must set up i te mg l SS mme S d l em ae D ern th ene A ie a ng SES aa weg scree ta oe a process safety management program according to 29 CFR 1910 119 Your company should set up a corrosion monitoring program to reduce internal and external corrosion activity that can affect equipment in H service If workers are working around gas and liquid handling systems that could contain H concentrations at or higher than 10 ppm workers should use special techniques to quick
55. in gases can rest at different levels within the space For instance H S is heavier than air so it will settle in the bottom of the space while methane is lighter than air so it will rise to the top Gases will stratify according to their vapor density How gases stratify will change with environmental conditions such as temperature and pressure When using a gas detector with pump and suction tubing allow enough time for the air to migrate or move to the detector Wait at least 1 second per foot Gas detector equipped with pump and suction tubing page 26 of tubing or as per manufacturer recommendations Gas detectors equipped with a pump may require a bump test The detector will normally prompt you to block the pump inlet during the startup process to make sure the pump is working properly During startup the gas detector will go through an initial self test If the self test or bump test is not successful the detector will not work properly Even if these tests are successful you still have to conduct a bump test to verify that each sensor is working correctly Bump Testing Bump testing is a way to make sure a gas detector s alarms and sensors are functioning properly This process exposes the gas detector to a defined concentration of gases The gas detector needs to be exposed to gases at a concentration that exceeds the lowest alarm setting for each sensor Exceeding the lowest alarm setting concentration
56. information about the hazards of a specific material and how to control those hazards Self contained breathing apparatus SCBA a supplied air respirator where the breathing air source is designed to be carried by the user Service life how long respiratory equipment provides workers with enough protection Shelter in place staying indoors until an emergency is over rather than trying to evacuate Soluble a substance s ability to dissolve in other liquids particularly water Sour term commonly used to refer to environments or fluids such as crude oil that contain hydrogen sulfide Sour environments fluids that contain water and hydrogen sulfide Core 2015 glossary Spontaneous describes something that happens without warning Gei N gt D gt Ba e E D R O Tp U LLI ef Gei CH N oo O Del O LLI E Re Li G D O O o lt L eccocococococoocococoooo Standby worker A worker required to be outside an immediately dangerous to life or health area while workers are inside who must maintain communication with the workers inside and may be trained and equipped to rescue workers inside or be available to notify a rescue team if needed Stop work authority SWA your right to stop work when you or your coworkers are at risk because of the way a job is being done Sulfide stress cracking cracks in susceptible metals caused by
57. is not breathing position yourself on the upwind side and give rescue breaths using a one way valve Be careful not to inhale the exhaled breath of the victim as it may contain enough H S to make you a victim too Use a bag valve mask if available 4 Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes 5 If the victim made contact with HS immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes 6 If liquefied HS got on the victim s skin thaw frostbitten parts with lukewarm water A Ifthe victim was burned immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water 8 Remember that health effects of H S exposure may be delayed Make sure medical personnel are aware of the hazardous materials involved so they can protect themselves H Send the Safety Data Sheet SDS the hospital with the victim First Aid For a victim to survive EMS must be activated as quickly as possible In addition to quick response each worker must know rescue techniques and how to give first aid to victims of H S and SCH Workers must be trained in rescue breathing CPR and resuscitation equipment Your company should use drills to let you practice these techniques For first aid and rescue you need to know where each of these items are first aid kits resuscitators and stretchers All workers must be trained in how to use fresh air breathing equipment and resuscitation equipment Practice drills should b
58. late contaminated clothing and shoes In case of contact with substance immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes In case of contact with liquefied gas thaw frosted parts with lukewarm water In case of burns immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin Keep victim warm and quiet e Keep victim under observation Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material s involved and take precautions to protect themselves Emergency Response Guidebook Guide 117 First Aid for Victims of Hydrogen Sulfide Get medical attention immediately If a person breathes in large amounts of H S move that person to fresh air immediately if you are trained to rescue If the victim is not breathing perform rescue breathing preferably with a one way va lve Keep the affected person warm and at rest If liquid HS goes through your clothes remove the clothes immediately and flush the skin with water lids occasionally If liquid HS gets on the skin immediately flush the contaminated skin with water Flush your eyes immediately with large amounts of water lifting the upper and lower If your eyes still feel irritated after washing get medical attention 233 General Patton Ave Mandeville LA 70471 1 800 892 8179 www pecsafety com lt Gm H emm
59. lators and alarms must be repaired by a trained technician Any part used for repairs must be supplied by the manufacturer and designed for the particular respirator Selecting Respirators for Use The company you work for must select respirators based on the hazards within the workplace potential worker exposure to these hazards and page 34 user factors Choosing the right respirator involves determining the nature of the hazardous operation and the type of respiratory hazards present There are many different types of respiratory hazards including e Physical properties e Oxygen deficiency e Physiological effects e Concentration of toxic material or airborne radioactivity level e PELs and exposure limits e IDLH or non IDLH e Health concentration of toxic material When selecting a respirator a respirator s limitations must also be taken into account The respirator must be NIOSH approved The respirator must meet the required level of worker protection based on its APF The APF determines a respirator s maximum use concentration MUC or the max concentration of a hazardous substance the respirator can protect the user from Your company must calculate the MUC for the respirators available and select respirators for workers that maintain worker exposure to the hazardous substance at or below the MUC In addition to considering the respiratory hazards involved in a job those in charge of selecting respira
60. ly spot and plug any leaks in those systems These monitoring techniques include visual observation soap bubble tests portable detectors and fixed monitoring equipment API recommends regularly scheduled inspection of equipment such as pump seals for leaks Your company must keep the results of leak tests for at least 1 year A natural gas processing plant 233 General Patton Ave Mandeville LA 70471 1 800 892 8179 www pecsafety com page 21 lt eo emm Cc CD _ L i om n eo CD Pr _ eo c Nn cD Gei N gt gt Ba e E D R O Tp U LLI ef Gei CH N O Del ei Le LLI o Re Li G D O O o S SR seseeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeesseeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeseeeee Your perception of H S odors can give a false sense of security to an already unseen hazard HS will quickly paralyze your sense of smell at higher concentrations Do not depend on your sense of smell to detect the presence of H S Below are the readings in ppm at which you would detect the odors of HS If you ever notice the smell of HS hold your breath and leave the area immediately Companies must test your work area regularly for H S based on a company created schedule to keep you from being overexposed to it Air monitoring must be performed before each job and continuously while workers are in the area Your company may use se
61. make sure it is still sound e Notify the appropriate person if your uddy needs emergency help The buddy system is also a useful tool in other hazardous situations Having a buddy while you enter contined spaces and hazardous areas is a good practice Make sure all workers working in any of these situations are properly trained Your company may also have a lone worker policy If so review the policy and ask your supervisor if you have any questions Verify that proper safety equipment is available and functioning Make sure safety equipment is used when necessary Every worker must know where safety equipment is stored and how to use it Make sure you are monitoring H S conditions using an H S monitoring system APPEL seseeeeeeseeeeseeeeeeseeeeeseeeeseseeeeegeeeeeseeeeeeseeeeeseeeeeeseeeeeeee M eeeeeeseeeeee MSC EEE ELSES OEE SEED EESESOE EEL SEH TELE EET e e ale ee e ee see ee ee e e e e bad COLE CES E EOE TEESE EEE OES EEE ETERS ESTE LE EEDE TEES EH EE EOO EMME SESE LESSEE TEESE ETE E DELLE OS A contractor was checking the oil level on a tank He was using a metal wrench to remove an access panel when hydrogen sulfide inside the tank exploded throwing him into his truck which was parked 40 yds away He suffered multiple broken bones internal injuries and burns over 85 of his body What went wrong l He was using a metal tool which can cause sparks during work Hydrogen sulfide is highly explosive so workers should us
62. ment Canada e Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System WHMIS In addition to the federal agencies states also have their own regulations about H S If you are not sure which regulations apply to you consult your company representative and your state s code of law JPEL Responsibilities Each person involved in a company s operations Training Companies are responsible for training workers in a has certain responsibilities Different responsibilities way that every worker can understand All workers apply to companies and workers must receive appropriate training according to their level of potential exposure to H S Training should Responsibilities cover Company Worker Protecting workers from H exposure Identifying H S hazards Providing appropriate training to all workers Establishing safe work practices relating to H S Monitoring H S levels throughout the workplace Providing PPE specifically designed to shield the workers from effects of HS Developing contingency plans in the event of an accident incident Accounting for workers Performing a thorough check for ignition sources in the area before starting any potentially hazardous work Providing at least one worker qualified to perform first aid and CPR for H victims Establishing and enacting drilling fluid treatment plans before encountering H 233 General Patton Ave Mandeville LA 70471 1 800 892
63. n how to respond to emergencies JPEL You can find your company s instructions for how to respond to H S emergencies in the H S section of its contingency plan Each contingency plan includes but is not limited to the following e An immediate action plan e Characteristics of H S and SO e How to notify facility workers and the public e How to request aid and take follow up action to get the public out of the area of the exposure e A call list of people to notify in the event of an emergency e Amap of the area showing public areas evacuation routes assembly point areas safety equipment phones and possibly the radius of exposure e Training requirements and drill schedule e Shelter in place procedure don SCBA then get to the nearest safe haven e List of names and phone numbers of residents and government officials within the area of exposure e Instructions for advanced briefing of the public within the area of exposure e Emergency operating procedures for each job title e How to contain and eliminate the emergency e Emergency medical services available including current names and phone numbers prior contact should be made with designated medical facilities e Dispersion models if applicable Dispersion Models Your company s contingency plan may also include an H S release dispersion model Dispersion models should be considered when H S concentrations and volumes have the potential to a
64. n of H S may exceed 10 ppm you need to wear a personal monitor If the alarm on the monitor goes off leave immediately and do not re enter without the proper respiratory protection Personal air monitors should take in samples that represent the air a worker is breathing You must position the personal monitor s air intake point in your breathing zone to assess the air you are inhaling This zone encompasses the area just in front of your face and shoulders a hemisphere with a 6 9 in radius that centers on your nose Check with your client operator for their requirements To be effective personal monitors must be attached to workers near the neck and face as close to the mouth and nose as possible to measure the air from the breathing zone Personal H S monitor seeeeeeseeeeeeeseeeeeeseeeeeeeseeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeseeeeeeseeeeeeeseeeeeseeeeeeeseeeeee e e dee ee eeeeeeee ee e e e MMM COSTER e ee eege ee ee eeeeeeeeegeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeseeeeeee MM SEESOE SELES ETO EES ELSE HEEL SEEDER SEES EE DEE SEE EEE EEE E EL EEE Two workers were getting ready to enter a confined space for maintenance work They entered the confined space and after a few minutes their personal monitors started to go off There was hydrogen sulfide in the air Both workers ignored the alarm and continued to work They were overcome by hydrogen sulfide and died What went wrong 1 The workers ignored the alarms for hydrogen sulfide which cau
65. o contact H S Wearing contact lenses while working in an with low concentrations of H S over a long period of time Chronic exposure to H S has been known to cause low blood pressure loss of appetite weight loss and chronic cough Neurological symptoms including psychological disorders have also been associated with chronic exposure To see what other H S environment could cause eye irritation Some operators may not allow workers to wear contact lenses on their site There are two categories of health effects acute and symptoms can result from chronic toxicity caused chronic Acute effects occur after exposure to a high by H S read the Symptoms of Hydrogen Sulfide concentration of H S over a short period of time Exposure table Symptoms of Hydrogen Sulfide Exposure Chronic Toxicity Loss of sense of smell Eye irritation Inflamed eyes Excitement or giddiness Headaches Headaches Eye irritation Nausea Fatigue Coughing and sneezing Loss of appetite seen as Irritability anorexia on SDS Headaches Trouble sleeping Sleep disturbances Trouble eating or Respiratory tract irritation digesting food Nausea Diarrhea Corneal blistering pitting Weight loss Dizziness and confusion and opacity gt Steering git Padine une Sensitivity to light seen as photophobia on Safety Data Sheet SDS Respiratory tract irritation Fluid in the lungs seen as
66. oleum and crude oil sulfur deposits volcanic gases and sulfur springs When people refer to certain crude oils as sour they are referring to H S found in that crude oil During industrial operations H S can form as a product byproduct or waste material Companies often attempt to recover byproduct H S and convert it into elemental sulfur or sulfuric acid also known as battery acid During oil and gas well drilling operations H S may be released at the shale shaker area the circulation fluid treatment areas during tripping procedures at the wellhead at the cellar and onto the drilling floor Environments laced with H S are known as sour environments Sour environments are defined as SX A shale shaker ii PEL d A F E T Y Gei O N gt 2 Bai e Pa D R O Tp U LLJ ef Gei O N o Del o LLI o Rei D G D re O 0 Se SR fluids that contain water and H S Water injection and other enhanced recovery operations may introduce bacteria into the pipelines that produce soluble H S The H S can accumulate over time and leak into produced fluids Treat drilling fluids before drilling to prevent H S buildup Your company should have a drilling treatment plan in place before you ever begin work Physical and Chemical Prop sesseeeeseee fo eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeseeeee seeeeeesseeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeee H S may be
67. on gases are listed on the calibration gas N S Ze N N ch N SS f N NX N SI y S amp Sa st cylinder Performing a calibration on a gas detector means you are comparing the readings of the gas detector to concentrations listed on the cylinder d Over time a gas detector s sensitivity will become Wi i UI unbalanced Performing a calibration gives the gas ill I WI RK fe detector the opportunity to balance its sensitivity 13774 o If the sensors no longer accurately read the 2 RR concentration values i e give readings that do not match the gas concentrations listed on the calibration cylinder replace the sensors In order to properly calibrate a gas detector you will need calibration gas and a regulator Check the gas detector s user manual to see which type of calibration gas you need Make sure your calibration gas is not expired Expired calibration gas can give false readings Regulators are used to control the rate of gas released from the calibration gas cylinder The Choosing the Correct Regulator table lists characteristics to keep in mind when choosing a regulator Many gas detectors now come with a docking or calibration station This is used to house all the calibration equipment in one place A calibration Calibration gas cylinder station provides a hands free calibration process for the user These stations are not universal so 233 General Patton Ave Mandeville LA 70471 1
68. one of these cartridges cover the inlet opening of the cartridge with a thin latex or nitrile glove If the facepiece remains slightly collapsed after holding your breath for 10 seconds and no air leaks in the seal fits Maintenance Cleaning and Storage You may notice vapor or gas breakthrough by either taste or smell changes in breathing resistance or detecting facepiece leakage If you notice this replace either the entire respirator or the expired canister If you cannot replace the respirator or the expired piece get it repaired To get the most out of each respirator wash your face and the respirator facepiece with soap and water before and after each use Respirators used by more than one worker must be cleaned and disinfected before they are worn by a different worker Clean and disinfect emergency use respirators and respirators used in training and fit testing after each use 233 General Patton Ave Mandeville LA 70471 1 800 892 8179 www pecsafety com page 37 To clean a respirator follow these steps 1 Take the respirator apart Disassemble the facepiece by removing speaking diaphragms valves hoses and any other parts recommended for cleaning by the manufacturer 2 Repair or throw away any defective parts 3 Wash respirator parts in warm water with a mild detergent or with a cleaner recommended by the manufacturer Use a stiff bristle brush but not a wire brush to remove any dirt lt eo
69. ons over 10 ppm or their company s action level must wear supplied air respiratory protection Respirators are the last line of defense between workers and inhalable hazards Respirators protect workers from harmful dusts fogs fumes mists gases smokes sprays or vapors when engineering and administrative controls cannot sufficiently protect them We will go over all aspects of respiratory protection in this section so that you will have all the tools you need to protect your lungs Your respiratory system consists of your lungs airways and diaphragm Together these pull air 233 General Patton Ave Mandeville LA 70471 1 800 892 8179 www pecsafety com page 29 aeeeeeesseeenseesseeeeeesseeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeesseeeeeseeeeeeseseeeeseeeeeeseeeeeeeesseeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeseeeeeeesseeeeeg 6 Apply the calibration gas from the calibration cylinder by panna the regulator when the detector tells you to apply span gas 7 Allow the gas to cycle through the detector until it tells you that the calibration is successful 8 Follow the instructions on the detector screen to set calibration dates and save the calibration 9 Document the calibration on the log Any time a gas detector is dropped or handled lt eo emm c CD _ Val om Rm eo CD Pr _ eo Cc Va CD in an unusually rough manner perform another calibration It is important to be familiar with your company s policies about gas
70. or 100 ppm H S monitors give readings in ppm This makes it easy to compare the readings to exposure limits which are also in ppm You should receive a user manual for each monitor The manual should include operating instructions including how to use the monitor start up and warm up the monitor perform zero checks calibrate set and test the alarm perform preventative maintenance check performance monitor recovery time after H exposure and perform troubleshooting Keep in mind that monitors cannot be exposed to liquid spray or washdown so clean them carefully and keep them out of liquid while conducting air monitoring The monitor will include a trouble signal that tells you if the machine is malfunctioning Check your manual for this information and make sure you know the trouble signal for emergencies JPEL Fixed Monitor Service and Calibration All HS monitors must be serviced and tested according to the manufacturer s recommendations Monitors must be calibrated at least once every 3 months The monitors may need to be tested more often depending on which sector of the oil and gas industry you work in During offshore operations calibrate fixed monitors according to the following requirements per MMS 30 CFR 250 490 When conducting drilling drill stem testing well completion or well workover operations in areas classified as H S present or H S unknown detectors must be tested at least once every 24 h
71. ottle has been tested before you go under air Look for a tag JPEL Respirator protection systems must be NIOSH approved Breathing air must meet the following requirements e Compressed and liquid oxygen must meet US Pharmacopoeia requirements e Compressed breathing air must meet ANSI Grade D requirements which include An oxygen level between 19 5 23 5 O Condensed hydrocarbon content of 5 mg m of air or less Carbon monoxide content of 10 ppm or less CO content of 1 000 ppm or less Lack of noticeable odor Cylinders used to supply breathing air to SCBAs must e Be tested according to DOT requirements e Be certified Grade D breathing air e Not have moisture content over a dew point of 50 F at 1 atmosphere of pressure e Be NIOSH approved Compressors used to supply breathing air to respirators must e Prevent entry of contaminated air into the air supply system e Reduce moisture content e Contain a suitable filter e Have a tag attached that states the most recent change date and the worker s signature e Be NIOSH approved If you are using a SAR or an SCBA that contains compressed air do not refill the respirator with compressed pure oxygen or vice versa Refill the cylinder with ANSI Grade D air at the same oxygen concentration that was in it before Check the label to make sure you are refilling with the right air supply 233 General Patton Ave Mandeville LA 70471 1
72. ours When drilling begin functional testing before the bit is 1 500 ft vertically above the potential H S zone When conducting production operations test all detectors at least every 14 days Your company must maintain records of testing and calibrations including dates of testing in the drilling or production operations report at the facility to show the present status and history of each device These records must be available for inspection by BSEE personnel for offshore facilities Note that both portable and fixed H S monitors must meet Instrument Society of America ISA S 12 15 requirements Fixed Monitors Fixed monitors continuously monitor H S concentrations in a specific location On offshore sites monitors must be set up within 10 ft of equipment that may release H S Fixed monitors are usually located in key areas such as where workers are likely to be present or where H S may be released or accumulate Fixed monitoring systems must have working alarms that you can both see and hear that correspond to set concentrations of HS 233 General Patton Ave Mandeville LA 70471 1 800 892 8179 www pecsafety com page 23 Personal Monitors lt eo emm GG Cc CD _ Val om Rm eo CD Pr _ eo LL Va CD e Fixed H S monitor Workers must wear personal monitors to stay aware of H S concentrations in the air around them as they work Any time you enter an area where the concentratio
73. provide you with a medical so or give the respirator to someone trained to evaluation fit test and hands on training that covers perform maintenance so that the respirator can be repaired All workers wearing SARs must use the site specific respirator equipment use and includes buddy system so their buddy can help them if their an evaluation of demonstrated proficiency respirator stops working Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Respirators for Use with Hydrogen Sulfide and Sulfur Dioxide Gei N gt gt Ba e E D R O Tp U LLI ef Gei CH N O Del ei Le LLI o Re Li G D O O o S SR In addition to having established exposure limits most chemicals will have a specific IDLH concentration Once the established IDLH concentrations are exceeded the area is considered to be an IDLH atmosphere IDLH atmospheres cause irreversible adverse health effects or impair an individual s ability to escape from a dangerous atmosphere Environments with less than 19 5 O are oxygen deficient and considered IDLH Any time workers are in an area that is IDLH they are required to wear a positive pressure demand SCBA or a hoseline airline SAR with a full facepiece and an escape pack Any situation consisting of an unknown hazard must be taken as an IDLH environment If workers are using respirators within an IDLH environment one or more workers are required to be on standb
74. r a statement that the PLHCP has provided you with a copy of that recommendation any recommended respirator use restrictions and any recommendations for follow up exams You must be provided with an additional medical evaluation if e You report medical signs or symptoms that could affect respirator use e A PLHCP supervisor or respiratory program administrator says further evaluation is needed e Information from the respiratory protection program including observations made during fit testing and program evaluation indicates a need for one e There is a change in workplace conditions that affects respirator use Fit Testing You must be fit tested before you can use a respirator Fit tests determine if a respirator fits you properly Fit tests are completed yearly and may be required more frequently if there are any changes to your facial structure that could affect the seal of a respirator such as dental surgery or drastic weight changes There are many common causes of leaks including head size face shape wrinkles missing dentures and hollow temples For a respirator to fit you must also meet certain requirements You cannot have any condition that interferes with the face to facepiece seal or valve function If you wear glasses or safety goggles lt eo emm c CD _ Val om Rm eo CD Pr _ eo Cc Va CD Gei CH N gt gt Ba e E D R O Tp U LLI
75. rogram will include written standard operating procedures for respiratory protection This program is necessary because your company is responsible for identifying and assessing respiratory hazards in the workplace Respirators must be worn in hazardous atmospheres Hazardous atmospheres are areas where there are contaminants in excess of the PEL or TLV TWA Contaminants can take the form of dusts mists gases vapors or combinations of each This program must include e Respirator selection procedures e Worker medical evaluations for those required to use respirators e Fit testing procedures e How to use respirators during routine tasks and emergency situations e Respirator maintenance e How to put on and take off respirators e Respirator limits of use e Program evaluation procedures This program is set up to help you protect yourself It will include steps on how to use each type of respirator your company has available when to use which type and what to do in an emergency You need to know these written procedures and which respirators are available for you to use If you ever have any questions about respirator use or cannot remember when you need to use which respirator ask your supervisor to go over the company s Respiratory Protection Program with you page 30 Training Your company must provide you with annual respiratory protection training You must be trained in how to use a respirator You mus
76. s Minimum Assigned Concentration Necessary Special Flag ppm Safety Equipment No Hazard Negligible or no No special equipment None None Condition amount of HS required API Condition Less than 10 ppm Safety equipment readily Oxygen resuscitator Green Low Hazard accessible BEE API Condition Il 10 ppm 30 ppm Audible and visual alarms Oxygen resuscitator Yellow Medium Hazard in place H S detector l 2 Safety equipment readily accessible API Condition Ill Greater than 30 Warning signs posted 1 metered H S detector High Hazard ppm within 500 ft of area at all entrances in addition to les e Se signs at entrances to space Respiratory protection Safety equipment readily Oxygen resuscitator accessible 3 wind socks or Inspect all H S safety streamers equipment before entering 2 NIOSH approved Emergency procedures and 30 minute escape pack emergency contacts in place SCBAs At least 2 exits available No untrained workers allowed in area _ PEG S A F E T Y Gei N gt D gt Ba e E D R O Tp U LLI ef Gei CH N ho O Del ei Le LLI E Re Li G D re O O S SR Alarms you can hear and see must be set up around H S areas to coordinate with H S monitors Alarms should sound when an H S monitor picks up a certain H S concentration Different alarms should be set based on how much H S is present The Typical Alarm Settings table shows
77. sed their deaths Workers must wear personal monitors and follow the alarm in areas contaminated with hydrogen sulfide 1910 146 d 5 i API RP Section 6 3 Did you find anything else that may have contributed to this accident 2 There was a potential lack of training on safe work practices 3 There was a potential lockout tagout LOTO issue A There was a lack of training for the attendant 1910 134 requires that the attendant must cancel the permit and evacuate the space when conditions exist that are outside the acceptable entry conditions identified on the permit The attendant is also required to be trained to maintain communication with entrants The attendant should also be trained to recognize that symptoms of hydrogen sulfide or oxygen deficiency which could have caused the exposed workers to have poor judgement and decision making The attendant should have notified rescue personnel and evacuated the space Portable Monitors Portable monitors also known as gas detectors are designed to be placed between workers and the source of H S or in a confined space Workers that are required to use portable gas detectors must be trained on their use maintenance and calibration Workers must receive hands on training with the specific H S detector they will be using in the field Your company must document and keep a record of all training you receive Now that we know what gas detectors are let us learn how to use them in th
78. stible gas carbon monoxide and HS If a multi gas detector is not being used the atmosphere must be tested in the following order 1 Oxygen 2 Flammable and combustible gases 3 Suspected toxic gases carbon monoxide and HS Monitoring for Potentially Hazardous Atmospheres Atmospheric Acceptable Entry Condition 19 5 to 23 5 LEL combustible gas 0 to 10 many companies only allow 0 233 General Patton Ave Mandeville LA 70471 1 800 892 8179 www pecsafety com page 25 aeeeeeeseseezeesseeeeeesseeeeeseeeeeeseeeeeeeseeeeeeseeeeeeseeeeeesseeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeseeseeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeee of the gas or vapor in the sample because of the fixed volume of sample which is always 100 milliliters Graduations printed on the tube showing the gas concentration make it fast and easy to take a reading with detector tubes However note that the accuracy of a colorimetric gas detector tube reading is 5 to 25 lt eo emm Cc CD _ Val om Rm eo CD Pr a gt H Nn cD This order is important because many combustible gas detectors work by burning the gas inside the detector If oxygen levels are inaccurate this could cause false readings Compare you readings to the acceptable entry conditions shown in the Monitoring for Potentially Hazardous Atmospheres chart If hazardous atmospheric conditions are found do not allow anyone into the area until it has been deemed sa
79. suscitation DOT Department of Transportation EMS Emergency medical services EPA Environmental Protection Agency ERG Emergency Response Guidebook g L Grams per liter GHS Globally Harmonized System H S Hydrogen sulfide IDLH Immediately dangerous to life or health JPEL ISA JSA le mL mmHg MUC NFPA NIOSH NORM OEL OSHA PAPR PEL PLHCP Instrument Society of America Job safety analysis Liter Lower explosive limit Milliliter Millimeters of mercury Maximum use concentration National Fire Protection Agency National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Naturally occurring radioactive material Oxygen Occupational exposure Limit Occupational Safety and Health Administration Powered air purifying respirator Permissible exposure limit Physician or other licensed health care provider PPE ppm QLFT QNFT REL RP RQ SAR SARA SCBA SDS SO STEL TLV TWA UN ID USCG WHMIS 233 General Patton Ave Mandeville LA 70471 1 800 892 8179 www pecsafety com Personal protective equipment Parts per million Qualitative fit test Quantitative fit test Recommended exposure limit Recommended practice Reportable quantity Supplied air respirator Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act Self contained breathing apparatus Safety Data Sheet Sulfur dioxide Short term exposure limit Threshold limit value Time weighted average United Nations Identification Number United S
80. system to don PPE o Q H y sececocococoococococoococcocococoocooocococoooccococooococcocococococcocoocoococococooococooccocoococoooccoccocoococoocooooocococooccooocooococoocooooooooo cecocoooocococoooooo oo dad e e e e e e e eh eee eee eee eee eee eee eee Workers should be trained on emerging technologies technologies that could potentially reduce the in the areas of respiratory protection equipment presence of HS H S training instructors and portable and fixed detection and monitoring supervisors should remain aware of advances in devices and the development of chemical treatment technology 233 General Patton Ave Mandeville LA 70471 1 800 892 8179 www pecsafety com page 45 Gei N gt D gt Ba e E D R O Tp U LLI ef Gei O N O Del O LLI E Re D Li G D O O o S L Protect Yourself seeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeseeeeeeeseeeeeeeseeeeeseeeeeeseeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeseeeeessseeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeseseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee HS is an invisible hazard To increase safety in oil and gas settings where H S is present or may be present there must be guidelines for safe operations In order to work safely in potential areas of exposure you must be aware of your role understand the controls that are in place and follow any policies and procedures required by the operator or
81. t be taught how to use Inspect don doff and check the seals of the respirator Respiratory protection training must be comprehensive and understandable You will need to update your training at least once a year or more offen if any of the following situations happen workplace conditions or the type of respirator changes you are unsure of or lack the skills to use a respirator properly or any other situation where you may need retraining The respiratory system You must be trained in proper respirator use Workers must take protective measures to prevent respiratory PPE from being damaged Respirators that are not kept in good condition not used properly or do not fit properly will not be effective in preventing contaminants from entering your respiratory system If a respirator malfunctions workers must immediately leave the contaminated area and report the malfunction and any changes to JPEL their medical condition The company you work for must also train you in e Both routine and emergency situational respirator use e How to respond when the respirator malfunctions e When a respirator is required and how improper fit usage or maintenance can compromise the effectiveness of the respirator e How to properly store the respirator e The general requirements of 29 CFR 1910 134 You must be trained in the following site specific topics before beginning work on the site e Location of supplied air respir
82. tates Coast Guard Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System page 51 Re CH CH 4 gt a gt D gt
83. th flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices icing may occur Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire SPILL OR LEAK ELIMINATE all ignition sources no smoking flares sparks or flames in immediate area All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded Fully encapsulating vapor protective clothing should be worn for spills and leaks with no fire Do not touch or walk through spilled material Stop leak if you can do it without risk Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material e Do not direct water at spill or source of leak If possible turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid Prevent entry into waterways sewers basements or confined areas Isolate area until gas has dispersed Consider igniting spill or leak to eliminate toxic gas concerns FIRST AID Move victim to fresh air e Call 911 or emergency medical service Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing Do not use mouth to mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one way valve or other proper respiratory medical device Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult Remove and iso
84. tibility Auto ignition temperature 500 F Quite explosive Flashpoint 76 4 F extremely low Transported containers of compressed H S may explode if exposed to fire or handled carelessly Reactivity Reacts with strong oxidizers e g Produces toxic SO gas when burned bleach hydrogen peroxide to cause fire explosions or metal damage Forms metal sulfides that spontaneously ignite when exposed to air When dissolved in water forms weak acid that Reacts with many metals e g iron E EE steel Severely corrosive to metals such as steel carbon Can dissolve in water and oil steel copper silver brass and bronze Gei CH N gt D gt Ba e E D R O Tp U LLI Q Gei CH N O Del ei LLI E Re Li G D O O o S SR Many metals like iron or steel will react with H S to form metal sulfides which can spontaneously ignite when exposed to air For example H S will react with iron or spent iron sponge a treating material to produce iron sulfide which can auto ignite and burn when exposed to air When exposed to air iron sulfide should be kept wet until it can be disposed of Vim tee HS is highly toxic which means that exposure to H S can affect your health H S gives off an Pipe corroded by H S lt a gt H emm Cc CD Val om Rm eo CD Pr eo om Nn cD emm npleasant odor similar to rotten e
85. tors must consider how close the nearest area with respirable air is to the hazardous area how long workers will need to wear respirators to get the job done and what activities the workers are performing Other considerations include the physical characteristics and functional capabilities of the respirator the respirator s APF and the extent of the hazard If you wish to wear a respirator when you are not required to do so ask your supervisor for a copy of Appendix D of 29 CFR 1910 134 Your company must provide you with this appendix if you want to use a non required respirator and it will contain JPEL directions for use Assigned Protection Factors respirator mask facepiece Hood facepiece SR ees a Demand mode fp Continuous flow 1 000 25 1 000 mode 10 000 10 000 lt Gm H emm GG LE CD Val om Rm eo CD Pr _ eo Va CD SCBA So OOOO O Pressure demand or other positive pressure mode Pressure demand 50 1 000 or other positive pressure mode Respirator Type Pros and Cons Respirator Hoseline Airline SAR Type Used above IDLH with an escape pack Offers the highest APF Used in oxygen deficient atmosphere with escape pack Not contaminant specific Not contaminant specific pede times are relatively Low breathing resistance predictable Can be used in oxygen deficient IDLH and unknown atmospheres Lightweight Air supply is
86. tration in the air with portable or strategically placed fixed devices capable of detecting a minimum of 2 ppm SO e Take readings at least hourly and any time workers detect SO odor or nasal irritation Burning and flaring e Use the protective measures specified in your company s H S contingency plan if the SO concentration in the work area reaches 2 ppm e Select and wear the appropriate PPE following the guidelines listed in your company s H S contingency plan e Calibrate SO monitors every 3 months or as recommended by the manufacturer 233 General Patton Ave Mandeville LA 70471 1 800 892 8179 www pecsafety com page 11 lt eo emm Cc CD Val om Rm eo CD Pr a gt H Nn cD emm La To protect yourself from SO exposure API Sulfur Dioxide protect y exp recommends you wear either a positive pressure When HS burns it forms another toxic gas SC tull facepiece supplied air respirator SAR and an Iron sulfide a product of an H S reaction with iron escape pack or an SCBA in any area with SO will also produce SO when burned SO is a very concentrations at or over 2 ppm over an 8 hour irritating toxic gas that is colorless and has a burned time weighted average TWA OSHA sets its match odor Its vapor density of 2 26 at 32 F under permissible exposure limit PEL for SO at 5 ppm normal atmospheric pressure 760 mmHg means over an 8 hour TWA ACGIH
87. ts Vacuum e trucks and one part sulfur H S is an inorganic sulfide that is highly toxic and colorless Because of its toxicity the EPA has classified H S as hazardous waste and it must be transported and disposed of as such Concentrations of H S are measured in parts per Heater treaters H S will collect in any enclosed facility or piping that contains H S gas or H S contaminated fluids million ppm or percentages including the examples listed in the Areas of Potential H S Exposure chart HS is slightly heavier than air with a density of approximately 1 5 grams per liter g L and a vapor density of 1 19 at 32 F at 760 millimeters of mercury mmHg This means that H S is approximately 19 H S has a very low melting point 117 2 F so it will almost always be a gas H S can also be compressed into a liquid gas and transported by sea highway rail air or pipeline Parts per million 1 000 000 ppm 100 000 ppm 10 000 ppm 1 000 ppm 100 ppm Percentages HS has a dangerous flammable limit of 4 3 46 vapor by volume in air which means it is extremely flammable The gas can spontaneously combust at high temperatures H S is also quite explosive It has an auto ignition temperature of 500 F and an extremely low flashpoint of 76 4 F When H S contacts strong oxidizers such as bleach or hydrogen 233 General Patton Ave Mandeville LA 70471 1 800 892 8179 www pecsafety com page 5 peroxide
88. uld be expected to provide to properly fitted and trained users Audible alarms devices that can be distinguished above and apart from the norma sound level in the workplace Auto ignition temperature the lowest temperature at which a substance will spontaneously ignite Bag valve mask a type of oxygen resuscitation equipment used to give breathing air to fallen workers in an emergency Breathing zone the area just in front of the face and shoulders a hemisphere with a 6 9 in radius that centers on your nose 233 General Patton Ave Mandeville LA 70471 1 800 892 8179 www pecsafety com page 47 seseeeeseeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeseeeeeseeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Buddy system a safe work practice that pairs Re CH CH q gt a gt D gt workers together so that if one buddy needs helps their buddy can assist them or call for help Bump test exposing a gas detector to a defined concentration of gases to make sure its alarms and sensors are working properly Burning and flaring controlled burning of a high vapor pressure liquid or compressed gas in order to reduce or control the pressure and or dispose of the of the product Calibration exposing gas detector sensors to known concentrations of different calibration gases to make sure a gas detector s readings are accurate Cascade system a system of breathing air cylinders d
89. uld potentially create H S atmospheres that would reach IDLH levels in the tank headspace with a 50 1 ratio Workers should follow operator or company operating procedures when they encounter these conditions Operating procedures could include e Following JSA and SWA procedures e Noting wind direction from a windsock or streamer e Using extreme caution on foggy days and days with little or no wind especially after sundown e Using non spark producing tools and equipment page 18 e Grounding to bare metal before opening hatches valves flanges hoses or pots A pot is the catch pan that encircles the cam lock hose connection that hooks up to storage tanks for drivers to transfer product from the tanks to the trucks to transport the product There are also scrubber pots or scrubbers that are placed where product is collected and either separated or treated e Paying close attention when opening fiberglass or tanks that are not grounded e Standing upwind from the thief hatch or source of the H S e Opening tanks downwind first and working towards the upwind tanks last e Keeping your head away from the tank opening e Waiting for the pressure to dissipate before gauging connecting hoses or removing valves and flanges Hydrogen Sulfide End User MaAVdS HLV 43 JDSUN S pu YOM dOIS O4 UD au soy uc sp puo gol au dOLS ons you aun ne seoinop spalqo joje Buipuoq juawdinbe outen JO SEO WO
90. uously monitored during work 29 CFR 1910 146 5 ii F Did you find anything else that may have contributed to this accident l There was a potential lack of training on safe work practices 2 The space was not ventilated 3 There was a lack of training on permit required space entry 1910 134 requires that all hazards in the confined space must be identified and controlled before entry Atmospheric testing results must be made available to the entrant before entry 4 There was a lack of training on permit procedure Atmospheric testing must be documented on the permit before entry and include the name of the person conducting the test Contingency an Company contingency plans give workers a step by step guide for dealing with emergencies All workers must know the location of the contingency plan assembly points also known as muster areas and emergency equipment Workers must know and follow emergency shutdown procedures rescue page 40 sesseeeseseeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeseeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeesseeeesseeeeeseeeeseseeeeesseeeesgeeeesseeeeeeeeeeseseeeeeseeeeeeee operations and notification procedures Contingency plans will have this information laid out for you If you work offshore your company must turn in a copy of its contingency plan to BSEE Onshore it must be turned in to the appropriate state agency Workers must know the details of their company s contingency plan to prepare for emergencies You must lear
91. ure recommendations and the American National Standards Institute ANSI provides specific practices to use to mitigate the hazards of HS within the oil and gas industry The American Petroleum Institute API writes recommended practices for operations involving H S in the oil and gas industry The Environmental Protection Agency EPA formed two laws the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act SARA and the Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act CERCLA which specify the reportable quantities RQs for hazardous materials H S has an RQ of 100 lbs and sulfur dioxide SC Lo byproduct of H S combustion has an RQ of 1 Ib page 2 H S molecule For more information see the following list of standards that address HS e ANSI Z390 1 2006 R2010 Accepted Practices for Hydrogen Sulfide H S Training Programs e 29 CFR 1910 1000 Table 2 e API Recommended Practice 49 Recommended Practice for Drilling and Well Servicing Operations Involving Hydrogen Sulfide e API Recommended Practice 55 Recommended Practices for Oil and Gas Production and Gas Processing Plant Operations Involving Hydrogen Sulfide e Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement BSEE 30 CFR 250 490 Hydrogen Sulfide e Various state regulatory agencies such as Texas Railroad Commission and the Oklahoma Corporation Commission e US Coast Guard USCG e Bureau of Land Management e State OSHA Plans e Environ
92. ved from service and thrown away or repaired Only trained workers can repair respirators and some repairs must be done by a manufacturer technician If a respirator needs to be repaired let your supervisor know so that the right person can make the repairs Checking the Seal A user seal check determines if the respirator is properly sealed to your face to keep out contaminated air There are two types of user seal checks positive pressure checks and negative pressure checks You must check the seal of your respirator each time you use it You can use either method to check the seal or you can follow the respirator manufacturer s instructions if they are equally effective To perform a positive pressure check close off the exhalation valve with your hand and exhale gently into the facepiece The respirator is properly sealed if none of your exhaled breath leaks out of the seal For JPEL Trainer demonstrating a user seal check most respirators you have to remove the exhalation valve cover before closing off the exhalation valve Carefully replace the valve after the test To perform a negative pressure check close off the inlet opening of the cartridge by covering it with the palm of your hand or by replacing the filter seal Inhale gently so that the facepiece collapses slightly and hold your breath for 10 seconds Note that some cartridge inlets cannot be effectively covered with the palm of your hand If you have
93. veral different types of monitors for air monitoring including fixed monitoring portable monitors and personal monitors Only workers who have been specifically trained in how to use H monitors can use them Training When training workers on methods of detection and monitoring the instructor must emphasize site specific types of detection and monitoring devices and sampling strategies available Training must include an explanation of warning alarms and emergency response procedures associated with the specific types of detection and monitoring devices Training will go over e Types of detectors and or monitors available e Manufacturer s recommendations e Purposes suitability capabilities limitations calibration function testing placement use and maintenance of detectors and or monitors available e Chemicals or other factors that can give inaccurate results based on the detection method e Required hands on training with the specific H S detector to be used in the field page 22 seeseeeeeseeeeesg seseeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeseeeeeseeeeeeseeeeeseeeeeegeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeesseeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeee Hydrogen Sulfide Concentrations with Noticeable Odors _H S Concentration Odor ___ 0 13 ppm Minimal perceptible odor 0 77 ppm Faint but perceptible odor 4 6 ppm Easily detectable moderate odor 27 ppm Strong unpleasant odor 28 Rotten egg odor or sweet acetone like od
94. will activate the alarm If the alarm goes off it verifies that all sensors are working correctly and that the alarms are in good working condition Bump testing should be performed before each use Make sure you are in a clean environment to perform a bump test Bump test according to manufacturer specifications Follow the steps below to perform a proper bump test 1 Make sure you have an approved calibration gas cylinder 2 Turn the gas detector on using the norma startup procedure 3 Attach the proper flow per minute regulator to the cylinder 4 Attach the tubing to the calibration fitting for your gas detector 5 Open the regulator to apply calibration gas to the gas detector JPEL The gas detector should adjust to and accurately read the concentrations of the different gases contained in the calibration gas bottle The alarms should activate once the low alarm settings are breached While bump testing confirms that the sensors and alarms are working properly it does not confirm the accuracy of the readings Gas detectors must be properly calibrated to determine the accuracy of the readings lt Gm H emm Cc CD _ L i om n eo CD Pr _ eo c Nn cD emm Calibration When you calibrate a gas detector you are exposing its sensors to known concentrations of various calibration gases to make sure the detector readings will be accurate The concentration of the calibrati
95. y leave a victim behind Only rescue a victim if you have been trained to do so because you could easily add to the victim count if not You must first protect yourself before you can rescue someone else Companies must train workers in site specific rescue techniques If you are trained lt eo emm c CD _ Val om Rm eo CD Pr _ eo Cc Va CD Gei CH N gt gt Ba e E D R O Tp U LLI ef Gei CH N O Del ei Le LLI o Re Li G D O O o lt SR and are going to perform a rescue tell your coworkers first so they know what Is going on When rescuing someone Assembly point always have backup Take another trained rescuer with you Know where your company s assembly point is The following is a typical rescue procedure for HS 1 If properly trained in rescue don all necessary PPE 2 With another trained rescuer go to the affected person 3 Move the affected person away from the source of hazardous exposure A Ifthe affected person has been overcome notity the appropriate E medical services as quickly as possible 5 Start your company s established emergency rescue procedures 6 Remember to be aware of where rescue equipment is kept According to the ERG Guide 117 you should do the following to perform a rescue 1 Move the victim to fresh air 2 Call 911 or EMS 3 If the victim
96. y outside the IDLH area and at least one worker must be trained to perform first aid and CPR The standby workers must maintain visual voice or signal line communication with the workers inside the IDLH area Standby workers may be trained and equipped to rescue workers If they are not trained for rescue they must notify a rescue team if rescue is needed If they are trained rescuers these standby workers must be equipped with pressure demand SCBAs or with hoseline airline SARs and auxiliary SCBAs and retrieval equipment Rescuers must use the buddy system and wear SCBAs if the emergency involves interior structural firefighting Do not respond above your level of training If your respirator quits working while you are in the field tell your supervisor and go to your page 38 To work in environments contaminated with over 10 ppm of H S or at or over 2 ppm SO ANSI and API recommend you wear one of the following forms of respiratory protection e A positive pressure full facepiece hoseline airline SAR and carry an escape pack e A positive pressure SCBA ANSI approved SCBAs must be provided to all contractors and visitors if they must go into H S infused areas Offshore workers must use at least two voice transmission devices walkie talkies while wearing a respirator per 30 CFR 250 490 ri f Wen O i p D D d f A Worker getting ready to enter an IDLH atmosphere JPEL Hydrogen
97. y that workers have completed a hydrogen sulfide training program before working at a facility Provide refresher hydrogen sulfide training for all workers annually Cover site specific hydrogen sulfide training for individual facilities Implement a respiratory protection program that conforms to the OSHA Respiratory Protection standard 29 CFR 1910 134 Train workers in the required elements of 29 CFR 1910 134 Make sure workers receive site specific contingency plans specifying the quantity and location of available respiratory equipment Provide hands on training to workers on the use company provided self contained breathing apparatuses hydrogen sulfide gas detectors and resuscitation equipment correctly in the field Course Materials Copy of the company Contingency Plan optional Tests SITAS Answer Keys and Supplemental Answer Sheets Hydrogen Sulfide End User Student Manual Hydrogen Sulfide End User Instructor Manual PowerPoint Presentation APPEL Contents aeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeseeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeseeeeeee RENE egene e Regulations and Standards 2 e Responsibilities 3 e Training 3 Sources of Hydrogen Sulfide 4 e Limits of Exposure Health Effects 8 e Acute Toxicity 9 e Chronic Toxicity 9 Communicating the Hazards of Hydrogen Sulfide 10 e Warning Signs and Alarms 10 Engineering Controls 11 Burning
98. your company You must receive training on planning selecting equipment and materials and operation and emergency procedures To increase page 46 operational safety H S courses may be required for those workers who have an increased potential to be exposed to H S If you are working in an area where H S is present you may be required to attend another H S specific course Hazards can be fatal if they are not fully understood or controls are not fully complied with Commitment to H S safety is essential for the well being of everyone on the worksite UIOSSATY seseeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeseeeeeseeeeeeseeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeee Acute toxicity adverse health effects that happen after a single exposure to a substance or multiple exposures within a short period of time Administrative controls work practices used to reduce worker exposure that cannot be controlled using engineering controls Air monitoring assessing what hazards are in the air and how concentrated they are Air purifying respirator APR has an air purifying filter cartridge or canister that removes specific air contaminants by passing air through an air purifier Alarm system provides an early warning signal required at your workplace and should be seen and heard throughout the workplace Assigned protection factor APF a number that stands for the level of protection a properly functioning respirator wo

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