ENP NOTE HEAD DESIGNER
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1. Figure 14 A note head drawn using a filled polygon tool The figure shows also some proportionally spaced vertices 4 3 An Code Based Note Head As our last example we use the code view to define a Lisp based note head We implement a note head for a rattling effect as described for example in 2 The code is used to join a series of B zier curves to form a complex evolving curve that completely fills the space reserved for the note head Let us examine the source code in more detail see code view in Figure 15 First we define the outer con tour of the shape and define a scaling factor for each of the B zier curves y shape y scaling We ba sically draw the same curve repeatedly in a loop each time with a different transformation and scaling values see the two OpenGL macros with GL translate and with GL scale in the bottom of the code view Every other curve is also flipped vertically using a nega tive scaling value to smoothly join the end of each curve with the beginning of the next one The whole shape is scaled inside the extent of the note by dividing the width of the note by the number of individual curves in the note head shape the length of the y shape The preview score in Figure 15 shows the final note head shape AAA ENP Note Head Designer Properties view Note head name rattling __ Print characater or string Font TIMES Fa X Y offset 0 00 0 00 Code view Clet Cy shape2. Figure 8 The ND graphics canvas shows some graphical objects with the editable handles shown 1 polygon 2 line strip 3 circle 4 text and 5 filled triangle The origo of the drawing canvas is given in 6 All the graph ical objects are drawn relative to this point 4 SOME NOTE HEAD DESIGNER EXAMPLES In this section we use ND to design several note heads We begin by defining a simple character based note head Then we move to more complex cases as we define three hand drawn note heads The first two are static ones ENP Note Head Designer Properties view Note head name custom notehead Print characater or string Font TIMES a X Y offset 0 00 0 00 Code view Preview Print Source TZ BOQOF Oi ENP Window 1 Text O y displacement x displacement A eg Figure 9 The chord containing the designed note head has been manually displaced both in x and y dimensions transposed up and dragged to the right The graphical objects adjust their position accordingly meaning that they retain their shape regardless of their musical context The third one in turn is a dynamic one as it adjusts its visual appearance according to the extent of the note As the final example we define an algorithmic note head that graphically visualizes the production of a rattling sound 4 1 A Character based Note Head This approach is the most simple one The user can de
3. j SoooSo AOouPr 0 0 1 oe e I 0 6 1 6 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 5 1 6 1 0 2 1 1 Cy scaling 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 2 2 2 1 2 0 1 9 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 2 1 2 0 1 9 1 8 x size width Csuper nota Cloop for direction 1 0 then perp for tx from 0 0 by x size for ty in y shape for scaling in y scaling do Cwith GL translate tx ty Cwith GL scaling 1 0 scaling direction Cdraw 2d bezier 0 0 0 0 x size 0 0 0 0 1 0 x size 1 Preview Print Source TIZ ME O ie ENP Window 1 bo Figure 15 A complex note head shape composed out of several B zier curves 5 CONCLUSIONS A new visual tool called ENP Note Head Designer was in troduced along with several workable examples The gen eral note head scheme of ENP was also covered The vi sual interface described in this paper allows to define note heads using either a text based or graphically oriented ap proach This allows users with different backgrounds in programming to take advantage of this tool Furthermore the uniform representation of note heads in ENP allows several advantages First it is possible to use the new note heads in the current ENP session without any compiling or reloading phase Second it is also possible to use the new note heads along with ENP score notation the text based format of ENP see 5 7 There is no need for any additional coding the note heads behave as any of the build
4. Font TIMES fe X Y offset 0 00 0 00 Code view Preview PrintSource T A mm OOS 0 ENP Window 1 width p N 6 E e Figure 11 A note head with a character component and some simple graphics Next we use a filled polygon tool to draw a triangle shaped note head Figure 12 The default polygon object contains four vertices so one vertex is removed simply by selecting and deleting it One of the remaining vertices can now be dragged to form a triangle shape Our new note head denotes an inhaling sound as used by for exam ple Ligeti in Aventures OOO ENP Note Head Designer Properties view Note head name stimmlos __ Print characater or string Font _ TIMES HA X Y offset 0 00 0 00 Code view Preview Print Source TYMEBEQOFE OO ENP Window 1 Width b Figure 12 A static graphical note head As the preview score is fully editable the second note head has been in serted in the score by copying The latter 1 8 note in this example was inserted in the preview score to illustrate the fact that the note heads are ready to be used in the current ENP session They behave exactly like the built in ones and can be copied inserted and edited even in the preview score The two previous examples have dealt with relatively static note heads However it is sometimes convenient that the note head scales itself according to the space re s
5. in ones Finally there are some improvements planned in ND 1 Usually the note heads may have slightly different parameters and offsets depending whether they are printed stems up or stems down The ND window could potentially be organized so that there are two different detail views one for up stem and another for down stem and one overview which would display both versions at once Currently it is not possible to distinguish between up or down stem variants other than using the code based approach 2 There should also be a possibility to group the note head entries in the menus much in the same way as expressions are currently grouped 4 This would make it more convenient to write dedicated libraries for specialized cases such as modern notation or shape notation 3 There are still some useful tools missing a Grouping Un grouping With this tool the user could group several objects to form a unit that could then be moved simultaneously b Rotation All objects should be allowed to be rotated in a 2D space either interactively or additionally by providing a rotation angle 4 There should be a collection of more dedicated graph ical tools such as triangles squares etc This would allow more specialized behavior thus when zoomed a square would retain its shape and so on Now all the points forming a polygon can be moved individually 5 A grid with snap to grid option should probably be offered There should be
6. latter score the measure is considerably wider than in the former one thus giving more room to the note Notice how the shorter line seg ment preserves its length and position but the longer one adjusts itself according to the new width of the note 1 2 0 2 0 width H fom 2 width 2 0 eo Figure 6 Two line segments drawn in the ND canvas Both have one fixed end point at 0 0 0 0 The former one 1 has a fixed end point at 2 0 2 0 and the latter one 2 has a variable end point at width 2 0 1 2 0 2 0 2 width 2 0 width j E E otect tinsees Xe C Figure 7 The variable end point width 2 0 of the longer line segment dynamically follows the width of the note head 3 3 Graphical Tools In ND there is also a collection of graphical tools that can be used to compose the visual appearance of the note heads The currently available set of tools consist of the following 1 Line segments line strips arrows filled or framed polygons and circles These tools are quite self ex planatory In general they behave as the ones found in any graphically oriented software There are how ever some differences In case of most of the primi tives the user can for example add and delete points or vertices to form more or less complex shapes 2 Text This tool allows to add textual information The user can select the color transparency size and font face The currently availab
7. the possibility to choose individual vertical and horizontal grid spacings e g proportions of the width horizontally and fractions of the line spacing or staff height vertically 6 Finally there should also be a possibility to save the current ND session This would allow to recall a note head in an editable form and continue to work with it Now only the note head definitions can be saved in a file 6 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The work of Mikael Laurson has been supported by the Academy of Finland SA 105557 7 REFERENCES 1 MakeMusic Inc Finale User Manual 2 Erhard Karkoschka Das Schriftbild der Neuen Musik Hermann Moeck Verlag Celle 1966 3 4 m 5 6 m 7 m 8 m 9 10 11 12 Mika Kuuskankare and Mikael Laurson ENP2 0 A Music Notation Program Implemented in Com mon Lisp and OpenGL In Proceedings of Interna tional Computer Music Conference pages 463 466 Gothenburg Sweden September 2002 Mika Kuuskankare and Mikael Laurson ENP Expressions Score BPF as a Case Study In Pro ceedings of International Computer Music Confer ence pages 103 106 Singapore 2003 Mika Kuuskankare and Mikael Laurson Recent De velopments in ENP score notation In Sound and Music Computing 04 October 2004 Mikael Laurson Recent Developments in Patch Work PWConstraints a Rule Based Approach to Complex Musical Problems In Symposium on Sys tems Re
8. D window which in turn con tains several specialized components As can be observed in Figure 4 on the top of the window there is a proper ties view 1 containing inputs e g note head name and font Next there is a code view 2 that can be used to enter the note head definition in Lisp At the bottom of the window there is a graphical tool palette 3 and a pre view score graphics canvas 4 The preview score is fully editable Additionally there are also some push buttons to deal with the preview score and the note head definition source code The ruler above the staff entitled width shows the ex tent of the note This can be used as a visual aid when drawing the note head definition by hand OOO ENP Note Head Designer Properties view 1 __ Print characater or string Note head name _ custom notehead Font TIMES TE X Y offset 0 00 0 00 Code view 2 Preview Print Source TZ M BOO VC o ENP Window 1 Figure 4 The components of the ND window 1 the properties view 2 the code view 3 the graphical tools and 4 the preview score graphics canvas The ruler la beled width showing the extent of the note is displayed above the staff Also 5 shows the stem of the chord the designed note is associated with There are basically two ways to define a note head in ED First by using the text based or code based approach the user can define the the n
9. ENP NOTE HEAD DESIGNER Mika Kuuskankare Department of Doctoral Studies in Musical Performance and Research Sibelius Academy Finland mkuuskan siba f1i ABSTRACT This paper presents a new visual editor called ENP Note Head Designer henceforward ND ND is aimed at as sisting both novice and expert users to design custom note heads in ENP Both visual and text based interfaces are provided Using the latter approach it is possible to take advantage of the power of Common Lisp CLOS and OpenGL the base languages of ENP The former ap proach in turn allows to use a set of graphical tools to define the note heads visual appearance It is also possible to mix these approaches Furthermore the note heads are viewed and designed in an actual musical context These concepts make the current system unique compared to the existing approaches 1 BACKGROUND ENP Note Head Designer ND is part of an increasing collection of visual tools inside ENP 3 Currently these tools include 1 Color Editor 2 Expression Designer and 3 Note Head Designer The purpose of these tools is to provide a visual interface for constructing complex music notation related CLOS objects and to provide assis tance to those users that do not possess the needed pro gramming skills to use the strictly text based approach It is important to realize however that the visual approach is not exclusively for the unexperienced users Some objects may be realiz
10. ed more easily by using a purely graphical approach while the others may be more suitable to be de fined using a programming language Thus a text based approach is provided along with the graphical one Uniform design principles have been applied to all aforementioned tools The tools share same kinds of ed itors components and functionality which makes them easier to learn Most editors also contain an interactive feedback view This makes it possible to design objects in their native environment e g the designer sees the note head as it would appear in the score Furthermore vi sual synchronized feedback is one of the most important design concepts behind ENP Every applicable GUI oper ation behaves this way and thus all ENP tools share the same design principles The use of visual editors in our case has several advan tages First the underlying CLOS syntax can be hidden to allow the user to concentrate on the task in hand e g Mikael Laurson Centre for Music and Technology Sibelius Academy Finland laurson siba fi designing note heads Second following the purely text based scheme involves routinely repeating several manda tory low level program components i e class definitions specialized method definitions etc This kind of repet itive work load is considerably reduced Finally this ap proach is also less prone to errors since the syntax and most of the underlying CLOS code is handled automati cally Mo
11. erved for it in the score In ENP the note heads can be made to fill the space between two notes or to justify itself to some proportion of it The Figure 13 shows an example of an object of this kind The note head could be inter preted to denote for example an evolving cluster e g la Penderecki O09 ENP Note Head Designer Properties view Note head name Penderecki Print characater or string Font TIMES B X Y offset 0 00 0 00 Code view Preview Print Source TYMWBQO z OC ENP Window 1 WAUH eee eee eee ee es e Figure 13 A dynamic graphical note head containing some proportionally spaced vertices This note head is drawn using the filled polygon tool The polygons in turn are constructed out of a set of ver tices A vertex can have two different modes a normal mode and a proportional mode Vertices that are in a normal mode have absolute x positions in the coordinate space i e a vertex placed in 1 0 1 0 remains in that position unless moved explicitly by the user The propor tional vertices however calculate their x position accord ing to the space given to the note width Note that the y position of both kinds of vertices is always calcu lated relative to the y position read pitch of the note as explained above Figure 14 gives a closer view of this particular example with the proportional vertices shown WGR pe i proportional vertices
12. fine a character found in either Times or Sonata font faces to be used as the note head In this example we have selected a C symbol to create a note head that could potentially be used for example to represent a pitch wise constrained note see 6 Figure 10 gives the corresponding ND win dow Although the definition of the note head itself seems trivial there are nevertheless several things that are han dled on the behalf the user Among other things the draw ing method is defined along with the needed menu com ponents OOO ENP Note Head Designer Properties view Note head name constrained M print characater or string Font _ TIMES HH X Y offset 0 00 0 00 Code view Preview Print Source T N BQO OC ENP Window 1 Figure 10 A simple character based note head created with ND 4 2 A Hand Drawn Note Head Using the set of graphical tools described in section 3 3 makes it possible to draw the note head shapes as they would appear in the score As our first hand drawn example we define a simple note head composed out of some characters and an ar row Figure 11 This particular note head means scraping along the stings with the fingernail 10 The arrow indi cates the direction In addition to the actual appearance of the note head the user needs to define a unique name scrape OOP ENP Note Head Designer Properties view Note head name scrape __ Print characater or string
13. ine in detail the programming interface Finally we give a comprehensive set of examples prepared with the help of ND The paper ends with some concluding remarks 2 THE ENP NOTE HEAD SCHEME In this Section we describe the internal representation of note heads in ENP We enumerate the different types of note heads and also give examples of their visual counter parts Internally the note heads can be represented in the following ways 1 Strings or characters In this case the object is usu ally the literal representation of the note head 1 e the string or character is drawn as is using the default mu sic notation font The set of standard ENP note heads are defined in this way Figure 1 gives a set of some character based note heads in ENP 6 Figure 1 Character based note heads in ENP 2 Keywords act as symbolic references to specific CLOS methods that in turn draw the note heads ac cording to the provided code This approach is suit able for more complex and usually but not necessar ily static note heads which cannot usually be rep resented with a simple character or string Figure 2 gives an example of one such note head denoting a tambura effect used in guitar music 6 T Figure 2 A tambura note head 3 _ Objects When note heads are expressed as objects every note head can have a different visual appear ance and an individual set of data and properties This allow
14. le font faces are Times and Sonata 3 Line thickness and stipple can be set to most ob jects There is a set of predefined stipple patterns and the user can also enter any arbitrary pattern a 16 bit pattern determines which fragments of a line will be drawn 4 Color and transparency Color and transparency val ues can be chosen from a palette of some predefined colors and levels of transparencies Additionally any color provided by the system color chooser dialog can be used 5 Textures can be applied to polygons Currently the texture coordinates automatically map to the vertex coordinates of the polygon see 12 for further refer ence on texture coordinates In the following see Figures 8 and 9 we give an exam ple how the ND graphics canvas behaves The note head appearance is always drawn relative to the origo 1 e the x y coordinate of the note head If the note head of the chord containing the note head is transposed or otherwise displaced in the score the graphical objects follow accord ingly This allows to check the behavior of the note head in several different positions Aaa ENP Note Head Designer Properties view Note head name custom notehead Print characater or string Font TIMES HH X Y offset 0 00 0 00 Code view Preview Print Source T E GOQOEO 2 line strip 3 circle 4 text 5 filled triangle 6 origo note head x y position
15. ote heads appearance with the help of the provided set of drawing commands and spe cial variables Second drawing by hand using a special graphics canvas and a set of graphical tools 3 2 Code View In the code view the user can write standard Lisp code see Figure 4 The users can utilize any of the OpenGL 12 functions provided by LispWorks Additionally ENP provides also a set of graphical primitives e g draw 2D arrow draw 2D box draw 2D bracket draw 2D circle draw 2D line draw 2D lines draw 2D point draw 2D polygon draw 2D quads draw 2D shape draw 2D text draw 2D texture draw 2D triangles etc To be able to use these primitives in a meaningful way some knowledge about the musical context of the note head is needed Access to this information is provided through some special variables and objects which are enu merated in the following list 1 x and y These variables give the corresponding po sition of the note head in the horizontal and vertical axis see Figure 5 2 notehead A character or string defined by the user 3 width This variable represents the length or extent of the notehead As can be seen in Figure 5 this is mainly determined automatically according to the du ration of the associated note It can also be edited by the user through the GUI or algorithmically 4 height Some note heads e g bpf note head pro vide information as to their height For the others this attribute is
16. s for example to use different kinds of user ed itable shapes as note heads The internal bpf note head is an example of this kind of an object see Figure 3 In this case the note head is represented as a break point function It can be used for several different purposes among others to de fine the visual appearance of the note head itself by providing the note head shape or allowing the user to define one or to contain control information for play back e g envelope The break point function is also fully editable through the GUI a LS Figure 3 Two bpf note heads The latter one is in an ed itable state with the movable break points shown as black rectangles The note heads constructed with ND usually belong to the category 1 or 2 The third option note head ob jects relies on inheritance and this is not yet supported by ND 3 THE ENP NOTE HEAD DESIGNER There are only a handful of things that need to be de fined in order to create a new note head using ND The required minimum is Unique name which in this case is a Lisp keyword e g tambura sprechstimme etc and the note head definition code in Lisp and or hand drawn graphics composed out of the provided graphical prim itives All additional code and the UI components 1 e classes methods and contextual menu entries are pro vided automatically by ND 3 1 The Components of the Note Head Designer ND is represented by an N
17. search in the Arts Baden Baden 1999 Mikael Laurson and Mika Kuuskankare From RTM notation to ENP score notation In Journ es d Informatique Musicale Montb liard France 2003 Sibelius Software Ltd Sibelius3 User Guide Han Wen Nienhuys and Jan Nieuwenhuizen Lily Pond a system for automated music engraving In XIV Colloquium on Musical Informatics XIV CIM 2003 Firenze Italy May 2003 Howard A Risatti New Music Vocabulary A Guide to Notational Signs for Contemporary Music Univ of Illinois Press Urbana 1973 Bill Schottstaedt Common Music Notation In Be yond MIDI The Handbook of Musical Codes MIT Press Cambridge Massachusetts 1997 Mason Woo Jackie Neider Tom Davis and Dave Shreiner OpenGL Programming Guide Addison Wesley Massachusetts USA 3rd edition 1999
18. set to 1 0 This parameter is usually user editable through the GUI 5 stem down p flag is true if the chord containing the note has the stem downward 6 pitch gives the midi value of the note It can also contain a fractional part in case of micro intervals 7 augmentation Optional augmentation e g dots These are calculated automatically by ENP ac cording to the duration rhythm of the note 8 self This variable gives the actual note object There are several attributes in addition to the ones given above that can be read directly from it In most cases it is not required to access any information in this way It is nevertheless provided for advanced ap plications Figures 6 and 7 illustrate the use of the width param eter The two lines of code in the code view both draw a single line segment The first line segment is drawn from 0 0 0 0 to a fixed end point at 2 0 2 0 The end points 3 width 4 width m U e 1 x position al 2 y position Figure 5 The attributes of ENP note heads 1 x posi tion 2 y position and the widths of two notes of differ ent lengths 3 and 4 of this line are always drawn relative to the position of the note head The second line of code on the other hand draws a line segment from 0 0 0 0 to a variable end point at width 2 0 The behavior of these two line seg ments can be observed by comparing the preview scores found in Figures 6 and 7 In the
19. st of the existing commercial notation programs such as Finale 1 or Sibelius 8 provide some kind of in terface for the user to change the appearance of the note heads The most fundamental and the most frequent ap proach is that the user can select a note head character and a font typeface On the other hand Finale additionally provides some graphical tools allowing to define the note head appearance by drawing arbitrary shapes in a graphics canvas However in this case the note heads are designed without the presence of any musical context In Common Music Notation CMN 11 it is also possible to define note heads algorithmically by using Common Lisp Fi nally LilyPond 9 allows to change the note head types algorithmically by using Scheme programming language ND is a visual tool that allows to design and view user definable note heads in ENP ND provides an approach that mixes both the power of textual programming and the use of traditional graphical tools All the needed program components and user interface components e g menus are prepared automatically by ND The note heads are also viewed and designed in a musical context Moreover the designed note heads are ready to be used in the current ENP session and can be saved in a file to be loaded either automatically or by demand In the following sections we first describe the note head scheme used in ENP Then we present the ND window and its components After this we exam
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