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arrayForth User`s Manual

1. par PH E pos 17 om parie bus 18 531 lous 18 o m Default IDE Paths after host load 0 2 us lis Ze pea After span path 0 is generally used bor sa mes 7001 sat pu 700 702 7 708 706 707 xs 76 75 nz ms ma ms m6 77 for ta rget chip ur s Fe 5 sx eos ooo e ee es eo e ee ow ow ow ow i lua oh dd dd dy E bias PRIE Si so 5 sa fs Soe s soe o so Fs se aw s ae ae far al ae dt bizar wor 45 aoe 45 aoe aor ae 9 pe far 9 aa aa 99 ae ee L4 s q 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 att 312 313 314 315 316 87 hos p Man 303 woos 200 251 ee eos aoa aos ae 27 25 29 fa fav ee 2 ea 25 ae bie Wa fae m 5p E E Default IDE Paths in Target chip after span 0 zo9 ai a0 712i a0 riaiao sir 531 nsaz 70837 708 1 Sa a a a cm a and path 2 is generally used for the Jorrai host chip Path 1 is available for F7 general use The port bridge only 602 603 604 605 606 607 6
2. nene eroe reve eva nav eva vaya eva vaa eva vvv eva vvv eva 35 7 6 Getting your Code to RUn eeeee eese e esses a nasa s sss ss assa sas a assa sunu 35 7 6 1 Softsim Example Program nsdsnss ia aoaia 36 7 6 2 BreakpoOllhtS onte dor eode terreur EEE UR Ee Ue RHEIN A Pene xen Guo one Eee Gne E cove 36 7 7 o M 37 7 8 Interactive Testing with Softsim eee e sees eese esses eee eese een 39 7 8 1 Vocabulary Reference ote eren tee ree e pe Ya e ree ere eate 39 8 Preparing Boot Streams eee iere ett nes op uiro rese neos 40 8 1 The Streamer Utility eene nenne ern av eo n v nav Ya v ava na v ava vay eva Ye voeux 40 8 2 B rning Flash E 41 8 2 1 Erasing Flas hiesa e a a 41 8 2 2 Writing Flas Messrs Ta N AT E aa 41 8 3 Serial Boot StrO AMS 41 9 Practical Example iai EekLia E Eb E renane RAP PR CURL eu FERRARI ada 42 9 1 Selecting TOSOUNCES 5 5 cc oet eo eo te e ee en vases ne vo aae eaae ERT EERE EET EER AREER EREEREER ERT 42 9 2 PITAT a PEE A AE oie oe eoa E Ie vane Ue e ao eR Ce eren aea koe a Ven ovn e aea kon E A ee aae ne Ee Eran a ien vunh 42 9 3 Writing the code iioii ciis croire eios rue nesnesi 43 9 4 The IDE serip t v 45 9 5 Output ODSCIVATIONS ccccecviececesrcesecesnc
3. is 63 13 Appendix unix Platform including Mac OS X 63 13 1 IO TIU s 63 13 1 1 Identifying and Configuring COM Ports sese eene enne 64 13 2 Running arrayForth eee eee eaa uana nana na aa waa uana EY EY EN NER Y YEN EN REN EN RENE ERE Nea E aua a a 65 14 Appendix Native PC Platform ee eeeeee ee eene eene 65 14 1 Native arrayForth Requirements sssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssessssssssnens 65 14 2 Running arrayForth Natively eere esee esee eene nennen nnns ananas tasses sess ann 65 15 Data Book Revision History e ecce ee eere eee eene nnn 67 4 Copyright 2010 2011 GreenArrays Inc 10 30 13 DB004 arrayForth User s Manual 1 Introduction to this Manual This is the primary reference manual for the arrayForth programming environment It should be read and understood in its entirety In the interest of avoiding needless and often confusing redundancy it is designed to be used in combination with other documents 1 1 Related Documents The general characteristics and programming details for the F18A computers and I O used in the GA144 are described in a separate document please refer to F18A Technology Reference The boot protocols supported by the chip are detailed in Boot Protocols for GreenArrays Chips The configuration
4. ahead r jumpsto matching then leap r compiles a call to matching then then r forces word alignment and resolves a forward transfer 5 3 2 2 Count controlled Looping The F18 hardware supports looping under control of a count in R The number in R is zero based so the number of iterations such a loop makes is one greater than the value in R and that value will be zero during the last iteration of a loop No forward transfers are used by these words and there are no issues with slots all directives that generate backward transfers will pad the code if needed so that an opcode with the necessary size destination field may be compiled The directives are as follow 24 Copyright 2010 2011 GreenArrays Inc 10 30 13 DB004 arrayForth User s Manual for a n pushes n onto the return stack forces word alignment and saves here to be used as a transfer destination by the directive that ends the loop There are times when it is useful to decompose this directive s actions so that the pushing of the loop count and the start of the loop itself may be separated by such things as initialization code or a red word In this case you may write push other things begin next a ends a loop with conditional transfer to the address a If R is zero when next is executed the return stack is popped and program flow continues Otherwise R is decremented by one and control is transferred to a unext a ends a micronext loop Since the loop o
5. Interpreter Control load b interprets block b normally an even number loads bn interprets n consecutive source blocks starting with block b thru f 1 interprets consecutive source blocks f through and including finish interprets the current editor block starting at the editor s cursor position fh i n from here used to simplify relocation of chunks of code including their load block when interpreted from a block returns sum of that block s number and i When interpreted from keyboard returns sum of i and the current editor block number exit causes the interpreter to stop processing a block when it is encountered orgn a avariable used to register utilities that should be reloaded after recompile has compiled F18 source code Editor See 3 below Mass Storage See 4 2 11 DB004 arrayForth User s Manual Utility Block Names floppy n Floppy disk utility Native only icons n Character font editor audit n Disk audit utility See section 4 2 1 below index n Index writer See section 4 2 3 below html n HTML writer See section 4 2 2 below host n IDE for host chip over port A See 6 below target n IDE for target chip over port C See 6 below serial n IDE for use by other applications See 6 below streamer n Boot stream utility See 8 1 below softsim n F18 code simulator See 7 below So n abbreviates softsim Utility Ef
6. The next dialog is important It begins with a check box which if checked will instruct the installer to save backups of your existing source files cf for arrayForth and blk for polyFORTH in a backup folder This will be a subdirectory inside the arrayForth directory structure It is advisable that you check this box if you are installing an update on top of an existing installation you may then later on use a copy of your previous working cf file as the backup source file in order to merge your work with the updated system The second area asks you to select one of a set of buttons to indicate which supported platform you are using This will affect mainly what shortcuts the Installer will generate For DB004 arrayForth User s Manual Ell Setup ArrayForth bel Select Start Menu Folder KA Where should Setup place the program s shortcuts LX Setup wil create the program s shortcuts in the following Start Menu folder To continue dick Next If you would ike to select a different folder dick Browse Browse m Ell Setup ArrayForth Lej ci Select Additional Tasks xK Which additonal tasks should be performed SK Select the additional tasks you would like Setup to perform while installing ArrayForth then dick Next Save Backups of your existing cf Files in bachup folder Host 0 8 Microsoft Windows Mac Parallels with Windows Mac OS X with Wine Linux with Wine lt Back Lien
7. 272 control pins 8 node host 274 data bus 7 node host 276 interface 107 node 0 org 278 user node 106 108 or 207 280 degenerate sram 107 node 0 org 282 streamer 284 flash utilties feedback 286 flash utilities feedback 288 pf to flash 290 speedup spi boot 705 node 0 org 292 294 stream to file named stream bin 296 298 300 dc characterization code added march 2011 302 custom test code 609 node 0 org 304 set all high z for leakage test talk 306 set all weak pd for wpd test talk 308 set all high for several tests talk 310 set all low for several tests talk 312 t04 all node access talk 314 vt node 217 compile talk 2 217 hook upd 316 vt node 517 compile talk 0 517 hook upd 318 vt n7 8 compile talk 320 vt n9 8 compile talk 322 t10 schmitt power talk 324 t11 suspended power talk 326 study single node boot power talk 328 t12a boot power talk 330 t12b boot pwr drop same talk 332 t12c boot pwr drop alternating talk 334 t12d boot pwr greg test talk 336 t12e boot pwr unext talk 338 sram test bd quiet i o talk 340 study single node w boot suspended talk 342 705 unext w boot suspended talk 344 instr timing code 610 node 0 org 346 study instr timing talk 348 350 352 354 356 mark mem test all nodes 358 mark burn on one weak node 52 360 362 364 366 368 370 372 374 376 378 380 382 384 386 388 390 392 394 396 398 400 402 404 406 408 410 412 414 416 418
8. 2010 2011 GreenArrays Inc 10 30 13 65 DB004 arrayForth User s Manual 15 Data Book Revision History REVISION 110912 DESCRIPTION Preliminary Release for Rev 01a software 110915 Correct order of images in Practical Example Reorganize and clarify Editor description Update index listing Fix numerous typographical errors 110918 Add 2 3 arrayForth User Vocabulary Expand upon 5 3 F18 Compiler Syntax Update installation instructions to reflect O1b installer Add new disk management words Fix typos Remove inaccurate statements from Practical Example 111004 Fixtypos Deprecate obsolete colorForth comment types in O1c editor Clarify functions of talk in the IDE Clarify softsim section and document new interactive vocabulary Emphasize use of recaim to control identifier scope Add a com and c com used by internal baud rate setting functions Document new onamed and bnamed functions to rename the working and backup source files Show the new installation instructions which no longer require editing of bat files and include screenshots for readers unfamiliar with the Windows Device Manager 111016 Update to correspond with software release O1d Add sections for memory map and bin assignment tables Describe new blue words Remove mention of watermarked block number in editor and replace with image and prose describing the block number over hint area with color annunciating editor status Update audit utility bac
9. 420 422 424 426 428 430 432 434 436 438 440 442 444 446 448 450 452 454 456 458 460 462 464 466 468 470 472 474 476 478 polyforth virtual machine reclaim load descriptors virtual machine serial terminal additional i o host ide with pf running empty compile residual paths pf 16 stack 0 org stack cont d pf 16 bitsy 0 org bitsy cont d stack down bxxx 6 node 0 org stack up axxx 206 node 0 org bitsy down fxxx 5 node 0 org bitsy up exxx 205 node 0 org serial transmit 100 node 0 org receive 200 node 28 org interface 104 node 20 org generate ganglia ganglion template snorkel reclaim 207 node 0 org spi flash sst25wf080 reclaim 705 node 0 org minimal spi reclaim 705 node org 2 chip async bootstream demo generate stream async pf bootstream with bridge generate pf stream path both chips install pf via async bootstream generate pf stream read pf nucleus ft 0 chr 9216 0 chr load polyforth nucleus sram loader nodes spi flash 8 bits 705 node 0 org host polyforth ide boot host bridge load custom ide paths sram user code from nodes 106 108 207 ph sram setup install pf in flash burn pf nucleus read pf nucleus ft 0 chr 9216 generate pf stream load polyforth nucleus Copyright 2010 2011 GreenArrays Inc 10 30 13 480 482 484 486 488 490 492 494 496 498 500 502 504 506 508 510 512 514 516 5
10. 878 880 882 884 886 888 890 892 894 896 898 900 902 904 906 908 910 912 914 916 918 920 922 924 926 928 930 932 934 936 938 940 942 944 946 948 950 952 954 956 958 uncommitted user code pwm demo 600 node 0 org demo ide boot empty compile serial load loader template host load loader load framer template empty framer host flash to target boot framer bridge paths app boot descriptors carry time 308 node reclaim 0 org 0xx 108 rx sram logging gpio rx pin 217 node 0 org sha 256 scheduler 101 node 0 org cy sha 256 scheduler 102 node 0 org cy data source 100 node 0 org data sink 201 node 0 org data sink 1 node 0 org softsim setup sha 256 scheduler 101 node 0 org cy ethernet calibration code ether calib ide boot host load loader load residual paths 417 send link pulses 417 node 0 org 217 317 rx pin 217 node 0 org 117 217 317 rx pin 117 node 0 org 117 217 317 rx timing 117 node 0 org testloop load descriptor 015 517 rx display rx timing 217 node 0 org test rx in 300 400 node 0 org rx timing 2 217 node 0 org 417 orig tx osc 417 node 0 org Copyright 2010 2011 GreenArrays Inc 10 30 13 960 962 964 966 968 970 972 974 976 978 980 982 984 986 988 990 992 994 996 998 1000 1002 1004 1006 1008 1010 1012 1014 1016 1018 1020 1022 1024 1026 1028 1030 1032 1034 1036 1038 1040 1042 1044 1046 1048 1050 1052 1054 1056 1058 1060 106
11. 921600 is correct for the EVBOO1 USB ports all factory testing of each Eval Board is done at this speed If you are using an actual RS232 interface then the maximum usable rate will depend on the quality of its 61 DB004 arrayForth User s Manual chipset including its line transceivers We have on rare occasion found RS232 interfaces that we could use at 460 800 baud but more commonly the limit will be 115 200 or if you are lucky 230 400 Don t go any lower than 19 200 baud because our async nodes only have 18 bit time delay counters 3 Start arrayForth using the shortcut made by the installer or by double clicking Okad bat Say 202 edit and edit the port number for a com IDE for host or only chip or c com target chip on Eval Board as appropriate to reflect the ports s you have identified Make sure the new port number is in yellow Similarly edit desired baud rates for these ports a bps and c bps if necessary see above regarding appropriate baud rates to be used Say save 4 Shutdown arrayForth by saying bye and restart the program 5 Checkthe command window see below which should give feedback of success in configuring the serial port s You are now ready to begin IDE operations You may install multiple copies or versions of arrayForth on the same machine just make a separate directory for each and name your shortcuts to avoid confusion This may be useful if you are working with multiple chips or even multiple projec
12. White Interpreted Number Compiled Macro Call Yellow Compiled Number Compiled Big Number Compiled Forth Word Define a Forth Word Red Interpreted Big Number Yellow Interpreted Forth Word Yellow OP IN WIR OI A N oo wo Word Extension color of preceding word 10 3 colorForth Characters and Binary Representation The following table shows three values for each of the 48 colorForth characters Character value zero space is not an actual character instead it denotes the end of a word The first column is the Shannon coded binary value for the character The second column shows the graphic for the character and the third column is its internal numerical value when not Shannon coded ASCII character codes are not used within colorForth they are only used for communication with external systems Shannon Shannon Shannon NID UW RPW NMR O 1 C Ooz Hida jeji ON 3j un NID UW RPW NM FR OPR 5 O FO rt Copyright 2010 2011 GreenArrays Inc 10 30 13 49 DB004 arrayForth User s Manual 10 4 Memory Map arrayForth mass storage block address space maps directly onto the active memory available for use by the system Its absolute memory origin varies between the Native and Win32 systems but block 0 is always the beginning of this area regardless of what absolute address it corresponds with In
13. and the data stack growing downward from T and S in green The memory dump shows the addresses of memory words in the left column The instruction word or 18 bit data word follows in green The instructions for each slot appear next sometimes followed by the value of an address field While a node with detailed view is executing the line where the current instruction word was read appears in red The instruction in the current slot is also in red The other instructions remain white The line that the P register points to is shown in yellow If the instruction word has been fetched from a com port the disassembly and instruction word are shown in red above the memory dump below the B register 7 5 The left side display In the array of nodes on the left each rectangle contains a list of the values of registers and opcode names representing the current state of that node Most of the numbers have identifying colors which turn to grey when the node is suspended You d probably like to know which registers the numbers represent Each node has twelve lines From top to bottom using node 100 from the above display as an example they are Example Description States of the pins are represented by 0 or 1 for low or high yellow for output and cyan for input Blank when the node has no external pins Analog and Serdes pins are red Pins are on the top for top nodes bottom for bottom nodes and on the outside for side nodes If the node has a port on t
14. 1 The procedure for identifying COM ports in unix is quite different than in Windows contact Customer Support for assistance or suggestions If you plug USB serial devices in one at a time they will by default be assigned consecutive unix device names of the form dev ttyUSBn where n starts at zero The capability of Windows to identify a particular USB device by serial number does not seem to exist Not only does the order in which currently inserted USB devices matter but also the amount of time a device was unplugged before it is plugged back in seems to matter as well You will probably be best served by plugging cables into your machine in a fixed sequence and following that sequence without skipping cables every time We recommend that EVBOOT1 users make a habit of plugging the three cables for USB ports A B and C into the computer in that same sequence every time if port C is to be plugged in make sure A and B have been plugged in or C will be assigned to one of the ports normally used by A or B Follow this procedure for each of the three USB ports A B and C in order a Plugin the first USB to serial adaptor and run dmesg atthe bash command line You will see the name of the device listed near the end of the report most likely dev ttyUSBO If you do not see such a line unplug the adaptor and plug it back in waiting several seconds between steps log writing seems to be out of phase some times b When this has been done do the same
15. PCI AGP graphic interfaces We cannot tell you which ones because ATI and NVidia have refused to inform us of which boards support which BIOS mode codes for what display configurations e One gigabyte of RAM for the standard system as distributed This is not all needed simply to develop code for our chips but the system comes configured that way because we do need the space for CAD operations e Atleast one 16450 compatible UART and RS232 interface real not USB if you wish to use the Interactive Development Environment to communicate with GreenArrays chips 14 2 Running arrayForth Natively Assuming that you have a compatible hardware platform and have made any needed BIOS settings to boot first from floppy to enable emulation of keyboard processor on USB systems and so on it is very simple to start arrayForth running Insert arrayForth floppy in drive Power up or reset the PC Wait for the floppy to be read in its entirety When the arrayForth logo screen appears the system is ready to use Plug serial cable into COMI if you intend to communicate with GreenArrays chips urges mE You can use the floppy drive to save your work as a bootable system You can also read other floppies for comparison and reconciliation using the audit utility To access an Evaluation Board from a native PC you will need to configure the board for true RS232 interfaces Please refer to the relevant Application Note on our website Copyright
16. Port COMI Eventually your device will be ready to use YF BT Port COMIS BT Port COMIS c Findthe Windows Device Manager The exact procedure Y BT Port COM20 varies between versions of Windows but in general you can XF BT Port COM21 get there by right clicking My Computer desktop icon or T s B MT corresponding clickable area of Start menu and selecting BT iam cim Properties This should take you to a display on which you 19 USB Serial Port COMIO may select Device Manager or perhaps Hardware and is s OMA then Device Manager You may also find it in the Control Bl Processors Panel Persist until you are looking at a tree view like this Sound video and game controllers one listing various classes of devices Open the tree view for pa en Ports which include COM and LPT port names Your USB Universal Serial Bus controllers port should be listed here If there are more than one and you are uncertain which is your new port unplug the device while watching this display It should update and the device in question should have 60 Copyright 2010 2011 GreenArrays Inc 10 30 13 DB004 arrayForth User s Manual disappeared Now plug it back in and record its COM port number and which of your interfaces such as Eval Board port A B C it represents Regarding this relationship Some USB devices have internal unique serial numbers and some do not The default behavior of later Windows sy
17. access but will not interfere with access to the boot flash For brightness we will use 3 3v provided by one of the FTDI chips Pin J7 is from the USB chip we will be using so it makes a good choice We have chosen to solder one of our LEDs between J7 and J8 3 as a com input activity light By connecting one of our clip leads to the anode of this LED we can pick up the 3 3v safely To minimize measurement interference we placed our scope between ground and J39 1 We have soldered stake pins to one of the ground areas near the prototyping region on our EVBOO1 and connected scope ground there We will use the default IDE hook path O which runs the perimeter counter clockwise To make sure that node 705 is available right after reset be sure to keep J26 1 2 jumpered for SPI no boot select whenever testing 9 2 Wiring See the adjacent image for a wiring example We twisted the clip leads together loosely and connected one lead from the J7 USB LED anode to the anode of our free standing test LED The other color clip lead runs from J39 1 to the test LED cathode You may choose to place one of the resistors supplied between 3 3v and the LED to limit current when the LED is powered We have chosen to leave it out in this demo as the measured voltage is just below spec and it simplifies the setup 42 Copyright 2010 2011 GreenArrays Inc 10 30 13 DBO004 arrayForth User s Manual We can verify our wiring and check our assumptions by simple
18. and electrical characteristics of the chip are documented in G144A12 Chip Reference The evaluation board has its own Data Book along with numerous Application Notes eForth and polyFORTH are likewise documented separately The current editions of these along with many other relevant documents and application notes as well as the current edition of this document may be found on our website at http www greenarraychips com It is always advisable to ensure that you are using the latest documents before starting work 1 2 Status of Data Given The data given herein are released and supported The subject applications are under continual development thus the software and its documentation may be revised at any time Supplemental information is available on our website at http www greenarraychips com home support This page is updated frequently and we recommend that you visit it regularly Much of the material in this manual has been compiled from contributions made by Chuck Moore and the late Jeff Fox Originally in the form of HTML documents many of which were linked on our website experience has taught us that the material was difficult to access and study in that form Therefore GreenArrays has replaced the HTML hierarchy with a single comprehensive Guide 1 3 Documentation Conventions 1 3 1 Numbers Numbers are written in decimal unless otherwise indicated Hexadecimal values are indicated by explicitly writing hex or by preced
19. are compiled in the form appropriate to the system for which compilation is being done numbers are compiled as literals Within F18 code the distinction between green and yellow words becomes narrower than that c Cyan text enters words only Not relevant for F18 code but analogous to POSTPONE in ANS Forth when compiling x86 code r Red text enters a red word labels a point in memory as a Forth definition and switches to Green text entry to facilitate entering the body of the new definition m Magenta variable enters a magenta word that when loaded defines a variable whose value is actually stored in the source block itself and which is displayed in green in decimal when the source block is displayed Not relevant for F18 code b Blue text enters words that are ignored by the Compilers and Interpreter but which are executed by the source block display Normally this is used for source code formatting but it may also be used to turn a source block into a sort of data view Use care in entering blue words unless you know what you are doing or are writing your own blue words use only the following in blue cr br cr and indent as well as the new preferred blue words introduced in Rev O1d comma one two and three dots and star a Address in grey enters a special word that is only relevant in F18 code Any short word four characters or less may be used the word itself does not matter nor is it ever disp
20. arrow 92 92 arrow prelude comb 75530240 softsim node variables softsim node variables and shared code softsim all tiks softsim all toks softsim suspended tiks and toks softsim tik tok and power op 271568644 softsim read write access softsim port register and memory access softsim ops common code softsim ops control softsim ops read write and alu 1 softsim ops alu 2 and jump table softsim display ops op 271571672 softsim display numbers base 16 softsim display directions softsim display registers softsim display pins softsim display big nodes nod 0 nod2 18 softsim display small nodes softsim display map and screen softsim keyboard handler softsim keyboard handler softsim connect node ports softsim assign node pins and wake up unused unused eforth rom code e4 bitsy 1of2 e4 bitsy 2of2 e4 stack 1of2 e4 stack 2of2 e4th bitsy e4 terminal 1of2 serial i o e4 terminal 2of2 bitsy commands 56 1320 sdram address bus 1322 sdram control pins 1324 sdram data bus 1326 sdram idle loop 1328 sdram user interface 1330 async ats interface 0 org 1332 1334 1336 1338 1340 1342 smtm test 32 org 1344 14 word gal44 creeper test frame 3 25 11 1346 fill neighbor s memory fake test 1348 extensive neighbor s memory test 005 035 1350 1604 all nodes template 15 node 0 org 1352 erase flash 0 org 1354 hardware multiply test 0 org cy 1356 soft multiply test 0 org cy 1358 multiply exerciser 0 org 13
21. below Unless otherwise noted you will normally use these words at the keyboard or use them in yellow when edited into source blocks such as scripts for the x86 utilities Do not assume you know what a Forth word does until you have read it in this Manual Words and conventions necessary for programming the x86 are not listed here x86 colorForth programming involves unusual conventions such as the way in which macros interact with compilation and interpretation and the semantics of words like if and next System Control boot resets CPU sending it back to the BIOS Native only warm restarts the kernel emptying dictionary and interpreting block 18 c clears the stack also corrects stack underflow pause lets the background task run Practical use is to update display abort terminates program execution The last word interpreted from keyboard is displayed with a question mark The editor is positioned if possible to indicate the source of the trouble The top stack item is discarded qwerty selects standard keyboard layout and operation seeb toggles between visibility and invisibility of blue words r n returns the number of words on the return stack bye closes files and exits arrayForth Win32 only a com n returns the COM port number for EVBOO1 USB port A a bps n returns the baud rate desired for USB port A C com n returns the COM port number for EVBOO1 USB port C C bps n returns the
22. blocks of kernel and icons to the start of a floppy Native only erase bn storesall zeroes into n consecutive blocks starting at block b Copyright 2010 2011 GreenArrays Inc 10 30 13 19 DB004 arrayForth User s Manual 4 2 1 Audit Utility The auditing utility is a stand alone set of tools that begins with empty and then compiles a temporary set of words Portions of the utility are designed to integrate with features already in the resident editor It is important to remember that the audit utility is not itself part of the editor s control panel mode even though there are audit functions that will leave you in the editor With one exception you must exit the editor in order to access any of the functions described below How you use the utility will depend upon your needs at the time It is appropriate for use when merging changes made by two people for rolling back an accidental or ill conceived change to your working file or to confirm or document the complete set of changes incorporated into an internal release level The utility is compiled by typing audit load To begin to examine all differences between working and backup source files say check all check will decompress the backup file if required and read it into the block space at abuf 10000 311 sets up boundaries to limit your comparison to matching the 1422 blocks beginning with 18 to the 1422 blocks beginning with 10018 It begins searching from 18 stopping at the first diff
23. capability to generate png files of screen graphics and the principal chip configuration parameters from the three blocks 190 192 and 194 202 This block defines application tools and is maintained by GreenArrays When you have identified the COM port numbers corresponding to the three USB ports on the Eval Board you will need to edit the values for a com and c com to be the COM port numbers for USB ports A and C respectively The baud rates for these ports are specified here as well 204 This block is yours for any definitions you wish to make global so that they survive empty Before adding a word to this block make sure it does not redefine anything else that lies under the empty Use def and tick to verify no redefinitions 200 This is also yours for compiling F18 code as described in section 5 2 below 148 isthe load block for softsim At present it s necessary to alter this block to control what code is loaded and executed in each node By reading the system load blocks starting with 18 in load order you will be able to follow the process of booting arrayForth and become familiar with its components To find the ROM code for SPI node 705 for example type the phrase 705 rom list rom takes a node s cyyxx coordinates and returns the number of its ROM load block 4 2 Tools for Managing Disk Some classical Forth words are available block n a returns the word address of block n in memory list n displays block n
24. for adaptors or cables B and C in order one at a time c Inthe shell navigate via cd wine dosdevices Typing Is there should show you c and z If you have a real serial port its device name will be dev ttySO0 You will need to create a link for each of the USB ports you have identified we recommend you use the following pattern for the commands that do this ln s dev ttyUSBO comi ln s dev ttyUSB1 com2 ln s dev ttyUSB2 com3 You can use whatever COM port numbers you like but 1 2 3 are sensible for A B and C The script files supplied assume you have done so After you have done this in future you may check which devices are currently plugged in using the command 1s 1 wine dosdevices where color coding of device names will indicate their status 2 Now explore the install directory using the desktop icon You will see a file called linuxwine bat which is the script normally used by the installer in making the arrayForth icon Open this file with a text editor You will see the following rem used ONLY for Linux wine desktop shortcut z bin stty F dev ttyUSBO 921600 parenb cs8 cstopb crtscts raw echo z bin stty F dev ttyUSB2 921600 parenb cs8 cstopb crtscts raw echo Okad2 41b pd exe rem howdy The purpose of these lines is to set the baud rate and other parameters for the IDE connection s to USB ports A and C on the eval board If you have had to use some other ports than USBO and USB2 for these p
25. if you want to review or change any settings Destnation location C Program Fies GreenArrays Start Menu folder GreenArrays EVB001 Additional tasks Save Backups of your existing cf Fies in badup folder ys Host O S Microsoft Windows 778 oe 8 Ell Setup ArrayForth je Information KA Please read the folowing important information before continuing 4 RO When you are ready to continue with Setup dick Next Be sure to read the notes file and to check website http www greenarraychips com home support for latest User s Manuals standard text file that documents changes in this version Again this is highly recommended reading if you must forego it at this time the file is present in the arrayForth directory structure for future reading This concludes the initial phase of installing arrayForth You should be able to run arrayForth using the installed shortcut and will only need to take further steps if you intend to communicate with real GA144 chips such as those on the Evaluation Board Copyright 2010 2011 GreenArrays Inc 10 30 13 59 DB004 arrayForth User s Manual 11 2 1 Identifying and Configuring COM Ports Until release 01c COM port baud rates framing and so on were set using mode commands in the okad bat script file on Windows systems or stty commands in the linuxwine bat script for Wine systems Starting in O1c arrayForth sets these parameters itself The script files are still
26. interactive use of the IDE 1 Make sure the No Boot jumper J26 is installed to avoid conflicts which might cause hangs 2 Simplytype host load panel to load the IDE 3 Thentype talk 600 hook upd to gain access to node 600 and display its stack 4 Switch to hex input see 2 2 3 above and type 20000 io r to place the pin in strong pull down and the LED should illuminate A glance at the scope should show the pin to be near 0 5v due to maximum current draw through the LED Try typing the following in succession and observe the voltage on your scope e 10000 io r weak pull down e 30000 io r drive pin high e O0 ior high impedance 9 3 Writing the code The sample code we will show you has been placed in block 842 This is part of an open range of blocks that you may use freely To make sure that our work is automatically run through the F18 compiler we have also placed a load for it into block 200 You should follow the same pattern when you begin your own projects If your project spans many blocks it s a good practice to use the first block to load all the others and load only this first block from 200 Blocks 200 and 842 in the arrayForth distribution contain these things to facilitate your walking through this exercise When picking a sequence for loading your blocks the safest one is to load each server node sometime before their respective clients As a matter of definition a pair of nodes have a server client relationship if t
27. interpreter processes yellow words and numbers in the same way When other colors are encountered they are handled as described above in Compilation An integer in 32 bit twos complement form When used in the context of code or communications with F18 processors only the low order 18 bits of a number are sent to the F18 and only 18 bits are received back A number which is combined with the internal binary representation of a word to identify it syntactically A state of the system during which the keyboard is being used for entry of text meaning words or numbers When in this mode one of two possible keyboard behaviors is active QWERTY or dvorak Anything colorForth understands may be typed using either keyboard but each has its own meanings for the keyboard buttons each has a different protocol for indicating whether a word or a number is being entered and each makes different use of the keyboard hint area of the display When referring to memory a word is either 32 bits on the PC platforms or 18 bits on the F18 computers When referring to colorForth words a word is a string of one or more characters that are Shannon coded and tagged Copyright 2010 2011 GreenArrays Inc 10 30 13 10 2 colorForth Tag Reference Syntax Element Commented Number DB004 arrayForth User s Manual Display Macro Compiler Feedback Variable Obsolete comment form White Obsolete comment form White Comment
28. into a variable say this for example then you execute the snippet with the phrase this xqt The softsim engine has a couple of node variables local to a particular node which are meant to contain the addresses of testbed code The first is called softbed and holds the behavior of the testbed after reset The second is bed which holds the behavior to be executed in the next time epoch The address in softbed is copied to bed when softsim is initialized or restarted If your testbed is best defined as a state machine you may assign the code for each major state to bed in each step a vastly superior way to mechanize state machines than case statements It s simple to do this Use the arrayForth word assign to store the address of the code following assign into the vector Here s an example of its use Suppose you want to simulate a fast square wave on pin 17 of node 600 wave softbed assign time 10 1 and v p17v 600 node wave Add this code to block 216 where testbeds are compiled Run softsim and watch the pin in node 600 toggle every 10 steps The first line defines the testbed The second line attaches that testbed to node 600 interpretively 600 node makes node 600 the current node with regard to node variables When wave is executed in that interpretive phrase the address of the code following assign is stored into softbed When softsim is initialized by softsim that address is copied from softbed to bed for node 600 The
29. is possible without the special I O pin testing circuitry of the ATS test fixtures The ATS plumbing when complete will be included for study as well We will now discuss several configuration blocks of particular interest Blocks 0 12 The first twelve blocks are reserved for the native system s colorForth kernel and boot Blocks 12 18 These six blocks hold the binaries for the fonts used on the colorForth display Block 18 This load block defines the configuration of the colorForth system and application It is loaded on cold or warm boot compiling various extensions to colorForth giving names to utilities and loading blocks 144 202 and 204 to complete the definition of the arrayForth environment The three magenta variables at the start of this block ns nbLk nc must never be moved Use great caution if altering block 18 or anything it loads since if this sequence is aborted early enough the editor is not available to fix the problem The yellow word qwerty in this block configures the system for standard keyboard layout and semantics the yellow word seeb immediately following qwerty configures the system to display blue words These are the recommended settings 18 CopyrightO 2010 2011 GreenArrays Inc 10 30 13 Block Block Block Block Block DBO004 arrayForth User s Manual 144 This load block extends colorForth to support the arrayForth tools with global variables extra functions names of further utilities resident
30. key the simulation will go on running and updating the display until you press another key Be careful because whatever key you press will also be take its own effect If you just want to stop running the simulation press the s key The simulation will stop after one more step and nothing else will happen after that until you press another key The p key is for power It simulates a power on reset starting the simulation over from the beginning and setting time back to 1 The i key runs the current instruction in the focus node to completion rather than just a single time step It also initiates instruction word tracking in the memory display When tracking is active the currently executing instruction word is always visible in the lower 8 words of memory display Pressing g for go will not change the state of tracking Pressing S for step turns tracking off as does navigating the memory display When you re done with softsim or need to use the interpreter press the key space bar That returns you to the colorforth interpreter 34 Copyright 2010 2011 GreenArrays Inc 10 30 13 DB004 arrayForth User s Manual 7 4 The Memory Dump and Decompilation Each detailed view shows a combination memory dump and decompilation disassembly of the code for a node along with a dump of both stacks The A and B registers appear at the top next to the node number The stacks are shown as a single array with the return stack growing upward from R in red
31. never changes and the output either saturates or stops In our implementation the hex number 20000 represents 1 The number 10000 is a half and so on At the beginning of cyc the 1ffff and removes any present overflow bits from the error term so that the next new one can be detected The phrase over if addsthe slope in S to the error term in T and tests the overflow bit In the case of overflow 20000 b maximizes the output current For the non overflow case 10000 b minimizes the current flow If our algorithm never had to represent but a single slope then at this point each of the two output phrases would simply jump back to the cyc point We want our code to entertain new inputs as well as to accept debugging illumination requests so instead we jump to the command monitoring function called pol above When the code is running in diagnostic mode it will be loaded from an IDE wire coming from node 700 Examination of the G144 quick reference poster shows that 600 and 700 are connected by their down ports When an IDE command is issued across the wire the first instruction is a focusing call that limits the target s program counter to only a single port decode in case the target had been executing a multiport fetch before At the completion of an IDE command other than the call command a return instruction completes the command and returns the target to its original task For an idle target node this will be a multiport execute In our case we
32. of finite size 18 Kbytes for holding code that has been cut or copied for later pasting The buffer is cleared by warm and on the native system by floppy operations The buffer works like a stack The buttons that control this are x Cut word deletes the word to the left of the cursor and pushes it into the insert buffer stack Successive depressions continue deleting toward the left k Copy word skips over the word to the left of the cursor and pushes it into the insert buffer stack Successive depressions continue copying toward the left i Insert word pops a word from the insert buffer stack inserting it at the cursor position and moving the cursor to the right Successive depressions continue laying down code so that it will appear in the same order it had been in when cut or copied You may wish to change the color of a word without having to retype it such as commenting a string of code by turning it white or entering source code all in green as a single text entry session and then coming back to make comments white and things like variable references yellow A special control panel button assists with this c Change color cycles the word to the left of the cursor through an appropriate cyclic sequence of colors based on its present color If the word in question is not a member of a reasonable sequence its color is not affected by this button 16 Copyright 2010 2011 GreenArrays Inc 10 30 13 DB004 arrayF
33. phase in the second half of each frame 9 6 Further Study Please see the hybrid DAC function dac described in the G144A12 Chip Reference That algorithm present in ROM of the Analog nodes uses duty cycle variation to enhance the resolution of the 9 bit current sourcing DACs Copyright 2010 2011 GreenArrays Inc 10 30 13 DBO00A arrayForth User s Manual The fourth image is a zoom into the frame transition of the previous capture and shows the single zero bit cell being replaced by the long string of ones ll iM Ni I il m m m T PY 47 DB004 arrayForth User s Manual 10 Appendix Reference Material 10 1 Glossary of Terms This section contains concise definitions of key elements terms and concepts of colorForth Character Compilation Editor Interpretation Number Tag Text Entry Mode Word 48 A member of the colorForth character set The process of interpreting a stream of color tagged words and numbers from a source block in RAM White comment and Blue display functions are ignored as are word extensions Yellow words and numbers are interpreted immediately when encountered for words only the forth word list is searched When a magenta word is encountered a variable is added to the word list forth must be selected and its value is stored in the source code where the variable s definition appears the current value of any active variable is visible when displa
34. program you have invoked from the keyboard completes control always returns to the keyboard interpreter 2 2 2 Keyboard and display Your interaction with colorForth is accomplished by using a PC keyboard and a graphic display As you will see colorForth has unique human interfaces and we are continually experimenting with improvements to them In fact each colorForth application may define its own customized human interface if desired Situational awareness is very important in colorForth The meaning of pressing a given button on the keyboard varies as your actions change the system from one state to another With this economy of motion comes the requirement that you maintain a heightened awareness of system state from keystroke to keystroke With only a very few exceptions the system state and the meanings of the keyboard buttons are apparent from a glance at the screen once you are familiar with colorForth Until you are however use caution as you would when learning any other new psychomotor skill For example quickly drumming the keys in frustration would yield only laksjdf on a plain old text editor which could easily be un done with backspaces However in the colorForth editor such non deliberate use of keys can have truly amazing unintended consequences and by the time the actions have been taken you may have to audit your whole disk to find out what you have wrought We recommend that you keep cats and small children away from your key
35. that they are solely responsible for all legal regulatory and safety related requirements concerning their products and any use of GAI products in such safety critical applications notwithstanding any applications related information or support that may be provided by GAI Further Buyers must fully indemnify GAI and its representatives against any damages arising out of the use of GAI products in such safety critical applications GAI products are neither designed nor intended for use in military aerospace applications or environments unless the GAI products are specifically designated by GAI as military grade or enhanced plastic Only products designated by GAI as military grade meet military specifications Buyers acknowledge and agree that any such use of GAI products which GAI has not designated as military grade is solely at the Buyer s risk and that they are solely responsible for compliance with all legal and regulatory requirements in connection with such use GAI products are neither designed nor intended for use in automotive applications or environments unless the specific GAI products are designated by GAI as compliant with ISO TS 16949 requirements Buyers acknowledge and agree that if they use any non designated products in automotive applications GAI will not be responsible for any failure to meet such requirements The following are trademarks or registered trademarks of GreenArrays Inc a Nevada Corporation GreenArrays GreenAr
36. the table below the block numbers are absolute but the memory addresses are all relative to the origin of block O Block Relative Size in bytes Usage number byte addr 32768 x2000000 864k Object code area two blocks per bin 144 bins 0000 0717 for host chip 144 bins 0800 1517 for target chip 144 bins 1600 2317 for GreenArrays tools and utilities 29000 x1C52000 3 768k Buffer for source compression decompression functions 10000 x9C4000 19 000k Compare area for audit utility otherwise available 2900 x2D5000 7 100k Initial value of here after boot Program text and data 2880 x2D0000 20k List of forth words 8 bytes per word limit of 2560 1440 x168000 1440k Extended source code area unused at present 18 x4800 1440 18k Source code from OkadWork cf on Win32 systems 12 x3000 6k Icons table for character set 2 i2 12k Native system kernel 50 Copyright 2010 2011 GreenArrays Inc 10 30 13 10 5 Index Listing for Rev 02a 100 102 104 106 108 110 112 114 116 118 ns 625 nblk 1440 nc 18 144a12 02b 42c 22a macros macro macros compiled macros colors etc decompress empt 32 load more macro uses ebx native system dependencies macro windows system dependencies clock native clock macro pentium timer logo and watermark miscellaneous dump empty x 75751424 y 79635296 timing tmt 286630312 tmn 162350156 tmp 642452 floppy utility empty
37. 0 at the end of the first line is known to occupy location 13 in ram We will code an IDE script word in the next 44 Copyright 2010 2011 GreenArrays Inc 10 30 13 DB004 arrayForth User s Manual block called seed which will store a value from the arrayForth stack at location 13 and then call upd to inject that value into the PWM as a new slope As soon as the code is written we add the phrase 842 load into block 200 so that the next time we type compile this block will be included in the compilation Once we do so we will observe that all our grey numbers which were initially 001 have all been modified by the F18 compile to reflect the program counter at that point in the program If you mistyped any names or used a name before defining it the compiler will abort with question mark appended to the word you typed such as compile to perform the compilation If you respond with e the editor will take you to the point in the block where the error was first detected If all compiles well the next step is to generate some IDE script to help us install and test the code 9 4 The IDE script We believe that interactive development is not merely the responsibility of some esoteric third party software development platform We believe it is primarily a mindset The choices and tools presented by the development platform must simply not conflict with the proper mindset The mindset cannot be enforced by the tools The following precepts can be considere
38. 00 is delivered with examples for convenience but unlike the code loaded in block 150 this may be discarded if you don t need it 5 3 Compiler Syntax and Semantics If you have not read DBOO1 the F18A Technology Reference please do so to familiarize yourself with the computers and their instruction sets before reading this section To compile code for some node the minimum you have to write is lt cyyxx gt node to select that node and as recommended practice n org tosetthe location counter followed by F18 code for that node The full set of directives for code management is as follows node nn Given a node number in cyyxx notation starts compilation of code tailored for that particular node The bin belonging to that node is cleared the ROM code for that node is compiled so that its symbols are available and correct The location counter is set to begin compilation at location zero bin nn is used after code has been compiled for a node to stash the object code just created in some other bin bin number nn than the one belonging to that node Bin assignments are currently controlled by GreenArrays at this time we recommend you compile directly for the intended nodes and not use bin yourself reclaim empties the compiler s dictionary of F18 red word definitions Used to keep the dictionary from overflowing and to control the scope of red F18 identifiers It s a good idea to use reclaim before selectinga node 22 Copyright
39. 09 610 611 612 613 614 615 616 ms Ws ww sw me 57 ee es 9v wx 58 9 98 9 97 requires special code in nodes 300 and P 10300 ws es pee Pax pese er we pee pes er er per pee 98 pes 1 i wj me sw Pee me Par Pe ee pee Pa RE ws Pe 99 mW Tho i a foor sa e PH Wosiz 009 531 us18 Default IDE Paths in Host chip after span 0 2 Copyright 2010 2011 GreenArrays Inc 10 30 13 31 DB004 arrayForth User s Manual 6 3 6 Automated Loading with the IDE Block 846 in the distributed source code is a simple template for automated loading of a trivial program using the IDE It consists of the following elements host load loader load This phrase establishes context of a particular IDE configuration that of the host chip on the evaluation board and attaches to it the loader utility loader uses talk to reset the chip and load IDE support code into the boot node 708 hook hook This phrase uses the default IDE path O to quickly force all I O nodes to warm thus ensuring that no boot node is paying attention to its pins any longer 600 node 600 ram 1 stack 12 p This phrase specifies that node 600 should be loaded from its own default bin that O should be pushed onto the stack and that the n
40. 18 520 522 524 526 528 530 532 534 536 538 540 542 544 546 548 550 552 554 556 558 560 562 564 566 568 570 572 574 576 578 580 582 584 586 588 590 592 594 596 598 Copyright 2010 2011 GreenArrays Inc 10 30 13 g144a12 ats test components 2000 port tests 2001 port tests with 2 2002 extensive ram test jeff 2003 testing t and s 2004 testing t and r 2005 testing stack registers 2006 testing return stack registers 2007 mark ram test 200 node 2008 mark r d stack test 2009 a shift test 2010 t s a and r data path tests 2011 gpio pin test 2012 mark d stack test 2013 io data path tests 2014 set clear carry test 2015 mark p test 2016 test i ad and r ad data paths 2017 rom checksum 2100 parallel port pin test b b test b reg test 2101 mark 2102 mark 2103 mark 2104 mark 2105 mark 2106 mark 2107 mark 2108 mark 2109 mark 2110 mark 2111 mark 2115 mark 2116 mark 2117 mark 2200 tst 2201 mark 2202 mark 2203 mark 2204 mark 2205 mark 2206 mark 2207 mark 2208 mark t to port port port port port port port to to to to to to to i reg test i reg bit short i reg bit short i reg bit short i reg bit short i reg bit short i reg bit short prp call test prp ex test 2112 serdes 001 slave test 2113 serdes 701 master test 2114 basic analog checks 2 test 2 test 2 test mark testing r d stack test v2 d stack test v2 v2 testing and test
41. 2 1064 1066 1068 1070 1072 1074 1076 1078 Copyright 2010 2011 GreenArrays Inc 10 30 13 an012 ti sensortag reclaim load descriptors code an012 ide boot bridge load loader load custom ide paths install pf in flash generate pf stream load polyforth nucleus 715 717 713 709 708 705 617 xtal osc reclaim 10715 node 0 org hub timing reclaim 10717 node 0 org light sensor reclaim 10713 node 0 org i2c timing reclaim 10709 node 0 org slow i2c reclaim 10708 node 0 org spi boot reclaim 10705 node 0 org fake hub reclaim 10617 node 0 org more tests 1080 1082 1084 1086 1088 1090 1092 1094 1096 1098 1100 1102 1104 1106 1108 1110 1112 1114 1116 1118 1120 1122 1124 1126 1128 1130 1132 1134 1136 1138 1140 1142 1144 1146 1148 1150 1152 1154 1156 1158 1160 1162 1164 1166 1168 1170 1172 1174 1176 1178 1180 1182 1184 1186 1188 1190 1192 1194 1196 1198 DB004 arrayForth User s Manual compile 16 bit eforth virtual machine e4vm16 stack 8Xxx 9xxx more stack stack up bud axxx 206 node 20 org stack down bud bxxx 6 node 20 org e4vm16 bitsy cxxx 105 node 0 org more bitsy bitsy right bud dxxx 104 node host bitsy up bud exxx 205 node 20 org bitsy down bud fxxx 5 node 20 org flash to sram pipe host head pipe nodes take two parameters tail starter node takes three parameters eforth flash interface 0 org siob
42. 20 10baset ethernet cluster mk1 722 load descriptor 724 residual paths exit 726 tx load descriptor 728 417 tx osc 788 load exit 417 node 0 org 730 317 316 tx pin 317 node 0 org 732 315 tx mux 315 node 734 115 215 autonegot 215 node 0 org 736 314 tx framing 314 node 0 org 738 214 tx delay 214 node 0 org reclaim 740 114 tx crc reclaim 114 node 0 org cy 742 113 tx unpack 113 node 0 org reclaim 744 112 tx wire 112 node 0 org reclaim 746 108 sram master reclaim host host s memory 748 109 dma nexus slave 109 node 0 org 750 110 dma nexus 110 node 0 org 752 110 continued 754 111 tx ctl 111 node 0 org 756 010 rx ctl 10 node 0 org 758 011 rx byteswap 11 node 0 org reclaim 760 012 rx pack 12 node 0 org reclaim 762 013 rx crc reclaim 13 node 0 org cy 764 014 rx frame 14 node 0 org reclaim 766 015 rx parse 15 node 0 org reclaim 768 016 rx timing 16 node 0 org 770 217 216 116 rx active pull down 772 117 017 rx pin 117 node 0 org reclaim 774 517 tx osc monitor 517 node reclaim 776 516 tx osc agent 516 node 0 org cy 778 780 ether test ide empty compile 782 flakey 517 tx osc monitor 517 node reclaim 784 flakey 516 tx osc agent 516 node 0 org cy 786 788 417 tx osc 417 node 2 org 790 792 794 796 798 800 802 804 806 808 810 812 814 816 818 820 822 824 826 828 830 832 834 836 838 54 840 842 844 846 848 850 852 854 856 858 860 862 864 866 868 870 872 874 876
43. 2010 2011 GreenArrays Inc 10 30 13 DB004 arrayForth User s Manual Later on when loading code into nodes with the IDE by hand or when specifying boot conditions for tools such as the automated IDE loader or the stream generator object code is identified by its bin number By default that is simply the node number unless you have used bin to stash the code elsewhere The F18 Compiler is simpler than is that of the x86 please refer to section 3 3 1 above for comparison There are no macros IMMEDIATE words there is no extensive optimizer as is present in the x86 compiler and nothing special happens on a yellow to green transition Neither magenta nor cyan words are meaningful Here is what the F18 compiler does with each color tagged word Yellow numbers are placed on the compiler s stack Green numbers are compiled as 18 bit F18 literals Both green and yellow words are executed the words generating F18 instructions compile opcodes into F18 memory when the compiler encounters them White comments are ignored Red words fill any partial F18 instruction word with nops to align on a word boundary and create the red word in the dictionary as a definition beginning at the current position in F18 memory Although yellow words are executed when encountered the dictionary structure of the x86 colorForth system precludes access to host system words that are buried by F18 definitions Thus the common practice of using such words interpretively to m
44. 4 2 4 PNG Screen CaptuLl es urere rire te epo ea e Ele erue Fa o nien eroe ere Yao n ERI Roos Va En ae Eve US 21 4 3 ThE BONUS Materials 4 ecce ee tnn ee ete ee tee ta tene nea oot u e epe eo Enn ano PEREEEREPEFERERUEEE 21 5 Programming the F18 icis seea ror Er ERR EE FEE EP PEE i 22 5 1 Source and Object Code eee rer nae nna VaR ENEKIN nuno ken EVEN ana u ka 22 5 2 Compiling F18 Code 1 riri ce noit conici ri osito oos soia soos sai 22 5 3 Compiler Syntax and Semantics eese eee eee eiii 22 5 3 1 IKeTe jd To n COUNTENT p RTT m 23 5 3 2 Control Structure Directives cecccssececssececeeseeeeceeeeececseeeecseqaeeeceeeeeceeeeeeceaes 24 5 3 3 FES OP COGES ER 25 2 Copyright 2010 2011 GreenArrays Inc 10 30 13 DB004 arrayForth User s Manual 5 3 4 Other Useful WOEFGS s ota cetero oro ena caen iare uS ERe iE TEAR RAe A see ER aiies 25 5 4 Module Organization a eaae eee eee eee e eee e ee ee eese eee i iioii nnn 26 5 4 1 Worlds 26 5 4 2 Boot Descriptors eoe eree tinere ern irain pisika e FERRE e UR e Rn e FER iE iati 26 5 4 3 Residual Patlis rien en ex emeu denar epe sateedeeun bt eei oaae aE 26 5 4 4 Organization of Larger Projects ccccccccccccessssseesececeeseseeaeceeeeeesesneaeseesesseeseeaees 26 5 5 Methods of Loading Code Lecce elle le
45. 5500155558015555001555580155550015555 io io io io io io io io 200rdu 201all 202a11 203all 204all 205al1 208al1 207all 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 15555 15555 15555 15555 15555 15555 15555 15555 rdu all all all all all all all 15555C 15555C C15555CC15555CE15555CC15555CC15555CC15555 10 io io io io io io io rdu 101all 102a11 103all 104all 105a11 1086all 107al 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 15555 15555 15555 15555 15555 15555 15555 rdu all all all all all all 15555 15555e0e155550015555e015555e0015555e015555 io i io io io io io io 000 0010aa 002rd1 OO3rd1 OO4rd OOSrd1 006rd1 007rdi 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ooooooooo PNOLUONOW 4 15555 15555 15555 15555 15555 15555 15555 15555 Gaa rdi rdi rdi rdl rdl rdl 15555 0155550015555 15555 155558015555 15555 io io io io io io io Immediately below the full chip view there is a detailed view of a single node called the focus node Its node number 000 is shown in red at the top left of this view This node s position is shown in the full chip view with a red X In the overview the focus node s three digit number normally shown in grey at the upper left of each node s rectangle is changed to red for the focus node In addition to the focus node a second node called the other node may be selected as well Its detailed view may replace the full chip view using the w key on the control panel and the focus and other node numbers may be exchanged with the o key on the control panel The other node if visib
46. 60 serdes test AA org data a 3FFFE dup up a b 1362 serdes test 2 AA org data a 33333 dup up a 1364 spi flash writer michael greg 2 1 0 org 1366 take adc data 0 org 1368 generate dac waves 0 org 1370 spi flash 8 bits 0 org 1372 1600 ide via async boot 708 node 0 org 1374 1601 ide via sync boot 300 node 0 org 1376 1602 ide wire node 17 node 0 org 1378 1603 ide last guy 16 node 1E org 1380 common 1382 polynomial approximation 1384 interpolate 1386 fir or iir filter 1388 routing called with a relay 1390 multiply 1392 lshift rshift 1394 triangle 1396 fractional multiply 1398 divide 1400 f18 compiler h 22 ip 21 slot 4 call 24576 cal 1402 target 1404 f18 jump instructions 1406 complex instructions 1408 instructions 1410 port literals and constants 1412 more instructions 1414 1416 1418 math rom anywhere 0 kind 1420 serdes boot top bot 6 kind AA reset 1422 sync serial boot side 2 kind AA reset 1424 async serial boot top bot 1 kind AA reset 1426 more async serial 1428 spi boot top bot 4 kind AA reset host 1430 more spi 1432 analog 0 kind 1434 dac 1436 1 wire 3 kind AA org 1438 null rom anywhere 0 kind Copyright 2010 2011 GreenArrays Inc 10 30 13 10 6 Bin Assignments for Rev 02a Bins are receptacles for object code and are numbered like nodes in the chips Bins 000 through 717 contain code that is by default destined for the nodes on the host chip Bins 800 through 1517 map onto the targe
47. DB004 arrayForth User s Manual 2 Introduction to arrayForth arrayForth is a system of software tools that may be used to develop debug and install software for GreenArrays chips This system runs on several platforms that provide the Win32 API Microsoft Windows XP 2000 and later as well as the Parallels environment on Macs and the WINE environment on Linux Procedures and tips for installing and managing arrayForth on each of those platforms may be found in the Appendices of this document supplemented by FAQ items on our website arrayForth is implemented as an application of the colorForth 386 system which has a number of distinctive properties with which this manual will acquaint you To keep this manual simple it is focused on working with F18 code for our chips Therefore it touches only peripherally on the programming of the x86 host computer 2 1 What is colorForth Nearly forty years ago Forth was developed as the world s first and at that time only practical fully Integrated and explicitly Interactive software Development Environment IDE Decades later the industry has made attempts to imitate such an environment yet Forth remains the leader in both integration and interactivity Through a continual process of incremental change Forth has evolved to meet new challenges in systems and applications programming colorForth represents one evolutionary step seeking to maximize speed of compilation and interpretation by mini
48. F1 key Actually this key toggles between decimal and hexadecimal mode The F1 key is recognized any time the hint area shows just the qwer annunciator or both quer and num It instantly sets the other mode affecting the stack display and subsequent digit entry When taking text input in hexadecimal mode the hint area shows hex Hexadecimal Mode When in hexadecimal mode the stack is displayed in unsigned hex Each digit you key into a number is shifted into it using base 16 The first digit of a hex number must be one of the decimal digits 9 but once number entry has begun any of the hex digits 90 9 a f or the minus sign may be entered Thus to enter the hex equivalent of 255 type Off 2 2 4 Message Area A program may display a message informing you of an error or prompting some action of you Such messages may be displayed on the left side of the line on which the words you type are shown as in this example Transitory messages disappear after you have typed a few keystrokes Other messages may be more persistent as desired by the software generating them To manually kill a message being displayed type msg 10 Copyright 2010 2011 GreenArrays Inc 10 30 13 2 3 arrayForth User Vocabulary This section lists resident words those accessible after empty that are relevant when operating arrayForth and when using it to program the F18 These are all x86 functions not F18 functions for F18 compiler syntax see section 5 3
49. License Agreement You must accept the terms of this may proceed agreement before contrung with the nstallaton Standard Terms and Conditions of Delivery for Free Software I gecept the agreement a oat atoms Back Cancel 3 Theinstaller asks you to select a location at which arrayForth Bl Setup Aveyron E should be installed By default this is a directory folder that er rp RR Xr will be called c X Program Files GreenArrays If you don t want it N k Setup wil install ArrayForth nto the folowng folder to be there please change the destination in this dialog the To continue click Next If you would ike to select a different folder cick Browse shortcuts made by the installer will be configured for this Bone directory and it will be simpler for you to place it where you like initially rather than to move it after installation You may install multiple instances as you wish Hit next when done Atleast 3 0 MB of free disk space is required remo cone 58 Copyright 2010 2011 GreenArrays Inc 10 30 13 Next the installer asks where it should place the program s shortcuts By default there will be a new Start menu group called GreenArrays with a subgroup EVB001 in which shortcuts will be generated for this instance of arrayForth and for a file explorer view of the entire GreenArrays directory structure facilitating your finding of your files You will need to get at them later Specify where you want them and hit next
50. NOTICE GreenArrays Incorporated GAI reserves the right to make corrections modifications enhancements improvements and other changes to its products and services at any time and to discontinue any product or service without notice Customers should obtain the latest relevant information before placing orders and should verify that such information is current and complete All products are sold subject to GAI s terms and conditions of sale supplied at the time of order acknowledgment GAI disclaims any express or implied warranty relating to the sale and or use of GAI products including liability or warranties relating to fitness for a particular purpose merchantability or infringement of any patent copyright or other intellectual property right GAI assumes no liability for applications assistance or customer product design Customers are responsible for their products and applications using GAl components To minimize the risks associated with customer products and applications customers should provide adequate design and operating safeguards GAI does not warrant or represent that any license either express or implied is granted under any GAI patent right copyright mask work right or other GAI intellectual property right relating to any combination machine or process in which GAI products or services are used Information published by GAI regarding third party products or services does not constitute a license from GAI to use such
51. ack and type copy The first block and its accompanying shadow will be copied to the destination If you want to edit the copied block just type e as blk will now be set to the number of the destination block 14 Copyright 2010 2011 GreenArrays Inc 10 30 13 DB004 arrayForth User s Manual 3 3 Text Entry Modes Text entry keys highlighted in yellow in the keyboard table select a color and put the editor and keyboard into text entry mode In this mode words and numbers you type are inserted into the current block at the cursor position and in the selected color To determine the current state of the keyboard look in the hint area if you see the editor control panel buttons will be editor functions whereas if you see text entry mode hints you are entering text To return to the Editor from any text entry mode use the escape key as described in section 2 2 3 above The text entry keys are as follow w White text enters comments which may be words or small 27 bit signed numbers in decimal or hex The Interpreter and Compilers ignore these words while the Editor simply displays them Comments may contain any of the colorForth characters y Yellow text enters text that will be interpreted when blocks are loaded Text may consist of words or numbers and the numbers may be in decimal or hex Words are executed and numbers are placed on the stack g Green text enters text that will be compiled when blocks are loaded Words
52. active changing to grey when exiting the editor 3 1 Control Panel The editor is operated by pressing buttons on a control panel All control panels in colorForth are built from the same set of 27 keys only the assignments differ These keys are as follow aaga ITTTTTITTTIA 2420982228988 TAA 2 CEE d dij m rdi E fa A The hint map depicts the keyboard the Tr mS i top three rows represent the red and green areas shown at left while the bottom row represents the blue area When used as designed left and right hands rest in the standard keyboard home positions with the left hand s four fingers on the center red row and the right on the center green row Fingers of each hand are responsible for the red and green rows above and below the home positions The thumb s or right forefinger press the qwerty keys N Spacebar and Alt marked blue The key table below names the function of each control panel key in colored functional groups with hint character on top and QWERTY keycap labels in grey at the bottom of the key unused unused unused Q W E i Exit Insert editor word space alt Copyright 2010 2011 GreenArrays Inc 10 30 13 13 DBO004 arrayForth User s Manual 3 1 1 Exiting and re entering the Editor The key hinted as Exit editor exits the Editor returning control to the Interpreter and changing the red block number displayed above the hint area to grey To return to the Ed
53. al into a low period and a high period such that their sum is a constant period The output value is the ratio of high to low time The fixed maximum update rate derives from the period chosen The resolution derives from the number time units the period is divided up into usually a power of two PWMs have the benefit of generating an analog value from a digital output which is linear assuming you can feed a perfect integrator All PWMs force a trade off between resolution and update rate Usually this trade off is fixed by the designer for any given application by choosing an inner loop timing interval and a number of intervals in the major period The algorithm we will demonstrate has several benefits over the classical design The value presented for output is represented as a binary fraction between 0 and 1 The precision of the output is not affected by the inner loop update frequency which should always run as rapidly as attainable by the selected hardware The higher the inner loop frequency the faster any given output will reach its desired average value The maximum output rate is determined by period of the inner loop times the power of two represented by the least significant bit you have decided is important 9 1 Selecting resources For our example we will be using node 600 from the host chip because its output is easily accessible We must move the jumper on J39 from 1 2 to 2 3 to expose host 600 17 output This would affect automatic MMC
54. alue of the global variable vdd is returned This is 1800 by default in units of millivolts p17v is a node variable It contains the voltage on pin 17 for the current node Since wave is only executed for node 600 this code will set the voltage on 600 17 as a function of time nominally a square wave whose period is roughly 28 nanoseconds Node variables p1v p3v and p5v also exist for nodes with two or four pins In the Sync boot testbed on block 1230 time is not used as the timebase Instead a global variable named dly was created to keep time Also note that instead of using v to get a voltage value vdd 9 is used in yellow Global variables in x86 colorForth need to be yellow but are usually followed by a green or In this case we use a yellow to fetch the value from vdd at compile time The constant value is then compiled as a literal by the yellow to green color transition This is a feature of the x86 colorForth which doesn t apply to F18A code Copyright 2010 2011 GreenArrays Inc 10 30 13 37 DB004 arrayForth User s Manual Another example might simulate a wire connecting two pins 600 17 and 500 17 We will assume 600 17 is an output and 500 17 is an input follower softbed assign 600 node p17v 500 node p17v 500 node follower This testbed will cause 500 17 to have the same state as 600 17 Your program can set or clear 600 17 and code in node 500 can read 500 17 from the io register and act accordingly as if a real w
55. anipulate the compiler s stack during compilation is generally not possible For example words like dup drop over and or 2 2 push pop may not be used for this purpose because those words generate F18 opcodes Do not code yellow usage in F18 source other than as you find discussed here Due to the dictionary structure of the x86 colorForth system many of the host computer s garden variety Forth words may not be used Now let s clarify some of the concepts referenced so far 5 3 1 Location Counter This is an incremental compiler Opcodes and literals are written into an image of target node memory as they are encountered the only retroactive action it performs is to store into the destination fields of words containing forward referencing jumps such as if or calls leap when those forward references are resolved The compiler keeps track of the current position in target F18 memory with three variables ip a address of instruction word being built h a address of the next word to store into target memory slot a next available slot number 4 means slot 0 of a new word that has not been stored yet As opcodes are compiled they are added to the instruction word being built and slot is maintained until the word is full or until compiling an opcode that will not fit into the word At that time the word being built is padded with nop opcodes if necessary and a new instruction word is started at the address in h Thisleaves ip
56. anual The behavior above allows you to just type words and numbers naturally in the great majority of cases There are only two situations that require you to do anything more Negative Numbers The keyboard software considers the minus sign to be an alphabetic character when it s the first keystroke seen Thus simply typing 123 results in a word not a number To enter a negative number the minus sign has to be entered sometime after the first digit So you can enter the value that was desired above as 123 We could have made it go the other way but there are too many Forth words that start with a minus such as the one s complement operator to justify this Words that start with a digit You can force the keyboard software into text mode by using the grave accent key This is typically on a button immediately to the left of 1 After pressing it the text annunciator turns on in the hint area and the next character entered will be taken to be the first character of a word Decimal and Hexadecimal There is a persistent flag indicating whether the human interface is in decimal or hexadecimal mode Decimal Mode By default the human interface is in decimal mode The stack is displayed in decimal each digit you key into a number is shifted into it using base 10 and the only keys accepted during number entry are 0 through 9 and the minus sign Switching Modes You may place the human interface in hexadecimal mode by pressing the
57. arting at byte address zero so that it may be booted automatically by node 705 on chip reset 8 2 Burning Flash By loading the streamer utility you gain a vocabulary for erasing burning and verifying SPI flash connected to boot node 705 as it is connected on the Evaluation Board 8 2 1 Erasing Flash Flash needs to be erased before being written This is done with the word ers which expects two parameters A starting address and a number of bytes to be erased Example 0 8092 ers The smallest unit of flash that can be erased on the Evaluation Board is 4K bytes so the starting address should be on a 4K byte boundary and that s where the erasing will start The number of bytes erased will be rounded up to the nearest 4K as well Note Currently the whole flash is always erased However ers should be called with correct arguments for upward compatibility 8 2 2 Writing Flash There are two streamer commands for writing flash burn and 18burn burn s d n writes flash in 16 bit units s is the word address of a buffer of 16 bit words in host memory d is byte address of destination in flash and n is number of 16 bit words to write 18burn s d n writes flash in 18 bit units s is the word address of a buffer in host memory with a sequence of 18 bit values stored in consecutive 32 bit words d is byte address of destination in flash and n is the number of 18 bit words to write burn is used for 16 bit data such as the polyFORTH nucleu
58. as source without entering the editor control panel l displays the current editor block as done by list qx n displays leading comments for the index page of 60 like blocks containing n When the audit utility is loaded blocks differing between working and backup areas are shown in red nx displays the index page following the current page bx displays the index page preceding the current page SX alternates between source and shadows for the current index page OX alternates between an index page based at 0 and corresponding page in backup area at abuf ax displays the index page in which the current editor block lies In addition arrayForth provides these resident functions onamed Sets an ASCII pathname for the working source file by default named OkadWork cf bnamed Sets an ASCII pathname for the backup source file by default named OkadBack cf Usage and save flush character transformations are the same as for named writes 1440 blocks from host RAM to the working source file in compressed format synonym for save to simplify concurrent use of arrayForth alongside polyFORTH back n readsacolorForth compressed or uncompressed image max 1440 blocks from the backup source file to RAM disk at block n On native system reads from a floppy back n writes 1440 blocks from host RAM block n to the backup source file with no compression On native system writes to an uncompressed floppy wrtboot writes 18
59. ath to different ports of the same node if you have done this path will permit you to select the desired port Leaves a default path selected if none of them targets the node given hook i nn Wires path i totarget node n after ripping out any existing wiring for that path leaving path i selected If the node in question is not accessible in the route list for that path leaves the path set for the appropriate adjacent node as target hook i Forces ripping out of any wiring for path i Each node that had previously been part of this path is left in its default warm state multiport execute the target node is not affected 6 3 2 Target Operations Each of these operations applies to the target node of the currently selected path To help in orientation it is good to display the panel unless there s something better for you to be looking at while working compile Recompiles both the F18 source and the arrayForth IDE source allowing changes in the binary images that may be loaded into nodes or aspects of the IDE such as automated test functions see below Connection to the chip is maintained and any wiring context presently in place is preserved panel displays the indicator panel block upd retrieves all ten words of the data stack into the local array stak which is indexed T S and the eight elements in the F18 stack first element being the one that would next be popped into S panel displays the contents of stak in two rows Fi
60. ave been chosen because they are easy to sync a scope to because they are complementary and because they highlight the effect and shape of a single bit cell The last value of 33 64 demonstrates how two frequency components merge Sample Period Magnification 500 0 ns div Magnify About 5 888 ns sample Cursor Moves 59 58 ns x too The first image shows a frame of mostly zero higher voltage You can see how the output rings and then floats up gradually Chime Magnification 58 88 ns div Magnify About 5 888 ns sample Cursor Moves aaa 59 58 ns x to o o Em CN ro m The second image zooms in on the one bit at the perimeter of the frame We see a strong negative going pulse that arcs back up to a stable voltage just before releasing 46 Copyright 2010 2011 GreenArrays Inc 10 30 13 The third image is of a frame of 63 one bit cells and a single zero bit cell You can see how the frame begins with a strong low going pulse that quickly stabilizes to a firm value and ends with a short ring as it is released for one bit cell Rnalog wevetorm D ANE 0 5 1 Lime Ji fication 50 800 ns div Ma Unify About 5 000 ns sample Cursor Moves 59 58 ns to o The last image is of the value 33 64 It contains two complete frames In each frame you may count 33 one bit cells and 31 zero bit cells Observe that this packing is accomplished by joining two one bit cells in each of two locations There is also a change of
61. baud rate desired for USB port C msg stops any active display in the message area named _ sets an ASCII pathname in fnam for use by utilities The pathname is a single word that may be up to 79 characters long From the keyboard the word will be yellow in source code it should be white Character transformations are made from cF to ASCII 2 and space Dictionary Management mark saves the present state of the dictionary for later restoration by empty empty restores the dictionary to the most recent mark remember a class definer The words in its class save the present state of the dictionary following their definition and when executed restore the dictionary to that point Use reclaim remember here b returns byte address of next available byte in dictionary h a a variable whose value is returned by here n appends the given 32 bit word to the dictionary _ b tick Returns byte address of the definition whose name follows Use from keyboard or in a block fill wan fills memory for n words starting at a with the value w move sdn copies n consecutive words from word address s to word address d Copyright 2010 2011 GreenArrays Inc 10 30 13 DB004 arrayForth User s Manual Words Usable in Blue Cr starts a new line in display br double spaced break in display cr prevents new line on next red word indent starts a new line indented three spaces
62. bit signed numbers max ab n returns greater of two 32 bit signed numbers v vv v sum of 2 vectors each consisting of 32 bit signed components Watch Out for These n n Notsubtraction unary ones complement like ANS Forth INVERT or nn n bitwise EXCLUSIVE OR of two 32 bit values Same as ANS Forth XOR or nn n bitwise INCLUSIVE OR of two 32 bit values Same as ANS Forth OR Chip Configuration Words nnx n number of node columns nny n number of node rows nns n number of nodes chip nnc n number of object bins nn n nn n convert cyyxx to linear node number on chip O n nn n nn convert linear node number to yyxx notation rom nn n return ROM source load block for node given in cyyxx notation Copyright 2010 2011 GreenArrays Inc 10 30 13 DB004 arrayForth User s Manual 3 The Editor To invoke the editor from the interpreter first enter a block number let s say 18 When you have done this the number 18 will appear at the top of the Interpreter s stack display Do not attempt to edit blocks O through 17 these contain binaries and listing binaries can cause the windows version to trap Nowtype edit You will see the source code in block 18 and the number 18 will be displayed above the editor control panel hint map displayed in the lower right corner of the screen indicating that the keyboard is now serving as a control panel The block number is red when the editor is
63. board when colorForth is running Most people find that once they have mastered this new skill it works well for them and that with the simple but powerful set of tools in colorForth it s a pleasingly productive environment Take your time getting accustomed to it and it should serve you very well We ll start with the Interpreter interface since it s the first thing you encounter and contains good examples of the common display elements Here is what you see on booting arrayForth The display is composed of two major elements The logo with the arrayforth label and the interpreter s feedback which is shown in the black areas at the bottom of the screen The annunciator reading qwer is part of this feedback The feedback is comprised of several components discussed below The first of the two major elements the logo may be replaced during use of the system by other things such as the listing of a block The interpreter simply displays this element whatever it is with the interpreter s feedback superimposed over it The entire screen is refreshed from whatever raw data each part is based on each time you strike a key thus the effects of interpreter interaction may be seen right away when they occur Copyright 2010 2011 GreenArrays Inc 10 30 13 7 DB004 arrayForth User s Manual 2 2 2 1 Interpreter Feedback Area Here is an example of what you will see at the bottom of the screen when using the Interpreter The annun
64. cal Forth systems and some words such as and or have unconventional functions Focus on programming the F18 since the x86 system will be supplanted entirely later on 2 2 colorForth human interface The above characteristics of colorForth imply a new human interface using a conventional keyboard and display 2 2 1 The Interpreter The interpreter is the default program you will be communicating with using the keyboard and display It accepts words and numbers one at a time as you type them Numbers are pushed onto the stack the top few elements of the stack are shown at the bottom of the screen Words are executed when you type them If a word is not found in the dictionary that word followed by a question mark is shown in the bottom right quadrant of the screen This process is called interpretation The word you type might be a simple definition such as which replaces the top two numbers on the stack with their sum So for example if you had typed 5 and then 6 the stack display will show 5 6 and if you then type the stack display will now show 11 6 Copyright 2010 2011 GreenArrays Inc 10 30 13 DB004 arrayForth User s Manual The word may do a great deal more It might compile and run an extensive utility or application which might put up a customized graphic or text screen and might give you a completely different keyboard interaction while it is running The colorForth editor is such a program When any colorForth word or
65. cations between them using 2 wire synchronous communications New default paths O and 2 are set up to cover both chips Thereafter nodes 300 are dedicated to this purpose until the chips are reset With the port bridge built the up ports of node 400 on each chip are logically connected as though they were a simple COM port Port read write communications such as IDE are basically transparent across this connection except that data transfers take 100 or more times longer no flow control is supported and polling of io by node 400 has limited usefulness Node 300 will seem to be writing when a word sent by the other chip is waiting to be read it will seem to be neither reading nor writing during serial data transmission in either direction and it will seem to be reading at all other times regardless of the state of node 400 in the other chip The default paths after span shown below facilitate full access to the Target chip with or without the polyFORTH virtual machine present on the Host chip Extended node numbering is supported in the form cyyxx where c is zero relative chip number thus nodes 000 through 717 are on the Host chip while nodes 10000 through 10717 are on the Target chip 30 Copyright 2010 2011 GreenArrays Inc 10 30 13 DB004 arrayForth User s Manual 6 3 5 Default IDE Path 1 is available for general use after host load or bridge load raai a0 16 20 lera rao 17 17
66. ccurs entirely within a single instruction word the address is superfluous it is present only so that the form n for unext may be written The micronext opcode may be compiled into any of the four slots 5 3 2 3 Arbitrary Control Structures As with ANS Forth any desired control structure may be generated based on a few simple directives and flexible semantics see the ANS Forth standard or more to the point see the F18 code supplied with arrayForth for many examples of composite control structures The following directives are provided the same stack notation a for destinations and r for handles to forward references is employed here If necessary you may code swap in yellow to affect the compiler s stack begin a forces word alignment and saves here to be used as a transfer destination while x rx equivalentto if swap Typically used as a conditional exit from within a loop while x rx equivalentto if swap Typically used as a conditional exit from within a loop until a If T is nonzero program flow continues otherwise jumps to a Typically used as a conditional exit at the end of a loop until a If T isnegative program flow continues otherwise jumps to a Usedlike until end a unconditionally jumps to a next ax x equivalentto swap next 5 3 3 F18 Opcodes The preferred opcode names as shown in the F18A Technology Reference each compile an opcode into a slot ex p Q Qb Q p b 2 2 an
67. ciators qwer and text are part of a keyboard control panel hint rectangle at the lower right corner of the screen The word png is feedback showing the word most recently typed it changes as you key additional characters of a new word The number 50389 shows the stack content it is presently the only item on the stack While you are typing a word or number the binary value of that number or encoded values s of the word are shown at the top of the stack top is on the right Here is what you see if you have pushed three numbers one through three onto the stack and then typed png to capture the screen If there are more than five elements on the stack only the top five are shown with an ellipsis on the left side of the line Here is what you see if you have pushed six numbers one through six onto the stack and then typed png When the stack is empty the bottom line is simply blank If items are removed from the stack when it is empty this condition is indicated as follows In this example the stack was cleared then the word drop was executed three times after which the word png was typed to capture the screen You may clear the stack at any time by typing the word c If you type a word that the interpreter cannot find in the dictionary a question mark is appended to the display of the most recently typed word Here is an example resulting from trying to interpret an unknown word poobah The question mark is also inser
68. d not be any changes to the binaries located below block 18 unless you have made edits to the character font table in blocks 12 to 17 To verify these binaries use the word bin It will place on the stack the numbers of any differing blocks in this range To compress and write all of blocks O to 1439 out as the working source file simply type save This can be done at any time not just when audit is loaded because it is a resident definition You can write the image from 10000 to 11439 back to the backup source file using back but be aware that back does not compress the image colorForth does not care when booting or when using check whether an image is initially compressed or not Only the size of the external file is affected In addition an uncompressed source file is easier to export and decode using other software Frequently your requirements for block maintenance will be less comprehensive than when dealing with entire source images You might need to move a small range of blocks from one place to another or to copy a set of blocks to be changed or reconfigured In the latter case you may want to audit your changes against the original block range as a confirmation To copy a range of blocks and shadows to another place type s d n blocks where s is the starting block number d is the destination number and n is the number of source shadow pairs to move Do not copy overlapping ranges from low to higher numbered blocks you d have better luck r
69. d or drop dup pop over a push b a The call opcode is compiled when a red F18 definition is used in green Tail optimization is performed by if immediately preceded by a call In this case the call is converted into a jump conserving return stack space and leading to other useful techniques 5 3 4 Other Useful Words io right down left up data ldata register names equivalent to writing address in green u l lu d d u dl dlu r r u r l r lu rd rd u rdl rdlu red definitions for single com ports and all combinations use in green to generate calls and jumps await generates a call to the default multiport execute for a node based on its position in the array a tick places the address of an F18 red word on the compiler s stack Copyright 2010 2011 GreenArrays Inc 10 30 13 25 DB004 arrayForth User s Manual 5 4 Module Organization A preliminary convention has been adopted for organizing and packaging code in a modular way from a single node to a cluster This convention allows use of a single block number or name as a handle for the module The first two or more blocks of the module have fixed functions at fixed offsets We recommend that you apply these principles in packaging your own code The SRAM Control Cluster Mark 1 may be studied as an example while reading the following sections the constant sram is the number of the first block of that module 5 4 1 Load Block The first block in a modu
70. d to be part of the mindset e Make small changes e Save often e Test every change e Make sure all steps are repeatable such as rebuilding everything before each test e Choose development paths that do not preclude testing for significant intervals e Shun tools which delay your feedback because they serve to distract you The reason colorForth keeps all source code memory resident and compiles all code from pre parsed tokens is to encourage recompiling often The use of scripts encourages repeatability and in colorForth you cannot even make a definition without first committing it into a block The arrayForth word compile supports these precepts by quickly rebuilding all F18 object code and also by reloading whatever test environment you have configured for the current stage in your development To support the latter function whenever you load testing tools they should begin with the phrase fh orgn whichdirects compile to reload that test environment as part of its job In block 844 you will find the test script we have built for exercising the PWM demo The template for this script was copied from the host block that you loaded earlier when we typed host load as part of assumption checking for node 600 and our wiring We encourage you to read the shadow for the host block In our present case we have deleted the sample definition and the canon load and added two script definitions on top the standard serial IDE functions We could als
71. ded an IDE personalization with path s adjusted to access the remainder of the chip may be useful Scripts may be necessary to specify boot stream generation IDE loading and or softsim setup as appropriate You might wish to include a script to produce HTML listings Not all of these elements are appropriate for every application but if they are small you might wish to place them in this area before the actual source code These are merely suggestions and the recommendations may change as the system evolves 26 CopyrightO 2010 2011 GreenArrays Inc 10 30 13 DB004 arrayForth User s Manual 5 5 Methods of Loading Code After code has been compiled by reference from blocks 150 or 200 it may be loaded for execution or simulation There are presently four basic ways in which this may be done Manual interactive loading into the real chip Use hook to build a wire to the desired node and use boot to insert code into its RAM Manual interactive loading into softsim Use node to select a node and boot to insert code Automated loading into the real chip using IDE Use the IDE loader utility to load code as directed by interpreting Boot Descriptors Automated loading into the real chip using boot streams Use the streamer utility to construct a boot stream as directed by Boot Descriptors then present the resulting stream to a boot node Automated loading into softsim Initialize nodes as directed by Boot Descriptors Each of the automated
72. e e le eee eese eene iin 27 5 5 1 Boot Descriptor SYNTAX sessssisictecesstenseescsendevcunaddenedecnduncasedsavessendaneunedcececeendunsanendens 27 6 Interactive Testing eo ee eee reo ee eroe ee Vo ook oe e aoo a Pro Peor e Poss pps 28 6 1 TOMMUNOIOGY 28 6 2 USING the IDE 28 6 3 VOCODUIOIY MT 29 6 3 1 Path ROUTING COohtrol iier eter tetendit en rete re eane a e Ree iaee ie Ees 29 6 3 2 Target OperatiORs eerte enhn esee ERE oERR RS n5 SER KE RATE Ea SERE ERE SERE E DER KD sansne beens 29 6 3 3 Advanced Uses ioc E EN Eoo kir e Ene hio e FRE REST E 30 6 3 4 Working with Two Chips cccsccccccccsssssscecceeceesessseesececeeseseeaeseeeeeeseseeaeeeeeeeeeeees 30 6 3 5 Default IDE c aE 31 6 3 6 Automated Loading with the IDE ccccccccccessesssecececeesesssaeeeeececseseaeeeeeeseeeees 32 6 3 7 Asynchronous Boot StrOaMs cccccccccessssscecececeeseseseeseeeceesesesaeseesesceeseeasseeeeseeeees 32 7 Simulation Testing with Softsim eese eere eee 33 7 1 Getting Started 7 2 Navigating cise cese coo eo ce cote cate core ep rove P Ero PEE EP os ev VF EP o EVE UP ERU EFE FVPe EVE UP Pres VE FF VRHE FEIER 7 3 MAKING it cro p 7 4 The Memory Dump and Decompilation eee esee eene enne nnn 35 7 5 The left side display
73. ed only to reduce confusion when reading x86 code Blue words are a new feature of colorForth They are interpreted while displaying a block They can format the display with cr br indent etc or execute custom commands while viewing a screen The word seeb in block 18 is see blue and when yellow will execute at boot time and make blue words visible in the editor If seeb in block 18 is white then blue words will not be visible but will execute when a block is displayed After the system has booted you may execute seeb atany time to toggle the display of blue words on or off In Rev O1d new blue words that are not actually in the dictionary have been added for greater control over source formatting The words and take exactly one two or three spaces whether or not they are being displayed leading and trailing spaces are suppressed The word takes exactly one space suppressing leading spaces and starting a new line The word is intended for use immediately preceding a red word it takes exactly one space suppressing leading and trailing spaces and suppresses the automatic new line on the following red word Because these new words suppress spaces the cursor behaves differently when positioned to them As of Rev O1d only authorized blue words are interpreted Note that older systems may crash when trying to display code containing these new words because they lack that protection 3 4 Manipulating Text The Editor has an insert buffer
74. ering block pair It puts you in the editor for the different working block and makes the backup block selectable with the editor jump function By holding down the jump key you can rapidly blink between the two blocks to identify the differences To find the next difference you press space to exit the editor and enter the word g to continue searching forward from the currently displayed block If there are no differing blocks remaining when typing all or g then there will be no change to the display or to the editor mode Depending upon your goal for matching the working and backup files you may choose to make changes to one or the other image You can use the editor s cut copy paste buffer to move code between the two blocks Be careful to note that the high order digit of the block number is correct before making any changes and verify your result often with the jump function If instead you are happy with the differences and simply want to overwrite one of the blocks with the other you can exit the editor and use either take or give Regardless of which block you are currently looking at the word take replaces that one block be it source or shadow with the corresponding block that would be displayed next using the editor jump function In contrast the word give replaces the block you do not see with the content of the one you are looking at Human nature being what it is in this case one can argue that it is safer to take than to give There shoul
75. es n from host stack to focus node address a break slot addr node sets breakpoint for given node to stop before executing the opcode in the given O relative slot of the instruction word at the given address break node clears breakpoint for the given node Copyright 2010 2011 GreenArrays Inc F18 Opcodes rdup n nn all of these rdrop n use node s own rover ab aba stack rpop n from return stack rpush n onto return stack r n n bitwise invert rand nn n bitwise AND ror nn n bitwise exclusive OR r nn n 18 bit add not in EAM r st st multiply step uses A r2 n m left shift r2 n n arith right shift ra n toregister A ra n from register A rb n toregister B Ib n la n l n Qb n Qa n n 10 30 13 Convenient Constants io a pushes address of io register onto host stack data a up data register ldata a left data register right a right port down a down port left a left port up a up port 39 DB004 arrayForth User s Manual 8 Preparing Boot Streams Unless equipped with special ROM or booted using SERDES our chips must be booted after reset by having a suitable boot stream made available to one of its boot nodes such as async serial 2 wire synchronous serial or SPI flash nodes that are enabled for boot after reset A boot stream consists of one or more boot frames which are data structures defined and proces
76. esecesncesecossceseiacnececesncececesssececesssesecessses 46 9 6 Further Study iiie eter eee oe eo EP Ee es FEE EE e EVE EE VE e EVE FE EEEE 47 10 Appendix Reference Material ecce eene eere 48 Copyright 2010 2011 GreenArrays Inc 10 30 13 3 DB004 arrayForth User s Manual 10 1 Glossary of TErMS 48 10 2 colorForth Tag Reference scscscssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssnens 49 10 3 colorForth Characters and Binary Representation eere eene 49 10 4 MCMOSY LU o RR 50 10 5 Index Listing for Rev 02d eror eterna avena ana na ave any ave yy ay ea veuve avr ovs 51 10 6 Bin Assignments for Rev 024a eere esses eese eene enses ness s esses season 57 11 Appendix Microsoft Windows Platform 58 11 1 Windows arrayForth Requirements ueeeeeeee esee eese enne nnn nnns sunu 58 11 2 liis i EAE EE A E OE 58 11 2 1 Identifying and Configuring COM Ports ssseseseseeeeeneeenneen enne 60 11 2 2 Windows 8 Installation reo o aa RE EAEE 62 11 3 RUNING EHdeassi 62 12 Appendix Apple Mac Platform with Windows 63 12 1 Mac Requirements eee ono n apa nao y ERE NER ER ERERERERERERERERERERERERERERERERRRERERERRREu A 63 12 2 lli oin mr m 63 12 3 RUNNING arrayForth X X
77. eyboard software makes its decision with the first key you strike e ifthe key is a decimal digit 9 then you are entering a number the key is interpreted as a digit that digit is displayed on top of the stack and a num annunciator is displayed in the hint area Subsequent keystrokes must be digits and will be shifted into the displayed number using the current radix The key negates the number being entered and may be used repeatedly to toggle its sign All numeric input is restricted to 32 bit values As you type more digits the result will be clipped modulo 237 e Ifthe key is any of the other 37 colorForth characters a z then you are entering a word the character is displayed to the left of the hint area a Shannon coded value consisting of that character is displayed on the top of the stack and a text annunciator is displayed in the hint area Subsequent keystrokes may be any colorForth character and will be appended to the displayed word to the left of the hint area as well as being added to the Shannon coded representation on the stack If another number appears on the stack while you are typing this informs you that the last character you typed caused the Shannon coded value to exceed one 32 bit number That s all right but is important to know about when creating Forth definitions to keep them unique see 3 3 1 Syntax of colorForth below Copyright 2010 2011 GreenArrays Inc 10 30 13 9 DBO004 arrayForth User s M
78. face for 208 Temp SRAM code for 108 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2100 2101 2102 2103 2104 2105 2106 2107 2108 2109 2110 2111 2112 2113 2114 2115 2116 2117 ats ide analog ats ide sync boot master ats ide test frame ats ide test frame ats ide sync bridge ats ide uut bridge debug ats ide tester bridge debug framer bridge builder free Creeper test modules 1 full Creeper test modules 2 full 10 30 13 DB004 arrayForth User s Manual 2200 Creeper test modules 3 half full 2201 2202 2203 2204 2205 2206 2207 2208 2209 2210 2211 2212 2213 2214 2215 2216 2217 2300 reserved creeper tests 4 gt 2301 2302 2303 2304 2305 2306 2307 2308 2309 2310 2311 2312 2313 2314 2315 2316 2317 57 DB004 arrayForth User s Manual 11 Appendix Microsoft Windows Platform 11 1 Windows arrayForth Requirements The host system requirements are as follow e Microsoft Windows with Win32 environment We have tested this system on Windows 2000 Professional Windows XP Professional Windows Vista and Windows 7 and 8 See below for Windows 8 issues e Sufficient physical memory and swap file to run at least one instance of a program that is capable of requiring commitment of 768 megabytes of virtual memory Ac
79. fault path 2 can reach all 143 nodes accessible to the IDE 9 f you wish to change the code you are downloading into any node s change the F18 source and say compile which recompiles that source to binary and then re enters the interactive environment displaying the block you have most recently displayed Any paths you had wired up and whichever you had most recently selected will still be in effect as you can see by displaying panel again Recompilation does not communicate with the chip under test When you are finished you can say empty and do other things as long as you do not say bye to your arrayForth session you may later load the IDE again and resume communicating with whichever paths you had left connected 28 Copyright 2010 2011 GreenArrays Inc 10 30 13 DB004 arrayForth User s Manual 6 3 Vocabulary Words come in two classes Those which wire rip and select paths and those that operate on the target node 6 3 1 Path Routing Control The simplest way to visualize and check the current routing situation is to simply display the panel Node numbers used with these words are always in the cyyxx form path i Selects path i 0 1 or 2 so that all subsequent target operations will apply to the target node for that path This is necessary when more than one path leads to the same target node node nn Selects whichever path presently has node n as its target if any Note that it is possible to set up more than one p
80. fectors compile compiles all active F18 source code see 5 2 below recompile uses compile to recompile all F18 source then reloads the utility registered in orgn dump a displays a specially formatted dump starting at the given word address png Writes a screen shot See section 4 2 2 below selftest n runs IDE selftest on a chip over the given COM port number SPI flash boot must not be enabled on that chip autotest n Given host chip s IDE port number runs ATS tests of the target chip using sync boot and tests SERDES between the chips 12 Stack and Arithmetic a n fetches a word from RAM at the given word address na stores n to RAM at word address a na addsnto RAM at word address a dup a aa duplicates top item of stack drop a discards top item of stack nip ab b discards second item of stack over ab aba pushes a copy of the second item onto the stack swap ab ba interchanges the top two stack items and nn n bitwise logical AND of two 32 bit values negate n n returns twos complement of a 32 bit number 2 n n arithmetic right shift of a 32 bit number by one bit ab c returns the 32 bit sum of two 32 bit numbers ab c 32 bit product of a and b ab q 32 bit signed quotient a b nab n multiplies a number n by the ratio a b abs n n takes absolute value of a 32 bit signed number min ab n returns lesser of two 32
81. hd 1 ad 152338 icons empty macro control panel serial 3f8 2e8 1050 macro word search macro more fmask 16 fnn 1794220780 editor recolor 8 display 13 display blue words blu 255 0 blu blue and grey convert cf character to from ascii pathname input nat 72 load seti index empty nat more qx qxc 271547945 qb 120 82 load formatting ws 271547561 resident compress 86 load more macro uses ebx display text macro disk audit utility empty 30 load bias 0 compare cvec 271556556 improved stack display nr 6 show bin occupancy empty compile ide native async 0 fh orgn macro umbilical 3F8 serial 60 load ide windows async 0 fh orgn macro umbilical sport 3 1 sport com port management node 708 boot frames Copyright 2010 2011 GreenArrays Inc 10 30 13 120 122 124 126 128 130 132 134 136 138 140 142 144 146 148 150 152 154 156 158 160 162 164 166 168 170 172 174 176 178 180 182 184 186 188 190 192 194 196 198 200 202 204 206 208 210 212 214 216 218 220 222 224 226 228 230 232 234 236 238 DB004 arrayForth User s Manual node 708 paths boot target adjacent wall 271582744 stream components pth 67896348 umbilical plumbing foc 271580178 routing control target anywhere remote instructions indicator panel 135 load node stack upd tester canonical words ide ats support all nodes tester arrayfo
82. he real chip using the same specifications A third method may be used by compiling your own ROM code simply compile code with location counter in ROM This method is useful for testing proposed new ROM code including application specific ROM 7 6 1 Softsim Example Program For demonstration purposes block 200 compiles a short program into node O that will copy itself into neighbor nodes along a predetermined path As delivered block 216 has a line reading 0 node ram 0 p This tells softsim that when it starts node 0 should begin executing at address 0 Softsim already has the code for bin O in node 0 so ram serves only as documentation Type so to start softsim When softsim starts for the first time node 0 will be the focus node It should be marked with a red X in the lower left corner of the full chip view Notice that address 0 in the memory dump is yellow That means the P register contains a O and the program will fetch its first instruction from there Pressthe i key repeatedly and watch the program as it makes a call to address x02c Note that pressing the i causes the memory display to track the instruction word so it automatically navigates to address x02c Pressing S instead would leave the memory display at address O Press the f fast key The gap should show as 100 Press the g go key and watch the module migrate from node to node 7 6 2 Breakpoints Each node may have one and only one breakpoint set using the word
83. he server trusts jumping or calling the shared port and the client feeds instructions to the same port In practice this relationship does not change dynamically By loading the servers first then names defined in them are available for making instruction words that the client can feed back to them Our sample is only one block and one node long It begins with an identifying comment and then shows that it is F18 code for node 600 beginning from location zero If this code were node independent you might want to leave out the 600 node phrase and specify that from the block loading this one The code is divided into three sections each one in turn more aware of the others We will describe the code in the order of its writing as if wrapping the onion 842 list pwm demo for host node 600 pwm demo 600 node 0 org pol checks for ide inputs and calls down pol b 2000 dw and if when noticed ens down b b push ex rtn is the return point from a down call rtn io b then drop and is used by upd as an re entry point cyc begins the actual pwm code cyc ie 1FFFF and over if upd is the ide entry point for initial M 20000 b pol start or output update es then 10000 b pol upd xex drop push drop 100 Sas pop pop iex rtn The core function is the three lines beginning with the comment cyc This code expects two stack items an increment value and an error accumulator It implements the inner loop of the PWM algorithm by ca
84. her boards than the EVB001 you will need to take these steps for each of those 4 gy ok adaptors and should do them completely with one adaptor at a time Batteries If you intend to be using several adaptors it is a good idea to leave the Q Bluetooth ones you have already configured plugged in while configuring the SS USB E 1 omputer next so that the system does not try assigning all of them the same en Disk dives COM port number E Display adapters 3 DVD CD ROM drives a Obtain Windows drivers for each USB serial adaptor you 5 Human Interface Devices intend to use and appropriate to the version of Windows you ag RES A mPEcontt ens MU A IEEE 1394 Bus host controllers are running Although it is generally recommended to install Z Imaging devices drivers before first mating the device with the computer Keyboards EM technology dri Windows 7 seems to have relaxed this requirement dno ubt pia HY Mice and other pointing devices Nevertheless even on Windows 7 you may have to connect to i Modems Windows Update or to go to the manufacturer of your amp Monitors amp Network adapters E PCMCIA adapters Portable Devices 9 Ports COM amp LPT adaptor for drivers b Plugin the USB to serial adaptor or Eval board port and go through the procedure for installing a new Windows USB Y BT Port COMIS device This can vary from trivial to a grueling hassle d BT Port COMIS il rer ill be read BT
85. his side see row 12 for its representation The grey node number followed by the white address bus Com port 100rdu NODE Abus addresses appear as three characters including r d l u or all if it s a four port address 4fetch SLOT OPCODE The white slot number is followed by the green opcode name 15555 White the instruction register The memory timer counts down in green indicates that the node is suspended The value of P the program counter follows in white White 18 bit pointer register A White 10 bit pointer register B Cyan the write only part of the IO register Red top of return stack Green top of data stack Carry latch shown as high order Green second on data stack When a com port is being read from or written to it is represented on the Pins and or appropriate side of the node with a for reading and a for writing ports The Right and Down ports are in red while the Up and Left ports are in Magenta Pins appear here for top and bottom edge nodes Pins and or ports 7 6 Getting your Code to Run By default when softsim is loaded each node s memory RAM and ROM is initialized with the code most recently compiled into the bin whose number is the same as that of the node Again by default register B is initialized with the address of io and register P is initialized the same as the hardware does after reset see chip data book Thus without any further arrangements on you
86. ication processing which will not admit to further port execution access Interaction with a node actively running an application may also be arranged but at the cost of periodically polling as described below Copyright 2010 2011 GreenArrays Inc 10 30 13 29 DB004 arrayForth User s Manual boot a n bin loads code into the target node starting at address a in both target and bin for n words from the current binary output area identified by bin This need not be the same node as the target focus forcesthe target to call only the port on which the current IDE path is talking to it This remains in effect until the target is directed to execute elsewhere virgin forces the target to call its default multiport execution address to un do the effects of focus io data up down ldata left right place chip port addresses on the colorForth stack rb b b ra ra a a r rt r2 r2 r rand ror rdrop rdup rover Execute single F18 instructions in target using target s stack and update stack display in panel 6 3 3 Advanced Uses When ripping a path out all wire and end nodes if any are left in their default multiport executes This is necessary so that for example paths may be crossed so long as they are not used concurrently to cause conflicts There are occasions such as when starting nodes that send unsolicited code or data to other nodes when this is not appropriate In those cases the following two functions are useful u
87. ing the number with the lowercase letter x In colorForth coding examples hexadecimal values are italicized and darkened 1 3 2 Node coordinates Each GreenArrays chip is a rectangular array of nodes each of which is an F18 computer By convention these arrays are represented as seen from the top of the silicon die which is normally the top of the chip package oriented such that pin 1 is in the upper left corner Within the array each node is identified by a three or four digit number denoting its Cartesian coordinates within the array as yxx or yyxx with the lower left corner node always being designated as node 000 This convention is expanded to cyyxx on the EVBOOI in which case c is chip number 0 for host 1 for target All functions herein accepting yxx notation also recognize cyyxx appropriately 1 3 3 Register names Register names in prose may be used with or without the word register and are usually shown in a bold font and capitalized where necessary to avoid ambiguity such as for example the registers TSRIA B and IO orio 1 3 4 Bit Numbering Binary numbers are represented as a horizontal row of bits numbered consecutively right to left in ascending significance with the least significant bit numbered zero Thus bit n has the binary value 2 The notation P9 means bit 9 of register P whose binary value is x200 and T17 means the sign high order bit of 18 bit register T Copyright 2010 2011 GreenArrays Inc 10 30 13 5
88. ion as well as resources for solving problems and contact information for obtaining help or information in real time DBO004 arrayForth User s Manual Contents 1 Introduction to this Manual 1 eee eere eere eene nnne 5 1 1 DP HERIHeIIAgcMN 5 1 2 Status Of Data ci 5 1 3 Documentation CONVENKIONS cscscscssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssnens 5 1 3 1 INUIMD ORS TEE IUEEUMEIMPE 5 1 3 2 Node coordinates sste orire anaana Ea ENa EEES 5 1 3 3 Register Fam BS ori cavevecsshlecdecbacecasssnssesescdencasdlsesced cczacareseseiasadsadesdacscelastevtecsnddeenieerss 5 1 3 4 Bit N MmBEriN g er enrego i raea rA e AE EAOa EE EEEREN EROE 5 2 Introduction to arrayForth ixcsssscisssssesinsassscisanssssnncssinenssacssinesionss 6 2 1 What is colorForth orta eee era eoe eee a Pee Fk Ro nisinsin 6 2 2 colorForth NUMAN Interf ce 5 v ceno naa year au vaa va env ava vana rana ra vaya va va vaa vara o 6 2 2 1 ThelhnterpEGEer v e oe eere cer Repone Rennen eo E eraa ariere koe senden re keen uev eee reda 6 2 2 2 Keyboard arid display irte ete eeu t ruo ce nan nenne tua Ye RE ERR S RR ERR PASE RARE 7 2 2 3 Using the Cleri CRI n 9 2 2 4 Message AFeQ coire E ore eve EE Shot eo edya gast ede aea ev eg uae ee qus eae deese uten E Den osea i e 10 2 3 arrayForth User Vocabulary eere eese eese eene nen
89. ions We get the best results from setting these as shown Instructions in app notes relative to the EVBOO1 will assume you have made these same settings Gl Event Viewer 63 Bluetooth USB 38 e x USB Serial Port COM3 Properties Advanced Settings for COM3 General Port Settings Driver Details COM Port Number COM3 x OK Bits per second 9600 X USB Transfer Sizes Cancel Select lower settings to correct performance problems at low baud rates prc Data bits 8 Defaults MM Select higher settings for faster performance Parity we 1 Receive Bytes 128 X Stop bits 1 mJ Transmit Bytes 128 Flow control None x BM Options Miscellaneous Options MENT TUE Select lower settings to correct response problems Seid Enumerator Serial P Latency Timer msec 1 KA Lepus Cancel If Power Off Timeouts Event On Surprise Removal Minimum Read Timeout msec 0 SetRTS On Close v Minimum Write Timeout msec o Disable Modem Ctrl At Startup v b 0 ok Cancel 1 BT Port COM9 Y USB Serial Port COM10 Y USB Serial Port COM3 YI USB Serial Port COM4 Bi Processors Copyright 2010 2011 GreenArrays Inc 10 30 13 Decide what baud rate s you will employ but do not enter it in the above property sheets What is feasible depends on the electrical characteristics of the PC serial interface in use Our default baud rate
90. ire connected the two pins A fine point from this example is that for consistent timing this sort of testbed should usually be attached to the receiving node The SPI testbed in blocks 1244 and 1246 doesn t need a timebase The testbed can simply react to changes in pin voltage set by the F18A program It does this by reading the voltage on a pin via for example p17v 9 and interpreting the state of the pin as high when V or Vi thresholds are crossed In fact it will be either 1800 mv or 0 mv for a GPIO pin in the present simulator The situation is a bit more complicated because the testbed must pretend to be a device which responds to the SPI protocol For example the SPI device must wait until the enable pin goes low before paying attention to the clock pin You can make such testbeds as simple or as elaborate as you require Here s a simple state machine that waits on a pin before taking some action Suppose you have a circuit that reads the signal on pin 708 17 and puts the inverted value on 708 1 Softsim already has the word low which sets the x86 minus flag if its input is less that 900 mv It s usedasin p17v 9 low if Note that if is used rather than if The word high below can beusedas p17v high if similarly high v negate vdd low waiter softbed assign begin begin bed assign piv p17v low until begin bed assign vdd plv p17v high until end 708 node waiter In this case we change the execu
91. itor you may type e or enter a new block number and type edit The editor may also be entered using the vocabulary for finding source described later below or by other utilities You can always tell that the editor is active and that keystrokes will edit the current block when the number above the hint map is shown in red 3 2 Navigation Commands Navigation keys highlighted in green in the keyboard table move the editor from block to block and move the cursor within a block 3 2 1 Cursor Control When the editor is started for the first time the cursor appears in the upper left corner of a block If there is text in that corner it will appear on top of the cursor If the cursor is moved to the right it will be placed in the first space to the right of the first word The cursor resembles a Pac Man character poised to munch the word to the left when the x Cut word key is pressed Strings of text can be cut by repeatedly pressing or holding the x key 1 u d r Left Up Down and Right cursor keys under the fingers of the right hand move the cursor in units of words not characters The cursor cannot be moved above the top of the screen but it can be moved below the bottom of the screen If the cursor is not visible hold down the Up cursor key It should always appear eventually Note that the Up and Down keys do not make precise up and down movements Instead they move eight words to the left or right respectively if possib
92. kup image area Fix typos and make minor improvements in clarity 111103 Update to correspond with software release 01e Document preliminary module structure Add description of new common load descriptor syntax and describe its use with automated IDE loading and boot stream generation 111223 Update to correspond with software release 01g Document improvements in keyboard feedback area new grey word behavior and refinements in the interactions between node and org in the F18 compiler Document improvements in softsim testbed mechanism human interface boot descriptor processing breakpoint mechanism 120923 Updated to correspond with software release 02a More F18 code released including fully supported polyFORTH Virtual Machine thru is now available to make load blocks more readable IDE and SPI loading paths made as complete as possible Interval timer nodes added for polyFORTH arrayForth and polyFORTH version numbers will now be identical in each release 131030 Updated to correspond with software release 02b IDE and framer support programming both chips on an EVB A new booting option loads one or both chips using a minimal boot stream through serial port considerably faster than the IDE method without altering flash polyFORTH F18 code now supports Ethernet daughter board Copyright 2010 2011 GreenArrays Inc 10 30 13 67 GreenArrays Product Data Book DB004 revised 10 30 13 IMPORTANT
93. l of RAM from the given bin in cyyxx notation By default nothing is loaded part a n bin Loads part of RAM n words from the given bin starting at address a in both the bin and the node s RAM This completely overrides any earlier ram or part phrases It is not possible to specify loading of various parts of RAM from various places in Rev 01e but we plan to permit this in a later revision b a Specifies an initial value for register B Default value is the address of the IO register as at reset a n Specifies an initial value for register A Default value is unspecified as at reset io n Specifies a value to be loaded into the IO register stack n values n Specifies up to ten values to be pushed onto the data stack with the rightmost value on top For example 30 20 10 3 stack produces the same effect as though a program had executed code 30 20 10 p a Specifies an initial value for register P Default value is xA9 which is the routine warm in every node s ROM When the node is started warm jumps to the appropriate multiport execute for the node s position in the array If you wish to leave the boot routine enabled in a boot node that is touched by an automated loading procedure specify its P value as xAA as is done by reset for such nodes Copyright 2010 2011 GreenArrays Inc 10 30 13 27 DB004 arrayForth User s Manual 6 Interactive Testing Interactivity is a critical cardinal virtue of Forth as a program
94. layed in its own right instead it will be displayed as a faint grey hex value in a special format If the block is loaded by the F18 Compiler the Compiler stores the value of its location counter at the point where the grey word occurs in the source into the text representation of the grey word in its source block for subsequent display by the Editor 3 3 1 Syntax of colorForth As stated in section 2 1 above colorForth source is pre parsed by cooperation between you and the editor Your contribution to this process is selection of the appropriate color for each word and number you type using the above text entry modes In this way you will control what the Interpreter Compilers and Editor will do with each word when it is encountered When a block is loaded red words are the names of new defined words like the names that follow colon in traditional Forth Green words are words being compiled like the traditional code between colon and semicolon Yellow words are interpreted like code outside colon definitions and code within square brackets inside definitions Magenta words are variables and cyan words are like postponed words in ANS Forth calls to macros Copyright 2010 2011 GreenArrays Inc 10 30 13 15 DB004 arrayForth User s Manual Numbers can be entered in green compiled yellow interpreted or white comments and may be entered in hex or decimal Hex numbers will appear in a darker green darker yellow or darker g
95. lculating and sending a new value to the output pin The hex number 20000 sets the output to strong pull down which will turn on the LED All other output values will not cause significant current flow A hex value of 30000 would select strong pull up and is not useful for this application The hex value 10000 sets weak pull down and turns the LED off The commented 0 would select tristate output which also turns off the LED but permits the pad to float higher By toggling which of these values is commented one can rapidly compare the consequences We will discuss how this is done in the next section Copyright 2010 2011 GreenArrays Inc 10 30 13 43 DB004 arrayForth User s Manual The algorithm used is essentially an adaptation of the classical Bresenham line interpolation algorithm or at least one understanding of it PWMs are good at adjusting average power by controlling the duty cycle of a current source or sink Power sinks such as LEDs or motors are examples of good candidates for PWM control Because the switch to the energy source is either full on or off they are more efficient than typical analog control methods The following analogy should help us to visualize this use of the algorithm Think of a pixel as being the smallest unit of energy that we can control full power times the shortest time period we can cycle the algorithm We can map the set of all positive slopes onto the set of binary fractions between 0 and 1 by thinking of the s
96. le 3 2 2 Block Navigation To begin editing some other arbitrary block exit the editor and re enter using edit as was described earlier For local navigation the Editor supplies the following 3 Jump to previous block alternates between the last two blocks that you edited with the word edit The traditional variable b1k contains the number of the current block being edited and is unchanged when you exit the editor blk 1 contains the number of the block that was current the last time edit was used In addition to alternating the displayed block the j key alternates these two values in blk Show source or shadow toggles between even source and odd shadow blocks while editing Each shadow block is intended for documentation of the source code in the corresponding even block Since odd numbered blocks are not normally compiled colored words on those blocks are intended to be comments only and may be used as desired to enhance readability Back up 2 blocks and Forward 2 blocks move the editor two blocks up or two blocks down The editor will not decrement the block number to be edited below 18 More advanced navigation is supplied by the Search Utility see below 3 2 3 Copying Blocks To copy an entire source block and its shadow first display the source block that you want to copy using the editor so that its number is in the variable blk Then exit the editor put a destination source block number on the st
97. le using the high level language described in section 5 5 1 below This language lists the nodes that have to be loaded indicates what code to load into their RAM provides for initialization of registers and or stacks and provides a starting execution address for each node The data are recorded in tables so that the order of declaration does not need to match the actual order in which the nodes are loaded See block sram 2 for an example 5 4 3 Residual Paths In rare cases there may be modules that need to be loaded activated and used during a boot sequence SRAM and SDRAM control clusters are examples of these Once started it may be difficult or impossible to stop them without resetting the chip and in the case of SDRAM perhaps losing the data in the device If an application s boot process has this sort of complication then the module in question should provide a new path for use by stream or IDE loaders that can reach and boot all nodes remaining in the chip that are not part of the module which is running and hence now in the way See block sram 4 for an example showing suitable paths for boot nodes 708 async serial and 705 SPI flash 5 4 4 Organization of Larger Projects The appropriate structure for a larger program depends on its size and intended use The load block should still be first Boot descriptors should start in the second block but may require several If IDE operation is appropriate after the program has been loa
98. le is a single block which when loaded will cause all of the source code needed by a module to be compiled There may be arguments to this block When completed the necessary object code will be stored in appropriate bins which may simply be those belonging to the nodes programmed If by its design a module needs to export addresses or other identifiers these will be available in the dictionary after it has been compiled for use in code compiled later n a degenerate case this block may actually contain all of the module s source code See block sram for an example 5 4 1 1 Identifier Scope Control F18 compilation is done incrementally which means that identifiers may not be forward referenced symbolically Any identifier of any sort must be defined earlier in the compilation sequence than its references The scope of identifiers including intentional or inadvertent overloading of system or compiler vocabulary is controlled using the remember word reclaim Inthe normal case identifiers are not exported at all and if they are it is usually not far in the compilation sequence As a general practice we recommend starting each node s code with reclaim unless you are forced to do otherwise Elaborate scope management structures may be implemented by defining and using your own remember words within the scope of reclaim 5 4 2 Boot Descriptors The second block in a module load block number plus two defines the loading requirements for the modu
99. le on the chip is marked with a yellow X in the full chip display and with yellow node numbers in the overview and detailed view All sections of the display are animated during simulation In the full chip view each node is green when active and grey when suspended Copyright 2010 2011 GreenArrays Inc 10 30 13 33 DBO004 arrayForth User s Manual 7 2 Navigating Your right hand is the main control for what you are seeing on the display Now look at the keyboard hints in the lower right corner The ludr hints mean left up down and right The middle row s ludr keys change the current focus node changing the red node number in the lower right detailed view and moving the red markers in overview and full chip view It s possible to move the red marker off the screen but you will still know where it has gone by looking at the detailed view on the lower right Try it and see Now try pressing the Ludr keys in the upper row of the hints This will move your overview window around inside the chip You ll see the grey node numbers change as you press these keys and the highlighted rectangle in the full chip view moves correspondingly The focus and other nodes do not change when the overview is moved Suppose you want to watch two nodes interacting in more detail That s why the other node exists The middle row ludr keys only affect the focus node in the lower right but you can swap the focus and other nodes by pressing the o key on
100. lope as the ratio of power on to power off time A vertical slope is full power and a flat slope is zero power An infinitely thin line leaving the origin with rational ratio will pass between many pixels without striking them dead center There is an error term that maintains the amount by which each ideal point is missed as the line goes by The slope as a binary fraction is added to this error term Each time there is an overflow a one is output Each time there is no overflow a zero is output The remainder less than one left in the error term is always carried forward to the next interval At 0 5 duty cycle there is a perfect square wave at maximum frequency Above 0 5 the high pulses begin to concatenate separated by low pulses of the minimum width Below 0 5 the low pulses concatenate between lone high pulses At 0 25 there is a pulse train at half the maximum frequency At 0 125 the frequency is a quarter of maximum Above 0 5 for complementary slopes where complementary is defined as 1 x and x is 0 5 to a positive power the signal frequency changes just as it does for those x below 0 5 except that the output signal is inverted For slopes below 0 5 represented by more than one 1 bit in their binary fractional forms the output is made up from all contributing frequencies interspersed Because only a single overflow is possible in each cycle each frequency is magically merged at its own unique phase At slopes of either 1 0 or 0 0 the error term
101. ly installed Ubuntu Linux version 11 04 with a freshly installed Wine obtained from the Ubuntu software center as Microsoft Windows Compatibility Layer meta package 13 1 Installation Although Wine is not a Virtual Machine environment most steps are the same as with the Windows platform The differences are as follow Download the Windows Installer from our website Save it in your Downloads directory Start Nautilus the GUI file manager program and navigate to your Downloads directory Right click on the icon for the setup program select Properties select the Permissions tab on the resulting dialog and check the box to Allow executing file as program equivalent to chmod u x 4 Right click again and choose the menu item Open with Wine Windows Program Loader The installer should run as described above Copyright 2010 2011 GreenArrays Inc 10 30 13 63 DB004 arrayForth User s Manual 5 Inthe Select Additional Tasks window check the box Linux with Wine When you finish the process there should be two new icons on your desktop The first is the arrayForth icon named arrayForth EVBOO1 lt vers gt that starts arrayForth and the other is a folder icon named GreenArrays which opens the install directory using a GUI program called Wine File 6 What Wine calls drive C in this window can be found in the Ubuntu file system as home yourlogin wine drive c 13 1 1 Identifying and Configuring COM Ports
102. methods uses the common Boot Descriptor Syntax to define what code if any shall be loaded and what other initialization shall be performed before starting each node 5 5 1 Boot Descriptor Syntax Automated IDE and stream loading touch all nodes in a defined path starting at the relevant boot node Automated softsim loading touches all nodes in a chip There is a single default treatment applying to each node touched regardless of which of the three methods is used Boot Descriptors are used to specify non default treatments using statements that start with the word node and continue with phrases describing the needed initialization of memory and or registers in the node Nodes may appear in any order since these statements are simply filling tables for later use For the same reason node statements are cumulative in that one 100 node phrase may set the memory loading and starting address for node 100 while another 100 node phrase interpreted later may override the starting address specified earlier The following words are used in Boot Descriptors Their use in context is described in following chapters on IDE Streamer and Softsim examples may be found by searching the distributed source code node nn Selects table entries for node number nn in cyyxx notation The values in the table entries are not changed by node and so their values will be default unless a previous node phrase has been interpreted for the same node ram bin Loadsal
103. ming system Turning Forth into a batch mode programming system would be a travesty sacrificing one of its most potent properties and setting the clock back nearly forty years When using Forth a programmer becomes accustomed to having her fingers literally on the fabric of the computer directly manipulating its memory registers and other resources exercising hardware and software without necessarily having to write and debug software simply to exercise those things The IDE was implemented as a natural and obvious extension of the umbilical methods used with embedded Forth systems for many decades The method used is as non invasive of hardware and software as is practical in this architecture requiring no RAM or ROM in a node being tested and touching its registers as lightly as feasible 6 1 Terminology Debugging is done on one or more target nodes using an umbilical connection which will involve one or more intermediate nodes of one to three kinds root wire and end depending on the physical location of the target node within the chip and on the path taken to reach it For IDE over the asynchronous interfaces of the Evaluation Board the root node for either chip will always be 708 The IDE may thus be used to debug code in any node except 708 The inner load block for the asynchronous IDE is serial but this is intended to be used as a factor of other utilities To work with the host chip say host load and to work with the target chip
104. mizing the complexity of these processes This has been accomplished by a novel approach to source language representation Every programming language devised in the past half century including classical Forth has defined its source language as a stream of characters The syntactic elements of this source have been delimited by various punctuation characters Processing the source requires parsing the stream one character at a time colorForth represents the first known experiment in eliminating the task of parsing from the acts of program compilation and script interpretation Instead of processing the source code one character at a time each time it is compiled or interpreted the identification of syntactic elements is done once by a cooperation between the programmer and the editor when entering or changing the source Instead of storing the source as a stream of characters the source is stored as a series of pre parsed syntactic elements Each pre parsed word is stored in binary in the source file part of this binary representation is a binary tag which indicates which of 16 syntactic elements the word represents When source code is displayed either on a screen or as HTML each syntactic element is displayed in a characteristic color Hence the name colorForth The x86 Forth system underlying arrayForth was deliberately stripped down by Chuck Moore to suit his own purposes It is not an ANS Forth lacks many words and functions of classi
105. n a Word document named EVB001 rls index doc For the purpose of this discussion please refer to the reference copy of the index listing for this software release in section 10 4 below The gross assignments for each index page are as follow Purpose Description colorForth System Host system words utilities load blocks Code Modules SRAM cluster Streamer Also IDE scripts for setting DC test conditions polyFORTH Virtual machine for polyFORTH system ATS Chip tests Production test modules packaged for self test use ATS plumbing I O support for Automated Testing Subsystem production chip test User Available for user code User Available for user code eForth Virtual machine for eForth system Modules softsim Softsim and some ROM code Compiler ROM F18 compiler and source code for chip ROM Since we are of the opinion that one of the fastest and best ways to learn a new machine or system is to study others code we have included a great deal of material here that you may delete if you need the space or find it of no interest All of the code from 360 to 1200 is potentially of this sort The DC test condition scripts at 300 are for study only polyFORTH and or eForth may be deleted if you do not plan to use either The ATS chip tests are provided to disclose exactly what we test in production chips in addition tools are included to actually run these tests on either or both chips of the EVB001 insofar as
106. n for each step of softsim that code is executed for node 600 The assigned code begins with a yellow time time isa global variable which starts at O and is incremented for every step of softsim time isliterally the very rough timebase for softsim note that it does not correspond directly to any particular unit of time but is a necessary evil in order to simulate the chip s operations in an orderly way Each step is on the order of Tg or 1300 to 1650 nS at 1 8v and 22 C see G144A12 Chip Reference Typical Instruction Timings The softsim engine allocates more than one step for longer instructions but only in integer multiples Coupled with the fact that each node may have a different Tso than its neighbors due to variations in silicon process temperature due to its duty cycle of operation and accumulated aging of each node which varies by lifespan duty cycles timing in steps must be taken with a grain of salt In future versions of softsim we might make a wall clock time base for testbeds to use and allow the step time to be specified for a given run allowing for boundary condition testing if you wish to do this yourself now do arithmetic on time before using it in the testbed For node 600 at each step the value of time is fetched and divided by 10 If the result is odd the pin goes high if even the pin goes low The word v is part of softsim and turns a truth value into a voltage If the input is O it remains O If it s non zero true the v
107. needs to be installed explicitly though See the code section labeled bridge to target in block 426 for an example 32 Copyright 2010 2011 GreenArrays Inc 10 30 13 DB004 arrayForth User s Manual 7 Simulation Testing with Softsim Softsim the Software Simulator is a program that simulates the actions of Green Arrays computers in a single GA144 chip at a pretty high level It takes short cuts that allow it to run much faster than a full hardware simulation The following is a quick tutorial in how to use softsim 7 1 Getting Started After starting arrayForth type so at the command line You should see a colorful display In the default layout shown below there are three sections which help you drill down into the chip In the upper right corner is a full chip view showing its 144 computers as an 8x18 array On the left is an overview showing the major status and registers of a rectangular section of the chip s nodes This can be up to a 4x8 array as shown The overview section is highlighted in the full chip display In the lower right part of the display you ll see two white numbers in the larger font which represent time the current step number and gap the number of steps between display updates Further to the right you ll see yellow keyboard hints 3000aa 301all 302a11 303a11 304all 305al1 306all 307all 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 15555 15555 15555 15555 15555 15555 15555 15555 LECI all all all all all all all 15555 0 1555500155
108. nen nennen sess sss seasons 11 3 ThG EGItOF iuris ere ie Ferro e aea spa EF PEE Pot E Pea a aE Easa Ra 13 3 1 Control P nel t X 13 3 1 1 Exiting and re entering the Editor cccccccccsssssecccecsesseesecececseseeaeseeeeeseeseaaees 14 3 2 Navigation Commands scssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssnens 14 3 2 1 CUFSOF COMIOM mc E 14 3 2 2 Block Navi dfe Er 14 3 2 3 Copying B OCKS eost uere rHeeh tee ee Ren tee REN OPE HER dee Ge eendbnetuacssecstventcenedeseense 14 3 3 Text Entry MoOdes e Lect e eode eee eoo eo eoo cento ione e Un oa oos UE EE cup Ue Epe EE VE ERU E UE UE 15 3 3 1 Syntax of COIOPFOFtH cccccccccecscsssesceeececeeseseceeececsessseeseeeescessesaeaeseeeeseseseaeeeeees 15 3 4 huit urcmtt R 16 3 5 Search Utility cioe oio oae renei oso aoa u ko onno oan oan ERR ERES ER ERERERERERERERER 17 3 5 1 Interpreter Search Words sess ener nn s 17 3 5 2 Editor Search Keys erit reete eb xem eR as ae de ven neu daa Re dx aka q a 17 4 Mass STON a Be iecit cessions bre ein Ine REL E EAER Eann TG 18 4 1 Disk Organization e enean nano nan annoa nana n young yan yo ER ER ER ER ER ER ERE RENE aaa Eo ER gau yuan 18 4 2 Tools for Managing Disk ce cce eere eoi eei tio o iE Eran uus 19 4 2 1 tpa 20 4 2 2 AID BEC eo CST 21 4 2 3 los aire E E 21
109. nfoc Conditions hook to work as stated above foc Conditions hook to leave every wire and end node focused back toward the root This leaves the path completely impenetrable to anyone other than the root node and further hooking and starting of nodes will be necessary if that path is ever to be permeable again The IDE is factored such that it may become a tool of other utilities Examples are the selftest and autotest routines the IDE boot and flash burning tools used for eForth and polyFORTH and even the host and target load blocks Until these conventions are documented here please read the code just identified to see how it is done 6 3 4 Working with Two Chips The IDE may be used to interactively debug software on both chips of the Evaluation Board as though they were a single chip with 288 nodes using just the serial interface for the host chip bridge load compiles a host IDE version capable of operating on both chips Initially it is identical with host span extends the bridge IDE to encompass both chips In order to successfully invoke span the edge nodes of the host chip starting with 707 proceeding to the left to 700 and downward to and including 300 must be accessible for programming it is typically used immediately after loading bridge unless something such as polyFORTH needs to be set up on the host chip first span resets the Target chip and programs node 300 on each chip as a transparent bridge for carrying port communi
110. o if we had wanted defined here a custom wiring path to replace the standard one but the defaults will be adequate for such a simple program 844 list configure ide for demo testing demo ide boot empty compile serial load no canonical opcodes customize canon fh orgn use the remote ones a com sport nam seed loads pwm rate and re runs cycle seed n 13 r 12 call upd run selects node 600 target loads the pwm into it and starts it with a default value run talk 0 600 hook 0 64 600 boot upd ram panel 0 lit 18000 seed The word seed uses IDE remote commands to place its argument on top of the template literal in node 600 upd and to restart the PWM at the upd entry point The panel stack display is also updated so that if you are viewing the panel you will see your new argument there It is helpful when outputting a sequence to see what you put out last On the other hand outputting a new seed does not force panel display as this would be presumptuous and could easily be considered a distraction Copyright 2010 2011 GreenArrays Inc 10 30 13 45 DB004 arrayForth User s Manual The word run forces a reset to the host chip and reloads node 600 via path O It displays the panel and starts the PWM with an initial seed value of 0 75 duty cycle Note that you would not need to use this word after a compile if you had not made changes to the F18 code If you had only added or changed some script function you would be go
111. od to go To compile this script code for the first time and get it hooked in you type 844 load this time only In the future simply use compile and you will also load these definitions So now that your PWM and test code is loaded it is time to power up the scope type run and use seed to observe the effects of different values upon the waveform and the LED Note that although the waveform energy is a linear function of duty cycle your eyes do not perceive the LED intensity as linear In a dark room you can observe the smallest value of 1 as well as increments of 1 but as soon as it becomes significantly bright you can no longer resolve such small differences Your eye has some kind of a logarithmic response and responds better to powers of two or less Perhaps a Fibonacci ramp would be more pleasing 9 5 Output Observations The output waveforms shown in this section demonstrate the behavior of the PWM We will use the term bit cell when referring to the smallest unit of output and the word frame to refer to the period determined by the frequency contribution of the least significant one bit in the slope value For consistency all the waveforms shown have a frame size of 64 bit cells The size of our bit cell is determined by the both the algorithm and the particular speed of the node and chip under test For our case the bit cell time is approximately 59 5ns and the frame time comes out to approximately 3 81us The output values of 1 64 and 63 64 h
112. ode 001 transferring a quarter million words of known unique values each way and verifying correct receipt with line turn arounds 450 load Host polyFORTH IDE boot procedure Install no boot jumper before loading this 460 load Burns polyFORTH into flash 1140 load HosteForth IDE boot procedure Install no boot jumper before loading this 1190 load Burns eForth into flash for example when updating eForth Copyright 2010 2011 GreenArrays Inc 10 30 13 21 DB004 arrayForth User s Manual 5 Programming the F18 In classical Forth systems incremental compilation is a normal mode of operation One can load compile an application and then load another block or body of code that uses what had previously been compiled That works out fine for a single task in a single computer but things can get trickier when programming an array of computers each of which may have different ROM and each of which may need to get its hands upon the addresses of things in another node To address this set of complications while preserving effective interactivity we have made compilation a single monolithic operation covering all the source code currently of interest to you and made this operation fast and unobtrusive enough that changes may be made and immediately tested as follows 5 1 Source and Object Code The F18 compiler processes a simplified language encoded in colorForth producing object code in a binary image of both ROM and RAM for each node Thi
113. ode will be started executing at location x12 2 ship This phrase actually loads the chip using the given IDE path Every node in that path is touched except the boot node itself If node phrases specify nodes that are not present on the given path they are simply ignored The default IDE path 2 may be used to load every node in the chip except node 708 itself 6 3 7 Asynchronous Boot Streams The IDE may be used to sending an arbitrary bootstream through the asynchronous serial port Instead of using the loader as above the framer is invoked and a stream is created as if to be burned into flash The only differences are that frame is redefined to use the concatenation address of the serial boot node instead of the SPI boot node and a different path rooted at node 708 instead of 705 is used Once the stream is created via boot descriptors followed by frame the IDE is loaded and the stream is sent to the serial boot node via send This method is much faster than the IDE loader send a n Transmits a stream of n words starting at word address a from x86 memory For examples of use either polyFORTH or eForth can be quickly loaded this way by typing 430 load or 1152 load respectively The async boot stream can also span both host and target Block 424 is an example of loading both chips with polyFORTH and any other desired code Invoking the word 2chip extends the node numbering in the same way that span does for the IDE loader The bridge
114. of literal instruction words to send another node through a com port and the like use grey words to help you learn about this There are many directives that force word alignment For slot control within a word the following two are useful compiles a nop into the next available slot effectively skipping it forces word alignment 5 3 2 Control Structure Directives These are used like those in classical Forth and should be written in green The stack effects shown in green reflect the host compiler s stack those shown in prose reflect the F18 stack 5 3 2 1 Simple Forward Transfers Forward transfer opcodes are compiled into the next available slot and may unless you are controlling slot allocation yourself be compiled into slots 0 1 or 2 with 10 8 or 3 bit destination fields The stack handle for the unresolved forward transfer identifies both the location and the slot of the transfer opcode When then resolves a forward transfer it will abort with error message out of range if the transfer is unable to reach the position at which then occurs without a larger destination field when this occurs you must alter the code to resolve the problem if r If T is nonzero program flow continues otherwise jumps to matching then if r If T is negative program flow continues otherwise jumps to matching then zif r If R iszero pops the return stack and program flow continues otherwise decrements R and jumps to matching then
115. of the same sort source or shadow as the block in which the search was started or continued Thus searches normally start with source only they will never consider shadows unless you force them to using the word from with an odd block number or by using the Editor s f key while looking at a shadow To search all shadows start a search normally then edit block 19 and use the Editor s f key to continue 3 5 1 Interpreter Search Words find awaits a word from the keyboard and starts a new search for that word It will find all instances of that word as a definition red or magenta reference green yellow blue or cyan or any sort of comment def awaits a word from the keyboard and starts a new search for that word as a definition red or magenta only from takes a number from the stack for use as starting block It then awaits a word from the keyboard and starts a new search for that word in any form as in find using this starting block literal takes a number from the stack and starts a new search for that value as a green or yellow number matching its numerical value regardless of whether displayed as decimal or as hex f continues the most recently started search immediately after the point at which the last target was found in that search 3 5 2 Editor Search Keys f control panel key continues the most recently begun search at the current editor cursor position If the current block is source only source will be sea
116. orth User s Manual 3 5 Search Utility A resident set of utility functions integrated with the Editor facilitates searching the source in several practical and useful ways When in the Interpreter there are four words for starting a search and one for continuing it The words for starting the search are find def from and literal When a search is started we begin at block 18 except in the case of from and scan forward looking for the particular target If it is not found we remain silently in the Interpreter If it is found we enter the Editor with the cursor set at immediately to the right of the target Once a search has been started it may be continued from the point of the last target found by using the f control panel key if in the Editor or by typing f inthe Interpreter In either case a successful find will display a block while a failure to find will be as though you had done nothing at all When continuation is begun using the word f In the Interpreter searching resumes at the point of last find in that same search When continuing using the f control panel button in the Editor the search resumes at the current cursor position in the current block so you have more control in this case The searches continue up to the end of your disk image as defined by the three variables at the start of block 18 Do not attempt to change these variables at this point in your study The searches automatically consider only blocks
117. ou wish to specify addressable destinations which will run in Extended Arithmetic Mode Copyright 2010 2011 GreenArrays Inc 10 30 13 23 DB004 arrayForth User s Manual The location counter is managed using these words all but the grey words should be written in yellow org n setsthe compiler s location counter to a given address at which following code will be compiled into the current node s bin h and ip are initially equal but will separate after the first opcode has been compiled here n forces word alignment as described above and returns the current aligned location any grey word signals the compiler to save its location counter in the grey word s representation in the source code When a block containing a grey word is displayed the location counter h at that point in the program is shown as a two or three digit hex number if the location counter is not word aligned at that point the representation xx n indicates that slot n will be compiled next cy forces word alignment then turns P9 on in the location counter Places in memory subsequently defined will be run in Extended Arithmetic Mode if reached by jump call execute or return to those places cy forces word alignment then turns P9 off in the location counter Slot assignment is a microscopic aspect of location counter management but is important to an F18 programmer for reasons such as optimizing forward references aligning code on word boundaries for generation
118. p GreenArrays Product Data Book DBO04 revised 10 30 13 arrayForth User s Manual for G144A12 and EVBOO1 Rev 02b with polyFORTH Includes eForth 22a Requires colorForth Kernel 4 2c This manual is designed to prepare you for using arrayForth in designing implementing and testing applications of our chips arrayForth is a complete interactive software development and debugging environment for GreenArrays Chips It includes assembler compiler example source code including all ROM on each chip a full software level simulator for each chip an Interactive Development Environment for use with real chips and utilities for creating boot streams and burning them into flash memory arrayForth runs on Windows Mac Parallels and Linux WINE platforms as well as selected native PC hardware Although it is configured to support the GreenArrays EVBOO1 Evaluation Board it may easily be used to program and debug our chips in your own designs Along with the above tools including complete source code for the Virtual Machine environments this release incorporates the source code for our Automated Testing systems as well as that which has been used in taking the characterization measurements reflected in the G144A12 Data Book Your satisfaction is very important to us Please familiarize yourself with our Customer Support web page at http www greenarraychips com home support This will lead you to the latest software and documentat
119. ple copies of arrayForth so long as you don t exceed the virtual memory capacity of the operating system you are using This can be convenient when talking to more than one chip For example in one step of our factory testing we run selftest on both host and target chips simultaneously using two arrayForth sessions Be careful to only edit your source base in one instance if they both use the same directory otherwise save operations will overwrite one another 62 Copyright 2010 2011 GreenArrays Inc 10 30 13 DB004 arrayForth User s Manual 12 Appendix Apple Mac Platform with Windows 12 1 Mac Requirements arrayForth can be run on Apple computers that are built from Intel x86 processors by using Parallels a product of Elements5 hosting a Microsoft Windows operating system XP or later The following procedures have been tested on a MacBook running OS X version 10 6 Parallels 5 09 and Windows XP Professional We also believe they should work using Windows installed on a Mac system using VirtualBox if you install our software on this configuration please let us know how it went Note If you are new to Windows be aware that you will need to change some of the default settings in Windows before it is practical to do some of these things For example by default the Windows file explorer hides file extensions lilke bat and exe and even hides whole files If you are in this situation and have no idea how to do those things contac
120. pointing at the new instruction word and h pointing at the next location in memory The duality of ip and slot isnecessary to support multiple instructions per word the duality of ip and h is necessary to support literals When literals are compiled a 9p opcode is compiled and then the literal value is stored at h advancing h Alternatively you may write p yourself and lay the following words down using yellow comma or using the compiler itself to generate an instruction word Jumping calling and memory operations address a word not an opcode When encountering a red word or any other compiler directive defining a place that may be addressed in memory any code under construction is padded with nop opcodes if necessary to align the location counter on a word boundary This means that in absence of explicit control transfer opcodes execution continues across alignment boundaries including the start of a red definition a technique we have learned to use often Location counters are incremented in the same way the hardware increments them The low order seven bits increment without changing the remaining bits of P If you are generating code in RAM you will stay in RAM wrapping its address space at x80 in terms of the value of P and also at x40 in the sense that the hardware ignores bit 6 of the address The compiler will also generate code for ROM in which case the wrapping points are at x100 and xCO The P9 bit x200 may be set as y
121. products or services or a warranty or endorsement thereof Use of such information may require a license from a third party under the patents or other intellectual property of the third party or a license from GAI under the patents or other intellectual property of GAI Reproduction of GAI information in GAI data books or data sheets is permissible only if reproduction is without alteration and is accompanied by all associated warranties conditions limitations and notices Reproduction of this information with alteration is an unfair and deceptive business practice GAI is not responsible or liable for such altered documentation Information of third parties may be subject to additional restrictions Resale of GAI products or services with statements different from or beyond the parameters stated by GAI for that product or service voids all express and any implied warranties for the associated GAI product or service and is an unfair and deceptive business practice GAI is not responsible or liable for any such statements GAI products are not authorized for use in safety critical applications such as life support where a failure of the GAI product would reasonably be expected to cause severe personal injury or death unless officers of the parties have executed an agreement specifically governing such use Buyers represent that they have all necessary expertise in the safety and regulatory ramifications of their applications and acknowledge and agree
122. r part and without the SMTM demonstration program that s started in block 1234 as delivered the simulated chip will only run boot nodes initialization code and soon all nodes will be suspended There are several general ways in which to get the chip started Copyright 2010 2011 GreenArrays Inc 10 30 13 35 DB004 arrayForth User s Manual The first method is closest to the actual operation of the chip This is done by building a testbed that directly simulates one of the four possible boot sources for the chip SPI flash async serial sync serial or SERDES and allows the simulator to boot a complete application just as the chip does This can take a very long time and you will probably prefer to use a more direct if slightly less realistic method The second method is to force one or more nodes to execute code from RAM As indicated above if you simply compile code for node 105 that code will appear in node 105 s simulated RAM unless you have indicated otherwise To run this code simply specify any desired starting address for the node By using the boot descriptor syntax you may fully control what code is loaded into each node what if any register and or stack initialization is done and what starting address is loaded into P As of rev 1g softsim will process standard Boot Descriptors see 5 5 1 above and may therefore be used to simulate an application of any size using the same initial conditions as the IDE or stream loaders create in t
123. ray Chips arrayForth and the GreenArrays logo polyFORTH is a registered trademark of FORTH Inc www forth com and is used by permission All other trademarks or registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners For current information on GreenArrays products and application solutions see www GreenArrayChips com Mailing Address GreenArrays Inc 774 Mays Blvd 10 PMB 320 Incline Village Nevada 89451 Printed in the United States of America Phone 775 298 4748 fax 775 548 8547 email Sales GreenArrayChips com Copyright O 2010 2011 GreenArrays Incorporated
124. rched if it is a shadow only shadows d control panel key starts a new search based on the word immediately preceding the cursor as follows e Ifthe word is a definition red or magenta then the new search will be for references green yellow blue or cyan to that word e Ifthe word is a reference or a white comment then the new search will be for definitions of that word e fthe word is a literal number then we do not search as such but simply edit the block by that number Handy for use in load blocks Copyright 2010 2011 GreenArrays Inc 10 30 13 17 DB004 arrayForth User s Manual 4 Mass Storage arrayForth mass storage is organized in fixed length blocks of 1024 bytes 256 32 bit colorForth tokens By the classical Forth convention blocks are addressed linearly starting with zero x86 arrayForth block space is entirely implemented in RAM on the host system Blocks O through 1439 are read from a disk or a file when the program loads and are only written out as you instruct Internal block address space continues beyond 1440 for various purposes see section 10 4 Memory Map for more information 4 1 Disk Organization The 1440 blocks of arrayForth are subdivided organizationally into twelve sections of 120 blocks each Such a section is called an index page so named because 60 lines fit well on a printed page Each release of arrayForth includes an index listing showing the first line of each source block delivered i
125. ream entire is a default path covering the entire GA144 from SPI boot node 705 and may be used to program any or all of the 144 nodes in the chip including node 705 itself Node 705 is the last node loaded in an SPI boot stream 600 node 600 ram 1 stack 12 p This phrase specifies that node 600 should be loaded from its own default bin that O should be pushed onto the stack and that the node will be started executing at location x12 frame This word builds the complete boot stream in a memory buffer It s factorable into exec fram where exec isthe concatenation address for the SPI boot node To make a frame for another boot node use the concatenation address for that node For example xOae is the address for the async serial boot node This is the only change needed other than the path in order to make a boot stream rooted in any boot node fh loaded nores strlen leng This phrase sets up feedback to be displayed during flash burning The current block s number is shown the result is set to blank and the display is set to show the stream s length stream ers This phrase erases enough flash to contain the stream Some versions may simply erase the first 32k bytes of flash regardless of stream length Others may erase the entire chip see following section stream swap 18burn 40 Copyright 2010 2011 GreenArrays Inc 10 30 13 DB004 arrayForth User s Manual This phrase burns the generated stream into flash st
126. rey than decimal numbers and may be italicized when the display medium permits If you intend to enter a number but enter a character string that resembles a number instead it cannot be visually distinguished from a decimal number as it will be the same shade of yellow or green But when you load the block unless you have actually defined a red word or magenta variable with a name that can be confused for a number which is generally not a good idea in the first place you will get a compiler error message that it did not recognize the string that looked like a number as a defined name x86 colorForth has two wordlists forth and macro where the macro words behave like IMMEDIATE words in classical Forth It is an optimizing system so the Compiler and Interpreter make different uses of the two lists and there are rules about which has precedence for example f the same word is both a macro and a forth word the macro will always be found when compiling green or cyan and the forth word will always be found when interpreting yellow Macros are only relevant in x86 code In both F18 and x86 code the dictionary records only the first 32 bits of identifiers see 2 2 3 Using the Keyboard Thus the words atlanta atlantis and atlantic are all identical in colorForth A transition from green words to yellow words and back to green words causes a single word literal to be generated by the x86 compiler This too is irrelevant in F18 code but is mention
127. rom the command prompt if you like by typing for example named my txt Thentype first last 2 run where first and last 2 are block numbers An index is the top line approximately of each block in the range specified No colors are indicated just text 4 2 4 PNG Screen Captures The PNG utility is resident in colorForth You can capture the screen asa png file at any time bytyping png atthe command prompt A png file will be created with the default name of OkadOut gds You will probably want to rename this to something more appropriate with a png extension PNG is appropriate when the screen contains graphics other than a source block The HTML utility is more suitable for source code 4 3 The Bonus Materials Some of the study material supplied on this disk image may be executed to do useful things as follow selftest n Ifthe ATS materials supplied in 480 to 720 are still intact this phrase will run all relevant ATS tests on the chip whose IDE COM port number is given Note that in order to test the Host chip in this way its no boot jumper J26 must be installed before running selftest orthe IDE will hang autotest n Again if the ATS materials are intact this will cause the Host chip to run ATS tests on the Target chip using the same general procedure as does the factory chip tester by running tests through the synchronous connection between each chip s node 300 In addition it runs SERDES test between Host node 701 and Target n
128. rst row is the deepest four elements of the F18 stack followed by the shallower four elements then S and T The shallowest element is immediately left of S deeper moves to the left on that row then to the right on the row above with the deepest element on the right side of the top row This is isomorphic with the stack array and makes its behavior clearer ram retrieves all of RAM from the selected node updating the panel display rom retrieves all of ROM from the selected node updating the panel display lit n removes a number from the host computer s colorForth stack pushing it onto the data stack of the target node and updating the stack display on the panel r8 a n reads RAM ROM register or port a in the target node pushing the data read n onto the colorForth stack of the host computer Not to be confused with the F18 a function In this release uses and does not restore register a in the target node r n a writes a number from colorForth data stack of the host computer into target memory RAM register port address a Not to be confused with the F18 a function In this release uses and does not restore register a in the target node call a calls from the port the code at address a in the target If that code returns to the port or re establishes the normal rest state of the target node interactive use may continue once the code completes No interlocking is done so this method may also be used to start appl
129. rth tm and okad tools and designs f18 compiler empty c f18 software simulator empty compile test code for chip reclaim redact okad disk audit load c a c ascii for gds only macro big letters macro big clock empty 40 load 156 load compare empty 30 load png empty nat w 1024 hh 768 d 1 pallettes crc adi 14840 ad2 50699 macro lz77 macro cf html empty nat generate html details translate text and numbers pos 0 bs 1 translate cf token details translate cf tokens stylesheet details and file output internal stylesheet chip configuration g144a12 pads ports and resets node types user f18 code reclaim ga application tools user application tools evb 01 host chip ide empty compile evb001 target chip ide empty compile ide based loader pth 2 root 708 talk configuration tables com 116 routing rte 67896840 softsim configuration evb001 bridge 2 chip ide empty compile paths build port bridge 51 DB004 arrayForth User s Manual 240 framer overlay 242 framer com 131 244 framer pth 67898173 wall 271590019 246 framer 248 framer 250 ers flash erase function overlay 252 flash writer 18 bit overlay 254 code for flash writer 256 exercising flash 20 org 258 writing flash 8 bits overlay 260 code for reading and writing flash 8 bits 262 default flash path for whole chip 264 sram cluster mk1 266 load descriptor 268 residual paths 270 sram 16 address bus 9 node
130. s Cancel Windows and Mac Parallels platforms the shortcuts will be in the Start menu and will assume a Windows compatible environment For Wine environments the shortcuts will be on the desktop and will use different scripting files to start the arrayForth program Select the appropriate items and hit next The next dialog is the familiar Ready to Install summary of what the Installer proposes to do based on your input in the preceding dialogs If there are unpleasant surprises use the back button and correct your input as needed When you are satisfied with what you see here hit Install You will then see a progress meter dialog that should complete very quickly You will then see a dialog which purports to convey Important Information and indeed it might Should any given release require that you take any special actions or be aware of any changes in procedure or usage that might be at odds with the current editions of manuals like this one this may be your only chance to learn of such before encountering it Please take the time to read what is written here so you will not later regret having failed to do so Finally you will see a dialog about Completing the Setup Wizard which will by default offer you the opportunity to read our Setup ArrayForth oa p Array Ready to Install KA Setup is now ready to begin instaling ArrayForth on your computer Me Click Install to continue with the installation or dick Back
131. s binary image resides in host computer memory starting at block 32768 where there is a bin of 2048 bytes belonging to each physical node followed by some number of virtual bins The constant nnc gives the number of bins for which space is allocated By typing nnc you will see on the stack the value 432 which is 144 3 the area is sized for programs using up to two chips with an extra 144 nodes worth of virtual bins into which object for library code distributed by GreenArrays may be stashed as noted later 5 2 Compiling F18 Code The word compile loads the compiler and performs a complete compilation leaving the dictionary empty and the object code available for further actions such as loading into nodes with the IDE or generating boot streams When integrated with higher level tools such as the IDE compile is extended to reload the higher level tool after recompiling the F18 code with little or no disturbance in the context of your work Block 146 is interpreted by compile to perform this operation in several steps 1 ROM is compiled for every node of chip 0 so that the object area has correct data for all ROM even if you are not compiling anything in a given node yourself 2 Block 150 is loaded to compile RAM code for any desired nodes By convention block 150 is used to load system code provided with the software distribution after which it loads block 200 a block reserved for your own application code In the distributed base block 2
132. s or the eForth kernel Both are virtual code for virtual machines that run out of 16 bit SRAM Example filebuf x8000 filelen 2 burn This example burns filelen 2 words to flash at byte address x8000 from the given buffer 18burn is used to write 18 bit data such as boot streams The word stream returns the beginning address in host memory and the length in 18 bit words describing the output of the framer utility Having built a boot stream burn it into flash at address O as follows Example stream swap 18burn 8 3 Serial Boot Streams By specifying a different path rooted at a different boot node such as 708 for async serial or 300 for synchronous serial the framer can build streams suitable for presentation to those nodes See the discussion of the word frame above to create such frames see the discussion at the end of the Interactive Testing section above for examples of one way to use such streams Copyright 2010 2011 GreenArrays Inc 10 30 13 41 DB004 arrayForth User s Manual 9 Practical Example We have chosen a simple application to act as a practical example of how to develop and test an arrayForth program The only parts we will need are those included in your EVB001 evaluation kit so you should be able to reproduce our results exactly Our application is a simple PWM algorithm generating output to an LED Although simple the PWM we will demonstrate uses a nontrivial approach Many PWMs divide a fixed interv
133. say target load after remembering to edit a com and c com to identify the correct COM ports 6 2 Using the IDE 1 To prepare for debugging prepare the desired source code to be compiled for RAM under control of the main load block at 200 Initially use bins with numbers in 000 717 2 Examine and if necessary change the path lists as appropriate to make sure you can reach all the places you need to See examples in the code or advanced application notes 3 Plugthe IDE connection s into your host computer if you have not done so already Make sure nothing else in the windows environment like dialog boxes has any open handles for the device s 4 To work with the host chip say host load and to work with the target chip say target load after remembering to edit a com and c com to identify the correct COM ports 5 Say talk to find and open the port reset the chip and download root node talker code into the chip 6 Display the indicator panel say pane1 if you wish to view it recommended 7 Asthe indicator panel will show you should at this point have three defined paths one to each of the nodes immediately adjacent to the root node 8 Define tear down and select paths as you wish and operate on the nodes in question using the words described below Note If you wish to ensure that all other bootable nodes are completely idle begin your activities by saying 2 root hook andthen 2 hook to tear that path down The de
134. sed by the boot nodes of our chips Each boot frame contains zero or more words of data a starting memory or port address at which the data are consecutively written and a jump address to which control is transferred by the boot node after the frame has been processed Every boot node defines a concatenation address to which a boot frame may jump to process another frame After reset a chip may boot itself from a slave device such as SPI flash memory or it may wait to receive boot stream s on one or more of its enabled interfaces For example a daisy chain of subsidiary chips may be booted by a master chip using frames stored in the master s mass storage or read from its boot device such as an SPI flash As another example the serial IDE works by transmitting boot frames into the chip under test 8 1 The Streamer Utility This section introduces the arrayForth tools for building boot streams from compiled source code For more details about boot stream composition and boot protocols see the library of Application Notes Block 848 in the distributed source code is a simple template for generating a boot stream to load a trivial program and burning that stream to SPI flash It consists of the following elements empty compile streamer load framer load This phrase compiles all relevant source code and loads the environment and vocabulary for composing SPI flash boot streams entire course This phrase specifies the path to be used by the st
135. slot addr node break When that node is about to execute the instruction from addr slot softsim will stop and paint a colored box around that node to identify the reason for stopping A cyan colored X will appear on the same node in the full chip view as well Those markers will disappear as soon as another step is taken by pressing s g or i The breakpoint may be removed via the command node break Breakpoints may be set or cleared at any time interactively 36 Copyright 2010 2011 GreenArrays Inc 10 30 13 DB004 arrayForth User s Manual 7 7 Testbeds In order to test your simulated program s interaction with the outside world you will need to make a testbed to simulate inputs and outputs There are two example testbeds in softsim as released namely the SPI and Sync boot testbeds on blocks 1230 and 1244 1246 We ll start with a simpler example to build up to what you ll need to know in order to understand these testbeds and to create your own Unfortunately testbeds are written and execute in x86 colorForth Everywhere else in this manual we have been able to avoid discussing the peculiarities of the x86 system s vocabulary but here you will be using it Follow examples and contact customer support for assistance if needed The softsim engine uses vectored execution to run testbed code An execution vector is just a variable that contains the address of some code to be executed If you ve stored the address of a code snippet
136. stems is to make a permanent association between a given vendor device serial number and a given COM port regardless of which USB connection it is plugged into This is a good thing For devices lacking a serial number Windows tends to assign the COM port to that vendor device on a particular USB socket Thus the COM port number can be expected to change if you move the same USB to RS232 adaptor from a direct USB socket on the computer to one on say a docking station This is the stuff of madness but you will need to cope with it if you use such interfaces Having identified the new port double click it in the Device Manager and you should get a USB Serial Port Properties dialog box On the front page first tab you will see the manufacturer ID If the manufacturer is FTDI you have some things to do in order to optimize this port On the Port Settings tab you should find an Advanced button and on pressing it should get a separate dialog box entitled something like Advanced Settings for COMxx If this is the case please refer to the screen image below and do the following i In the USB Transfer Sizes section the default settings for Receive and Transmit are 4096 bytes Reducing these to 128 bytes seems to improve performance in our uses ii The next item called Latency Timer msec which defaults to 16 We get the best results in IDE and serial terminal performance with this value reduced to 1 ms iii Please see Miscellaneous Opt
137. t chip Bins 1600 through 2317 are reserved for utility and tool code and are managed by GreenArrays Their purpose is to allow this code to be compiled and available for use at any time without interfering with application code This table documents the assignments in effect as of the release identified above 1600 1601 1602 1603 1604 1605 1606 1607 1608 1609 1610 1611 1612 1613 1614 1615 1616 1617 1700 1701 1702 1703 1704 1705 1706 1707 1708 1709 1710 1711 1712 1713 1714 1715 1716 1717 1800 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 Copyright 2010 2011 GreenArrays Inc ide async node ide sync node ide wire ide last guy ide all nodes template Snorkel SST25WFxxx Flash node 705 spi speedup function 18 bit flash r w for 705 18 bit flash helper for 706 8 bit flash r w flash erase SRAM Node 107 interface std Node 007 Data bus Node 008 Control Node 009 Address bus polyFORTH Stack 106 Stack down 006 Stack up 206 Bitsy 105 Bitsy down 005 Bitsy up 205 Serial tx 100 Rx 200 Interface 104 Wire 102 and others Flash to sram for 705 Wire for 605 etc unused Temp SRAM code for 108 Ganglion nodes eee nodes eoo nodes oee nodes ooo reserved for eForth pF gt Ethernet DMA Node 600 code temporary Flash to sram for 705 Wire for 605 etc SRAM inter
138. t our support hotline and we may be able to supply a script describing how to do it on the version of Windows you have installed 12 2 Installation Because Parallels and VirtualBox are Virtual Machine environments running actual Windows software the procedures are almost identical with those on a Windows system The differences we know of are as follow 1 You should download the installer executable into some path actually rooted in C in the windows environment s file system Working directories are not correct when Windows programs are executed from places that are not such as psf Home Documents as one example 2 When first plugging an adaptor or Eval Board port go through the procedure for installing Windows drivers associating the device with Virtual Machine rather than Mac OS when you are given that choice 12 3 Running arrayForth Again running arrayForth is the same as on the Windows platform with these exceptions 1 Be prepared for keyboard surprises and check the Parallels documentation to explain anomalies For example to use the F1 key you may have to hold down the Fn key as a shift 13 Appendix unix Platform including Mac OS X If you have an Intel x86 based unix system you may be able to run arrayForth using the Wine subsystem Wine is an open source implementation of the Windows API that runs on BSD Unix Linux Mac OS X and Solaris systems Its home page is at WineHQ org The following has been tested in a fresh
139. ted if an abort condition occurs while executing a word from the interpreter When the word in question causes code to be interpreted or compiled such as load the system attempts to place the editor s cursor at the point of difficulty in that case typing e to enter the editor as discussed later will give you more information 8 Copyright 2010 2011 GreenArrays Inc 10 30 13 DB004 arrayForth User s Manual 2 2 2 2 Keyboard Control Panel Hint Area What you see in this area depends on the application with which you are interacting Some applications are operated by pushing buttons on a keyboard control panel rather than by typing text some examples of this are the OKAD chip layout tools softsim and in fact even the Editor In other contexts the keyboard is being used for input of text words numbers examples are the Interpreter and the editor when you have selected a color for text entry Such cases are called text entry mode In text entry mode by default colorForth uses a QWERTY keyboard whose operation is as close as practical to the behavior of a conventional typewriter keyboard and will be most familiar to those who have been trained as touch typists in that system Another optional keyboard is available for text entry The special dvorak keyboard developed by Chuck Moore to minimize the number of buttons and amount of hand movement required Its use is described by an application note available from our website During te
140. test and testing or test or v2 test test test test test test test 600 602 604 606 608 610 612 614 616 618 620 622 624 626 628 630 632 634 636 638 640 642 644 646 648 650 652 654 656 658 660 662 664 666 668 670 672 674 676 678 680 682 684 686 688 690 692 694 696 698 700 702 704 706 708 710 712 714 716 718 DB004 arrayForth User s Manual res for more ats test pkgs 1900 ats analog 1901 ats sync boot master 1902 boot frame for master testing 1903 boot frame for master testing 1904 ats sync bridge 1905 uut bridge debug 1906 tester bridge debug bridge loader 1400 ats cs master n108 1401 ats cs wire 1402 ats cs digital 1403 ats cs analog XXXX smtm mem random converted tb001 ide pretest empty compile serial load pre powerup tests 662 list power opens and shorts results port bridge tb001 ide creepers empty serial load all tests multichip ide paths 0 1 paths 1 paths 1a control lines all nodes runner incremental runner build table of valid io w r bits build table of rom checksums results runner for 911 pin test runner for 917 rom checksum runner for 2113 serdes test runner for 2114 analog test selftest a chip port on stack empty stp paths ats target test given host port empty stp paths build port bridge runner for 2113 serdes test 53 DB004 arrayForth User s Manual 7
141. the control panel Try it You ll see the red and yellow nodes changing roles Now you can choose two nodes to watch closely use the w key to replace the full chip view with the other node s detailed view In addition to the full stack display deepest item of return stack on top each detailed view shows a sixteen word memory dump You can navigate through the memory dump of the focus node by pressing the h higher and 1 lower keys on the control panel These move through RAM and ROM in 8 word steps 7 3 Making it Go Let s call the two large white numbers in the larger font in the lower right time and gap time is the number of steps that have occurred since the start of the simulation gap is the number of steps that will occur between display updates gap starts as 1 so the display is updated after each single step There is another variable named fast which can be swapped with gap if you want the display to run faster and show fewer updates This variable can be increased or decreased by 1 using the or control panel keys in the bottom row or by 100 using the or keys in the top row The f key toggles the value of gap between fast and 1 The simulation runs very much faster when it s not updating the display The g and s keys in the left hand control the progress of the simulation Press and release the s step key You should see time change from 0 to 1 and some changes will occur in the overview as well When you pressthe g go
142. tion vector bed to reflect changing conditions The third lineisa begin until loop It first assigns the following code to bed and exits Next time this node s bed executes pin 1 is set to O millivolts and pin 17 in read If pin 17 is not low the until returnsto begin andreassigns bed tothe same address ending execution for this step If pin 17 is low the code falls through to the next line where the values are reversed Finally when pin 17 goes high again end jumps back to the first begin and the cycle starts over Note that assign notonly makes the assignment but also terminates execution with a return With these simple building blocks more complicated devices can be simulated by custom testbeds 38 Copyright 2010 2011 GreenArrays Inc 10 30 13 DB004 arrayForth User s Manual 7 8 Interactive Testing with Softsim Interactive softsim is intended to work very much like the interactive IDE Skills learned in one should apply to the other except that this mechanism can interact with a node to which no path could be built in IDE The remote opcodes listed below have the same names as the words in the IDE and have the same results once you realize that they always work on the softsim s focus node The command node will make any node become the focus node without having to navigate to it Similarly the command other will make any node directly become the other node without having to navigate to it These words may of course be used in scripting
143. to automate test set up Note that most of the remote opcodes names start with r for remote to distiguish them from the PC colorForth words with the same names Some of the opcodes have no PC equivalents and dispense with the r prefix The commonly used ports have names to make them easy to use For example you can say io r 9 to read the io register of the focus node You can also say hex 30000 io r for example in a node with an io pin and see the pin change state to a yellow 1 right r writes a 0 to the node sharing its right port with the focus node call starts the focus node executing code at address 0 in its RAM It runs for three steps in order to fetch the instruction into the instruction register then leaves you in the softsim keyboard handler so you can single step or go to finish executing that code The word lit takes the number on top of the host stack and pushes it onto the top of the focus node stack just as it would in the IDE To manually resume control panel operation say ok h 7 8 1 Vocabulary Reference Host Commands node nn sets node nn yyxx form as the focus node other nn sets node nn as other call a makes a call to address a in focus node and starts softsim control panel boot acn moves c words from address a of bin n into focus node RAM lit n pushes n from host stack onto focus node s data stack r a n fetches a word from focus node address a onto host stack r na stor
144. ts 11 2 2 Windows 8 Installation Our software is designed to run on a desktop computer not on a telephone It is assumed that you will be using the desktop interface to Windows 8 and that you will have installed one of the after market programs such as StartlsBack that restores easy access to the start menu directories that are maintained in Windows 8 but are hidden by the asinine configuration in which that system is shipped Contact our customer support hotline if you need advice on how to go about this 11 3 Running arrayForth Once you have taken care of the above chores running arrayForth is simple 1 Click the shortcut for the desired copy of the software 2 When the arrayForth logo screen appears the system is ready to use The graphic window may be resized minimized dragged to other display screens and so forth 3 In addition to the arrayForth graphic window you will also see a simple console window Diagnostic messages may appear here This console window is actually the primary window for arrayForth if you wish to kill arrayForth by closing a window closing the console window will accomplish this in one step Note It is normal to see a message FFFFFFFE Error in system operation immediately following the line that starts with Reading file OkadWork cf This simply means that the file was compressed and all 1440 blocks could not be read 4 To exit arrayForth normally simply say bye to the interpreter You may run multi
145. tual requirements depend on how much memory you actually access which should be considerably less than this e Display capable of at least 1024x768x24 bit graphics The display may be resized after the program is started e Standard PC keyboard e Atleast one RS232 interface with COM port drivers if you wish to use the Interactive Development Environment to communicate with GreenArrays chips For the EVBOO1 Evaluation Board this is done with direct USB cables to the FTDI chips on the board allowing much faster communications than are reliable with RS232 electrical interfaces 11 2 Installation Starting with release O1b arrayForth is distributed as a conventional executable Windows installer Use it as follows 1 Download and run the installer or run it directly from your El Setup ArayForth el eco browser if the browser supports that operation You will see a Weicome saneiAna roni isenap greeting diaglog that looks like this Click the next button Itis recommen t continuing Click Next to continue or Cancel to exit Setup ae 2 You will now be asked to read and accept our Standard Terms and ll setup ArrayForth ero Conditions for Delilvery of Free Software If you click the I accept License Agreement XX Please read the following important information before continuing Lf the agreement item the next button will be enabled and you ata Please read the following
146. unning with scissors You can use the word wipe to blank the current block or first last 1 obliterate to blank an entire range Obliterate is intentionally made hard to type Exercise care in its use Wipe and obliterate do not come with an undo function You can set up a small range of blocks to run across with the audit s g word by using matching and to Type s d matching where s and dare the starting blocks of the two ranges you want to match then type n to where nis the last block number in the lower range Typing n list v will get the compare started by examining block n for differences Afterward use g just as with the full range compare 20 Copyright 2010 2011 GreenArrays Inc 10 30 13 DB004 arrayForth User s Manual 4 2 2 HTML Listings Load the HTML utility with html load The default output filename is cf html You can change this name from the command prompt if you like by typing for example named my html Thentype first last 2 run where first and last 2 are block numbers The result is an html file with shadow blocks on the left side and code blocks on the right For example to produce a listing of an entire colorForth floppy image type 18 1440 run The colors have been altered only so that the background can be white and comments black This saves black toner or ink when printing the listings 4 2 3 Index Listing Load the indexing utility with index load The default output filename is index txt You can change this name f
147. urposes edit this file accordingly You should now be ready to restart arrayForth and communicate with your chips The linuxwine bat file may need editing for other configurations In addition you may need to employ other scripting options we have worked out contact customer support for advice if necessary 64 Copyright 2010 2011 GreenArrays Inc 10 30 13 DB004 arrayForth User s Manual 13 2 Running arrayForth Preferably you will use the desktop shortcuts You may choose to create scripts to run arrayForth from the BASH or other shell 1 Navigate to the directory containing the exe file OkadWork cf and Okad sh 2 Type Okad sh after editing it to do the stty commands for your ports 14 Appendix Native PC Platform 14 1 Native arrayForth Requirements For Native systems arrayForth normally boots from a 3 5 floppy Actually it can boot from any BIOS compatible boot medium that looks like a straight disk with 512 byte sectors so the same image should boot if copied to absolute zero no partitions on ATA hard disks USB floppies or flash or SATA disks Other requirements are e 3 5 Floppy with ISA compatible Floppy Disk Controller no USB is necessary in order to read or write blocks for any other purpose than booting e Standard PC XT or AT keyboard with ISA compatible keyboard processor or with USB keyboard using System Management Mode legacy keyboard emulation e Oneofarelatively limited set of ATI or NVidia
148. used in case you encounter a system in which they turn out to be necessary butthe mode and stty commands are commented in the released files If you find a situation in which arrayForth is unable to set the COM port up properly please inform Customer Support right away If you plan to use COM port s to communicate with a GreenArrays chip or with the Eval Board you will need to identify the COM port s in question This procedure is designed for use with the Evaluation Board to use arrayForth to interact with our chips on other boards you will most likely be using some single USB to RS232 adaptor and so some of the steps may be omitted We recommend FTDI based communication devices for all communications with our chips whether they be RS232 adaptors or embedded chips such as those used in our Eval Boards This is because the FTDI drivers appear to be free of some common bugs in FIFO management that can create havoc with automated communications 1 The EVBOO1 board has three USB connectors identified as A B and C reading left to right along the top left corner of the board Port A is by default used for IDE on the Host chip port B is used for a serial terminal on eForth or polyFORTH and port C is used for IDE on the Target chip The following steps should be taken for each of these three independent USB to serial adaptors If instead you are configuring your installation for use with one or more actual USB to RS232 adaptors perhaps for use with ot
149. usi16 wire nodes host generic siobus wire 30 org tx plug node host rx plug node 0 org more rx 1 pin plug node 20 org dummy flash controller plug 0 org eforth ide host load ide build paths read 16 bit eforth bin file ide access sram16 from nodes 108 and 207 ide access term16 from 104 flash from 706 install eforth via async bootstream generate eforth stream read eforth kernel ft load eforth kernel eforth chip builder build sram1i6 using srampath build siobus wires and plugs using e4path build e4vmi16 nodes using e4path sram loader nodes spi flash 8 bits 705 node 0 org host load eforth kernel build eforth bootstream build siobus and virtual machine bootstream build flash sram pipe bootstream burn 18 bit eforth bootstream into flash burn 16 bit eforth bin file into flash eforth index and listing 55 DB004 arrayForth User s Manual 1200 1202 1204 1206 1208 1210 1212 1214 1216 1218 1220 1222 1224 1226 1228 1230 1232 1234 1236 1238 1240 1242 1244 1246 1248 1250 1252 1254 1256 1258 1260 1262 1264 1266 1268 1270 1272 1274 1276 1278 1280 1282 1284 1286 1288 1290 1292 1294 1296 1298 1300 1302 1304 1306 1308 1310 1312 1314 1316 1318 sync boot testbed configuration tables com initial values interactive build boot stream for softsim testbeds spi testbed clk 1 btcnt 33 spi testbed show directions
150. will be executing the PWM rather than a port fetch The three lines of code starting with pol serve to poll for IDE commands and if one is detected then we turn control over to the port completely The first line of code fetches the IO port value masks out the down write bit and if the result is zero no write pending it jumps to the drop which restores the stack to the values expected by cyc If a write is pending we need to give up control to the port but need to leave a return path to the PWM in case the intentions of the IDE are temporary We assume there is a focusing call to down sitting in the port and this instruction needs to be removed by reading We also must emulate executing this call but with a return address back to ourselves The phrase b push ex pulls the call from the port pushes it to the return stack where ex execute performs a co routine jump to the address pushed as part of the call The new return address replaces the call address on the return stack In this way when the IDE completes it will return us to the io b phrase on the last of these three lines restoring B The final requirement that must be met for this demonstration code is to help the IDE in setting up and changing the operating conditions The IDE provides for pushing a literal item onto the target data stack but it does not support insertion of an item to replace S in a single operation The two lines of code called upd provide this function The hex literal 10
151. xt entry mode the annunciator qwer in the hint area shows that the QWERTY keyboard is in use 2 2 3 Using the Keyboard When you begin text entry mode the hinting area displays the annunciator quer and you may enter words or numbers one at a time The software is designed to behave as simply and naturally as feasible in the majority of cases After typing a word or number you may enter it using the space bar or alternatively the enter key some may know it as carriage return The keyboard normally continues in text entry mode expecting you to enter another word or number However when in the Interpreter the word you just entered may run another application which can redefine keyboard operation until you return to the Interpreter as we ll see later To erase a word or number before you have entered it use the backspace key To exit text entry mode use the escape key This doesn t do anything in the Interpreter but some applications such as the Editor can call the text entry mode and in those cases you need to indicate when you are through by using escape Note that at present escape will not erase current input and backspace will not exit the text entry word This is easy to forget When you begin typing a word or number the keyboard software needs to determine which you are entering Like classical Forth colorForth allows you to define words that start with numeric digits or even words that consist entirely of numeric digits The k
152. ying its source When a red word is encountered that word is added to the forth or macro word list depending on which was selected most recently and associated with the next location in the dictionary this is done in such a way that preceding code may continue executing across the boundary identified by the red word When a green word is encountered the macro word list is searched and if found that word is executed immediately If not found a green word is next searched in the forth word list and if found a call to that word is compiled into the dictionary Cyan is used to compile a call to a macro rather than to execute it Grey words are ignored by the PC compiler but are updated by the F18 compiler to hold F18 memory addresses Every colorForth program except the kernel is compiled from source when needed No object code or other binary image format is saved or manipulated except that F18 binaries reside temporarily in mass storage blocks for use by softsim the IDE or stream building The program which displays a block of colorForth source code along with a control panel for a custom keyboard interaction and which is the main tool for maintaining the content of source code The process of acting immediately by direction of words and numbers When a number is encountered it is pushed onto the stack When a word is encountered it is executed This is what the Interpreter does with all input received from the keyboard When loading a block the

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