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The Last Word 2.1 Reference Manual

1. SHIFT CTRL Select Replace String INVERSE CTRL R CTRLS Save File SHIFT CTRL S Set Place Marker INVERSE CTRL S CTRLT Add In 1 SHIFT CTRL Add In 2 INVERSE CTRL CTRL 0 Find String Upwards SHIFT CTRL U Set Search amp Replace Options INVERSE CTRL U CTRLV Preview Text CTRL W Word Wrap Toggle SHIFT CTRL W Set Screen Width INVERSE CTRL W CTRL X Exit to DOS CTRL Y Char Block Lowercase SHIFT CTRL Y Char Block Uppercase INVERSE CTRL Y CTRLZ End of Line CTRL Previous Line CTRL Next Line CTRL Column Left CTRL Column Right SHIFT Paragraph Left SHIFT Paragraph Right SHIFT Sentence Left SHIFT Sentence Right SHIFT CTRL Screen Up NONE SHIFT CTRL Screen Down NONE CTRL Word Left CTRL Word Right SHIFT CTRL Un Invert marked text SHIFT CTRL Invert marked text TAB Next Tab Stop CTRL TAB Erase Tab Stop SHIFT TAB Set Tab Stop SHIFT CTRL TAB Reset Default Tab Stops NONE ESCAPE Run a Macro SEE MACRO GOSUB CTRL ESCAPE Enter Control Character ESCAPE CTRL Display Print Position NONE SHIFT CTRL Display Program Version SEE SET COMMAND CTRL Display Cursor Position CTRL lt Erase All Text SHIFT lt Erase All Text SHIFT CTRL lt Toggle Visible Returns NONE CTRL gt Insert a Space SHIFT gt Paste Deleted Text SHIFT CTRL gt Toggle Insert Over Type SEE SET COMM
2. 5 26 5 6 CONFIGURING THE PRINT 5 26 6 CONFIGURING LW FOR YOUR 6 27 PRINTER DRIVERS ea adie 6 27 6 2 lt THE PRINTER DRIVER EDITOR 6 27 6 3 22 0 fectendeaniedddlvecrguitabsasedieesseutersanedes 6 27 7 hassevenveuttantnaecsseceessaut batecbbereasvausierieess 7 30 Zi LOADING MACROSS 7 30 7 27 7 30 7 3 5 5 7 31 7 3 1 DISABLING THE SCREEN FROM 5 7 33 7 90 sSPECIAL CHARAGH ERS 7 33 7 33 ENTERING OTHER COMMANDS FROM MACROS 7 34 73 4 THE SPECIAL MACRO 52026 7 34 7 3 5 KEYBOARD CONVENTIONS FOR 5 7 34 7 4 sad
3. COMMAND FUNCTION INV CTRLB Branch Macro lt macro key gt Selects a macro to run after negative confirm a macro load negative find string next goto marker INV CTRLC Confirm Y N Continues macro if Y pressed else aborts or runs pre selected macro INV CTRL J Macro Menu lt menu text gt lt RETURN gt Prints message and runs macro attached to next key press INV CTRL K Wait for a key from user INV Accept Line Mode Accepts keyboard input until lt RETURN gt is pressed Also works in input dialogues INV CTRL V Print message lt message gt lt RETURN gt 10 47 Last Word 2 1 Reference Manual INV CTRL X Execute macro lt macro key gt INV CTRL Z Set options test conditions lt option gt Follow with one of the following characters in normal video to set various options and test various conditions 2 Uppercase Lowercase Inverse Normal Insert Mode Over Type Mode Case Sensitive Case Insensitive Hide screen updates Unhide screen updates Select Main Text Bank Select Extended banks 2 10 Clear Edited Text Flag Switch to text bank editor was in when macro was called Test for block marking precede with branch command Check for selected text precede with branch command Check for changes to text since last save precede with branch command 10 4 PRINT FORMATTING COMMANDS These commands affect the pri
4. 5 uaea 10 45 10 1 EDITOR COMMANDS annia eaa TA 10 45 10 2 SPECIAL KEYS 10 47 10 3 MACRO COMMANDS a i riens sashes 10 47 10 4 PRINT FORMATTING 5 10 48 11 PROGRAMMERS TECHNICAL NOTES 11 50 11 1 ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE 6 ae 11 50 11 2 MEMORY 5 aia 11 50 11 3 PROGRAM DESIG N 11 51 11 4 DEVELOPMENT codecs 11 52 11 5 11 52 11 6 DEVELOPMENT 11 53 11 7 CORRESPONDENCE ATN 11 53 1 4 Last Word 2 1 Reference Manual 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1 OVERVIEW OF THE LAST WORD Welcome to THE LAST WORD the brand new word processor for Atari XL XE computers and one of the most powerful programs of its kind in the Public Domain Although LW bears no relationship whatsoever to other Public Domain word processors like Speedscript or Text
5. Last Word 2 1 Reference Manual The Last Word Professional Word Processing for the Atari XL XE Written by and Copyright Jonathan Halliday 1999 2008 Last Word 2 1 Reference Manual Contents 1 INTRODUCTION eee 1 5 1 1 OVERVIEW OF THE LAST 2 0 1 5 1 2 ABOUT 2 1 5 1 3 2 1 6 1 3 1 LOADING LW FROM 5 5 0 0 0 166 6 1 6 1 4 BASIC OPE RAT O N 1 7 1 4 1 1 7 1 4 2 SAVING AND LOADING 0 0 0 1 1 6 1 7 1 4 3 BASIC CONF C VURA TO N S 5 1 8 2 5 lt 2 2 9 2 1 CURSOR MOV ME N 2 9 2 2 TEXT
6. lt CTRL CAPS gt Forced control key mode toggle Allows entry of control codes without pressing lt CTRL ESCAPE gt first The current case is saved when you save the configuration see later and becomes the default next time you load the program lt SHIFT CAPS gt Uppercase lock lt INVERSE gt Toggle inverse video on and off 2 9 Last Word 2 1 Reference Manual lt CTRL ESCAPE gt lt SHIFT ESCAPE gt lt CTRL W gt lt SHIFT CTRL W gt Allow subsequent control key to be entered as normal text same as pressing lt ESCAPE gt in the normal Atari screen editor Also de selects a marked block of text Alternative to lt CTRL ESCAPE gt Turn word wrap on and off Saved in config file Set screen editing width Type the number of characters per line you want anything from 5 to 240 If the line length becomes longer than 40 characters the screen will become a horizontal as well as a vertical window onto your text Setting the editor line length to the same length as printed lines means you can set tables out almost exactly as they will print Saved in config file 2 3 INSERTING AND DELETING TEXT The following commands allow simple insertion and deletion of text lt DELETE gt lt CTRL INSERT gt lt TAB gt lt CTRL DELETE gt lt SHIFT DELETE gt lt SHIFT INSERT gt lt CTRL P gt lt CTRL CLEAR gt lt SHIFT CLEAR gt Delete character to left of cursor Insert a space at the cur
7. gt Press the highlighted letter of the option you want or lt ESCAPE gt to cancel Change replaces the string and moves to the next occurrence Ignore skips to the next occurrence Change All replaces every occurrence in the file you can interrupt this with the Break Key Note that if the Global option has been set with lt SHIFT CTRL H gt search and replace will automatically replace all occurrences of the text 2 5 1 SEARCHING WITH WILDCARDS In find strings the question mark will match any character just as in DOS filenames gt 5 will match both THESE THOSE Wildcards replace strings leave the relevant characters in the text unchanged so Find gt Change to gt will place a dot after any single unknown parenthesized character 2 12 Last Word 2 1 Reference Manual Search strings may be surrounded by spaces to ensure that only whole words are matched In the case of words followed by punctuation symbols a macro to perform multiple search replaces through the text could be written See macros section 6 2 5 2 SEARCH AND REPLACE MODES Search and replace works in 2 modes case sensitive Case on and case insensitive Case off the default The first only matches words of the exact same case so that THE would not match the Case insensitive mode ignores the case of letters during searches lt SHIFT CTRL U gt Set Search and Replace Options T
8. This means that FROM MACROS lt ESCAPE gt PERFORMS ITS USUAL JOB OF PRECEDING CONTROL CHARACTERS If you want to enter any command code from within a macro as part of your text rather than as a command just precede it with an lt ESCAPE gt character in the macro Many LW commands are attached to lt SHIFT CTRL gt key combinations Obviously these have no ASCII equivalents so how are these commands denoted in macros Simple from a macro just think lt INVERSE CTRL gt instead of lt SHIFT CTRL gt So to enter the lt SHIFT CTRL F gt ind string command from within a macro you would type an lt INVERSE CTRL F gt instead or lt SELECT CTRL F gt This is why the special macro commands use only those characters that relate to illegal lt CTRL SHIFT gt key presses When a macro is running the only keys read from the keyboard are get key commands confirm commands text entered during accept line mode and characters pressed during printing when page wait is on The Press a key prompt after a file view print operation requires a keystroke from the active macro to clear it and return to the editor 7 3 4 THE SPECIAL MACRO FONT The font MACRO FNT on the distribution disk can be loaded by typing lt SHIFT CTRL N gt New font responding for other then typing MACRO lt RETURN gt This font defines all the control keys as outline characters instead of international characters in order to make editing macros a little easier 7 3 5 KEYBOARD
9. UP ARROW DOWN ARROW lt RETURN gt This command need not be first character on the line you can have text blocked left centred and edged right all on the same line NOTE This command is NOT that same as centre justify which works on ALL following text If you centre or edge right individual lines in paragraphs justified by the Stage 1 justify command justification will suppressed on that line Toggle double strike on or off Block any text you want printed in boldface in lt d gt characters i e lt d gt this is bold lt d gt This feature is set up by the printer driver editor Your printer may not support boldface however Edge right Forces subsequent text on the line up against the right margin See Centre Line Toggle italics on or off Works like lt d gt Toggle underline on or off Output ASCII char This outputs the ASCII code lt n gt The character is NOT counted as a printable character so it won t affect the formatting or word wrap Handy for sending any control codes to the printer which aren t covered by the printer driver Send printable code Works like lt o gt utput ASCII but the character is counted as printed matter by the formatter and appears on the preview screen as a question mark Handy for printing the international character not supported by the printer driver Soft hyphen dash Insert in the middle of especially long words When these words won t fit onto a line during printing the word w
10. lt A gt lt 2 gt will start output at page 2 Default is 1 B lt n gt Set bottom margin default 61 This is measured in lines from the top of the page and is the last line on which body text will print With a page length of 66 a bottom margin of 61 will print 5 blank lines at the foot of each page Ensure you leave enough lines to print your footer if any which may be up to 3 lines long If the footer doesn t fit it won t print F lt n text gt Define running footer be printed at the bottom of each page lt n gt is an OPTIONAL offset in lines from the bottom page margin and should be typed in inverse video immediately before the text of the footer Actual footer text should be in normal video except where Stage 2 formatting commands appear Stage 1 commands cannot appear in headers or footers and must end with a lt RETURN gt Use the inverse lt gt symbol to print the page number A footer or header can consist of up to 3 lines each terminated by a return These lines must each be preceded by the lt F gt symbol and must be defined on consecutive lines If the footer is redefined elsewhere in the text the lines already defined are discarded To get of a footer just include lt F gt lt RETURN gt in your text G lt n gt Get text bank Should be ona line on its own followed by lt RETURN gt The contents of the text bank will be read and printed in place of the command 5 21 Last Word 2 1 Reference
11. DOS Any other unrecognized DOS packages will be treated by LW just as if they were DOS 2 0 2 5 If you have MEM SAV set up you can exit to DOS then re run at 2800 and be back in the same file at the same point you left it 9 41 Last Word 2 1 Reference Manual 9 3 ATARI DOS have no idea how widely used this DOS is although apart from the lack of technical information in the DOS XE manual and the irksome user interface have found it to be a quite useable system on the occasions have tried it LW will configure itself for this DOS and will allow traversal of the subdirectory tree the creation and deletion of subdirectories Re run after an exit to DOS works particularly well here since as with SpartaDOS main memory is not corrupted by DOS you should run at address 2800 LW disables internal BASIC automatically with this DOS 9 4 MYDOS 4 5 This DOS works well with LW Subdirectory names are preceded by a colon on the disk menu and traversal of the directory tree is catered for as well as the creation and deletion of subdirectories To display the contents of the active directory don t forget to remove the drive number from the device spec by first pressing lt O gt on the disk menu If you have MEM SAV exit to DOS and re run works in exactly the same way as with DOS 2 5 Internal BASIC is disabled on loading have never used MyDOS versions prior 4 5 so I m unsure whether LW will work correctly with t
12. ENTRY MODES zaiteien aa a ea a a 2 9 2 3 INSERTING AND DELETING 0 00 1 0666 6600600 a a an a a aeiia 2 10 2 4 MOVING AND COPYING WITH TEXT 65 6 660 66 2 10 2 5 FINDING AND REPLACING 66 2 12 2 5 1 SEARCHING WITH 5 1 6 2 12 2 5 2 SEARCH AND REPLACE 5 1 2 13 3 ADDITIONAL EDITOR FEATURES 1 3 14 3 1 2 oe caren boas SR aA a a 3 14 3 2 3 14 3 3 3 14 3 3 1 TABWA TON MODES 3 15 3 4 lt 3 15 3 5 POSITIONEN Fl EE i a 3 15 3 6 EDITING MULT
13. ESCAPE gt Cut block Use this command once a block has been marked as outlined above The marked text will be copied from the main buffer to the paste buffer providing the block is not too large Note that any text already in the paste buffer will be overwritten The text will then be erased from the main buffer and block mode is cancelled You can paste text back with the Paste command Copy block This copies text to the paste buffer exactly like the Cut option but the text also remains in the main buffer still highlighted Delete block This deletes a marked block without copying it to the paste buffer Because text deleted this way is irretrievable you are first asked for confirmation Note that the block to be deleted may be of any length regardless of paste buffer size Write block to a file Supply a filename at the prompt and the block which may be of any length will be written to disk The file will have the extension BLK unless you supply a different one This option along with the merge command allows for the transfer of large blocks of text between different files Insert or merge file icon hypodermic syringe This option which is always operative allows a file to be inserted into the middle of the text in memory The filename you type will have the usual text file extender appended to it unless you supply another If the file you attempt to insert exceeds in size the available space the text will remain unchang
14. Manual G lt fspec gt Get file from disk This command should be on a line on its own terminated by lt RETURN gt The contents of the file will be read and printed in place of the command This works very quickly even when reading a file from disk because a double buffering system is used to eliminate slow single byte read commands Any formatting commands in the included files will be carried out The advantage that this method has over the link commands of many word processors is that the same file will be in the edit buffer after printing You can have a main file with include statements and using the where s the cursor command and print preview always see the correct pagination Note that due to memory constraints on buffering this command is NOT nestable i e an included file may NOT in turn include another although an included BANK may include a FILE H lt n text gt JL JR JC JF L lt n gt M lt n gt N lt n gt P lt n gt R lt n gt This defines a running header to be printed at the top of each page and works identically to the lt f gt ooter command The optional number specifies the offset from the top of the page and the default value is 2 Justify text left All text following this command will be aligned with the left Margin Justify text right All text following this command will be aligned with the right Margin Justify centre All following text will be centred on the page Justi
15. REQUIREMENTS Whichever DOS you use you must ensure that it has a MEMLO setting 52 7 52 8 well below 2400 Although LW actually loads at 2800 it uses the 1K block between 2400 and 27FF for its redefined character set All memory from MEMLO up to 23FF is used for the paste buffer so you can see that the lower your DOS s MEMLO the better LW will not run at all if MEMLO is above 2300 Using DOS 2 5 with normal buffers you can expect a paste buffer of about 1 5K Other DOSes are different but few are more memory hungry than DOS 2 5 You can see that LW is very tightly squeezed into RAM but that s a necessary price to pay for keeping the whole program in conventional memory rather than using program overlays or space under the OS ROM This is why LW works with so many different DOSes The reason LW won t run on Atari 800 is that it requires the XL s keyboard tables and the international font LW also requires the cartridge memory from SAOOO SBFFF and will switch out internal BASIC unless the DOS used has its own system for doing so from the command line You must also remove any external cartridges unless you use SpartaDOS X which lets you switch cartridges on and off with this DOS you must load LW with the X command 9 2 ATARI DOS 2 0 2 5 These systems require no special handling by LW and special DOS features such as subdirectory and command line support will be inactive LW will disable internal BASIC automatically with this
16. a spell checker I ll leave it up to those users lucky enough to own Paperclip and First XLEnt to decide how well LW compares with it I ve tried to make LW a writer s word processor spend a lot of time writing short stories Once LW is set up you shouldn t have to worry about the technicalities of the program or waste time working around its limitations If you ve edited long files with other word processors you will welcome the speed with which LW deals with large amounts of text don t make any claims that this is the perfect WP for the Atari What it is however is an amalgamation of all the best and most innovative features found on other Atari WPs both PD and commercial It may be the last word processor ever written for the Atari Classic I m pretty certain another of its size and complexity will not be seen There are many commercial WPs available that were written years ago and TextPro without doubt the most popular WP for the Classic these days 11 52 Last Word 2 1 Reference Manual is a superb program didn t write LW because wanted to give the Atari world another WP wrote it primarily for myself But now that it s complete I m keen to share it It is believe commercial quality program with the advantage of being Freeware and Open Source 11 6 DEVELOPMENT There are many things about The Last Word which could be improved Some things on the drawing board include The ability to auto dete
17. alteration The highlight bar is moved with the cursor keys with or without lt CTRL gt and an option selected with lt RETURN gt The current setting for the chosen option will be displayed and can then be altered To leave a setting unchanged just type lt ESCAPE gt when it appears Some options are toggles use the space bar to highlight ON or OFF and press return Other options require numeric arguments type the number and press lt RETURN gt A few options HELP PATH DIRECTORY MASK EXTENDER require string inputs Extender should be left blank if you don t want a default extender added to your document filenames If you do type in an extender DO NOT TYPE THE DOT just the extender itself of NO MORE THAN 3 CHARACTERS Help Path allows SpartaDOS MyDOS DOS XE users to specify the drive and path on which the HELP FILES HLP will be kept DOS 2 5 users can use this option if they want to keep help files on a drive other than drive 1 SpartaDOS X users can use this function or put the help files in a directory included in the DOS PATH variable See section 9 DOS Packages and LW When setting up the default margins etc take care not to input impossible values the program makes no checks on the sense or otherwise of what you type in If the print formatter outputs rubbish chances are there are illogical values in the configuration Always make the top margin a lower number than the bottom margin the left lower than
18. key then continues the macro Accept line In either the editor or an input dialogue this character will pause the macro and allow user keyboard input until lt RETURN gt is pressed or the macro is stopped with lt BREAK gt Note that many features of the editor including the icon bar are disabled in Accept Line mode If you run another macro whilst in accept line mode the current macro will be abandoned and accept line mode terminated NOTE TextPro input mode always works in OVERTYPE mode LW accept line mode works IN WHATEVER MODE THE EDITOR IS IN AT THE TIME Also the colon delimiters of TextPro are NOT supported by LW The Accept Input command no longer filters out cursor movement other than left right as did Version 1 0 Only a few commands mostly those requiring input are now disabled during macro input mode This change was implemented to allow interactive macros far greater scope A macro can now for example pause while the user marks a block of text then when return is pressed operate on the defined block Print message Follow with text terminated by lt RETURN gt LW will print the message which will clear on the next keystroke Execute macro Follow with a macro identifier LW will attempt to execute the macro in the form of a SUBROUTINE or PROCEDURE This means when the executed macro terminates the calling or parent macro will resume from the next instruction following the execute command Macros calls can be ne
19. marker is NOT FOUND Used before a special macro CONFIRM Y N command lt CTRL C gt the macro will be branched to if the user responds NO Used before a lt CTRL A gt Macro Ask for Input String the branch will occur if the subsequent input string is EMPTY See the lt CTRL Z gt command for more conditional branching commands 7 31 Last Word 2 1 Reference Manual lt CTRL C gt lt CTRL J gt lt CTRL K gt lt CTRL L gt lt CTRL V gt lt CTRL X gt lt CTRL Z gt Confirm Y N Follow with a message terminated with lt RETURN gt LW will print the message followed by a question mark then Y N The user responds with the appropriate key Y will allow the macro to continue N will terminate all macros even if the macro running is nested or if a branch macro is pending after a lt CTRL B gt ranch command that macro will be run NOTE Before the introduction of macro conditionals in later TextPro versions that program s lt equivalent Y N command lt SELECT CTRL A gt sk always attempted to run the amp macro if was pressed LW does NOT include this feature use the lt CTRL B gt ranch to pre select a macro to run if N is pressed Macro menu Follow with a line of text terminated with lt RETURN gt The text should be in the form of some kind of small menu This message will be printed then the program will run the macro attached to the next key pressed Get key Simply waits for a
20. re compilations were done The program culminated in version 2 1 in 2000 The fonts for LW were designed with the GLYPH font editor by Jack Prevost The source code was written with another of my programs XEDIT which is a text editor available in the Public Domain Its chief asset is its ability to handle files of up to 23K 11 5 WHY LW CAME INTO BEING For many years the excellent word processor TextPro in all its many incarnations took care of all my word processing needs bought AtariWriter Plus but only ever used it to proofread TextPro documents tried Mini Office 2 but the only thing liked about it was the print preview facility For ease of use and versatility still felt that TextPro was streets ahead of them both I d also read about The First XLEnt Word Processor which offered icons and a print preview facility knew nothing about the reputedly superb but unavailable Paperclip and had only read a review of Superscript which felt sure wouldn t well with my system What I really wished for was a program which had the facilities and programmability of TextPro the efficiency of AtariWriter Plus and the presentation and print preview of The First XLEnt WP I also wanted an easy way to include international characters my documents You now have a copy of the resultant program It s been a successful project from my point of view since now have the word processor always wanted on the Atari All it lacks is
21. section heading in place of the command You can follow the command with a space and a line of text for a title Say you structured your text as follows with your main text between these headings 11 TRANSPORT 12 BUSES 12 TRAINS 11 AMENITIES 2 LIBRARIES 12 LEISURE SWIMMING OTHER SPORTS The printout will be 1 TRANSPORT 1 1 BUSES 1 2 TRAINS 2 AMENITIES 2 1 LIBRARIES 2 2 LEISURE 2 2 1 SWIMMING 2 2 2 OTHER SPORTS The print formatter will work out the section headings when you print the text so you don t need to renumber the headings whenever you reorganize the document amp Reset heading levels This character simply resets all heading levels to their initial values of 1 Allows you to use more than one sequence of headings document 5 4 2 STAGE 2 COMMANDS The following commands can appear anywhere on a line even in headers and footers and affect individual lines of text or characters Some take parameters but most don t A handy way to enter these commands which saves pressing the inverse key two times is to enter them in conjunction with lt SELECT gt Print page number Embed in header and footer lines to print the current page number Centre line Following text on the line is centred This command be used to centre header footer text or any individual lines The centred line should end 5 24 Last Word 2 1 Reference Manual O lt n gt X lt n gt
22. selected with lt SHIFT CTRL n gt Select bank command where lt n gt is any one of the number keys lt 1 gt always calls up the main unexpanded bank while the other 9 numbers can be set up any way you wish From macros these same numbers follow the lt SELECT CTRL Z gt Settings command or inverse lt CTRL Z gt By default loaded clean with no config file LW uses no expanded RAM it assumes you have a stock unmodified 800 or 65XE The default configuration file LW CFG on the distribution disk also doesn t use expanded RAM but does include the bank values for a 130XE set up RAM Bank Masks on the configuration program menu lets you type a comma separated list up to 9 DECIMAL numbers of the values which will switch in the various banks you want to use LW ignores bits 0 1 and 7 of these numbers The 130XE uses bits 2 3 4 and 5 for bank selection The main bank is ALWAYS selected with decimal 48 which is bits 4 and 5 set The 130XE banked list is in order 0 4 8 and 12 These refer to the following banked regions 0 0000 3FFF 4 4000 7FFF 8 8000 SBFFF 12 0000 SFFFF If the banked list is 0 4 8 12 and you type in 4 for EXT Banks that config file will set LW up for all 4 extended banks If you type 1 EXT Banks just the 50000 5 bank will be available on lt SHIFT CTRL 2 gt You can arrange the banks any order you like 12 first in the list will put 5 000 SFFF
23. settings from the disk menu are also saved in the config file lt S gt pec Set the directory filename mask lt 1 0 gt Set the current drive Use the following commands to load and save different configurations during an editing session lt CTRL Q gt Load config lt SHIFT CTRL Q gt Save config Unless you supply your own filename extender CFG will be appended during both save and load One other command from the editor is lt SHIFT CTRL N gt Install Load alternative character set The character set information isn t saved in the config file To make a character set of your choice load a run time rename it LW FNT and put it on your LW work disk 8 37 Last Word 2 1 Reference Manual 8 2 USING THE CONFIGURATION PROGRAM The LW configuration program LWCONFIG COM should be loaded with internal BASIC disabled and no cartridges present This program allows you to set extra options such as screen colours the location of the HELP files and the default file extender if any to use for your documents when loading and saving files in LW LWCONFIG COM is very similar to the printer driver editor and has an identical form of presentation SpartaDOS users can type LWCONFIG lt filename gt at the command line to load the program with a configuration file any file with a extender you needn t type the extender to edit Once the program has loaded a menu appears offering the whole range of LW settings for
24. to search the path and will speed up the system 9 6 2 SPARTADOS X MEMORY CONFIGURATIONS If you have a 130XE or other expanded RAM machine you can achieve the largest possible paste bugger with LW by including in your CONFIG SYS file the line USE BANKED This will tell SoartaDOS X to use the uppermost expanded RAM bank for itself and will free up main memory for LW This configuration can yield a paste buffer of upwards of 4K in size even with the SpartaDOS keyboard buffer installed SpartaDOS X lets you specify how many banks to use for your RAM disks These banks are used from the top bank down so it s possible to set up a DOS bank a RAM disk and up to 2 extended text buffers for LW all sharing the extra 64K of RAM in a 130XE Of course with RAMBO or similar expanded machines many more configurations are possible Just calculate how many banks SpartaDOS X is using and you have the LOWEST banks left to configure for use as LW s text buffers When running LW with SpartaDOS X you can specify command line options as follows X LW files M c Ppath Q X Disable autorun macro or run macro c Set Search Path Disable Splash Screen Load Clean without any config font printer drivers or macros amp 9 44 Last Word 2 1 Reference Manual 10 LW COMMAND SUMMARY Below is a complete list of every command in the LW editor and print formatter In the first section editor comm
25. vanish once your text has been saved 3 3 TABULATION LW s tab ruler can be set up with your own tab stops which can then be saved with the configuration file These are the commands for editing the tab ruler lt SHIFT TAB gt Set tab at cursor position lt CTRL TAB gt Clear tab at cursor position lt SHIFT CTRL TAB gt Reset default tab stops lt SHIFT CTRL E gt Erase ALL tab stops 3 14 Last Word 2 1 Reference Manual 3 3 1 TABULATION MODES In insert mode the lt TAB gt key will insert as many spaces as necessary to get to the next tab stop In over type mode lt TAB gt will just skip over existing text and on to the next tab stop 3 4 PLACE MARKERS LW has system of markers which make navigating your text simplicity itself If you re working on section of text which you want to leave but will need to return to later mark it with a place marker lt SHIFT CTRL S gt Set place marker at cursor position Asks for which place marker 1 4 to set lt SHIFT CTRL G gt Goto place marker Asks for number of place marker to find Providing the place marker has been set and doesn t reside in text which has been deleted the cursor will jump to the position of the relevant marker 3 5 POSITION IN FILE Sometimes you need to know exactly the exact location of the cursor document lt CTRL gt Displays the number of bytes used by the document together with the cursor position starting at 1 3 6 ED
26. AND CTRL DELETE Delete Char at Cursor SHIFT DELETE Del Word Line Sent Para RETURN End of Paragraph 10 46 Last Word 2 1 Reference Manual CAPS Toggle Upper Lower Case SEE SET COMMAND CTRL CAPS Control Lock SHIFT CAPS Uppercase Lock INVERSE Inverse Normal Toggle SEE SET COMMAND SHIFT CTRL INV Convert Normal Inverse NONE SHIFT CTRL SPC Hard Space CTRL 1 Pause Listing NONE SHIFT CTRL 1 Select Main Text Bank SEE SET COMMAND SHIFT CTRL 2 0 Select Extended RAM Bank SEE SET COMMAND START Run Macro SELECT CHAR Enter Inverse Character OPTION Run Macro HELP Help System 10 2 SPECIAL KEYS These characters have special meanings when entered on the command line unless preceded by lt CTRL ESCAPE gt lt ESCAPE gt lt ESCAPE gt from macros KEY FUNCTION SPACE or CTRL P If typed when a filename is requested prints the device path name of the current file in the editor CTRL If typed when a filename is requested prints just the path name of the current file DELETE If the first key pressed during input will clear the input line and just leave the default device specifier ESCAPE or BREAK Abandons input CTRL ESCAPE Allows entry of control characters on the input line 10 3 MACRO COMMANDS The following commands are only available from within macros and are entered in inverse video
27. CONVENTIONS FOR MACROS Understanding how the keys in LW work may seem complex at first so before we step through some example macros let s recap lt CTRL ESCAPE gt allows you to enter control codes into the editor or into an input dialogue as lt ESCAPE gt on its own normally does in BASIC etc To get the escape code itself which appears in LW as a curved downward pointing arrow in the text press lt CTRL ESCAPE gt then lt ESCAPE gt lt CTRL ESCAPE gt pressed when text is marked will unmark the text as will lt BREAK gt or any text typed 7 34 Last Word 2 1 Reference Manual The lt ESCAPE gt symbol a macro duplicates lt CTRL ESCAPE gt typed at the keyboard To make a macro put the lt ESCAPE gt symbol into the editor include two consecutive lt ESCAPE gt symbols in the macro lt gt pressed at the keyboard runs macros from the editor lt 5 gt pressed outside the editor aborts the current operation n macros special macro commands and lt SHIFT CTRL gt commands are entered as INVERSE lt CTRL KEY gt COMMANDS Sorry if this seems complicated but it seems the best solution to having macros which need to describe lt SHIFT CTRL gt keys The best way to clarify matters is with a couple of examples Studying the macros supplied on the distribution disk will also help you to understand the LW macro language 7 4 EXAMPLE MACROS lt CTRL S gt in LW brings up th
28. F on lt SHIFT CTRL 2 gt but the assignments always start on this key and work right along the numbers You ll need to enter all values in decimal sorry If you have a 130XE just use the XE130 CFG file and modify it to use as many or as few banks as you want If you have some other set up consult the documentation for your RAM upgrade to see what values are required I ve left bit 6 available for alteration but not bit 7 the self test bit Hopefully this should cope with most memory set ups 8 39 Last Word 2 1 Reference Manual See section 9 DOS Packages and LW for a discussion of how to set up LW for expanded RAM on systems with RAM disks 8 3 CUSTOM FONTS Several alternative character sets all with the extender FNT are supplied on the distribution disk which can be loaded at any time with lt SHIFT CTRL N gt The MACRO FNT font is most suited to editing macros since the control characters are outlined letters The other fonts are cosmetic variations on the standard set and all include full international characters 8 40 Last Word 2 1 Reference Manual 9 DOS PACKAGES AND LW LW works with and configures itself for all the most popular DOS packages for Atari Computers This includes Atari DOS 2 0 2 5 Atari DOS XE MyDOS 4 5 Disk based SpartaDOS SpartaDOS X Even if your DOS isn t in this list LW may well work with it providing it follows the same basic ClO protocols as Atari DOS 9 1 MEMORY
29. IPLE 5 6 3 15 4 E A A EA 4 17 4 1 DISK OPERATIONS FROM THE 1 06 4 17 4 1 1 MIEWING FIES adi A 4 17 4 1 2 EXITING TO DO 4 17 4 2 THE EMV 4 17 4 2 1 SUBDIRECTORY FEATURES miinan clea ae Ride Ahern 4 19 5 PRINTING WITH LW dec cecil cette clade dec olds 5 20 5 1 5 20 Last Word 2 1 Reference Manual 5 2 KEEPING TRACK OF PAGINATION wi ceccscececeessetedstitcetesratieniaatbeceeprastendeantsdedepetteenbaateledaetavdesa aces 5 20 5 3 EDITOR PRINT COMMANDS p ren 5 20 5 4 EMBEDDED COMMANDS 5 20 5421 STAGE L COMMANDS irna a a a a aaa a aaeeio aaia 5 21 5 4 2 CREATING HANGING 5 5 26 pb 5 26 5 5 1 INTERNATIONAL CHARACTERS oerset eaa asea
30. ITING MULTIPLE FILES On expanded memory machines LW allows you to edit several files at once Setting up LW for your memory configuration is explained later in Configuring LW section 7 If LW is loaded clean i e with no configuration file if the file LW CFG cannot be accessed when the program is run the program is set up for a standard unexpanded machine with a single 15K text buffer The default LW CFG file duplicates these default settings However if you have an expanded 800XL 65XE or stock 130XE computer with no RAM disk you can replace LW CFG with XE130 CFG Copy XE130 CFG to your system disk and rename it LW CFG The next time you run LW you will have FIVE text banks available each of just over 15K in size You can switch between these banks with lt SHIFT CTRL n gt Select memory bank where lt n gt is a number from 1 to 9 or 0 which denotes 10 Note that banks beyond 5 can only be accessed when LW is configured for machines expanded to 192K and beyond see section 7 Configuring LW Bank 1 main memory is ALWAYS the main bank so you can see that a maximum of 9 banks of expanded RAM can be made available Each bank has the same 15K capacity and its own set of place markers and its own filename You can cut and paste between banks with ease and by keeping all the files of a large document in separate banks and by using the include bank print commands from the main file you can keep track of pagination as if you were editi
31. Number lt n gt Skip lt n gt Pages During Print lt gt Heading Level amp Reset Heading Levels Ignore to next Hyphen gt Comment line Soft Hyphen UP ARROW Superscript Toggle DOWN ARROW Subscript Toggle LEFT ARROW Add in 3 RIGHT ARROW Add in 4 Add in 5 Add in 6 10 49 Last Word 2 1 Reference Manual 11 PROGRAMMER S TECHNICAL NOTES This section first outlines LW s memory map then goes on to discuss some of the general ideas behind the program Don t expect masses of indigestible information This section isn t only for programmers If you re having problems running LW you ll want to check out the section on memory usage l Il also be talking about various tricks that LW employs and why it has turned out the way it has 11 1 ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE ADD INS Version 2 1 of LW presents assembly language programmers with the interesting opportunity of writing their own machine code routines to extend the functionality of the software These small binary routines must adhere to strict guidelines and are loaded into the macro buffer patching into hooks in the main program There are two unused editor commands and four print formatting directives which can be hooked into user written modules A toolkit for writing add ins will be available separately from the program author and will include a full equate list for the program example add ins and gui
32. Pro it incorporates some of the best facilities found in these programs with those of commercial packages such as AtariWriter Plus and The First XLEnt Word Processor This means LW offers Up to 240 column editing Editing of up to 5 files at once on a 130 Sophisticated keyboard macro language Easy icon driven operation or keyboard shortcuts 80 column print preview Full cut and paste features Search and replace including reverse search High speed operation even with large files On line help system Mini DOS style menu Support for DOS 2 5 MyDOS DOS SpartaDOS and SpartaDOS User definable tab ruler Customizable printer drivers Fully configurable operation All international characters visible on the screen Comprehensive print formatting commands Automatic heading levels Indents hyphenation and more Many commercial word processors force you to use a particular DOS package or are heavily copy protected and impossible to transfer to another disk LW was written to try and combine the unique features of several established word processors into a single commercial quality program possibly the last of its kind for the Atari Classic which works with virtually any DOS or memory configuration 1 2 ABOUT THE MANUAL This manual assumes basic familiarity with the Atari screen editor and keyboard Command keystrokes are enclosed in angle brackets lt and gt which should NOT
33. and page wait is active if selected Pause the output with lt CTRL 1 gt or by holding down lt SELECT gt or lt OPTION gt Pressing lt 5 gt at any time will skip to the next page and lt BREAK gt will return you to the editor 5 2 KEEPING TRACK OF PAGINATION lt CTRL gt Where s the cursor on the printed This is an innovation also seen on TextPro and simply prints the page and line number of the text under the cursor 5 3 EDITOR PRINT COMMANDS lt SHIFT CTRL P gt Print text This brings up a menu of 3 choices Pressing will send text straight to the printer Choosing 5 previews text in exactly the same way as lt CTRL V gt from the editor D allows you to type a filename and send formatted output to disk or another device default filename extender is PRN Note that the preview screen always becomes active when printing documents Output can be abandoned by pressing lt BREAK gt All the above commands will read any included files see later unless you comment out include statements This means that you can always know exactly where you are on the printed page even in documents made up of many different files 5 4 EMBEDDED COMMANDS LW has a wealth of print formatting commands which will allow you to tailor your printed output exactly to your needs Formatting commands follow these simple rules Formatting commands consist of 1 or 2 letter alphanumeric symbols entered in reverse video ofte
34. ands are described with their equivalent macro commands where different in the third column Where no macro command is listed the command is the same from within macros Remember that macro commands which duplicate lt SHIFT CTRL gt keystrokes are entered as INVERSE lt CTRL gt keystrokes 10 1 EDITOR COMMANDS COMMAND FUNCTION MACRO EQUIVALENT CTRLA Start of Line CTRLB False Spaces Toggle CTRLC Cut Marked Block CTRL D Disk Menu SHIFT CTRL D Load Printer Driver INVERSE CTRL D CTRLE End of File SHIFT CTRL E Erase all Tab Stops INVERSE CTRL CTRL Find String SHIFT CTRL F Select Find String INVERSE CTRL F CTRLG Global Search amp Replace SHIFT CTRL G Goto Place Marker INVERSE CTRL G CTRLH Home Start of Text SHIFT CTRL Set Disk Menu file mask INVERSE CTRL H 1 Merge File SHIFT CTRL Write Block to Disk INVERSE CTRL 1 CTRL J View File CTRL K Kill Paste Buffer CTRLL Load File CTRLM Mark Text Block SHIFT CTRL Load Macros INVERSE CTRL M CTRLN Show Number of Words SHIFT CTRL N Install Load Font INVERSE CTRL CTRLO Copy Marked Text SHIFT CTRL O Spool File INVERSE CTRL O CTRL P Paste Text Block SHIFT CTRL P Print File INVERSE CTRL P CTRLQ Load Configuration SHIFT CTRL Q Save Configuration INVERSE CTRLQ CTRLR Replace Found String 10 45 Last Word 2 1 Reference Manual
35. as if they were built in commands bypassing the prompts that usually whizz by on the command line Certain commands such as print view spool disk menu and the four macro commands which display prompt information re enable the display automatically 7 3 2 SPECIAL CHARACTERS lt 5 gt lt CTRL P gt Entered a filename dialogue will enter the device path and name of the current file lt CTRL N gt Entered in a filename dialogue will enter name of current file without device lt CTRL B gt uffer When pressed ANY input dialogue unless preceded by lt CTRL ESCAPE gt lt CTRL B gt will place the contents of the paste buffer or as much of it as will fit into the input line Using this method if you previously captured text with the Ask for Input command it can be transferred into any LW command which 7 33 Last Word 2 1 Reference Manual requires input Similarly you could cut text from the document and feed it into an LW command Note that if the input dialogue is associated with a filing operation the string will appear in uppercase In order to make these new commands as flexible as possible the device path name and path name variables are now accessible from ANY input dialogue Precede them with lt CTRL ESCAPE gt to type them literally 7 3 3 ENTERING OTHER COMMANDS FROM MACROS While lt ESCAPE gt is used to start macros from the editor from within a macro lt CTRL X gt does this job
36. ave otherwise been because the philosophy of structure and compactness was observed right from the first line of code despite the fact that the program contains some extremely tight machine code LW is the culmination of my 10 years of experimentation with Atari programming starting with BASIC then on to C and finally to Assembler haven t tried the Quick language from Germany or Action by OSS but honestly think that machine code is the best language to use if you need compactness and speed After many years flailing about with the Atari Macro Assembler finally wrote my own 11 51 Last Word 2 1 Reference Manual Assembler because wanted one which was worked with SpartaDOS X The result was a Macro Assembler called MA65 and writing it was the best thing ever did for my programming productivity MA65 was used to compile THE LAST WORD more times than care to remember and it can assemble the entire 130K of source code in about 8 minutes with a floppy drive and a RAM disk 11 4 DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING After nine years of thinking about writing a word processor finally began LW at the start of 1999 It took only 3 months to get a fully working version and a further 2 months to produce one which was reliable It was this test period during which used LW to write utility macros and the bulk of this documentation that highlighted bugs and design faults for later correction During this time probably hundreds of complete
37. be typed in Where two or more keys need to be pressed together these keys are linked with the plus sign 1 5 Last Word 2 1 Reference Manual This documentation was written using LW and incorporates several of the advanced page layout features of the program such as hanging indents and external files Studying these files will help you to understand LW s print formatter 1 3 STARTING LW To load LW from the distribution disk under DOS 2 5 you just need to put the disk in the drive and switch on the computer Any external application cartridges should first be removed LW will load automatically You can also load LW from the DOS 2 5 MyDOS menu by selecting Binary Load and typing AUTORUN SYS The procedure for DOS XE is similar but accomplished via the Machine Language Access Menu If you don t want LW to load automatically when you switch the computer on rename AUTORUN SYS to LW COM When LW loads it looks on the drive 1 for the following files and if it finds them loads them If a file isn t found default built in values are used LW CFG Configuration file sets up memory usage editor settings directory information and path for help files Created with the configuration editor LWCONFIG COM LW FNT Standard graphics 0 font which will be used the editor and throughout the program LW PDR Printer driver file created with the printer driver construction program LWPD COM LW MAC Macro file containing automate
38. ct RAM upgrades and configure text buffers accordingly The ability to read larger files or split files across text banks A special SpartaDOS X version of the program which uses RAM under the Operating System providing a 24K main text buffer Whether any of these features see the light of day remains to be seen Only with the advent of fast PC based emulation and through the medium of Internet based communities has The Last Word finally seen the light of day It s still fun to see what can be done with the Atari 8 though 11 7 CORRESPONDENCE Any enquiries bug reports etc should be addressed to me Jonathan Halliday at haljazz hotmail com 11 53 Last Word 2 1 Reference Manual 11 54
39. d user written command sequences If a macro is defined for the key it will be run immediately See section 6 1 3 1 LOADING LW FROM SPARTADOS If you use SpartaDOS or any other command line DOS you will probably first want to rename AUTORUN SYS to LW COM This file can then be run from the command processor as desired If you use SpartaDOS or SpartaDOS X you MUST disable internal BASIC before running LW With SpartaDOS type BASIC OFF then LW If you use SpartaDOS X load LW with the command X LW 1 6 Last Word 2 1 Reference Manual An added bonus with SpartaDOS is that you can specify a file to edit on the command line after the program name such as LW LETTER TXT Or X LW LETTER TXT LW will attempt to load LETTER TXT automatically If the file isn t found LW will present you with an empty file with the name that you typed on the command line If you use SpartaDOS X LW will look in the PATH for the configuration files listed above at run time and whenever these files are loaded during an editing session See section 8 1 4 BASIC OPERATION You can begin using LW without reading this manual If you get stuck press the lt HELP gt key then a number 1 to 9 or 0 If you don t read the manual however you ll be missing out on a huge amount of invaluable information 1 4 1 THE EDIT SCREEN To begin using LW load the program as described above and take a moment to familiarize yourself with the editing sc
40. d 7 of the byte are used Bit 6 is also tested with the BIT command and will be transferred to the overflow flag Branching is done with BVC and BVS These techniques don t really yield space savings when long strings of flags are being cleared it s as easy to load a O and store it in the flags But when widely dispersed flag sets clears are necessary the savings can soon mount up 11 3 PROGRAM DESIGN LW handles the text in memory in a special way in order to achieve its speed While many word processors hold text as a contiguously in memory LW uses a pointer system to ensure that the free memory in the buffer is always directly in front of the cursor Therefore when you type there is no slowdown in the editor regardless of the size of the file The text is moved through memory as you move the cursor through the it When the screen refresh routine hits the location of the cursor it jumps over the free memory in the buffer and displays the rest of the text which is right at the top of the buffer Although LW is written in compact assembly language it is still a modular program No code is duplicated and to save space subroutines are used instead of in line macro code The reduction in code size achieved by using subroutines can be considerable Of course there s always a trade off between speed and structure In time critical sections the quick and dirty approach often has to be used But LW was easier to develop than it might h
41. d with message ending in lt RETURN gt just as you would with the macro print message command This message becomes the input prompt Any following text appears as the default contents of the input field To actually get input from the user you MUST include the lt CTRL L gt ine Input macro command as normal The macro will then pause allowing the text entry until lt RETURN gt is pressed The input is sent to the paste buffer and overwrites its contents even if a null string was entered If the lt CTRL B gt ranch Macro is used before the Ask command the branch will occur if the input string was EMPTY The input string can be pasted into the document in the same way as any normal paste operation It can also be inserted into a filename search replace input line with the lt CTRL B gt command see below The Ask for Input command has virtually unlimited scope for macro development allowing the creation of truly interactive professional looking applications Just remember that the contents of the paste buffer are lost when this command is used lt CTRL B gt Branch to macro Use this macro to create a branching condition Follow with a macro identifier before LOAD MACROS command and the program will attempt to run this macro as soon as the new macros are loaded Used before a FIND command LW will branch to the macro if the string is NOT FOUND Used before a GOTO MARKER NEXT MARKER PREVIOUS MARKER command the branch will occur if the
42. delines for writing your own modules 11 2 MEMORY USAGE The main LW COM program is only 20K long and nearly 2K of this code is the loading screen initialization segment which is abandoned once the program has loaded 2K of the remaining code is taken up with font data and messages The program loads at 2800 and extends up to 3FFF skips 54000 57 then occupies 8000 SABC2 The remaining RAM region SBFOO SBFFF is used for the macro buffer and the screen display 4000 S7FFF area is avoided since this is where the 130XE switches in the extra RAM banks and LW s text buffer resides here no matter what computer you have LW also uses several other regions for data storage including the entire upper half of page zero 580 SFF ALL memory from 3FD to S6FF is used by LW for buffers This area includes the OS cassette buffer which you re hopefully unlikely to need It doesn t matter if DOS corrupts this memory if you do an exit to DOS LW doesn t rely on the buffers being intact if you re run the program from DOS at 52800 You SHOULD ensure however that no resident handlers use these RAM regions otherwise conflicts with LW will certainly occur For example a type ahead keyboard buffer which resides in Page 6 S600 S6FF would NOT be useable with LW LW uses no memory under the Operating System hence its compatibility with most DOSes and yet still allows 1K for the screen display a further 2K for the print preview screen 1K f
43. dented by lt n gt spaces from the left margin Right paragraph indent All following text up the next lt RETURN gt will be indented by lt n gt spaces from the right margin Left header footer margin default 10 This works like the lt I gt command but sets the margin for the headers and footers which don t obey the normal left margin The reason for this is in case the left and right margins are altered within the text If these alterations crossed a page boundary headers and footers which shared those margins might not be properly aligned Right header footer margin default 70 As above but for the right margin Set starting page number default is 1 To begin numbering a document with a page number of 3 set lt n gt to lt 3 gt Page select lt n gt is the number of pages to skip during printing and defaults to 0 Use this command with a parameter of lt 1 gt to print only the odd pages ina document lt 2 gt to print every third page etc To print the even pages set page select to lt 1 gt and lt a gt first page to print to lt 2 gt Useful for creating multi pass 5 23 Last Word 2 1 Reference Manual double column documents or pages where the headers and footers are offset for binding purposes You can print the odd pages with blocked right footers then set up blocked left footers and print the even numbered pages lt gt Set heading level lt n gt can range from 1 9 This prints an automatic
44. e can be easily avoided 7 2 RUNNING MACROS Macros are executed in one of two ways Pressing lt ESCAPE gt then the key the macro is attached to Holding down lt OPTION gt then pressing the key the macro is attached to The lt ESCAPE gt activation approach allows macro activation to be captured by a keyboard buffer if you have one 7 30 Last Word 2 1 Reference Manual lt START gt Pressed on its own will run the lt gt macro should one exist This is another throwback to TextPro The key macro will be run at start up in the LW MAC macro file if it exists this feature was also present in TextPro The way lt ESCAPE gt triggers macros is one reason lt CTRL ESCAPE gt or lt SHIFT ESCAPE gt is necessary to enter control characters in the editor and input dialogues Another reason is that wanted to make lt ESCAPE gt an abort key at all other times 7 3 SPECIAL MACRO COMMANDS As with TextPro the special macro commands are entered as INVERSE lt CTRL KEY gt characters and are only available from within macros You type these with lt CTRL ESCAPE gt followed by either lt INVERSE gt lt CTRL KEY gt then lt INVERSE gt again or lt SELECT CTRL KEY gt which is another TextPro feature which has been emulated to make the typing of the odd inverse character less of a hassle lt CTRL A gt Ask for Input String This command obtains string input from the user on the command line Follow the comman
45. e save dialogue The current filename is already there all you have to do is press lt RETURN gt Say you want to save your file at regular intervals under the same name during an editing session You can automate this with a macro Make sure the editor is empty press lt CTRL CLEAR gt then and load the macro editing font with lt SHIFT CTRL N gt lt o gt for Other then MACRO lt RETURN gt We ll put this macro on the s key so that to run it you ll just type lt ESCAPE gt then the lt s gt key Type lt s gt then lt SELECT gt and the equals sign lt gt together That means the following text is attached to the lt s gt key You should have a lower case 5 and an inverse equate on the screen Now press lt CTRL ESCAPE gt then lt CTRL S gt This should put an outlined 5 on the screen We want to automate the lt RETURN gt key stroke in the save dialogue so we just press lt RETURN gt to complete the save command If the save operation is successful it would be nice to have a message saying the file has been saved Type lt CTRL ESCAPE gt then lt SELECT CTRL V gt You should have an outlined V on the second screen line Now type WITHOUT THE QUOTES Document Saved and press lt RETURN gt That s the macro finished Save it under the name 5 for now clear the editor and load the macro into the macro buffer with the lt SHIFT CTRL M gt load macros command Now if you load a text file wh
46. ed Number of words and bytes in block Lowercase block Uppercase block Un invert text in block Invert text in block Kill paste Empties the paste buffer 2 11 Last Word 2 1 Reference Manual 2 5 FINDING AND REPLACING TEXT LW has extensive search features which work both forwards and backwards through the text Searches can be either case sensitive or insensitive Search and replace operations can be performed either individually or on the whole file with or without confirmation lt SHIFT CTRL F gt Define find string This option allows you to type in the text you wish to search for up to 30 characters The program will then move the cursor to the next occurrence of the string lt CTRL F gt Find string This will move the cursor to the next occurrence of the previously defined string lt CTRL U gt Upwards find string Searches backwards for the previously defined string lt CTRL R gt Replace string Once a string has been found with lt CTRL F gt or lt CTRL U gt this command will change it to the replace string lt SHIFT CTRL R gt Define replace string lt CTRL G gt Global search and replace Allows you to type a search string and a replace string then attempts to replace each occurrence of the search string with the replace string Unless the command is run from a macro the first time the string is found a menu will appear asking if you wish to lt C gt hange lt gt Change lt
47. enever you press lt ESCAPE gt then lt s gt the file will be automatically saved back to disk and Document Saved will appear on the message line Note that LW distinguishes between upper and lower case when running macros so if you want a macro to run regardless of what case the keyboard is in you need to add another definition In this case if you wanted uppercase lt S gt to run the same macro you would add to the macro lt S gt lt SELECT EQUALS SIGN gt lt CTRL ESCAPE gt lt SELECT CTRL X gt then a lowercase lt s gt This simply makes the uppercase lt S gt run the lowercase lt s gt macro ANOTHER EXAMPLE 7 35 Last Word 2 1 Reference Manual The above example was pretty simple let s try something a little more complex LW doesn t have a command to transpose mistyped characters but we can create this command using macro Note this macro is included in the LW MAC macro supplied on the distribution disk along with macros to transpose words and paragraphs We ll write the transpose adjacent characters macro first We ll put this macro on lt ESCAPE gt lt CTRL T gt for transpose To make entry of this macro easier first type lt CTRL CAPS gt to go into control mode This feature disables LW s commands enabling you to type control keys without preceding them with lt CTRL ESCAPE gt If you need to make corrections type lt CTRL CAPS gt again to turn off control mode Now with an empty edito
48. extension PDR to configure itself for various printers At run time LW will attempt to load LW PDR so you can have the settings in this file available every time you run the program If LW PDR can t be found LW uses its own default printer driver which supports no special formatting and will send documents to the printer completely clean You can load printer drivers at any time during an editing session with lt SHIFT CTRL D gt Load printer driver Just type a filename as usual PDR will be appended if you supply no extender Printer driver files translate the styling commands for italics underline boldface etc as well as international characters into codes specific to your printer 6 2 THE PRINTER DRIVER EDITOR The printer driver editor WPD COM should be loaded from DOS with BASIC disabled NOTE With SpartaDOS you can include the name of a printer driver file on the command line It has a simple menu interface which allows you to select the items you want to change with a wide highlight bar and pick extra options from a menu at the foot of the screen by typing the highlighted letters The options in the left column allow you to set up on off toggles for italics and other printer features Each code string can be up to 7 bytes in length Just highlight the option with the cursor keys press lt RETURN gt and the codes from your printer manual separated by commas If codes are already present you can edit them with a
49. from the printer s character set u with an acute accent which has to be coaxed out by software The country specific character set we need for the u acute can t be selected with the DIP switches so the printer driver needs to send out the appropriate codes before printing international characters In the printer driver editor under International ON enter 27 82 12 and under International OFF enter 27 82 0 This will select the appropriate character set whenever international characters are printed The bottom line of the screen allows you to enter what actual code should be sent to the printer for each international character Only 1 code is allowed for each letter but remember that every character will be preceded and followed by the on and off code sequences if they are present Save your printer driver press 5 and call it LW PDR if you want it to load automatically at run time Now if you run LW with this printer driver installed and type any international characters in your text they should print out correctly on your LC 10 The procedure for most EPSON compatibles should be very similar although unfortunately haven t had access to such equipment while writing this manual personally use a Canon BJ 200ex bubble jet printer set up in EPSON emulation mode and the printer driver described above works perfectly with the Canon once the DIP switches are set correctly 6 28 Last Word 2 1 Reference Manual I ve
50. full range of cursor controls 6 3 CREATING A PRINTER DRIVER Let s step through creating a printer driver for an EPSON compatible STAR LC 10 printer not that you need to since an EPSON driver is supplied but it will do as an example First run LWPD COM without loading in a printer driver You ll need your printer manual to hand Move the highlight bar to Italics ON and press lt RETURN gt Codes will appear on the status line This is where you type the code sequence which switches on italics on your printer 6 27 Last Word 2 1 Reference Manual In your printer manual find the codes for ITALICS ON For the EPSON compatible example the sequence is 27 52 Type these two numbers separated a comma and press lt RETURN gt Italic off would be 27 53 you enter this the next category directly below All 5 pairs of ON OFF toggles work in just the same way In a document the first lt i gt in a file will turn italics on the second off the third on again and so on see initialization string later The second column allows you to set up print styles accessed from the LW print processor by lt s gt lt n gt both in inverse video where n is any digit from 0 9 You can have 10 sequences of 7 characters each which can set up any printer features you like Below the second column is an entry called Initialization This is a string of up to 10 codes which will be sent to the printer at the beginning of every doc
51. fy fully All following text will be aligned flush with both the left and right Margins Set the left margin The default is 10 Take care not to do foolish things like making the left margin bigger than the right etc The print formatted includes some error checking but will print garbage if you set impossible margins Margin outdent by lt n gt chars as in this line This outdents the next line of text Subsequent lines revert to the normal margin The line is properly lengthened to fill the extra space This paragraph uses a paragraph indent and a margin outdent on the first line creating a hanging indent NOTE To aid in alignment the outdented part of the line will be unaffected by full justification Also an outdented line cannot be centred or flushed right New page The optional argument will make the command begin a new page only if fewer than lt n gt lines remain on the current page Page length This is the overall length of the page including the top and bottom margins Default is 66 Set Right margin This is the rightmost column in which text will print Default is 70 5 22 Last Word 2 1 Reference Manual S lt n gt T lt n gt V lt fspec gt W lt n gt Y lt n gt Z lt n gt gt lt n gt lt lt n gt lt n gt lt gt lt gt lt gt Print style lt gt is 0 9 This sends of 10 non printing control sequences to the printer These sequences are set up
52. has macro commands which cannot normally be accessed from the keyboard Note While the macro language is functionally similar to that of TextPro the actual mechanics of the LW macro processor are entirely different The numerous functional similarities are designed to make the transition from TextPro to LW as painless as possible LW macros follow exactly the same structure as TextPro macros i e they are created from within the editor and take the form lt macro key gt lt gt lt macro text gt where lt macro key gt is any single character lt gt is an INVERSE equals sign and lt macro text gt can be any combination of commands or text you want While LW macros look a lot like those of TextPro and offer the same facilities the commands are completely different and macros in LW run at a much greater speed You can also set up null macros from LW which are handy when writing recursive subroutines Note that an active macro can be prematurely terminated with the lt BREAK gt key 7 1 LOADING MACROS Load a macro file with the command lt SHIFT CTRL M gt Load macro file Type the name of the file and press return Macros are saved as normal files from the editor The macro file should not exceed 1K 1024 bytes This is an important consideration if you are going to convert macros from TextPro which has a 2K macro buffer However by avoiding large macro files and opting instead for smaller interactive macros problems of buffer siz
53. hat defined in the supplied configuration file LW CFG is TXT You can change this however or disable it altogether by using the configuration editor The first time you save a file the name you give it becomes the default for subsequent saves which will NOT alter the default name To load previously written text press lt CTRL L gt Load text A prompt will appear with a default drive specifier You can edit this with lt DELETE gt for another drive if necessary then type a filename and press lt RETURN gt 1 4 3 BASIC CONFIGURATION You can configure LW to suit yourself Pressing lt SHIFT CTRL Q gt Save configuration will allow you to save the configuration to disk The file will automatically be given the default extender CFG and you should call the file LW CFG if you want your new preferences to be available the next time you boot the program As described above LW normally wraps words to the next line if they don t fit as you type You can turn this feature off with lt CTRL W gt Word wrap toggle By default in LW lt RETURN gt characters appear as inverse curved arrows You can make them invisible with lt SHIFT CTRL CLR gt Toggle visible returns When words are wrapped the screen line is padded out with false spaces These aren t actually part of the text and are just a guide If you don t want to see them toggle the feature with lt CTRL B gt Toggle false spaces These are just a few of the sett
54. have your address or other frequently used text passages attached to a macro or have a macro which merges in sections of text from disk at the cursor position Check the supplied macro files to get an idea of the diverse applications of macros 7 36 Last Word 2 1 Reference Manual 8 CONFIGURING LW You can configure LW so that it always loads with the settings you prefer You can even load different configurations part way through an editing session You can set up everything from screen colour to additional banks of RAM for text 8 1 CONFIGURATION OPTIONS IN THE EDITOR The following commands toggle or set up various LW features and these settings are all saved in the configuration file They can all be set up from the configuration program with the exception of the tab ruler Not all the options in the configuration program can be altered from the editor during an editing session only those options which are likely to need changing once the program is up and running are available lt CTRL B gt Toggle false spaces lt CTRL T gt Toggle visible returns lt CTRL W gt Toggle word wrap lt CTRL TAB gt Clear tab stop at current column lt SHIFT TAB gt Set tab stop at current column lt SHIFT CTRL E gt Erase all tab stops lt SHIFT CTRL TAB gt Reset default tab stops lt SHIFT CTRL W gt Set number of screen columns 5 240 lt SHIFT CTRL INS gt Toggle Insert Over type modes lt CAPS gt Toggle Upper Lower case Several
55. he disk management functions you could possibly need right inside the program so an exit to DOS in the middle of an editing session shouldn t be necessary 9 6 1 THE SPARTADOS X PATH An important feature only present in SpartaDOS X is the search path This is the environment variable called PATH and contains a list of all the drives directories which should be searched when an executable file is called up by the command processor The PATH can also be searched by applications however and LW searches the path when loading fonts macros printer drivers and configurations unless you explicitly supply paths for these files as well as its help screens If you use SpartaDOS X format a disk and create a subdirectory called LW Copy all the LW files you want macros help files etc into this directory Now create a CONFIG SYS file which includes the path of the LW directory in the PATH environment variable such as PATH CAR A gt LW Now not only can you load LW from any working directory on the system LW will also be able to find its configuration files This powerful feature makes the creation of interactive macros easy since LW will always search the path when loading macro files 9 43 Last Word 2 1 Reference Manual You may also want to set the help path using LWCONFIG COM so that it points to your LW directory by entering D1 gt LW gt LW HP1 This will allow LW to look for help files without even having
56. hem See the SpartaDOS section for details of how to make LW load its configuration files from a drive directory other than D1 9 5 DISK BASED SPARTADOS SpartaDOS is easily the best DOS for use with LW and probably with any compatible application SpartaDOS offers the lowest possible MEMLO settings leaving you with more space for the paste buffer and any resident handlers LW can have a paste buffer of around 4K with the smallest versions of this DOS SpartaDOS switches internal BASIC in and out from the command line so LW REQUIRES that you do a BASIC OFF command before loading Any other external cartridges must also be removed You can specify a file to edit on the command line after the program name and LW will attempt to load the file when it initializes From the disk menu you can traverse the directory tree with ease without having to type any names and you can create and delete subdirectories at will You can set up multiple memory banks to share with the RAM disk driver You can exit to DOS then re run LW by simply typing RUN with no address and be back in the editor in the same bank and the exact same position in the file that you were in before you went to DOS LW is fully compatible with the SpartaDOS Time Date line and keyboard buffer The configuration program offers you the chance to alter the help path so you can keep your help files on any drive directory in the system 9 42 Last Word 2 1 Reference Manual A
57. hestdeuedeecvsunesteasdveadbersiens 7 35 82 E 8 37 8 1 CONFIGURATION OPTIONS IN THE 8 37 8 2 USING THE CONFIGURATION 8 38 8 2 1 SETTING UP MULTIPLE 5 8 38 6 92 CUSTOM FONTS tbe 8 40 9 DOS PACKAGES AND EW ives 9 41 9 1 MEMORY REQUIREMENTS 9 41 92x ATARI DOS Caal 9 41 9 3 5 9 42 9 MYDOS A 9 42 9 5 5 5 9 42 9 6 5 9 43 9 0 1 THESRARTADOS X PATH renei 9 43 Last Word 2 1 Reference Manual 9 6 2 SPARTADOS X MEMORY 65 9 44 10
58. his allows you to set whether search operations are case sensitive whether they prompt for confirmation global and whether wildcards are allowed or simply treated as normal text 2 13 Last Word 2 1 Reference Manual 3 ADDITIONAL EDITOR FEATURES LW includes many features to aid in the editing of text such as place markers pagination guides and tabulation The range of facilities available makes LW one of the most complete word processors for the Atari 3 1 COUNTING WORDS LW s fast word count will instantly tell you how many words are in the current document lt CTRL N gt Will display the number of words in the document together with the size of the document in bytes If you use this command while text is marked only the words in the block will be counted and the number of bytes displayed will reflect the size of the marked block Unlike many other word processors LW s word count only counts actual text and not embedded printer commands Anything typed in reverse video is ignored by the word count Unfortunately this does mean that header footer definitions and filename arguments are still counted since these are typed in normal video so you will need to allow for this when counting words 3 2 EDITED TEXT INDICATOR If text in any LW memory bank has been changed without being saved the word Save will appear in the middle of the status line This is to remind you to save any vulnerable work The reminder will
59. ill be broken where the soft hyphen is embedded and a hyphen printed at the end of the line If the word fits onto the line no hyphen is printed Hard hyphen underscore Normal hyphens between words allow the line to be split at that point Use a hard hyphen instead to prevent this happening Hard space can also be an inverse space Use hard spaces between words to force them to always be printed on the same line A quick way to enter a hard space is with lt SHIFT CTRL SPACE gt Ignore to closing brace Everything up to the next inverse closing brace is ignored by the print processor Comment line everything until the next Return is ignored by the print processor Toggle superscript on or off Toggle subscript on or off 5 25 Last Word 2 1 Reference Manual LEFT ARROW Add in 3 RIGHT ARROW Add in 4 Add in 5 Add in 6 5 4 2 CREATING HANGING INDENTS It s easy to create true hanging indents using LW s paragraph indent and margin release commands Say you wanted to indent the next paragraph by 15 columns but have the first line flush with the original left margin Just include the line gt 15m15 lt RETURN gt Remember to type the line in inverse video 5 5 OTHER PRINT FEATURES Extraneous spaces following the end of a line not terminated by a lt RETURN gt are suppressed at the beginning of the next line This means sentences with two or more spaces following the full stop will not leave e
60. in the printer driver editor and can each consist of any codes you like up to 7 bytes each Handy for selecting fonts or print styles not supported by print style directives see later Set top margin default 5 This sets the number of blank lines which will print at the top of each page Leave enough lines for your running header if you ve set one up Verbose include file This sends the named file to the printer regardless of its contents The file could be a printable bit image enabling you to include graphics in your document this won t show on the preview screen however If you include a graphic ensure you adjust the page length and bottom margin accordingly Turn page wait lt 1 gt or off lt 0 gt The default may be either depending on the configuration Used for single sheet printing it will pause and wait for a keystroke at the end of each page This also works during print preview Press escape at the prompt to abandon the print preview operation Note that the key press is NEVER taken from a macro This is so that page prompts won t steal subsequent macro keystrokes and knock a macro out of step when printing is finished Line spacing default of 1 means no blank lines between each line of text lt 2 gt will print in double spacing Last page to print Stops printing at page lt n gt Left paragraph indent Used to indent the paragraph you re reading All following text up to the next lt RETURN gt will be in
61. ings saved in the configuration For further information on configuring LW see section 7 1 8 Last Word 2 1 Reference Manual 2 EDITOR COMMANDS LW s commands are all accessed by key combinations Once you become familiar with LW s keystrokes a wealth of advanced commands becomes instantly available 2 1 CURSOR MOVEMENT The following commands allow rapid cursor movement around the text lt CTRL LEFT ARROW gt Cursor left lt CTRL RIGHT ARROW gt Cursor right lt CTRL UP ARROW gt Cursor up lt CTRL DOWN ARROW gt Cursor down lt Tab gt Next tab stop if in Over Type Mode lt CTRL A gt Start of line lt CTRL Z gt End of line lt SHIFT LEFT ARROW gt Previous start of sentence lt SHIFT RIGHT ARROW gt Start of next sentence lt SHIFT UP ARROW gt Previous start of paragraph lt SHIFT DOWN ARROW gt Start of next paragraph lt SHIFT CTRL UP ARROW gt Screen up lt SHIFT CTRL DOWN gt Screen down lt CTRL H or START gt Top of screen then top of file lt CTRL E gt End of file 2 2 ENTRY MODES These commands affect various setting in the editor lt SHIFT CTRL INS gt Toggle insert amp over type modes In insert mode text after the cursor is pushed along as you type and closes up when you press lt DELETE gt In over type mode new text overwrites existing text Notice that the operation of the lt TAB gt key differs depending on which mode the editor is in lt CAPS gt Toggle upper lowercase
62. ll the subdirectory DOSes including SpartaDOS let you put all your LW files in a subdirectory then when you want to run LW you can make the directory the default then run the program This also means can change LW s set up by running it from within different subdirectories But what if you want to run LW from anywhere in the system without worrying about which directory you re in Or if you want LW to look on a different drive altogether If you want to do either of these things you need to run the LWPATH COM utility which allows you to actually change the LW COM file itself so that LW looks for its configuration files on whichever drive and in whatever directory you choose You need to tell the program where to find LW COM then you ll be offered the chance to change the config path You MUST enter the drive specifier optional path and LW no quotes When running LW with SpartaDOS you can specify command line options as follows LW files M c Ppath Q X Disable autorun macro or run macro c Set Search Path Disable Splash Screen Load Clean without any config font printer drivers or macros amp 9 6 SPARTADOS X LW was developed under SpartaDOS X and takes advantage of many of its advanced features That includes all the facilities of disk based SpartaDOS versions with the exception of re run after an exit to DOS memory is corrupted by SpartaDOS X However LW has most of t
63. n followed by numeric or textual arguments Formatting commands may be in either upper or lowercase Numeric arguments of formatting commands are entered in reverse video 5 20 Last Word 2 1 Reference Manual String arguments footer lines header lines and filenames are entered in normal video Stage 1 formatting commands either singly or grouped together must be the first things on line They may be optionally terminated with a lt RETURN gt Formatting commands must not contain extraneous spaces Here are some examples of print formatting commands the letters enclosed in angle brackets are inverse lt I gt lt 2 gt lt 0 gt lt RETURN gt Sets the left margin to 20 lt gt lt 2 gt lt 0 gt lt gt lt 6 gt lt gt Sets the left margin to 20 the right to 60 then prints hello 20 spaces from the left of the page lt f gt lt c gt Page lt gt lt RETURN gt Defines a running footer which prints the current page number 5 4 1 STAGE 1 COMMANDS The following commands entered as inverse characters in upper or lower case affect the size and layout of the page Generally they should be the first things on a line Where numeric arguments are required n these are entered also in reverse video directly after the command Several commands be placed together consecutively on a line Commands may be followed by a lt RETURN gt which will NOT print A lt n gt First page to print
64. ng a single contiguous file 3 15 Last Word 2 1 Reference Manual For maximum convenience you will be returned to the current text bank even after lt RESET gt or an exit to DOS followed by a re run Note that when configurations are loaded during an editing session with the lt CTRL Q gt Load Config command bank information in the configuration file is ignored It is therefore impossible to change editing bank configurations after the program has loaded This was done to preclude the possibility of losing unsaved text by accidentally locking out an expanded bank Using SpartaDOS the X Cart or a modified DOS 2 5 or MyDOS it is possible to configure LW to share expanded memory with one or more RAM disks This is explained fully in section 7 3 16 Last Word 2 1 Reference Manual 4 DISK OPERATIONS LW allows full manipulation of files and directories and has support for many different DOS packages The mini DOS menu allows viewing loading deleting renaming and copying of files at the touch of a key The menu displays a scrolling window onto an alphabetically sorted directory list of up to 128 filenames Files can be viewed on screen just as they appear in the editor without being loaded into memory 4 1 DISK OPERATIONS FROM THE EDITOR In addition to the lt CTRL L gt oad and lt CTRL S gt ave commands the following file handling features are available from the editor 4 1 1 VIEWING FILES lt CTRL J gt Vie
65. nt directory providing DOS used supports subdirectories Exit the directory menu Unlock highlighted file Lock highlighted file Format the disk Leave the program and go to DOS 4 18 Last Word 2 1 Reference Manual DRIVE lt 1 gt lt 0 gt Catalogue drive 1 9 denote the corresponding drive number and 0 denotes unnumbered drive D This is important if you want to enter MyDOS subdirectories S lt O gt rt This option will present a menu asking whether to sort the directory by name extender or none Any other key will leave the setting which is saved in the configuration unaltered None will turn off the sorting function With Ext name has second priority in the sort order and vice versa 4 2 1 SUBDIRECTORY FEATURES The following options only work with DOSes which support subdirectories gt Catalogue the highlighted directory Only used with Subdirectory oriented DOSes lt Go back up one level towards the root directory DOS specific as above 4 19 Last Word 2 1 Reference Manual 5 PRINTING WITH LW LW s print processor is one of the most comprehensive of any Atari word processor Useful features abound to make life easier when printing complex documents 5 1 PREVIEWING TEXT lt CTRL V gt Preview printed pages icon magnifying glass over lined paper Text is sent to a 10 line 80 column window almost exactly as it will appear when printed Page breaks appear as rows of dashes
66. nted document and are entered in inverse video in lower or upper case All numeric arguments should also be in inverse video use lt SELECT KEY gt to enter a single character in inverse video Filenames and header footer lines should be entered as normal text terminated with lt RETURN gt COMMAND FUNCTION DEFAULT VALUE A lt n gt First page to print 1 B lt n gt Bottom Margin 61 C lt line gt Centre Line D Double strike Toggle E lt line gt Edge Line Right F lt line gt Define Running Footer G lt file gt Include File G lt n gt Include Text Bank H lt line gt Define Running Header Italic Toggle J lt n gt Justification 0 L lt n gt Left Margin 10 M lt n gt Margin Outdent N lt n gt New Page conditional 0 O lt n gt Output Control Code P lt n gt Page Length 66 10 48 Last Word 2 1 Reference Manual R lt n gt Right Margin 70 S lt n gt Print Style T lt n gt Top Margin 5 U Underline Toggle V lt file gt Verbatim dump to Printer W lt n gt Page Wait 0 X lt n gt Output Printing Code Y lt n gt Line Spacing 1 Z lt n gt Last Page to Print gt lt n gt Left Paragraph Indent lt lt n gt Right Paragraph Indent lt n gt Left Head Footer Margin 10 lt n gt Right Head Footer Margin 70 lt n gt Set Starting Page Number 1 Insert Page
67. or the macro buffer and over 15K for each text buffer One thing which has allowed LW to be crammed into such a small amount of code is the placing of almost all the program s variables in Page Zero RAM The entire upper half of Page Zero is used by LW This is made possible by the fact that unlike LW makes no calls to the OS s floating point arithmetic routines which require SD4 SFF for themselves In fact LW doesn t even make any calls to CIO for 11 50 Last Word 2 1 Reference Manual screen output it uses its own custom print routine The screen editor device is abandoned when the program starts and only opened again upon exit to DOS This use of page 0 instead of absolute addresses makes LW between twenty and thirty percent smaller than it might otherwise have been It also means the program runs significantly faster There are other techniques which save on code space LW uses many memory locations as flags which are only ever on or off These flags are tested using the 6502 BIT instruction which means only bit 7 needs to be set or cleared So instead of storing 0 in the flag to clear it and 128 to set it to clear it use LSR lt address gt which puts bit 7 with only 2 bytes of code To set it have used SEC ROR lt address gt Which is only 3 bytes providing lt address gt is on page 0 The other bits in the byte are of no significance although occasionally more precision is required if both bits 6 an
68. r as before type lt CTRL T gt Now type lt SELECT EQUALS SIGN gt Type lt CTRL M gt This means we are about to mark a block Now type lt CTRL RIGHT ARROW gt When the macro runs this will define the character under the cursor as a marked block Next type lt CTRL C gt This is the Cut Marked Text command and will send that character to the paste buffer Now type lt CTRL RIGHT ARROW again to move the cursor over the next character Next type lt CTRL P gt This will paste the original character to the right of the character that followed it Finally type lt CTRL LEFT ARROW gt to move the cursor back to its original position We ll finish with a message for a neat effect Type lt CTRL V gt the print message command then type Characters Transposed and end with lt RETURND gt You ll now need to take the editor out of control mode by typing lt CTRL CAPS gt Save the macro then load it as described previously Now when you press lt ESCAPE gt then lt CTRL T gt then character under the cursor will swapped with the one to its right and a message to that effect will be displayed 7 5 MACRO SUMMARY As you can see the scope of the macro language is governed only by your imagination If you think of something LW doesn t do chances are it s possible to construct the feature you want using a macro And LW is fast enough to make your macros execute seamlessly as if they were built in features of the program You can
69. reen You ll see a tab ruler line along the top which scrolls horizontally if you define a screen wider than 40 columns below that a 20 line editing window and at the foot of the screen two lines for status information The flashing cursor indicates the current typing position Until you press a key the first line of status information will be the title and version of the program thereafter it will default to the name of the file currently in memory Until you load file or give it a name it will be called UNNAMED TXT Entering text in LW is easy just type as you normally would pressing lt RETURN gt only at the end of a paragraph and letting the program wrap words at the ends of lines Cursor keys lt DELETE BK SP gt and lt INSERT gt keys behave exactly as you would expect When you re ready to save your text you can follow one of two procedures outlined below 1 4 2 SAVING AND LOADING TEXT To save the text in memory to disk press lt CTRL S gt Save text A prompt will appear with a default filename Either press lt RETURN gt to accept this name or type a new one the old one will disappear automatically After you press lt RETURN gt your text will be written to disk If an error occurs you ll be informed To abort the save operation just press lt Esc gt 1 7 Last Word 2 1 Reference Manual If you type no extender LW will append one of your choosing before opening the file The default extender and t
70. sor Insert spaces to next tab stop if in Insert Mode Delete character to right of cursor Delete a lt W gt ord lt L gt ine lt S gt entence or lt P gt aragraph Respond to the prompt by pressing the highlighted letter or lt ESCAPE gt to cancel Pressing lt RETURN gt defaults to DELETE LINE Deleted text will fill up the paste buffer from the beginning Paste the text back into the main buffer with lt CTRL P gt or lt SHIFT INSERT gt Insert previously deleted text Paste or insert previously deleted text same as above Erase all text Erase all text same as above 2 4 MOVING AND COPYING WITH TEXT BLOCKS The following commands allow blocks of text to be marked then moved copied or deleted 2 10 Last Word 2 1 Reference Manual lt CTRL M gt lt CTRL C gt lt CTRL O gt lt DELETE gt lt SHIFT CTRL I gt lt CTRL I gt lt CTRL N gt lt CTRL Y gt lt SHIFT CTRL Y gt lt CTRL gt lt CTRL gt lt CTRL K gt Mark or highlight block Before a block can be copied moved or deleted it must be marked Use this command to define the starting point of your block Subsequently as you move the cursor the text between the marked beginning and the cursor position will be inverted You can also mark the end of a block then cursor back to the beginning Several other block commands only work once a block has been defined in this way To un mark a highlighted block of text press lt CTRL
71. sted in this way up to a depth of 128 Set toggles and test flags Follow with one of the characters below Put the keyboard into uppercase L Put keyboard into lowercase Set insert mode 7 32 Last Word 2 1 Reference Manual O Set overtype mode 1 9 or 0 0 10 Select the appropriate text bank when multiple banks are set up Bank 1 is always the MAIN unextended bank and 2 10 correspond to banks of extended memory B Select the text bank the program was in when the macro was Called H Hide the screen display U Turn the screen on again These parameters should be in normal video and each setting requires a separate lt CTRL Z gt As well as setting flags the lt CTRL Z gt command can also test certain conditions M Test for block marking S Test if any text is already selected Test for file edits since the text memory was last saved You would precede these tests with a macro branch command The branch will occur if the above conditions are FALSE 7 3 1 DISABLING THE SCREEN FROM MACROS You can use the lt SELECT CTRL Z gt set toggles command to turn the display on and off from within a macro Follow with to hide any screen updates a V make them visible Nothing is actually printed to the screen when the display is disabled the display will immediately change to reflect any changes made by the macro when it is switched on again This is a great way to make macros run
72. supplied the EPSON printer driver along with drivers for all the Atari printers Although don t own an Atari printer was able to figure out the codes they use by making AtariWriter Plus think had one hooked up then printing to disk and studying the output Note that not all Atari printers support features like italics and boldface trust these drivers work well with the actual equipment Some work may be required to coax international characters out of your printer However even if your printer doesn t support them there are plenty of utilities for downloading fonts to printers Just download a font which emulates the Atari international character set set up a printer driver and you re good to go Being able to print international characters without fuss was one of the key reasons that LW was written in the first place wanted a word processor which had them visible on the screen and didn t require special commands in the middle of a document After years spent using print keys and a custom reversed out character set with TextPro I think I ve finally come up with a more workable solution 6 29 Last Word 2 1 Reference Manual 7 THE LW MACRO LANGUAGE Macros are one of the most important features of LW Macros allow entirely new commands to be created from the existing features of the program and recalled at the touch of a key The macro facility is similar to that seen on programs like TextPro and Superscript Like TextPro LW
73. t S gt PEC lt CTRL L gt OAD lt V gt IEW lt D gt EL ETE lt R gt EN AME lt C gt OPY lt M gt KDIR lt ESC gt lt U gt NLOCK lt L gt OCK lt F gt ORMAT lt gt Set the directory search mask Use this to narrow expand the criteria for the directory search Load the file under the selector bar View the file under the selector bar Same as view from the editor Delete the file under the selector bar If the deletion is successful the filename is removed from the list Asks for a new name and renames the highlighted file The entry in the list is changed to the new name and correctly interprets any wildcards Asks for the name of the new file into which you want to copy the contents of the highlighted file You can type a new drive number add a subdirectory path if your DOS supports them and include wildcards If you want to make a copy of the file under the same name but on a different drive type the drive identifier then Files of any length may be copied even those which won t fit into the LW editor NOTE The copy operation utilizes the unused part of the current text bank as a buffer The more unused memory there is the faster the copy operation will be so you will want to be in the bank with plenty of unused memory before you copy anything A completely full bank actually has 1 spare byte so copy will still work with it albeit agonizingly slowly Create a new directory in the curre
74. the right etc Note that you can set the Wildcard character for the search and replace functions Change it from to something else if you think you ll want to include a question mark as a literal character in a search replace string 8 2 1 SETTING UP MULTIPLE TEXT BUFFERS Another of LW s most powerful features is its ability to use up to 9416K banks of expanded RAM for multiple text buffers The program puts no restrictions on what kind of memory expansion can be used you re free to set up the bank switching values for whatever memory you have 8 38 Last Word 2 1 Reference Manual The obvious application of this is for a standard 130XE with 4 additional edit buffers of 15871 bytes each LW uses 512 bytes from each bank for special storage purposes giving a total text capacity of 79355 bytes including the main standard RAM bank The files are always kept separate unlike AtariWriter Plus but may be linked together when printed by using include bank commands You can have upwards of 10 000 words of text instantly available in memory and by having include bank commands in the main bank bank 1 you can keep track of pagination with the lt CTRL gt command or preview the whole document with lt CTRL V gt without once having to access a file However it goes without saying or should that unless you save your files regularly a mishap with all this text on board could be disastrous From the main program banks are
75. ument Initializing the printer is a useful precaution against toggles such as underline and boldface getting out of step if printing is halted before these features are turned off then recommenced The best thing to put in the initialization string are the codes to reset the printer turning off all special features like underlining or proportional spacing See the supplied printer drivers for examples many Atari printers the 1029 for one have no print styling features and therefore require no initialization strings An alternative for the EPSON driver to that supplied is 27 64 which is the command to reset the printer If you don t want an initialization string sent to the printer delete any numbers under Initialization and press lt RETURN gt At the bottom of the screen we have toggles and codes for international characters The STAR LC 10 manual has various character sets selectable from software or DIP switches We re interested in IBM character set 2 since it contains most of the Atari international character set in the codes 128 255 Normally these print as italicised versions of normal characters so you will want to select the IBM set 2 with the DIP switches There is a main bank of 12 DIP switches on the LC 10 To get the characters we want out of the printer set switch 1 6 Printer Mode to ON Standard and 1 7 to OFF Graphics The other switches can be set according to your preferences There is one character still missing
76. w file From the editor this allows you to enter a filename and view the file in scrolling window on the screen complete with word wrap Pause the listing with lt CTRL 1 gt or by holding down one of the three console keys lt SHIFT CTRL O gt Spool file This is the same as view file but words are not wrapped and returns never visible regardless of the current editor settings Useful for alternative help screens etc from within macros 4 1 2 EXITING TO DOS To finish using LW and go to DOS type lt CTRL X gt Exit to DOS and respond Y to the prompt first ensuring all your work has been saved If you have MEM SAV active or use Disk Based SpartaDOS you can go from DOS straight back to your text by running at address 2800 4 2 THE LW DISK MENU The various facilities on the disk menu are accessed by pressing the highlighted keys on the menu at the foot of the screen The highlight bar is moved with the cursor keys pressed either with or without lt CTRL gt lt SHIFT CURSOR KEYS gt will send the selector bar to the start or end of the directory 4 17 Last Word 2 1 Reference Manual lt CTRL D gt lt SHIFT CTRL H gt Disk menu This calls the mini DOS menu which reads in a full disk directory and displays up to forty entries at once on the screen As above but allows the user to specify the directory file mask before calling the disk menu The following options are available on the menu l
77. xtra spaces at the start of the next line should the line break occur directly after the full stop Missing arguments and illegal commands will produce error messages and halt printing 5 5 1 INTERNATIONAL CHARACTERS LW supports the Atari international character set with printed output which directly matches the preview display Characters with ASCII codes from 0 26 and codes 96 and 123 can be re defined so they send the actual codes to the printer which correspond to the foreign characters in the Atari international character set You can set up any characters you like but unless they correspond to the standard international set they won t be represented correctly on the preview screen This feature is set up with the printer driver editor see PRINTER DRIVERS 5 6 CONFIGURING THE PRINT FORMATTER The print formatter defaults for the following margins can be set with the configuration editor LWCONFIG COM LEFT RIGHT MARGIN LEFT RIGHT HEADER FOOTER MARGIN TOP BOTTOM MARGINS HEADER FOOTER OFFSETS See Section 8 Configuring LW for more information 5 26 Last Word 2 1 Reference Manual 6 CONFIGURING LW FOR YOUR PRINTER You can customize LW s print styling commands to suit any kind of printer Toggles can be set up for italics bold underlining superscript and subscript and up to 10 further styling commands can be defined for any purpose you can think of 6 1 PRINTER DRIVERS LW uses printer driver files with the

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