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1. The data points are imported as tab separated xyz ascii data in dat format note this file does not contain a header which is shown below for explanation only The unit must already contain an envelope Load elevation grid Selecting this option allows the user to import an existing ascii grid into a geological unit using the following standard loading box Load elevation grid My Recent Documents G Desktop i g Plynlimon_NEXTMAP_DTM asc File name Open Files of type ESRI Grids asc v Cancel 56 In this process the raster is automatically triangulated and so can be used in model calculation and also it can be stored and clipped as part of a model file see Section 3 2 2 amp 4 6 Load GoCad Tin This function allows the direct import of GoCad Tsurf TINs into a GSI3D project When saving the project the imported surface s it will be saved as part of the model gxml file Look in Plynlimon 3Dmodel File name Open Files of type Gocad Tin TS v Cancel NOTE This also allows the import of GoCad TINs for use as the DTM Export as grid asc This function enables the export of the base of an individual geological unit as an ASCII grid Export grid Save grid as Cell size Grid extent x Min 279197 5 Min 282902 5 Grid extent x Max 287397 5 Max 290402 5 ok Cancel This standard save box requires the user to define the cell size and extent of the grid t
2. Exploded l Explode Model 100 NS Displacement 100 100 EW Displacement 100 0 Z Displacement 100 Checking the Explode Model box separates all the geological units in the model according to the GVS order with the topmost units displayed highest see below Use the slider bars to change the exploded view in the x y and z dimensions yi lt we i o a e k 84 Video Start Video Freeze Stop End Video Review clip ltlSave Video The buttons in the Video tab are self explanatory the Save Video option produces a dialogue box to name the file and select its type and folder destination 3 5 The Borehole Viewer LT lH XI E project a d 55 TM245w192 Ai drill logs ie TM24NEz2 TM245W 192 NN 25 78 oJ TM24NEZO TM245E19 Lal TM245W192 he others 4 2 21 58 KES FESA SIMA 16 75 9 03 ROG SANDIJ SIMA 18 9 6 88 THAM SICL SIMA A typical borehole viewer screen is shown above it 1s activated from the Main Screen tools drop down menu and requires rescaling 85 3 5 1 Toolbar Pa oe F TM245W192 5 6 TET 7 1 2 3 4 The toolbar contains the following icons from left to right 1 Select background colour Click brings up a standard palette to select background colour 2 Zoom to full extent Click fits the whole object annotated log to the dimensions of the section window 3 Zoom In Click on then click in window and
3. grd gif jpg x Settings Name of image NN Origin bottom left x lo Origin bottom left y lo Origin bottom left z 1 End top right x f End top right y f End top right z lo Colour scheme lt Interval limit 1 gt 0 in 33 Interval limit 2 gt O0 in 66 Interval gt 0 f Log scale E Contrast enhancement gt 0 lo Settings for borehole logs At Transparency 3D 0 1 fo o Cancel Next to the usually visualized basic elements geophysical vertical sections can be visualized in the section and 3D windows Before loading the sections it is suggested to load these basic elements as the dem asc map jpg logs bid and layer blg In order to display geophysical vertical sections in 2D and 3D they have to be geo registered by defining the lower left and upper right coordinates in the x y and z direction Click the top file locator icon to navigate through the file structure to the selection you want to geocode This can either be a picture or a grid file gif jpg rst asc or grd Type in the Settings property boxes the coordinates for the Origin bottom left x End top right x Origin bottom left y End top right y Origin bottom left z End top right z In case a rst asc or ord file is loaded you can define the Colour scheme in the usual way of changing colour settings the Interval limit 2 gt 0 in Interval gt 0 the Contrast enhancement gt 0 and check th
4. kop De ta w hor ter S a f File name Open E Files of type Punktdateien dat x Cancel The data points are imported as tab separated xyz ascii data in dat format note this file does not contain a header which is shown below for explanation only The unit must already contain an envelope Export the correlation points This function exports all the correlation points from the sections as comma separated x y z values in ascii format see below to a named file txt F test3 TXT Notepad loj x File Edit Format View Help Ea eae 5999710546 450688 70468268325 L 4055R82949R29102 Joly s644984 430618 20185 Rs11 L 238677978515625 0 430610 0 L 2310737981399653 0 430610 0 1 231073 7981399654 Barl rlr442 430571 13569 902132 1 17568683602426758 0352586936 4305306 64728442194 2 3013782501220703 664 74799433 450446 94604333804 2 2A al4369201566016 23729314541 450597 189223 7882 2 2134553853360717 Pes 0 450595 0 2 25800154245694 75 0 430395 0 2 25800154 245694 75 OS140981625 450425 38951755 2 34621 79641 F 25555 2655927 760850 430228 32866151786 0 8962001800537109 B40849737 432812 9515968898 0 1681499481201172 62 Export all points This function exports all points envelopes and correlation nodes as comma separated x y z values in ascii format to a named file dat Calculate single unit This function enables the
5. BN British fs BGS Geological Survey Fo INSIGHT NATURAL ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH COUNCIL GSI3D The software and methodology to build systematic near surface 3 D geological models Version 2 6 Geological Modelling Systems Team Open Report OR 08 064 The National Grid and other Ordnance Survey data are used with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty s Stationery Office Licence No 100017897 2009 Key words 3 dimensional geological models LithoFrame models Quaternary applied geology shallow geosphere geological survey urban geosciences Front cover Block diagram of Shelford in the Trent Valley near Nottingham showing modelling of soil horizons superficial and bedrock geology Frontispiece Block model down to the Chalk of NW London upper showing the addition of Lower Cretaceous units from a regional GoCad model lower Bibliographical reference MATHERS S J amp KESSLER H 2008 GSI3D The software and methodology to build systematic near surface 3 D geological models Version 2 6 British Geological Survey Open Report OR 08 064 129pp NERC 2008 BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OPEN REPORT OR 08 064 GSI3D The software and methodology to build systematic near surface 3 D geological models Version 2 6 S J Mathers amp H Kessler Keyworth Nottingham British Geological Survey 2008 BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY The full range of Survey public
6. llte ck A Alluvium Envelope Being the youngest deposit the alluvium envelope is simply constructed by from its surface distribution as it cannot be overlain buried by other deposits l Using the tools pull down menu select create geological unit as choose the required unit here alluvium for the list of codes from the GVS displayed in the dialogue box An empty entry appears for the unit in the map window Table of Contents in the geological units folder Right click on this object and select switch on edit the entry shows a blue background indicating it is editable only one unit can be edited at a time Right click again on the required surface superficial geology shapefile listed in the map folder object Sort the table using the relevant field by clicking on the header and highlight all row entries of the alluvium see Section 3 2 2 Envelopes can also be constructed by selecting only certain polygons from the table checking the selection in the map window With the desired selection displayed right click again on the map object and select copy Now right click on the alluvium object in the geological units and select paste All the selected polygons of alluvium should then display in the map window If for any reason any polygons are not required at this stage they can deleted manually using the right click on the info icon on the toolbar The fit of the selected polygons and the cross sections can be checked by right clicking o
7. this is especially useful when working just in the map or section window Once the windows are floating they can be docked again or shut down and activated again using the options below that replace the split windows button when it is utilised 46 A Dock windows A Switch on 2 D View A Switch on 3 D View Switch on Section View 3 1 1 6 Help Help about 65130 License Project Information The About GSI3D button contains the developer s details and will in future releases include a link to user support derived from this manual License opens a dialogue box to enable users to enter their details and password key to make the software fully operational without such activation the software only performs as a demo version Project Information is a Java console listing details of the model 47 3 2 The map window An example map window is shown below 54 project E grids amp tins H A geological units i A cross sections ZAaavllesaes 3 2 1 Toolbar The toolbar contains the following icons E Heas EREE 12 345 6 7 8 9 10111213 1415 16 17 1 Select background colour Click brings up the dialogue box below to select a suitable background colour in 3 different ways gee Select eee colour f xj Recent LI Oo Sample Text Sample Text Cancel Reset The Swatches tab shows 270 colour tiles the HSB Hue Saturation Brightness and RGB Red Green Blue tabs allows s
8. 49 5 Zoom In Click on then click in window and hold down whilst dragging mouse to construct a marquee around the area to zoom in to release on completion 6 Zoom Out Click on click in window and repeat to incrementally reduce the magnification This tool cannot draw a box to zoom out to a specified area 7 Pan Click then click in window and hold drag to new position and release drag and drop 8 Back to previous view Click displays previous views useful in scale changes not an undo button though 9 Construct Polygon only active if unit is active in table of contents Enables the construction of a new polygon during envelope building Click to activate click at start position and then click to add nodes to make shape double click close to the first node to complete 10 Node editor only active if unit is active in table of contents Mainly used in editing polygon shapes or dragging nodes to overlap adjacent polygons to enable combination Click to activate right click to select any polygon displays all existing nodes Enables addition of nodes to line by clicking on it and removing nodes by double clicking on them 11 Split Polygon only active if unit is active in table of contents Very useful for chopping away chunks of a polygon during the construction of envelopes Click to activate click at point outside polygon to start a line for splitting then drag to beyond other side of polygon and double click t
9. ArcView 2 D geological data capture tool Originally aimed at the delivery of a high quality cartographic 1 10 000 map product later re designed to capture topologically correct geo science data The GSD translated to ArcMap Under development 08 03 Geoscience Spatial Framework The DGSM Oracle store for geoscientific surfaces in x y z plus attributes format Originally designed for surfaces only but also capable of storing sections as lines along a surface Proprietary TIN export from GSI3D in VRML format 1997 Workspace project file type generated by GSI3D The GSI3D mark up schema and file extension for legacy project and TIN files and viewer model exports Industrial Minerals Assessment Unit Major BGS project in the 1970s and 80s carried out on behalf of the Department of the Environment resulting in reports maps and boreholes describing mainly sand and gravel resources in the UK Downhole log data is available on BoGe map data is available as digital polygons and grading data is available on a CD as an ACCESS database Short for Lexicon of Named Rock Units Mega ORACLE table containing the codes names definitions and parent child relationships of all mapped or recorded stratigraphical units in the UK Light Detection and Ranging Laser measured high accuracy lt 50cm high spatial resolution 1 2m DSM acquired from airborne platform London Computerised Underground and Surface Geology Major BGS project at the beginning
10. options operate in exactly the same way NOTE Before envelopes or TINs can be imported the gvs file must be loaded into the project workspace see under Properties below if not an error message will appear asking for the GVS file to be loaded x Load envelopes or TINs gxml x Load sections from project file Load data from project or TIN export file Layer Selected Selection Sechoms Selociend Seiechon No data No data Append gt Append gt Insert gt Insert gt Delete lt Delete lt OK cael V Add polygons IV TIN base IV TIN top OK Cancel 28 Load vertical geophysical sections x Load horizontal geophysical slices x Load vertical geophysical sections from XML file Load horizontal geophysical slices from XML file Sections Slices Selected Selection _ Sections Stices _ Selected _ Selection No data noaa Append gt Append gt Insert gt Insert gt _ insert gt ae __Insert gt _ __Delete lt lt __ Delete lt __ Delete lt OK Cancel Cancel The four import option dialogue boxes are shown above Export The export menu expands to four options shown below mi Export units to zoom Bal Save objects as grids Properties m Save model as viewer File gx E gal i Save Viewer Model as raster gridded units gsm a a ao Export units to Zoom Zoom is being developed by BGS as a groundwater flow model
11. 1 0 76 79309 2 7 1343193 After loading the data as described above The user can set the parameter display under Add Objects gt Numerical Parameters This bring up a dialogue box to choose the Name of parameter see below where all loaded numerical point parameter data from the plg file are listed Enter name of parameter x Name of parameter Tri chloro ethylene Tetrachloroethylene Sum Halogenated Hydrocarbons inyl chloride trans Dichloro methane cis Dichloro methane Sum Degration Products Halogenated Hydrocarbons VTPH lt ncli ETPH nil fmojfdms r Abbrechen The subsequent dialogue box defines the 2D and 3D Properties of view for the chosen parameter see below It is either possible to display a relative reference elevation to the used DTM or by ticking off the relative elevation box to choose an absolute elevation You can also define the width of interval of the parameter on display in meters and if so you have the possibility to get a calculated mean value for the specified interval by ticking the respective box on or off 40 Properties of view Parameter n Reference elevation 0 width of inte rvallo W relative elevation W mean values Show on map W Points l Voronoy Polygons Transparency 2D 0 1 0 Type of view in 3D M Discs M Voronoy Polygons Disc sice 3D 1 1000 los Transparency 3D 0 1 0 OK Cancel_ The lower part of the dialogue bo
12. 1 Vale_of York 5 pdf Wycisk P Gossel W Schlesier D amp Neumann C 2007 Integrated 3D modelling of subsurface geology and hydrogeology for urban groundwater management International Symposium on New Directions in Urban Water Management http www kwra or kr pds download php3 file name Wycisk 20et 20al pdf Scheib A J Ambrose K Boon D P Kessler H Kuras O Lelliott M Nice S E Palmer R C Raines M G Smith B 2007 3D Digital Soil Geology Models of the Near Surface Environment Abstract for Pedometrics Biannual Conference of Commission 1 5 Pedometrics International Union of Soil Sciences Germany p85 https archive ugent be retrieve 4564 Book of Abstracts pdf Kessler H Mathers S Lelliott M Hughes A amp MacDonald D 2007 Rigorous 3D geological models as the basis for groundwater modelling In Three dimensional geologic mapping for groundwater applications Workshop extended abstracts Denver Colorado http nora nerc ac uk 4129 1 kessler pdf http www isgs uiuc edu research 3 DWorkshop 2007 powerp kessler ppt Smith B Campbell S Fordyce F Kessler H Price S Entwisle D amp K Royse 2007 Understanding heterogeneity and structure in urban environments a tool for the assessment of risk and interpretation of geochemical data British Geological Survey Poster http nora nerc ac uk 849 1 heterogeneity pdf Merritt J E Monaghan A Entwisle D Hughes A Campbell D
13. 2006 The past present and future of 3D Geology in BGS In Open University Geological Society Journal Volume 27 2 Symposium Edition 2006 Merritt J Entwisle D amp A Monaghan 2006 Integrated geoscience data maps and 3D models for the City of Glasgow UK AEG 2006 Conference Paper No 394 http www 1iaeg info 1aeg2006 PAPERS IAEG 394 PDF Royse K Entwisle D Price S Terrington R amp J Venus 2006 Gateway to Olympic success Geoscientist 16 5 4 10 http nora nerc ac uk 219 Bridge D M Seymour K Kessler H Shepley M Price S J Lelliott M Banks V J amp G Wildman 2006 3 D geoscience models and their application to hydrogeological domains mapping In The pursuit of science building on a foundation of discovery Philadelphia USA 22 25 Oct 2006 Neber A Aubel J Classon F Hoefer S Kunz A amp Sobisch H G 2006 From the Devonian to the present Landscape and technogenic relief evolution in an urban environment AEG 2006 Conference Paper No 517 http www iaeg info iaeg2006 PAPERS IAEG 517 PDF Perk M 2006 Feld Kalibrierung geophysikalischer Daten auf kontaminierten Flachen mit Hilfe des GIS gestutzten Visualisierungswerkzeugs GSI3D Dissertation gt http kups ub uni koeln de frontdoor php source opus 2124 Lelhiott M R Bridge D McC Kessler H Price S J Seymour K J 2006 The application of 3D geological modelling to aquifer recharge assessments in an urban
14. BGS Commissioned Report CR 04 044 65pp Kessler H Cooper A H and Ford J 2004b The superficial deposits lithological coding scheme British Geological Survey Internal Report IR 04 039 Kessler H amp Mathers S J 2004 Maps to models Geoscientist 14 10 4 6 Kessler H Mathers S J amp H G Sobisch 2008 The capture and dissemination of integrated 3D geospatial knowledge at the British Geological Survey using GSI3D software and methodology Computers amp Geosciences Available on line http dx do1 org 10 1016 j cageo 2008 04 005 Mathers S J 2008 Ed Extended Abstracts of the 2 International GSI3D Conference BGS Open file Report OR 08 054 31 pp Mathers S J Sobisch H G Wood B amp Kessler H 2008 The past present and future of GSI3D In Mathers S J Ed Extended Abstracts of the 2 International GSI3D Conference BGS Open file Report OR 08 054 31pp Mathers S J amp Zalasiewicz J A 1985 Producing a comprehensive geological map a case study The Aldeburgh Orford area of East Anglia Modern Geology 9 207 220 Napier B 2004 The UK Regional Model LithoFrame 1M BGS Price S J 2004 unpublished SE65SW LithoFrame 10 model York BGS Sobisch H G 2000 Ein digitales raeumliches Modell des Quartaers der GK25 Blatt 3508 Nordhorn auf der Basis vernetzter Profilschnitte Shaker Verlag Aachen 113pp Williams J D O amp Scheib A J 2008 Application of near surface geophysical data
15. The project gxml file only stores a link to the geophysical picture or grid referring to the location of the respective picture or grid while geocoding Changing the location of the picture or grid into another folder will result in loss of the data for the picture or grid But if these files are in the same directory as the gxml project file the system automatically checks this directory and chooses the indicated picture This enables the transfer of the complete folder gxml and slices into a differing directory environment For case studies of the use of geophysical data in GSI3D also see Williams amp Scheib 2008 Numerical parameters It 1s possible to display colour coded values of the numerical parameters at in the subsurface in the map section and 3D window as shown below 39 GSI3D Yersion2 6 October 2008 GSI3D Ee H la x Fie Add objects Tools Analysis Windows Help RA gi 4 i j E proe BUSHSQ RRS BBB og SS SxkeAeconP FEB grids amp tins FE grids amp tins T geological units SP geological units iia H cross sections A H cross sections Wid maps oo set io J Pb ir E E maps Th drill logs JW bohr bid others JW Pb ir others Properties Exploded video Background Colour Info onioft V Frame 3D View 358486 1 6646154 5 3 project mal oje el E H cross sections Ls S ee a Q E a r i A g HS id J set BR N 7 0 BR N 2 0 BR
16. been adopted for systematic stratigraphical model building as the initial work with 1 10 000 tiles showed that this was too small as a workable unit for systematic section building and file handling The geological linework used should wherever possible be DiGMapGB 10k linework and if not available use DiGMapGB 50K In areas with higher data density York and Glasgow a 10K tiling was chosen instead Where possible major sections should aim to intersect structures and valleys close to right angles and the North South and West East sections should intersect at angles approaching 90 degrees but take account of surface topography and sub surface structure Smaller ancillary helper sections can fill in between the major sections to illustrate local variations and anomalies and incorporate linear bodies not well intersected by the major cross sections In working with 25K tiles a line spacing of about Ikm has proved acceptable in southern East Anglia and 0 5 km Manchester in studies of Quaternary Neogene and Palaeogene deposits producing 20 40 standard 8 10km long sections per 25K sheet NOTE If you want to add a borehole to the start the left hand side in the section window of the section simply reverse it right click on the section in the table of contents of the section window add the borehole and reverse it back to its original direction 92 4 4 Fitting together and checking sections Usually two rectilinear sets of intersecting
17. calculation provided it is the selected DTM coverage in the Workspace properties Right clicking on an individual grid produces the following menu Link to 3 0 view Properties Send to Front Send to back Delete object Isolate object Save raster enables saving of ascii grids as surfer grids and vice versa Link to 3 D View view sends an individual surface grid to the 3D viewer Properties calls up the grid property box described in Section 3 1 1 2 Send to front self explanatory Send to back ditto Delete object ditto Isolate object ditto Right clicking on an individual TIN will produce this menu Extra Functions P Add scattered data points Link to 3 D view Properties Load elevation grid asc Load GOC40 Tin Send to Front Send to back Export as grid asc Export TIN as Goad TIN Switch on edit Delete object Trin TIM Trim TN against IT Isolate object 55 NOTE when a TIN is loaded into the object the upper loading options are greyed out conversely when an empty object awaits loading of a TIN the lower calculation options are greyed out Add scattered data points This function allows extra data points such as points along contour lines or scattered helper points where data is sparse to support the conceptualised geometry of the unit Add scattered data points Look in l Plynlimon 3Dmodel 2 pna File name Open Files of type Pointdata file DAT v Cancel
18. data is extensive as in big urban areas it is advisable to perform a manual retrieval by SQL Alternatively any downhole data set can easily be compiled by hand in Excel NOTE the blg file extension is unfortunately also used by Windows as a Performance Monitoring file This means that double clicking on the blg file opens a windows application This can be avoided by associating the blg file with Wordpad right click on the file Properties Opens with change to Notepad tick Always use the selected program to open files of this kind 2 1 5 Parameter measurements Numerical parameter data can be derived from geochemical analysis or geotechnical measurements but can also include coloured coded information on archaeological horizons In addition to the bid file giving locational x y information GSI3D requires two tab separated ASCII text files in order to display numerical point data sets Numerical down hole parameter are stored as a plg parameter log file and the legend with the respective threshold values are stored as a nvleg numerical value legend file The location of these files is stored as a link within the gsipr project file The file with the numerical point values plg is structured in the same way as the ASCII text files for the lithological and stratigraphical downhole data see a geochemical data set example below In contrast to these logs the plg file includes a first row composed of the following columns
19. deleted using the Info select and then Select Polygon functions in the normal way TIP Use this tool with care as results can t be undone 14 Clean polygons only active if unit is active in table of contents Click the tool automatically cleans up coinciding nodes from two separate polygons along mutual boundaries It also cleans polygons according to the Minimum node spacing see Section 3 1 1 3 NOTE this often is the case with DiGMapGB data spread over more than one map sheet TIP Use this tool with care as results can t be undone 15 Info tool Click to activate position the cross hair on the object you wish to interrogate then use right click to query properties of polygons grids boreholes sections For right mouse clicks see Section 3 2 3 16 Insert selected polygon only active if unit is active in table of contents After selecting a polygon using the Info tool the polygon can be incorporated into the envelope layer data by clicking on this button The info tool leaves a red triangle in the map view to help you visualise which polygon has been selected When importing intricate polygons the Minimal Point distance must be set to 0 in order to avoid slivers of no data see Section 3 1 1 3 17 Synthetic log This button is only active once geological objects volumes have been calculated and enables the creation of synthetic logs displayed in the borehole viewer After activating the button the user clic
20. for the sample number or ID meaning the ID of the borehole the measured down hole intervals from z to z2 relating to the elevation of the surface not the absolute elevation of the sample interval all measured parameters i 2 Soil PLG Editor Datei Bearbeiten Format Ansicht Sample from Benzene Toluene Ethyl benzene pem lene o xy lene Sum BTEX ERL D F 00 0 00 0 00 00 00 D 00 D JORI Tg 2 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 00 D IORI 2 3 00 00 01 00 00 L 0 0 00 0 00 D DRL 3 4 3 459 2 4 3 23 8 30 0 I7 18 43 D 37 0 11 67 00 10 40 1 DRL 4 4 O 48 0 10 93 Esra 07 3 33 O 09 00 3 37 00 Lena Ft D DR 2 D 1 00 0 0 0 00 00 DR 2 1 2 00 00 00 00 00 00 2 3 0 20 Oe 32 O 14 Lek 02 1 85 3 4 78 D 37 J2 Lad 17 3 13 4 4 5 1 51 2 26 Leek 3 05 1 16 9 22 D 1 0 D 00 00 00 00 00 1 2 00 00 0 00 0 00 2 3 3 4 4 4 20 43 O 44 D 07 Tae 2 Ae The second required file is the legend nvleg file giving the parameters for the upper and lower threshold values according to given standards and the respective colour coding within the defined limits The first column of the tabulator separated ASCII text file gives the name of the measured parameter and the second column an alias
21. gvs This convention can be taken to all levels of the project including the names of the cross sections e g MAN sec NSI or TM14 WE2 A oo E ease ieee File Folder JEXPORT 31 07 2003 08 55 South East Anglia gvs FEB G5 File o 6 02 2003 09 26 E tm24 gleg TKB GLEGFile 31 07 2003 08 45 tm24_ 10k comb_drift avl 6KB AVL File 09 12 2002 16 07 fsa tm24_10k_comb_Drift dbf 382 KB DBF File 09 12 2002 15 46 A tmZ4_ 10k _comb_Drift shp 734KB SHP File 09712 2002 15 46 tm24_10k_comb_Drift sh KB SHY File 09 12 2002 15 46 S tm24_10k_solid avl 3KB AVL File 09 12 2002 16 04 triZ4_ 10k Solid dbf 48KB DBF File 09 12 2002 15 46 A tm24_10k_5olid shp 204KB SHP File 09712 2002 15 46 we tm24_10k_ Solid shx 1KB SH File 09 12 2002 15 46 TH24_ BOGEv2 big 40KB BLG File 03 12 2002 16 02 tm24_ CEH _dtm asc 4 555KB ASC File 17 12 2002 19 02 2 TM24_export_tins gxml 1 253KB G ML File 70 01 2003 16 18 2 TM24_project gxml 718KB G ML File 14 01 2003 13 24 TM24_SOBIv2 bid 2 KB BID File 03 12 2002 16 12 af TM24_topo ipa 1 411KB JPEG Image 31 07 2003 09 11 TM24_topo ipaw IKB JPGW File 31 07 2003 09 06 File Structure showing all the various types of required data files 2 4 GSI3D basic principles It is important to realise that when working within GSI3D it is the base of geological units rather than the top that is defined and attributed in sections GSI3D also requires the modeller to define the combined sur
22. in GSI3D case studies from Shelford and Talla Linnfoots British Geological Survey Internal Report IR 08 015 28pp 125 8 GSI3D Bibliography This bibliography is as listed on the GSI3D Wikipedia as at 1 November 2008 Wycisk P Hubert T Gossel W and C Neumann 2009 High resolution 3D spatial modeling of complex geological structures for an environmental risk assessment of abundant mining and industrial mega sites Computers amp Geosciences Computers amp Geosciences Vol 35 165 182 http dx do1 org 10 1016 j cageo 2007 09 001 Turner A K Price S Kessler H amp M Culshaw 2008 Creating 3D Geological Subsurface Models for Urban Areas GSA Houston Annual Meeting http gsa confex com gsa 2008AM finalprogram abstract_146137 htm Royse K Rutter H amp D Entwisle 2008 Property attribution of 3D geological models in the Thames Gateway London new ways of visualising geoscientific information Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment Available on line http dx doi org 10 1007 s10064 008 0171 0 Ford J Burke H Royse K amp S J Mathers 2008 The 3D geology of London and the Thames Gateway a modern approach to geological surveying and its relevance in the urban environment In Cities and their underground environment 2nd European conference of International Association of engineering geology Euroengeo 2008 Madrid Spain 15 20 Sept 2008 http nora nerc ac uk 3717 1 FORT
23. including local government and in particular the Environment Agency of England and Wales The feedback and suggestions for further development of the software and methodology generated by the staff working on these projects and our customers are gratefully acknowledged With the release of this Version 2 6 of GSI3D covered by this manual the software now represents a complete and finalized solution for the construction of geological models in superficial and structurally simple stratified bedrock sequences Especially thanks are due to Gerry Wildman for contributing the section on GIS tools and Hans Georg Sobisch for the explanations of new functionality during the compilation of this latest third edition of the GSI3D software manual Steve Mathers amp Holger Kessler BGS Keyworth 10 November 2008 1 Introduction Quotes Nur einfache L sungen sind gute L sungen Only simple solutions are good solutions Hans Georg Sobisch 2001 The familiarity which geologists and geophysicists have with this methodology working with cross sections suggests it as a sensible user friendly approach to working with a truly three dimensional modelling system Dabek et al 1989 1 1 Historical context The Geological Surveying and Investigation in 3 Dimensions GSI3D software tool and methodology has been developed by Dr Hans Georg Sobisch INSIGHT GmbH over the last 15 years Initially development was in collaboration with Drs Carsten Hi
24. intertidal deposits This is because of our assumption that the river terraces extend beneath the Holocene deposits and coincide with their distribution Click on the Combine adjacent polygons and fill holes icon no 13 on the toolbar see Section 3 2 1 icon and allow time to refresh the polygons should fuse to make a single envelope corresponding to all alluvial deposits along the valleys including the fringing terraces which in this area all abut the Holocene deposits Switch off the geology map right click on the unit layer and update alter the properties of the crosses and solid lines along the sections to make them readily visible Examine the correspondence between the envelopes and crosses and correlation lines Within the area of the selected envelopes there should be no breaks in the correlation line along any of the sections If there are then at these points river terrace deposits are absent Show boreholes in the vicinity if any to establish the extent to which the terrace deposits are cut out and then use the polygon drawing tool to draw the area this then cuts it out from the envelope leaving an island within the polygon Outside the envelope there should be no crosses on the section lines if they occur there are two main possibilities If the correlation line has been poorly drawn in the section it may extend just beyond the mapped limit of the deposit in this case simply identify and display the section in the section window and rep
25. of the 1990s generating 4 major geological surfaces for the London area within the M25 A map is the polygonal representation of geological units or domains projected to a plane perpendicular to the earth s surface 122 Model File NEXTMap Objects Outcrop QMT Project File RCS Rockhead Section Shells SIGMA Slice SOBI Solid A gxml file generated in GSI3D containing a calculated geological model Suite of elevation datasets and imagery products produced using airborne IFSAR Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar 5 metre cell size DSM and DEM filtered with 1 metre vertical accuracy Also 1 25 ORI Orthorectified Radar Imagery product Available for the whole of the England and Wales and southern Scotland with plans for complete UK coverage Geological units in a model stack comprising top base and walls a k a Volumes The area where a geological unit is intersected by the earth s surface DTM Quaternary Methodologies and Training Major BGS project to describe and standardise working methods and practices for data gathering in quaternary terrain A gsipr file generated in GSI3D containing constructed sections and envelopes prior to model calculation Rock Classification Scheme in 4 volumes describing and defining all Rock types occurring in BGS datasets These have been codified into an ORACLE table and are published on the www Loose term referring to the surface at t
26. older deposits Term used to describe the Quaternary generally unconsolidated geological deposits This has traditionally been called drift Base of geological unit exported as grid or TIN Triangular Irregular Network GSI3D exports TINs in Indexed Triangle Mesh format VRML97 A geological unit is a particular geological deposit that has been identified and mapped out during a GSI3D project A unit is defined by a surface on its base and an envelope of its lateral extent Geological units in a calculated model stack comprising top base and walls a k a Objects Extended Mark up language Extended Mining and Exploration Mark up language 124 7 References cited BGS 2008 The Sub surface Viewer User Manual Served at http www bgs ac uk downloads start cfm 1d 5 37 Dabek Z K Williamson J P Lee M K Green C A and Evans C J 1989 Development of advanced interactive modelling techniques for multicomponent three dimensional interpretation of geophysical data Periodic Report to the Commission of the European Communities British Geological Survey Technical Report WK 89 23R Hinze C Sobisch H G amp Voss H H 1999 Spatial modelling in Geology and its practical Use Mathematische Geologie 4 51 60 Kessler H Bridge D Burke H Butcher A Doran S K Hough E Lelliott M Mogdridge R T Price S J Richardson A E Robins N amp Seymour K 2004a EA Urban Manchester Hydrogeological Pathways Project
27. recreating the block model 109 Exploded block model of TM24 down to the Chalk viewed from the northwest 4 10 Fitting together models When working in large modelling projects procedures may be needed to ensure consistency between several small individual models that may be eventually combined into an overall model In case of rectangular or tile models Docking sections can be constructed along the grid line forming the common boundary of the two adjacent sheets Once drawn this section is copied into both sheet folders in identical form and can be labelled appropriately e g TM14 dock east and TM24 dock west In irregular shaped project areas these sections do not need to be linear TA S A ass HOSE feat VAN TM14 Central Docking Section TM24 Docking section between TM14 and TL24 Ipswich area i e TM14 dock east and TM24 dock west Envelopes must extend beyond the limits of the project area or DTM see Section 4 7 where they reach to the edge and extend beyond the boundaries of a sheet or a project area When loading adjacent projects with overlapping envelopes these are automatically loaded into 110 the same project and can be saved as a new gxml project file and using the envelope editing tools described in Section 3 2 1 they can then be merged into continuous envelopes E Q lt B N 111 5 Linking GSI3D with other applications This chapter describes the interaction betw
28. terrace deposits envelopes can be largely drawn from the surface geological linework the Kesgrave Sands and Gravels requires a combination of surface outcrop information and data from sections and boreholes on its concealed limits the Red Crag envelope is drawn simply from the bedrock geological linework which was produced from the sections and the Lower London Tertiaries envelope involves combining the stack of bedrock units above the chalk The Glacial Channel Deposits envelope is drawn from the correlations along the sections only as it 1s completely buried Together these examples illustrate the use of the various envelope drawing tool functions and also the variety of styles of envelopes that occur 94 Geological map of TM14 Ipswich 10 x 10 km showing superficial and bedrock geology and lines of section itdu aly peat a Palaeozoic basement Schematic section through the TM14 Ipswich area showing the relationship of units and codes used in the GVS see below 95 Superficial SUBUEBULE Bedrock Peat Alluvium Intertidal Deposits River Terrace Deposits Glacial Silt and Clay Glacial Sand and Gravel Lowestoft Till Glacial Sand and Gravel Kesgrave Sand and Gravel Chillesford Sand Red Crag Thames Group London Clay Lower London Tertiaries Chalk Colurs names and GVS codes for TM14 96 peat alv itdu rtdu gstc 888 loft gsgbl kes cfb rcg tham
29. the dialogue box below from the list of the already loaded surfaces within the project Choose upper surface for trin mir gq x Choose Gridi TIM tmz4_dtrm Save Viewer Model gxml This function exports the calculated model as triangulated objects with all attribution specified in the gvs file using a standard save dialogue box Save Viewer Model as raster gridded units gxml This function enables the export of the entire calculated model volume file as a gridded raster file ready for use in the Sub surface Viewer This functionality is likely to be used at the end of a modelling project as the first stage in setting up the model within the Sub surface Viewer for delivery to clients It also serves as needed to decrease the resolution or thereby file size of a previously calculated model 30 Save Viewer model x Save model as gridded Viewer model Cell size 25 Grid extent x Min lo Min fo Grid extent x Max ioco Max j1000 Fit grids to model OK Cancel Properties This important screen is used to define the properties of the workspace that is being used in a session It contains file selector buttons to specify the essential files for any modelling project including the sequence gvs and legend gleg files the legend file for parameters nvleg the downhole borehole interpretation file blg the parameter file plg and most importantly the dtm option which defin
30. the folder Show as listed Orders the geological units in the map view to display with the youngest at the top i e looking down from above This should match the geological map Invert list Orders the units in the map view to display with the oldest at the top 1 e looking from beneath Sort using GVS This orders the geological units in the folder into their GVS controlled correct stratigraphic order This function is most useful when new units are inserted or units are not loaded in stratigraphic order Export as shape file Exports the map window view as an attributed shape file shp via dialogue box Right click on the individual geological units produces the following menu Update Paste polygons Volume and area Extra Functions P Link to 3 D view Properties Send bo Front Send to back Switch on edit Delete object Isolate object 59 Unit ID displays the gvs code for unit Update This refreshes the unit in the map window in response to changes made to the correlation lines in the section window or its envelope It does not compute the TINs see section below Paste polygons This function pastes polygons copied from the geological shape file into the receiving editable unit after copying from objects in the map folder see below Volume and Area After calculation of a model clicking on this option will produce the information box below listing the volume of the unit and its areal extent RS 8 8
31. the status of the program 114 GS13D file conversion Select gxml gsipr File E G51_ 30 Hull HullTest gsipr 5 Select gws File Es GSI 3DiHullihull_ final qvs 5l Select gleg file EsGS1_3D iHullihull_ final gleg 5l Select attribute to color polygons Lithology Create new Folder to save to Es Workspace Hull Clip to project boundary DTM i Apply British National Grid OK Cancel 2 Import ASCII to ESRI grid This tool imports ASCII grids to ESRI format If there are any thickness grids missing this tool will create these in both ESRI and ASCII grid format Instructions 1 Select the Import ASCII to ESRI grid function 2 Browse to the location of the ASCII files 3 Browse to the location where the ESRI grids are to be saved 4 The program will then ask whether the grids are floating point grids 1 e whether the grid values contain decimal places Note Floating point ESRI grids take up significantly more memory than integer grids If the data is held as in integer grid it is advisable that this format is maintained If you have a floating point grid and no is entered to the above message the grid will still be created but with integer values The application bar in the bottom left hand corner of ArcMap reports on the status of the program 3 Change Colours This tool changes the colours of the layers already in the map according to an attribution in the gleg file The c
32. 2D 0 1 0 OK Cancel Once created the Voronoy map is listed in the Map folder of the Table of Contents see below at Section 3 2 2 E GSI3D Training TM24 new GSIPR GSI30 Yersion 2 6 October 2008 Fie Add objects Tools Analysis Windows Help EHUSHAQQTeBRBBEEHi ie 53 project H E grids amp tins geological units I lte oo tham a rcg Wi cfb IM kes gsgb1 iv iv if if it I loft ee vi gstc gs9 redu ood itdu A alv con ge H cross sections ee maps tm24_sobiv4 bid sir_photo_mosaic_3m km24_10k_comb_drift oo best4 Beet others Example Voronoy map in the map window 42 3 1 1 3 Tools This menu point contains a selection of different tools and functions used in the modelling process Tools Analysis Windows Helg EJ Create new section DF Construct envelope HH Create Interactive TIN Create horizontal slice Pa Check all sections P Trim project by area Create new section Selecting this item leads to a dialogue box requesting the input of a unique identifier Name of section for the section to be constructed Be systematic in labelling sections making use of the sheet on which they occur and their direction and sequential number where possible e g TM14 NS2 is the second north south aligned section on the TM14 25K tile Once selected this section appears at the bottom of the list of sections in the table of contents of the sections wind
33. 3D pdf Kessler H Turner A K Culshaw M amp K Royse 2008 Unlocking the potential of digital 3D geological subsurface models for geotechnical engineers In Cities and their underground environment 2nd European conference of International Association of engineering geology Euroengeo 2008 Madrid Spain 15 20 Sept 2008 http nora nerc ac uk 3817 1 EUROENGEO 2008 Kessler et_al pdf Smith B et al 2008 3D Modelling of geology and soils A case study from the UK In A E Hartemink et al eds Digital Soil Mapping with Limited Data Springer 436pp http www globalsoilmap net Riobook html Mathers S J Kessler H amp H G Sobisch 2008 The geological maps of the future 3D modelling at BGS using the GSI3D software and methodology Presentation at the International Geological Congress Oslo 6th 14th August 2008 http www cprm gov br 33IGC 1257345 html Mathers S J editor 2008 Extended Abstracts of the 2nd International GSI3D Conference 2 3 September 2008 British Geological Survey Open File Report OR 08 054 30pp http www bgs ac uk downloads browse cfm sec 1 amp cat 79 Kessler H Mathers S J amp H G Sobisch 2008 The capture and dissemination of integrated 3D geospatial knowledge at the British Geological Survey using GSI3D software and methodology Computers amp Geosciences Available on line http dx do1 org 10 1016 j cageo 2008 04 005 Kessler H Mathers S J amp H G Sobisch 2008 GS
34. 42 22264169 22 67058 22 86704 939047 37 93947 37 91561 37 76003 37 34774 36 92392 3 6 74524 JE 72 97688 73 91511 74 34244 74 06448 74 20015 75 87374 77 05847 21 14404 21 848631 21 83333 22 18078 22 29417 22 32313 22 37329 T2914 38 901 38 901 38 81796 S8 66298 38 5064 38 27429 37 4 71 41333 71 76079 72 93065 74 13396 74 135 74 39559 74 65618 Fe 21 01958 21 36324 21 7107 21 91776 21 94672 21 97567 22 6646s 9 53377 39 86384 39 86384 39 7203 39 56472 39 40915 39 25357 34 NOTE A DTM or another surface is obligatory for the modelling process as it forms the cap for all modelled units Any other required surfaces such as Rockhead watertables can be imported in this format and viewed in 2D or 3D These surfaces can be selected to cap a GSI3D model with the resulting models truncated along surfaces other than the ground surface 2 1 2 Raster maps Rasters such as topographic maps air photos satellite images can be imported as geo registered JPEGs jpg with jpgw the jpgw registration file can be created directly from BGS corporate tfw registration files by changing the file extension The size of these rasters should not exceed 10 15 MB as that will seriously impact on the performance of the software NOTE The jpgw files used in GSI3D has its origin at its lower left corner 2 1 3 GIS data Points lines and polygons can be loaded into GSI3D as standard ESRI shape file shp and will be displayed in the map wi
35. 445271 Fax 01392 445371 Geological Survey of Northern Ireland 20 College Gardens Belfast BT9 6BS 028 9066 6595 Fax 028 9066 2835 Maclean Building Crowmarsh Gifford Wallingford Oxfordshire OX10 8BB 01491 838800 Fax 01491 692345 Parent Body Natural Environment Research Council Polaris House North Star Avenue Swindon Wiltshire SN2 1EU 01793 411500 Fax 01793 411501 www nerc ac uk Contents COMENTS ass ane a nea tnee sek uaed amie aual aaute wee naa eluna amie E ana none 4 PNCKMOW IEC Cements stiera a ETE a E RERE 6 We ERO CUIC HO Masnec E E eee T I AL Fistornical contex erosin ran E O ETE EO T T 7 lS Cope ol CS DD naan E E EE A EREN wi EES BIDRI ELONE O 5 325 ae a E A ee E A A 10 LA Outputs from GSIJD Projects sassi ios escnadenvecesbaaederecenuausswit edanadearoduseanebiresansesaceraevesades 11 IGS 13D TeCent Me VelOpineits rian 12 Ze Data Me sand TOi zeni te alolectae i a E noe es 13 pid WW 0 02 0 101557 d eTO eg 0b ee ne E T E EEE 13 2 1 1 Digital Terrain Models or other surface data cccccccccccccccccceeeeeesessessesseeeeeeeeeeeeees 13 ZE Raster MAS eyxiest aetehensat E E eta arnt area aa eee aaa aes 14 Di Ne STS AU a olds aassiateseinndebaniidestrcenniat shade sasmuns EROAN 14 PANE F BOC NO 2 6 2 gt Heer are mR re eee 15 2 E E ler Mica GUie Mle MUS aten E A A A A A E A A 16 2 NAO Se CUOMS And SEE Sargin a T a a E E T g 2i T Generalised Vertical SCCUON GV Sarea a eae eae A EE 18 2 Mc Legend
36. B Shoreface and beach upper 6 peat 10 PEAT Peat P Pal Paludal 1100 Ho 9 aly 20 ALY Freshwater Alluvium Cz Fly Fluvial ovet 1100 Ho 10 jitdu 30 ITDU Intertidal Deposits undifferentiated CZ zs channel int Int Intertidal fl 1100 Ho 11 tfd 31 ITDU Intertidal Deposits undifferentiated CZ zs channel intInt Intertidal fl 1100 Ha 12 stob 36 STOB Shoreface and beach deposits VS Lit Littoral bee 1100 Ho 13 sabd 36 STOB Shoreface and beach deposits VS Lit Littoral bee 1100 Ha 14 peat1 40 PEAT Peat P Pal Paludal 1100 Ho 16 alvt 50 ALY Freshwater Alluvium CZ Fly Fluvial ovel 1100 Ho 16 itdu1 60 ITDU Intertidal Deposits undifferentiated CZ zs channel intInt Intertidal fl 1100 Ho 17 stob1 62 STOB Shoreface and beach deposits VS Lit Littoral bee 1100 Ho 18 Ide 65 LDE Lake deposits CZ Lacustrine 1200 Ple 19 jisc 66 ISC Interglacial Deposits undiff 20 head 70 HEAD Head CZiSV very variable Mam Mass Movi 1000 Ple 21 head1 71 HEAD Head 22 brk 75 BRK Stutton Formation 23 rtdu 80 RTDU River terrace Deposits undifferentieSV local lenses of silt clay and peat Fly Fluvial mai 1300 Ple 24 Ide1 90 LDE Lake Deposits CZ finely larninated Lac Lacustrine 1500 Ple 25 gstc 100 GSTC Glacial Silt and Clay supra CZ finely laminated Glac Lacustrine 1700 An 26 gsg 120 GSG Glacial Sand and Gravel supra SY locally clayey Gfly Fluvial glac 1700 An 27 gstctt 170 LOFT Lowestoft Till CZSVLB Glal Glacial 1700 An 26 gstc1 130 GSTC Glacial Silt and Clay inter CZ fin
37. ES TM24NW_NSt oo TM24nW_NS2 oo TM24NW_NS3 oo TM24NwW_NS4 oJ TM24NW_NS5 si TMZ4NW_NS6 y Double click on the Project icon to expand the cross sections folder containing the sections loaded from the gxml file into the section window Only one section can be shown by ticking box at once Right click on the cross section folder gives a menu as follows 72 Link all objects bo 3 D window Delete all objects Populate lines Update sections Link all objects to 3 D window Click this option to load all the sections into the 3D window Delete all objects self explanatory Populate lines this function displays an entry screen to type in the maximum distance in metres between two adjacent nodes that is permitted along correlation lines where this distance is exceeded an equally spaced node s are inserted to populate the line This function updates all lines in all loaded sections see also below Update sections self explanatory With the cross section folder opened right clicking on the individual sections gives Invert direction of section Populate lines Smooth line Check section Link to 3 D view Properties Delete object Invert direction of section Reverses the section in the display and will be saved in this changed orientation unless switched back TIP As additional points can only be added to the end right end of a section in the window you can invert a section to add points beyond the star
38. GSI3D GSI3D V2 as per V 1 5 Calculated k Calculated TRIANGULATED GRIDDED VOLUMES VOLUMES Batch top base thickness export to GIS Surfer and GoCad Top and base of single unit to GoCad as TS file VERSION 2 6 Nov 2008 arei Full visualisation and analysis in GSI3D Calculated 5 TRIANGULATED VOLUMES Batch top base thickness export to GIS Surfer and GoCad 12 2 Data files and formats This section describes the basic data and their file formats used by GSI3D detailed information about the actual loading process is given in Section 3 1 1 It also includes a brief description about the extraction of some of the datasets via the BGS Data Portal which directly accesses corporate datastores and converts data into a GSI3D format 2 1 Supported file formats In order to construct a new model GSI3D works with the following files items in bold are essential for any modelling project Digital Terrain Models or other surface data as ASCII grids Raster maps as geo registered JPEG images GIS data as ESRI shapes Borehole data SOBI and BoGe as ASCII text files Point measurements as ASCII text files Sections and slices as geo registered JPEG images or grids Generalised Vertical Section GVS as ASCII text file Legend as ASCII text file plus Constructed sections and unit boundaries are progressively stored in a project file gsipr as a XML ASCII text file as the model develops So this f
39. Glasgow GSI3D Version 2 0 GEOLOGICAL SURVEYING amp INVESTIGATION IN 3D Fie Add objects Tools Analysis Help me PERA AT M bhse_clay M ross_sand M ross_sz M bill I witi cross sections T pais_v T bron_ T ross_sand_ HEH SHAQ 4 A ARMA a lfo 1638 9069 Z 47 44172 e Navigating the 3 D window is carried out using mouse control e Holding the left mouse button down and moving the mouse around rotates the model in all directions e Holding the right mouse button down and moving the mouse up and down zooms in and out of the model e Holding down both mouse buttons or the middle mouse button depending on mouse model and moving the mouse around pans the model in all directions 3 4 1 Toolbar Sxsaeoal l 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 The toolbar contains the following icons from left to right 1 Print Map Window Click on this icon to print the map window to a printer 2 Zoom to full extent Click fits the whole object fence diagram surface envelope grid model to the dimensions of the 3D window 3 Plan view Adjusts the 3D view to a vertical view i e the model is viewed from above in plan view 8 1 4 Side View This instantly adjusts the model to a side horizontal view 5 Rotate right Click starts the model spinning incrementally to the right anticlockwise about a vertical axis preserving any tilt inclination present at the start Once spinning the icon changes to a stop sig
40. I3D The software and methodology to build systematic near surface 3 D geological models Version 2 British Geological Survey Open File Report OR 08 001 144pp http nora nerc ac uk 3737 Royse K 2008 Unlocking the potential of 3D Geology In GeoConnexionUK Magazine July 2008 http www geoconnexion com uploads unlocking pot_olymv1 pdf 126 Campbell D Monaghan A Entwisle D Merritt J amp M Browne 2008 Geoscience for decision making In GeoConnexionUK Magazine February March 2008 http www geoconnexion com uploads geoscience_ukv6i1 pdf AG Hydro und Umweltgeologie Martin Luther Universitat Halle Wittenberg 2007 Raummodelle als Grundlage gekoppelter Modellierung On line publication http www2 uzu uni halle de 3D Geology Raummodelle Text pdf Kessler H Mathers S Napier B Terrington R amp Sobisch H G 2007 The present and future construction and delivery of 3D geological models at the British Geological Survey GSA Denver Annual Meeting Poster http nora nerc ac uk 3756 1 Present_ future 3Dmodels 3 pdf Wollmann A 2007 lithosphere east applied 3D geological surveying http lithosphere east com andreas_ wollmann home lithosphere_ eng pdf Cooper A Ford J Price S Hall M Burke H amp Kessler H 2007 The digital approach to understanding the Quaternary evolution of the Vale of York UK Poster Nottingham UK British Geological Survey http nora nerc ac uk 4077
41. Model Collective term for DTMs and DSMs 120 DGSM DGSM portal DiGMapGB Domain DIM Drift DSM Envelope GBASE GEOENTRY GEOHAZARD GeoSciML GSI3D Digital Geoscientific Spatial Model Major BGS programme to standardise BGS data formats and working practices LINK Web based retrieval tool giving access to prime BGS corporate datasets such as DTMs raster maps DiGMapGB data Borehole information geochemical and geophysical data The digital geological map of Great Britain a database in 4 layers mass movement artificial deposits superficial deposits bedrock and 3 standard scales 250K 50K and 10K Served on the S drive and available as ARC and MapInfo polygons A 2 D area of similar setting or equal processes In BGS usually derived to satisfy a particular customer need by interpreting a number of data sources e g Groundwater Vulnerability zones Ground stability maps etc Digital Terrain Model Model of surface of the solid Earth generally the boundary between geosphere and atmosphere or hydrosphere This is traditionally derived from OS contours and spot heights and should therefore exclude all buildings trees hedges crops animals etc Sometimes also referred to as bald earth models Obsolete term for superficial quaternary deposits Digital Surface Models are elevation models that include height information from surface objects such as trees and buildings as well as from
42. SD Tools Help ee A TS Create Features from G513D file eT Fi Fa Import ASCII to ESRI grid Spatial Analyst z Change Colours awe Gor T Add ESRI Grids to window Editor T d Layout Maker x Export polygon to GML 65130 Tools Help 1 Create Features from GSI3D file This tool extracts the boreholes section lines and envelopes from either a gxml or gsipr file converts them to shapefiles and adds them to the map window If a gvs and gleg file is specified then the program will order the layers in stratigraphical order and colour according to the legend Instructions 1 Select the Create Features from GSI3D file function 2 Browse to the location of your gxml or gsi3d file 3 Browse to the location of your gvs and gleg file NB Where possible the code will automatically extract these from the header information of the gsipr file 4 Select an attribute to colour the shapefiles This box is automatically populated with attributes from the gvs 5 Browse to the location where you wish to save the data and type in the name of a new folder 6 Select whether to clip the data to the project boundary The project boundary is extracted from the gsipr file so is unavailable if you are converting a gxml file 7 Select whether to use the British National Grid projection 8 OK The time it takes to process the data depends on the complexity of the GSI3D file The application message bar highlights
43. Scattered x y z in ASCII format Scattered x y z in ASCII format Scattered x y z in ASCII format MapInfo Standard ASCII grids and polygons as mid mif files geo registered images Standard ASCII grids and ESRI shapes 11 Using the GSI3D_tools mxd Arc project from Y GSI3D GIS_tools the user can batch convert all envelopes directly from a GXM L file retaining their attribution and topology from the GVS file and colour from the legend file The tool also allows the export of the section outline as an arc shape file It 1s intended to also allow export of the sections as geological polygons A further option is to bulk convert existing polygons to envelopes in GXML format see Section 5 2 1 5 GSI3D recent developments This manual describes the recently released Version 2 6 of the software it differs fundamentally from the earlier Version 2 1n that the calculation of the Model is now entirely TIN based so triangulated volumes are calculated by the number crunching function In addition workspaces can be saved as project files In the earlier versions grids were calculated and used extensively for analysis The analytical function is now usually performed in the Sub surface Viewer The diagrams below illustrates the current flows within the software and relation to the Sub surface Viewer contrasted with Version 2 from 2006 VERSION 2 April 2006 SUBSURFACE VIEWER Visualisation and Visualisation and limited analysis in analysis in
44. She eG eS 17648215 lt POLYGON gt lt SCHICHTPOLYGON gt lt GSI3DPROJECT gt 2 1 10 GSI3D Volume file gxml After modelling all objects can be exported into a single gxml file containing all geological objects top plus base including their attribution as defined by the GVS and legend Example Volume File text lt GSI3DMODEL gt lt ATTRIBUTENAME NAME Geological_Description gt lt VOLUME NAME mgr COLOR 9548749 Geological_Description made and worked ground and topsoil Geological_DescriptionCOLOR 9548749 LENS false gt lt BASE gt lt TIN gt lt POINI S gt ZO000TsI0ZS GES J09 T TLS 0 260007 LOJA 663706 1166 0 L9 7942902 260007 7466 663699 7329 0 877495267 lt POINTS gt lt INDEXLIST gt O 18 1 18 95 2 18 2 ih lt INDEXLIST gt lt 7 TINS lt BASE gt OPS lt TIN gt lt POINTS gt ZOU00T lt A O26 06531007 TEE 260007 7074 663708 7166 0 Z60007 lt F455 663700 O lt POINTS gt lt INDEXLIST gt 21 474 452 444 492 491 476 z 3 2 lt INDEXLIST gt lt TIN gt lt TOP gt lt GSI3DMODEL gt TIP After changing the file extension to xml any gxml file can be opened in Microsoft Internet Explorer in order to check the validity of the document e g are any closing tags missing 2 2 The BGS Data Portal Using the BGS data portal above on the intranet the user can extract data from the BGS datastores into GSI3D ready to use format
45. The data portal has an in built help facility shown by a question mark icon at bottom right of the menu window The user has the choice of selecting data via 1 10K sheets or multiples thereof or any rectangular area using the map marquee In its current release the portal serves NEXTMAP DTM and rockhead elevation model with the ability to subsample SOBI with the ability to assign a missing start height from NEXTMAP BoGe with the ability to select by Interpreter and Content Code as well as Stratigraphy Raster topo maps In future releases the Portal will serve DiGMap and auto compile GVS and Legend files from the codes and colours contained in the extracted data 2 3 File structure and labelling All working GSI3D projects should be stored on the Small Area Network SAN in BGS Keyworth currently mapped as the W drive 22 When working in a strategic survey project it is recommended to create a folder for each 25K or 10K sheet with the name of the sheet e g TM14 SJ79NE when working in a special project this folder should have a short project identification code e g MAN for the Manchester Urban project This folder contains all GSI3D files described above at one level and an EXPORT folder containing frozen grid and Volume exports from GSI3D Because the GVS and Legend file are usually relevant for multiple sheets or projects and can therefore be stored directly in the top folder labelled sensibly like MAN gleg or SouthEastAnglia
46. They should be listed at the bottom of the GVS see Section 2 1 7 where in the ID column the top of the lens receives the negative numerical assignation as its corresponding base As intrusive bodies can therefore cross cut the stratigraphic boundaries in the model NOTE Because the elevation of the entire lense envelope is calculated from the final nodes on the correlation lines the separation between the final node and the envelope boundary must not exceed five metres Lens envelope Final node on section Final node on section 25 3 The GSI3D Interface After starting the GSI3D software from the desktop shortcut icon above the MS DOS window GSI3D title page and license details are displayed briefly splash screen also above before loading the main screen below __GSI3D__ Version 2 6 October 2008 GSI3D BEC Fie Add objects Tools Analysis Windows Help a project gt Sit Be a Xa anuer SNS ACS Se ul Map Windo 3D Properties Exploded video Window Borehole tel Background Colour o Viewer I Info onoff V Frame W 3D view p X 3600 0 4825 0 BEUSHQQUEA BR i Bah Section Window 3 1 The Main Screen On loading GSI3D the basic screen is composed of three individual windows the map window top left the 3D window top right and the section window below The Borehole viewer is loaded separately from the tools pull down menu see Section 3 1 1 3 Arrows on the margins of the
47. UM MODEL DEPTH VALUF 1000 0 gt lt GRIDVIEWOBJECT NAME tm24_50m_nextmap URL file E GSI3D Training Exercise data TM24 data TM24_50m_NEXTMAP asc gt lt GREDEAYOUT COLORIE L67 7 216 COLORZ 65536 COLORS 256 TYPES T CLASSINTERVAL 1 0 SHADING 0 0 TRANSPARENCY2D 0 0 TRANSPARBENCY3D 0 0 lt GRIDVIEWOBJECT gt lt SELECTED ATTRIBUTE NAME horizon gt lt DRILLLOGMAP NAMF 3dsoil_ shelford bid gt lt BOHRKOORD INATEN gt Shelford _Borehole_1 467468 0 S4254 6 0 323 lt IMAGEMAP NAMF sShelford_site_map_50k URL file W SSM 3DSo0il Data Shelford_data 3D_Model Shelford_site_map_50K 4 pg gt lt WORLDINEO X 405249790 Yo 344338 62 XS 2 14011093T YS 21402609T BH 2044 H 1746 7 gt lt IMAGEMAP gt lt TINOBJECT NAME dtm gt lt SCHICHTPOLYGON gt lt POLYGON gt ay 46798306 341588 38 467800 03 34 L80472 467504 62 3417423 467284 16 342000725 46723006 34206266 lt PROFILVIEWOBJECT NAME ThamesG_NS_1 gt lt BOHRKOORD INATEN gt TOS NELZ 6 ope eae 178040 2 20 TOS7TNE454 557500 177806 TUSEI TOSINE4 S3 557506 177788 EN TOS INES 52 55750 LTA Ay lt BOHRKOORDINATEN gt W lt LINE NAME rtdu gt 44 TAD Se SOS 4 6 93151 1130 54 91 11 304261 Vo 13 245 39 2 96320 1 1936 5609 I14 045156 ay aS lt PROFILVIEWOBJECT gt lt SCHICHTOBJECT NAME water gt lt SCHICHTPOLYGON gt lt POLYGON gt wI SIGS ARa 175890761 5562452 15 175903 8
48. ackground Colour button brings up the standard palette to select the colour With the Info box checked a left mouse click in the 3D window will produce the query results in the Java console which needs to be first activated from the Windows pull down menu see Section 3 1 1 5 The selected objects is displayed in yellow as shown below 83 SKAG mjs PEE 624397 3506915218 245664 27883046458 6 82987237652107 4 geological unit tham 624397 3506915218 245664 27883046458 6 829872376521074 geological unit tham 624397 3506915218 245664 27883046458 6 829872376521074 geological unit tham 624397 3506915218 245664 27883046458 6 829872376521074 geological unit Ilte 624375 5713322782 245666 0641994051 8 003478021634427 geological unit reg 624324 7150284178 245670 234347808 18 35489117434422 geological unit tham 624388 0809256773 245665 03872205917 11 35841537103573 geological unit kes 623529 06108284 245735 4574586423 23 722090487465255 geological unit tham 624561 5548983102 245650 81814562881 12 965674177954842 The example above also shows the box frame around the model that can be switched on or off using the Frame box The 3D View icon enables saving of the 3D window as an image where the user is asked to enter the image width in pixels up to a maximum of 1280 NOTE Printing of screens in GSI3D is often best done however by maximising the window and using a screen capturing software package
49. all objects from the active session The folders for the various types of map data are 52 1 grids amp tins Contains DTM and other imported surfaces as raster grids or TINs The individuasl objects are not distinguished in the TOC as either TINs or grids but right clicking on the objects produces differing pull down menus as explained below Right clicking the folder offers the option to Create new TIN in addition to the common options shown above Create new TIN Link all objects to 3 D window Hide all objects Show all objects Delete all objects Create new TIN This option produces a dialogue box below to name the TIN On clicking OK this creates an empty object in the grids and tins folder of the Table of Contents Input TIN name TIM NMame feyz TE In order to then create the TIN the user right clicks on this empty object and under extra functions can import either an ascii grid a GoCad TIN or scattered data points see below The data is then displayed in the map window as a TIN and corresponding envelope which initially equates to the full extent of the loaded dataset For performance reasons in the default display of the triangulated surface is switched off and the envelope is set to transparent EUSX QQ 1 OR RBBB ioi J tm24_dtm SJ dtm aps WM tm24_10k_comb_ thers e m othe gt 1619431 6 250459 98 These settings can be adjusted using the property box for the ind
50. amp Browne M 2007 3D attributed models for addressing environmental and engineering geoscience problems in areas of urban regeneration a case study in Glasgow UK In First Break Special Topic Environmental and Engineering Geoscience Volume 25 August 2007 pp 79 84 http www firstbreak org files special_ 3d aug2007 pdf HPSESSID 1 10b62385a454ad1ee6dbdf 13a2c6ed5b Ha pyccKOM A35IKe http www firstbreak nl files special 3D rusaug2007 pdf HPSESSID f1 73 10cfceb26d294ecc2 392bda7123c Merritt J E amp Whitbread K 2007 Combining ARC GIS maps and attributed 3D geological models to provide geoscience solutions in the urban environment Examples from the City of Glasgow and North east England In Coors V Rumor M Fendle E M amp Zlatanova S eds 2007 Urban and Regional Data Management UDMS Annual Taylor amp Francis Group London pp 185 192 127 Giles J 2006 Geological Map Database A Practitioner s Guide to Delivering the Information In David R Soller ed Digital Mapping Techniques 06 Workshop Proceedings USGS Open File Report 2007 1285 pp 77 84 http pubs usgs gov of 2007 1285 pdt Giles pdf http ngmdb usgs gov Info dmt docs giles06 pdf presentation Kessler H 2006 Tools for building and delivering 3D models Perspectives by the BGS Presentation at the GGIPAC Workshop Geoscience Australia Canberra http www geoscience gov au pdf G_ Holger Kessler pdf Kessler H amp S J Mathers
51. ations is available from the BGS Sales Desks at Nottingham and Edinburgh see contact details below or shop online at www thebgs co uk The London Information Office maintains a reference collection of BGS publications including maps for consultation The Survey publishes an annual catalogue of its maps and other publications this catalogue is available from any of the BGS Sales Desks The British Geological Survey carries out the geological survey of Great Britain and Northern Ireland the latter as an agency service for the government of Northern Ireland and of the surrounding continental shelf as well as its basic research projects It also undertakes programmes of British technical aid in geology in developing countries as arranged by the Department for International Development and other agencies The British Geological Survey is a component body of the Natural Environment Research Council Keyworth Nottingham NG12 5GG 0115 936 3241 Fax 0115 936 3488 e mail sales bgs ac uk www bgs ac uk Shop online at www thebgs co uk Murchison House West Mains Road Edinburgh EH9 3LA 0131 667 1000 Fax 0131 668 2683 e mail scotsales bgs ac uk London Information Office at the Natural History Museum Earth Galleries Exhibition Road South Kensington London SW7 2DE 020 7589 4090 Fax 020 7584 8270 T 020 7942 5344 45 email bgslondon bgs ac uk Forde House Park Five Business Centre Harrier Way Sowton Exeter Devon EX2 7HU 01392
52. by right clicking in the window and selecting properties and vertical exaggeration by clicking on the icon and typing in an appropriate value try 15 for starters It is often best to tick off the annotation text in the borehole dialogue properties box to focus clearly on the geology text shown in Al below Tick the Display map polygons box in the section window property dialogue box to show a coloured layer of the relevant geological map along the DTM see A2 below make sure your geological map was attached to the dtm on loading if not right click on the geological map object and adjust the properties NOTE It is possible to display multiple map bands across the DTM but a surface geology map often combined superficial and bedrock should ideally be used as this is the geology at the DTM surface 89 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Then consider the geological contacts along the section in the map window and the coloured borehole sticks in the section window This process can be helped by locking together the scales of the map and section windows see Section 3 3 1 Start to draw lines using the Draw line tool in the section window on the base of shallow drift units see B below such as till head alluvium and river terraces These are shallow dish shaped bases often running from one edge of the deposit at surface to the other Use the Zoom in where needed and produce precise lines with regularly spaced nodes giving geolog
53. calculation of triangulated base of a single geological object NOTE This button is useful during modelling because it only takes a few seconds to compute the unit and it can be checked immediately Clean geological unit top base errors This function will clean the top and base of an individual geological unit by removing any cross overs between the two surfaces Returning to the right click on geological unit menu Properties Right clicking on this produces a window for adjusting the properties of the individual geological unit layer display Envelopes and or TINs shown below Geological Unit Properties D settings W Basalsurface Topsurface Thickness M Boundaries Contours Contour interval mio Lines TIN J Points W Transparency 2D 0 4 0 3 D Settings Transparency 3D 0 1 W Basal surface Contour Boundary Triangle mesh Flat V Gouraud W Topsurface Contour Boundary Triangle mesh Flat V Gouraud M Sides Contour Triangle mesh Flat Gouraud oK Cancel 63 Please note that with the exception of unit boundaries lines and points all these options refer to the calculated TINs The 2 D Settings include the ability to select either check the Basal surface or the Top Surface or Thickness Boundaries allows the user to switch on and off envelope boundaries Contours and Contour interval enables the user to contour the selected surface Lines TIN Points enables the user to sele
54. ck Classification Scheme and data formats and is therefore fully compatible with the main corporate databases GSI3D data flow model Customers of ike ee Properties and legends Products Topo maps DTM Imagery Historic maps Geospatial Framework GSF existing spatial data Geological boundaries Borehole databases Borehole picks Data download Unit boundaries points lines surfaces objects generates Revised Corporate Databases Geoscience Large Model storage Object Store GLOS 10 1 4 Outputs from GSI3D projects The following diagram shows what outputs can be generated from the GSI3D model Hardcopy maps and reports BSURFAC l SUBSURFACE f VIEWER Web delivery INSIGHT j Corporate _ Datastores The diagram shows general outputs and the tables below provide more specific details on data types and formats Section 2 lists each file and data type exactly BGS BGS corporate datastores datastores Data type Geoscience Large Object Store GLOS Folder containing all relevant project files Geospatial Framework GSF Attributed geological objects tops bases and walls as stored in the model file Borehole databases SOBI and BOGE Tab separated ASCII files DiGMapGB Envelopes as ESRI shapes Other BGS software packages Data type and format SUBSURFACE VIEWER Attributed Volume Models in gxml format
55. cross sections IV bayi0idde 176 55605 Z 137 09283 78 TIP With the Geo register vertical geophysical section button from the Tools pull down menu see Section 3 1 1 3 any sectional picture can be integrated into GSI3D ranging from quarry pictures to hand drawn cross sections NOTE Remember if a section is deleted from the table of contents in this way and then a new version of the gxml file is saved the deleted section will not exist in the new gxml file 3 3 3 mouse click Use the left mouse click to query objects such as lines boreholes correlation lines cross points and outcrop ticks The query information is displayed at the bottom left corner of the section window Right click anywhere within the section window produces the following menu Update Check section Properties Send log to borehole viewer Update refreshes the section window Any changes to correlation lines will only become effective when this button is pressed TIP When loading sections into the 3D window without having edited or updated the section all faces will appear grey and may need refreshing via the update button Using the Check Section function the user can check the active section using the map checker function described in Section 3 3 2 Properties this option is described above at Section 3 3 2 Enable logs to borehole viewer This option when selected from the dialogue enables boreholes click yes Once activated usi
56. ct one or more options for displaying correlation lines triangles or nodes of the selected surface Point Line or Tin Colour Button displays a palette to choose the colour of the unit Transparency 2D defines the transparency of an envelope in the Map window 0 solid 1 transparent The 3 D Settings include the ability to select either check the Basal surface the Top Surface or Sides for display in the 3 D window All can be displayed at once The options for each display are by checking a single box from contours boundary triangle mesh flat or Gouraud Transparency 3D defines the transparency of the unit in the 3D window 0 solid 1 transparent 3 Cross sections This folder lists all the cross sections loaded from the gxml file that are available for viewing in the section window and whose alignments are displayed in the map window A right click on the cross section folder gives the option to create a new section in addition to the standard functions Create new section Link all objects ta 3 D window Hide all objects Show all objects Delete all objects Export section outlines as shape file Create new section This option enables the name of the new section to be defined once entered click OK and then section is automatically added to the Table of Contents in the section window as the active section so that construction can begin Input of section name Eg Name of section LY a ox Cancel Export
57. down to a very detailed investigation on the scale perhaps of a quarry for planning extraction and reserve estimation or the site investigation for a major engineering structure 4 2 Borehole coding All BGS held borehole data should be examined Coding must be consistent with the BGS stratigraphical and lithological lexicons available on the intranet Only boreholes with reliable information that contribute to the understanding of the sediment body geometry or model should be coded For example where multiple closely spaced boreholes show the same sequence only the deepest or best described logs have been coded The datasets should be edited cleaned to remove erroneous grid references and correct or supply start heights Boreholes whose logs are without recorded start heights can be estimated from the 1 10K topographical sheets or the DTM The choice of boreholes should be largely independent of any pre conceived geological model Whilst the project remit may require that boreholes offering a certain type of information are included care should be taken to ensure that an objective approach is used when including or excluding primary data The borehole stratigraphical classification held in Borehole Geology tables can be revised as an iterative process during the development of the sections and the geological model The level of stratigraphical refinement of the coding is largely driven by the recognized geological mapping units at surface and the a
58. e and sophisticated Digital Terrain Models DTM it is now possible to envisage a new survey concept and eventually a totally new survey product the systematic 3 D geological model Kessler amp Mathers 2004 Kessler Mathers amp Sobisch 2008 Mathers 2008 GSI3D is one of a suite of software tools and methodologies that enable the construction of such 3 D models In order to achieve the objectives of a geological survey national coverage and uniform high standards the creation of this product must rest in the hands of the scientists on the ground Only their specialized knowledge of the geological processes and evolution of the landscape can ensure the integrity of the systematic 3 D geological model The success of the GSI3D methodology and software is based on the fact that it utilizes exactly the same data and methods that geologists have been using for two centuries in order to make geological maps Boreholes classified lithologically and interpreted stratigraphically Geological outcrop data linework and measurements Topographic maps and latterly Digital Terrain Models DTMs Cross sections Contoured maps of buried surfaces Geophysical data Geochemical and geotechnical measurements Hydrogeological data CO IN ee ae The true difference to conventional surveying practice is the increased speed efficiency at which all data can be visualized and analysed in relation to all other information enabling new insights into the geometr
59. e same TIN structure as GSI3D described in section 2 1 10 Below are some examples illustrating the seamless interoperability between detailed and regional models from GSI3D and GoCad using the UK Regional Model LithoFrame 1M Napier 2004 kaketa T F i DUD k t kk krk kk k kk k ka kak ii rij i Thira ETE i TAA The GoCad model imported and gridded in GSI3D 118 permiar A synthetic GSI3D section from Cheshire to Kent through and a synthetic borehole in East Anglia vertical scale 1 1 Using GSI3D exports a full volume block model has been built in GoCad as part of the Thames Gateway project The voxel model was then attributed with SPT test values from engineering logs Engineering point data visualised in GoCad for part of the Thames Gateway 119 6 Technical appendices 6 1 System requirements e The recommended specification for a PC to run GSI3D efficiently would be based on Intel Pentium 4 2 5 Ghz processor or better or an AMD Althon XP 2600 processer or better A minimum of 512 Mb system RAM Windows 2000 service pack 4 or later XP is preferred GSI3D will run on MS Vista but is currently unsupported by BGS or Insight e lt A higher end desktop graphics card preferably NVIDIA Geforce 6600 or better Nvidia Quadro FX series or better AMD ATI Radeon 9500 or better based is desirable e The GSI3D installation requires at least 120 Mb of free disk space Note The above
60. e Log scale box if appropriate 37 Clicking the Settings for borehole logs button below opens the property box for Drill log layout settings which can be changed any time during the working session Click OK and the vertical geophysical picture or grid appears in the cross section file tree of the map and profile view in the same way like any other geological cross section as well as the extension line of the section in the map view The sections can be linked to the 3D view and stored in the gxml project file NOTE The coordinate setting properties can only be changed before the first visualization of the slice not during the first or any other working session NOTE The project gxml file only stores a link to the geophysical picture or grid referring to the location of the respective picture or grid while geocoding Changing the location of the picture or grid into another folder will result in loss of the data for the picture or grid But if these files are in the same directory as the gxml project file the system automatically checks this directory and chooses the indicated picture This enables the transfer of the complete folder gxml and slices into a differing directory environment Geo register horizontal geophysical slices This option allows the geo rectification of horizontal geophysical slices using the following dialogue box Load horizontal geophysical slices xj Settings Name of image NN to F Image origi
61. e displayed in the Map Window by changing the Properties or in the 3 D Window by linking across Calculate triang ulated vol ume s cut to DTM This option also calculates the entire model as above however any geological units occurring above the DTM due to errors or in cases of palaeo reconstruction will be deleted from the model 3 1 1 5 Windows Borehole Viewer Clicking on this option activates the single borehole viewer window The viewer displays borehole logs selected by the Info tool from the map and section window and is particularly useful in deciding which boreholes to incorporate during section construction NOTE The borehole viewer runs in a separate window to GSI3D and once opened it must be dragged to a convenient position within the monitor window Also the first log selected using the info tool will need to be rescaled and positioned for viewing Display Java Console Clicking on this option calls up the Java Console that contains details of the status of the software including any error messages that have occurred during the session This facility should be used to alert the developer of any programme errors by cutting and pasting the message from the Java window into a text file and then e mail it to 3dmodels bgs ac uk TIP It is useful to have this window open at all times to instantly see when errors occur Split windows This function enables the user to split or float all windows and arrange them in any desired order
62. e it may also be used to link databases directly to the GVS The LINK ID must be an integer number between 65000 and 65000 with no decimals Stratigraphy This field and any subsequent fields are used to provide the link to the legend file The legend field entries are caps sensitive and must match exactly the entry in the legend file There can be multiple fields in order to colour up the model by other parameters TIP It is recommended to generate the GVS in WordPad or EXCEL NOTE The GVS file can but does not have to contain any headers However if the model is to be published using the Sub surface Viewer column header names are necessary as they will be displayed in the property pick list It is therefore important to give concise and meaningful names that can be understood by your envisaged client NOTE The gys file must not contain any special characters such as amp NOTE All GSI3D files but in particular the GVS file must NOT contain an empty row at the bottom of the data file 18 NOTE The line entry at the top for the dtm cap used in earlier Versions is no longer needed Regional_Training_v1 gvs Se Tren a D SS kt ee ot a ed FUE Stratigraph Text_strat Lithology Lithology_2 Lithology_ lt Comment Genesis_cGenesis GEN_COCLAg 2 mgr 1 MGR Made Ground 3 wgr 2 WGR Worked Ground 4 wmr 3 WMGR Infilled Ground _5 bsa 5 BSA Blown sand S Aeol Aeolian 1100 Ho 6 jalvtop 6 ALY stobco STO
63. e or grid referring to the location of the respective picture or grid while geocoding see picture below Changing the location of the picture or grid into another folder will result in loss of 17 the data for the picture or grid But if these files are in the same directory as the gsipr project file the system automatically checks this directory and chooses the indicated picture This enables the transfer of the complete folder gsipr and slices into a differing directory environment 2 1 7 Generalised Vertical Section GVS The GVS file is a tab separated ASCII text file gvs and forms the backbone of the GSI3D project It is produced by the modeller evolving throughout the project and finally contains all units in their correct and unique super positional order as the order itself defines the model stack that is calculated to make the 3 D geological model This can be a lithostratigraphical order or chronology of artificial man made deposits The table below shows the essential elements of the GVS file LOFT CSZV Lodgement till SAND L Intra till lense top Sand lens b SAND L Intra till lense base Name the model code provides the link to the correlation lines and must be unique The order from top to bottom MUST be the stratigraphic order of the entire model area Except for lenses see Section 2 4 id The ID column is used internally to differentiate between normal layers units and lenses In the futur
64. e the preferred effect Finally click OK to load the DEM that should then appear fitted to size in the map window Common DEMs so far used in GSI3D include those provided by the OS CEH and Environment Agency LIDAR data Getmapping NEXTMAP data Bathymetric data can also be uploaded to 33 GSI3D and must be combined using a GIS with land surface data for studies in coastal areas and inland water masses NOTE The DTM loaded through this function is used for visualisation and section correlation only The DTM used for model calculation is loaded directly to the geological unit stack and this is described in Sections 3 2 2 amp 4 6 NOTE Please see the Section 6 2 for the various definitions for DTM DEM and DSM as used in this manual Load raster map jpg Load Raster map jpg x Load map leu manGlsiManchestenOsdataitapogr Hame of map sj7ane_1 G4 topo Black and white picture Transparency 0 1 o 5 OK Cancel Clicking on this button produces the properties box shown below Click the file locator icon at the top to enable navigation through the file structure to the particular digital map file you wish to load Once located select and open the jpg file and this is loaded into the file box and the file name is inserted into the Name of map box The file name may be changed here if needed Check the Black and white picture box if appropriate and adjust the Transparency setting to suit Then click OK and the fil
65. e will load into the map window NOTE The JPEG file must be accompanied by a jpgw registration file see Section 2 1 2 Load polygons shp Load polygon map JExTM2aitm24_1 Ok_ comb Drittshp Hame of map ha 4 Ok comb_dritt LEX_ ROCK Select field for legend M Draw boundaries M Fill polygons 24 _dtm_trim_plus20 asc Attach map to grid Height of outcrop band 100m 100m fi Transparency 2D 0 1 fo JT Load polygons shp Clicking on this button produces the load polygon map dialogue box Click the top file locator icon to enable navigation through the file structure to the particular digital map file you wish to load Once located select and open the shp file and this is loaded into the file box and the file name is inserted into the Name of map box The file name may be changed here if needed The Select the field for legend box displays the attributes of that particular shape file such as LEX for Stratigraphic Lexicon entry and ROCK for lithology in case of BGS DiGMapGB shapes Tick the Draw boundaries and Fill polygons options to show the coloured envelopes In the Select grid to attach shp file box all the DEMs that are loaded are listed it 1s important to highlight and select the correct DEM that corresponds to the geographical location of the shp file e g surface geological map with DTM and bedrock map with rockhead This enables the user to visualise the crop lines in the section view This
66. earbeiten Format lt G513DMODEL gt lt VERTICALSLICE NAME bqy103ddec gt lt GEOREFERENCE LL 668792 25 LL 303348 66 ZLL 135 35 XUR 668870 2 YUR 303352 44 ZUR 148 35 gt lt VERTICALSLICEURL NAME Tile Cr bokumente und Einstellungen Alex Eigene Slices horizontal sections can be either be a picture or a grid files gif jpg rst asc or ord and are geo registered via a gxml file which has to be located in the same folder as the data file The following figure describes the gxml file structure for horizontal geophysical slice with absolute elevation lt HORIZONTALSLICE NAME L3 gt lt TRANSPFORMINEO XLL 668751 0 YLL 303246 0 XSPACING 0 256132 YSPACING 0 256132 R TATIONANGLE 0 0 FIXELEVATION 144 615 gt lt HORIZONTALSLICEURL NAME f1le CiNDokumente und Einstellungen aAlexMeEigene The following figure describes the gxml file structure for horizontal geophysical slice with elevation relative to DTM lt HORIZONTALSLICE NAME 11 gt lt TRANSFORMINFO LL G668751 0 YLL 303246 0 XSPACING 0 256132 YSPACING 0 256132 ROTATIONANGLE 0 0 DELTAELEWATION 0 0 ELEVATIONREFERENCE 171 le DI BGS trainingskurs Ungarn s1de Logs dtm asc gt lt HORIZONTALSLICEURL MHaMe Pile fOr Bas ytrainingskurssUngarns1de Logs Geophysik O1p_cut_Gifs Ll gif gt lt fHORIZONTALSLICE gt NOTE The project gsipr file only stores a link to the geophysical pictur
67. ect by area This function enables the user to trim all sections to a new project area by simply loading the area as a Shape clicking on the cutting polygon with the info tool and hitting the Trim project by area button This creates a new gxml file containing all trimmed sections using the dialogue box below Save project 3 x Save in i TM24 x ex ES pa File name Save Racca Files of type losis objects GXML Cancel 3 1 1 4 Analysis The Analysis pull down menu is shown below Analysis windows Help Calculate triangulated volumes Calc triang vols cut to OTM NOTE Before calculating volumes switch off editing on all geological units Calculate triangulated volumes This function starts the calculation of all geological objects as Triangulated Irregular Networks TINs This process calculates all tops bases from loaded sections and envelopes Walls are calculated where the unit extends beyond the edge of the area to be calculated which 1s specified by the DTM see Section 3 2 2 for dtm trimming After selecting the Calculate triangulated volumes option the following dialogue box appears 45 MODEL CALCULATION x Calculation of total model gt Begin calculation with START Used time c Cancel Simply press Start and watch the model calculate until the Start button becomes OK Hit OK and the calculated TINs are added to the geological units in the TOC and can b
68. een GSI3D and other software and the generation of products The diagram below shows the most common links and these are illustrated with examples below Hardcopy maps and _ reports Corporate Datastores Web delivery Es a ae 5 1 Sub surface Viewer The Sub surface Viewer is a stand alone product for the delivery of any geoscience models to customers It as been developed and is licensed by INSIGHT A separate User Manual for the Sub surface Viewer is available BGS 2008 In order to publish a GSI3D model in the Sub surface Viewer the user has to complete a model preferably with a GVS file that contains sensible and meaningful entries see After calculating the model file see Section 3 1 1 4 the model is simply saved as a volume model file 3 1 1 1 triangulated or gridded This file can then be directly incorporated into the Sub surface Viewer NOTE Any models that can be loaded into GSI3D can be published in the Subsurface Viewer The Sub surface Viewer INSIGHT showing the York model Price 2004 112 5 2 GIS The most common interaction of GSI3D outputs is with GIS systems The following table lists the possible exports and their file formats Output Data type and format ESRI shape file ESRI shape file or geo registered JPEG image Sub and Supercrop maps ESRI shape file or geo registered JPEG image Grids of the base top or thickness of ASCII grids geological units Combined u
69. election by interactive slider bars TIP This function is useful when constructing a bespoke Legend file 2 Save map window as image Saves the contents of the map window as a geo registered jpeg or tiff image Click this option to get the dialogue box asking for scaling for the image insert an appropriate m per pixel spacing to determine the definition of the image then save the image as a jpg or tif in a location of your choosing x icture as image m 2 Pixel scale fm pixel ae TS coe File name Save Files of type BildformmatTIFF z Cancel Bildformat JPEG JPG BildformatTIFF When saving a registration file is generated automatically jpgw or tfw enabling the import of the map to GIS systems The table below show the required values to export the images at different scales for a typical print resolution of 300 pixels per inch ppi SCALE M PIXEL 1 50000 4 23 1 25000 1 15000 1 10000 0 8462 NOTE When drawing a section containing no correlation line the capturing mode does not function properly the solution is to insert very small correlation lines at the base and top of the section to make the system think that there is something to capture Click fits the whole object to the extent of the map window 3 Print Map Window Click on this icon to print the map window to a printer 4 Zoom to full extent Click fits the whole object to the extent of the map window
70. ely laminated Glac Lacustrine 1700 An 29 gsgit 170 LOFT Lowestoft Till CZSVLB Glal Glacial 1700 An 30 gsg1 140 GSG Glacial Sand and Gravel inter SV locally clayey Gflv Fluvial glac 1700 An 31 gqstc2t 170 LOFT Lowestoft Till CZSVLB Glal Glacial 1700 An 132 Instr 1689 GSTC Glacial Silt and Clav finter C7 finely laminated Glar arustrine 170 An Example of an extended GVS 2 1 8 Legend GLEG The legend file is used to assign colours and textures to the map polygons borehole sticks sections and envelopes and 1s created as an ascii tab separated text file gleg The file format is outlined below LEG ID ALV Sandy 55 71 255 TEXTURES gravel jpg clayey LEG ID This column contains the codes corresponding to the entries in the GVS files Stratigraphy Lithology Genesis etc and the codes used in borehole log descriptions Description Free text description of the unit Red Red value 0 255 Green Green value 0 255 Blue Blue value 0 255 Transparency Pre set transparency 0 255 0 transparent 255 full colour Texture link This field contains the path to the Folder containing the texture JPGs At the moment standard textures have been created for the new Superficial Deposits Description Scheme Kessler et al 2004b and are stored in the GSI3D program folder Y drive under TEXTURES Any other customised textures must be stored in a common place and the Texture link must be changed accordingly e g E my ow
71. environment Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 39 293 302 http qjegh lyellcollection org cgi content abstract 39 3 293 Neber A Classon F amp Howahr M 2006 Construction and usage of geological near surface models with GSI3D applied hydro geological information for land sites and urban areas Austrian Journal of Earth Sciences 99 62 69 http www univie ac at ajes download volume_ 99 Neber A amp Howahr M 2006 Construction and Usage of geological near surface models with GSI3D applied hydro geological information for land sites and urban areas COG 2006 Salzburg Austria http www geol ges at cog 2006 kurzfassung neber howahr pdf Classon F Brunotte E Sobisch H G amp Neber A 2005 Zur dreidimensionalen Modellierung von anthropogenen Ablagerungen in urbanen R umen am Beispiel des rechtsrheinischen K ln Geotechnik 2005 2 93 100 Culshaw M G 2005 From concept towards reality developing the attributed 3D geological model of the shallow subsurface Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 38 231 284 Kessler H et al 2005 3D geoscience models and their delivery to customers In Three dimensional geologic mapping for groundwater applications Workshop extended abstracts Salt Lake City Utah 15 October 2005 Geological Survey of Canada 2005 p 39 42 http crystal isgs uiuc edu research 3 DWorkshop 2005 pdf files kessler2005 pdf 128 http w
72. eployed to help clean up correlation lines whilst the Dual View mode for the Section window may also be useful when working with thin near surface and thicker deeper units in single sections Additional checking of the correct fit of sections is provided for individual sections on right click check section see Section 3 3 3 and for the whole model under the Tools pull down menu check all sections see Section 3 1 1 3 NOTE To produce a model that is well tied together it is recommended when drawing surfaces guided by intersecting sections to place a node precisely on the correlation arrow from the intersecting section 4 5 Displaying fence diagrams Fence diagram Manchester 93 Finally send all the sections into the 3D window by right clicking on the sections folder in the table of contents and selecting Link all objects to 3 D window Rotating and tilting to check for any anomalies in the overall fit of the sections can then help validate the fence diagram Any anomalies should then be checked against the supporting data and interpretation to ensure they are true geological effects rather than errors in model building 4 6 Creating the DTM or other surface as the Model Cap A surface 1s required to cap any GSI3D model in many cases this will be the ground surface DTM This surface needs to be loaded into the project grids and tins folder in the following way 1 Right click on the grids amp tins folder in the map wind
73. epth and combine the two The job then becomes one of trimming back and editing the envelope of these large combined polygons based on the sections and boreholes Outlier subcrops and cut out islands within the major polygons would be treated the same way as described above but the cut out islands must not be drawn until the combine polygons button has been used as it deletes them l Repeat Stages 1 and 2 described above for alluvium The key evidence for drawing this envelope is found in the surface outcrop of the unit and the extent of the unit at depth as revealed in the sections displayed in the map window using the update option Be aware of the topography and which parts of these polygons are the bases which will be needed as the boundary of the envelope and which parts are the tops which will be either edited or discarded Start to extend the surface outcrop polygons by chopping off using the split polygon function large chunks encompassed by the top of the unit 1 e areas where younger strata generally overlie the Kesgrave Sands and Gravels Extend the simplified polygon produced by the cuts outwards to conform to the extent of the unit at depth as shown along the sections Where two of these expanding polygons meet drag one over the other to create an obvious overlap and then use the combine polygons tool to unify them Compare the emerging pattern with the geological map and identify any areas where totally buried subcrops are presen
74. es the surface to be used to cap the model for calculation A series of defined tolerances and cut offs can also be specified together with the attribution of units which is selected from the column headers of the gvs file During a session these parameters can be altered as needed for example a new gvs with an additional unit can be inserted to overwrite an existing gvs similarly a new dtm can be identified to cap the model for a further calculation NOTE To make these changes permanent the project file must be re saved x Workspace files and settings t ovs File hiTraining TM24 Regional_v2 qvs i Legend File Training TM24 Regional_v2 gleq Legend file for parameters Downhole interpretation File fraining TM24 TM24_BOGEv4 bla i Parameter file tt i DTM for calculation dtm Min Point Distance ho 8 hax tolerance for lines io ooo Max Z tolerance io 8 Depth cutott 1000 0 Height cut of fino Unit attribute 7 z Cancel Boreholes 203 31 Settings to be specified in metres in the type in boxes include 1 Min point distance sets the distance in x y below which nodes will be discarded 2 Max tolerance for lines sets the maximum tolerance for the distance between a lense correlation and the lense envelope in x y Maximum z tolerance sets the distance in z below which nodes will be discarded 4 Depth cut off for model sets the maximum depth of the model relative to OD Height cut off sets the ma
75. face and concealed extent of each geological unit within the survey area This distribution is termed the unit envelope and may be composed of a single or multiple polygons The envelope is a presence absence map of the geological unit The GVS file controls the order in which the geological unit can occur at any point and rejects any relationships drawn in sections or block models that do not correspond to this pre determined order When stacking the model the calculation works from the surface downwards first computing the top unit that lies between the DTM and its base within the area of its distribution envelope The next unit in the sequence is then computed within its envelope its top may be a combination of the DTM where it crops out and the base of the overlying unit where it is concealed The following plan and section views show a likely arrangement of four units in a stratigraphical sequence 4 1 from oldest to youngest 23 x y Base atmosphere Unit 1 has its base and its distribution envelope defined by its surface outcrop the DTM forms its top 1 e base of atmosphere Unit 2 has its base and envelope defined by the limit of its surface outcrop and its subcrop beneath Unit 1 the top of this unit is a combination of part of the base of unit 1 where it rests on unit 2 and the DTM where it crops out Unit 3 has its base and envelope comprising two polygons bounded by the limits of its subcrop whilst its uppe
76. g the layout and exporting the tiff as required Export Layout Exporting Envelopes Stratigraphy Plesk 6 Export polygon to GXML This tool exports selected polygon s to GXML format 1 Ensure that one or more polygons from one or more layers currently open in ArcMap are selected 2 Browse to the location where you would like the new gxml file to be saved 3 Select an object name for each object The object name can be the layer name an attribute from the layer s table or something specified by the user 4 The user will need to set the object name like this for each feature selected However the user can set the format of the object name to be the same for all of the selected features by checking the final box 117 Save as gxml file E Workspacelpolygoni gxml 5 M Select object name for all layers I Save object name as Layer name f Save object name as field in attribute table Select Field name which contains object name Name 7 GSI3D Tools Help This opens a window with some troubleshooting tips and suggestions 5 3 Geoscience modelling software Using the point grid and TIN export functions described in section 3 1 1 1 GSI3D can export surfaces or volumes to most leading geoscience modelling packages Exports to Surfer Rockware Earthvision and GoCad have been carried out successful GoCad is BGS s second approved modelling package for geological modelling and uses th
77. he default value the cell size is model dependant and the extent is the whole project area The following two options enable interchange of surfaces with the GoCad modelling package Export TIN as GoCad TIN This function will export the TIN into proprietary GoCad format The created TIN will be an exact copy of the GSI3D TIN 57 Eg Save GoCad TIN Save in Plynlimon 3Dmodel cee File name Save Files of type Gocad Tin TS v Cancel Trim TIN See description above under the Create new TIN option NOTE This is an essential tool for clipping a DTM to a required area for calculating the model It also can be used to clip GoCad TINs and export them Trim TIN against DTM This function enables any TIN to be truncated cut by the DTM selected in the workspace Z Geological units This folder contains the geological units their envelopes crop lines and after calculation the triangulated top base volumes A right click on the overall geological units folder gives the following options Create new geological unit Link all objects to 3 D window Hide all objects Show all objects Delete all objects Show as listed Invert list Sort using OVS Export as shape file 58 Create new geological unit Selection of unit x Name of unit This option produces the list of geological units contained in the GVS The required unit is selected and clicking OK opens an empty object with the unit name in
78. he geological units folder Below are two examples taken from the Ipswich area Supercrop map on top of the bedrock for TM24 areas white show bedrock at outcrop Subcrop map on the base of Anglian and younger deposits 108 4 9 5 Elevation maps It is possible to analyse every geological unit by displaying the elevation of its top and base as a shaded relief map or with contour lines at user specified intervals These can be visualised in the map and 3D window as described in Sections 3 2 2 and 3 4 These contours are controlled via the geological unit property boxes in the map and 3D windows ZQQ0 ORR BSB i cit he Aeeumio _ Contours on the base of the Thames group London Clay for TM24 Colour ramp red for low elevations to green for high elevations interval 1m Grid exports from GSI3D described in Section 3 1 1 1 can be imported using the Load DEM option from the Add Objects pull down menu section 3 1 1 2 and visualised in the map and 3D windows as shown above 4 9 6 Exploded views The most impressive tool of all for displaying the model is the ability to explode the layers in the stack by transposing their z values up or down to achieve separation this procedure is described above in Section 3 4 2 Using this function to alter the positions of layers and switching them on and off geological time can be recreated by sequentially welding the units back together in their ascending stratigraphical order gradually
79. he top of the bedrock solid geology where Superficial Deposits drift are present it corresponds to their base Defined here as a vertical x z plane The outer bounding surface or skin of a 3D object or volume Systems for Integrated Geospatial Mapping Major BGS programme to create and standardise a fully digital workflow for the capture and Storage of geoscience data mainly aimed at Integrated Geoscience Survey projects Defined here for a horizontal x y plane Single Onshore Borehole Index BGS corporate database containing the header information to all BGS borehole records Obsolete term for the bedrock or rock units corresponds broadly to pre Quaternary units 123 Start Height Subcrop Sub surface Viewer Supercrop Superficial Deposits Surface TIN Unit Volumes XML XMML Term used in SOBI for the level at the top of a borehole usually equates with the height of the surface DTM but not always Equivalent to the collar height The distribution of a buried concealed geological unit beneath younger deposits An independent software produced by INSIGHT GmbH used to package finished models for sale to customers The viewer enables basic slicing and dicing analysis of the model which is encrypted within the software The model cannot be altered or import additional data the software is not available in a stand alone form at present The distribution of a buried concealed geological unit above
80. hold down whilst dragging mouse to construct marquee around area to zoom in to release on completion 4 Pan Click then click in window and hold drag to new position and release drag and drop 5 Back to previous view Click displays previous view not an undo button though 6 Export coordinates of unit depth This function enables the ad hoc writing of x y z coordinates from a particular borehole into an export file 7 Borehole ID display lists the displayed borehole number 3 5 2 Table of Contents Double click on the GSI3D icon to expand the Table of Contents TOC The drill logs folder contains a list of selected boreholes in sequence these can be ticked on and off with only one visible in the window at any one time 23 project drill logs TT TM24NEz2 oo TM24NE20 J TM245E19 LT TM 450192 others Right clicking on the list of boreholes or a single borehole gives the option to send all listed logs to the 3D window NOTE when a borehole is first passed from the main window to the single borehole viewer the scale and view area need to be readjusted This involves panning and zooming in to the top left of the window to expand the scale of information 3 5 3 mouse click Right click anywhere within the borehole window gives the option to set the properties of the borehole sticks The Drill log layout setting dialogue box is the same as the one used for the section window and is explained in detai
81. ically sensible shapes to the units Start with the youngest and work down the sequence like exhuming progressively older palaeo surfaces erosional contacts and unconformities When each individual correlation lines is complete label it using the Info tool in the section window toolbar and right clicking on the line select the Change line name option and type into the dialogue box the gvs code for the unit whose base it is e g alv for alluvium rtdu for river terraces undifferentiated etc The unit above the base should colour instantly via the legend file as far up as the overlying unit base or the DTM whichever comes first Any errors in colouring up indicate vertical stacking of units that do not agree with the stratigraphy gvs file Proceed to work down the section drawing lower and lower bases some of which at depth are likely to extend uninterrupted across the whole section Check all units colour up correctly as you go see C and D below Note some of the unit extents shown here are not supported by evidence from the actual section but rely on other adjacent data Where the section cuts already existing sections the colour coded elevation of unit bases is displayed as arrows ticks in the section and can guide the construction of correlation lines see E below These ticks are activated by checking the Cross points box in the Properties box When you are happy with the section select Save project as from the File pull down menu and labe
82. ies of the deposits that have not been possible before The use of intersecting user defined cross sections has been proved to be a solid and possibly the only tool to model the often complex geological situation in the shallow geosphere effectively Mathers amp Zalasiewicz 1985 Dabek et al 1989 Sobisch 2000 Kessler amp Mathers 2004 Kessler Mathers amp Sobisch 2008 Mathers 2008 As part of the 3 D modelling exercise the scientist 1s forced to continuously revise the integrity of the local stratigraphy The entire stacking order 4 D topology of all deposits in a study area are captured in a Generalized Vertical Section GVS The ultimate aim is to establish a nationally valid GVS in hierarchical format ensuring the seamless 3 D model of the rock and superficial units LithoFrame Once the geoscientist has a completed the correlation of all units b created all the boundaries of the geological units at surface and at depth and c defined the local stratigraphy The 3 D model of the area is completed by computation In this process the form of all the geological units in the model are calculated as triangulated topologically sound objects a k a shells volumes b Section c Fence diagram d Unit distribution e Block model f Exploded view In recent years INSIGHT GmbH has capitalised on the GSI3D technology and built the Sub Surface Viewer as a means of delivering geological models to custome
83. ile contains all the interpretive modelling work and once a model has been completed and calculated it is possible to store the DTM and all geological objects top plus base including their attribution as defined by the GVS and legend in a oxml volume file This file can be reloaded into GSI3D for instant visualisation or also be encrypted into the Sub surface Viewer for publication Sections 2 1 1 through to 2 1 10 below describe these various data files NOTE All spatially held data should be working within a common Grid projection such as British National Grid UTM or Gauss Krueger Netz NOTE Because of the open data formats GSI3D can utilise any legacy data from projects and databases such as BLITH LOIS LOCUS GEOHAZARD GBASE etc Data conversion can be achieved using standard tools such as Excel and text editors Notepad Wordpad etc 2 1 1 Digital Terrain Models or other surface data Existing surfaces and elevation models can be loaded into GSI3D as standard ASCII grid files asc in the following file format 13 fj dtmgrid asc Notepad Eie Edit Format Help ncols 284 nrows 95 Ellcenter 3751392 1182 Yllcenter 395652 1182 cellsize 52 11821064 nodata value 18ed3 21 21 47289 22 1003 22 44775 22 79521 23 11315 23 37374 23 0934 55396 34 94109 32 85 3 3430 771 3 29 05865 278 90195 28 84561 Ze 565942 77 30305 77 9508 77 9508 77 9508 78 709 6 79 54356 80 37 21 21391 21 610877 21 95596 22 303
84. ill automatically appear ticked editable in the table of contents of the section window Looking at the borehole distribution the surface topography and expected subsurface structure in the map window decide a rough alignment for your section and begin to use the nfo tool to examine the logs of boreholes close to the start of the intended line of section You may need to zoom in and out whilst doing this Use the zoom to full extent tool to refresh if needed Also bear in mind that sections do not need to run from borehole to borehole and can even be assembled without boreholes using the insert knickpoint function Start your section either by selecting a borehole or if none is suitable selecting a start point displayed as a red triangle in the map window using the Info tool Click on either the add borehole or add point icon whichever refers on the section window toolbar Pan along your intended line of section and select your next borehole or point along it then continue to add points and or boreholes until the section 1s complete NOTE as the section line is constructed it is highlighted as active red and grows across the map window Sometimes you need to hit Update on right click or Zoom to full extent in the section window to refresh Use the zoom to full extent tool in the section window to examine the string of coloured boreholes sticks and points plus the trace of the DTM produced see A below check it looks OK adjust properties
85. imed resolution of the model Coding of distinct lithologies within members and formations is also recommended to permit subsequent analysis of facies patterns Complex glacial sequences present special problems as stratigraphical principles often break down When working in areas with poorly understood stratigraphy the coding of just lithological descriptions is recommended rather than trying to interpret the unknown 87 NOTE Please note the difference between geological interpretation stratigraphy and codification of borehole descriptions e g lithology colour etc NOTE Collective Best Practice Guidelines for borehole coding have been published on the BGS Intranet Type of Survey or Overview Investigation Systematic Detailed Site specific Section Length Tens of kms Density of Coded Less than 1 per Boreholes Mapping Level Modelling speed excluding data preparation square kilometre Major Groups and Formations only Up to hundreds of square kilometres a day Compatible with 1 250K and 50K geological linework Modelling Output Often just sections and an open fence diagram Useful for education visualisation and overviews e g catchment characterisation first pass assessments 5 10 kms Commonly 5 20 per square kilometre Formations and Members big lenses 2 10 square kilometres a day Compatible with 1 25K and 1 10K geological linework Computation of su
86. in the Workspace properties settings This produces an empty object in the grids and tins folder The TIN is created by the procedure described below in Section 3 2 2 Create horizontal slice This function enables the geological model to be sliced at a defined flat vertical elevation creating a horizontal slice through the ground to produce an uncovered geological map Create horizontal slice x P reference elevation Once generated these slices are added as objects to the map folder in the Table of Contents of the map window Check all sections Check section s a x Check section s for IM corresponding attributions of crossing corellation lines IV elevation errors Maximum acceptable difference in metres 0 1000 0 5 I reset checkpoints ok Cancel This function enables the user to check all loaded sections for Corresponding attributes of crossing correlation lines which checks the consistent labelling of intersecting lines and for elevation errors which checks for corresponding elevation of intersecting lines according to a defined tolerance setting under Maximum acceptable difference in metres Errors are highlighted in the map window as a red square at intersections Right clicking on the section allows the user to jump to the error in the section window and to rectify the inconsistency 44 Checking the reset checkpoints box and hitting ok clears the map window of error indicators Trim proj
87. ines or to help to evaluate the merits of several proposed routes Combining multiple sections in the 3D window leads to the creation of fence diagrams such as the one below here based on a regular spacing 106 Synthetic fence diagram for TL83 viewed from the south east NOTE Any other loaded surfaces e g watertables or Rockhead will also be displayed in synthetic sections 4 9 3 Svnthetic slices horizontal sections A particularly useful way of testing and presenting your model is to generate horizontal slices at various elevations as illustrated below The procedure to specify the elevations is outlined in Section 3 2 2 107 From top left to bottom right solid model for TM14 and horizontal slices at OD 20 and 40 metres showing possible faulting in Tertiary deposits 4 9 4 Subcrop and Supercrop maps These maps show the arrangement of geological strata resting below or above any defined geological horizon most commonly unconformities such as base of Quaternary top of Chalk and top of Palaeozoic basement In GSI3D it is possible to instantly produce these plots for any surface top and base defined in the GVS These maps are generated by looking at the sequence in ascending or descending order see Section 3 2 2 and switching on or off the units you which to be represented in the TOC of the Map Window If the map units are not in the correct stratigraphic order use the sort gvs function by right clicking on t
88. information is displayed at the bottom left corner of the map window NOTE Every mouse click leaves behind a small red triangle that indicates the location of the query 67 Right click anywhere within the map window produces the following menu Send map view to 30 window Send map view to 3D window This function enables the map view to be displayed in the 3D window as a frozen image The dialogue box Map 3D gives the option to either attach the map as a flat carpet at a user specified fixed elevation box must be checked or attach it to an existing grid from within the workspace Export map to 3D window Name of 3D map ap Map 1 Reference elevation fo Use fixed elevation Reference elevation grid Transparency 3D 0 1 fo OK Cancel According to these settings the image below as an example 2 geophysical slices appear either in relation to the topography given by the DTM or any other surface see below upper slice or as a plain horizontal slice in the defined absolute elevation see below lower slice NOTE when a map with a very large areal extent is used as a drape the pixilation in 3D maybe unsatisfactory 68 Right click with selected info tool on an active section or any envelope edge gives the additional options below Show crossection Insert borehole or knickpoint Show cross section Right click on a section line gives the option to displays this section in the section wi
89. is an elementary function in GSI3D because it allows the integration of 3 D subsurface data with outcrop mapping 2 D NOTE a DTM covering a larger area than the individual shp file can be used and several Shp files can be loaded to tile the area of a large DIM GSI3D however becomes confused if you try to load multiple shp files e g 25K tiles and then register them to more than one DTM e g corresponding 25K DTM tiles It is thus advisable to have DTMs available for the complete project area as well as tiled DTMs if modelling is proceeding on a sheet by sheet basis This way individual sheets 10K 25K 50K etc can be modelled and deposited in corporate data stores whilst bespoke project areas and regional compilations can also be viewed as a whole in the GSI3D map window In the Height of outcrop band field the user can set the vertical height in metres for the display of the polygon theme usually the geological unit at outcrop along the DTM on the line of section This facility aids the drawing of sections by producing bands of colour along the DTM surface trace using the same colour scheme as in Legend file Inserting a positive values colours up a band above the DTM trace a negative height value colours up the band below the DTM trace Adjust Transparency to suit from 0 to 1 Default is 0 a solid colour we recommend a setting of 0 5 if a degree of transparency is required Click OK and the map polygons will display in the map windo
90. is set in progress MODEL CALCULATION x Calculation of total model gt Begin calculation with START Used time a Cancel NOTE The calculation is complete once the START button changes to OK NOTE Before calculating the model the editing of all geological units the blue edit highlight must be switched off After making iterations the whole model must be re calculated as there may be knock on effects transmitted through the stack This is a fundamental principal of GSI3D method that ensures the maintenance of a dynamic instead of a static model After calculating the geological units the user can then export them as a gxml model file under File Export Save model as viewer file gxml or as a rasterised viewer file under Export Save viewer model as raster gridded units described above in 3 1 1 1 4 9 Visualising and Analysing the model The finished model can be exported to the Sub surface Viewer see Section 5 1 and its use is described in BGS 2008 This route is taken for model delivery to external clients or internal viewing once a model has been approved and been declared completed This section describes how geological models can be viewed and checked within GSI3D in an on going modelling project involving frequent iteration and cleaning of the model 4 9 1 Synthetic logs After calculating the model the geologist can use the synthetic log tool see Section 3 2 1 to create virtual borehole
91. ividual TIN grid right click on object see below 53 The next picture below shows the semi transparent envelope and the triangulated surface The envelope can be made editable right click gt switch on edit and then the envelope may be revised to a bespoke area or shape for calculation second picture below this can include holes and islands in the same way as the envelope for any geological unit see below Once the envelope is satisfactory switch off edit and then select from the extra functions the Trim TIN option The TIN is then trimmed to the extent of the envelope as in the third picture below Alternatively the default envelope can be deleted and a new bespoke one created using the polygon construction tools BRR BBBi i amp project H E grids amp tins o iJi tm24_dtm ei dtm H geological units i cross sections E E maps o EJA tm24_10k_comb_1 JE others 2 1619431 6 Y 250456 27 project HHSH QQ e0 RAP Ai oi amp i H E grids amp tins J i tm24_dtm H A geological units hg cross sections maps fh tm24_10k_comb_s gt others s gt k 619465 1 250032 28 54 3 project EHSA BR SSBB ilir EBB grids amp tins Ji tm24_dtm Rick SR geological units H cross sections maps olf tm24_10k_comb_s others fo k19550 6 250248 0 When the project is saved it is stored in the gsipr as the clipped Tin and envelope and so is available instantly for further
92. ks anywhere within the modelled area displayed in the map window in order to instantly display a predicted geological sequence at that point in the borehole viewer 51 3 2 2 Table of Contents 23 project E E grids amp tins J tm24_dtm i f dtm Se geological units eM Mite tham 3 MM rcg oI cfb J kes gsgbi loft gste 4 gsq oo rtdu oo itdu oo aly aM age E A cross sections E others Double click on the project icon to view the layers loaded into the map window these are arranged into five standard folders The folders display a plus sign to their left when data is present clicking on the expands the folder and changes the symbol to click on to collapse the folder Individual objects can be switched on and off using standard tick boxes as with GIS layers Right clicking on any folder icon name produces menus for reordering the layers and where appropriate editing them or calculating their properties The following four options are available for every folder in some cases additional functions are offered and these are discussed in the individual folders descriptions below Link all objects to 3 0 window Hide all objects Show all objects Delete all objects Link all objects to the 3 D window This function enables all the objects within the given folder grids units etc to be added to the 3D window Hide all objects in the map window Show all objects in the map window Delete
93. l the file e g TM14v1 gsipr This saves your first section in case of a crash as you continue to work Select Create new section label it as e g TM14 NS2 etc then construct another section and save the project again as e g TM14v2 gsipr Continue to populate the area with regularly spaced sections in two rectilinear directions Save your work frequently and keep all the sections you have drawn loaded in the section window table of contents At the start of your second and subsequent sessions of section drawing load the saved workspace with all the existing sections 90 TM14NE25 NN 53 6 TM14NE29 NN 50 3 TM14NES8 NN 51 5 TM14NES6 NN 48 78 PLOFT DMTN 3 66 45 12 7 62 41 16 LOFT SICL TM14NE17 NM39 0 11 3 42 3 LOFT DME So LOFT DMTEN it 10 67 38 11 GSG SAUR 16 5 33 8 GSG SAGR 18 9 29 88 KES SANDU 23 1 30 49 GSG BESA 21 9 29 6 LOFT DMTN 13 7 25 3 LOFT DMTN 3126 8 RCG SANDU 22 29 5 GSG SAGR 25 61 23 16 LLTE SICL 24 4 25 9 THAM CLAY 25 91 22 87 LLTE FLNT 21 6 17 4 THAM CLAY 68 6 19 82 UCK CHLK A1 DTM borehole sticks coloured and annotation included A2 DTM borehole sticks coloured and outcrop band coloured with annotation removed C All superficial geological units correlated 9 D Most bedrock units correlated E Levels of basal unit LLTE guided by colour coded cross ticks from intersecting sections In southern East Anglia the 1 25 000 size tile has
94. l there Section 3 3 2 86 4 Working in GSI3D methodology and best practice GSI3D Version 2 6 is the final methodology and software tool for the modelling of shallow subsurface geology in superficial and simple bedrock terrain The following chapter describes in detail how to build sections envelopes and how to complete the model using examples from Southern East Anglia 4 1 Scales and Types of Investigation Any geological project has its own aims and objectives For example in the systematic surveying of terrain procedures and outputs are pre determined and the sizes and scales of outputs are consistent However many surveying or modelling projects are commissioned by a client with very specific needs Additionally the availability of geological data such as DEMs geological linework boreholes and geochemical sample points is never evenly distributed For example a 1 10 000 scale geological map sheet in an urban area may have thousands of registered borehole records and site investigation reports whereas a similar size area in a Welsh National Park might contain no boreholes whatsoever It is thus apparent that models produced with GSI3D will vary in scale detail and resolution Three basic categories of investigation are suggested here see table below based on current BGS experience gt these are summarised in the table below but in reality even these are part of a continuum from the most general assessment of the geology
95. le log display settings MV Show 2D logs M Show 3D logs Set colour of corellated section GVS column str t B Il Polygons W Lines Textures V Send to front Set colour of synthetic section GWS column str ati Polygons Lines Textures Lines at drill log positions Hang sticks on DTM V Cross points Display map polygons oK Cancel 75 The borehole log display settings button at the top sets the display for sections and boreholes and brings up the Drill log layout setting window below Drill log layout setting Thicknes of log in section gt 0 10000 2 0 Diameter of log in 3 D 2 0 1 Big column or parameter name fi Textures 2 Blg column or parameter name Textures 3 Blg column or parameter name Textures 4 Big column or parameter name Textures Font size of descriptions fi 7 M Show elevation of unit M Show description of unit oK Cancel Thickness of log in section sets the thickness of the borehole stick in the section window the default is 100 for modelling at 1OK 25K tile size with sections up to about 10km long a stick thickness of about 20 is suitable Diameter of log in 3 D sets the thickness of borehole sticks in the 3D window is a sensible choice for most scales of investigation and the default is 100 Up to 4 borehole sticks can be displayed each showing properties selected either from the columns 0 1 2 3 from left to right in the downhole blg file or para
96. ling application to work in tandem with GSI3D This dialogue box has been prepared to convert stratigraphic and conductivity data held in the GSI3D model into grids for use in Zoom At present this function is still in development Export units to Zoom Export units to Zoom H ZOOM grid file Zoom grid Elevations a Zoom Grid Conduktivitaeten ZOOM layer definition Stratigraphy _ gt ZOOM conductivity definition Stratigraphy _ gt Min layer thicknes pO OK Cancel Save objects as grids Clicking on this option also brings up the standard windows save box enabling the user to save the top base and thickness unitname_b for base unitname t for top and unitname_th for thickness of all the modelled units as individual ASCII or surfer grids This is carried out as a batch job for all the units in the previously calculated model stack The cell size can be selected and the grid extent needs to be set to fit the required study area for export Clicking on the folder icon on the top left brings up the standard Windows save dialogue 29 Save objects as prids Export all surfaces as grids Grid format ord Cellsize 25 rs Grid extent x Min F O YMins o Grid extent x Max 1000 Max 1000 TOP rim to top surface a Base Trim to base surface P W Fit grids to model Overwrite existing data The trim to top base buttons enable the user to select a bounding upper or lower surface using a erid tin selected in
97. ll i Volume and area Jj Areal extent 1 691308220771 107 Square km volume 0 021723024508089363 Cubic km Extra Functions This expanded pull down menu allows the user to edit the selected unit and import export data Load elevation grid Export as grid asc Load Goad TIN base Load GoCad TIN top Export baseltop as GoCad TIN Export Unit shell as GoCad TIN Add scattered data points Export the Correlation points Export all points Calculate single unit Clean geological unit top base errors Load elevation grid selecting this option allows the user to import an existing ascii grid into a geological unit using the following standard loading box however this will not be saved in the gsipr file unlike objects in the grids and tins folder 60 a My Network Files of type ase In this process the raster is automatically triangulated and so can be used in model calculation and also it can be stored and clipped as part of a model file NOTE This function is described in Section 3 2 2 amp 4 6 as it is the mechanism to import DTMs or other model capping surface Export as grid asc This function enables the export of the base of an individual geological unit as an ASCII grid IT x Save grid as m Cell size f 00 0 Grid extent x Min 520000 0 Y Min 240000 0 Grid extent x Max 530000 0 Y Maxz 250000 0 a Cancel This standard save box requires the user to define the cell si
98. meters from a point data source here the header value has to be entered SPT in this example Tick the Textures box alongside each field to display representative textures instead of colours as stored in the TEXTURES folder see Section 2 1 8 The user can change the appearance of the text on section windows in the font size input field It is possible to switch on and off the labelling for the borehole sticks Show the elevation of unit displays OD and reduced levels of the units and show description of unit annotates the borehole sticks with their codes from the downhole blg file 76 DRS NN 149 3 B DRS NN 150 39 1 65 147 65 F5 m5 0 6 149 78 B 1 95 147 3517 AEA U t s grey b 1 2 149 19 4 5 0 2 6146 7L U s grey b 2 85 146 451A eee 5 u b 2 3 148 09 Blatant 45 9 3 10 146 2 Us green TPH 2 4 147 99 Haea ETEF 3 45 145 850 L green TPH 2 7 147 69 4 5 9 4 145 31 Ga rS green TPH 3 04 147 35 AF 4 5 144 3 a 5 U green TPH 4 146 39 F5 u 5 65 143 65 FSu green TPH 4 8 145 59 ms 6 143 3 Uts b Multiple column display of borehole logs including chemical data x Section window layout Borehole log display settings jt MV Show 2D logs MV Show 3D logs Set colour of corellated section GVS column Jstratt iW Polygons i Lines Textures V Send to front Set colour of synthetic section OWS column Polygons Lines Textures Lines at drill log positions icks on DTM W Cr
99. n that when clicked halts the spin 6 Rotate left Click starts the model spinning incrementally to the left clockwise about a vertical axis preserving any tilt inclination present at the start Once spinning the icon changes to a stop sign that when clicked halts the spin NOTE rotation speed will depend on model size 7 Render on off Toggle button that switches off the 3D window to save memory and back on again 8 Set vertical exaggeration This input field enables the setting of vertical exaggeration after typing the desired value hit enter to make the change occur 3 4 2 Table of Contents p project E grids amp tins BS geological units been H cross sections i drill logs others Folders for the various types of layer information are the same as in the map window see Section 3 2 2 In addition and special to the 3D view window is the folder for drill logs shown above imported from the borehole viewer see Section 3 5 Double click on the project icon to view the folders in the 3D window these can be expanded by double clicking and individual objects switched on and off using standard tick boxes and reordered by right clicking to activate the layer and then selecting the send to front or back options as shown below Right clicking on any of the folders gives the standard options as follows Hide all objects Show all objects Delete all objects In addition the Geological units folder gives the opti
100. n X booo Image origin Y booo Pixel cell size ho Orientationangle 0 360 jo 2 Colour scheme mj ee n Interval limit 1 gt 0 in B3 Interval limit 2 0in fes Interval gt 0 ho Log scale E Transparency 2D 0 1 fo Contrast enhancement gt 0 fo 3D Parameter Reference height m above OD lo V Fixed height Transparency 3D 0 1 lo In addition to the display of vertical geophysical sections it is also possible to visualize horizontal geophysical slices in the map and 3D windows Before loading the slices it is suggested to load the basic elements as the dem asc map jpg logs bid and layer blg In order to display geophysical horizontal slices as maps and in 3D the slices have to be geocoded by defining the lower left corner and the pixel or cell size m Pixel of the slice Click the top file locator icon to navigate through the file structure to the slice you want to geocode This can either be a picture or a grid file gif jpg rst asc or grd Type in the Settings property boxes the coordinates for the lower left corner Image origin X and Image origin Y as well as the Pixel cell size in m Pixel If necessary you can change the angle of the slice in counter clockwise orientation from the North South direction by filling in the setting box 38 Orientation Angle 0 360 If a rst asc or grd file is loaded you can define the Colour scheme in the usual way of changing colour settings
101. n the envelope geological unit name and selecting update This displays the location of all nodes drawn on the base of the alluvium as crosses along the sections and produces a bedrock line to show the extent of the base along the section Right click again on the unit and select properties to adjust the colour of the crosses and correlation lines so that they are readily visible Ensure that the bases of the unit correspond precisely with the selected polygons Right click on the unit and select switch off edit then save the gsipr Complete Alluvium envelope for TM14 97 Detail of the Alluvium envelope showing lines of continuous correlation along sections solid green lines and nodes displayed as green crosses along sections and the unit boundaries B River Terrace Deposits Envelope These deposits occur flanking the Holocene alluvium peat and intertidal deposits and extend almost everywhere beneath them We will assume that laterally they pinch out to coincide with the edge of these overlying Holocene deposits where no fringing terrace exists to extend the distribution laterally Then l 2 Repeat Stage 1 of the procedure for alluvium above this time setting up the River Terrace Deposits object make the object editable right click gt switch on edit Repeat Stage 2 of the procedure for alluvium this time selecting all the polygons for the River Terrace Deposits and all the overlying Holocene units alluvium peat and
102. n_textures my_gravel jpg TIP It is important to realize that RGB values for screen display need to be darker than those for printing 19 NOTE The legend file must NOT contain any header information The Legend file works for all codes in GSI3D at the same time and clashes between matching codes in the Rock Classification Scheme and the LEXICON can occur 2 1 9 The Project file GSIPR On saving the project all sections and envelopes are written to the project gsipr file This ASCII text file gsipr written in mark up language contains the sections alignment and correlations and envelope data x y polygons of the model together with triangulated surfaces e g dtms and other geological surfaces as well as links to the following datasets grids as asc the gvs file gleg file bid and blg files raster maps including topo maps and their registration Example Project File text lt x version 1 0 encoding 150 ce59 1 27 gt lt GSI3DPROJECT gt lt GSI3D VERSION 2 6 demo October 2008 7 gt lt GVS URL file W SSM 3DSo0il Data Shelford_data 3D_Model SHELFORD_2 gvs gt lt LEGEND URL file W SSM 3DSo0il Data Shelford_data 3D_Model 3dsoil_SHELFORD_1 gleg gt lt BLG FILE URL file W SSM 3DSo0il Data Shelford data 3D Model 3dsoil_ SHELFORD BLG gt lt DTM NAME dtm gt lt MINIMUM POINT DISTANCE VALUE 1 0 gt lt MAXIMUM LENSE BOUNDARY DISTANCE VALUE 1 0 gt lt MINIM
103. name of the parameter Lines three and four define the upper and lower threshold values respectively according to the required standard whereas lines five to eight give the chosen CYMK colour scheme exemplified below in a TPH legend with European standard threshold values in a simple green yellow red colour format 16 _ P Grenzwert NvLEG Editor 0 x o Datei Bearbeiten Format Ansicht TPH PK wi TFH Mew TFH MEW TFH MEW NOTE This separation of the plg and nvleg files allows a visualization of the measured parameters stored in the plg file compared to various national or international standards stored in respective nvleg files 2 1 6 Sections and slices Geo registered sections and slices horizontal sections can be integrated for a common visualization with the stratigraphical lithological dataset in the section window and or with the cross section network and the structural model in the 3D window The location of these images and their registration details are stored in the gsipr project file but currently still need to be loaded manually using the import function see Section 3 1 1 Sections can be visualized in the section and 3D windows In order to display sections they have to be geo registered by defining the lower left and upper right coordinates in the x y and z direction This information is stored in a gxml registration file shown below ij trainingsections gxml Editor E Si Datei B
104. nction They can then be pasted see above into the recipient geological unit in the geological units folder right click on unit and select paste polygons 66 Properties Select this option to display the standard shapefile dialogue box described above in the loading instructions at Section 3 1 1 2 Raster Maps Right clicking on an individual raster map enables the selection of Properties which brings up the standard raster map property box see above at Section 3 1 1 2 Voronoy Maps Right click on a Voronoy Map produces an additional options Save Voronoy map as shape file self explanatory dialogue box Save Yoronoy map as shape file Properties Send to front Send to back Delete object Isolate object Properties Selecting this option brings up the property box described above at Section 3 1 1 2 Numerical Parameter Data After creating a numerical parameter object described in 3 1 1 2 these data appear in the map folder as an object with the parameter name The name is displayed with an extension stating if the plot has a relative r elevation to the DTM or an absolute a elevation Right click on these objects gives the standard options plus Save Voronoy map as shape file and an update function 5 Others At present this folder is not used 3 2 3 mouse click Use the left mouse click to query objects such as boreholes DiGMapGB polygons section lines contours and grid displayed in the map window The query
105. ndow Insert borehole or knickpoint Right clicking on any part of a section selected in the cross section window shown in red in the map window gives the option to insert a previously selected borehole make it the active log in the borehole viewer or any new point chosen previously with the red triangle 3 3 The section window mare HSH QQ Kn rE ill alho 3 3 1 Toolbar Basxaag lea a4 123 45678 9 OWNi213 415 16 17 The toolbar contains the following icons from left to right 1 Select background colour Click brings up a standard palette to select background colour 2 Save section window as image To export a synthetic or a hand correlated section as jpegs or tifs right click in the 2D window and select save section as image It works in the same way as the function in the section window apart from the fact that NO geo registration file will be produced 69 Only The active section will be saved In the dialogue box that appears select the resolution of the image in metres per pixel m pixel to set the scale required for printing The table below show the required values to export the images at different scales for a typical print resolution of 300 pixels per inch ppi SCALE M PIXEL 1 50000 1 25000 1 15000 1 10000 GSI3D will automatically generate a vertical scale along the x axis and will display the length of the section along the y axis In Paint Shop Pro or CorelDraw or similar graphics software se
106. ndow Only polygons can currently be used to create envelopes Section 4 7 Colour information is not preserved with the GIS data and needs to be assigned via a separate legend file Section 2 1 8 The BGS digital map holdings DiGMapGB S DiGMapGB Data contain their information in separate layers these can be imported individually depending on need but merged theme layers can be created from the four primary data layers listed below in any required combination Artificial Mass movement Superficial deposits Bedrock geology 14 The standard DiGMapGB collection of themes does not include key geological features such as faults mineral veins including coal seams fossil bands or structural measurements These data are available on request from Cartographic Services 2 1 4 Borehole data In a standard BGS modelling project using GSI3D digital borehole data 1s extracted into tab separated ASCII files bid and blg from the SOBI and BoGe databases using the DGSM data portal Section 2 2 The detail and methods of borehole coding depends on the project objectives and it is recommended where possible to use corporate dictionaries for coding boreholes see also Section 4 2 The bid file is the borehole ID file containing an ID x and y data to define each borehole location and the start collar height relative to OD The blg file is the borehole log file with information on the depth to base of each of the identified
107. ng the Info tool selected in the icon bar a right mouse click on a borehole sends it to the borehole viewer window Disable by selecting dialogue box again and clicking no Clicking on objects in the section window gives the following additional options For correlation lines Left click on a correlation line displays its attribution in the footer bar With the Info tool selected right click gives Change line name Right click and type in the GVS code for the unit that the line forms the base of Delete line Click and confirm choice Populate line inserts nodes as described above to line only Smooth line inserts nodes as described above to line only 79 For boreholes Left click on stick the borehole number and units in the stick are given in the footer bar of the window Right click on borehole or knickpoint gives the extra option to delete it plus the other standard options described above NOTE When a section is zoomed out very far it is often hard or impossible to right click on boreholes or drill log lines For cross points Left click on the arrows the name of the intersecting cross section and the unit whose base is indicated by the arrow are displayed in the footer bar Right clicking gives the option to show crossing section 1 e switch to the intersecting section the point queried is then highlighted on the intersecting section with a red cross 80 3 4 The 3D window An example 3 D window showing Quaternary deposits in
108. nits GSI3D can exports all geological units envelopes base top and thickness as standard ESRI shapes and ASCII grids after model calculation see Section 3 1 1 4 Any map view in GSI3D can be directly exported as a geo registered tiff image for quick visualisation in GIS by clicking the save map window as image icon in the map window toolbar The use of these exports in GIS software is manifold and new ideas are being developed all the time Below one example is shown where a full GSI3D model has been analysed to create a hydrogeological domains map PES Sars fford Park WL OCA S o Se Y N D Mi sim Extract from the Manchester Hydrogeological domains map derived from a GSI3D model Kessler et al 2004a Red areas are thin or no deposits over aquifer blues are perched aquifers yellow are thin clayey units at surface and green are thick clay rich deposits In addition to these standard GIS functions BGS has developed the Arc toolbox explained below The GSI3D_tools mxd is an ArcMap 9 x project built in 9 2 but should therefore work with ArcMap 9 0 and 9 1 TheGSI3D tools reside under the GSI3D Tools in the GSI3d_tools mxd There are 7 individual tools 113 oS ae Create Features from GSI3D file Import ASCII to ESRI grid Change Colours Add ESRI Grids to Window Layout Maker Export polygon to GXML GSI3D Tools Help GSISD_tools_v1 mxd ArcMap ArcEditor File Edit View Insert Selection Tools Window G5T
109. nology sernesta E auaesneaae 120 Reer neea e e ea r E AE SO E 125 CT SSID BOO SA NY gesece tests cleat Seca e e e a e e es 126 Acknowledgements This user manual has been written by Steve Mathers and Holger Kessler at the British Geological Survey in collaboration with Dr Hans Georg Sobisch INSIGHT GmbH the programmer and developer of the GSI3D Geological Surveying and Investigation in 3 D software It is a guide for geologists in BGS and elsewhere to using the software and methodology to construct 3D geological models The GSI3D software was initially developed during the 1990s by Dr Sobisch for use in Quaternary sequences in northern Germany in collaboration with Drs Hinze and Mengeling at the NLfB Niedersaechsisches Landesamt fuer Bodenforschung which is the Soil and Geological Survey of Lower Saxony based in Hanover Over the past 7 years BGS has acted as a test bed for the accelerated development of the tool and methodology initially through the DGSM project and subsequently through take up mainly by the Urban and Systematic Survey programmes Many people have contributed to the process of supporting and developing the software and methodology at the BGS To date over 125 BGS staff have been trained to use the software with over half of those actually going on to model within projects Whilst initial work was carried out in the Science Budget programme an increasing amount of commissioned models have been built for commercial clients
110. ntirely buried deposits The presence of a bedrock layer in DIGMAP in addition to the surface geology map also provides polygons that can be selected to help in drawing either outcrop and subcrop or purely subcrop envelopes for bedrock units TIP When drawing envelopes close to the boundary of the project DTM ensure that the envelopes themselves are stretched beyond the margin of the project area DTM NOTE When drawing envelopes for discrete lenses this is only done for the top of the unit the base of the lens will be automatically generated Because the elevation of the lense envelope is calculated from the end points of its correlation lines it is particularly important to work towards a perfect fit lt 5 metres between correlation lines and the envelope boundary Using the JAVA console it is possible to check if lenses have been calculated properly 4 8 Calculating the model Once a DTM model cap has been defined and envelopes and sections are drawn the user can calculate all geological units within the model by using the Calculate triangulated volumes function under the Analysis pull down menu on the main toolbar see also Section 3 1 1 4 NOTE The surface used for calculation is the one defined in the workspace properties box see Section 3 1 1 1 it is therefore possible to calculate a model capped by any loaded surfaces e g DTM rockhead watertable etc 104 Clicking on the start button shown below the model calculation
111. nze and Heinrich Mengeling of the NLfB Niedersaechsisches Landesamt fuer Bodenforschung Soil and Geological Survey of Lower Saxony based in Hannover Hinze Sobisch and Voss 1999 Sobisch 2000 From 2000 04 BGS acted as a test bed for the accelerated development of the tool and methodology initially through the DGSM project and take up by the Urban Integrated Geoscience Surveys and Coastal Geology programmes In 2004 BGS bought a perpetual unrestricted license for the use of GSI3D v 1 5 and in 2005 upgraded to GSI3D Version 2 The current licensed Version 2 6 has been developed to include a workspace for project files 1 2 Scope of GSI3D The 3 D investigation and characterisation of the Earth s sub surface is the prime objective of any geological survey So far the strategic deliverables and products of such surveys have been 2 dimensional geological maps polygons without height information and in BGS best practice has been to present the distribution of geological units at the land surface and also at rockhead These Bedrock and Superficial versions formerly Solid and Drift of maps only delineate the full extent of the uppermost unit in each of the two layers 3 D buried geological data is only produced for major surfaces such as unconformities and or readily recognised surfaces e g base of superficial deposits top of Chalk base of Permian etc With advances in computing power and technology and the availability of increasingly precis
112. o produce a line crossing the polygon splitting it in two Then use polygon info tool see below click on it to activate it then right click on any segment of line in the half of the polygon you wish to be deleted and select delete polygon from pull down menu finally confirm your decision NOTE When splitting a polygon the initial and final clicks that define the cut line must be within the same polygon A cut line cannot be produced by starting the cut line in one polygon traversing a second to terminate in a third polygon i e A B A works A B C does not 50 12 Combine overlapping polygons only active if unit is active in table of contents Click automatically combines any polygons in the editable layer that overlap each other Useful for the drawing of envelopes that include surface outcrops and subcrops TIP Use this tool with care as results can t be undone 13 Combine adjacent polygons and fill holes only active if unit is active in table of contents Click automatically merges all selected polygons with common mutual boundaries and incorporates deletes all polygons totally enclosed within those selected polygons i e fills islands holes Useful for combining polygons of all overlying units in the construction of envelopes of partly or largely concealed strata It is important to select all polygons to be combined to form the envelope first then click this button any holes in the distribution should then be cut out
113. oceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Innovative Applications of GIS in Geological Cartography Kazimierz Dolny Poland 24 26 November 2003 http www springerlink com content I186w2713238206r http kgp wnoz us edu pl ARW ARW _Bridge doc Ellison R A McMillan A A Lott G K Kessler H amp R S Lawley 2002 Ground characterisation of the urban environment a guide to best practice Urban Geoscience and Geological Hazards Programme Keyworth British Geological Survey Research Report RR 02 2005 37pp http nora nerc ac uk 2365 1 groundchar pdf Sobisch H G 2000 Ein digitales raeumliches Modell des Quartaers der GK25 Blatt 3508 Nordhorn auf der Basis vernetzter Profilschnitte Shaker Verlag Aachen Hinze C Sobisch H G amp Voss H H 1999 Spatial modelling in Geology and its practical Use Mathematische Geologie 4 pp 51 60 http www cp v de mg mgvn4 htm 129
114. olours of both polygons and grids can be changed in this way Instructions 1 The layers you wish to colour must already be added to the map 2 Select the Change Colours function 3 Browse to the location of the gvs and gleg file 4 Select an attribute to colour the shapefiles This box is automatically populated with attributes from the gvs 5 Select which folder contains the data you wish to re colour This will be automatically populated with the data sources of the map layers 6 OK 115 Please note that only a new group layer will be created which contains only the colours and not the shapefiles themselves ArcView avl files will also be created for each shapefile GSI3D file conversion Select gxml gsipr File E G51_ 30 HulliHullTest gsipr Sal Select gws File FGI 3DiHullihull_ final qvs 5l Select gleg file E651 3DiHullihull_ final gleg 5l Select attribute to color polygons Select Folder that contains Files you wish to colour E Workspace Hull ClippedFiles OK Cancel 4 Add ESRI Grids to Window This tool adds ESRI grids to the map window and colours them in accordance with the gleg and orders them stratigraphically as listed in the gvs The grids must be in ESRI format If a thickness grid does not exist this function will automatically create one Instructions 1 Select the Add ESRI Grids to Window function 2 Browse to the location of the folder containing yo
115. on to set the properties of all the units as General 3 D Settings see a similar dialogue for the individual geological units in Section 3 2 2 and Sort using GVS to order the units in the TOC as in the GVS This results in the folder collapsing and it needs to be expanded once again 82 Properties 4 General 3D settings Hide all objects Transparency 3D 0 1 ol SH all objects W Basal suface Boundary Triangle mesh Flat M Gouraud Delete all objects _ SOPt using GvS WwW Top suface Boundary Triangle mesh Fiat Gouraud W Sides Triangle mesh Flat W Gouraud OK Cancel NOTE Deleting objects from the 3 D view does not delete them from the other windows NOTE Properties of Geological units are individually set in a combined 2 3D settings box described above in Section 3 2 2 Right clicking on individual objects within folders produces the following menu Again the properties dialogues are embedded within those described for the map and section windows the other options are self explanatory Properties Delete object Isolate object The Table of Contents border also contains a screen which can be expanded or minimised using arrows as for the main windows This screen contains three selectable tabs at its header Properties default Exploded and Video shown below Properties Properties Exploded video B Background Colour Info oniott ra Frame o 3D View Clicking on the B
116. onStr null Bon iCreateContext Failed The operation completed successfully extensionStr null 32 3 1 1 2 Add Objects Add objects Tools Analysis Windows Help G Load DEM f asc G Load raster map jpg G Load polygons shp Load boreholes bid blg Load single section bid big BE Geo register vertical geaphys sections grd gif jpg E Geo register horizontal geaphys slices grd gif jp Numerical paramters Yoronoy diagram This is the main menu for loading modelling data into GSI3D Load DEM asc Clicking on this option produces the loading and properties box shown below Load DEM asc Settings of surface Surface name INN show DTM line in sections Type of view M Elevation Slope Aspect Legend colours mm __ Interval 0 i Shading factor 0 100 oS Transparency 2D 0 1 oS Transparency 3D 0 1 lf On Cancel Click the file locator icon at the top to enable navigation through the file structure to the particular DEM you wish to load Once located select and open the asc file and this is loaded into the file box and the file name is inserted into the Surface name box The name can be altered here The show DTM line in sections box has to be ticked if the grid being loaded is to be displayed in section The remaining properties enable various methods of adjusting and enhancing the display of the DEM and can be experimented with to produc
117. onthe peau atau nes Rae hiawee dt metas ao luk citable Meet cad 87 4 3 Building sections construction and correlation ccccccccccccecceeeeeeeeaeseeeessseeeeeeeeeeeeees 89 4 4 Titine tocether and checkin sections ren oier ena ie eee i ee 93 4S ISplay ime ence dis Or Al Gi 2 Jss0c 5 suse snzstscicnceashenengasnacaueeaeas O A E 93 4 6 Creating the DTM or other surface as the Model Cap cc cccccsssssssesssssseeeeeeeeeeeees 94 ME BAL E Ie Oe Soe a T E aus besten ane OF asain eae ean a 94 AO al CUA GTM Mode unseren a a sect ae 104 4 9 Nisualisiie and Anal ySine the Model ves2ts skcarsserterar a sis ide ee acess avin 105 BD A SV TMCS AO RS eiiie eia e a a e E 105 AI 2 SY UMC LIC SCCO NS asi a a eee eet 106 4 9 3 Synthetic slices horizontal Sections reeter a E E R 107 4 94 Subcrop and SUPELCLOP MANS nssiecrirarieeci inen E a E E A Ea 108 49S Eleyon Maps n e hc E E E essa adalocks 109 KOG ExpIoded VIEW eee RE RR T A A E A 109 ALO Fim LO SSTMEE inode lS raa ON 110 Linking GSBDWithother applications snrecoranrain a a a E a ees 112 Bye MPO SUT AC CV IOWO karate nba T AT OT EO 112 DAO G Ins perenne nem ere ee emt mee ene een Tete nee me a ee OT ene nT ere ee mn ae ene Oey ee eT ere ner 113 523 GEOSCIENCE Modeline SOMW ALC irere guineas eevee eusaded aoa aae eas 118 RECAMICAAPPEACICES eai EA dssiceun dootwdedilasectunpduessunaidaseanndebsndediosees 120 Ol System Be QUIT CIN 1 Seon e T E a S 120 6 2 Acronyms and GSD termi
118. oose colours for boreholes with and without downhole logs and also define a third colour for boreholes exceeding a user specified depth Horizontal Slice maps Right clicking on these maps gives the option to export the slice as a shp file under Properties the polygon outlines can be switched on or off with a check box and the transparency adjusted Shapefiles Shapefiles can be used to aid construction of individual unit distributions envelopes right clicking on the loaded file gives the following standard options plus options Show attribute table Copy Link to S 0 view Properties Send to front Send to back Delete object Isolate object Show attribute table shows this supporting data table in a separate window below right tables can be sorted alphanumerically by geological unit or any other parameter by clicking on the header item Once the table 1s clicked on and activated only highlighted polygons are then displayed in the map window below left Standard keystrokes using Ctrl and Shift can be used to make selections F4 tm24_10k_comb_drift SHP Daten Te Pl ol nf SICL ALY JA SICS SICL ALY SICLISI SICL ALY v SICLISI SICL ALY v SICLISE iLV SICL aiv A ICL iLV SICL aiv A ICL iLV SICL av A ra IC av a Brar por an teh Sta Copy The selected polygons of the editable unit can then be copied from the sorted table to the clipboard using this fu
119. osition the final node in the section to fit the geology confirm the edit by using update for the map window The river terrace may 98 however actually extend beyond its crop beneath another unit other then alluvium intertidal deposits and peat Here thin superficial deposits such as head may overlie river terrace deposits Magnify any areas concerned and show the geological map and envelope by making the envelope the top layer and partly transparent Select the edit polygon tool and drag the nodes of the river terrace envelope over into the head polygon to show that the river terrace extends some way beneath it query any boreholes to assist with repositioning the line 8 Switch off edit and save the gsipr TERS SAY wince AOS Y a ES LA YP Ree ell ee TRI AB SOS LS ee ae ane a Se acne TT River Terrace Deposits envelope in construction above all four units selected and below fused 99 C Kesgrave Sands and Gravels Envelope The drawing of the Kesgrave Sands and Gravels envelope is very complicated and is for the advanced or experienced user there are several ways to approach it The approach described below selects the surface outcrops and extends them outwards and merges them where needed to produce the envelope An alternative is to select the surface outcrops and those polygons of units largely overlying the areas where the sections show Kesgrave sand and gravels to be present at d
120. oss points Display map polygons Eed Elsewhere in the section window layout above Tick Show 2D logs for boreholes to be displayed in the sections Tick Show 3D logs for boreholes to be displayed in the 3D window Set colour of correlated section and Set colour of synthetic section set the colour of the correlated or generated sections Select here the GVS column from the pull down menu giving the option to colour the section by different the various gvs attributes see Section 2 1 7 By ticking Polygons or Lines the user can decide to look at either just the lines or the panels of the section Ticking Textures will utilise the texture as specified in the Legend file Send to front ticking this box gives the option to send the correlated section or parts of a section to the front overprinting any synthetic section panels this can be used when producing composite synthetic and correlated sections TIP for checking a model it is useful to just display model calculated and correlation lines This way any discrepancy between correlation line black and modelled line blue is very obvious Lines at drill log positions In areas of crowded borehole data for ease of visualisation the borehole sticks and knick points can be displayed as vertical lines by ticking this function T1 If Hang sticks on DTM is ticked the borehole start heights are adjusted to the DIM The accuracy of borehole levelling is likely to be more accurate than m
121. ost current DTMs Also boreholes logs may not always start from ground level e g motorway routes now cut and filled gravel workings etc The cross points of correlation lines are shown using the symbol below this feature can also be switched on or off Y Display outcrop band ticking this option enables a coloured band of predetermined thickness showing the geological units at outcrop along the DTM trace see Section 3 1 1 2 TIP Section construction is often hindered by cluttered annotations Depending on the quality of data coloured up borehole sticks may be sufficient to enable good correlation lines to be constructed and labelling can be switched off most of the time Raster images If the cross section constitutes a raster jpg see Section 2 1 6 right clicking on the item produces the option to show boreholes within a certain buffer the opening dialogue box choose the Show drill logs button which opens the Distance of drill logs dialogue box Type in the appropriate maximum distance of the drill logs to be displayed in relation to the section 53 GSI3D BQ cross sections SLTA Properties Show drill lo gs Delete object TEON L Distance of drill logs i x Max distance of drill logs to section 0 0 4bbrechen a 116 179373 2 144 74843 Click OK and the boreholes in the created buffer appear mapped on the vertical raster map Esia Ex QQ lj See i E g
122. ow Table of Contents or select create new TIN under the tolls pull down menu on the top header bar 2 When prompted enter a recognisable name and this will then be displayed as an empty object in the grids amp tins folder 3 To load data into the object right click on the object and under Extra Functions select any of the top 3 loading options depending on the data source 4 The loaded surface may then be trimmed to a bespoke project area for calculation as described in detail in Section 3 2 2 5 The surface is saved in the gsipr file after saving the project 4 7 Drawing Envelopes An envelope is a distribution map of any given geological unit in the sequence GVS showing where that unit is present either at surface or beneath other units In most cases the distribution is a combination of both 1 e outcrop and subcrop but in certain cases the entire distribution may be at crop a very young surficial layer like alluvium or entirely a buried a deep bedrock unit for example The envelopes are constructed in the map window and saved into the same project gsipr file as the sections There is often no unique or correct way to construct an envelope but some general guidance 1s provided here In order to do this let us examine the case of 1 25 000 sheet TM14 around Ipswich in southern East Anglia Prior to envelope construction load all data into the map window Let us consider drawing 6 envelopes for this area the alluvium and river
123. ow and is ticked as the active section enabling construction to commence Use this option to draw new sections and to add sections to the existing ones This function is used to specify the alignment of synthetic sections once the model is completed as described in Section 4 9 2 NOTE Always open all existing sections and envelopes prior to creating new ones so that all the sections and envelopes will appear in the saved gxml file at the end of the session GSI3D only stores what is loaded at the time saving is executed and doesn t automatically append data from previous sessions TIP This function is also used for creating synthetic sections Create new geological unit This button creates a geological unit from correlated sections by plotting all base points in the map window ready for the user to draw the required envelope When selected it presents a Selection of unit window listing Name of unit for all units listed in the gvs file Select the unit required to commence drawing an envelope for it see below NOTE Once a unit has been created and at least one envelope has been drawn it will be stored in the project file with the next save This is not the function for calculating the z values of the envelope See Section 3 2 2 43 Create new TIN Selecting this option produces a dialogue box to name the TIN Multiple Tins can be created and are stored in the gsipr file the one to be used for calculation is defined and stored
124. parallel sections just for example say N S and W E aligned are constructed through the area being modelled to produce a representative fence diagram of the area As the two series are broadly normal to each other one should be aligned to cut any overall geological structure or outcrop pattern at a high angle with the other set running parallel to the structure There will be many intersections between the individual lines of section GSI3D displays these intersections by positioning arrows corresponding to the bases of units in the intersecting sections so that the two sets of sections can be drawn to correspond at their mutual intersection point Swapping between sections of differing orientation produces an internal consistency within the sections It is recommended to draw several master sections in each of the 2 principal alignments at an early stage in model building Then with this overall master framework locked together intervening sections can be inserted to produce the desired density of fence diagram required for model calculation When reviewing and editing sections ensure that nodes are regularly spaced along unit bases and the shapes of these lines are geologically sensible Magnifying the section ensures that nodes are placed accurately at the end of lines to correspond with the geological mapping displayed as a colour band along the dtm as shown in the example above at Section 4 3 The line population and smoothing functions can also be d
125. r surface corresponds to parts of the bases of units 1 and 2 and also segments of the DTM where it crops out Unit 4 forms the base of the stack and its base is not encountered but it is entirely concealed and continuous as the unit is present throughout the area Therefore the envelope equals the project area The top of this unit comprises elements of the bases of Units 2 and 3 So the base of any unit is considered to be a single surface whilst the top which 1s not defined is composed of elements of other unit bases and sometimes the DTM if the given unit crops out Lenses In the case of lenses within a parent body grey there are two cases to consider Firstly the lenses may be co eval blue pair meaning they are one stratigraphic unit that is discontinuous In this case they are numbered the same It is imperative that no two of these lenses will occur on top of each other 24 Secondly lenses may occur that relate to different temporal events even though they have a similar lithology geometry and parent body but the modeller has decided to still group them into one unit as described above orange group Where a similar such lens vertically overlaps another of the group it must however be assigned a separate code green lens over orange group If desired each lens can be treated as an individual hence not implying any age relationship red and yellow lenses As lenses are treated as intrusions they sit outside the GVS sequence
126. rfaces for export to GIS Builds a 3 D model stack for interrogation in site selection route planning resource assessment recharge and aquifer studies Often hundreds per square kilometre Members and thin individual beds and lenses Artificial Ground lt 2 square kilometres a day Compatible with detailed site plans at scales of 1 5 1000 Computation of surfaces and lenses for export to GIS Detailed 3 D model for analysis of thickness volumes flow paths providing bed by bed stratigraphy for use in Urban planning and site development etc Minimum Unit 2 metres 1 metres 0 1 metres thickness Summary table of the various types of investigation and their characteristics 88 4 3 Building sections construction and correlation Construction and Correlation Section construction and correlation follows the following steps l Set up a project workspace gsipr with the following data assembled dtm evs gleg and borehole bid blg files Load geological linework as shp files these are not stored or linked to the workspace at present Minimise the 3D window and open the Borehole Viewer window and drag to a suitable position top right works well with the 3D minimized Select Create new section from the Tools menu and give it an appropriate sequential name e g TM14 NSI it is recommended to adopt a naming convention that includes the quarter sheet or project name in the dialogue box This name w
127. rs This Viewer is not stand alone software but the model is encrypted into it The Sub surface Viewer enables the client to visualise slice dice and query the block model that can be displayed according to multiple geological and applied parameters The GSI3D method aims to maintain a dynamic model of the near surface as part of the strategic surveying and continuous data revision process carried out by Geological Survey organisations When new data or knowledge is obtained the geologist can review the new data say boreholes then as needed iterate the sections envelopes or even introduce new units in the stratigraphy The ultimate aim is not to store fixed outputs such as traditional maps GIS layers or grids but to maintain and continually upgrade an integrated geological model The GSI3D software and methodology has been developed for investigation of the shallow sub surface The actual depth to which modelling extends is variable depending on factors such as borehole depth geological terrain and user requirements The software cannot at present deal with heavily faulted and overturned strata but is being developed to encompass most scenarios encountered in bedrock environments Mathers Sobisch Wood amp Kessler 2008 1 3 GSI3D data flow model The figure below shows the data inter relationships and flows to and from the BGS corporate databases and software and interaction with customers GSI3D uses BGS dictionaries Lexicon Ro
128. rwise select those required Editing of the borehole list is made possible through the Append Insert and Delete buttons Once the required boreholes are all listed in the Selection click OK and they are loaded Boreholes are plotted relative to the DTM in the map window those with simple location details colour red SOBI only whilst those with downhole coded units i e suitable for modelling are coloured black and green depending on their total depth see Section 3 2 2 Load single section gxml This button opens the borehole loading screen as explained above Selecting borehole locations from a borehole index file bid individual sections can be created directly free hand or from a pre selected set of boreholes that make a section NOTE The points will be connected to a section as listed in the Selection list on the right so the user must add the borehole string in the correct order 36 Load single section bid blg j x Select boreholes E G513D Training bohr bid E G513D Training bohr log blg S13D Training Contaminants PLG Name of object bohr bid Dritlogs 12 gt Selected 4 gt Selektion lt 4 gt BR 1 BR 2 BR 3 Inset gt BR 4 Delete lt ok Cancel Geo register vertical geophysical section This option allows the geo rectification of vertical geophysical sections using the following dialogue box Geo register vertical geophys sections
129. s GLE onerar rann aAA E OA EE 19 2k STB Project Tiles GS PEIN ernie A E 20 2 LICOSDBD Volume file exme a a ed Mahara tiles ttaed Malate ta 21 22 ThS BOS Data Portal recreire n e E E A T EE 22 2o Fie SURI CTU SAM Jape NAS aia E a e tesevaastieveastavondeeaeas 22 DA S13 D DaSIC p NCP ES iae aE EE EE E E alee E 23 z TCDD IAO A E ET nee ene nen ee uae er 26 LTD MUSC eia a a a a a a pee ee 26 SEEL ob 1UIe 0 wI MENUS en a A T OE E nt ereneo errr 21 se Toe Map Wy TINO a E E E daa ena 48 Dale MW OOU OA esrara E E E A biel ate binds daa 48 D222 Tabler COME IIS eree E E EE EON 52 32a OUSE CICK oessa e a E rE E eee 67 3o UNS SECTION WIT OW enti E N OT S 69 oE TOODA areia a A a EA E 69 ro Tabl EO CONCI Sasetari eee ee ee 12 Io MOUSE CICK unien a AAE NEO E E AEA E A 79 Ae ING OD WOW ean E 81 DF gk MOOIDAR sae a EE delta uta aK da Sols Solanki delet ita aM da ta at Satna dey 81 342 Table Gr BY Onen eee ne ee eee mee ee 82 33 PIMC Borehole VAC W CP oraaa tog data Alec dato sale E TE E A vaca A 85 RIA TOODI en ects csu eto icc Geese ten E A EE anh oe Brasco E 86 PAL Tae Or O10 01 S eee ORD ee eRe Re no enn Fever em NOE EER mene Ee EL oer Nee ELLE Te 86 Oe Sse DONE E sre rata acacia E a eo ec 86 4 Working in GSI3D methodology and best practice cccccccsssssseeeeeeeeecceeeeeseeeeeeaaaaas 87 Al Scales and Types Of veshi atl oiie aE teat amie aerrah yah dit beens O eam eset aedceaes 87 4 2 Borehole COCING oie tan levans idea aaa Oa aces et
130. s anywhere in the area These can be useful in planning drilling programmes for ground truthing and model testing The synthetic logs are displayed in the borehole viewer window and the attribution is retrieved from the GVS alal x j Tttubhtetittt SE22R5g92 BE i 6 IyAPEaSaREES ORERREEERERER w 105 4 9 2 Svnthetic sections One of the best insights into the integrity of the produced model is to draw synthetic sections through it see Section 3 1 1 3 This can be along or across geological and geomorphological Structures To create synthetic sections 1 Load project and calculate 2 Go to Tools create new section Use the info tool to place the cursor on the map and use add point to section in the section window Repeat this until you have a completed cross section 3 Set the properties in the section window right click and select the correct GVS column and tick both lines and polygons 4 Set the appropriate vertical exaggeration f gste f gg f i redu f itdu iz cross section ee ai of maps 2 volume ra I avy WF tdu Y redu gste W gag loft gsgbl i o kes N WW cfb I rogy f tham y G S aime eS i 2 63011425 Y 241446 06 JBHR TaAQ lle aK Bi e amp RGR FF Soy re a A particular use of this functionality is to predict ground conditions along pre determined routes such as flood embankments tunnels and pipel
131. s greyed out as only a single project can be loaded in a session 2l Save Project as Selecting Save Project as enables the project that has been worked on to be saved at the end of a modelling session as a project workspace gsipr using a standard explorer dialogue box to navigate to a preferred folder location name the file and Save Import This function enables the user to select from a series of four import options GSI3D Version 2 6 October 2008 GSI3D File Add objects Tools Analysis Windows Help Boe ewe Ae Open Project El Save Project as Export b Load sections gxml G Load envelopes or TINs gym Properties a Load vertical geophys sections qxmil E Exit Load horizontal geophys slices gxml Load Sections gxml Selecting this option produces the dialogue box below in which clicking the folder buttons requires navigation to and selection of the desired gsipr and blg files downhole borehole interpretation file for the sections If no boreholes are present in the sections simply selecting any blg file will suffice The sections available are listed in the bottom right box and can be Appended or Inserted or Deleted into the selection box on the left Once data is selected the Ok button at bottom left becomes bold and clicking on it loads the selected items The Load envelopes or TINs gxml Load vertical geophys sections gxml and Load horizontal geophys slices gxml
132. se features lie below the floors of the major present day valleys such as the Gipping Orwell The deposits are known only from boreholes and they do not crop out at surface construction of an envelope for these deposits is thus achieved by displaying the correlation nodes along the sections in the map window In this case it was useful to draw additional short helper sections in 103 varied orientations to include all boreholes encountering the deposits in order to define tightly the extent of these buried deposits The surface geology of central Ipswich is shown below left the extent of the deposits 1s indicated as a continuous purple line along the lines of section with each node shown as a cross Envelope construction is performed using the draw polygon tool to trace around the areas where the deposit is present Even with closely spaced sections several possible ways of joining up the segments of purple lines crosses are apparent In this case the alignment of the present valley and the expected direction of ice flow were taken into account in drawing the form of the final envelope Some 19 units are represented in the stacked model for TM14 of which six have been presented here as examples of varied styles of envelope construction At its simplest envelopes can be divided into surface outcrop envelopes young unit not overlain outcrop plus subcrop envelopes well illustrated above by the Kesgrave Sand and Gravel and subcrop envelopes of e
133. section outlines as shape file Uses a standard dialogue box to export the network of sections in plan view 64 Right clicking on individual cross sections brings up the standard menu Properties Send to Front Send to back Delete object Isolate object Properties click to open the section view properties window and adjust settings as required described in Sections 3 3 2 and 3 3 3 Send to front Self Explanatory Send to back Ditto Delete object Ditto Isolate object Ditto 4 Maps This folder lists all shp files and other maps loaded which may include multiple geological map layers bedrock superficial artificial mass movement or combinations of these Similarly thematic map shp files may be imported such as the polygons for the IMAU reports Also displayed in this folder are topo maps and map layers showing the distribution of boreholes within the study area derived from the downloaded SOBI tables A right click on the folder gives four standard options NOTE Only Voronoy maps can be sent to the 3D window using this menu Right clicking on individual objects gives menus dependant on the type of object here the non standard options are explained Borehole maps Right clicking on a borehole distribution map produces the settings box below xi Settings of borehole map Logged Boreholes Boreholes without logs Logged Boreholes deeper than 10 OK Cancel 65 The user can ch
134. selected in the map window using the Info tool simply click on the icon to add the location to the section under construction 16 Set vertical exaggeration This input field enables the setting of vertical exaggeration after typing the desired value hit enter to make the change occur TIP In work on Quaternary sequences in several parts of Britain a value of about 15 has proved useful although the presence of any very deep boreholes means that those sections then becomes very large deep requiring careful navigation using the PAN and ZOOM options 17 Dual View This button splits the section window into an upper and lower pane When clicked the icon changes form and four additional familiar icons then appear to the right governing the properties of the lower pane see below Clicking again on the dual view icon reverts to a single pane In split pane mode the displayed area of each pane is shown as a red lined box in the other pane In the example below detailed correlation can be performed in the lower pane whilst the overview is displayed in the upper pane 71 Perrot Ee Ae eA w eh eS Ble tree eee 5 ret SABLE Fy PO oe Example in dual view mode 3 3 2 Table of Contents SS project Eli cross sections TM24_DOCK_E i TM24_ DOCK ff TM24_ DOCK TM24 DOCK sai TM24NE_NS1 LaTi TM24NE_NS52 LaTi TM24NE_NS53 TM24NE_N54 TM24NE_NS55 a TM24NE_WEL TM24NE_WE TM24NE_WES TM24NE_WE4 TM24NE_W
135. specification does not cover mobile devices Varying hardware set ups on Laptops in particular the graphic cards may mean that GSI3D does not perform satisfactory It is recommended to have a double screen or a separate laptop during the modelling exercise when the user is using the GEOENTRY system ACCESS front end to BoGe and SOBI the borehole scans other GIS system and GSI3D often at the same time 6 2 Acronyms and GSI3D terminology ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange Base The lower boundary of a particular geological unit GSI3D deals exclusively with the base of geological units BGprop Corporate ORACLE table containing geological properties associated via a link ID with BoGe borehole units BINDEX ORACLE legacy table containing the header information to BGS borehole records Precursor to SOBI BLITH ORACLE legacy table containing standard stratigraphical and lithological and property data for geological units Precursor to BoGe and BGprop BoGe Corporate ORACLE table containing standard stratigraphical and lithological data for geological units CEH DTM A loosely used term to refer to the nationally available DTM based on OS Ordnance Survey 10 metre contour data that has been hydrologically corrected by the Centre of Ecology and Hydrology in Wallingford using additional height information of rivers streams and watersheds Currently the only nationwide available seamless DTM DEM Digital Elevation
136. t insert these into the layer by constructing a polygon based on the crosses and correlation lines along the sections and query any nearby boreholes not on sections to help refine the shape Identify any islands within the main polygons where the Kesgrave sands and gravels are cut through Again draw polygons to cut away the deposit by looking at the section crosses and correlation lines along sections and also any nearby boreholes not on sections to help refine the shape Check that the limits of the polygons are tucked beneath younger deposits wherever the polygon boundary is not an exposed base of the unit otherwise an outcrop not shown on the geological map is implied Review carefully and when happy with the layer map switch off the edit and save the gsipr 100 Outcrop of the Kesgrave Sands and Gravels and nodes shown as crosses along sections showing extent of subcrops Completed envelope for the Kesgrave Sands and Gravels D Red Crag Envelope The Red Crag envelope is constructed using the bedrock geology map rather than a superficial and bedrock combined surface geology version 101 Repeat again Stages and 2 from the alluvium using the bedrock shapefile to select all the Red Crag polygons Magnify any areas where the bedrock geology shows the Red Crag to be overlain by a younger bedrock unit the Chillesford Sand Update the map window and use the crosses and correlation lines on the sections and boreholes if an
137. t point of a previously digitized section Populate lines this function displays an entry screen to type in the maximum distance in the x dimension in metres between two adjacent nodes that is permitted along correlation lines where this distance 1s exceeded an equally spaced node s are inserted to populate the line This function updates all lines in the selected section only 73 Smooth lines this function displays an entry screen to type in the distance in metres in the x dimension between two adjacent nodes that is permitted along correlation lines this function however not only populates the line but changes the shape of the line to a smoother shape This function updates all lines in the selected section only Line before population or smoothing in I A aft P P T e 8 38 68 0000 6G f H Line smoothed nodes every y metres in x dimension line shape smoother Check section s This option produces the section checking dialogue box below 74 Check section s Check section s for i elevation errors Maximum acceptable difference in metres 0 1000 0 5 reset checkpoints OK Cancel Errors are reported in the map window with red squares covering the intersections as shown in the example below Properties Properties when set apply to all selected sections then displayed in the section window Click on Properties to reach the Section layout window Section window layout Boreho
138. t the image resolution to 300ppi and ensure that the original width of the image does not change Only one section can be exported at a time NOTE File extensions must be entered in the File name dialogue box 0 0 5198 8345 Exported jpeg from section window with scale bars TIP Occasionally where a high vertical exaggeration has been set on the 2D sections the m pixel resolution may result in part of the section being lost A lower resolution can be set to capture the entire section but the scale will be affected In these cases the section length at the required scale should be calculated and set after exporting from GSI3D into CorelDraw or Paint Shop Pro 3 Print Map Window Click on this icon to print the map window to a printer 4 Zoom to full extent Click fits the whole object to the dimensions of the section window 5 Zoom In Click on then click in window and hold down whilst dragging mouse to construct marquee around area to zoom in to release on completion 6 Zoom Out Click on click in window and repeat to incrementally reduce the magnification 7 PAN Click then click in window and hold drag to new position and release drag and drop 70 8 Back to previous view Click displays previous view not an undo button though 9 Fit section view to view in map window This function enables the user to zoom in the map window to exactly the same segment of a section that is currently displayed in the map windo
139. the Interval limit 2 gt 0 in Interval gt 0 the Contrast enhancement gt 0 and check the Log scale box if appropriate For both pictures and grids you can now or at any point later in the working session choose the Transparency 2D settings The lower part of the properties box is restricted for the definition of the 3D Parameter of the horizontal slice either connecting the elevation of the slice in relation to the DTM or giving an absolute height above or below mean sea level In order to link the slice to the DTM use the file locator icon to navigate through the file structure to the appropriate dem asc and define the relative distance of the horizontal geophysical slice to the surface in the settings box Reference height m above OD the Fixed height box in the same line turns automatically off in this case In case the slice was taken as a plain slice with an absolute height related to sea level only define this elevation in the Reference height m above OD box These absolute settings can be modified any time during the working session If necessary choose the Transparency 3D properties Click OK and the horizontal slice appears as a map in the file tree of the map window The geocoded and displayed horizontal geophysical slices can be stored in the gxml project file NOTE The coordinate setting properties can only be changed before the first visualization of the slice not during the first or any other working session NOTE
140. the terrain itself Examples include unfiltered LIDAR NEXTMap and photogrammetry produced elevation models Defined here as the extent of a geological deposit in plan view 2D forming a distribution map of the particular unit a presence absence map Geochemical Baseline Survey of the Environment Grid sampling of sediments from 0 1 and 0 4 m depth on 2km grid in rural and 0 5 km in urban areas Described with texture colour contamination etc and analysed for ca 50 elements an organics only Microsoft ACCESS based front end to SOBI BoGe and Bgprop developed by Ken Lawrie BGS Edinburgh Major BGS programme to produce national geohazard datasets for Great Britain Major deliverables are Scanned Borehole Images Drift thickness and Rockhead data Landslide and Karst Hazard layers Geoscience Mark up Language Geological Surveying and Investigation in 3 D 121 GLOS GML GoCad Grid GSD GSD2 GSF GSI3D TIN GSIPR GXML IMAU Lexicon LIDAR LOCUS Map Geoscience Large Object Store The DGSM Oracle store for geoscience models in their proprietary format GSI3D stores projects IN XML format Geoscience Mark up language Geoscience modelling package developed by a French led consortium A rectangular grid attributed with elevation or thickness values of a particular geological unit GSI3D exports grids as ASCII grids asc or SURFER grids grd Geological Spatial Database
141. top windows allow each to be maximized or minimized whilst clicking on the edges allow dragging 26 of the windows to any preferred size depending on the type of work being undertaken Similarly the left hand Table of Contents TOC margin present within each window can also be enlarged or reduced in width within its own window Most items in the software can be right clicked to get options such as properties or print In the early stages of building the GSI3D model of any area the 3D window is generally switched off see Section 3 4 1 to allow interactive working between the map window displaying themes such as geological lines boreholes lines of section and the section window containing all the sections already constructed Using the split window function see Section 3 1 1 3 all windows can be arranged individually switched off individually and docked together again 3 1 1 The pull down menus GSI3D Version 2 6 October 2008 GSI3D File 4dd objects Tools Analysis Windows Help Sr pas Kaas The task bar of the main GSI3D window contains six pull down menu options above 3 1 1 1 File contains the following options GSI3D Version 2 File Addobjects Tools fa Open Project EH Save Project as Import H Export b Properties E Exit Open Project Clicking the Open Project option opens a standard dialogue box to navigate and select the gsipr Project file required once a project is loaded this option i
142. units 1 e it is the downhole log file This can be geological information from BoGe or any other downhole database organised in tab separated columns The log must be complete from the surface downwards and not intermittent intervals of core loss are coded as absent data not left blank The borehole index file bid needs to be prepared with the following structure Unique Borehole Easting Northing Start Height ID SE64S W23 123456 123456 P22 All boreholes MUST contain a number 99999 if none available not in the start height column If SOBI does not contain one this can be added in a text editor GSI3D displays borehole sticks according to their own start height although the user has the option to hang all sticks on the DTM if that is preferred This option should be used with care taking into account the relative confidence in the borehole datum s compared to the DTM If confidence in the borehole datum is high use the start height If not and the confidence in the DTM is relatively high consider hanging the borehole sticks from the DTM The borehole log file blg needs to be prepared with the following structure Unique Depth to Lithostrat Code Lithology Code Other More Borehole ID base of Unit Lexicon codes codes from start height in meters SE64SW23 SE64SW23 LGFG SE64SW23 LOFT CSZV NOTE The Bid and Blg files must NOT contain any header information 15 NOTE If the
143. ur ESRI grids 3 Browse to the location of the gvs and gleg file 4 Select an attribute to colour the shapefiles This box is automatically populated with attributes from the gvs 5 OK 5 Layout Maker This tool creates a layout view automatically adds data to it and exports this as a tiff image There are two aspects to this tool a complete export facility where everything is exported in one action and an interactive facility that allows the user to modify certain parts of the layout titles legends etc before each export Instructions 1 Ensure your data including any topographic maps and project boundaries are added to the map 2 Select the Layout Maker function 3 Select your boundary layer and topographic layer or keep blank if not present 4 Select whether you require the topography to be at the top if it 1s translucent or at the bottom 5 Browse to the location where you would like the tiffs to be saved to 116 6 Select whether to export the tiffs one at a time see below or all in one action 7 OK Layout Properties Select boundary Project Boundary Select topography layer Topographic base maps 0 Topography at bop Topography at bottom Select folder to save tiffs E GeoSureReparts O Export one at a time f Export all OK Cancel If you select to export the tiffs one at a time then another window will open that will allow you to go through each layer modifyin
144. w 10 Draw line Click on the icon to activate Click where you wish to place the first node then drag and click to add additional nodes finishing the line with a double click 11 Edit line Click on the icon to activate Click on the line you wish to edit the nodes are displayed Edit the nodes as follows To reposition click and hold drag and release at new position drag and drop To insert click on the line where a new node is required To delete double click on the node you wish to delete NOTE the last 2 nodes of a correlation line cannot be deleted Use right click to delete line 12 Split line Select this tool and place a node single click above the line to be cut and then extend to a second node below the line double click The cutting line disappears and the cut line remains as two still attributed segments 13 Info tool Click to activate then position cross hair on the object or location you wish to interrogate the x and z coordinates automatically scroll in the footer bar For right mouse click options see Section 3 3 3 14 Add borehole to section For use in adding boreholes whilst constructing sections with the borehole selected in the map window using the Info tool and displayed in the borehole viewer to validate its worth simply click on the icon to add the borehole to the section under construction 15 Add point to section For use in adding knick points whilst constructing sections with the location
145. w Load boreholes bid blg Clicking on this option produces the borehole loading screen Click the two separate file locator icons to enable navigation through the file structure to the two borehole files needed Index and Log The upper file selector requires the bid index file listing the unique borehole number coordinates and start height This file 1s the master table and is automatically listed in the Name of Object box all the boreholes in this table are also automatically listed in the borehole field The second file selector requires a blg downhole log file giving properties such as stratigraphy lithology colour etc together with depths to the base from the start height not reduced levels 35 Both these datasets are readily downloaded from the BGS SOBI and BoGe databases using the BGS Data Portal see Sections 2 1 4 amp 2 2 The third file selector is to load parameter data relating to the boreholes for example chemical analyses performed on samples at particular depths in the boreholes The Name of object by default displays the borehole index file name which can be altered if required Load boreholes bid blg F x Select boreholes Mame of abject bohr OriHogs 12 gt selected 12 gt sefekton 12 gt Insert gt Delete lt Cancel The selected boreholes display their unique identifier in the Boreholes box Highlighting one and pressing Ctrl A selects them all othe
146. ww isgs uiuc edu research 3 DWorkshop 2005 pdf files kessler_ 15 10 2005 ppt pdf Riddick A Laxton J Cave M Wood B Duffy T Bell P Evans C J Howard A Armstrong B Kirby G Monaghan A Ritchie C Jones D Napier B Jones N Millward D Clarke S Leslie G Mathers S Royse K Kessler H Newell A Dumpleton S Loudon V amp J Aspden 2005 Digital geoscience spatial model project final report Keyworth British Geological Survey 56pp BGS Occasional Publication No 9 http nora nerc ac uk 2366 1 DGSM_ Final pdf Kessler H amp Mathers S J 2004 Maps to Models Geoscientist 14 10 pp 4 6 http www bgs ac uk science 3 Dmodelling mapstomodels html Kessler H Mathers S J amp H G Sobisch 2004 GSI3D The software and methodology to build near surface 3 D geological models British Geological Survey IR 04 029 96pp http nora nerc ac uk 4019 1 IRO4029 pdf Hough E Kessler H Lelliott M Price S Reeves H amp D Bridge 2003 Look before you leap In Moore H M Fox H R amp S Elliott editors Land reclamation Extending the boundaries pp 369 375 Bridge D Hough E Kessler H Price S amp Reeves H 2003 Urban Geology Integrating Surface and Sub Surface Geoscientific Information for Development Needs In NATO Science Series V Earth and Environmental Sciences Stanislaw R Ostaficzuk The Current Role of Geological Mapping in Geosciences Pr
147. x allows to set the 2D and 3D properties You can Show on map the parameter distribution either as Points or Voronoy Polygons see below by ticking the suitable box and set the Transparency 2D 0 1 values At this stage you can also set the Type of view in 3D by choosing Discs Disc size 3D 1 1000 or Voronoy Polygon as well as Transparency 2D 0 1 SUAOGEP SLeAGGES Click OK and the defined distribution map appears in the map folder in the Table of Contents Here the chosen map name is displayed with an extension stating if the plot has a relative r elevation to the DTM or an absolute a elevation NOTE The default for the map is Voronoy Polygon even if Points is ticked before the first loading process NOTE These 2D and 3D settings can be changed any time during the working session by a right click on the object Voronoy diagram Clicking on this option brings up the following loading screen below enabling the user to load a set of point data in the dat format see Section 3 2 2 to be displayed as a Voronoy diagram also below The settings for the Voronoy Diagram include the choice to display either points 41 boundaries or coloured polygons This function is useful to display properties within a map view and also draped in 3D Yoronoy diagram E x Settings for Voronoy diagram Name of Voronoy diagram un Type of view l Points W Boundaries Polygons Legend colours m a Transparency
148. ximum height of the model relative to OD The Unit attribute sets the overall GVS attribute for the project on start by selecting the attribute from the list present in the gvs file here shown as F1 The OK button confirms changes made within session Cancel discards such changes The number of boreholes loaded in the project is also listed at the base of the dialogue box Exit E Exit This button exits the application The user will get one chance to cancel this after that unsaved data is lost Clicking on the close icon on the GSI3D window has the same effect Exit program l X 4 4re you confident you want to exit this program NOTE Closing the MS_DOS window below will automatically shut down the programme and any unsaved data will be lost GSI3D2 local SSIs Varsian a ee Versio 4 BG te tok SURVEYING AND INVESTIGATION IN 3D isch lt c gt 1999 2005 AHURETERRHATILRNERERERERANERRENNERENNENERENNENERERHEREEERNED ro L E G513D2 local Hi cs130 version 2 0 GEO Stereo false oe aeeeanes Failed The operation completed successfully extensionStr null wglCreateContext Failed The operation completed successfully fextensionStr nu aug lCreateContext Failed The operation completed successfully gextensionStr null mwuglCreateContext Failed The operation completed successfully extensionStr null waglCreateContext Failed The operation completed successfully extensi
149. y to extend the Red Crag polygon beneath the Chillesford Sand Switch off edit and save gsipr Red Crag envelope E Lower London Tertiaries Envelope The Lower London Tertiaries envelope Lambeth Group and Thanet Sand Formation undifferentiated is again relatively straightforward where it is present it always rests on the Chalk and is not cut through in this area by any younger bedrock units l Repeat Stages 1 and 2 above this time selecting all the bedrock polygons the Lower London Tertiaries and the overlying Thames Group Red Crag and Chillesford Sand Click on the merge adjacent polygons and fill holes icon to fuse the polygons into a single envelope This yields two large polygons and three small ones the latter are minor outliers beneath the Orwell Gipping valley Identify any windows where quarries or superficial deposits have cut through the Lower London Tertiaries to Chalk within the two major polygons there are 5 in all Select each of these 5 polygons individually using the nfo tool and then the insert polygon tool to cut out these areas as holes within the layer distribution NOTE this can only be done after merging the encircling polygons Switch off edit save the gsipr 102 Bedrock geology of TM14 Lower London Tertiaries envelope F Glacial Channel Deposits Envelope Glacial Channel deposits up to 50m thick occur infilling deeply incised tunnel valleys in the Ipswich area Some but not all of the
150. ze and extent of the grid the default value the cell size is model dependant and the extent is the whole project area Load GoCad Tin base top A GoCad surface can be imported from a standard dialogue to form the base of a geological unit using this function for calculation of the model however this will not be saved in the gsipr file unlike objects in the grids and tins folder Loading a top of a unit contrary to the established GSI3D topology rules forces a capping surface for a single unit into the calculation This is particularly useful for lensoid bodies Export base top as GoCad TIN This function will export either the base or top of an individual geological unit from the calculated model into proprietary GoCad format The created TIN will be an exact copy of the GSI3D TIN Save surface s as GoCad TIN x Save in TM24 z ca ck ES C EXPORT My Natur n Files of type 6l Export Unit shell as GoCad TIN This similar function will export the entire volume of a geological unit top plus base and sides into a proprietary GoCad format Add scattered data points This function allows extra data points such as points along contour lines or scattered helper points where data is sparse to support the conceptualised geometry of the unit however these data will not be saved in the gsipr file unlike objects in the grids and tins folder amp amp add scattered data points i x Look in TM24 ck Ea

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