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Pythagoras 12.00 - Pythagoras Software

1. rich text Y point text or real NULL GermanYX dependent rich text E point text or real NULL GermanYX rich text independent synonym RW may be also used N point text or real NULL GermanYX rich text independent synonym HW may be also used Z point real NULL LENGTH line arc circle real sum of values for all spline lines arcs circles clothoid path splines clothoids and or compound paths PERIMETER polygon or real sum of values for all compound polygons BEARING line real NULL DELTAZ line arc real NULL spline clothoid or path SLOPELENGTH line arc circle real sum of values for all For splines length is spline lines arcs circles calculated now instead clothoid path splines clothoids and of slope length or compound paths SLOPEPERIMETE polygon or real sum of values for all R compound polygons STARTINGPOINT line arc or graphic NULL clothoid object ENDPOINT line arc or graphic NULL clothoid object RADIUS arc or circle real NULL APERTURE arc real NULL CENTER arc or circle XY NULL MINZ spline real NULL MAXZ spline real NULL CONTENT text or rich text string NULL AREA polygon or real sum of values for all compound elements being polygons Pythagoras specific functions Function First argument Second argument Result Comment name type DISTANCE XY or graphic object XY or graphic object real this function returns NULL of o
2. 79 LR 79 SELECT cam am tam tds o 79 ln 79 COT itte eph roS a rc DID I RPE AE RIMIS REI SPe RL SOMES TEU AEN ERRAMAO A NP RS COMIDA 81 COPY AT M M ERR P 81 Pythagoras GlipbOard 3 0 d nde d teta d rtr doe det dee EE Pado aate 82 25 e 82 Copy Active Terrain Model decies eene ede dee Ra eR deer ieee 82 PASTE i cina Goad stall ntead cade QUUA FAR E cu R 82 PASTE SPEGIAD s Qe meds dadas e ea RES IP T eite 82 GEEAB E 83 cM E I 83 MOVE MTM ON RR EMEN 84 ROTATE did at ERU UE RMCRORRNOUONURE KARATRE RAXRY ARE MART LERENQHUAE enue ahasananabn MARI IE RERIYEDE UMEXREBE 84 eC 84 DELETE COORDINATE SYSTEM e CURA FARE 85 einen eed ashe beet SARE A ORAS anda 85 Save All Edited Images tenent ence nee c e nei 8
3. eie Pad eden tek ee epe 122 Coordinate EISE ioi ced en e e a e 122 golden 122 Adjust Elevation zisi sioe enl bibe alimoniam imita 123 Change Comme ntsc opel dd add o dd din 123 there une uen aiat uiis 123 CHAPTER 5 THE DEFAULTS 125 ad 125 HJSER DEFAUETSS itor teet bu estu Gs tette du bf un 125 POINT STYLE LINE STYLE LINE WIDTH LINE 125 LIBRARY SYMBOLS LINE STYLE DOCUMENT SYMBOLS LINE STYLE 125 cocotte con dadas te Seed edad No deed des Rasta ca adalat see telis Sees tutup 125 POLYGONS E P M 126 DISPEAVEEVEL ratte 126 6 126 DEFAULTS RE 126 User Defaults Manager x C oe ee b te be 126 List or User Deraults 5 tei tii 126 a EOI a M 127 DAVE suea naa a 127 DOC MENT DEFAULTS eoe EE Id Io E anena an ie tates aaa medina ds 127 GonfirmiOperatlon o eit iet ne d edipi a ra e
4. 65 145 2 iets 127 Rich 104 105 Road Bed acces vetns nunciis 163 Road Design 32 71 141 154 155 158 169 171 172 Index iot icri e rb e st 38 Run nennen 98 DAVE ois het dehet 45 85 127 139 150 158 AS Lube t erii i hr ee 45 55 Saving System 210 Scale 52 59 67 69 70 119 127 138 139 146 169 Scale dependent 59 Select 58 67 75 76 79 80 82 84 95 96 97 98 100 104 111 161 Select Sheet Print 74 Selecting Coordinate Reference System 40 Selecting 100 Selecting Rectangular or Polar Coordinates 42 Selecting the Coordinate System 42 Selection 99 Semantics tese a RR EORR 178 Series 8 51 47 55 IE ERU 75 Sheet 4202444 74 SMCS
5. 176 dete 176 Separating dots 2st E 176 176 tem Separator cit lad Pace ut it ee teed 176 Parentlieses ache entities pbi 177 Bo chfczpus cja cc 177 177 LOG ANIZ ATOM i sich sa set cece T e 177 CHAPTER 2 SYNTAX AND 178 DATA TYRES 5 eU 178 TYPE COCTCIOM t o He aee te be ee Ede 178 NULE VAT UE O 178 COMPARISON 8 ennemi 179 ARITHMETIG OPERATIONS tte ete de pem det eve 180 Una ry MINUS 228s 180 cet Eo ERE REA 180 Dae 180 Multiplication tton Eee e en eo reve E ota vere t ge v eet Ee 181 Bui MC 181 SIPING concateriation R A dE ERI EBEN A d
6. 68 Create Patterns EE 70 Greate Typical Sections ipii ii ute PF E E sede tuna EMT S a Aa 71 Import System dae 71 Export SystemriSymbols 24 ntn d o e ed tdt e dts 71 lies 71 Eoad Macro lIbrary 5 m iei He ct dn et igdantau iind 71 Macro library Manager xx sete eoe to ret edd ts 72 2 red debate ree dE 72 Import System Macros ete oe ne eeu e p PR RE RED eee n 72 Export System MaG OS r red rid aries ete ha dipole 73 TIEBOINTSs ur A Uu 73 SELECT SHEET PBINT SHBET eei ena s 74 Sheet manager adi apta a e eH idi 74 cdi mei 75 so te bolts ida eue bou oue abu opea poo Re D e poA ELE bone ba 75 SELECT PRINT AREA e ES 75 WT S 76 REGENT 78 Q 78 dud capui de Dr equ Padus 78 CHAPTER 2 THE 2 79
7. 127 Scale of Page Coordinate System entree nennen nnne 127 Next Point N mboer er rero een Slee en eee don aca beret Seale 127 Bearing of the Drawing Led ie Ed e deii 128 Set Coordinate Reference 128 4 129 Bep 129 TA VATRTO 1E MiTo BE e RECETA REPE UELLE 129 Times iaceret ettet tette eitis 130 Data c 130 e ED 131 loads estu 131 CHAPTER 6 THE VIEW eise sei p ceo ers 135 ZOOM Ilio ai D EIS 135 ZOOM OUT 3 cesta 136 AGTUAL SIZE M e dU uud 136 EDEN INDOWSS Pod e D 136 DISPLAY VIEW esit sanie 136 LEGEND 138 OBIECT INGO CD eem 138 c EDDIE 138 Data gratuit Prset E irte are id faded em Ape ep 139 Into te e teda fu 140 Open External um ue ue de ee 140 Ghioose External File aetema Sa
8. 153 CHAPTER T CONCEPTS 154 THE PLAN WINDOW scii 154 THE PROFILE WINDOW epe e EG td e 154 THE CROSS SECTION WINDOW te ccs csc au 155 TYPICAL GROSS SECTIONS ua nbn P oe Dv pra ca 155 FINISHING PROFILES AND CROSS SECTIONS 0 0 0 0 156 CHAPTER 2 MENU ITEMS 157 1 uz anaes 157 2 EDIT A 159 3 TOOLS MENU E E EUM 160 4 TRANSITION MENU bo tee etico edite be 163 5 DEFAULTS MENUS ie eds tede eu td it E etae 169 aue toe Wo ond senda ies ds 170 Te CGALCULATIONS M NU e 172 CHAPTER 1 GENERAL 175 luz iz lm E 175 175 er xa 176 FUNCTION
9. 16 SHIFT ec 201 Shift LOCK aii 202 Shift TAB 203 Shortcut Keys e eee 199 SICAD SQD esee 50 53 58 Slope 152 Slope 2 151 Sape uiuit ace tantuin ire dae 125 Snapping edo EEATT 9 85 SPACEBAR nn deett rete iocis 201 Spatial 24 Spatial Interpolation 29 66 ET 106 Stake OUt 58 Standard oen reed re ee venda 142 standard 131 String f nctions Aen bees 187 SVyle neue 68 69 70 80 95 116 118 125 Subdocument sene 142 Subdocument 60 9 60 76 138 164 167 168 Swap 108 Symbol 11 36 67 68 69 70 103 104 119 121 Symbols 11 54 67 68 69 70 71 te mci teu futu pee coi den 178 System tables cerei eredi 22 TAB Key epos mu eL M 202 Table ten pm eH 49 56 57 64 Table columns eee 21 Jable VIeWer intet et
10. Function name Argument type Result type Comment UTCTOLOCAL date time date time LOCALTOUTC date time date time DATE date time date TIME date time time time of day YEAR date time or date integer MONTH date time or date integer January 1 DAY date time or date integer day of month DAY time integer number of full days HOUR date time or time integer 0 23 date time or time integer 0 59 SECOND date time or time integer 0 59 The following functions compose date and time values Function Arguments meanings Result Comment name and types type DATETIME date and time date time DATETIME year month day hour date time arguments may be minute and second all omitted beginning integers from hour DATE year month and day date all integers TIME day hour minute and time the argument day is second all integers the number of full days arguments may be omitted beginning from hour String functions Function Arguments Result Comment name meanings and type types EN string integer EFT string and String left substring of specified length length integer if the specified length is greater than the actual length the whole string is returned RIGHT string and String right substring of specified length integer length if the specified length is greater than the actual length
11. ster an ose 37 CHAPTERS 00 38 ASCI EDITOR a e e b 38 o 38 VBA EDITOR B e 39 CHAPTER 10 40 Selecting Coordinate Reference 40 Copying Attributes properties of a selected 40 Applying Attributes properties to selected 40 Measuring the next detail point and Staking out the selected 41 Making Layer Active acute cete cde dee cr recte doce o ee 41 Making a User Default enne nennen nnne nnns 41 Macro buttons Pythagoras 41 CHAPTER 11 THE PYTHAGORAS CONTROL 42 Selecting the Coordinate 42 Selecting Rectangular Polar or Chainage 42 PART 1 MENU FUNCTIONS 2222 43 CHAPTER 1 THE FILE z 0 cee e Ee ca Coo eaa ce rin 44 NEW
12. Sata tie Danas hie a Poste ite hose te ae 29 SPATIAL INTERPOLATION 522 asd eed ee es en 29 CHAPTER 6 TERRAIN 5 30 CREATING DI Mss ies eda des dich PRIMUM Em 30 CALCULATIONS ON DEM iier dnb ieee RE UR 31 1 doves tenes oett cene eee praese ete ma eer eap otav aene ext E tue iet a gen RENT EE uda 31 510656 5 32 Road BI pP 32 OPERATIONS ON 32 CHAPTER 7 5 34 PYTHAGORAS itis netto ILLAE 34 PYTHAGORAS MACRO LIBRARIES 0 0 35 MANAGING 102 21 rne ree ree 35 CHAPTER 8 5 222 252 was ver iwl 36 GRAPHIGAL AT FRIBUTES 350 teed aden e On dps 36 USER DEFAULTES 36 DOCUMENT DEFAULTS vr i I Ies inb i e 37 PREFERENCES ate Gorn mode
13. Select The Redo command reverses the Undo command Find The Select command Edit Select can select all points alllines alltexts all polygons all paths all coordinate systems all objects The all applies to the visible layers and either to the objects defined in Page coordinates or the objects defined in Local and Global and user coordinates depending on the coordinate system currently selected Reference This function Edit Find Find or the putton in the Toolbar allows you to search for objects that satisfy specific criteria The found objects can subsequently be selected For example search all blue texts in layer Test select all lines that are not red and are in layer Test The Edit Menu 79 You can search for specific object types points paths polygons roads images You can also search for lines or specific types of lines straight lines arcs circles curves or spirals You can also search for either simple text or rich text objects In addition you can define how to handle groups for each search either as separate objects or as group objects This option influences the highlighting and counting of found objects By selecting the System Attributes Tab you can specify more search criteria Note A Rich Text object will be found only if the complete text has the specified attributes Possible criteria Color objects must h
14. AS DM A KA AD MIA a st 19 TABLES EE 19 Attrib te tables Red MINIM e edv 20 Dictionary tables ee aee E ab ueni eee bibe die 20 Tables and 20 TABLE COLUMNS 1 x ioci e t eb o D deed o E i ve P e A t er EE T E ved 21 INDEXING SS AID MCA 21 REFERENCES ctione tus a Eos 22 SYSTEM TABLES PREDEFINED 6 2 eee me 22 DATABASE dz icce 23 Simus c EEUU 23 Aggregation VIeWS ee beers abeo aide tese i idee M Eee Ed 24 Spatial aggregaltilon x etant Eee tumet ats 24 Validity and 25 TABLE VIEWER xa a MEME MM MAS 25 DATA AND STRUCTURE PROTECTION 0 111 6 6 rre rre rre rre trino re 25 CHAPTER 4 EXPRESSIONS 27 CHAPTER 5 THEMATIC 5 28 EXAMPLE THEMATIG 2 2 Footer ve ted E ctc de Fiesta tad o Ox Rob te Lot E Reha 28 DEFINING GONBDITIONS ote te edet
15. Pythagoras 12 00 The standard for both surveyors and civil engineers Manuel de R f rence N NY Information in this document is subject to change without notice and does not represent any commitment on the part of Pythagoras BVBA Software described in this document which has been developed by Pythagoras BVBA may not be copied by or for third parties without the prior written authorization of Pythagoras BVBA Pythagoras CAD GIS V12 Reference Guide March 11 2010 Trademarks Microsoft MS DOS and Windows are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines Corporation C Copyright Pythagoras BVBA All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced transmitted transcribed stored in a retrieval system or translated into any language in any form by any means without written permission of Pythagoras BVBA Table of Contents REFERENCE cogat esc crenata eae Imc itu 1 PARTI CONCEPTS AND 2 CHAPTER 1 COORDINATE 5 5 5 4 COORDINATE REFERENCE 5 5 65 0 000 4 Tae POIDS eto OE etes em RE LER I M EE i eo Le Eh PM b 6 THE LOCAL COORDINATE 5 5
16. Every point can be changed to a symbol The coordinates of the hotspot of the symbol will in that case correspond with the coordinates of the point The Rich Text Editor Tools Object Rich Text allows you to type texts with specific formatting You could consider this a dressed down word processor Most basic functions that you find in a word processor you will also find here Most functions will not require an explanation but we would like to point out a few handy features that will make your life read drawing easier Quick key click the text symbol in the control panel while holding down the CTRL key When selecting this function the cursor will change in a You can now draw the text area by clicking and dragging a rectangular area i e press and hold down the left mouse button then drag the cursor over the screen Depending on the direction that you drag your mouse the window will have different characteristics with respect to alignment a Click drag down The text block will be top aligned b Click and drag up The text block will be bottom aligned c Click and drag to the right The text block will be left aligned d Click and drag to the left The text block will be right aligned e To align a text block centered you can make use of the menu option Format gt Alignment Center Reference e Aligning the text block is independent of the alignment of the conte
17. The imported data can be either a DXF DWG file a SHAPE file an SQD file a coordinate list data from a data collector an image or a list of images In addition if the Pythagoras drawing contains a table information can be imported from a text file directly into the table Note Imported text files can be opened directly from within Pythagoras by selecting the menu item Open Text File IMPORTANT When importing in a User coordinate system the elevation of all points in the imported file is considered relative to the elevation of the origin of the UCS A Coordinate List is a text file containing the point numbers and the coordinates of multiple points The structure of a coordinate list file is described in appendix A A coordinate list can be made with almost any word processor or with spreadsheet programs Microsoft Excel Lotus 123 etc When you import a coordinate list File Import Coordinate List the coordinates in the file are considered to be in the coordinate system you have selected When the local coordinate system is selected the coordinates in the coordinate list are Local coordinates When a user coordinate system is selected the coordinates in the file are regarded in the selected user coordinate system The elevation is relative to the elevation of the origin of the coordinate system Import in page coordinates isn t possible Before importing a coordinate list you need to set the Pythagoras
18. 6 128 147 se ans 101 102 86602 ee Le SS cei Re Eo Manet 14 110 Ep 52 80 95 98 121 10 59 141 adde ce cito entere 138 l Gxemes teria cr nb NS dd 175 Library 117 Library Pattern tente 119 Line 68 69 70 88 89 90 91 92 93 101 102 103 116 117 118 120 125 Lirie attribUtes a eere tete e 36 127 LING Style uhi 68 69 116 125 Line Styles 5 enmt 11 68 69 70 ine Width zie eet eee 117 111 Erw A 58 122 Lodi an 77 131 133 Load 71 Local Coordinate System 4 7 8 Logical 184 Macro Libraries reto 35 Macro buttons Pythagoras VBA 41 Macro editor ect Fen Die ees 72 Macro library 72 Macros 2 34 35 41 71 73 Mail Merge rne meme en 62 Make 149 Making a Layer 41 Making a User Default Active 41 96 110 112 125
19. The combination of the 2 previous shortcuts allows you to quickly assign the attributes of an object on the drawing to another object CTRL Double click on a point The elevation Z of the point can be changed in the control panel CTRL Double click on a text The text will be rotated over 180 degrees Join function When you click once on the second object only the first will be trimmed or extended But when instead you double click on the second object also the second object will be trimmed or extended d During the creation of a perpendicular line parallel line parallel path object text When you double click on the reference object the reference object remains selected after Appendix B Shortcut Keys 205 the creation of the object The selection is removed by using the ESC key or the SPACEBAR When double clicking on a line it is possible to check the Turn around box This mirrors the line style It is quite obvious with asymmetric line styles Middle mouse button a Double click Same as the menu command Fit in Window b CTRL Double click If no link to an external file exists yet Same as the menu command Choose External File If a link to an external file already exists Same as the menu command Open External File Appendix C Place Holders Place holders can be used in a Pythagoras text field not in a Rich text field Specific information will be filled out in place of the
20. item allows you to change the content of selected texts into a new text This new text can be typed as usual or may be selected from a list of pre defined texts To pre define texts refer to this topic further in this manual The Polygon Pattern command Format Polygon Pattern changes the fill pattern of a polygon to one of the following fill patterns no fill pattern horizontal pattern vertical pattern diagonal pattern upward direction diagonal pattern downward direction cross pattern single boundary double boundary single boundary open double boundary open 100 black 7596 dark gray 50 gray 25 light gray 1296 very light gray When a new polygon is created it will have no fill pattern Library Pattern This command Format Library Pattern allows you to choose a pattern for the selected polygons from an existing library Document Pattern This command Format Document Pattern allows you to choose document pattern for the selected polygons Polygon With this command Format Polygon you can change the specific properties pattern border etc of the selected polygons Note Double clicking on a polygon allows you to you change more properties layer color etc Scale Symbol The Format gt Scale gt Symbol command allows you to scale a symbol in the x and y direction Negative values can be entered to mir
21. Delete Coordinate System Adapt The Delete Coordinate System command Edit Delete Coordinate System will remove the selected active coordinate system Save All Edited Images Convert to polylines edited images cut off erasing can be saved into a folder The names of the images remain the same This function Edit 5 Adapt Save Edited Images is only activated when more than one image is modified This means that this function will not be activated when a drawing contains just 1 image In this case you ll need to double click on the image to save the changes with another name This command Adapt Convert to polylines converts strings of lines into polylines The reduced number of objects after this operation is an advantage The big disadvantage is the loss of points point numbers and comments Snapping to the points is still possible This conversion will occur for the selected objects in ALL visible layers It is advisable to use this function only on layers which contain background information and which are not used to make constructions Local gt Page This function Edit Adapt Local gt moves objects from the Local CS to the Page CS Page Local This function Adapt gt Local moves objects from the Page CS to the Local CS Group The Group command Edit Group will combine the selected o
22. Do not use these commands to position your main drawing relative to the page The Select Print area command is provided for this purpose see PART Il gt Chapter 1 Select Print Area Duplicate The Rotate command Edit Rotate allows you to rotate selected objects around a given position When the Rotate command is selected you need first to click on a point around which the selected objects will be rotated Next you drag the selected objects around this object Warning The Hotate command changes the coordinates of the points rotated Do not use these commands to position your main drawing relative to the page The Select Print area command is provided for this purpose see PART II Chapter 1 Select Print Area Texts are normally automatically oriented so that they are not displayed upside down even when the document is rotated There are however 2 exceptions e When you select a single text and turn it upside down the new orientation is retained Dimensioning of points relative to a reference line xy offset will always place the dimensions in the direction of the reference line The Duplicate command Edit Duplicate will make copy of the selected objects The duplicated objects will be placed on the drawing at a small distance of the original objects and will be selected Note e Duplicated points will not get a point number e Comments belonging to objects will not be copied
23. Line width Color Layer You can also set the precision of the calculation There are two possibilities e With a given number of steps e With a distance between the theoretical profiles It is obvious that the higher the number of steps or the lower the distance between the profiles the more precise the result will be Remark After you make your design and you click in the menu File gt Convert to drawing WHILE pressing the CTRL key This is not the normal way but the result is mathematically better with CTRL key pressed The road objects are split up into arcs spirals and tangents in the ground plan Without CTRL key those are converted into a spline containing only straight lines but you will be able to give colors layers etc to the splines All elements from your design will be included in your ground plan drawing Distances and angles can be measured the drawing can be exported to DXF DWG Quit The Quit command closes all the windows on your screen and ends the Pythagoras session If you have made changes to the drawing but have not saved them Pythagoras will present a dialog box for each non saved drawing When you quit Pythagoras saves all session information to a file The session information file PY THAGOR DEF contains the defaults and preferences that were set at the moment you quit Pythagoras The next time you start Pythagoras this session information will be restored Tools Transition Defa
24. PYTHAGOR LIB PYTHAGOR MLB PYTHAGOR DEF PYTHAGOR PLB e See the paths where Pythagoras system files are stored e Specify other places to store these files e Import system files obtained from other users computers You can copy the system files from the indicated locations using any file managing program you like Index Index A ett sth aie eerte 204 neni eee reet 204 Key nere eerie 204 CE 204 Li Keys dtt eite e metae 204 NOP KY siii cero Meam LP Mr ect 203 c e 203 Key acis eite e i mee t 204 uu lp 203 Duc ERR 203 2 terrain 000 148 SD i edt 151 BADOUE cir i 78 Accuracy 131 Active em 141 Actual Size scias cen etes 136 Adapt scrape xi 85 109 Adjust Elevation 123 148 Affine 2 147 Aggregate 190 2 23 60 61 E 97 101 121 Aligned Rich 105 ALT key aeree 199 96 111 112 123 137 Annotations 5 e ferret oes 129 Applying Attrib
25. Pythagoras will give you a warning and switch off this option If you have selected some objects in advance checking the Only selected objects option will filter the source table list and leave only those tables that refer to the selected objects Google Earth Reference e Sorting The output file can be sorted either in ascending or in descending order by the column that you choose from the list Also you can insert the column headers into the output file by checking the option First row will contain column names Though this option is only enabled if you are exporting a text file Some additional settings for text encoding decimal sign and date and time format can be made in a separate dialog by pressing the button Advanced e Column lists The list on the left contains all columns of the selected table If you are exporting an attribute table you can add columns of system tables such as Comment Layer etc by checking the option Include system fields The columns selected in the left list will be transferred to the right side when you press the green arrow gt Then you can edit the list of exported columns with the buttons under it and change the column sequence or delete the unnecessary once Pres the Ok button after you are finished with the export settings and Pythagoras will proceed with exporting the table and will show you a log file with results Pythagoras drawings can now be exported to Go
26. Ste tetra ten aub i 101 JOIN OBJECTS 101 OUT sar 102 DIVIDE OBJECT a 103 INTERSECTION 2 e ed pue n tpe 103 103 CUTOFF ea aves 103 IEW EC BAEC RC 104 iul Wa a ae a a es eA eed ee 104 geni m 104 Aligned RICM m 106 le ea tee i ae deer 106 Spital e eet ee dee ed acl dde Ule ec diee 106 EDIT LINE eect suceeded Ata abe nee eect Mu Mua ada 107 EDIT OI b ieee eee MAMMA COTE 107 EDIT POLYGON t pet o Dette e Aiea ees 108 EDIT RATH unito ads 108 EDIT 108 m 108 2 109 8 2 CWNrno cm m 109 HEREDI 109 Add Vertex utto ferie note eoim fe tu ee 110 D
27. 145 4 2 VAS IL MILL it 145 TRANSFORMATION M 146 2 POUMS er 146 Helmert transformation s t etr ee t eee cc tec ette or e S PR a 146 Affine transformation eee do de eue ek ene n inen o xe ene e ena 147 Adj st Elevation i 5 Ee eR e n e FERE Seanad 148 To other aii tee i NR Seeding eae ethene ovarian eee ames i 148 DN rA MR CUR en MEM ed Mr 148 Terrain Model 148 Combine 2 Terrain 6 148 Remove Boundary 149 Make Delaunay i tete ee ege e cete codd dde eti eit cogi d 149 Change Elevation Re ate Ee d PERLE edt p iad Pe ERE al 149 Contour Lines ie eee c o ede dne 149 MOIlUITIOS s Ge OR EE 149 5 90 M 150 RIS 151 Slope Intercept 151 rubei ott canbe LLL 152 PART IIL ROAD
28. Active DTM hides or shows the Active DTM toolbar in the control panel This menu option View gt Toolbars Configuration hides or shows the Configuration toolbar This toolbar is used to select a different subdocument configuration than the one that is currently active This menu option View Toolbars Defaults hides or shows the User Defaults toolbar It is used to activate User Defaults if they have been created This menu option View Toolbars gt Drawing Tools hides or shows the Drawing Tools toolbar in the control panel The View Menu 141 Layers Macro Library This menu option View Toolbars Layers hides or shows the Layers toolbar This toolbar is used to select the active layer This menu option View Toolbars Macro Library hides or shows the Macro Library toolbar which allows you to activate a Macro Library Sheet This menu option View Toolbars Sheet hides or shows the Sheet toolbar This toolbar allows you to make a sheet active Snap Info This menu option View Toolbars Snap Info hides or shows the Snap Info toolbox It allows you to view and change the status of snapping to specific object types Standard This menu option View Toolbars Standard hides or shows the Default toolbar This toolbar contains items such as the icons to create a n
29. Incrementing the point number can be done alphabetically and numerically and also combining both e Only numeric 100 101 102 Starting with letter s ST1 ST2 ST3 Ending letters SA SB SC Letters Digits letters REF15PNT REF16PNT REF17PNT Digits preceded by zero 0010 0011 0012 S001 S002 Pythagoras is giving an overview of the free ranges of point numbers in the active drawing Bearing of the Drawing This Defaults Documents Defaults Bearing of the Drawing allows you to enter an absolute orientation for the drawing corresponding to the local north Set Coordinate Reference System Select Coordinate Reference System Coordinate Reference System Menu Defaults Documents Defaults Coordinate Reference System or icon lets you choose CRS you want to set for your drawing By selecting a Coordinate Reference System from the list you give a certain meaning to the coordinates in your drawing Those can be either Local or Global coordinates In the lower table you can choose a tie points set for coordinates transformation Belgium Lambert 2008 Assign Coordinate Reference System to CS Point Sets iw BE LB 2 zl provided you imported any tie points sets in the Pythagoras library see PART 11 Chapter 1 Tie Points The table will list all tie points sets where the first coordinate in our case Lambert
30. Menu 44 68 70 79 115 125 135 143 144 170 Menu 0088 43 Middle mouse 206 67 83 84 135 161 171 e ce er e hen odd 109 Natural Neighbors by 147 Natural Neighbours 6 128 44 117 126 127 128 158 Detur HRS 103 NULL val e iere exterior nei nnt 178 Numeric functions 440222 186 Index Object 87 88 99 102 125 138 139 161 eee 58 Object Text eene rre ege 96 Open 38 44 46 53 58 83 140 150 158 172 122 Operalors intei ite etis 176 7 8 44 45 46 67 68 69 70 75 76 84 86 96 122 127 135 136 170 Page Coordinate System 4 8 127 Page Sep neben dieit 75 Parallel Lines sei itta et terere 90 94 Paste o cete EL e a De 82 83 151 Paste Special teet eem 151 ette ne E 97 99 Pattern 70 71 118 120 121 Patterns cime 11 55 68 69 70 137 91 92 Place 207 mil 155 Poi
31. New Object Rich Text Polygon The toolbox item Polygon allows you to create a polygon You create a polygon by sequentially selecting the points or arcs which make up the polygon The polygon you are creating will be indicated on the Reference Ej screen using bold lines representing the border of it Pythagoras will calculate the area the perimeter and the center of gravity A polygon can be filled with a fill pattern the area and perimeter can be displayed and when using the object tools Measurement or Annotation texts containing area and perimeter can be created on the drawing You can align the fill pattern created by user with a given direction and having a specified origin To align a polygon pattern you need to execute the following steps Create pattern see PART II Chapter 1 Symbols Create Pattern Create a user coordinate system For example corresponding to a leg of the polygon Select the polygon s Select Align Pattern in the Format menu Format Align gt Pattern Note Pattern should be created by user The fill pattern will be aligned with the direction of the active user coordinate system The origin of the fill pattern will correspond with the origin of the coordinate system Note You may define a Polygon of a circle Instead of clicking a point click on the circle and a polygon on the circumference of the circle is created e While creating the p
32. ayers Show DTM Thematic Maps Subdocuments 5 Tab Pages Define the content of Layers Show DTM the just created view by selecting the v Apply layers preferred options in the Tab Pages Show Layers All Layers zi Layer Group Name v Layer Name A 1 The first Tab Page called Cities CityNames m Continents Continenten Layers allows you to select the Countries Country names M layers that need to be visible Landen v v The visible layers will be Onzichtbaar displayed on the screen layers x not marked visible will be hidden All Layers Objects in hidden layers cannot Apply Cancel be selected and you cannot perform any operations on them 2 The second Tab called Show allows you to specify objects and attributes that need to be visible e point numbers comments point elevations polygon areas texts images special line styles polygon patterns When Show Texts is selected all text in the visible layers will be displayed on the screen When Show texts is not selected all text objects will be hidden You can only select and drag text when Show texts is selected Note When you create a new text object Pythagoras will automatically select Show texts and the hidden text will be displayed When Show Patterns is selected the polygon patterns of all polygons in the visible layers will be displayed When Show Patter
33. gt Annotation Elevation and click on the contour line The command Volumes Calculations DTM Volumes calculates the volume within an area defined by the selected polygon The polygon defining the boundary for the volume calculation may contain points lines and arcs The Calculations Menu 149 Cross Section Note If the polygon lies partly outside the terrain model the volume of the non overlapping part will be estimated based on extrapolation of the DTM When a two or more terrain models have been calculated you can select the appropriate terrain models from the pop down box When you make this selection Pythagoras will calculate the volume between two terrain models The result of both the cut and fill will be given Click the button Save Result when you want to save the result of the last calculated volume A text file will be created with an overview of the volumes of all cross sections This file can be opened quickly by selecting the name of the file in the menu text files You also have the choice to save it in the REB format but because this format is only used in Germany we will not go into it Along Path The command Calculations DTM Cross Section gt Along will calculate and create a profile along a selected path from your drawing please refer to PART II Chapter 3 Path to create paths The initial start value of these accumula
34. information about the object can be changed Note Object Info is disabled if none or Edit Object multiple objects are selected Image Data Info Ima e Filename WorldMap_ 11 00 PYT img For an image this information is Ans e scale image eene e comment Color E e layer e Color Intensity 100 r Opaque inte nsity 5 invert image Reduce enlarge 100 00 100 00 Horizontal e horizontal e opaque Layer Country names i e scale factor e Save changes Display level Data Reference Scale image a No scale is entered If no scale is entered the image will remain its original size paper When the drawing s scale is changed print scale it will not affect the size of the image it remains unchanged E g Photos Situation plans b The original s scale is entered The image will be displayed in real dimensions This means that distances given by Pythagoras correspond with the distances on the field In case of changing the print scale the relation raster info vector info remains unchanged The vector data as well as the raster data will be scaled E g Geo referenced maps Digitizing of maps creating drafts Color Only the foreground color of monochrome images normally black can be changed Intensity 100 normal intensity black remains full black 50 half intensity black becomes gray 0 no int
35. that only one polygon may be selected Calculations on DTM Volume calculation Reference Once you have created one or several DTMs in your drawing you can perform many useful calculations on them First of all you can combine 2 DTMs which will build a new terrain model based on the difference of the original models within the intersection of their boundaries Then of course you can visualize your DTMs in several ways e Show the triangulation with a selected color e Show acolorized map of the triangulation based on either elevation or slope of the DTM e Draw contour lines of the terrain model e Generate a 3D view of the active DTM It is also possible to e change elevation by adding a value to the z coordinates of all vertexes e calculate a slope intercept connecting points of a polygon to the terrain either using a fixed slope or a fixed distance e calculate not only a 2 dimensional area horizontal area but also 3 dimensional area i e the true area taking account the elevation changes in the terrain More complex functions are volume and cross section calculations The volume is calculated within an area defined by a selected polygon Make sure that the polygon lies COMPLETELY inside the terrain model The polygon defining the boundary for the volume calculation may contain points lines and arcs Note If the polygon lies partly outside the terrain model the volume of the non overlapping part will
36. the whole string is returned MID string string substring beginning from position integer specified position of specified and length length integer positions are numerated from 1 if the specified position is greater than the actual length an empty string is returned if the specified length is too big then a shorter string is returned LTRIM string string eliminate all blanks from the beginning of the string RTRIM string string eliminate all blanks from the end of the string TRIM string string eliminate all blanks both from the beginning and the end of the string UPPER string string LOWER string string UNICODE string integer Unicode code of the first character of the string CHAR integer string returns a string with one character with the Unicode code equal to the argument value References Expression Language 187 Function OBJECT To reference a graphic object itself build an expression with a special function OBJECT For example an expression OBJECT NEXT be used to check whether a value in the column NEXT references the object Graphic object features The functions returning graphic object features always have a single argument the graphic object they are applied to If the argument is omitted it is interpreted as applying the function to OBJECT Both COORDINATES OBJECT and COORDINATESY return coordinates of the object But both COORDINATES NEXT and C
37. 40 41 58 68 69 70 88 89 90 93 103 111 117 125 126 127 128 141 200 205 Delete 67 84 161 Delete Triangle ores 109 Delete Vertex ie nott 110 2 ole Ate ste 20 60 DIMENSION 110 Display level 36 52 80 121 126 Display Levels eene 15 Display Options ioco tenete 148 Display View 15 59 66 76 136 171 201 eet eere ete er ces 102 Document defaults 36 Document Line 117 Document Pattern 70 71 119 Do ble cliCcKs uuia eee etit du 205 Diag ane cre ia ci As 100 Drawing Tools nente 141 DTM 29 30 31 32 33 76 82 108 109 110 137 138 144 148 149 150 151 152 159 171 Duplicate acacia ies Rete ette 84 DW Gites toi edi ed 46 47 52 53 54 inihi 46 47 52 53 54 55 95 132 DXF Symbols and 132 0 79 83 95 96 161 Edit GUrV6e uei aie ATT 107 Edit Group nite ates 108 Edit Eig iR el ee ed 107 Edit Pali leis Cete de 108 Edit PolygOn 5 nee tese eene 108 ElevatlOrn ie eere c e 4 EI a56f tee ttu 14 110 ESG K6y 203 ESCape ie erento 76 87 88 Stefanie etes
38. 95 117 125 131 132 159 Undo er tcp euge 79 160 UNQrOUP Shs hai atone Aten 85 IAMS wees 129 Unpack 86 ZOOM esee 135 136 171 Update Plan 159 User 36 41 115 126 11 214 Index Index
39. A digital terrain model DTM is a digital representation of ground surface topography or relief It is also known as a digital elevation model DEM In Pythagoras a DTM is represented as a triangular irregular network TIN The triangulation is based on a set of points which are obtained for example from land surveying The network is a Delaunay triangulation please refer for example to http en wikipedia org wiki Delaunay triangulation for background information Only the selected points and the endpoints of selected lines are included in the calculation Note It is strongly recommended to work with different layers when want to calculate terrain models Hiding the non relevant layers allows you to select quickly the right objects to calculate the terrain model One Pythagoras drawing can have up to 256 different terrain models each based on a certain selection of points and or lines max 2 million points or up to 4 million triangles Terrain e g can represent the existing terrain whereas Design may represent the design situation a road a golf course etc To reduce the number of points when calculating a DTM you can cut off the unnecessary points that do not refine the triangulation considerably For example points that lie in the plane of an already existing triangle Also you can remove the boundary triangles that have very small angles and or large edges and do not add significant accuracy When bu
40. CAD object i e the main goal of attribute tables is to store attributes of CAD objects In other words an attribute table can be regarded as the class of the linked CAD objects For example you can define attribute tables BusStop or WaterPipe and link objects being bus stops or water pipes to the corresponding tables CAD objects of the following types can be linked to attribute tables lines points polygons texts arcs circles splines paths images clothoids rich texts road and compound For each attribute table the set of allowed object types can be further reduced For example it is logical to restrict table BusStop to points only A CAD object cannot be linked to more than one attribute table Elements of compounds cannot be linked to attribute tables at all Deleting a CAD object implies automatic deletion of the linked row Dictionaries are usual relational tables and can be used particularly to define classes of non graphical objects For example you define a dictionary table named WaterPipeKind Each row of this table describes one kind of water pipe commodity While an attribute table WaterPipe describes pipes installed or to be installed in certain locations the dictionary table WaterPipeKind describes possible kinds of pipes installed or not Tables and subdocuments Tables are stored both structure and data in every document When a document overview is opened tables from all subdocuments are merged
41. PageCS are selected All features are the same as when you export to Google Earth yourself see PART 11 Chapter 1 Export Google Earth Toolbars You can create and customize your own toolbar see PART II Chapter 6 Customize Toolbars for instructions Selecting Coordinate Reference System The button invokes the Select Coordinate Reference System dialog There you can select one of the available CRS and assign it a transformation based on tie points sets if available Please refer to PART II Chapter 5 Set Coordinate Reference System Copying Attributes properties of a selected object This button eh becomes active when an object has been selected When pressing this button the attributes properties of the selected object will be copied into a kind of clipboard area This can then be used to apply paste these attributes to other objects This allows you make use of the properties of objects that have already been drawn and simply apply them to other objects in the drawing Applying Attributes properties to selected objects After copying the attributes of a selected object they can be pasted onto a number of selected objects with the button This allows you to quickly change the appearance of a drawing The current settings can be set in one of 3 ways 1 Using the menu Defaults and setting each parameter individually 2 Using User Defaults refer to
42. The File Menu 63 Thematic Maps where Cities and Countries are two attribute tables in a Pythagoras drawing The merging is done with the table Countries This means that all selected countries are evaluated a row at a time According to the placeholder the field Population of the table Cities has to be displayed The row is defined by the column Name in Cities where the value for Name is determined as Countries Capital The thematic maps option File 5 Thematic Maps allows you to create thematic maps based on certain criteria Multiple thematic maps can be active simultaneously Thematic Map Manager The Thematic Map Manager can be used to created new thematic maps Existing maps can be copied modified or deleted The sequence in which the maps appear in the list determines the thematic map that has precedence over the next one Thematic Map Editor The Thematic Map Editor click New if no thematic map is created then Settings is used to specify the criteria for the map Thematic Map Editor Population Density Distance unit m Angle unit GRAD Subject Representation Table Value Attributes Label Counties gt 0 33 Value c 57 _ 133 perator 167 200 Local Page Local X B iM Other values a 5 x S i A table can be selected This tab
43. and projection systems used in the modern world depending on the specific area and goal of usage More information you can find under following links Geographic coordinate systems http en wikipedia org wiki Geographic coordinate system Map projections http en wikipedia org wiki Map projection Coordinate reference systems and positioning http en wikibooks org wiki Coordinate Reference Systems and sitioning nformation and Service System for European Coordinate Reference Systems http www crs geo eu Pythagoras supports over 50 predefined Coordinate Reference Systems used in particular country or region and UTM a worldwide system such as UTM based on WGS84 Lambert72 Belgium Lambert2008 Belgium RD Rijksdriehoeksnet Netherlands 4 zones in Germany Coordinates for these systems are represented in XY coordinate system Geographical coordinates Latitude Longitude in WGS 84 are also supported The number of CRSs in Pythagoras will extend with coming demand and available information Pythagoras provides you with tools for use of data from different CRSs in the same drawing e g adding data of an old drawing in Lambert 72 to a new project in UTM Z31 converting a drawing from one CRS to another e g converting a drawing in Lambert 72 to a drawing in Lambert 2008 converting geographic longitude and latitude coordinates into Cartesian coordinates e g importing data from shape f
44. and in either polar or rectangular coordinates If you want to create multiple points press the Caps Lock key This key remains locked until you unlock it When the coordinates of a point are confirmed the point is created and Pythagoras will prompt you again for the coordinates of the next point If you do not want any new points press the Escape key or click on the cancel button to abort the operation Creating a Point on a Line You may create a point on an existing line by moving the cursor to a line When you press the mouse button if the sight is displayed Pythagoras will prompt you to enter the distance of the new point to one of the end points of the line Pythagoras will calculate the exact coordinates of the point Interpolation will be used to calculate the elevation of the point When the Caps Lock key is on you can quickly define multiple points on the same line by entering distance of the line end points Reference Note e The style of a new created point will depend on the default point style See PART II Chapter 5 The Defaults Menu When you press one of the numeric keys 2 9 a Sight will be displayed When pressing a digit n the line will be divided into n equal parts The cursor will only snap to the points which make up the line parts This way you can quickly create points subdividing lines in equal parts Changing the z value of an existing point If you hold the CTRL or ALT key down and dou
45. and instructions on writing your own expressions Chapter 1 General Terms An expression is commonly applied to a CAD object or to a row of a rowset Some expressions defining a database view are applied to pairs of rows from base rowsets Thus expressions are called one or two dimensional respectively The unit of compilation that we are considering here is a single expression String to compile A string to compile is a sequence of Unicode characters It may not contain any control characters except final zero Lexemes Lexemes or tokens are separated by one or several blank characters from each other Lexemes may be not separated if they are correctly recognized There are the following types of lexemes constants field names function names prefixes operators dot comma parentheses Comment is not allowed Constants Constants of the following types are supported e Integer numbers Must be represented as a sequence of digits e Real numbers Must be represented as a sequence of digits with decimal point inside before or after Infinite value can be represented in two ways as or as a function call INFINITY To designate integer or real negative values a unary minus can be used see below e Strings Must be represented within double quotes If a string contains a double quote inside it must be repeated twice Constants of other types can be represented as function call
46. be estimated based on extrapolation of the DTM The heights of the points forming the polygon do not have any influence on the calculation of the volumes When two Terrain models are calculated you may select DTM1 DTM2 in the Earth Moving dialog box When selected Pythagoras will calculate the volume between both models The volume calculation is based on numerical integration The accuracy of the calculation can be improved by making the cross sections smaller Of course calculation time will be greater The maximum number of cross sections is 7500 Note The calculation of the triangulation in case that some points are collinear and simultaneously are at the border of the terrain is sometimes impossible Pythagoras cannot form triangles at the border The best solution in this case is to add a few points surrounding the terrain and include them in the terrain model Concepts and terminology 31 Cross Sections Hoad Design You have an option to calculate and create profile either along a selected path or perpendicular to it In both cases you can choose to apply some specific settings The calculated profile will automatically be pasted in a new drawing and it will be put on the clipboard as well Along Path It is possible to enter the reference elevation the horizontal X scale and the vertical Z scale for this profile It will be calculated in the overlapping DTM area only The X values in the profile correspond with
47. cross section When the elevation heights in a road become too large Pythagoras will automatically adjust and round the reference level when calculating cross sections to obtain a clear and organized result Road Design 155 Finishing profiles and cross sections When the design is completely finished Pythagoras can generate a detailed drawing of the longitudinal section This drawing is placed on the clipboard and will be pasted in a new drawing as well If required you can adapt the drawing or add some additional information You have the choice to place all or some of the following information in the detailed drawing the distance existing terrain the information of the vertical curves the height and position of the reference objects You can also obtain a detailed drawing of each cross section defined in the profile window The distance relative to the centerline of the road the height of the existing terrain the height of the design and eventual reference objects can be placed in the detailed drawing It is possible to select more cross sections holding down SHIFT while selecting the cross sections and put these in one drawing The positions of cross sections and section numbers are indicated in the plan window on the road Chapter 2 Chapter 2 1 File Menu Menu Items Menu Items The Road Design mode has a menu similar to the main menu of Pythagoras Here we provide a detailed description of the menu funct
48. into HC relative to point where Curve changes into Tangent CT HC point where HC should be reached relative to point where Curve changes into Tangent CT NC point where NC should be reached relative to point where Curve changes into Tangent Those positions are also reflected in the Plan Window and in the Profile Window in Pythagoras Reference In the Plan Window Transition type Spiral Reading from left to right The first vertical line indicates the start of the superelevation process NC The second vertical line indicates the point where the Half Crown HC position is reached The third vertical line indicates the point where the Full Superelevation FSE is reached The fourth vertical line indicates the point where FSE starts evolving in HC The fifth vertical line indicates the point where HC is reached and starts evolving in NC The sixth vertical line indicates the point where NC is reached and the superelevation process is finished The first dot indicates the start of the spiral TS the second one the start of the arc or curve SC the third one the end of the arc or curve CS and the last one the end of the spiral start of tangent ST The upper dot in between SC and CS is the IP intersection point of tangents In the Profile Window The dash lines indicate the area of the superelevation process NC the dot lines indicate HC FSE FSE and HC The red line indicates the tangent st
49. is used A tab page is available for each of the field types When selecting a color directly above the Tab pages this color will apply for all attributes even if a different color has been specified for an individual field attribute If you want to fill in the representation settings for your thematic map automatically press the Autofill 4 button The Range Values dialog will appear Range Values Number of Values 10 Min 0 000 Increment Max 100 000 Style and apply Iu From To Polygons FG an 100 A From To Polygons BG Yellow a Red E Cancel e First of all you set either the number of values you want to show in the thematic map or the increment and minimum and maximum value In the both cases Pythagoras will automatically calculate the remaining values e Style and apply Choose the style that the thematic map will apply to objects For example coloring for polygons and symbols for points Note that if the polygons have no pattern attribute or if they are The File Menu 65 opaque you will not see the coloring of the resulting thematics applied to them e Scale Indicates the range of scale change for symbols line styles and patterns For example point style ranging from a small circle for a village to a huge circle for a big city e Color If you are coloring your thematic map choose the starting and the endi
50. level 1 gets a higher priority than a polygon of a land lot that has been given level 0 The house will be completely visible while the lot will partially be hidden Another example is the covering of partial areas of raster maps If you want to hide some parts of a raster map you can define a white opaque polygon This polygon gets 100 filling and a higher level The polygon covers this area like a piece of paper that is placed over it If you choose a specific layer for this polygon you can make the covered area visible at a later time by a simple selection and e g a change of color The range of display levels in Pythagoras varies from 10 to 10 We recommend that you carefully set display levels for your objects not to loose them in the drawing You can also pre set a default level for all new objects see PART 1 Chapter 4 gt Display Level Reference A Display View is a collection of settings that control the way your drawing is displayed on the screen If such a collection is named and saved it is called a View Pythagoras allows you to create as many display views for your drawings as you wish tuning the settings according to your needs Once you have created a display view for a document you can give it a name and store it So it can be applied for other documents You can also assign a view to a sheet then this view will automatically become active when the sheet is selected Independently of whether you have
51. or of dictionary data can cause problems with opening the overview To avoid this we strongly recommend to open all subdocuments together when you plan to perform such actions Indexing Two columns belonging to the same table cannot have equal names But there is no restriction for columns of different tables and for names used for other database objects For each column you define a certain data type Columns referencing CAD objects can be defined only for attribute tables In fact a column of an attribute table can be regarded as an object property For example for the table BusStop you can define columns RunStart and RunEnd of type time to store arrival time of the first and the last buses Other attributes can also be defined for a column minimum and or maximum allowed values whether NULL value is allowed types of CAD objects that can be referenced by the column etc Reference A column of each type except references to CAD objects can be declared indexed That means that an index is built by values of this column Such an index enables fast search for rows by values in the column An index does not contain items for NULL values Indexing a column does not change any database data or logical run of a Pythagoras session it only influences the speed of some operations Beware that when indexing a column you will slow down the following table operations e inserting a row with a not NULL value in the index
52. out List Open Text Files The selected objects will be saved as a SQD file File Export gt SICAD SQD This is the format of the SICAD software An exported object list is a text file containing for each selected object the respective info For polygons for example it can contain the area of the polygon optionally the point numbers of the points forming the polygon and the perimeter horizontal and slope of the polygon For points you will obtain their point numbers and their respective coordinates etc File Export gt Object List The object list file can have one of the following formats RTF file rtf Webpage html Comma separated text file csv Semicolon separated text file txt Tab separated text file txt The selected objects will be exported File Export Stake out List to the format of the selected measuring device The configuration of the measuring device is done Defaults Configure Data Collector Pythagoras saves the names of the 9 last imported and exported text files These names will appear in the menu Open Text File File gt Open text files Select the file you would like to open These text files are opened in the Pythagoras ASCII editor You can also open a file directly using Open or create a new text document using If the text file is too large for the Pythagoras editor an alternate text editor will be
53. paths Tools gt Edit Path with one exception moving points If you would like to move points of a path we recommend that you use the traditional move function Move DTM This command Tools Edit Group allows you to add delete elements to from a group When you choose this menu item and put the cursor over a group it will indicate that a valid group is found by changing to a special cursor After selecting the group you can choose the elements to add or delete from it This command Tools gt DTM allows you to modify the active DTM The following operations are possible Swap diagonal Delete a triangle Delete a point Add a point Move a triangle vertex Change the elevation of a triangle vertex Swap Diagonal Delete Triangle Move Vertex Reference These tools are only enabled if the triangulation is visible The intensity of the objects of the drawing will be reduced The areas of the triangles will be hatched in a light green color Note e Operations on a DTM cannot be undone It is recommended to make a backup of the drawing or DTM before editing the DTM e Operations on a DTM don t change the points or other objects that were used to create the DTM Only the DTM is changed Use this option Tools DTM Swap Diagonal to replace 2 adjacent triangles by 2 triangles in the same quadrangle using the alternative diagonal When this tool is selected the c
54. points in the drawing When this tool is selected the cursor will snap to triangles and to points in a drawing When you move the cursor over a triangle it will be marked On mouse down the x y and z of the new point must be entered in the control panel unless at the same time the cursor had snapped a point in the drawing The triangle to which the point was added will be replaced by 3 triangles Note The new point does not necessary have to lie in a definite triangle it can also be placed outside the DTM In this case of course the number of new triangles can be different This option Tools DTM Delete Vertex removes a vertex from the DTM When this tool is selected the cursor will snap to vertexes of triangles On mouse down all triangles that have this vertex will be removed The resulting polygon will be Delaunay triangulated imagine for instance that you delete the top of an N angle pyramid This option Tools DTM Change elevation allows changing elevation of the selected vertex of DTM When this tool is selected the cursor will snap to vertexes of triangles After clicking on a point you have to enter the new elevation in the control panel This command Tools Lasso allows you to modify make black or white partial areas of a raster image This operation will not be saved in the image itself but in the Pythagoras drawing with a reference to the image Eraser image or to
55. preferences to the conventions used in the coordinate list The coordinates in the coordinate list can be Cartesian or polar coordinates and can be x axis based XYZ north east based NEZ or the coordinates in reference to a path CDZ The z coordinate is not mandatory Possible formats are a Pntld X Y Code b Pntld X Y Z Code c Pntld X Y Z IH RH Code where IH and RH are Instrument Height and Reflector Height respectively Note In the control panel WGS84 coordinates are always displayed either in DEC degrees decimal or DMS Degrees minutes seconds They are never displayed in GON RAD or MIL so if you choose one of these three units in the Preferences the WGS84 coordinates will be displayed in DEC If you choose Surveyor they will be displayed in DMS Comments are imported and linked to the point In case C the heights of the instrument and the reflector HAVE to be part of the coordinate list If the instrument height and the reflector height are given in the coordinate list Pythagoras will take these values into account to calculate the elevation of the points We do recommend that you use a coordinate list when a lot of points of field data need to be entered If you would like to import a coordinate list that contains codes and you would like Pythagoras to take the codes into account automatic drawing creation then please use the menu option File Import Data collector Using this option
56. previous configuration Any objects that are newly created will be placed in the document that is marked Active at the time the objects are created If R gt Relative checkbox is checked common part of the paths will not be shown Configuration that you created could be saved The upper part of the dialog presents the Configuration control buttons Addanew configuration by entering a name in the pop up dialog e Delete current configuration press button e Rename an existing configuration e Show information on the Views in which the current configuration is active by pressing the Info button Database manager Database Manager Each Pythagoras drawing can contain an internal database Name Type Access Le Countries Attribute Full amp ccess consisting of one or more tables Capitals Atte Full Access Terminology Dictonary Full Access Population Table View Birth_rate Aggregation The database manager File Database Database Manager allows you to define the structure of the database Apply Cancel E tv Attribute Dictonary View Data Duplicate Delete Settings Simple did ET Aggregation i create tables Attribute and Dictionary e create DB views Simple and Aggregation e duplicate rename and delete existing tables and views edit table structure and vie
57. reference to their current size and not in reference to their original size Using the Format gt Scale command you can scale the pattern of the selected line This way you can make the patterns of your line visible when a line is too short by reducing the scale factor from e g 10096 to 2596 The value entered is an absolute value unless you check the Relative scale option This makes sure that the line styles enlarge or shrink by a specific percentage in reference to their current size and not in reference to their original size With the Format Scale Pattern command you can scale a pattern The value entered is an absolute value unless you check the Relative scale option This makes sure that the patterns enlarge or shrink by a specific percentage in reference to their current size and not in reference to their original size Align Pattern Text Layer The fill pattern of selected polygons can be aligned according the active user coordinate system Format Align Pattern The fill pattern will be aligned with the direction of the active user coordinate system The origin of the fill pattern will correspond with the origin of the coordinate system Note Only polygons with user defined patterns can be aligned The Format Align gt command aligns the selected text according to the active user coordinate system The Format Align Symbol command ali
58. saved your view settings or not the last active display view is saved in the Pythagoras document and restored the next time you open it You can define the following options for your view 1 Select layers that need to be visible the document 2 Show hide objects and attributes such as polygon patterns texts point numbers elevations comments special line styles images 3 Specify certain parameters for visualizing DTMs 4 Activate thematic maps 5 Apply subdocument configurations A Print View is a combination of a display view that will define the layout of your printout and the usual print settings A print view cannot be named or saved and is accessed only when printing a document Concepts and terminology 15 Viewports If you do not modify the current display view selections the drawing will be printed as it is displayed You can choose another display view or change any of the settings for your print out Additionally you specify usual printing parameters like print sheets number of copies color conversion scale factors etc see PART 11 Chapter 1 Print Sheets Complex drawings can become very large and difficult to overview To help you keep the sight over all the parts of your document you can create viewports of some parts of the drawing and put them anywhere you need A viewport is a small copy of a selected region of the main drawing which you can adapt to fit your needs Beside ch
59. sizes MERO 117 LINE ARROW Svcs e P H 117 oue coe A Lt Dr e eed 118 LEX TPM BUTE Site Duae Lo aod ce aeons 118 TEXT HONTE TG roe std aM MO 118 POLYGONUP AT HERI 118 LIBRARY PATTERN 2 aa ERRARE XAR RARAA ERR MRNA FARE NERA A E E 119 DOCUMENT PATTERN aduer ade enone ae eee 119 POLYGON 119 SOABE S AR 119 Symbol e e Cate e a i 119 120 TETTE 120 Em EE 120 Polygon Patterny 2 4000 5 e aN eli ee Eee pene eee eae 120 ALIGN acest vats E 121 e e bd mcm un a ettet 121 121 E ii c 121 DISPLAY LEVEL ener 121 COLOR pu UE 122 OPERATION ec 122
60. the objects found will be added to the already selected objects Remove from the selection the objects found will be deselected Select from the already selected objects only already selected objects satisfying the given criteria will remain selected matches the search criteria Find Default Add Object types System attributes Database Attributes Color BB Rec Layer Country names Display level 3 Point number from lo Comment starts with x x V Elevation J gt 10000 Selection New selection C Add to selection View Options Remove from selection Reset 1 Search In selection Cancel View Options View change Window All selected objects m C ZoomFactor selected objects OK Cancel In the Find dialog box you will see a View Options button With this button you can define which part of the drawing you want to see when the Find command is executed With All selected objects m you will define a border with a given radius that needs to be displayed around the selected objects With the Zoom Factor a multiplicity factor will be set for the actual scale With this we mean the scale that is used when the drawing is plotted This scale can be found by going to the View menu and by choosing Actual scale This actual scale can be read in the upper left corner of the control panel An
61. thematic maps e For capitals we use only points our drawing linked to the table Capitals which has a column Population The size of the symbol marking a capital increases according to the value in this column step is 1 000 000 inhabitants e For population density we use only polygons linked to the table Countries also with a column Population But in this case we define an expression Population Area where the value for Population is taken from the column and Area is an object property of the polygon When the result of this expression falls into a specific range it is colored correspondingly Spatial Interpolation With help of thematic maps you can manage DTM representation rules but only if you are building a thematic over database tables linked to points or to points and lines This setting is called Spatial Interpolation Let us build a spatial interpolation thematic map over the capitals of the world We interpolate between capitals using population values from the table Capitals You can compare the resulting thematic map left to the previous example without interpolation Along with spatial interpolation you can specify a boundary for your thematic map only one polygon can be selected as boundary condition Here for example we want to see the interpolation only for Britain Reference Concepts and terminology 29 Chapter 6 Creating DTM Terrain Models
62. this at any time so that you are able to rotate the drawing and select the most appropriate scale in order to make the drawing fit on the page The Global Coordinate System The Global Coordinate System is typically used when you want to use or convert to a standardized coordinate system with large X and Y values e g State Plane or UTM coordinates You need to know the coordinates of at least two common points in both the local and the global coordinate system The coordinate system conventions described above are valid for the global coordinate system with the exception that polar coordinates cannot be used A more detailed description will be provided in the section on transformation User Coordinate Systems Reference You can easily define new coordinate systems They are called User coordinate systems UCS and you can define up to 32 in one drawing A UCS can be removed if you only require it temporarily When measured coordinates are entered manually a new station point will correspond with a new user coordinate system In order to define a user coordinate system it is sufficient to know the origin and a point on the reference direction The coordinate system conventions described above apply to user coordinate systems At any time you can switch between the local coordinate system and any defined user coordinate system The control panel data will always correspond with the selected coordinate system This is true f
63. to draw 1 line of 0 3 mm ina rectangle with a height of 3mm By using the rotation angle of 45 the right pattern is created 2 Library Pattern Document Pattern Similarly to symbols patterns can be either placed in the library or in the active drawing All remarks made for symbols regarding Library and document apply also for patterns See PART Chapter 2 Symbols Line Styles Patterns 3 Group Symbol The name of every pattern consists of 2 parts group and symbol After a pattern is created as a library or document pattern it will appear in the menu Format under Library Pattern or Document Pattern depending on the choice made Note e A pattern may consist of a maximum of 64000 directions and each direction may contain a maximum of 64000 elements Ifall elements of a pattern are of the same color the color of the pattern can be changed when using the pattern in a drawing However if the pattern contains different colors you will not be able to change the color of the pattern when using it in a drawing Create Typical Section See PART III Road Design Import System Symbols All Pythagoras system symbols are stored in a file called PYTHAGOR LIB This command File Symbols Import System Symbols allows you to import a symbol library Importing symbol libraries is used for Copying a library to a computer where Pythagoras is newly installed Restoring a backup of t
64. traditional copy and paste method may result in a drawing that has become unmanageable Concepts and terminology 9 Layers All the subdocuments of the drawing are saved with relative names i e the name includes path to the subdocument relative to the main drawing We recommend that you store your subdocuments in the same directory and subdirectories to avoid loosing them when copying or moving your drawings to another location Pythagoras allows you to link together an enormous amount of subdocuments You can set any of them editable or only visible or sleeping invisible and choose to save or not these settings with the document Only one subdocument at a time can be active which means that new objects will be created in this subdocument Only a visible and editable subdocument can be set active Be careful while working with Coordinate reference systems in subdocuments When a CRS is defined for the main document the subdocuments should have the same CRS or should have no CRS at all In any case the local coordinates of the main document and subdocuments must match To make your work with a large number of subdocuments easier we introduce a new concept subdocuments configuration After setting all the required documents editable visible sleeping you can store this configuration by giving it a name You can have multiple subdocuments configurations in your drawing and quickly change the set of visible and editable documents b
65. using the TAB key the control panel will show the slope distance S the height difference dZ the gradient 96 and the bearing B Lines with arrows at the endpoints To create new lines with arrows at the end switch the menu item Line Arrows in the menu Defaults to on If the switch Line Arrows is on lines at both ends will have an arrow To suppress the arrow at one of the endpoints hold the SHIFT key while you are creating that end point To return to the normal lines turn the Line Arrows option in the Defaults menu off To add or delete arrows on an existing line select the line and the endpoint s that you want to change Then select On or Off in the menu Line Arrows You can only change the line arrows if you also select the endpoints of the line Note Pressing the SHIFT key when you confirm the second point of a line will start a new line This can be very practical if you want to draw a series of connected lines with only arrows at the starting point and at the endpoint of the polyline If you want to draw a single line with one arrow start at the end without arrow while holding down the SHIFT key and release the SHIFT key while confirming the other end Parallel Lines The toolbox item Parallel line allows you to create lines parallel to other lines When the toolbox item is selected the cursor changes to a symbol representing parallel lines You indicate the reference line by click
66. 2008 corresponds to the CRS of the drawing Residuals If there is more than one set you can Test set None z choose the appropriate one in the Name combobox by double clicking into it NN Area Only the tie points set which is check marked in the first Use column will be used for coordinate transformations in the drawing For every transformation you can choose the desired residual handling None or no smoothing residuals 1 s Inverse Distance Weighting method NN Area Natural Neighbours by area method Preferences The Preferences command Defaults Preferences change the preferences for allows you to Units Representation of annotations Date amp Time conventions Data collector settings Coordinate reference systems Load texts and conversion tables etc The Preferences dialog consists of 7 tabs with different sets of parameters which are described below more detailed c o Following unit settings can be defined e unit of length km m cm mm feet US feet and Preferences miles Units Annotations Date and Time Data collector CRS Load Other e area measuring system metric acres ha a ca Urits e unit of angle gon degrees radians decimal Distance m Aea degrees MIL amp surveyor i positive angle direction clockwise anti clockwise ert ngle Hor 90 Angl
67. 5 gt Preferences List of Images Reference Using this command File Import Image Pythagoras will read an image or multiple images if multiple files are selected in the Open menu into a Pythagoras drawing Pythagoras can automatically georefence an image if the file is either a GeoTIFF file or if a World File e g TFW file is present in the same folder as the image file Images can be imported in 2 ways 1 Image per image 2 With a list of images Image per image During import you get the choice whether you want to geo reference the images or not If you choose the automatic referencing the image will be positioned on the right coordinates If you choose not it will be placed in the middle of your page With a list You also can choose to import images with a list This list contains file names of the images to import with their respective coordinates It is possible to enter images of different formats in this list If there are GeoTIFF images or World Files e g TFW files Pythagoras will ignore the coordinates that are entered in the list if any The coordinates given in the format itself or in a World File have priority on the ones entered in the list It is possible to import a series of images in Pythagoras File gt Import gt List of Images This is done by creating a text file containing list of images that need to be imported It is also possible to give the images certain attri
68. 5 Gonvert to polyliti85 edet dett tete dettes ee ccce 85 Eocal nequit ed e Pu dis pian ad e exte e 85 page Locale utente EE 85 GROUPA does betes ets PER E EE 85 RIGA es a ena bade es bade eps TO PRETIO NERO OPI 86 PEED ONCE PETE ERA PPLE OEE TONE PEE META M eT EPP rales 86 BET ee PE 86 GLEAR PRINT AREA du toes Ad edd tct 86 CHAPTER 3 THE TOOLS MENU interius ccnl didi cenis cai end riri ira cecidi re Eae 87 INTRODUCTION een Eia aA aa ENa NA EEA talea nt 87 Use of the Escape Key While Creating 87 Entering the Location of an Object Using the Control 87 Gommonly sed tools 5 eire eed RR 88 Default Attributes Current 98 RUN MACRO nea as 98 SEIL T 99 SEISCHOMOP TONS EE 99 Obtaining Information About 99 i am CT 100 Bi NI EIDEM DRM IMEEM 100 Operations on Selected 101 ALIGN OBJECTS
69. 52 Export System 73 Expression 191 Expression Language 173 EXprGSslOns iiio Re diete eres 27 eee nea Mea eee 103 external file 138 139 140 File 44 45 46 47 53 58 78 130 131 150 172 teen edere 79 80 Fit In WindOw 136 171 folding ir ite he eee 192 Format 68 69 70 71 90 97 111 115 117 Full acGess eon 25 F unction calls oie torte rni 182 FUNCTIONS rete cra ti tree rie 182 Global Coordinate System 4 7 Google 57 141 Graphical 36 Ghid ie ee 144 Ground 30 55 66 148 11 68 69 70 85 EE 59 Helmert transformation 6 14 146 11 212 Index Image deseos tete 51 55 120 121 138 Images 13 Importing 14 46 50 130 Import System 72 IMOOXING 21 imc 46 138 139 Information 7 99 103 145 161 162 Intersections z i i roni cm rae aan 103 144 Inverse Distance Weighting
70. 7 THE GLOBAL COORDINATE SYSTEM 2 ce eed ee a e 7 USER COORDINATE SYSTEMS iit te ee EE be EN EE EE EN ERE E Eas 7 THE PAGE COORDINATE 5 5 8 THE TEMPORARY COORDINATE 5 5 0 1 21 rne 8 CHAPTER 2 BASIC 9 SNAPPING 9 Sons tte 9 SUBDOGUMENTS gt 21 39 9 PAVERS EIE 10 SYMBOLS LINE STYLES 5 0 00000 11 Mae Mat tice ce 12 MAGES achat a ah dacs ec eee 13 DISPLAY LEVELS 72328 E Soe AEG E 15 VIEWS soa foc i aeos cto dra st Coe PLE 15 Meas 16 HE EUS ac EP a sa Sel te a ote 16 CHAPTER 3 PYTHAGORAS 18 DATACTYPES AND VALUES c1 Enel Lot eed eee ae ett tt 18 NAMING aca a
71. A toolbox that allows to view and change the status of snapping to specific object types can be activated via View Menu Toolbars Subdocuments A Point Number is the unique name allocated to a point Every point in a Pythagoras document has an 8 character long identifier Valid identifiers are 1 1050 A point Point 1 S1 Pythagoras does not associate any meaning to the name allocated to a point The point number is either allocated by the user or is allocated automatically by Pythagoras when a new point is created A start point for automatically incrementing point numbers can be set at any time See also PART 11 Chapter 5 Document Defaults for details Reference Subdocuments allow you to create drawings that contain billions of objects while maintaining good processing speed From time to time it is handy to be able to link a number of documents as if they were one large drawing e g assembling the details of different parts of a city into one large city plan drawing At other times it is handy to use a base plan as background to a drawing Either way subdocuments provide you these opportunities You can link multiple large documents with one another especially if the documents are too large to use the traditional copy and paste method of putting them together The result is that on the screen it appears as if all these linked drawings were one gigantic drawing By the way combining these drawings using the more
72. Clipboard and the active coordinate system a warning will be given You may then either paste the objects with or without scaling If the clipboard contains a DTM see Copy Active Terrain Model this DTM will be pasted in the drawing The Paste Special command gt Paste Special will bring up a dialog box requesting a scale factor Clear All coordinates on the clipboard will be scaled with the given factor before copying the objects to the active drawing Mirror the mirror axes can be the X axis and or the Y axis With the button Adjust sketch you can perfectly insert an earlier made sketch in your drawing Select the objects in your sketch and copy them to the clipboard Open the drawing containing the points with exact coordinates and select Edit Paste Special By checking the Adjust sketch button and clicking OK the sketch will be properly inserted in your drawing CAUTION The point numbers must be the same in both drawings Cut Off The Clear command Edit Clear removes the selected objects from the drawing When a selected object is used by another object and that last object is not selected the selected object will not be removed For example the endpoint of a line cannot be removed if the line is not removed Note Coordinate systems also use the points making up the coordinate system see PART II Chapter 3 Commonly used tools User Coordinate System Referenc
73. Default is selected You may define up to 256 user defaults This will allow you to store many different sets of object attributes and have the right set of defaults at hand when you need it without defining the attributes anew For instructions on creating user defaults please refer to PART Il Chapter 5 User Defaults Manager Document defaults Document defaults are the settings of the current document Here you can tune the scale factor of the page coordinate system and bearing of the drawing set the basic coordinate reference system and define the next point number for automatic increment Also the setting for operation confirm belongs to the document defaults Document defaults are stored in the current document only All the new documents are opened with standard settings Preferences The preferences consist of a variety of different settings for such areas as Date amp Time conventions Units Annotations Coordinate systems Data collector and Geocoding Standard texts and comments etc For the complete list of preferences please refer to the description of Preferences dialog in PART II Chapter 5 Preferences The preferences you have selected apply to all open drawings and to any newly opened drawings Your selected preferences are automatically saved when you exit Pythagoras and they are restored when you restart Pythagoras Reference Concepts and terminology 37 Chapter 9 ASCII e
74. File gt Import DXF DWG you can import the AutoDesk DXF and DWG formats All AutoCAD versions upto AutoCAD The scale Pythagoras is asking for is only influencing the size of your texts symbols line styles and polygon hatchings This value will NOT affect the scale of the drawing itself If you know the scale you can enter it here and all texts symbols etc will have a correct size If you don t know the scale leave it to 1 500 and go to the Sheet Manager see below if necessary and adapt the scale of your sheet Using this menu option File gt Import gt SHAPE you 2010 to are supported SHAPE Import Shape attr Layer pata Table Name Measure ii points shp points shp points shp Ignore Kag13046_polygons shp Kag13046_polygons shp Kag13046_polygons shp Ignore Kag13046 lines shp 13046 lines shp Reference Ei o gasis can import Shape files created in the ESRI format shp When importing shape shp files data from databases can be imported together with graphical data Existing tables are automatically taken over and fields are filled in A new layer can be created per table and graphical attributes can be defined It is possible to import the same table twice Cancel The File Menu 47 Shape import preferences Shape this is the name of the file that is imported The defaults for the file can be defined Attr there are 3 differ
75. ICU defines only the rules to encode date time strings but not to decode them Data Collector The following instruments can be selected e Coordinate list format e Topcon FCTE1 FC 6 GTS 700 GTS 6 GTS 700 FCTE1 GTS 6 FC S FC 2 Preferences Leica all models including Leica 16 format Units Annotations Date Time Data collector CRS Load Other Partial import of a file is Data Collector Station accuracy possible because with File Brand and model Ande 00015 Import Data collector you Coordinate list format Distance 00050 have the possibility to insert a FEGJGTS 200 from to point number option Teen GTSe PES PEZ e Sokkia SDR22 24 26 SDR33 Powerset and SET 2C 3C 4C The order of the coordinates NE or XY for the SDR20 Allow substitution of station data series and the SDR33 in the Measurement mode Coding options stakeout list will depend on the default setting in Pythagoras at Gui the moment of export les e Zeiss Rec500 Rec Elta Elta UE 21210 40R 50R and M5 e Nikon DTM 300 400 and 700 800 series e Geodimeter EM e Pentax R100 R300 Pentax PCS Pentax ATSTOPO and Pentax Powertopo e Trimble e TDS 48 e 3Tad Also you can define the Measurement Mode and the Coding Options for the data collector Station Accuracy This section allows you to set the accuracy of your total station This value wil
76. Layout of the result drawing will be applied to the new drawing The button Select prototype drawing allows you to select an existing prototype document in which the profiles need to be pasted Chainage and Step 3D View Slope Intercept Reference Here you can specify which part of the selected path should be used for the calculation of the sections Pythagoras will take the limits from the path as default values Also the number of steps can be entered this is the intermediate distance between 2 profiles Layout of a cross section The button Cross Section Parameters allows you to select the terrain models to be shown in the calculated sections You can choose to display a DTM in the profile itself and or in the legend under each profile Add sections on plan All generated profiles can be indicated on your original drawing Lines perpendicular to the selected path will be generated with our without profile numbers The attributes of these lines can be specified by clicking on the Attributes button after activating the Add sections on plan checkbox The attributes of the section lines can be specified in the next dialog box The command Calculations gt DTM 3D View will generate a perspective view of the active Terrain model When you select this command the cursor changes in a camera symbol First click in the drawing on the viewpoint for the perspective You do not need to click on an existing p
77. OORDINATES NEXT return coordinates of an object referenced in the column NEXT of a rowset If the function name is preceded by a prefix the argument must be omitted and the argument prefix OBJECT is assumed Both AUX COORDINATES OBJECT and COORDINATES AUX OBJECT return coordinates of the object of the auxiliary base rowset But both COORDINATES AUX NEXT and COORDINATES AUX NEXT return coordinates of an object referenced in the column NEXT of the auxiliary base rowset Some functions are meaningful only for graphic objects of certain types Being applied to graphic objects of improper type they return NULL Distances areas and angles are assumed to be in units specified in preferences Function name Object types Result type Value for compound Comment TYPE all object type COMPOUND CONTAINER all object type NULL for compound element the compound is returned otherwise NULL is returned COMMENT all except text string NULL not NULL except text rich text and rich text and compound compound DISPLAYLEVEL all except integer NULL compound LAYER all except string an empty string compound SELECTED all except Boolean NULL compound FLAGGED all except Boolean NULL compound POINTNUMBER point string an empty string XY point text or XY NULL synonyms YX EN and rich text NE may be also used X point text or real NULL GermanYX dependent
78. PART Il Chapter 5 User Defaults Manager 3 By copying the properties from existing objects refer to the previous paragraph Measuring the next detail point and Staking out the selected point The buttons are only used when the Tachymeter Module is activated and a Total Station is connected to your computer For more information please consult the Tachymeter Module manual Making a Layer Active The active layer is the layer in which all newly created objects are placed The name of the active layer is shown in the Toolbar You can change this layer by selecting the layer name from the pull down menu Making a User Default Active The User Default that is active determines the properties of the objects that will be created for a detailed description of User Defaults please refer to PART II Chapter 5 The Defaults Menu The name of the active User Default that is shown in the Toolbar You can change the User Default by selecting the User Default from the pull down menu Macro buttons Pythagoras VBA Reference Macro buttons 8 can be assigned to specific VBA programs The VBA program will be activated by clicking the appropriate button The Macro button toolbar will however only be made available if Macros have been loaded for which these buttons are applicable refer to PART 11 Chapter 6 The View Menu Concepts and terminology 41 Chapter 11 The Pythagoras Cont
79. Points that need to be removed from the calculation can be deselected Again you can choose to smooth out residuals either with the Natural Neighbors by Area NN Area or with the Inverse Distance Weighting 1 52 methods The Calculations Menu 147 Adjust Elevation To other CRS DTM This command Calculations Adjust Elevation allows you to adjust the elevation of all objects in the drawing The height difference can be defined by entering the number of a point in the drawing Pythagoras will display its elevation and subsequently you must enter the new elevation of this point If for example the new elevation of a point is 7m and the original elevation is 4 8m then the elevation of all objects in the drawing will be increased by 2 2m Transform to Coordinate Reference System Current CRS Belgium Lambert 72 Coord Reference System Belgium Lambert 2008 This command Calculations other 202200 Test set 1 E CRS allows you to transform one CRS to l another using a Tie Points set if applicable Residual smoothing NN Area ha Terrain Model The command Terrain model Calculations DTM Terrain Model calculates a Delaunay triangulation Terrain Model After having selected the points lines arcs and maybe a Name Reduce DTM Tolerance Dz T1 1 00 0 00 Dmin 100 00 polygon you call the Terrain mod
80. RWVAL 209 eua cc 209 Heference PART Concepts and terminology Working with Pythagoras requires understanding certain concepts and terms This section describes the concepts and special terms required to understand this manual and to work with Pythagoras Reference Concepts and terminology 3 Chapter 1 Coordinate Systems Pythagoras supports 5 types of coordinate systems It is important to understand the different principles behind each of the coordinate systems in order to use them correctly These 5 Coordinate System types are The Local Coordinate System The Global Coordinate System User Coordinate Systems The Page Coordinate System The Temporary Coordinate System To express coordinates Pythagoras supports the following conventions XYZ rectangular coordinates expressed in a XYZ horizontal X axis coordinate system NEZ rectangular coordinates North East Elevation Z HDZ polar coordinates Horizontal angle Distance horizontal Elevation Z HVD Horizontal angle Vertical angle Distance horizontal HVS Horizontal angle Vertical angle Slope Distance CDZ Centerline station distance Distance from the Centerline perpendicular to the centerline Elevation In the Local Global and User coordinate systems you can enter coordinates or obtain positions in any of the above described conventions At any moment you can switch between the above de
81. Style Hotspot The position of the hotspots is indicated in the preview of the line style Once a new line style is created you can assign the style to lines arcs and circles The line will be created by placing the segments one after the other Pythagoras will scale the segments in the X direction so that always an integral number of segments are placed between the endpoints As a user you don t see how the segments internally are built up Such a line still has all attributes of a normal line The attributes line width polygon pattern and color used in the elements forming a segment are used in the line style There are however a few exceptions to this rule Reference 1 Color If all elements have the same color lines of this style can be given any color 2 Line width a The width of the line element that connects the two hotspots can be changed with the menu Line Width if there is only 1 horizontal line running from hotspot1 x to hotspot2 x b The width of all other line elements will be only sensible for Line Wiath if allline elements have the same width there is either no line connecting the 2 hotspots or there are multiple horizontal lines running from hotspot1 x to hotspot2 x Before calling the command Create Line Style all elements inclusive the hotspots forming the segment must be selected The dialog Create Line Style will show in a dialog window the line 5 segments as it will appea
82. With the editing functions of Pythagoras you can make any changes you need When Make Profile is selected a dialog box will appear You can enter the following information e Height of the reference elevation Road Design 157 From chainage To chainage Floating Reference level X scale Y scale Annotations you would like included on the dressed up drawing DTM To generate a profile that does not cover the complete road the chainages in From and To fields indicate starting and ending chainage of the profile section that must be generated If Floating is switched on the requested referenced level will be applied if the lowest part of the profile including references and DTM is in a band that lies between 2 and 10 cm paper dimensions above the reference level If the profile is outside this band the reference level will be calculated by the program Make Cross Section This menu item is enabled if one or more cross sections are selected in the profile window The Make Cross Section command creates a dressed up drawing of the cross section s on the clipboard of your computer The clipboard content will be pasted automatically in a new drawing With the editing functions of Pythagoras you can make any changes you need When Make Cross Section is selected a dialog box will appear You can enter the following information e the height of the reference elevation e the width of the dr
83. You first need to click on the object that you want to divide and then click on the object that needs to divide the first object This can be a point line or arc If the two objects cross each other the intersection point will be the dividing point In the other case the extension of the line will determine the dividing point As mentioned points can also be dividing points whether they are on the line or not If they are not a virtual perpendicular line from the point to the line to divide will determine the dividing point Remark Acircle cannot be divided e The dividing points that will be created will be invisible by default Intersection Selecting Intersection in the Tools menu allows you to create the x intersection of 2 lines a line and an arc or 2 arcs When this tool is selected the cursor changes to an x1 symbol You first click on a line or arc Subsequently the cursor will change to an x2 symbol and you click on the second line or arc The intersection of both objects will be created The height of the intersection is calculated by interpolation on the second object If you want the intersection point to have the average height you need to use the menu Calculations Intersection Extend Line The Extend line command allows you to extend or shorten lines and arcs You just need to click the object and then one of its endpoints Then you can drag this point to extend sh
84. al system This results in a parallel displacement of the coordinate system In this case you need to enter the coordinates of two points whose coordinates are known in both the local and global coordinate system The new calculated coordinate system will be active when the OK button is pressed Helmert transformation This command Calculations Transformation Helmert transformation allows you to calculate the best transformation starting from several points whose coordinates are known in another coordinate system This calculation is often useful For example it could be required to transform a drawing to some standardized land coordinate System e g State Plane If the coordinates of at least 3 points are known in the other coordinate system the function Helmert transformation will calculate the best transformation parameters Select the points whose coordinates are known and select the menu item Calculations Transformation Helmert transformation The number of points is not limited The Transformation dialog box will display the selected points and their local coordinates Enter the coordinates in the new coordinate system or load them from a file using Load from File button and calculate the transformation Pythagoras will calculate the parameters based on the least square method Helmert Transformation Using the Look up XY coordinates button Pythagoras will search for points that ha
85. and searched for equal names If two tables with equal names are found they are checked on equivalence If at least one such table pair is not equivalent a subdocument is not opened with a corresponding message Tables are considered to be equivalent when e they belong to the same kind attribute or dictionary e have the same properties e have the same lists of columns e their columns have the same names and properties Additionally dictionaries must contain the same data in rows to be equivalent For efficiency reasons table data are not compared but a new stamp UUID is stored after any change in dictionary table data instead Those data stamps are compared to assure that data are identical Therefore dictionary tables will be treated as equivalent only if one is a copy of the other An attribute table of an overview contains rows from all opened subdocuments i e number of rows in the table is the sum of numbers of rows in all subdocuments A dictionary of an overview contains common rows i e the number of rows is the same as in every subdocument When a subdocument is stored its tables are also stored if they have been changed But also some other tables can be written to this subdocument if Table columns itis necessary for the data integrity for example if a reference to a table has been made You should treat tables used across several subdocuments with special care Occasional change of structure of such table
86. arguments s and pof sends with p string type CONTAINS two arguments s and pof scontains p string type ISNULL one argument of any type result is TRUE when an argument has value NULL or is an empty string The function LIKE returns TRUE if the compared strings correspond in the following sense aspecial value ANYSEQ in p corresponds to any sequence of characters in s including an empty sequence aspecial value ANYCHAR in p corresponds to any character in s other characters in p must correspond to the same characters in s See an example of function ISNULL in the description of the Function IF Logical functions Logical functions have arguments and results of Boolean type Function name Number of arguments NOT one AND two or more OR two or more e lf at least of AND operands is FALSE the result is also FALSE even if some of the other operands are NULL e f atleast one of OR operands is TRUE the result is also TRUE even if some of the other operands are NULL Function IF This function has three arguments the first one must be of Boolean type and the other arguments must be of compatible types The type of the result is defined by the types of the last two arguments Arguments types Result type integer and or real integer if both arguments are integers real otherwise date and or date time date if both arguments are dates date time o
87. arting point has been fixed a line on the screen will follow all mouse movement Even now you are able to scroll in the drawing zoom in and zoom out Note When you press the CTRL key the line will remain parallel to the X or Y axis of the active coordinate system When the starting point is not an existing point its location is defined the same way as the location of a single point see Point The end point of a line can be on another line In this case Pythagoras will give you the option to enter the length of the new line The end point of the new line will be the intersection of the existing line and a circle The Tools Menu 89 l Note e The style and the width of a new created line will depend on the default line style and on the default line width see PART 11 gt Chapter 5 The Defaults Menu e The endpoint of a line you are creating will snap to the following points The point on an existing line where the new line is perpendicular to the existing line The point on an arc or circle where the new line is tangential to the arc or circle The point on an arc or circle where the new line is perpendicular to the arc or circle The point on an arc or line at an interval of 1 2 1 9 of its length when the corresponding numeric key is pressed During the creation of a line the control panel will show extra information about the line By default the control panel shows the horizontal distance L However by
88. as has 3 special windows the Profile window the Plan window and the Cross Section window each with their own control panels All windows can be viewed simultaneously The Plan Window The plan window displays the horizontal alignment of the road and the existing terrain in plan view Points and lines selected as reference objects are displayed in the plan window These reference objects can be fixed points and lines that need to be taken into account when the horizontal alignment is being designed In the plan window you design the horizontal alignment of the new road axis More specifically you define the horizontal transitions and intersection points Those transitions can either contain straight lines arcs and splines The Control Panel The control panel constantly displays the information about the horizontal alignment at the position of the cursor in the plan window When the cursor comes near an object intersection point transition object or reference object the control panel will display the relevant information distance height and difference in height When moving the cursor in the plan window you will obtain instantly the distance the inclination and the data of a horizontal transition at the position of the cursor Buttons for the creation of intersection points are provided Using the control panel you can define the position of an intersection point exactly The Profile Window The profile window d
89. ase items have names The name can be any non empty Unicode string not containing prohibited or control characters However you should avoid using extraordinary names because this can cause many problems For example tables with too long names or with spaces inside cannot be exported to some formats e g DBF In Pythagoras database names belong to one of four categories e Strictly regular names Names containing only Latin letters from the main set 2 2 and digits and beginning with a letter Regular names Names regular in the sense of the SQL standard but not strictly regular Such names must contain only letters signs and and digits and cannot begin with a digit e Irregular names i e neither regular nor invalid e Invalid names Names containing either control or so called non characters An empty string is also invalid Such names cannot be used When you try to use a not strictly regular name as a rule you will be warned by Pythagoras Note that default names in some localization of Pythagoras can be not strictly regular but they will be always simply regular Also when two names differ only in the case they are considered equal e g the table name Table1 is the same as table1 Reference In Pythagoras database tables can be of two kinds attribute tables and dictionaries Concepts and terminology 19 Attribute tables Dictionary tables Each row of an attribute table is linked to a
90. at you created Add or remove available buttons from the left list to your toolbar and select the sequence of the buttons in the list on the right Drawings in the View Menu All open drawings will be listed in the View menu Selecting a drawing in this menu will make that drawing the active drawing Its window will become the top window Reference The View Menu 143 Chapter 7 Intersections The Calculations Menu Center The Intersections command Calculations Intersections calculates the intersections of all selected lines and adds the resulting points to the drawing The point style of intersections is x point When lines cross each other instead of intersect the point gets the average elevation Grid The Center command Calculations Center calculates and creates the center of the selected arcs and circles Best fit This command Calculations Grid allows you to generate a grid consisting of points or lines separated by a pre defined distance You can also have Pythagoras add text next to each point that was created The default text is the coordinates in reference to the active coordinate system You can change the formatting layer color and display level Traverse This command Calculations Best Fit calculates and creates the best fitting line arc or circle on a DTM The calculation is based on the least square method The Traverse command Cal
91. ated in the DXF DWG file by an INSERT Block name X scale factor Y scale factor rotation angle unpacked the symbol will be unpacked into its basis elements and exported in the ENTITIES section of the DXF DWG file Lines Older versions of the DXF DWG format do not have a notion of line thickness Using a text table you can specify how the thickness width of a line in the Pythagoras drawing is converted into a certain color in DXF DWG file Loading this table can be done by specifying a Color to Width file in the Preferences dialog box more about this in another section of the manual The Pythagoras standard line styles as well as any custom line styles that can be converted to LTYPEs will remain The following section thus only applies to other special line styles Special line styles can be exported to the DXF DWG file in one of the following ways as anormal solid line this method is recommended if the user of the drawing has no need for the line style that is used in the Pythagoras drawing line style is retained A BLOCK will be exported in the DXF DWG Blocks Section for every line style that is used in the drawing The BLOCK contains the drawing of one segment The line itself is created in the DXF DWG file using an INSERT Block name X scale factor rotation angle column count Arcs and circles are exported as one anonymous BLOCK unpacked the lines will be unpacked split up into its basis ele
92. ates which View is active This way 2 identical sheets can look different or vice versa the same theme thematic maps can be visible in 2 different sheets Print Sheet Printer This list File Select Sheet shows all available thus already created sheets The active sheet has a check mark in front of it To activate another sheet simply click on it Select Print Area With this function File Printer you can set up the printer page format orientation etc for the active print sheet The dialog box appearing when you select Page Setup will depend on the printer which is selected at that moment For example on an 0 plotter you have the option to select one of the many different page formats A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 On a laser printer you will have fewer options This menu also allows you to change printers A list of all installed printers will pop up The actual default printer is selected You can choose another printer freely With the Settings button you can eventually change the printer s settings When the Pythagoras drawing is made for a printer other than the one selected Pythagoras will give a warning message When you continue the drawing will be adapted to the selected printer When page setup is confirmed Pythagoras continues with the Select Print area command See below If you would like additional information on available printer settings we would like to refer you to the do
93. ation First you select an intersection point Next select the item Move in the Edit menu The shape of the cursor will change Place the cursor on the selected intersection point press the mouse button and drag the intersection point to the new position Transition Defaults Vie Tools Transition Defaults Vie Tools Transition Defaults Vie Select Select Select Intersection Point Intersection Point Intersection Point C S New Cross Section New Cross Sechon Cross Section Mark Cross Sectio oad bed R Road bed Add Reference Add Reference Add Reference The Tools menu allows selecting design tools as possible from the different control panels The content of this menu will vary depending on the activated view Plan Profile Cross Section Select By choosing the item Select in the Tools menu or by pressing the corresponding toolbox button the program will enter the select mode In the Cross Section window only intersection points can be selected Transition Automatic uw Reference In the Plan window intersection points reference objects and cross section markers can be selected In the Profile window you can select intersection points cross sections normal and exceptional and reference objects e Cross sections can only be deleted e Intersection points can be deleted or moved e Reference objects can be deleted When you double click on an intersection point you can change the attribu
94. ave the specified color Layer objects must be in the specified layer Display level objects need to have a specific display level Style objects must have the specified style A style per type of object line point polygon or text is provided Point number from x to y f both x and y are filled in all points with point numbers between x and y values x and y are included fxand y are not filled in all points without point number If only y is filled in points up to point number Find y If only x is filled in all points starting from point number x Comment the comment object information of an object must be equal start with or contain the given text Elevation height must be lt or gt a given value Finally by selecting the Database Tab you can also specify additional database search criteria assuming a database has been created inside the Pythagoras drawing Use the green sign to add search criteria By using the button Search Pythagoras will search the objects that fulfill all given criteria The number of objects found is displayed in the dialog box By using the button Select the objects found will be selected You may When searching for groups option is selected all objects of a group are highlighted if at least one member of this group Make a completely new selection Add to the selection
95. awing e the scale e the annotations you want to have on the dressed up drawing e DTM The field Width gives the total ex width of the dressed up cross Layout of a cross section Layout of the result drawing section It is obvious that the width Reference elevation 2 Pu 4 sections on a row must be large enough to display the Width 25 Scale 1 50 Automatic calculation of distance connection of the cut or fill slopes Annotation Fixed distance with the terrain v Section number Existing elevation oo V Distance 4 Design elevation 00 When multiple cross sections are IM References selected a different dialog box V Intervals appears In this dialog box you can 5 l change the reference height the ee width scale annotation DTM Choose terrain models z as well as the lay out of the drawing e The number of profiles on a raw e Distance of the profiles e Prototype drawing Convert to drawing This function provides the automatic drawing of all calculated data like road axis reference points slope intercepts in the plan view You can also create stake out points automatically All you have to do is check the checkboxes of the appropriate elements you want to create 2 Edit Menu The properties of the objects you want to create can be set in the dialog box that pops up after selecting this tool in the menu Following settings can be made Line style
96. be opened directly from within Pythagoras Folder External File With this command View Object Folder External File you specify a folder directory where you re keeping your linked files This way you avoid entering the whole path name in the Choose external file command This becomes handy when files are moved to other computer systems All files can be saved in one folder directory so you just need to specify one folder per drawing External File Mode This option View Object Info External File Mode makes it possible to open files that are linked to objects by double clicking these objects If no Road Design file is linked to the object the double clicking will bring up the Attributes dialog box Google Earth See PART III Road Design Toolbars You can view a Pythagoras drawing directly in Google Earth without exporting it first to a KML file If you select View Google Earth a KML file will be created in a temporary folder and Google Earth will be opened with this KML file as a parameter This menu option is only enabled if conversion to WGS84 coordinates is possible and any exportable objects not in PageCS are selected All features are the same as when you export to Google Earth yourself see PART 11 Chapter 1 Export Google Earth Active DTM Configuration Defaults Drawing Tools Reference This menu option View gt Toolbars
97. bjects For this purpose you have to draw any objects except for coordinate systems paths and roads in Page CS When for example choosing the print area for this sheet you will see that the latter objects are moved together with their sheet within the drawing Legends belong also to the sheet objects please refer to PART 1 Chapter 6 Legend for details as well as any logotypes page framing and other such objects Viewports are defined in page coordinates so every viewport belongs to a sheet similar to legends Viewport coordinates are calculated starting from the upper border of the sheet But viewports never display objects in page coordinates Once multiple sheets are created for a drawing only one at a time can be Set as active which means that this sheet will be printed when you execute the Print command However to perform as it were a Print screen of your drawing with scale and rotation angle as displayed you can make the sheet floating This setting will hide the page and such a sheet can have no own page objects Pythagoras sheets can be exported to AutoCAD by means of saving the document as AutoCAD drawing Only limitation AutoCAD has no such notion as Views so all the sheets will be displayed equally according to the current document view Concepts and terminology 17 Chapter 3 Pythagoras Database A Pythagoras document can contain an internal database The main goal of the database is to stor
98. bjects in one group Objects belonging to the same group will all be selected when you click the mouse on any of the objects belonging to the same group The individual elements of the group can however still be edited by double clicking the appropriate object Reference The Edit Menu 85 Ungroup Unpack The Ungroup command Edit gt UnGroup will restore all items of a group as individual items Set Print Area The command Unpack gt Unpack will divide the selected symbols and special line styles in separate elements Clear Print Area With Set Print Area Edit 5 Set Print Area you can define random polygons as a print area All objects outside this polygon will not appear on the printout Objects partially inside the polygon will be clipped accordingly Unlike the clipping command the definition of a print area does not affect the drawing itself Besides a print area is always page dependent i e it describes an outline of the page not of the drawing If the page is moved or rotated the print area will change with it accordingly The Set print area command is only active in the page coordinate system Thus the polygon that describes the print area must be drawn in page coordinates An already existing print area will automatically be removed at the moment the new definition occurs In other words it is not possible to activate more than one print area at a time Using Clea
99. ble click on a point you get to possibility to adapt the z value in the contro panel Creating a point on a path If you have created a path and would like to create points along the path select CDZ instead of e g XYZ or NEZ from the control panel When placing points you will be able to enter coordinates directly in CDZ format Note If you would like to place a point ON the path it is best to click NEXT TO the path to place your initial point then enter the exact C value change the D value to zero i e on the path and enter the Z value if needed Line The Pythagoras line drawing mode allows you to create lines in any direction In Pythagoras a line is defined by the coordinates of its end points When a line is created and one or both of its end points do not exist they are created If the toolbox item Lines is selected the shape of the cursor will change to a crosshair When you move the cursor over the drawing the shape of the sight will indicate that the cursor is on a point or on a line The end point starting point or end point of the line can be existing point apoint on an existing line a point defined by its coordinates The simplest case is to connect two existing points You move the cursor to the starting point click the mouse button move the cursor to the end point and click again Because both end points are known by Pythagoras the new line can be created When the st
100. ble to make changes to the macro code of certain libraries The lock is activated by entering a name and a password The lock can be unlocked by entering the appropriate name and password Macro editor A macro library becomes active the moment it is loaded This provides access to the macrocodes so you can make or edit your macro program When the Macro editor File Macros gt Macro Editor is active the menus also change accordingly e contains all commands relating to file management e contains the edit commands that can be useful during programming e g copy paste find replace etc e contains compile and run Compile checks the program for errors and converts it into machine language Run compiles the program and runs it right away Please refer to the VBA manual for more detailed information on programming in VBA Import System Macros All Pythagoras system macros are stored in a file called PYTHAGOR MLB This command File gt Macros Import System Macros allows you to import set of macro libraries Importing a set of macro libraries is used for Copying a set of macro libraries to a computer where Pythagoras is newly installed Restoring a backup of the PYTHAGOR MLB file Switching between sets of macro libraries This function overwrites PY THAGOR MLB with the set of macro libraries that you have selected All documents should be closed before using th
101. butes layer scale etc This means that the import of multiple images e g maps used as background which cover entire country areas is fully automated Syntax of the text file The structure of such a text file is described below The file contains two parts 1 The header 2 list of filenames of the maps with coordinates of their bottom left corner and possibly their upper right corner This last one is used if the image has been deformed during scanning By entering coordinates of the upper right corner the image will deform in a way that it will fit in the square given by the coordinates The header Note a TAB or a space separates each field 1 The header always starts with a colon 2 Original images full pathname of the original image files TIFF or BMP is entered here The File Menu 51 Export 3 Pythagoras image files Pythagoras converts the original images to its own format Here enter the full path name of where they need to be saved after conversion Note 1 Windows separates the maps directories with backslashes e g C documents images 2 Keep in mind that the paths need to end with a backslash 3 In case there are spaces in the path names the path needs to be entered between double or single quotes or 4 Scale the scale of the original images 5 Display level We advise to use the lowest display level 2 10 because images are often used as a background In this way drawn objects
102. cannot be changed 3 Read access means that row data can be read but neither table structure nor table data can be changed deleted or added However rows of attribute tables can be deleted together with the graphic objects they are linked to 4 Noaccess or VBA access means that data can be neither read nor changed and table structure cannot be changed either However rows of attribute tables can be deleted together with the graphic objects they are linked to and the table structure remains visible Data read protection also does not deny the possibility to view table data via database views Structure of the database in whole can be protected with the owner name and password When database structure is protected no change in structure of tables is possible particularly table access level cannot be changed Also view definitions cannot be changed new tables or views cannot be changed existing tables and views cannot be deleted Chapter 4 Reference Expressions Expressions are used in Pythagoras to define database views to express an additional condition in Find dialog and to define a value to build a thematic map We introduce a special language to make manual entering of expressions possible where they are necessary To facilitate usage of this language it is designed similar to the built in language of Microsoft Excel but it is not completely the same In Pythagoras an expression is applied either to a CAD object or t
103. ces these by the string in the replace field There are additional find and replace options Entire word only will only search the entire word If this is not checked the editor will also search for the string in parts of words Case sensitive if this is turned off the editor will search for the string exactly as it is taking into account capital letters Search backwards searches the document backwards Wrap around search at the end of the document the editor will start again at the beginning Format This menu is primarily used for formatting texts Most functions are obvious Text Attributes pops up a dialog box in which most formatting functions appear This allows you to format the text using one menu selection Line spacing is used to set the distance between the different lines in the text Line spacing works for each paragraph Alignment determines the position of the text in the text block e Left the text is left aligned e Right the text is right aligned e Center the text is centered This alignment works for each paragraph Paragraph in a Pythagoras Rich Text you can use the Return or Enter key to start a new paragraph The Tools Menu 105 Aligned Rich Text This function Tools Object Aligned Rich Text is used to give Rich text block the same rotation as a line Refer to the section above for more information on Rich Text Curve Curves splines a
104. cifies attributes for objects points lines color layer etc which overwrite the standard defaults when the User Default is selected You may define up to 256 user defaults In the dialog box User Default Manager you may create a new default by entering a name and click on the New button Next you define e g the point line text and polygon attributes When no value for an attribute is given the standard default will be used Entering a value for an attribute will disable the standard value menu Defaults List of User Defaults You can also apply an existing User Default by selecting it from the list in this menu Defaults Defaults User Default Note This function can also be accessed by clicking the right mouse button Restore Save You may return any time to the start up defaults by selecting Restore Defaults Defaults Restore During the start up Pythagoras the following default attributes will be initialized e Point style e Symbol e Line attributes style width etc e Text attributes size style position e Color These default values are saved in the file PYTHAGOR DEF When you want other start up defaults you first set all attributes in the menu Defaults to your preferred value and subsequently you select Save Defaults gt Defaults gt Save Document Defaults Confirm Operation When creating new objects and Confirm Operation Defaul
105. code Editing the macro code is done in the Macro editor It is a programming environment with its own menu commands that allows you to manage edit and run the code The described functions be accessed via Macros menu see PART II Chapter 1 Macros Reference Concepts and terminology 35 Chapter 8 Defaults Defaults are basic settings for object graphical attributes that are stored in Pythagoras and applied to any new object In Pythagoras we distinguish also other categories which we also refer to default settings e User defaults e Document defaults e Preferences Detailed description of the menu functions you can find in PART Il Chapter 5 The Defaults Menu All default settings except for document defaults are stored in PYTHAGOR DEF file During the start up of Pythagoras these settings will be initialized Graphical attributes User defaults Graphical attributes of objects that you can set to default values are e Point style and symbol e Line attributes style width etc e Textattributes size style position e Color e Display level The changed settings will apply to all newly created objects They are not stored automatically you have to choose the Save option and then your default settings will be invoked the next time you open Pythagoras A User Default is a named sets of graphical attributes described above which overwrite the standard defaults when the User
106. comma is used only to separate list items for example actual arguments in a function call Parentheses Left and right parentheses are used in two cases to enclose item lists and to define order of operations Language versions There are two language versions localized and international actually US English Localized version is used when you are viewing or editing the sources International version is used in two cases in expression strings stored to Pythagoras documents and in expression strings handled via the VBA An expression string can be unambiguously converted from one version to another if it is syntactically correct Preferences Compilation is done using Pythagoras preferences which as a rule coincide with the current preferences But preferences are stored together with database views named Finds and Thematic maps and remain untouched If you change the current preferences or use a named Find with another document the used preferences may differ from the current ones For localized versions decimal points and item separators in the compiled expression are expected to be as in the preferences for example comma as the decimal point and semicolon as the item separator For international version dot and comma are assumed respectively Some built in functions get arguments and return results in units set in the preferences It is supposed that angle unit is not set to so called survey unit Shor
107. cribing countries of the Mozambique 2421 world The table has columns Name string and qu Population integer We want to have an UNE Clipboard Reference Concepts and terminology 23 attribute view describing names and population densities of countries with population above 10 million We define a new simple view based on the table A where condition is defined as Population gt 10000000 Column expressions are defined as Name and Population Area Area here is the name of the built in function returning the area of a polygon Aggregation Views An aggregation view has two bases main and auxiliary i e two database tables or system tables or views are involved in gathering the required data A complete definition of an aggregation view consists of the bases a so called match and where conditions and column definitions The match condition is an expression applied to columns of both bases that returns True or False The match condition is used to choose pairs of rows from both bases The where expression and column expressions are applied to both base rowsets but in different manner It can address columns of the auxiliary rowset only inside so called aggregate functions Aggregate functions are functions applied not only to one row but to the whole rowset Therefore the expressions of both latter kinds address rows of the main base and address the auxiliary base a
108. ct or on an approximate position to define the starting point of the arc When you move the mouse an arc with a fixed radius will be drawn following the movements of the mouse Pythagoras will automatically calculate the intersection when the endpoint is near another object line arc circle The Sight will clearly indicate the intersection When the endpoint is not an existing object you need to enter the radius of the arc Note When you press the CTRL key while you confirm the arc a point at the center of the arc will be created Arcs with arrows at the endpoints To create new arcs with arrows at the end switch on the menu item Line Arrows in the menu Defaults If the switch Line Arrows is on arcs at both ends will have an arrow To suppress the arrow at one of the endpoints hold the SHIFT key while you are creating that end point To return to the normal lines turn the Line Arrows option in the Defaults menu off The Tools Menu 93 To add or delete arrows on an existing arc select the line and the endpoint s that you want to change Then select On or Off in the menu Format Line Arrows You can only change the arc arrows if you also select the endpoints of the arc Note e Pressing the SHIFT key when you confirm the second point of an arc will start a new arc This can be very practical if you want to draw a series of connected arcs with only arrows at the starting point and at the endpoint of t
109. culations Traverse calculates the precision the errors of closure and the coordinates of a traverse The closed traverse and the following 5 cases of open traverses are provided The Traverse dialog box refers to points 0 1 n and n 1 Point 1 is the starting point of the traverse and point n is the end point Points 0 and n 1 the reference points define the orientation of the starting point and the end point respectively Pythagoras provides the following cases points 0 and 1 are known Intersection points 1 and n are known points 0 1 and n are known points 0 1 n and n 1 are known points 0 1 and n 1 are known The traverse dialog box is adapted to the case you select Before starting to give in the traverse data you need to fill in the coordinates of the starting point the end point and of the orientation points If these points exist in the active drawing you may enter the point numbers Pythagoras will display the coordinates When all points are entered you may continue to enter the traverse data Using the lt and gt button you can scroll through the data you have entered and the input data can be edited Once all data has been entered the coordinates of the traverse points will be calculated Pythagoras calculates the precision and the errors of closure if applicable for the given type of traverse and the results will appear in the dialog box With the close check boxes you can cont
110. cumentation that accompanied your printer Reference This command File Select print area controls the transformation of Local coordinates in reference to Page coordinates When you select this command or when the page settings use of Printer command are confirmed the Control panel will display the Select Print Area dialog box The drawing window will display the page at reduced size The page border will be indicated by a solid rectangle the printable area will be indicated by a dashed rectangle You can always use the button Preview to see the effect of the new settings The scale factor can be changed either manually or by using the Fit on Page button When pressing this button Pythagoras will calculate the scale factor so that the complete drawing will fit on the page Only the objects in the visible layers are taken into account and the center of the page remains The rotation angle can only be changed manually The translation parameters x y can be changed in different ways e You may change them directly in the control panel The File Menu 75 Print e You may use the Center button Pythagoras will calculate new values for the translation parameters so that the drawing will appear centered on the page For the calculation of the center point of the document only the visible layers are taken into account e When you move the mouse inside the page rectangle the cursor will take the shape of a
111. d drag a rectangle over the area that you would like to appear in the Viewport By moving the cursor to the center of the Viewport a cross appears and the Viewport can be clicked and dragged elsewhere on the drawing Clicking and dragging the little hand elsewhere in the Viewport allows you to pan inside the Viewport Zooming in and out can be done using the zoom function or by holding down the CTRL key while scrolling with the mouse button The size of the Viewport can be changed by clicking and dragging the border or corners of the Viewport Right clicking on the Viewport and selecting Properties allows you to change certain properties such as the scale the shape of the viewport rectangle or ellipse whether you would like the border of the viewport to be visible or not or whether you would like a different View to apply to this Viewport a different view than the main drawing View Reference This is a part of VBA A private tool Tools Private Tool allows the user to send mouse actions to macros also referred to as Event macros These macros can then perform a certain function When Pythagoras is in Private Tool mode it will search for event macros and execute them immediately For more details please refer to the Pythagoras VBA manual you can find it on www pythagoras net in Downloads Product Manual section The Tools Menu 113 Chapter 4 The Format Menu The Format menu conta
112. d other compound Also a compound itself cannot be an element of other compounds paths or polygons When you create a compound if any of the selected objects are already elements of another group Pythagoras will show a warning and suggest to 1 Exclude the objects from the groups they belong to and proceed with creating the compound 2 Notinclude the elements of other groups into the created compound 3 Abort grouping the objects into a compound Similarly if you select the elements of more than one compound and try to ungroup them Pythagoras will warn you and ask whether you really want to delete all the compounds A compound itself has no properties but its elements keep their graphical attributes and can be changed individually However a compound has data attributes i e it can be linked to a table as a separate object In this case each of its elements appears to have the same common data and cannot be linked to this or another table separately When you create a compound a group if any of the selected objects are linked to the database Pythagoras will show a warning and suggest to 1 Unlink the objects from the database and proceed with grouping 2 Notinclude the linked objects into the group 3 Abort grouping the objects into a compound Similarly if you try to delete a compound linked to the database Pythagoras will warn you and unlink the compound from the database before ungrouping the objects Compounds are no
113. ded and you do not have to worry about copying them too When editing images these changes are stored in the Pythagoras file and not in the original image file Thus the original image file is not changed However you can if needed save the modified image as a new file with a new different file name refer to more detailed explanation in PART 11 Chapter 1 Import Image A linked image can be used in multiple drawings It is obvious that the image file is saved only once It is for this reason that changes to images are saved separately from the image and that an image file cannot be overwritten When an image is linked to a document the name of the Pythagoras image file will be the path and the filename relative to the path where the document is stored For example if the document is in C MyDocs Proj1 and the linked image is in C MyDocs Proj1 lmages then the image file MyPic jpg Concepts and terminology 13 will be stored as Images MyPic img We strongly recommend that you save the image file in the same directory as the drawing or in a sub directory Note The GeoTIFF format is a variant on the TIFF format The content of geographical data in GeoTIFF images is the main advantage As a consequence it is possible to import images that are automatically geo referenced Note2 Pythagoras will georeference images if a World File e g jpw tfw or bpw exists in the same directory as the image fi
114. ders include lt table column gt for database columns lt object type attribute for graphic attributes Example Imagine the following text of a New Year greetings card Dear colleagues from lt Production Country gt in the current year lt Production Production gt of new diesel cars were produced in your country Taking into account that the area of your country is lt Polygons Area gt thousand sq km and the population is Production Population the number of produced cars should increase next year Reference Happy New Year Management We assume that the database table Production with above columns exists in the Pythagoras drawing and the mail merge is performed on polygons First of all we select the polygons representing countries that we want to write to Then we call the function File Database gt Merge and we are prompted to open the prototype document which can be either a Pythagoras document or a text file Following the Mail Merge dialog will appear Mail Merge Prototype document Placeholders Placeholder Value Decimals Lo C Pythagoras E earCard PPD pA Polygons Area 12 Production Country Italy Production Population 58103033 Production Production 320 00 Result C Print 0 v 2 Save C Pythagoras Examples NewYearCard pyt DK Cancel In the upper part the prototype document wi
115. desired arc or line then you enter the distance to one of the endpoints This point will be the starting point for the arc You may now move the mouse to an existing object or to an approximate position If clicked on an approximate position you may enter angle and radius of the new arc or the coordinates of the endpoint You can also create tangential arcs while you are drawing a line Start drawing the line and move the mouse so that the line has the direction of the starting point of the arc Press the SPACE bar and the line will convert in an arc tangential to the line that was seen on the drawing before the SPACE bar was pressed Note Youchange the direction of the arc by moving the mouse close to the starting point within approx 2 mm and then moving the mouse in the other direction When the starting point of the arc is the endpoint of an existing arc or line you may click on the endpoint and no distance needs to be entered If more than one line or arc has the same endpoint you need to move the Sight over the desired line or arc towards the endpoint e The endpoint of the arc you are creating will automatically snap to the following points Existing point Points on an existing line or circle where the new arc is tangential to that object Point on an existing line where the new arc is perpendicular to the existing line Reference Arc tangential to two lines two arcs or a line and an arc The toolbo
116. ditor Text Editors We provide you with the basic text editing tools to help you view create and handle simple text and VBA programs directly inside Pythagoras This chapter presents an overview of the available editors RTF editor Pythagoras default text editor is available in the File menu see PART II Chapter 1 Open Text Files With this tool you can open simple text files txt format create short texts in Pythagoras edit text documents In addition Pythagoras uses the ASCII editor to Display errors during execution of some actions For example when reading CDF or data collector file the ASCII editor opens to display the line where the error occurred and you can proceed to the next error e Open reports after the execution of some commands For example after importing or exporting a database table the log file with the results will be displayed The ASCII editor has short toolbar and a simple menu consisting of basic file editing and viewing operations It also supports opening and editing multiple documents simultaneously Note The code page used by the ASCII editor is defined by the current Pythagoras language version The Rich Text editor is available in the Tools menu see PART II Chapter 3 New Object Rich Text This tool is a lot more powerful than the previous editor it allows specific formatting and handles rtf and doc documents You cannot open a document directly from the RTF e
117. ditor you can either create the text in Pythagoras or copy paste it from another program on your computer for example Microsoft Word WordPad Notepad etc Whenever you create and paste a table with information into your drawing for example Coordinate and Object lists Table data from the Table Viewer you can open and edit it using the RTF editor To add a new row to a table in the RTF editor put the cursor to the right of the previous table row and press Enter To delete a row select it completely and press the delete key The width and number of columns as well as the column attributes e g background color cannot be changed in the current version of Pythagoras The position of the Rich Text in the drawing can be changed same as of any other object Also note that the width of the Rich Text in the editor is controlled by the width of the text rectangle in the drawing The text in the editor is wrapped to the required size automatically In the RTF editor you can format your text in any way you like use any alignment spacing text size color and style But beware that the text alignment in the editor will define the alignment within the Rich Text rectangle in the drawing To change the alignment of the block choose the Text Block Attributes command in the RTF editor or Edit Object in the drawing Note Please keep in mind that you set the code page for the RTF editor when you choose a new font for the text you
118. dpoints of the existing line or to enter the perpendicular distance to the reference line The first field prompted in the Pythagoras control panel is the perpendicular distance but using the TAB key allows you to enter one of the other fields When the starting point is defined the new line will follow the mouse movements but remain perpendicular to the reference line When moving The Tools Menu 91 the mouse Pythagoras will automatically calculate the intersection when the end point is near a line The sight will clearly indicate the intersection When an intersection is indicated you only need to click the mouse button to create the perpendicular line If the endpoint of the new line is not on a line when you click the mouse button Pythagoras will prompt you to enter the line length in the control panel Perpendicular line to an arc With the toolbox item Perpendicular Line you also can create perpendicular lines to arcs or circles You first click on the arc or circle to which the line needs to be perpendicular As you will note when you move the mouse the line will remain perpendicular When the starting point of the line comes close to an existing point on the arc or circle the starting point will snap to that point Arc Arc tangential to line or arc The toolbox item Tangential Arc allows you to create an arc which is either tangential to an existing arc or tangential to an existing line You click on the
119. drawing the new line will remain parallel to the X axis or the Y axis of the active coordinate System d Drawing circle or arc with given center and radius When pressed when you confirm the circle a point at the center of the circle will be created e Drawing arc tangent to two lines When the CTRL key is pressed when you confirm the tangential arc the lines are trimmed or extended up to the points of contact This is a shortcut for the Fillet command f the mode Dimension the CTRL key is held down Pythagoras will temporarily go to the mode User Coordinate Appendix B Shortcut Keys 199 System By clicking subsequently the origin and the direction of a baseline Pythagoras will create a temporary coordinate system and the program will return to the mode Dimension This feature is useful for quickly creating XY dimensions relative to a baseline 0 Creating a temporary coordinate system parallel to the current CS When the CTRL key is pressed when you click on the origin of a new CS a temporary coordinate system is created The axes of the newly created coordinate system are parallel to the active coordinate system h Creating a temporary coordinate system When the CTRL key is pressed when you click on the point indicating the direction of the new coordinate system a temporary coordinate system is created i Move command When the CTRL key is pressed when moving objects the objects can only be
120. drawing in any direction Press the mouse button on a location of the drawing move the mouse to its new location on the screen and release the 2 D Examples in Installer 1 Examples in Installer RoadDesign PYT Planblad 1 mouse button The visible area of your drawing will be 3 Cross Section RoadDesign PYT 4 Profile RoadDesign PYT adjusted accordingly While moving the mouse a dashed line shows the direction of the displacement Reference The scroll mode can be cancelled by using one of the following keyboard keys ESC SPACE bar Enter Remark A quick key to enter scroll mode is the key on the numeric keyboard Zoom In With the Zoom In command you can magnify a part of your drawing on the Screen When you have selected this command the shape of the cursor will change to a magnifying glass with a plus sign at the center Move the cursor to a desired starting location top left top right bottom left or bottom right of the area you want to enlarge press the mouse button and move the mouse A rectangle on the screen will follow the mouse movements When the rectangle encloses the area of the drawing you want to magnify release the mouse button Remark You may zoom in with a factor 2 when you just click the mouse button on the position where you want to Zoom In Pythagoras supports multiple zoom levels Each time you zoom in Pythagoras will remember the previous displayed area and the zoom factor This info
121. e The Cut off command Edit Cut off removes all objects raster and vector information inside or outside an arbitrarily area Objects on the edge will be cut off exception texts and symbols This item can only be chosen when exactly one polygon is selected Note With images the content of multiple polygons can be cleared The following functions can be selected Clipping vector raster information simultaneously Only vector information Only raster information Only terrain model This way you can select random areas from maps and use them to print or copy to another drawing The edges are nicely cut Remarks e Careless saving of the map to the disk after clipping will change the original of the drawing Consider that clipping erases part of the map Clipping will only erase visible objects As a consequence layers that have been turned off or which are not visible is the actual scale will not be clipped The Edit Menu 83 Move Rotate The Move command gt Move allows you to move selected objects to another location When the Move command is selected the shape of the cursor will change Place the cursor on one of the selected points press the mouse button and drag the objects to the new position Note When the polygon areas are displayed and areas change while dragging objects the new areas are continuously displayed Warning The Move command changes the coordinates of the points moved
122. e GON iz e North East or XY coordinates 1 1 pum e decimal sign Note sl number of decimal places used to represent coordinates and dimensions line lengths areas in Scale Metric the dialog boxes including the control panel the Decimal point and item separator drawin and in ex orted files Point separator g p D Comma List separator UTM zone prefix type yi aid Note In the control panel WGS84 coordinates are always E23 displayed either DEC degrees decimal or DMS Degrees minutes seconds They are never displayed in GON RAD or MIL so if you choose one of these three units in the Cancel Preferences the WGS84 coordinates will be displayed in DEC If you choose Surveyor they will be displayed in DMS Annotations Preferences You can determine which annotations should be shown Units Annotations Date and Time Data col and what should be their layout for the following items Coordinates Lines Areas Elevations f e Coordinates Lines Show Layout Areas Point Identifier Elevations Coordinates Point IDs Elevation e Comments Comment XY Dimensions Width Coordinate Example 25 125 46 270 57 Reference The Defaults Menu 129 Date and Time Preferences Units Annotations Date and Time Data collecto CRS Load Other Date and time ICU for
123. e drawing The position will be the center of gravity of the polygon and the text will be centered The toolbox item Annotation Tools Annotation allows you to create annotations belonging to polygons and points Polygon annotations include Perimeter Area Comment information linked with the polygon Annotations for lines and paths The horizontal length The slope length The difference in elevation between the end points The gradient The bearing only for lines The menu item Horizontal length can also be used to annotate the horizontal distance between two points that are not connected to one another with a line or to annotate the perpendicular distance between a point and a line All elements of a path will be annotated in one operation Point annotations include Point number The elevation of the point Information linked with the point The coordinates of the point Arcs and circles can have the radius and the center angle With the exception of Comment all other annotations can also be created using the tool Dimension In contrast with Dimension the items are not grouped but create individual text objects Create Viewport Private Tool Creating a Viewport Tools Create Viewport allows you to copy a part of the drawing in the same or in a different scale To create a Viewport select the menu option Tools Create Viewport and then click an
124. e additional information about graphic and non graphic objects Data can be entered into the database manually or can be imported from other files or databases Pythagoras internal database is a traditional relational 2 level tables views database see definition for example here http en wikipedia org wiki Relational database but it has some specific features Data types and values Data in the Pythagoras database can be of the following types Integer stored as 32 bit signed integers e Real stored as double precision 64 bits floating point numbers according to the IEEE standard 754 1985 e Boolean having only two values FALSE and TRUE e Date time one type internally stored as 64 bit unsigned integers expressing numbers of 10 ns ticks starting from the beginning of imaginary Gregorian era 0 hours at January 1 1 by Gregorian calendar Leap seconds are not taken into account Such representation is equivalent to the representation of date time in both GUIDs Global Unique Identifiers and in NET e Date internally stored as number of full days passed since the beginning of imaginary Gregorian era e Time internally stored as 64 bit signed integers expressing numbers of 10 ns ticks This type can be used in two ways as time of day number of ticks since midnight and as a time interval number of ticks between two moments of time e String any sequences of Unicode characters except prohibited so call
125. e join If you hold the SHIFT key while you are clicking the arc the other intersection point will be used C Arc Line Arc or Circle The intersection s of the line and the arc is or are not on the arc the arc will be extended or trimmed with the smallest possible extension One of the endpoints of the arc is on the line the arc will be extended so that both the endpoints are on the line Remark The Join objects command also can be used to obtain the projection of points and texts on a line d Align text and images Texts and images be given the same 0 point as another text or image using this align button Example aaaaaa becomes bbbbbb bbbbbb When holding down the CTRL key the alignment will be horizontal Example aaaaaa becomes aaaaaa bbbbbb bbbbbb Ed The Cut object tool removes a part of an object which is defined by two points of intersection Click the object to cut out Then click the cutting edges These can be points lines circles and arcs The edges or their extension need to be on the line segment to cut off If these are points their perpendicular projection needs to be on the line to cut off If the line crosses a circle there are two possibilities to cut off Pythagoras considers the intersection point of the circle with the line nearest to the mouse click as the cutting edge Divide Object The Divide object command divides a line or an arc in 2 parts
126. e position where the NC should start evolving into HC and FSE Those positions are relative to the point where the Tangent converts into a Spiral TS according to the driving direction on the road LEGEND PI point of intersection of the main tangents TS tangent to spiral comman point nf tangent and spiral SSD start af superelevation development ESD end of superelevation development sc spiral to curve common point af spiral and circular curve Lp length of spiral TS to SC Le length of superelevatian develapment Im n normal pavement crossfall pavement superelevation 1 NC TS start of superelevation process Last Normal Crown position relative to point where Tangent changes into Spiral dS enter distance where process should take place relative to place where tangent becomes spiral TS NC TS 20 m means that superelevation process should start 20 m before TS Chainage can be given too this is a more absolute value HC TS point where Half Crown should be reached relative to Tangent to Spiral point FSE SC point where Full Super Elevation should be reached relative to point where Spiral changes into Curve Curve out CS FSE point where Full Super Elevation is finished and starts evolving into HC relative to point where Curve changes into Spiral ST HC point where HC should be reached relative to point where Spiral changes into Tangent ST NC point where NC should be reached r
127. e renumbered However their sequence will not be random but the numbering will be in ascending order in the same sequence as the points appear in the polygon e Clear point numbers The point numbers of the selected points will be removed ncrement numeric point numbers The existing point numbers will be incremented by the given value A list of the coordinates in the active coordinate system will be created in Page Coordinates in the bottom right corner of the page after you select Operation Coordinate List The appearance and the attributes of the Coordinate List can be set with the dialog box Preferences Defaults Preferences Annotation Coordinates The Coordinate list can be edited in Pythagoras using the Rich text editor In addition it has a table format and can be copy pasted into any spreadsheet and or word processing program A list of the selected polygons will be created in Page Coordinates in the bottom right corner of the page after selecting Format Operation gt Polygon List This list contains the description the object comment of each polygon and its area The units and attributes of the Polygon List can be set with the dialog box Preferences The Polygon list can be edited in Pythagoras using the Rich text editor In addition it has a table format and can be copy pasted into any spreadsheet and or word processing program Adjust Elevation Sel
128. e table but it is not a typical case Column references do not have to be specially defined but to make the database structure clearer we recommend that you declare them explicitly The referenced column must belong to a dictionary table and must be a unique value column beforehand In case the referenced row is deleted for the referencing row you can choose one of the following options e leave a pending reference e change referencing value to NULL e delete the referencing row Note There are two kinds of references in the Pythagoras database references to CAD objects and references to other columns In the case of object references when the referenced row is deleted the above actions for the referencing row can be defined only via VBA System tables predefined views System tables are special objects of the Pythagoras database that are created automatically and cannot be changed They are pseudo tables representing properties of CAD objects System tables are never stored anywhere Each system table corresponds to one or several object types This means that there is one to one correspondence between CAD objects of these types and rows of the table Each column of a system table corresponds to some property of objects of these types For example all system tables contain integer type column DisplayLevel values of display level of objects are written to this column Database Views A Database view displays a sub
129. e you zoom in Pythagoras will remember the previous displayed area and the zoom factor This information will be used when you zoom out With View Actual size you can read the actual scale in the upper left corner of your screen Note The shortcut key is the gt key The View Menu 135 Zoom Out Actual Size With the Zoom Out command View gt Zoom Out you can reduce the size of your drawing on the screen The Zoom Out command will display the area of your drawing using the zoom factor at the previous zoom level Note Shortcut is key Fit In Window This command View Actual Size will display the drawing on the screen at the same size as it will be printed Note Shortcut is key Display View This command View In window will display the complete drawing on the screen The parts of the drawing that fall outside the page boundaries will not be displayed Note Shortcut is key The Display View Command View Display View allows you to control the way your drawing is displayed on the screen Note Shortcut is CTRL I A dialog box will appear when you select this command To define a new View click first the Add View button and give it a name Otherwise the changes you make will affect the current view Display i gt Add View Delete The Display View dialog box contains
130. ecting this menu item Format Operation Adjust Elevation will change the elevation of all selected points Depending on the selection you make in the dialog box the points will either get a fixed elevation Z or the elevation will be adapted with the value entered dZ Change Comment Selecting this menu item Format Operation gt Change comment will display a dialog box allowing you to enter new object information All selected objects will get this comment Annotation This menu option Format Operation Annotation annotates the selected objects Reference The Format Menu 123 Chapter 5 Snap The Defaults Menu The defaults menu allows you to change defaults used by other Pythagoras commands User Defaults This menu Defaults Snap is used to determine the behavior of the cursor in Pythagoras By default Pythagoras will snap to any object Using this menu you can turn on or off snapping to specific objects This menu Defaults User default allows you to select either the standard defaults None or one of your user defaults A user default may overwrite one or more attributes of the standard defaults The creation of User Defaults is described further in this chapter see Defaults User Defaults Manager below Point Style Line Style Line Width Line Arrows The above commands change the default settings of the point line and text a
131. ed 181 CHAPTER 3 5 222 22 2222 22 2 182 INGTON OAS c cr 182 xz cem e 182 TXPECONVERSIONS TELA 182 ccce seek iE 183 XY assembler 1 183 COMPARISON FUNCTIONS 184 LOGICAL FUNCTIONS 2 184 2 uic bem 185 Function GOALES GE vis bi bete o ee e bete lg 185 FUNCTIONS MINIMUM AND 2 8 185 NUMERIC FUNCTIONS Nudes te Tod Meg 186 DATE TIME FUNCTIONS tuu erdt Re RN du a 186 STRING FUNGTONS rot E e ce o ret ve eve e Pei 187 FUNGTION OBJEGT unte eL E uU 188 GRAPHIC OBJECT FEATURES i e cette cette ee e e E ee oat eee ee E ee eet oae 188 PYTHAGORAS SPECIFIC 65 eee nne ee rsen resa senses snas sna nna 189 AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS eR AR REA 190 CHAPTER 4 EXPRESSION KINDS AND COMPILATION 191 EXPRESSION KINDS LL Dr e 191 Determini
132. ed column to the table e deleting a row with a not NULL value in the indexed column e changing a value in the indexed column Though indexing a column essentially accelerates searching by values in this column and enables scanning rows in the order defined by values of the indexed column You can also declare a unique value column This means that different rows of the table cannot contain equal not NULL values in this column To check uniqueness it is necessary to build an index therefore a unique value column is always indexed Concepts and terminology 21 References Often it is necessary to reference one row of a table from another Continuing our example from above each installed water pipe belongs to some commodity Therefore we can define references from each row of the WaterPipe table to a row of the WaterPipeKind table For example we define a column Commodity type string in the WaterPipeKind table containing commodity code and a column with the same name and type in the WaterPipe table The first column has to contain unique values and therefore should be declared a unique value column On the contrary the second column will contain repeated values In this case the column WaterPipe Commodity references the column WaterPipeKind Commodity The first is called referencing column the second is called referenced one Note that such a reference can be defined to another column of the sam
133. ed in the following table Arguments types Result type integer and or real integer if all arguments are integers real otherwise date and or date time date if all arguments are dates date time otherwise References Expression Language 185 time time string string Note Names of these functions in version 11 of Pythagoras were MIN and MAX They have been changed because a new aggregate functions MIN and MAX were introduced see below This must be taken into account when reading writing Pythagoras v11 documents Numeric functions All numeric functions have only one argument type of the argument must be the same as the expected result type Functions with real result may be also applied to an integer argument Function name Result type ABS integer real or time SQUARE integer or real SQUAREROOT real CUBE integer or real EXP real LOG real SIN real COS real TAN real ASIN real ACOS real ATAN real Functions SIN COS and TAN get values and functions ASIN ACOS and ATAN return values in angle units set in the preferences Date time functions There are two functions without arguments Function name Result type Comment NOW date time UTC time is returned TODAY date local date is returned Also there are some functions with one argument
134. ed non characters e Reference to CAD objects This means that a database row contains a reference to any CAD object from the same Pythagoras document Internally a unique CAD object reference is stored The above data types comply with following rules Like in other relational databases a value in a column of each type can be also NULL But unlike SQL databases a NULL value and an empty string are treated to be equal e Compare operations less less or equal greater greater or equal equal and not equal can be applied to pairs of not NULL values of the same type with only one exception References to CAD objects can be compared only on equality Naming e TRUE is treated to be greater than FALSE e Strings are compared in the alphabetical order using operating System means Therefore the result of comparing two strings depends on the default language settings Strings differing only in letter case are always treated as equal e Strings are compared completely including invisible characters such as blanks Therefore you should avoid string values beginning or ending with blanks Note Values stored in Pythagoras database do not have any meaning without units We do not really know what the quantity 2 25 in the column Distance of type real means until we add meters to it We strongly recommend that you make notes of the units you use Tables Tables views columns and other datab
135. ed objects will be exported to a DXF or a DWG file File Export 2 DXF DWG DWG is AutoCAD s standard format DXF files on the other hand can be imported into AutoCAD as well as into most other CAD programs All objects will be exported in 3D All AutoCAD versions up to AutoCAD 2010 are supported Pythagoras supports all the versions starting from AutoCAD Rel 13 as well as the respective LT versions The File Menu 53 Conversion to DXF DWG can be customized to meet the requirements of the user for the DXF DWG file 1 Points As point AutoCAD POINT Each selected point will be exported as a POINT independently of the style The style of the point symbol as itis in the Pythagoras drawing is lost As symbol A BLOCK will be placed in the DXF DWG file for each Pythagoras point style The points in the DXF DWG file will be exported as INSERT BLOCKNAME Exporting the point as a symbol has the additional advantage that the point number and the point information are exported as ATTRIBS An AutoCAD user can thus search this information or make it visible on the drawing Symbols Symbols can be exported to the DXF DWG file in 3 different ways as point this method is recommended if the recipient of the DXF DWG file has no need for the symbol as it is used in the Pythagoras drawing as symbol A BLOCK will be in the DXF DWG Blocks Section for each symbol that is used in the drawing The symbol itself will be cre
136. edit Remark Display of size of the Rich Text this is also true for normal text is only correct if the zoom factor is equal to or multiple of 1 So the size of text in a 1 1000 drawing will only be correct on the screen for scales 1 500 1 250 1 125 etc The reason for this is that Pythagoras can display the text on a scale where the font has an Integer size VBA editor You can reach the VBA editor from the File menu see PART II Chapter 1 Macros Macro editor It is very similar to the ASCII editor but has a different purpose editing VBA macros The only differences in the menu from the ASCII editor are the VBA specific commands for compiling and running macros Reference Concepts and terminology 39 Chapter 10 Pythagoras Toolbar The Pythagoras toolbar is a separate set of buttons that represent frequently used commands In addition to standard Windows document functions such as opening saving printing etc other functions are also present Parts of the Toolbar can also be hidden Please refer to PART 11 Chapter 6 Google Earth You can view a Pythagoras drawing directly in Google Earth without exporting it first to a KML file If you select View Google Earth a KML file will be created in a temporary folder and Google Earth will be opened with this KML file as a parameter This menu option is only enabled if conversion to WGS84 coordinates is possible and any exportable objects not in
137. eir capitals Columns Page Where Page Match Page Title Aggregation Expression Description 4 i E E rj Population SUM Population ind E Columns Page Where Page Match Page inside of Remark There are three kinds of match conditions for your choice inside of valid only for points inside a polygon e within distance of compares the distance between any objects e expression allows to enter any valid expression This dialog can be accessed either from the Database Manager press View Data after selecting a table in the list or directly from the menu File gt Database Table Viewer The Table Viewer makes it possible for you too see the contents of existing tables and DB views at a glance This function File Database Merge allows you to send form letters automatically Certain information in these form letters can be filled out automatically from the data in the database or based on graphic attributes of selected objects The form letter needs to be created as a Pythagoras document that contains a text object with text and placeholders A placeholder always starts with and ends with gt This means that these character sequences may not be used in the letter for other purposes A graphic attribute is indicated with a sign The names of tables and fields are not case sensitive Valid placehol
138. el in the menu Calculations Now you can enter a name for the terrain model Complexity of the DTM the number of triangles can be reduced if a certain error is acceptable The tolerance error is defined as a function of the distance of the point to the Distance Curvature Dmin endpoints of the triangle the point lies in For smaller error values frequent peaks are omitted but the general trend for increasing elevation is noticed For larger error values on tme the contrary all the frequent terrain changes will be noticed and not the smooth elevation changes Once a Terrain model has been calculated the control panel will show the elevation on the position of the cursor in the drawing A Terrain model can be deleted by clicking the Delete button in the Terrain Models manager described in PART II Chapter 1 Terrain models You can hide a terrain model by deselecting the Show Triangulation check box in the DTM Tab Page from Display View dialog box Combine 2 Terrain Models You can use this command Calculations gt DTM gt Combine 2 Terrain Models to create a third terrain model that is based on the combination of 2 other terrain models This is useful for calculating cut and fill areas Remove Boundary Triangles Make Delaunay Change Elevation Contour Lines Volumes Reference You can use this command Calculations gt DTM R
139. elative to point where Spiral changes into Tangent Road Design 165 Transition type Arc Superelevation Transition Arc Apply superelevation Full Superelevation 3 000 Incoming Crossfall 2 000 Outgoing Crossfall 2 000 Transition automatic Curve in dS Chainage Rate of rotation Relative grade TC 35 673 6 050 2 500 sec 0 562 2 500 sec 0 562 17881 23 842 m FSE TC 8 807 m 50 530 m RunOut 17 792 m RunOff 26 688 m Runoff on Arc 33 000 Curve out dS Chainage Rate of rotation Relative grade 8 807 58 361 g 2 500 sec 0 562 CT HC 17 881 m 85 049 m 2 500 sec 0 562 CT NC 35 673 m 102 841 m RunOut 17 792 m Runoff 26 688 m Runoff on Arc 33 000 Le Curve in NC TC start of superelevation process Last Normal Crown position relative to point where Tangent changes into Curve dS enter distance where process should take place relative to place where tangent becomes curve NC TC 20 m means that superelevation process should start 20 m before TC Chainage can be given too this is a more absolute value HC TC point where Half Crown should be reached relative to Tangent to Curve point FSE TC point where Full Super Elevation should be reached relative to Tangent to Curve point Curve out CT FSE point where Full Super Elevation is finished and starts evolving
140. elete T 110 Pep SE Gee ae eee 110 UWS SO c 110 ea o Que adul aus Te ee ee 111 Polygon Area and ennt tenens 112 ee eas 112 GREATE VIEWPORT 2544 113 113 CHAPTER 4 THE FORMAT _ 115 ATTRIBUTES Hc 115 CODY RE 115 Paste tee eet e tm tet eH tmd 115 List of User Defaults E ENEAN E AN 115 pe H 115 tees tek Cet ccce p itu ues Ip ea cu tc 115 Paste II Mis ite NM 115 POINT STYLE 116 LIBRARY SY MBO bias n 116 DOCUMENT SYMBOL Eaa EEE AA ENTE A SEAE T CRAS 116 E cn Gian cite ate a aie REPE 116 LIBRARY RINE SS TYME EY 117 DOCUMENT LINE STYLE td ataica EEE E KOREA 117 B
141. emove Boundary Triangles to remove boundary triangles that have very small angles and or edges larger than a given value This command Calculations gt DTM Delaunay recalculates the Active DTM so that it becomes a Delaunay triangulation Note When anew DTM is made it is always a Delaunay triangulation But when editing a DTM only the directly affected triangles are changed This is mostly the purpose If anyway you want to make a modified DTM Delaunay this command allows you to do it This function will make the DTM completely Delaunay without taking into account 1 original breaking lines and 2 any Swap Diagonal operation s eventually done Pythagoras will give you a warning when you select this command and ask you for confirmation This command Calculations gt DTM Change Elevation converts DTM by adding a given value which can be negative to the z coordinates of all vertexes The command Contour Lines Calculations DTM Contour Lines will generate contour lines based on the selected Digital Terrain Model The line style the equidistant the color and layer may be specified The contour lines will become Pythagoras polyline objects Any operation on polyline objects will be applicable to contour lines The contour lines will be drawn within the boundaries of the selected Digital Terrain Model To annotate the elevation of a contour line select the menu item Tools
142. ensions to Pythagoras The programming language Pythagoras VBA is nearly identical to the language used by the Microsoft products Visual Basic and MS Office VBA The way Pythagoras objects Document Point Line etc are accessed from VBA is similar to the access of objects in the MS Office products Most standard functions of Visual Basic are also available in Pythagoras VBA Of course there are also certain differences In contrast to Microsoft VBA the Pythagoras Object Model is not accessible from outside The Pythagoras Object Model allows access to nearly all Pythagoras objects such as documents drawing elements lines points etc layers the selection to name just a few This model is very powerful and it allows programmers to extend the functionality of Pythagoras Note In Pythagoras VBA only standard units for data are used e meter for distances e radian for angles etc If you need to set other units you can use special functions Please refer to the VBA manual for details Pythagoras Macro Libraries A macro library consists of one or more modules each of them consists of one or more macros Modules are divided into Code and Form definition of modules would go to far for this manual please refer to the Pythagoras VBA Manual Libraries are stored either in the Macro System Libraries file Pythagoras mlb or in a Pythagoras document So the Pythagoras mlb file may contain multiple libraries and each l
143. ensity everything is white Reducing the intensity allows you to enhance the contrast between the image and the digitized drawing The lines points patterns etc drawn on top of the image Horizontal Since images can be rotated they can also just like text objects receive the attribute Horizontal This will make sure that the image always remains horizontal in reference to the page Opaque This option specifies whether the image is or is not transparent Scale Factor Reduce enlarge An image that has not been scaled scale factor 100 will be printed by Pythagoras at the same size as the original An image can be scaled either just to change the size for example of a picture or to correct distortions in the x and or y direction of the original Save changes The modified image can be saved under another file name This implies that the original can t be overwritten It is possible that the image still is used in other drawings Note e This function is also accessible by using the right mouse button e the same dialog box can be obtained by double clicking on the object different dialog boxes will pop tdi object up if other objects are selected e g line point etc Image Data Info Table name Capitals Field name Value Brussels Population 1830000 The Data command View Object Info Data will pop up a Cancel dialo
144. ent The Table Viewer allows you to view attribute tables dictionary tables and database views of the active document In the table viewer you can hide or unhide columns change the width of columns and change the sequence of the columns sort on a particular column in any order These changes do not have any effect on the table stored in the document but affect only the representation of the table in your drawing The changes will be applied when exporting the table From the viewer the table can be e Exported to the Clipboard e Saved as a in text RTF or html format e Putin table form in a Rich Text in the document Data and structure protection Reference Data and structure of the database can be protected There are two kinds of protection protection of both data and structure of one table protection of database structure as a whole For each table one of four levels of access can be defined 1 Full access default means that both data and structure of the table can be read and changed if there are no other reasons prohibiting this One of these other reasons may be a Concepts and terminology 25 subdocument declared read only which makes it impossible to change data in rows referring to this subdocument Also there can be a column that cannot change its data type because it is referenced by another column 2 Read write access means that table data can be read and written but table structure
145. ent objects point line and polygon The style of these objects can be changed in this window Click on the symbol that represents the point line or polygon Depending on the object you clicked on an appropriate window will pop up 1 point color and style can be changed Point Attributes a Style Cross X coor gt co 2 line color width and color of the line can be changed coe aT Opaque Background Pattem 100 Color Outline Style Solid X Width 0 10 mm Layer here you can choose in which Layer the object should be in The layer can be created on the fly Attr Layer Data Table Name Measure points shp points shp Ignore Kag13046 polygons shp Kag13046 polygons shp Kag13046 polygons shp Ignore Kag13046 lines shp Kag13046_lines shp 13046 lines shp Ignore Data to import the data into the drawing Table Name these names should be unique they can be changed Measure ignore don t change Table Reference Remark The format of the objects can be changed afterwards as well When importing shape files all objects are placed into layers automatically so it will be easy to select them and change their attributes This option File Import Table allows you to import data from a file in dbf txt or csv format into a database table defined in the Pythagoras drawing It is important
146. enter text and change the default text attributes which are displayed in this dialog box Horizontal alignment Left Centered Right Vertical alignment Top Centered Bottom Point size 4 72 point 1 point 0 3 mm Style Normal Italic Width Light Normal Bold Extra Bold The Tools Menu 95 abc Color Underline None Single Double Dashed Border No Border Single Double Line spacing Small Normal Large Layer The names of the available layers Remark The border is not exported in DXF format You may enter multiple lines of text By using the Return key you go to a new line The number of characters in a text is limited to 254 You confirm the text object by pressing the Ok button by using the Enter key on the numeric keyboard or by pressing the Return key in combination with the Command Alt CTRL key When you confirm this dialog box the text will appear on the screen on the position where the mouse was clicked The text can be left aligned right aligned or centered relative to the given position Text can always be dragged to another location Note An alternative to this text is to use the Rich Text Rich Text is not limited in the number of characters and allows to mix multiple fonts styles etc within one text block For more information see PART II gt Chapter 3 New Object Rich Text Object Text The toolbox item Object Text allows y
147. er 1 Tie Points After the calculation is complete and you are content with the result you can save it to a file as a Rich text table rtf Webpage table html Texttable separated with comma csv semicolon or tabs txt Affine transformation Reference The command Calculations gt Transformation Affine transformation provides you a tool to calculate the affine transformation starting from several points whose coordinates are known in another coordinate system Select the points whose coordinates are known and select the menu item Calculations Transformation Affine transformation This dialog box is very similar to the previous Helmert transformation Enter the coordinates in the new coordinate system or load them from a file and calculate the transformation Pythagoras will calculate the parameters based on the least square method Using the Look up XY coordinates button Pythagoras will search for points that have identical point numbers in another drawing The coordinates of the points found in the other drawing will automatically be inserted in the dialog box In this transformation you cannot define any parameters they will be calculated by Pythagoras and shown in the dialog box scale X and Y dX dY rotations angles Fi X and Fi Y and the standard deviation If you give the maximum tolerance Pythagoras will indicate the points that are outside the maximum tolerance
148. eric key or keys are pressed during the creation of points lines arcs or circles the cursor will snap to the points at the requested interval 2 interval 1 2 3 interval 1 3 9 interval 1 9 0 interval 1 10 1 interval 1 11 1 and 2 interval 1 12 1 and 9 interval 1 19 If pressed down only text will be selected while creating a selection window with the cursor All other object types inside of the window will not be selected If pressed down only points will be selected while creating a selection window with the cursor All other object types inside of the window will not be selected If pressed down only polygons will be selected while creating a selection window with the cursor All other object types inside of the window will not be selected If pressed down only paths will be selected while creating a selection window with the cursor All other object types inside of the window will not be selected Appendix B Shortcut Keys 203 key p ke n B key A key G key If pressed down only roads will be selected while creating a selection window with the cursor other object types inside of the window will not be selected If pressed down only lines will be selected while creating a selection window with the cursor other object types inside of the window will not be selected If pressed down only images will be selected while creating a selection w
149. erne 25 62 ibi ib EX pecie ede 19 20 Tangential 91 92 Temporary Coordinate System 4 8 Terrain Model sss 148 Terrain 30 148 38 46 47 53 58 95 99 100 118 120 121 125 137 150 172 118 Index 11 213 Text attributes 36 118 127 User defaults 36 40 115 125 126 141 Text Edit6IS3 5 38 The Pythagoras Control panel 42 Thematic 138 Thematic Map 64 Thematic Map Manager 64 eee 25 Thematic 28 64 76 138 201 editores e rec deba a 39 Tie POINTS 2 6 73 128 148 View 15 74 76 80 81 135 136 142 143 170 vin 141 2 1 112 tools 14 87 88 96 103 104 163 MI jore gi 16 Transformation 146 15 17 22 23 55 60 61 62 2222 131 144 VOLUMES 2 atreve acil Do tei gt 149 Type conversions 2 182 Typical Section sce dete 71 Width 69 77
150. ese values can be expressed in a length unit from the preferences as HEIGHT M and VOLUME CUBE KM e Elevation of the current graphic object can be expressed in meters as Z M e To express HEIGHT in miles use the expression HEIGHT M MILE The above functions can also have one argument of type real In this case the argument value is divided by the corresponding constant The latter examples can be rewritten respectively e KM KM KM VOLUME not recommended e M Z e MILE HEIGHT M XY assembler and disassemblers References Functions XY and YX accept two real arguments each and return an XY value Functions X and Y accept an XY argument and return a real value expressed in length unit from the preferences All these functions are GermanYX setting dependent On the contrary functions EN NE E and east and north are GermanYX setting independent Expression Language 183 Comparison functions The following functions return Boolean values Comparison is case insensitive Function Arguments number Meaning name and type BETWEEN three arguments e and ez aand e lt b b of the same type type must be admissible for lt comparison IN two or more arguments of first argument is the same type except equal to one of Boolean other ones LIKE two arguments s and pof see text below string type STARTS two arguments s and pof s begins with p string type ENDS two
151. ew document to open an existing document undo redo etc Subdocument This menu option View Toolbars Subdocument hides or shows the Subdocument toolbar This toolbar is used to select a different subdocument than the one that is currently active View This menu option View Toolbars View hides or shows the View toolbar This toolbar is used to selecta eel different view than the one that is LES currently active Tite Tite 424 view Actual Size Layers View Fit In Window o9 Thematic Maps Display View Symbol Manager A 1i T Adjust Elevation Import System Symbols Customize Toolbars Toolbars L 55 model um Symbols 41 DTM Combine 2 Terrain Models gt 55 Mail Merge 7 E na e This menu option View Toolbars d Contour Lines Customize Toolbars invokes a E Clear lh Tool to execute private tool VBA macro Cancel Apply dialog that allows you to manage existing toolbars and create your own The first tab Toolbars contains the list of all available toolbars You can toggle the toolbars visibility on and off dock toolbars to comfortable positions change their sequence and create new toolbars If you press the button Reset at any point of time all custom toolbars will be deleted The second tab Buttons allows you to customize the contents of the toolbars th
152. f L3 Jle Standard Comments e Printer Color to Width A text file may be used to Conversion T ables Printer define that colors need to be Color To Width S gt converted to a certain pen CENE SHIS width and color during printing DXF Data structure ae 1 of 4 lt color gt 3 gt lt color gt width Symbols and layers Terms XSections Profile 1 Reference Cancel or C lt colornr gt gt lt name color gt lt width gt or C oolornr C colornr width or color C ocolornr width e g MAGENTA gt BLACK W5 YELLOW gt RED W7 C2 gt MAGENTA W3 C14 gt BLACK W14 C36 gt C14 W10 RED gt C25 W20 e Printer Width to Color A text file may be used to define that the line width needs to be converted to a certain pen color and width during printing Data structure lt width gt gt lt name color width or width C colornr width e g W1 gt BLACK W2 W2 gt RED W2 W3 gt BLUE W2 W4 C5 W5 W5 gt C13 W3 e DXF export Width to Color In DXF files the width of a line cannot be specified AutoCAD users normally use colors to specify line widths This table can be used to specify the conversion of line width to color Note You need to take into account that the use of widths is limited you can use values from W1 to W20 line width 0 1mm tot 2mm e DXF Symbols and Layers Activate t
153. fault command It is used to copy objects from one drawing into another Copying to the OS clipboard allows you to directly insert data using paste into other applications such as MS Word MS Excel etc but not into Pythagoras Drawings made in Pythagoras can so be used to illustrate documents in other applications Copy Active Terrain Model Paste Pythagoras allows you to copy the active terrain model To do that you need to make the DTM active Then choose Edit gt Active Terrain Model Paste Special The paste command will copy all objects and their attributes from the clipboard to the active drawing Coordinates read from the clipboard are considered relative to the selected coordinate system Also the elevation of the origin of the coordinate system is taken into account When you copy part of a drawing when the user coordinate system CS S1 S2 is selected and you select Paste in CS 53 54 then a transformation translation and rotation will be done and also the elevation will be adapted Paste in an empty document will automatically adapt the scale of the drawing to the scale of the information on the clipboard When the data on the clipboard is in global coordinates the new document will automatically switch to global coordinates using the same transformation When you paste in a User Coordinate System and there is a difference in distance between the coordinate system on the
154. fields you may enter negative values indicating that a point needs to be created at the given distance but outside the line segment Commonly used tools Point The point is the most fundamental object of Pythagoras Surveying requires that the exact position of each point is known Pythagoras assists you in entering the measured points and in creating new points at locations and with the restrictions you define Importing points from survey field data can be done either manually or automatically using the import command The import command is described in PART Il Chapter 1 Import To create points manually you select the point toolbox item in the control panel or you select the Point item from the Drawing Tools menu The shape of the cursor will change to indicate that you want to create new points Creating a Point using its Coordinates Before creating new points you need to verify that the coordinate system and the preferences are set correctly If not you first need to change them Position the cursor at any position of the screen but not on a line and press the mouse button Pythagoras will now prompt you to type in the coordinates of the point unless you have switched off the Defaults menu item Point Confirmation Defaults Document Default Confirm Operation As has been explained in the section about the Pythagoras control panel you can define the coordinates in any of the coordinate systems
155. g box that contains database information about the selected object The database information about the object can be changed Note e Object Info is disabled if no or Edit Object multiple objects are selected Polygon Data Info e the same dialog box be obtained by double clicking on the object Pond sam Info Point Length Type dz 24 0 14 Line 0 00 25 0 16 Line 0 00 26 0 10 Line 0 00 27 012 Line 0 00 The Edit Object dialog box has also a third 5 8 tab Info which shows additional information 30 0 08 Line 0 00 of all object types For example for a polygon it will be the area perimeter and the list of points and lines forming this polygon Cancel Open External File This command View Object Info Open External File opens the external file that is linked to the selected object The external file can be any kind of file such as a MS Word or MS Excel document another drawing etc Note This function is also accessible by using the right mouse button Choose External File This command View Object Info Choose External creates the link between the selected object and a file on your hard disk or URL The external file can be any kind of file such as a MS Word or MS Excel document another drawing etc or any internet address If an object is linked to an external file or URL it can
156. g box will appear Here you can enter the upper and bottom scale factors Remark A scale limit needs to be entered as a 1 figure with n as scale number If you don t want to enter an upper limit or a bottom limit you leave the regarding fields From or To blank Reference The File Menu 59 Subdocument Manager Managing Subdocuments Subdocument Manager File Subdocument Configuration Manager gives you the possibility to view and None Add REGE mo control the documents you linked together Here you can add remove and change settings for each R File State Active Subdocument Untitled 1 a D Installs Pythagoras v 12 00a1 Pythagoras Editable 171 iv or ig The icons Add and Remove EJ serve to add and remove documents Sleeping temporary Visible temporary 2 Editable temporary Different settings are possible for each drawing You Database can set each document into one of the following states e Sleeping or Invisible not loaded into memory in order to maintain processing speed e Visible visible but not editable e Editable e All these states could be chosen as temporary they are not saved with the document Note Temporary means that the state Sleeping Visible Editable is not part of the Configuration When switching to this configuration the temporary states will inherit the state of the
157. gn 163 o Spiral R andL Superelevation Transition Spral Arc Spral Superelevation Apply superelevation Full Superelevation 5 000 Incoming Crossfall 2 000 Outgoing Crossfall 2 000 d DE intersection point is selected in the plan Transition automatic TUE window e in 17 45 Chance See Ee Superelevation can be applied for the whole ET 3 road project See Defaults Road NC TS 17 792 m 171 701 m Eo eo p duo HC TS 0 000 m 1894935 m Characteristics Horizontal transitions or EE 2 500 7 0 562 for every transition individually RunOut 17 792 m RunOff 44 480 m Runoff on Arc 0 000 The transition menu is active when 1 Transition type Spiral Arc Spiral Curve out ENS UR Incoming crossfall slope of the normal CS FSE 0 000 m 260737 m crown when starting the superelevation D TE ESTE pee 2 500 sec 0 562 process cross slope of the road sae Em 2 500 0562 Outgoing crossfall slope of the normal crown at the end of the superelevation RunOut 17 722 Runof 44 480 m eRunoffonArc 0 000 process cross slope of the road These crossfalls cannot be adjusted in this window They were defined when the cross cw section was drawn Reference Curve in Below are some fields where you can steer the superelevation process You can indicate th
158. gns the selected text according to the active user coordinate system Note this operation is only possible if the symbol had the rotatable characteristic set when creating it Using the menu option Format Align Image you can align the selected images in reference to the active coordinate system Display Level The Layer command Format Layer moves the selected objects to the indicated layer Reference With the Display Level command Format Display Level you can set the selected objects to a specific display level or increase or decrease the actual level by a specific value so that the mutual relation is maintained The Format Menu 121 Color Operation The Color command Format Color will change the color of all selected objects to the indicated color You can either select colors from the color chart that pops up enter the corresponding color number enter the RGB Red Green Blue value of the color or enter the HSL Hue Saturation Luminance value of the color Renumber Points Coordinate List Polygon List You have choices Format Operation Renumber Points e Renumbering of points starting from a given number If renumbering would create points with an existing number a warning message is given Then renumbering can be either aborted or continued When one or more polygons are selected the points making up the polygon will also b
159. hand You may drag the page over the drawing When you keep the CTRL key down while dragging the page the page rectangle can only be moved horizontally and vertically This can be very useful if you need to make several prints of a drawing using a small page format You can rotate the page relative to the drawing by moving the mouse to the corner of the page The shape of the cursor will change and subsequently you can rotate the page using the mouse After rotation you can use the button Preview to judge the layout The Select Print Area function can be cancelled at any time by pressing the Cancel button or using the Escape key The new settings become active by pressing the Ok button or by using the Enter key on the keyboard Remarks e You may use the zoom in zoom out and scrolling functions any time in order to position the page more accurately e When the page rectangle is not visible the page is completely outside the drawing use the Center button to make the page rectangle visible Also refer to the in the Toolbar The print command will print or plot the active drawing Important to note is that a created View will define the layout of your printout After selecting Print a dialog box with 7 Tab pages pops up The selections will be identical to the display options menu View gt Display View selected at that moment This means that if you confirm this dialog b
160. he PYTHAGOR LIB file Switching between Symbol Libraries This function overwrites PY THAGOR LIB with the Symbol Library that you have selected All documents should be closed before using this function Export System Symbols Macros This command File gt Symbols Export System Symbols allows you to export the system symbol library In fact this makes a copy of the PYTHAGOR LIB file It is used for Creating backup of the PYTHAGOR LIB file Creation of multiple libraries This allows switching easily between libraries See Import System Symbols Load Macro library Reference Using Load Macro Library File Macros Load Macro Library a dialog window pops up with a list of available Macro libraries Select the appropriate library by clicking on it Note If only 1 library exists no dialog window will pop up The File Menu 71 Macro library manager When selecting File Macros Macro Library Manager a window pops up that allows you to manage the macro libraries The principle is similar to managing symbols you can move document libraries to the system you can rename libraries delete etc Startup library You can assign one of the libraries as startup library This library is automatically loaded when starting Pythagoras This can be really handy to automate certain routines while starting Pythagoras Locked Locking libraries prevents users from being a
161. he Y axis in the mathematical sense of the Local coordinate system of the drawing The bearing of the Y axis towards the real north can be specified for a document This is called the Bearing of the Drawing Note e symbol may contain a maximum of 64000 elements fall elements of the symbol are of the same color the color of the symbol can be changed when using the symbol in a drawing However if the symbol contains elements of different colors you will not be able to change the color of the symbol when using it in a drawing 2 Library symbol Document symbol Symbols can be either placed in the library or in the active drawing All remarks regarding this see in PART Chapter 2 gt Symbols Line Styles Patterns 3 Group Symbol The name of every symbol consists of 2 parts group and symbol After a symbol is created as a library or document symbol it will appear in the menu s Format and Defaults under Library Symbol or Document Symbol depending on the choice made Create Line Style The command Create Line Style File Symbols Create Line Style allows you to create a line style in which the repeating segment is formed by a series of selected lines arcs circles and polygons In order to create a line style you first need to make a drawing of one segment at the right size The starting point and the endpoint of the segment are indicated with a Hotspot Format Point
162. he option Use Conversion Table when exporting a DXF DWG file Angle Units only applicable for IMPORT AUNITS 0 0 Decimal degrees 2 GRADS GON 3 Radials ANGDIR 1 1 clockwise 0 counter clockwise CODEPAGE 0 AutoCAD DWGCODEPAGE default 0 dos850 dos code page DEFAULT LTYPE Solid Don t forget to indicate the standard LTYPE in the LTYPES table This style will be used for all linestyles that are not existing in the LTYPE table when exporting to a DXF DWG file LTYPES 1 My Linestyles Fence DXF LTYPE name Pythagoras Linestyle Group Name 17 My Linestyles Hedge 18 My Linestyles Wall 40 My Linestyles Green Solid 0 0 0 x x means standard linestyle in Pythagoras solid dot dash DEFAULT BLOCK Symbdefault Don t forget to indicate the standard BLOCK in the BLOCKS table This style will be used for all symbols Other Reference BLOCKS Symbdefault 0 1 RoundDot 0 2 RoundDotHollow 0 5 RectDot 0 6 2 0 3 3 My Symbols Tree 4 0 8 19 My Symbols Pole 221 0 4 LAYERS 1 W HR 5 0 Solid r Important remark that are not existing in the BLOCKS table when exporting to a DXF DWG file 0 x x means standard symbol in Pythagoras round dot triangle X point DXF DWG LayerName Pythagoras LayerName Default Color Group Linestyle Name Linestyle When you print or save your work using conversion check whet
163. he other hand an 0 black and white drawing scanned at 300 dpi will occupy uncompressed 17 4MB During the import Pythagoras converts the BMP Geo TIFF image to a Pythagoras image file Window s extension IMG This format is optimized in order to speed up the display of an image on the screen Zooming in zooming out scrolling On average a black and white drawing will be about 5 times smaller The typical size of a Pythagoras image file of a 300dpi 0 black and white drawing will be about 4MB Because a Pythagoras image can be very large the image itself is not stored in the Pythagoras document The document itself contains in this instance in addition to general information about the image a reference to the name and the location of the image file on the computer Therefore it is important to save the Pythagoras image files with your drawing If an image file is deleted or if the name is changed a message will appear when the document that refers to that image is opened When the image file is still present on the computer the new name or the new location can be given You can also include images directly into the drawing The disadvantage of course is that the Pythagoras drawing will significantly increase in size But the advantage is that the images are enclosed in the document so if you for example move your document to another location or want to give someone a copy of it your images will be automatically inclu
164. he polyline If you want to draw a single arc with one arrow start at the end without arrow while holding down the SHIFT key and release the SHIFT key while confirming the other end e The elevations of the points on the arc correspond to the elevation of the projection of these points on the chord of the arc This also applies to spirals clothoids and splines Circle Circle with a given center and radius After clicking the toolbox item Circle with a given center and radius click first on an existing point to indicate the center point Then click either on an existing object or on an approximate position to define the starting point of the arc When you move the mouse the circle with a fixed radius will be drawn following the movements of the mouse When the endpoint is not an existing object you need to enter the radius of the arc Note When you press the CTRL key while you confirm the circle a point at the center of the circle will be created e The cursor on the new circle will automatically snap to the following points Existing point Existing line or circle Point an existing line arc or circle where the new circle is tangential to that object Circle through 3 points When the toolbox item Circle through 3 points is selected the cursor will change to an arrow with a P Click 3 points on the circle circumference The circle will now be created Note When you press the CTRL key while you confi
165. he whole onfirm Operation T t project Road Characteristics Scale ratio This setting defines the scale ratio between the x scale distance and the elevation to exaggerate the elevation You can choose a scale from 1 1 to 1 10 Confirm Operation If Confirm Operation is On Pythagoras will prompt you to enter exact information distance height etc when you create an intersection point or a cross section When the exact position is not important you can work faster with Confirm Operation switched Off Road Road Defaults ES ES Characteristi cs General Horizontal transitions Chainage Vertical Curve Type General 6 Cirde Starting Chainage 0 000 m P arabola Give starting chainage of road if different to 0 Pegine type Line style Scale Width Color Center line Solid 0 10 Wes dpi kun sip B represent the roa me in the plan window LEN cM asm z when you re working Slope Intercept 514 0 15mm the Road Design module It is a kind Make System defaults OK Cancel of visualization for your project and the influence of some of its parameters To speed up the drawing zooming and panning processes the width of the area where Pythagoras tries to connect the project with the existing terrain is limited to the width of the road x 10 For example a road with 2 carriageways of each 4
166. hen on a point which is on the x axis or north axis depending on the selected preference The newly created user coordinate system will become the active user coordinate system Note e When the CTRL key is pressed when you click on the origin of a new coordinate system a temporary coordinate system is created The axes of the newly created coordinate system are parallel to the axes of the active coordinate system e When the CTRL key is pressed when you click on the point indicating the origin of the new coordinate system a temporary coordinate system is created When a new temporary coordinate system is created the old one is removed automatically Default Attributes Current Layer Run Macro The new objects you create interactively will get the default attributes and will be placed in the current layer This menu item is only active when a macro library is loaded that contains valid libraries It shows the list of all macros that are available in the current document and library Select EX Selection options In Select mode you may Obtain information about the basic objects on the drawing e Select and deselect objects e Drag text from one position to another There 3 ways to select objects in the Tools menu Tools gt Select Arrow also has snapping capability e Cross hair only allows selection of objects inside a rectangle Snapping is not possible Freehand Lasso
167. her the options in the Print dialog box are set correctly Terms Cross section and Profile This command loads a file containing terms that will be used for the descriptions in automatically generated profiles and cross sections You can find an example of such a text file in the examples folder that is installed during the installation of Pythagoras profiletexts txt Preferences Copy Paste non graphical attributes In this tab you can some visual Layer settings for Pythagoras e g switch V Commen the background color to black turn IV Display level on testing for duplicate point numbers and specify which Point number attributes must be taken over when Visual settings using copy paste on an object Cross hair cursor Before nly the layer and comment High quality image display This might affect the performance where copied besides the visual attributes Now also display level and point number can be copied as well Black background Shift B Point Numbers Test for double point numbers The Defaults Menu 133 Units Annotations Date and Time Data collector CRS Load Other Chapter 6 Zoom In The View Menu The View menu contains menu items which define how your drawing is displayed on the graphics screen of your computer The toolbox item Pan allows you to scroll the page over the drawing in any direction Press the mouse button on a l
168. hose markers are used to create cross section drawings on the indicated positions Road Bed In the menu Tools Road Bed you can determine the roadbed red line will appear roadbed on the cross section going from the left slope to the right one once you select this tool Creating points in the road body does this Every time you create a point you will need to confirm with OK or you can adjust the X and Y values The X Y coordinates in this window are relative to the hotspot of the typical section hotspot 0 0 If you want to cut or fill topsoil you do the following operations e Double click on any point from the road bed with the normal selection cursor e Enter the values for topsoil cut fill and bulking factor in the control panel By confirming these values you will return to the cross section window Inthe control panel you choose the button to indicate the parts of topsoil that need to be excavated Click in the cross section window on those parts that need to be excavated These parts will be displayed in brown Then if necessary you can use the button to indicate the parts of topsoil that need to be filled These parts will turn green By confirming in the control panel you will return in the cross section window In the profile window the cross sections used for cut and fill calculations will be displayed in brown or black The brown cross section means that everything is OK about that cross sec
169. hown but they cannot be modified or selected Layers can be set up in a way that its information will only be visible between 2 scale factors 0 the information is only visible between scales 1 10000 and 1 2000 Outside this range the objects of the layer are not visible When no top limit is given the layer will remain visible when zooming out and when no bottom limit is given the layer will remain visible when zooming in This feature is especially useful with very big drawings To display a city map with all its details can take a while and will be chaotic In this case you can manage the layers in a way that when opening your drawing only an overview will be displayed When zooming in more details will be shown Eventually the overview disappears Because layers can have different meanings in different drawings you must take care when exchanging data Copy paste export import between drawings We do recommend that you standardize your use of layers in order to avoid the need to change the layers of objects when you move data from one drawing to another Symbols Line Styles Patterns Pythagoras provides you with tools to create your own symbols line styles and polygon patterns Once created and saved these special features can be applied to any point line or polygon in your drawings Symbols line styles and patterns can be scale dependent or scale independent A scale dependent symbol line style pattern has real di
170. ibrary may contain multiple macros When Pythagoras is launched the Pythagoras mlb file will be loaded in memory If a Startup Library is specified the startup library will be compiled If the startup library contains a macro with the name OnStartUp then this macro will be executed This way the default environment of Pythagoras can be personalized at startup of Pythagoras When a document contains one ore more libraries these libraries will be read in memory when the document is opened and becomes the top window Similar as with the system libraries a document library may contain a Startup Library This feature allows personalizing the Pythagoras environment when a specific document is opened At a given moment only one macro library either a system or a document macro library can be active This means that only macros of the active loaded library can be executed It is not possible to call macros from other libraries Managing macros The Macro Library Manager provides you control over the available macro libraries you can rename delete move the libraries etc You can also assign a startup library or lock a library to prevent changes to the macro code In addition you can import and export the system libraries in order to restore and backup the macro libraries As you can have several macro libraries system and document available for your drawing you have to load the one you need before starting working with its macro
171. ilding a DTM you can select fractures or breaking lines special lines that define the direction of the relief e g a ravine bottom or a mountain ridge No lines of triangles will cross a breaking line The elevation of the endpoints and the elevation of any point on the breaking lines derived by interpolation should correspond with the actual elevation of the terrain Arcs curves and circles are subdivided by Pythagoras internally in polylines and each segment of the polyline will be treated as a breaking line In case of inconsistencies in data e g breaking lines crossing each other coinciding points with different elevation Pythagoras will warn you about the errors and provide a possibility for corrections You will be able to choose the correct point or line or edit the drawing and continue with building the triangulation If a polygon is selected this polygon defines the boundary for the Delaunay triangulation Any selected point outside this polygon will not be taken into account This is convenient especially for DTMs with holes or complex borders If no polygon is selected Pythagoras will calculate the convex enclosing polygon of the selected points and the terrain model inside this polygon will be calculated The height of the vertexes and legs of the polygon should correspond with the height of the terrain After all the vertexes are used in the triangulation and legs of the polygon are considered breaking lines Clearly
172. ile in WGS84 in a drawing in Lambert 2008 real time conversion of positions in a drawing into a wide range of other possible CRSs or geographic coordinates e g in a drawing which is originally in Lambert72 showing the coordinates of the mouse position in longitude latitude in WGS84 There are certain limitations you should consider when changing from one CRS to another Only one CRS can be active in a drawing at a time Every CRS has a limited domain that gives high accuracy points and even a limited domain where the projection can be used So after switching to another CRS the data in the drawing can become meaningless or be converted with loss of accuracy During import and paste operations objects outside the range of the current CRS can be lost Reference Concepts and terminology 5 Tie Points High accuracy transformations are possible between some systems based on Tie Points If n points are known precisely in CRS_1 and in CRS 2 Pythagoras will use this data set of Tie Points to enhance the precision for other points in the same region Let us assume there is a set of points known exactly in two Coordinate Reference Systems GK 2 and UTM For this set of points Pythagoras will do a series of calculations so that a coordinate not included into the original set can be accurately converted from GK2 to UTM The original set is called Tie Points Set The last calculation is a Helmert transformation It gives a translatio
173. inations are possible Left operand Right operand Result Comment type type type integer Integer integer integer Real real real Integer real real Real real date time Time date time date Time date time time date time date time time Date date time time Time time date Integer date integer value is the number of days integer Date date integer value is the number of days The sign is used between expressions to subtract their values The following type combinations are possible Left operand Right operand Result type Comment type type Integer integer integer Integer real real Real integer real Real real real date time date time time date time date time Date date time time date time time date time Date time date time Time time time Date integer date integer value is the number of days Date date integer integer value is the number of days Multiplication Division String concatenation References The asterisk sign is used between expressions to multiply their values The following type combinations are possible Left operand type Right operand type Result type Integer integer integer Integer real real Real integer real Real real real Time integer time Time real time Integer time time Real time time The slash sig
174. indistinguishable in Pythagoras expression language Particularly a value of a column of string type is never obtained as NULL It is an empty string in any case independent of whether itis actually an empty strings or a NULL value Comparison operations All comparison operators return Boolean values Less greater Expressions of the following types can be compared all numeric all date and time string Both operands must be of the same type except integer real and date time date combinations The following comparison operators are available lt S or lt gt and gt or gt Order between strings is assumed to be alphabetic case insensitive in the current locale Equality inequality Expressions of all types can be compared Both operands must be of the same type except integer real and date time date combinations The following comparison operators are available and or lt gt String operands are assumed to be equal when they differ only by letter case in the current locale Note that NULL NULL equals to NULL To compare a value with NULL a special function ISNULL is used References Expression Language 179 Arithmetic operations Unary minus Addition Subtraction The minus sign is used before an integer or real expression to negate its value The plus sign is used between expressions to add their values following type comb
175. indow with the cursor other object types inside of the window will not be selected If pressed down only images will be selected while creating a selection window with the cursor other object types inside of the window will not be selected If pressed down only arcs will be selected while creating a selection window with the cursor other object types inside of the window will not be selected This key is used to convert a non perpendicular angle into perpendicular and to create a square based on the length of the both sides Select the offset tool and click on the base line the one who needs to maintain its direction snap to the other line press G key and move the cursor The perpendicular situation will be constructed Click anywhere in the drawing and the square will be closed automatically Appendixes DEL BACKSPACE Double click a Same as the menu command Clear b While creating a polygon The last object of the polygon will be removed a During the creation of a path or polygon Double click on line or arc adjacent lines and arcs are added to the polygon or to the path until a junction is encountered or until there are no adjacent lines b selection mode CTRL SHIFT Double click the attributes of the object will become the new defaults E g For text size width style alignment SHIFT Double click the attributes of the object will be changed to the actual defaults
176. ing the mouse button on the desired line and the parallel to symbol will be placed on the reference line The starting point of a parallel line can be An existing point A point on an existing line A point defined by its coordinates When the starting point is a point on an existing line Pythagoras will give you the option to enter either the distance to one of the end points of the existing line or to enter the perpendicular distance to the reference line arc or circle The first field prompted in the Pythagoras control panel is the perpendicular distance but using the TAB key allows you to enter data into one of the other fields Reference When the starting point is defined the new line will follow the mouse movements but remain parallel to the reference line When moving the mouse Pythagoras will automatically calculate the intersection when the endpoint is near a line The Sight will clearly indicate the intersection When an intersection is indicated you only need to click the mouse button to create the parallel line When you click the mouse button if the endpoint of the new line is not on a line Pythagoras will prompt you to enter the line length in the control panel Note The begin point of a parallel line may be one of the end points of the reference line Tangential Line The toolbox item Parallel Line also used to draw parallel lines allows you to create lines either Tangential to a c
177. ins commands acting on selected objects Commands in the Format menu will be enabled when one or more objects of the corresponding type are selected Attributes Copy A selection of objects can easily be modified into a specific look All you need to do is select an object then select copy in this menu Format gt Attributes The attributes properties of the selected object will then be applied as the currently active attributes Paste Using this menu option Format Attributes Paste the attributes that are currently active will be pasted to applied to the selected objects Note These copy amp paste commands can also be accessed by clicking the right mouse button List of User Defaults You can also apply User Default attributes to objects that are already in the drawing All you need to do is select the objects then select the appropriate User Default in this menu Format Attributes User Default All selected objects will change their look and will receive the attributes of the chosen User Default Data Copy Database information linked to a selected object can also be copied into other objects All you need to do is select an object and then select copy in this menu Data Paste Reference Using this menu option Format Data Paste the database information that has been copied to the clipboard will be pasted
178. int of the second line The properties of the original line remain r Holding the CTRL key down and hitting the T key pops up the Thematic Maps Manager s Holding the CTRL key down and hitting the pops up the Display View dialog box a Toggles between Select mode and the last used toolbox mode b Line mode The line will convert in an arc tangential to the line that was seen on the drawing before the SPACEBAR was pressed Creation rotatable symbol When the default point style is a rotatable symbol and you define a point you first need to click the cursor on a line to indicate the angle of the symbol Press the SPACE BAR if you want to rotate the symbol over 180 a In Select mode When the SHIFT key is pressed you can add or delete objects from the selection b While drawing lines Clicking the mouse on the endpoint of a line while the SHIFT key is pressed will start drawing of a new line starting from the same endpoint This way you can draw lines connecting multiple existing points faster c When drawing parallel line segments Appendix B Shortcut Keys 201 Shift Lock Caps Lock ke e key un ke we Press the SHIFT key and move the cursor over an adjacent line or arc The result is the same as the creation of a parallel polyline to a path When Point Confirmation is switched on Pythagoras will automatically request exact information t
179. ion points and cross sections are provided Using the control panel you can define the position of an intersection point exactly Similar to the use of the control panel in the plan window of Pythagoras you can enter the distance the elevation or the inclination left or right Also the exact position of a cross section is defined by using the control panel The Cross Section Window The Cross section window displays the cross section at the position of the cursor in the profile window The cross section window displays the existing terrain the cross section the slopes the superelevation and the reference objects By moving the cursor slowly from left to right over the profile window the cross sections will be displayed as in a movie This is very helpful during design The Control Panel The type of typical cross section can be selected from the control panel The control panel allows entering the values for topsoil calculations Typical Cross Sections Reference You design a typical cross section by making a drawing of it ina Pythagoras document All drawing functions can be used Therefore a typical cross section can contain lines arcs fill patterns and text The centerline of the road reference points and slope intercept points must be indicated A typical cross section can be saved either as a document or a library typical cross section Offset width and slope should be entered if you want to apply superelevation on your
180. ions Edit Tools Transition New Open Close Road Design Save Open text files Make Profile Convert to Drawing Quit Reference AN W 5 b The file menu is used to organize your Road Design projects New The New command creates an empty drawing in a new window Open The Open command opens a drawing and displays it on your screen When Open is selected the standard Open dialog box will appear To open a drawing either select the drawing you want to open and click the Open button or double click the name of the drawing If you want to have more information on the possibilities of the Open dialog box consult the Windows manual Close Road Design The Close Road Design command closes the road design Save The Save command saves the active drawing and the accompanying profiles on disk using the filename displayed on top of the window If it was a new drawing a dialog box appears requesting the name of the new file The profile information the profile and its attributes reference objects etc are saved together with the information of the path to which the profile belongs Open text files This command allows opening new or existing text files in the Pythagoras text editor Make Profile The Make Profile command creates a dressed up drawing of the profile on the clipboard of the computer In addition the dressed up profile becomes an independent drawing
181. irals Almost all operations can be applied on spirals Edit Line The following modifications can be made to lines Tools Edit Line e Join e Cut Object e Divide Object e Intersection e Extent line All these modifications were described above for Drawing Tools tool panel Edit Curve Reference The following modifications can be made to curves splines Tools Curve The Tools Menu 107 Edit Polygon e Move Point move the cursor to the point that you would like to move The cursor will change into a little cross Move the point by clicking and dragging it If point confirmation has been turned on you will be able to enter the exact new coordinates of the point e Add Point move the cursor to a place on the curve where you would like to add a point The cursor will change into a little cross Click and drag the curve to the new position may but must not be an existing point Confirm the new coordinates If the new point was an already existing point you will notice that the cursor can snap to the point e Remove Point move the cursor to the curve and click the curve Little circles will indicate the points of the curve Click the points that you would like to remove from the curve Edit Path The same modifications as those on curves can be performed on polygons Tools Polygon Edit Group The same modifications as those on polygons can be performed on
182. ircle or arc Tangential to 2 circles or arcs Tangential to a circle or arc and perpendicular to a line You indicate the first circle or arc by clicking on the desired object As you will note when you move the mouse the line will remain tangential to the indicated circle or arc When the starting point at the line comes close to an existing point on the arc or circle the starting point will snap to that point When you move the mouse near the point of a circle or arc where the line is tangential to both objects a Sight will appear When the mouse is near the point on an existing line so that the line is tangential to the circle or arc and perpendicular to the line a Sight indicating the perpendicular position will appear When you click the mouse button while the Sight is displayed the line will be created Perpendicular Line The toolbox item Perpendicular line allows you to create lines perpendicular to other lines When the toolbox item is selected the cursor changes to a T symbol You indicate the reference line by clicking the mouse button on the desired line and the perpendicular on symbol will be placed on the reference line The starting point of a perpendicular line can be An existing point A point on an existing line A point defined by its coordinates When the starting point is a point on an existing line Pythagoras will give you the option to enter either the distance to one of the en
183. is function Export System Macros This command File gt Macros Export System Macros allows you to export set of macro libraries In fact this makes a copy of the PYTHAGOR MLB file It is used for Creating backup of the PYTHAGOR MLB file Creation of multiple sets of libraries This allows switching easily between them See Import System Macros Tie Points The dialog window that follows File Points is used to upload and manage sets of Tie points The principle of Tie Points library is similar to managing symbols you can move document libraries to the system you can rename sets delete etc Tie point set When you import a set of tie points into em E Pythagoras you have to indicate the projection Systems which this set is connecting The Projection system 1 Belgium Lambert 72 format of the tie point set ASCII file is described in PART Chapter 1 Coordinate Projection system 2 Belgium Lambert 2008 Ref Svst eference Systems Tie point data File C Documents and SettingsNPythagorasSE amp amplesMtie pointt Browse Pythagoras will calculate the transformation for you if the data in the set is sufficient press Calculate Transformation The Export Result Transformation button creates you the ASCII file of the tie point Du oe set ready to pass to somebody else in This is the result of the calcu
184. isplays the centerline of the road and the existing terrain in profile according to the station distance The scale factor can be changed to exaggerate the elevation difference Points and lines indicated in the plan window can also be shown in the profile window These reference objects can be fixed points and lines that need to be taken into account when the profile is being designed The height of the reference objects may be changed in the profile window Therefore reference objects also can be objects whose position and height need to be defined in function of the profile of the road e g sewage cables pipes etc In the profile window you design the new profile More specifically you define the inclinations the position and parameters of the vertical curves and the position and type of cross sections and cross section markers The vertical curve can be either a circular arc or a parabola The radius and the length can be changed at any time The Control Panel The control panel constantly displays the information about the profile at the position of the cursor in the profile window When the cursor comes near an object intersection point cross section or reference object the control panel will display the relevant information When moving the cursor in the profile window you will obtain instantly the distance the inclination and the data of a vertical curve at the position of the cursor Buttons for the creation of intersect
185. l Print View 71 Layers Show DTM Thematic Maps Subdocuments Print Print Options Conversion d Color gt Black C Scale Advanced X Scale factor 100 00 Monochrome images as greyscale Use solid colors for bitmap patterns Y Scale factor 100 00 x Cancel You can select Noconversion this is the default Color gt Black all colors are converted to black Color Width the width of the objects in the drawing is ignored The new width and the new color are obtained from the conversion table Width gt Color the color of the objects in the drawing is ignored The new color and new width are obtained from the conversion table Only Windows Plotting special colors in certain intensity percentages 75 5096 2596 can cause problems Certain plotter drivers do not support these colors and thus print a totally different color The File Menu 77 You can avoid this problem by checking on use solid colors for bitmap patterns Pythagoras will calculate similar colors and those colors will be sent to the printer as 100 color Also refer to the 8 button in the Toolbar After confirmation a printer dependent dialog box will appear Recent documents Quit The names of the last 16 used Pythagoras drawings appear at the bottom of the File menu Management File gt Recent Documents Clicking on name in this list will automaticall
186. l will show in a window the symbol as it will appear in the drawing The size of the symbol in this dialog box does not correspond with the real size of the symbol in the drawing 1 Attributes of a symbol a Rotatable Not rotatable symbols will always by printed in the same direction as they are defined When the drawing is rotated or if the angle of the drawing on the page is changed using Select Print Area not rotatable symbols will always remain horizontal When rotatable symbols are created in the drawing without giving a direction they will be treated by Pythagoras as not rotatable symbols b Scale Dependent A scale dependent symbol has real dimensions For example a symbol for an inspection cover of 1 5 meter A symbol that is not scale dependent has dimensions that correspond with the size as it will be The File Menu 67 printed For example a small triangle indicating a station point with sides of 3mm on paper Scale independent symbols that is symbols which need to be printed or plotted independent of the scale of the drawing are best created in page coordinates It is also recommended selecting mm as the default unit for distances See PART II Chapter 5 The Defaults Menu O North Symbol A north symbol will always orient itself to the north A few characteristics anorth symbol cannot be rotated manually may be used in page or local coordinates by default North corresponds to t
187. l aggregation A spatial aggregation is an aggregation view with both attribute bases and with a match condition expressing some spatial relationship between objects from both bases The last example above describes a spatial aggregation Validity and saving Table Viewer Example The match condition can be more sophisticated For example to take into account only objects within some distance from one another we can rewrite the match condition for example as Distance Main Object Aux Object N km distance is not more than N km In the previous example the match condition can be written as Distance Main Object Aux Object 0 You can also design any expression showing the relationship between main and auxiliary objects When database structure is changed tables are checked on their validity but views are not This means that when you change the database structure you Will be only warned in some cases that a view became invalid Invalidity of a view is typically a consequence of deleting or renaming a database object table column another view referenced by the view If you will try to use an invalid view the requested action will be cancelled and you will see a warning Like tables views are read from and written to documents But only view definitions are written because view data are built in real time Unlike tables views are read from and written only to the main overview docum
188. l be used by the traverse calculations see Traverse command to check if the errors are within the allowable limits The accuracy for both the distance measurements and for angle measurements may be entered These values are given in the data sheets of the total station you use Angle measurements 20 cc 0 002 Code Description A separate manual describes the Code Description File Pythagoras Coding Manual which you can find at www pythagoras net This file defines the codes which may be used in a data collector file their meaning line point symbol etc and the attributes used by Pythagoras to generate a drawing This tab lets you determines the list of Coordinate reference systems which you want to view in your drawing Load In this tab you can load standard texts comments conversion tables and terms cross sections and profile Standard Texts Comments You can enter often used texts or comments in a text file ASCII format and load it using this option The content of the file is then available in the text functions and the object comment fields of Pythagoras You simply need to double click the appropriate text to add it to a text object or to the comment field This can save yourself a tremendous amount of typing if you make frequent use of the same texts comments Preferences Units Annotations Date and Time Data collector CRS Load Other Conversion Table Standard Tests o
189. lated D lee Export Result transformation and the residuals of all the tie Fi 0 0150 i me points This file is not a tie point set ASCII file anymore Bra Tie Points Manager Library Document Name 851 852 Tie points test set 1 BE LB72 BE LB2008 After confirmation the tie Tie points test set 2 BE LB 2 BE LB2008 points set will appear in your library and you can proceed with further managing actions e You can get back to the previous dialog to calculate Epot and export the transformation Delete any time by pressing the Edit ir Move To Library Apply Cancel button Reference The File Menu 73 Select Sheet Print Sheet Sheet manager Sheet Management allows you to create and control multiple print sheets per drawing Sheet Manager Sheet Name Floating Scale Active Default View Printer Paper Orientation Plan 1 100 Current View Lexmark C920 Landscape Sheet_1 100 Infant martility rate Lexmark C920 Landscape Population 100 Ei Population Density Lexmark C920 Landscape Duplicate Delete Printer Page Setup Cancel The New button is used to create new print sheets After creating a new print sheet you can change certain properties using the menu options File Select Sheet Sheet manager If you already selected a sheet in the Sheet Manager Window the New button will change int
190. le The World File is a standard employed by such applications as ArcView and MapInfo There are two ways to import several images into your drawing selecting one or multiple images in the Open dialog or selecting a text file that contains a list of images Please PART 1 Chapter 1 Import for instructions After importing an image into your drawing the properties of the image scale intensity etc the position as well as the image itself can be modified Following operations can be done on images 1 Selecting an image An image can be selected by pressing the B or I on the keyboard while you click on the image Subsequently the image may be moved or deleted 2 Raster operations If you need only a part of an image or you need to correct a part of an image you can modify it with the following tools e Cut off e Lasso e Eraser For more details see PART Il Chapter 3 The Tools Menu 3 Changing the attributes of an image By double clicking on an image a dialog box will appear displaying all relevant information about the image In this dialog box the opportunity is given to save the modified image The original can t be overwritten For more information about this dialog box see PART II Chapter 6 Object Info 4 Digitizing of images By using a scanned image in the background Pythagoras is an ideal tool for head up digitizing Mostly the purpose will be to obtain a drawing in real dimensions Na
191. le contains the following Pythagoras object types All objects Points All lines also includes arcs curves etc Lines Arcs Circles Spirals Curves Paths Polygons Texts Images as well as all database tables in the active drawing these tables were created using the menu gt Database Database manager Value field allows you to specify the field and operator that need to be used for the theme The fields that are made available are dependent on the Table that has been selected E g if All Objects has been selected under Representation Autofill Reference Table the Field options are limited to Layer Display Level and Comment If a table has been selected then the list will consist of all field names in the specified table The list of operators depends on the field that has been selected Numeric fields use different operators than text fields Also choose whether your thematic map settings should be applied to objects in Local or Page coordinates or in both In Representation one or more values can be entered along with accompanying attributes such as color style etc Use the green sign to add a new value Use the sign to delete a value Click the row in the Value column to enter or select a value Click the row in the Attributes column to specify the representation the Representation window will pop up The attributes that can be specified depend on the field type that
192. ll become a document symbol line style pattern even if it previously was a library one This could for example be the case if a library symbol line style pattern is deleted or if it has been changed This also means that drawings made by other Pythagoras users can be opened without the need to exchange libraries The name of every symbol line style or pattern consists of 2 parts group and symbol The combination Group Symbol forms the real name of the symbol line style pattern The subdivision in groups for example a group Reference Concepts and terminology 11 Compounds Trees makes that symbols line styles patterns can be selected faster in the menus Detailed instructions on how to create and customize your own symbol line style or pattern you can find in PART 1 Chapter 1 Symbols Compound objects or compounds are collections sets of other CAD objects of a Pythagoras document The latter CAD objects are called compound object elements Unlike paths and polygons elements are not ordered and cannot belong to the same compound more than once A CAD object also cannot belong to more than one compound A compound and all its elements must belong to the same overlay and subdocument however elements may lie in different layers Compounds themselves do not belong to any layer at all Note Compounds are also called Groups in Pythagoras Compound elements can be of any object type excluding coordinate system road an
193. lowing entry fields e coordinate fields in these fields the rectangular or polar coordinates of a point can be entered e Two distance fields in these fields you can enter the distance of a point to the endpoints of an existing line The line length field in this field you can enter the length of a line you want to create e The perpendicular distance field in this field you can enter the perpendicular distance of a point to a reference line The last two fields use the same position on the screen The letters L Length and D Distance indicate the meaning the field has at a given moment When you will be prompted to enter information to define the position of a point one of the above entry fields will become the first field to be given in You can use the TAB key to move to the next field Pythagoras will only allow you to edit the fields which may be changed in the given context If for example the endpoint of a new line is on another existing line then you can either enter 1 the distance to one of the endpoints of the existing line or 2 the length of the new line The Tools Menu 87 When you press the TAB key all fields in the control panel will be recalculated and the position of the point or line will appear in the drawing To confirm the data you have entered press the enter key or use the Ok button in the control panel The Cancel button or Escape key will abort the operation Note In the distance
194. m will be extended till 40m left and right from the centreline When no connection with the natural terrain can be found within this area Pythagoras will give up calculating the connection Make system defaults will store those defaults for the next Pythagoras session Road Defaults Horizontal Transitions General Horizontal transitions The following formula is Design speed 80 000 km h used by Pyth agoras to Overwrite calculated values Horizontal Transition Type define the relation Friction facto 0 160 Spiral Arc Spiral between 1 speed 2 Minimum radius 240200 m C Arc radius 3 superelevation and 4 Apply superelevation side friction Full superelevation Limitation values Minimum 2 000 Max rate of rotatior 2 500 sec Maximum 5 000 Relative grade 0 600 Runoff on tangent Make System defaults Cancel Reference View 6 View Menu V 127R where e superelevation f friction factor V design speed R curve radius The user must give the design speed and the minimum and maximum superelevation The parameters Friction factor and Minimum radius are derived from the design speed and the maximum superelevation Friction factor the default friction factor will depend on the design speed Pythagoras uses defaults between 0 18 40 km h up to 0 06 120 km h The default values used by Pythagoras are rather conservative Smaller values e
195. make these parts black This operation will not be saved in the image itself but in the Pythagoras drawing with a reference to the image 2 This command Tools Eraser allows you to erase parts of a raster Dimension The toolbox item Dimension Tools gt Dimension allows you to ie create place dimensions line lengths areas and coordinates on the drawing Creating a measurement creates a text object with the value of the measurement Like any other text object you can change the content and the attributes of a measurement There remains no link between the object of which the dimension is requested and the text object containing the measurement When you request a measurement and Pythagoras finds a text object at exactly the same position the new text will not be created The XY Offset dimensioning will place the x and y offsets of a point on the drawing relative to the active coordinate system Also the baseline and the perpendicular line to it will be constructed When you select XY Offset in the toolbox and keep the CTRL key down while you click on a point you will automatically come in the mode to create a coordinate system Clicking subsequently on the first and second point which indicates the baseline for dimensioning Pythagoras will automatically create a temporary coordinate system Remark You may obtain the XY Offset dimensioning of a number of selected points in one operation Select the men
196. matting strings Long date format yyyy MMM dd 1945 May 08 Short date format yyyy MM dd v 1945 05 08 Time format HH mm ss 00 00 00 Time Format notation hour m minute s second h 12hour 24 hour hh mm ss leading zero h m s no leading zero Fixed length of fields PM Interpret a 2 digit year between 1931 and 2030 i This tab determines the Data amp Time ICU formatting strings e Long and short date formats e Time format e Field length 2 digit year notation More about the ICU date amp time standard you can find here http userguide icu project org formatparse datetime Pythagoras supports formatting of the following items y M except d E except EEEEE e S unquoted text text in quotes Please pay special attention to the Fixed length of fields option If it is checked this means that every item contains exactly as many characters as is determined by the format above For example we chose the ICU format yyyyMMdd The current date is written as 20100214 When decoding this string Pythagoras cannot determine whether it is 14 Feb 2010 or 2 Oct 20 with two spare digits If the fixed length option is true this date can be only interpreted as 14 Feb 2010 but the following string 100214 would be wrong it contains not enough digits Fixed length of fields option is not part of the ICU standard because
197. mely a distance on the image which is 1 meter in reality should be 1 meter in the digitized drawing To obtain the right scale you need to execute the following steps 1 Import the image in an empty drawing 2 Setthe scale of the drawing in accordance with the scale of the original 3 Control the horizontal and vertical dimensions Correct the size of the image by changing the image x and or y scale factor if either the horizontal or vertical dimensions are wrong because of stretch or shrink of the original 4 When you want to work in a known coordinate system Place points on the image at locations that you know in coordinates Use subsequently the function Helmert Transformation to transform the complete drawing to the known coordinate system When you work in a known coordinate system for example State Plane coordinates you can use copy and paste in both directions between a Display Levels drawing with an image and other drawings using the same coordinate system However if you would copy the image itself the origin will be transformed but it will not be rotated When you are done editing your image object you can export it again to an image file To this time the exported image can be stored in two formats Windows BMP bitmap and JPEG Exported images can retain the georeferencing by generating a BMPW or JPW file Views The level defines the display priority of the selected objects A polygon of a house with
198. mensions the one that is not scale dependent has dimensions that correspond with the size as it will be printed In addition symbols can be rotatable and North oriented and patterns can have a Rotation angle Once created symbols line styles and patterns can be either placed in the library the file PYTHAGOR LIB or in the active drawing Library symbols line styles patterns can be used in every existing and in every new drawing A document symbol line style pattern can only be used in the active document When it is copied and pasted in another document it becomes automatically a document symbol line style pattern in the document into which it is pasted When creating symbols line styles or patterns for the library we suggest that you define them first as document symbols line styles patterns in the original drawing This allows you to test them and to verify the printout before placing into the library Remarks PYTHAGOR LIB This file is stored in the same folder as the program Pythagoras It is recommended to take regularly a backup of this file If no backup is available and the PYTHAGOR LIB file is lost the complete library needs to be rebuilt All symbols line styles patterns that are used in the drawing are stored in the document This is the case both for document and library ones If a document is opened Pythagoras will first check if a symbol line style pattern defined in the document is in the library If not it wi
199. ments and exported into ENTITIES section of the DXF DWG file Export of invisible points Invisible points are only exported as DXF DWG POINT if export invisible points is checked in the dialog window BLOCK names The names of symbols and line types in the BLOCKS Section of the DXF DWG file match the names used in the Pythagoras drawing Either the combination of the names group and symbol separated by is used or the name of the symbol without group name is used Terrain Model SHAPE Reference Note e Patterns These are exported as an AutoCAD HATCH entity Only polygons that cannot be converted into a HATCH command are exported as an ANONYMOUS BLOCK e Ifyou would like to export the complete drawing including information that is located in page coordinates the whole drawing needs to be in Local coordinates you will thus first need to move anything that is in Page coordinates into Local coordinates e In order to avoid a rotation of the drawing in another CAD program make sure to select a horizontal coordinate system before exporting 6 Export polygons paths as polyline If you select this option all selected polygons and paths will be exported as an AutoCAD POLYLINE Note When exporting selected objects only those objects are exported When saving a document in AutoCAD format see Save As the complete document including Paper objects Sheets and Viewports is exported e We already men
200. ments of a line style are of the same color the color of the line can be changed when using the line style in a drawing However if the line style contains elements of different colors you will not be able to change the color of the line when using the line style in a drawing e Line widths of the line elements base line the line that goes from hotspot to hotspot The line is line width sensitive for the base line itself even if there is a base line without parallels of the same length Line styles without base line which contain different line widths are insensitive to changes in the line width The File Menu 69 Create Pattern The command Create Pattern File gt Symbols Create Pattern allows you to create patterns to fill polygons In order to create a pattern you first need to draw a rectangle with dimensions that correspond with the dimensions of the pattern Line width and color of the lines are retained in the pattern When all lines have the same color the pattern can be given any color The boundaries of the pattern namely 2 diagonal points of the rectangle are indicated with a Hotspot Format Point Style Hotspot The position of the hotspots is indicated in the preview of the pattern Elements of a pattern may be lines in any direction arcs and circles In the real hatch pattern arcs and circles are split up in polylines with small segments Note It is recommended to u
201. moved parallel or perpendicular to the active coordinate system j Join command When the Join command is executed the original endpoint of the line or arc is not cleared k Setting active layer in the control panel Holding the CTRL key when a layer is made active the selected objects will be moved to the active layer I Parallel line segment Holding CTRL key when confirming distance Pythagoras will construct a rectangle The height is the distance of the parallel line to the reference line The rectangle consists of separate lines m Selection of Library Symbol or Document Symbol in the menu Defaults Holding the CTRL key when the default symbol is selected the program will automatically come in the mode Draw Symbol n During rotation of objects When the CTRL key is pressed while you rotate selected objects the angle of rotation will be a multiple of 90 degrees Appendixes SPACEBAR SHIFT key When you make the Page Coordinate System active while you keep the CTRL key down the selected objects will be transformed to page coordinates p When you make the Local Coordinate System active while you keep the CTRL key down the selected objects will be transformed to local coordinates q By holding the CTRL key down during the confirmation of the creation of a point on a line the line is automatically split in 2 parts The created point becomes the endpoint of the first line and the starting po
202. mple Views Based on Table v Countries X Description Names and population densities of countries with population above 10 million The simple view dialog consists of the Columns Page where Page base definition and two tabs for column and where conditions Building of simple views is described in detail in PART I Chapter 3 Database Views Expression Description Name Country EA Density Population Area EA LX Re LIL Columns Page Where Page Column Comparison Value Population gt 10000000 IN The same example a simple view describing names and population densities of countries with population above 10 million is presented in the dialog Aggregation Views The aggregation view dialog consists of the main and auxiliary bases definitions and three tabs For column where and match conditions Building of aggregation views is described in detail in PART Chapter 3 Database Views The same example an aggregation view describing Reference The File Menu 61 Table Viewer Mail Merge names and population of the six continents is presented in the dialog here you can see the column and the match conditions Table View Definition Based on main auxiliary Table x Continents x Table x Capitals Ed Description attribute view of the continent names and aggregated population of th
203. n dx a rotation Fi and a scale factor for the conversion And for each point in the set we receive a residual fx fy Residual is the difference between the UTM coordinate given in the set and the UTM coordinate derived from the transformation Here are the steps performed for a point xy to convert it from 2 to UTM using a set of tie points 1 Transformation of the point xy from GK 2 to UTM point xy 2 Helmert Transformation for given Tie Points set of the point xy gt 3 Smoothing residuals In Pythagoras residuals can be of the following kind No smoothing residuals no further corrections needed nverse Distance Weighting 1 Square Distance or 1 s the value at the point is a weighted sum of the values of N Tie Points Natural Neighbours by Area NN Area interpolating over the changes in area between the point and its Natural Neighbours from the set of Tie Points You can import Tie Points sets into Pythagoras library with the help of Tie Points Manager see PART II Chapter 1 Points The ASCII file with a tie points set has a special format This format depends on the units of Pythagoras and the coordinate order NE XY on the moment of reading the file Tie point sets can only be defined between projection systems geodetic coordinates like WGS84 can not be used The format of the tie points set resembles the coordinate list format The data of each tie point must be p
204. n or you can press one of the following keys to indicate in which object type you are interested P when the P key is down Pythagoras will only search points L when the L key is down Pythagoras will only search lines arcs and circles T when the T key is down Pythagoras will only search text O when the O key is down Pythagoras will only search polygons In this case the snap area will become much larger X when the X key is down Pythagoras will only search paths The snap area will also become much larger I when the is down Pythagoras will only search images Operations on Selected Objects Align Objects You can execute the following operation on selected objects Delete the object Cut and Clear command or using the Delete key on the keyboard Change the attributes of the objects Move the objects to another layer Move the objects These operations are described in detail in other sections of this manual Join Objects This tool Tools Align Object is used to align objects First click on the object that needs to be aligned e g text symbol Then click on the object that indicates the direction a line arc circle text polygon This tool is a more intuitive method than making use of a coordinate system to align objects This function can also be used to align an image to another image or text Reference The Pythagoras Join Objects Mode allo
205. n them The Temporary Coordinate System You can create one Temporary Coordinate System in a drawing The temporary coordinate system is not stored in the document An existing temporary coordinate system is automatically replaced when you create a new one A temporary coordinate system can be created either in the Local Coordinate System or in the Page Coordinate System When created in a document all rules relating to User Coordinate Systems also apply to the temporary coordinate system When a temporary coordinate system is created in the Page Coordinate System input and output in the control panel is relative to the temporary coordinate system The origin is 0 0 and coordinates depend on the actual scale of the page coordinates Chapter 2 Snapping Basic Concepts Point Number Pythagoras will snap to a line a point an arc a circle or the center of a polygon when the mouse is about 2 mm from the object This snapping is clearly indicated on the screen An indication called the Sight will be displayed on the object The shape of the Sight depends on the type of object it refers to In the control panel you will see information about the object in the Sight When creating lines arcs or circles other snapping symbols may appear to indicate that objects are tangential or perpendicular Snapping can be turned on or off Using the Defaults Menu the snapping can be turned on or off for each type of object
206. n be connected to horizontal plane existing terrain model Left Right You have the choice of calculating the slope intercept either left or right of the selected path Gradient The gradient of the slope intercept both upwards and downwards needs to be given Step or Cross Section The step is the distance of points on the path used to calculate the connection points of the slope intercept A small step will yield a more precise result A very small step could yield too many points when the path contains arcs Maximum width The calculated connection point will not be generated on the drawing if the distance to the path is larger than the maximum width To calculate a 2 and or 3 dimensional area simply calculate the DTM specify the perimeter of the area by creating a polygon and select the menu option Calculations DTM Slope Area A dialog window will pop up that specifies both 2D area horizontal area and 3D area Note If the polygon lies partly outside the terrain model the slope area will be estimated Reference PART 11 Road Design Road Design 153 Chapter 1 Concepts Start with a combination of a line an arc a path no spline to activate Road Design from the View menu To activate an existing road project hold down the letter R while selecting the road A path with a profile created in Pythagoras v11 will be automatically converted to a road in Pythagoras v12 Pythagor
207. n is used between expressions to divide left value by the right one The following type combinations are possible Left operand type Right operand type Result type integer or real integer or real real time integer time time real Time The amp sign may be used between string expressions to obtain string concatenation Expression Language 181 Chapter 3 Functions Function calls Pythagoras expression language supports only embedded functions Each function is distinguished by a unique name A function call has the syntax name arg arg2 argN where name is a function name keyword Number of arguments in parentheses is arbitrary parentheses are necessary even when there are no arguments Prefixing In two dimensional expressions prefixes can be used to define one of two dimensions They must be followed by a separating dot and then by a column name or a function call Only functions which depend on dimensions can be prefixed OBJECT Object feature functions with omitted arguments aggregate functions See also Chapter 4 Determining main or auxiliary rowset below Type conversions Implicit type conversions are functions with names equal to types and mostly with one argument there is one exception The following conversions are possible Function Argument s Comment name type s INTEGER date As days INTEGER string REAL intege
208. ne of the following type point line polygon arc circle spline path clothoid compound of one of the following type point line polygon arc circle spline path clothoid compound when one of arguments is a spline other than a broken line or a compound containing such spline INSIDE XY or point graphic object Boolean a point lies inside the polygon or specified polygon or inside compound a polygon being an element of the specified compound References Expression Language 189 Aggregate functions Aggregate functions differ from the others in the way that they are applied not to one row object but to an entire rowset A subexpession being an argument of an aggregate function is calculated for each row and then the function is applied to all values Function Argument type Result type Comment name COUNT no argument integer number of rows MIN numeric date time the same minimal value date time or string MAX numeric date time the same maximal value date time or string SUM integer real ortime the same sum of values AVG integer real ortime time for time SUM COUNT real otherwise COUNT and SUM return 0 when applied to an empty rowset others return NULL e f a subexpression value is NULL at least for one row the result of SUM and AVG will be also NULL For AVG the function value is also NULL when the rowse
209. nei PE vao Mab e Uo d s BERE a 58 OPEN TEXT FILES cc 58 59 SUBDOCUMENT MANAGER aee n nO Ra 60 DATABASE e 60 60 REIS Esci 61 Simple VIews site teta te tei 61 Aggregation Vie Ey 61 Table yW ei A A A eiie 62 TEL A SE TEENE aate ER TR SE E EE ET EEEF 62 THEMATIC MAPS zitierter e tes eee metes tl is E 64 E RAA 64 no n Beet dut amante nee ems 64 Iz zeli lritonR 65 R 65 Special application Spatial Interpolation 66 66 SYMBOLS E on Or ute coa cM EN DOM HE eL 67 Symbol Manager c cie dece cedes 67 ET CLIE HEN 67 Create Symbol eset tette reve teca petere irc beber tar p E e 67 Create Line 5
210. ng color and Pythagoras will fill in the color range according to the calculated number of values Note For texts images and SIRs can choose only color for building thematic map These objects do not have symbols as such and their scale cannot be changed Special application Spatial Interpolation Terrain models Measured values linked to a position e g measure of air pollution can be visualized by a thematic map Select the database and the corresponding field where the data can be found and mark Spatial Interpolation while defining a thematic Only in this case you can make a selected polygon in the drawing the boundary for extrapolation of the thematic map Finally choose for the Autofill function and finish your thematic The dialog window that follows File Terrain Models is used to manage the calculated terrain models Careful Any actions from this dialog window cannot be un done Delete The Delete command deletes the selected terrain model in the active drawing Rename This command allows you to rename the selected terrain model in the active drawing Active This command activates the selected terrain model The terrain model will become visible if the corresponding settings in the Display View dialog are switched on see PART II Chapter 6 Display View All coordinates are then calculated in reference to this terrain model Symbols Symbol Manager Create C
211. ng main or auxiliary nnns 192 EXPRESSION COMPILATION 22 222 2 0 d oen dee deme 192 CHAPTER 5 EXAMPLES asec edax EE 193 ONE DIMENSIONAL 5 lt 6 4 210 40 ese ese ree ree rre rre EEEren rns 193 Without aggregate 193 Using aggregate 194 AGGREGATIONS VIEWS ette El Et oo ates ced ue ee ee Ee etu o oo e e EC EROR 194 APPENDIGES 22222204 deu ei peu cs eve dr E SIDE dE 197 APPENDIX A COORDINATE LIST FORMAT 198 APPENDIX B SHORTCUT 199 APPENDIX C PLACE HOLDERS 207 APPENDIX D PYTHAGOR INI FILE 65 208 M Mt 208 rM 208 EXT DG Pere mee r 208 EXT DC EXPOR T siint eet tne eb e eel er Y eb e e E iua 208 MOUSE WHEEL ZOOMING ities tace eh cce biet FD e eee La De e 208 AUTOMATIC mete 209 25 209 AUTOMATIC SAVE INTE
212. ns is not selected all polygon patterns will be hidden However the polygons in the visible layers can still be selected and all operations on polygons can be executed Note When you change the fill pattern of a polygon Pythagoras will automatically select Show Patterns and all hidden polygon patterns will be displayed When Show Point Numbers is selected the point numbers of all points in the visible layers will be displayed The point numbers displayed with this option are not text objects The status of Show Text does not affect the visibility of the point numbers Note The Annotation command Point Number Tools Annotation gt Point Number will create a text object containing the point number of the indicated points The visibility of these point numbers is not affected by the status of Show Point numbers The same is true for Show Point Elevations and Show Point Comments 3 The Tab called DTM allows you to specify certain parameters for visualizing DTMs when applicable Display E3 View 7 Add View Layers Show DTM Thematic Maps Subdocuments Active DTM C DTM z Show Triangulation Show Colorized Y Attributes Slope Display leve 0 x Ok Cancel Reference The View Menu 137 Legend The active DTM can be selected or a difference between 2 DTMs can be calculated Y
213. nsure adequate safety and give a better driving comfort The friction factor can be overwritten Max rate of rotation the maximum rate of rotation is used to calculate the length of superelevation development The following formula is used _ 0 278 e e V r L where L superelevation development length m based on the rate of rotation criterion e normal crossfall 96 e full superelevation crossfall 96 V operating speed km h r rate of rotation per second Relative Grade the rate of the longitudinal rise or fall of the side of the carriageway relative to the longitudinal rise or fall of the centerline It is a parameter to reach a comfortable visible effect when driving the road When type of transition is arc percent of Runoff on tangent will be activated This is length of transition period to reach FSE normally 1 3 runoff on arc and 2 3 runout before arc Runoff the section of the road in which the transition from HC half crown to FSE is done Runout the section of the road in which the transition from NC normal crown to HC is done Calculations Zoom In Zoom Out Fit In Window Cross Section Zoom in Cross Section Zoom Out Display View Toolbars 1 Untitled 1 Sheet 1 gt The View menu contains menu items which define how your drawing is displayed on the graphics screen of your computer The toolbox item Hand allows you to scroll the page over the
214. nt 9 68 70 88 89 92 93 94 112 116 118 125 127 128 137 144 145 162 169 Point Confirmation 127 162 Point 9 80 127 Point style eet eene 36 127 Polygon 96 97 99 112 118 119 120 122 126 Polygon Area and Perimeter 111 85 Preferences 36 37 50 54 77 122 126 129 177 67 75 76 84 104 PMNVANC Aes 86 Print 15 75 131 Private 113 Profile cce 133 150 155 Profile Texts iii 133 36 127 160 210 PYTHAGOR INI file settings 208 PYTHAGORLLIB 11 71 210 PYTHAGOR MLB 72 73 210 210 Pythagoras 34 35 41 113 Pythagoras Toolbar 40 QUIE EN a 78 160 Read access 25 Read write 25 Recent 78 sie vno eiie cae 79 160 161 163 reference objects 155 156 157 158 161 Renumber Points 122 Representation
215. nt For example in a left aligned text block you can place centered or right aligned text Examples 1 When clicking and dragging the cursor from top left to bottom right you created a text block that is top aligned and left aligned 2 When clicking and dragging the cursor from bottom right to top left you created a text block that is bottom aligned and right aligned Example 1 is useful if you want to place text in the top left corner the text grows in a downward direction while alignment remains left Example 2 is useful if you want to place text in the bottom right corner of the page the text grows if need be in height while the alignment remains right The width of the text blocks can always be changed by clicking and dragging the solid line widening or narrowing the text field For left aligned text this line is located at the right side of the text block For right aligned texts the line is located at the left side of the text block While typing in the editor you can format the text When the text editor is active the menus also changed The two most important menus are Edit and Format Edit This menu contains the obvious edit functions such as undo and redo cut and past etc The items Find and Replace are worth a little explanation a Find This function searched for a string a word or a group of words b Heplace This function searches for a string a word or a group of words and repla
216. ntout lines 2o dott 149 Control 44 87 Conversion 77 131 Coordinate 46 53 122 Coordinate List 198 Coordinate Reference Systems 4 Coordinate 82 84 98 Coordinate 4 7 8 146 82 88 122 CODY est retirer uude 11 81 Copying Attributes properties of a selected object n S 40 Greatest 67 68 69 70 71 97 145 Cross section 32 150 151 156 159 162 163 Gross Sections cce recetas 156 199 CUIVAIUNG tenn ed 118 CUVE RC 105 162 Customize toolbars 142 QU imde 14 81 101 102 103 172 ine ete ette 103 BCICHNMMMMMMRRRNRERENENMMMMMNMEEEEEEEEEEMMMMMMMMMM 115 Data Gollector 2 50 58 130 Database 18 22 49 60 61 62 80 115 Database 60 Date and Time 130 Date time functions 186 Defaults 4 9 36
217. o a Duplicate button This allows you to easily create a new sheet with the same properties but possibly covering a different area of the drawing The Delete button is used to delete sheets To make a sheet floating simply click inside the floating column for the appropriate sheet This setting will hide the page It is used to perform as it were a Print screen of your drawing Simply zoom in on that part of the drawing that you would like to print out and give the print command File gt Print The print screen window that pops up allows you to fine tune the position of the page The screen will be slightly zoomed out and the page will be shown in order to clearly show what will be printed The Print command can be given directly from within this window The number of copies that you would like printed can then be specified in the next window that pops up A floating sheet can have page objects objects in page coordinates as well as a print area The page objects only become visible when selecting Page as coordinates in the control panel When printing the sheet the page objects are printout along with the drawing objects The column Scale can contain a percentage This is the percentage by which text objects line styles line widths etc will be scaled up or down upon printing The sheet that contains a little cross in the Active column is the sheet that is currently in use The column Default View indic
218. o a database row A textual expression may contain names of database columns built in functions and different operators Built in functions define constants such as different mathematical functions and specific CAD object properties such as elevation Expressions can also be built internally when you enter non textual information Such are conditions in the database manager Find dialog and thematic maps You fill in a table like structure Pythagoras real time code builds implicitly a corresponding expression For further details on expression language please refer to PART IV Expression Language Concepts and terminology 27 Chapter 5 Thematic Maps A thematic map is a way to represent graphically object properties or table data attached to objects i e visually highlight with color and style the objects in your drawing that match the conditions you defined when creating the thematic map Technically you choose to which table in the database of the active drawing the required objects should be linked For all the objects linked to this table or having some requested property you define a presentation which parameters vary depending on the value of this property You can also choose a system table instead of a database table as every object in Pythagoras is always linked to one or more system tables by default In this way you will build a thematic map based not on database data but on some object properties like c
219. o locate the new object you want to create When the Shift Lock or Caps Lock key is down you activate repetitive entry of data This means that the program remains in confirm mode after confirmation of data Using this feature you may for example quickly generate points on a line Will activate Zoom In same as selecting Zoom In Will activate Zoom Out same as selecting Zoom Out Will select Actual Size Will select Fit in Window a During input in the control panel Will move to the next field in the control panel b In most drawing modes when the cursor is on a line The control panel will show subsequently the line length the slope length the elevation the bearing the gradient c In most drawing modes when the cursor is on an arc The control panel will show subsequently Appendixes Shift TAB keys ESC key org ke S T key P key key X key the length of the arc the radius the angle at the center the slope length the elevation the gradient If certain information about the object has been chosen the SHIFT TAB combination will make this the default information of that kind of objects as long as you don t quit Pythagoras Cancels drawing operations Has the same effect as re selecting the toolbox function Used to find the point on a line or arc at intervals of 1 2 1 19 of the length of the line or arc When the num
220. o the viewport Once you have adjusted the viewport you can duplicate it or copy directly to another sheet For instruction on creating a viewport refer to PART Il Chapter 3 Create Viewport Sheets allow you to split up large projects into different print areas and thus print the appropriate print sheet along with the appropriate title page in a very simple manner In Pythagoras you can create multiple up to 256 sheets per drawing Sheets refer to the Page coordinate system thus all objects defined in Page CS will belong to the sheet which was active while they were created Each sheet can have its own properties such as the printer dimensions position page objects print area etc Reference Printer paper size and orientation can be set individually for each sheet in the Sheet Manager see PART II Chapter 1 Select Sheet Print Sheet You can also choose a default view for the sheet different from the current document view determining the display parameters for layers subdocuments object information and so on Sheet position in the drawing rotation angle and scale are defined with help of Print Area refer to PART Il Chapter 1 Select Print Area You can choose an arbitrary polygon as a clipping area for local objects on the sheet only objects within the clipping polygon will be printed see PART 11 Chapter 2 Set Print Area For every sheet you can create an own set of page o
221. ocation of the drawing move the mouse to its new location on the screen you will notice that the drawing moves along and release the mouse button The visible area of your drawing will be adjusted accordingly While moving the mouse a dashed line indicates the direction of the displacement The scroll mode can be cancelled by using one of the following keyboard keys Escape Space bar Enter Note A quick key to enter scroll mode is the key on the numeric keyboard You can also scroll using the arrow keys on your keyboard Reference With the Zoom In command View Zoom In you can magnify a part of your drawing on the screen When you have selected this command the shape of the cursor will change to a magnifying glass with a plus sign at the center Move the cursor to a desired starting location top left top right bottom left or bottom right of the area you want to enlarge press the mouse button and move the mouse A rectangle on the screen will follow the mouse movements When the rectangle encloses the area of the drawing you want to magnify release the mouse button Note e You will zoom in by a factor 2 when you simply click the mouse button on the position where you want to zoom in e When zooming in symbols are by default magnified by the zooming factor The amount of magnification can be set from 0 no magnification to 100 linear magnification Pythagoras supports multiple zoom levels Each tim
222. of the main base In Pythagoras only the two simplest kinds of DB views are implemented a simple view and an aggregation view Simple Views A simple view has only one base i e the view gathers data from one database table or system table or another view applying conditions to it A complete definition of a simple view consists of a base a so called where condition and column definitions The where condition is an expression applied to columns of the base and having a Boolean value Each column definition contains a Table Viewer so called column expression these expressions are also applied to columns of the base In other words the where condition describes in which PopulationDensiy rows of the base you are interested in and the Name Deni column expression defines what values you want Ra to have in each row Indonesia 126 06 Australia 2 61 E Algeria 13 66 First the where condition is applied to each row Angola 2n of the base rowset Then for each row returning xn TRUE value for the where condition all column EAT eH ote divoire i expressions are calculated they form a new row Egypt 77 39 of the defined view A column expression often is Eropa 1 merely a name of a column of the base rowset Kenya 58 06 Madagascar 30 73 Malawi 107 25 Example Given an attribute table Countries E no linked to polygons and des
223. ogle Earth Similar to export in other file formats when you choose Export Google Earth Pythagoras will request a file name and save in in the KML format This menu option is only enabled if conversion to WGS84 coordinates is possible and any exportable objects not in PageCS are selected Only Lines Polylines Arcs Circles and Polygons are exported The height of these objects is not taken into account they are put on earth s surface After exporting to Google Earth you will be able to Get a view of a project on top of aerial images without the need to have those images e Distribute the resulting KML files Specific features of the Google Earth format export include e Only selected objects are exported e The active thematic map is applied to attributes written to the KML file e Pythagoras layers are written to Google Earth folders e Objects are displayed in Google Earth taking into account the display levels in the Pythagoras drawing e Only the polygon patterns are exported 12 5 25 50 75 and 100 solid The opacity of a polygon in Google Earth will depend on the percentage 100 will become completely opaque and 12 5 will have the smallest opacity that is highest transparency You can also directly view a drawing in Google Earth by selecting the corresponding option in the View menu see PART Il Chapter 6 gt Google Earth The File Menu 57 SICAD SQD Object List Stake
224. oint You enter the height of the camera in the z value of the control panel Then click a second time on the drawing to indicate the view direction Again you don t need to select an existing point and you can insert a height Now the viewing angle and direction are specified A dialog box appears and you can select the number of grid lines and change the scale of the level axis There are two kinds of models 1 model 2 model The first model will appear during construction If you click within the 3D model your actual drawing will reappear During the calculation of the second kind of model a progress indicator will come up indicating the progress of the calculations You can cancel the calculation by pressing the ESC key The 3D View is placed on the clipboard Use Paste or Paste Special to paste the 3D View in the current drawing or in a new drawing Remarks e The grid lines are drawn as Pythagoras polyline objects e A3D View can only be calculated of terrain model with a maximum of 50000 points This command Calculations DTM Slope intercept allows you to calculate a slope intercept The selected path indicates the top or bottom of the slope intercept You have the choice to calculate a slope intercept which connects to the terrain at a fixed slope or a slope intercept with a fixed distance The Calculations Menu 151 Slope Area Connection to the terrain A slope intercept ca
225. olygon you can use the BACKSPACE key to remove the last point or arc from the polygon When creating a polygon by clicking in a region it happens that new points and or arcs need to be created Pythagoras will create these objects in a System Layer that remains invisible Remarks During the creation of a polygon you may double click on a line or arc Pythagoras will automatically add all lines and arcs in the given direction to the polygon up to a point where the lines stop or a junction is encountered When stopped the polygon is not yet created and more objects can still be added e If the O key is down in selection mode Pythagoras will only search for polygons and indicate the polygon closest to the cursor e When the mouse is clicked on the snapping point of a polygon polyline parallel to the polygon will be formed The polyline will consist of separate lines and arcs with endpoints The coordinates of the intersections are calculated and because these are ordinary points point numbers will be assigned automatically Path A path is a sequence of points lines and arcs The objects to which the path refers remain however separate entities in the document After the selection of the tool Path you can create a path by selecting in the right sequence the points lines and arcs forming the path The end of the path the last object is indicated by a Reselection of the first point of the path or b Pres
226. on the object will be added to the selection or removed from the selection When you select a line or arc the endpoints are not selected When the CTRL key is pressed during the selection also the endpoints will be selected When the CTRL key is pressed during the selection of a polygon or path the points which are part of the polygon or path are also selected If two lines or arcs are laying one above the other the first click will select the object on top If a second time is clicked on the object the object underneath the first object will be selected When you keep the mouse button down on a text object and then move the mouse a rectangle indicating the position of the text will follow the movements of the mouse Release the mouse button in order to place the text at the desired position If when dragging the CTRL or the ALT button is held down the text will be duplicated when the mouse button is released The new text will appear on the place where the mouse button is released Notes Dragging can be cancelled when you press the Escape key on the keyboard while you have the mouse button down In Select Mode Pythagoras will continuously search for objects located near the cursor position Since you may be interested in any object type Pythagoras will snap to any object which is near the mouse position If several objects are close together it can be difficult to select the desired object You can either zoom i
227. on compilation is provided at the moment depending on its kind and many other factors Of course compilation can be successful or not In case of failure you will be provided with a description of lexical or syntax errors and in most cases the part of the expression that caused the error will be highlighted Chapter 5 Examples One dimensional expressions Without aggregate functions Find example Find all graphic objects where comments contain the substring elect in any letter case like comment anyseq amp electr amp anyseq Find using database Find all graphic objects connected to an attribute table and having in column Completion a date between 2006 01 01 and 2006 03 15 between completion date 2006 1 1 date 2006 3 15 Find using IF function Find all points where comments begin with the percentage 0 sign and all other objects where this sign is in the second position if type point like comment 5 amp anyseq like comment anychar amp 6 amp anyseq Using NULL function We have an attribute table describing parcels The table has columns Price and PriceDate containing respectively price estimate and the date when this estimation was made or two NULL values if the price is unknown We want to calculate the most trustable price If the price in the database is not older than 5 years we will recalculate it assuming inflation level of 3 per year Otherwise we
228. oordinates line length polygon area layer etc Notice that you can display thematic maps either in local or page coordinates or in both settings for thematic maps are controlled via Thematic Map Manager see PART Il Chapter 1 Thematic Maps Example thematic map The definition of thematic maps is better illustrated with an example Here you can see a part of Europe colorized according to population density with symbols of different size indicating capitals and their population We can see at first sight that for example the Netherlands have the highest population density and London is the largest populated city Note When you are building a thematic map for polygons make sure that they have a property for the pattern e g solid Otherwise the thematic map coloring will not work In Pythagoras you can create and activate several thematic maps at the same time visualizing several conditions at once and determining the order of appearance on the drawing The above example uses two thematics at once Population density coloring polygons which are countries and symbols of different size marking capitals which are points Defining conditions For the objects linked to the chosen table you can use either one of the fields of this table as a criterion for building your thematic map or define an expression using this field Let us use the above example once again to show how conditions are defined for
229. oosing a suitable shape rectangle or ellipse and frame to make your drawing look nice you can adjust other things in the viewport to make it more convenient You can choose viewport scale turn it at a different angle zoom in or out any time Generally a viewport is designed to be an optical enlarging or reducing of the document for all attributes But to affect this behavior you can allocate a scaling factor to the viewport which is not the same as just assigning the viewport a different scale The scaling factor only affects the size width of scale independent objects in the viewport For example if the scale factor of a drawing is 1 500 and the scale factor of a viewport is 1 250 than line width in the viewport will be the double of the line width of the same line in the drawing if scaling factor is 10096 The same for texts a text of 12 point will become 24 point in the viewport If the scaling factor is 50 sizes will remain the same Any scaling factor is valid and will affect the scale independent attributes accordingly After the viewport is created and set it is easy to change the size of the frame or move the viewport to another place in the drawing If you need your viewport at some point to show a different part of the drawing it is no need to delete it and create a new one You can pan inside the viewport to another location In addition to all this setting a view different from the view of the main drawing can be applied t
230. or both data input as well as for displayed information This way the coordinates of any point of your drawing can be obtained in any of the defined coordinate systems and in either XYZ NEZ HDZ HVD HVS or CDZ coordinates Concepts and terminology 7 Note The elevation of points in a User coordinate system is relative to the elevation of the origin of the User coordinate system The Page Coordinate System This coordinate system is not related to the survey data The page coordinate system is used to draw information which is not bound to the survey plan This can be simple things like drawing a border around the drawing but also complex drawings not related to the survey data for example the section of a road foundation are made in the Page Coordinate System The origin of the page coordinate system is the bottom left corner of the page and the x axis corresponds with the bottom edge of the page The position of the information defined in page coordinates remains fixed even if you change the position rotation or scale of the local coordinate system The scale factor used in page coordinates can be changed any time This allows you to draw information in different scales on the same drawing Once you set a scale factor this applies to all elements defined in page coordinates Note that while objects defined in the local coordinate system and in the page coordinate system are on the same drawing there is no link betwee
231. oras is limited to a change of angle of 100gon see picture below A spiral is represented by the following formula R L With K parameter of the spiral R radius of curvature L length of a part of the spiral measured from the point with R oo A spiral can be constructed in 4 ways 1 Insert an existing spiral Note The accuracy of the entered data needs to be at least the same as the number of decimals in the control panel 2 With a beginning and an end point Parallel to a line defined by beginning and end point The beginning point has a R The K value or the R2 radius of the tangent circle in the end point can be entered b Tangent starting from a specific point on an existing circle arc The spiral will start with the R of the arc or circle and will be constructed till a R The mouse movements can influence the end tangent direction This also goes for R R circle This just hasn t so many results c Tangent starting from a specific point on a spiral The spiral starts with the radius of the starting point on the spiral and will be made to R This also goes for R lt R spiral This just hasn t so many results 3 Between existing objects a Between an existing line and circle arc b Between two circles arcs this is only possible when the circle with the smallest radius is inside the one with the largest radius and with very little deviations 4 Arc tangent to 2 lines with 2 sp
232. orten the line Cut off e The Cut off command erases all objects possibly including parts of images inside or outside a rectangle Objects on the edge will be cut off exception texts and symbols Ej The following choices can be made e Vector and raster information can be cut off at the same time Cutoff only vector information e Cut off only raster information Reference The Tools Menu 103 New Object Symbol Hich Text Selecting Symbol in the Tools gt Object menu allows you to draw a symbol First you need to select the desired symbol with the menu Defaults Library Symbol or Document Symbol A symbol can be created either by entering the coordinates of the hotspot or by placing the hotspot of the symbol on a line arc or circle The orientation of a symbol is defined by first moving the hotspot to a line with the desired orientation Click the mouse button and the symbol will take the orientation of the line Pressing the space bar will rotate the symbol over 90 Remark The program will automatically come in the mode Draw Symbol if you press the CTRL key while you select the symbol in the Default menu If a symbol is placed on the drawing without giving it an orientation and without rotating it afterwards the symbol will be considered as an horizontal symbol even if it is rotatable The symbols will remain horizontal even if the drawing is rotated using Select Print Area
233. other rowset than the argument Only aggregate functions applied to the second dimension can be used 5 Column expression in aggregation views An expression can reference only objects and columns of the main dimension Aggregate functions of both dimensions can be used but have very different meanings An aggregate function applied to the auxiliary dimension is applied to all rows of the auxiliary base rowset corresponding to the current row of the main rowset An aggregate function applied to the main dimension is applied to all rows of the main base rowset Expression Language 191 Determining main or auxiliary rowset In aggregation views columns and objects of two dimensions are present in expressions Mentioned above prefixes Main and Aux can be used to indicate the dimension In some cases such indication is unnecessary For example if only one base rowset is an attribute one then the function OBJECT can be applied only to this dimension if the referenced column is present only in one base rowset etc In all cases of ambiguity there are default values e Inside an aggregate function applied to an auxiliary dimension call this dimension is assumed f an aggregate function is called in a column expression of an aggregation the auxiliary dimension is assumed e other cases the main dimension is assumed Expression compilation Each expression is entered in textual form and needs to be compiled Expressi
234. other possibility is to leave the view as it is To do this you just select Don t change window Consider that only the choice All selected objects m gives you the certainty that after the find command all objects found will be displayed The checkbox Highlight selected objects will not only select the objects found but they will also be blinking Hitting the escape button will stop the blinking To save your settings for the next search press the button Add in the upper part of the Find dialog and enter a name The name together with parameters will be stored in the DEF file You can load saved Finds also called Named Find by selecting them from the list All Named Finds will be listed in the submenu Edit Find When selecting a Named Find the corresponding Find will be executed Cut The cut command 3 will clear the selected objects and copy them to the clipboard The coordinates are written on the clipboard relative to the selected coordinate system Copy The copy command 83 will copy the selected objects and their attributes to a clipboard The coordinates are written on the clipboard relative to the selected coordinate system There is a difference between the Pythagoras clipboard and the Operating System s OS clipboard Reference The Edit Menu 81 Pythagoras Clipboard OS Clipboard Copying objects to the Pythagoras clipboard means they can only be used inside Pythagoras This is the de
235. ou can show the triangulation of the selected DTM in any color and you can create a colorized map based either on elevation on slope of the DTM 4 The Tab Page Thematic Maps allows you to activate thematic maps More than one thematic map can be active at a time and all the maps you select will be visible in the drawing 5 The Tab Page Subdocuments allows you to apply subdocument configurations Object Info This command View Legend places a Legend of the active Thematic Map s or DTM s in the drawing The size of the Legend can be changed by clicking and dragging the size of the Legend The location can be changed by clicking and dragging the center of the Legend The properties can be changed by using a right mouse click When you are satisfied with the way the Legend looks it can be Frozen in the drawing Click the right mouse button and select Freeze or select it then choose View Legend Thematic Legend Freeze Attributes The Object Info View Object Info lets you query the properties of an object or link an external file to an object This means that it s possible to consult external files linked to an object from within Pythagoras e g a polygon can be linked to a text file containing cadastral information etc The Attributes command View Object Info Attributes will bring up a dialog box containing information about the selected object The
236. ou to create text parallel to or perpendicular to a line Use the SPACE bar to change the orientation with 909 When the drawing is rotated using the Select Print area command object text will rotate with the drawing provided that the object text is not defined in page coordinates When the toolbox item Object Text is selected the cursor will change to a parallel symbol You need to click to a line to indicate the direction of the text The cursor will change to a line which is perpendicular to the reference line The size of the object text cursor will depend on the default point size and on the actual zoom factor The bottom of this line will correspond with the underline position of new text When you click the mouse button on a position on the screen the Edit Text dialog box will appear You can enter text and change the default text attributes which are displayed in this dialog box For more information about the attributes see the above item Text When you confirm this dialog box the text will appear on the screen on the position where the mouse was clicked The text can be left aligned right aligned or centered relative to the given position Object Text can always be dragged to another location Note An alternative to this text is to use the Rich Text Rich Text is not limited in the number of characters and allows to mix multiple fonts styles etc within one text block For more information see PART ll gt Chapter 3
237. owset is also the Roads table the auxiliary rowset is the PropaneStations view The match expression is distance object aux object lt 100 m The where expression is also true The further actions are as in the example above Table view using aggregate functions of both kinds Continuing previous examples we want to build the same view but extended by two new values number of filling stations per km for each road and in total The main rowset is the table the auxiliary rowset is the PropaneStations view The match expression is distance object aux object lt 100 m The where expression is width 2 10 m Column expressions are km length width km main sum length count km length sum count main sum km length Note that main is necessary twice Otherwise the expression sum km length would mean an absolutely different and strange thing the total length of all filling stations close to the current road As filling stations are points their length is calculated as NULL and this expression would be calculated to NULL also Expression Language 195 Appendices Appendixes Appendix A Coordinate List Format A coordinate list is a text file containing the point number and the coordinates of a number of points In PART II Chapter 1 Import Export it is explained how Pythagoras uses this text file A coordinate list can be made with almost any word processor o
238. ox without changing any selections the drawing will be printed as it is displayed The first Tab Page called Layers allows you to select the layers that need to be printed The second Tab called Show allows you to select the objects that need to be printed The next Tab called DTM allows to select certain DTM options for printing when applicable The Tab Page called Thematic Maps allows to select a thematic map to be printed The Tab Page called Subdocuments allows changing the subdocuments that will be printed Reference When Sheet has a default View all settings of the view including thematic maps and subdocuments will be applied when printing the sheet The Tab Page called Print allows you to select the sheets that need to be printed Also the number of copies that need to be printed can be specified Print View Layers Show DTM Thematic Maps Subdocuments Print Print Options Number of copies 11 Print Sheet Name Printer Paper Orientation Default View Sheet 1 Microsoft Office Doc Letter Portrait Current View Print sheet positions Cancel Finally the Tab Page Print Options allows you to convert data when sending it to the printer The conversion Color to Black can always be selected The other conversions can only be selected if a conversion table has been loaded See PART II Chapter 5 Preferences explained further in this manua
239. phens such as x coord brackets and other special characters The database attributes or even the graphical attributes from the so called system tables of selected objects will be exported in a dbf file or in a text file File Export gt Table As a first step you will be prompted to give the file name and format to export to You can choose between a DBF file and a text file with a certain separator type e csv Semicolon separated txt TAB separated txt Then the export dialog will appear Export Table Include system tables Sort output file Source table production Column Country Y C All objects Ascending Only selected objects C Descending First row will contain column names Columns Include system fields Export sequence Country Country Production Production Layer DisplayLevel Comment gt Select All 4 E Cancel e Source table You can export not only the attribute tables that you created or imported yourself but also Pythagoras system tables containing object attributes However dictionary tables cannot be exported If you check the Include system tables option the names of the system tables will appear in the Source table list after the database tables Also you can choose to export attributes for all objects in your drawing or only for selected once If no objects are currently selected
240. place holder depending on the place holder that is used Overview s is the place holder for scale d is the place holder for date f is the place holder for file name p is the place holder for sheet name u is the place holder for user name This name corresponds with the user name used to log on in Windows 1 the place holder for the X coordinate of the bottom left printable part of a sheet c2 is the place holder for the Y coordinate of the bottom left printable part of a sheet Appendixes Appendix C Place Holders 207 Appendix D MAXIDS MAXUNDO EXT DC IMPORT EXT DC EXPORT PYTHAGOR INI file settings The file Pythagor ini is located in the C Windows folder not in the Pythagoras folder The maximum number of objects in a drawing The standard version is limited to 65000 objects The limit in Pythagoras Pro is 4 million objects Example MAXIDS 65000 The maximum number of operation which can be undone The limit is 25 Example MAXUNDO 3 This parameter defines the standard extension displayed in the Open File dialog box when you want to import a data collector file Example EXT DC IMPORT DAT The files with the extension DAT will be displayed in the open File dialog box This parameter defines the standard extension displayed in the Save File dialog box when you want to export a data collector file Stakeout list Example EXT IMPORT DAT The files with
241. r Chainage Coordinates The control panel shows XYZ NEZ HDZ HVD HVS or CDZ coordinates The selection is shown in the control panel You can change the selection by selecting directly from the pull down menu in the control panel Reference PART Il Menu Functions The File Menu 43 Chapter 1 New The File Menu Open The New command File New creates an empty drawing in a new window The page size will depend on the printer or plotter that is currently selected If you want to create a drawing for another printer or plotter you first need to select that printer Microsoft Windows Vista Control Panel Hardware and Sound Printers An existing drawing can always be adapted for another printer The Open command File gt Open opens a drawing from the disk and displays it on your screen When Open is selected the standard Open dialog box will appear To open a drawing either select the drawing you want to open and click the Open button or double click the name of the drawing If you need more information on the possibilities of the Open dialog box consult the MS Windows manual When a drawing is saved not only the drawing itself but also other relevant information is saved with the drawing The printer for which the drawing was made and the page size are saved with the drawing This means you can edit a drawing for a printer which is not selected Also the Di
242. r Print Area Clear Print Area you can deactivate previously created print area Chapter 3 Introduction The Tools Menu Pythagoras provides several basic drawing objects to enable you to create your drawing This section describes the information on the commands used to draw and select the basic objects Note Most object tools in the Tools menu can also be invoked with a button in the toolbox of the Pythagoras control panel e Using the SPACEBAR on the keyboard you can toggle between select mode and the last used toolbox mode Use of the Escape Key While Creating Objects Creation of an object is aborted when you press the escape key This feature may also be used to obtain the distance between two points or the perpendicular distance of a point to a line Start drawing the line which would give you the distance you want to know When drawing the line the control panel will display its length When the cursor is at the endpoint you can be sure when the sight is displayed the distance you want to know is displayed in the control panel You can now press the escape key and the line drawing will be aborted Entering the Location of an Object Using the Control Panel Reference When creating points or lines and the location of a point is not exactly defined Pythagoras will prompt you to enter information in the control panel in order to define the location of the object The control panel contains the fol
243. r in the drawing The size of this line does not correspond with the real size 1 Attributes of a Line Style Scale dependent A scale dependent line style has real dimensions For example a line style for a railway with a rail width of 1 7 m A line style which is not scale dependent has dimensions corresponding with the size of the printout For example a line style with small crosses of 1mm every 10 mm on the line Scale independent Scale independent line styles so line styles which need to be printed or plotted independent of the scale of the drawing can be best created in page coordinates It is also recommended to select mm as the default unit for distances See PART II Chapter 5 The Defaults Menu 2 Library Line Style Document Line Style Similarly to symbols line styles can be either placed in the library or in the active drawing All remarks made for symbols regarding Library and document apply also for line styles See PART I Chapter 2 Symbols Line Styles Patterns 3 Group Symbol The name of every line style consists of 2 parts group and symbol After a line style is created as a library or document line style it will appear in the menu s Format and Defaults under Library Line Style or Document Line Style depending on the choice made Note e Aline style may consist of a maximum of 3 lines and each line consist of approximately 64000 elements Ifall ele
244. r or string REAL date time date As days or time DATETIME real As days DATETIME date DATETIME string DATE integer As days DATE string TIME real As days TIME string STRING integer Unit conversion STRING real and integer a real is converted and represented with number of decimal places equal to an integer STRING date time STRING date STRING time STRING Boolean TRUE Y FALSE N Conversions are made using short date and time format strings from the current preferences All these functions can be also applied to an argument already having the desired type in this case they merely return the value of the argument Special functions are used to convert real to integer TRUNC and ROUND The first one converts to the nearest integer value less or equal by the absolute value the second one converts to the nearest integer value In all conversions of strings the letter case is ignored In real string conversions a decimal separator defined in the current preferences is used The following functions return specified units DM DAM KM INCH FOOT USFOOT MILE GRAD DEGREE MIL and RADIAN To convert linear length or angle values you can multiply or divide by these constants e f columns HEIGHT and VOLUME contain values expressed in meters and cubic kilometers respectively th
245. r with spreadsheet programs Microsoft Excel Lotus 123 etc A coordinate list has the following structure Pointld TAB Coord1 TAB Coord2 TAB Coord3 TAB lt InstrH gt TAB lt ReflH gt TAB Comment The coordinates can be XYZ NEZ HBZ HVD HVS The separator symbol can be either TAB space comma or semi colon Appendix B Shortcut Keys Appendixes To activate menu items Pythagoras supports the shortcut keys which are standardized on Microsoft Windows Consult the user manual of the system you have if you want to learn more about the standard use of shortcuts Besides the standard menu shortcut functions you may use a number of Pythagoras shortcut keys to do some operations faster Note that the ALT and the CTRL have the same functionality Important remark When using the CTRL ALT or SHIFT key those keys must remain pressed until the operation is completed Key ALT or CTRL key Function a In Select mode When the CTRL key is pressed when selecting a line or arc also the endpoints of the line or arc will be selected When the CTRL key is pressed when you drag text the text will be duplicated The CTRL must only be pressed when you release the mouse button b While creating text When you mouse the text cursor over the screen while the CTRL key is pressed the text cursor will snap to lines arcs and points c While drawing lines When pressed during line
246. radius R will be displayed Text When you double click on a text a dialog box displaying the text and its attributes will appear This way you can quickly change the text content and or the text attributes Polygon The Tools Menu 99 Selecting Objects Drag Text When you move the mouse near the center of gravity of a polygon an indication rectangle containing the letter P will appear The control panel will show the area By using the TAB key the control panel will show the perimeter Path When you move the mouse cursor near the midpoint of a path the control panel will show the horizontal length L of the path By using the TAB key the control panel will show subsequently the slope distance S the height difference dZ and the gradient between the first and the last point of the path Remark When specific information about an object is displayed for example the slope distance then you can make this type of information the default for the object type Press the SHIFT TAB key to change the default for an object type while the desired information is displayed This default is not retained when leaving Pythagoras When the mouse is snapped to a Pythagoras object and you click the mouse button the object will become selected and all other objects will become deselected If the object was already selected it will be deselected When you keep the SHIFT key pressed at the same time you click the mouse butt
247. raight line the blue line indicates the spiral and the magenta line indicates the arc Corresponding vertical areas are also colorized Road Design 167 In the Plan Window Transition type Arc Reading from left to right The first vertical line indicates the start of the superelevation process NC The second vertical line indicates the point where the Half Crown HC position is reached The third vertical line indicates the point where the Full Superelevation FSE is reached The fourth vertical line indicates the point where FSE starts evolving in HC The fifth vertical line indicates the point where HC is reached and starts evolving in NC The sixth vertical line indicates the point where NC is reached and the superelevation process is finished The first dot indicates the start of the arc or curve TC and the other one the end of the arc or curve start of tangent CT The upper dot in between TC and CT is the IP intersection point of tangents In the Profile Window Transition type Arc The most left and right dash lines indicate the area of the superelevation process NC the other dash lines indicate HC FSE FSE and HC The red line indicates the tangent straight line the magenta line indicates the arc Corresponding vertical areas are also colorized 5 Defaults Menu View Calculations Scale Ratio E UE The Defaults menu allows to set some general defaults for t
248. rdinate type only XY is supported e Graphic object type POINT LINE POLYGON TEXT ARC CIRCLE SPLINE PATH IMAGE CLOTHOID RICHTEXTY ROAD and COMPOUND function calls Type coercion Only two cases of implicit type coercion are supported integer to real and date to date time In the second case time of day is assumed to be 0 hour beginning of the day NULL value A special NULL value may occur either as a term or as a value of an expression subexpression NULL value is compatible with every type NULL as an error signal The result of any operation or function where at least one argument is NULL is also NULL This rule has few exceptions described explicitly below The result of an operation or function can be also NULL if it cannot be calculated for example Date 2005 2 30 30th of February Function NULL The function call NULL always returns the NULL value It may be used as the NULL constant value Sometimes it is necessary to specify the NULL constant value explicitly see an example in Chapter 5 Examples Empty string and NULL values In most RDBMSs including all versions of the SQL standard empty strings and NULL values are treated differently But in other databases and in many other cases CSV and DBF files they are not distinguished One of the reasons for this is that both values are intuitively treated as identical by many users Empty strings and NULL values are
249. re created with the curve tool Tools New Object With at least points a curve shaped structure will be created The points where the curve needs to run through need to be selected by clicking on them To obtain a closed curve click as last point on the first point again If the curve needs to remain open click the last point while holding the CTRL key down The adjustable curvature determines the shape and the size of the radii The e higher the curvature the softer and smoother the changeover between partial arcs will be The checkbox 10096 smoothed handles a special case if the first part contains three linear points and the curve is forced to be straight a sharp changeover to a curve structure is obtained With 10096 smoothed which is activated by default such a sharp sudden changeover is avoided and extreme cases course of arcs is forced Points which are necessary for the creation of curves can vary in height This results in a three dimensional curve Curves splines can now also have a library line style assigned to them Spiral With this tool Tools gt New Object Spiral it is possible to create spirals A spiral is a transition curve whereby the curvature proportionally increases or decreases with the cumulated distance i e if a vehicle with uniform speed drives through a spiral the speed of the rotation of the steering wheel is a constant A spiral in Pythag
250. reate Symbol Reference Using the dialog window Symbol Manager File Symbols Symbol Manager the following operations can be executed on symbols line styles and patterns Move document symbols line styles etc to the library Change the group name Change the name of a symbol line style etc Delete a symbol line style etc from the library or from a document Remarks e Symbols line styles etc used in one or more open documents cannot be deleted e The groups and symbols in the menus are sorted alphabetically The command Create Symbol File Symbols gt Create Symbol allows you to make a symbol that is defined by a series of selected lines arcs circles polygons and text In order to create a symbol you first make a drawing of the symbol at the right size The attributes line width polygon patterns and color will be inherited by the symbol When all elements of the symbol have the same color the symbol can be given any color when it is used One point of the symbol must be indicated as being the Hotspot Format Point Style Hotspot When a symbol is used a drawing the coordinates of the symbol correspond with the coordinates of the hotspot The position of the hotspot is indicated in the preview of the symbol Before calling the command Create Symbol all elements inclusive the hotspots forming the segment must be selected The dialog Create Symbo
251. rm the circle a point at the center of the circle will be created Parallel Lines Arcs Circles The toolbox item Parallel Objects allows you to create lines arcs and circles which remain parallel to the referenced object When the toolbox is selected the cursor changes to a symbol representing parallel objects You may now click the mouse button on a line an arc ora circle What happens will depend on the type of object you clicked Reference Mouse clicked on a line When the mouse button is clicked on a line a new line parallel to the reference line will be displayed following the mouse movements This new line has the same length as the reference line Mouse clicked on an arc In this case a new arc parallel to the referenced arc will be displayed following the mouse movements This new arc has the same aperture angle as the reference arc Mouse clicked on a circle In this case a new circle with the same center as the referenced circle will be displayed following the mouse movements When you click the mouse button on an approximate position Pythagoras will prompt you to enter the distance between the referenced and the new object You may also enter the coordinates of a point on the new object Mouse clicked on the snapping point of a polygon When the mouse is clicked on a polygon a polyline parallel to the polygon will be formed The polyline will consist of separate lines and arcs with endpoints The coordinate
252. rmation will be used when you zoom out You can zoom in up to a maximum of 5 zoom levels Remark Shortcut is gt key Zoom Out With the Zoom Out command you can reduce the size of your drawing on the screen The Zoom Out command will display the area of your drawing using the zoom factor at the previous zoom level Remark Shortcut is key Fit In Window This command will display the complete drawing on the screen Remark Shortcut is key Cross section zoom in This command allows you to zoom in the cross section window while working in another window Cross section zoom out This command allows you to zoom out in the cross section window while working in another window Display View This command allows you to define and select views Those views decide the content and layout of your drawing see also PART Chapter 2 Views Road Design 171 Remark Changes in the display view option DTM not showed in Road Design In this module only the DTM with colorized map is shown that was active at the time Hoad Design was activated Toolbars This command allows you to switch on or off some items from the Road Design window Road Design the 3 icons on top of the toolbar to switch between Plan Profile Cross Section Windows al Road Tools the drawing and designing tools from the different control panels Standard the general Pythagoras toolbar 7 Calculations Menu Calculations Cu
253. rol panel The Pythagoras control panel is a separate window that is always visible It shows all information and data that is required while creating points and lines The information in the control panel is context sensitive For example when moving the cursor over a line the length of the line and the distance of the cursor to end points of the line are shown This function is not only useful to obtain information about objects but can also be very useful while creating new lines or points Pythagoras automatically shows the appropriate entry fields in the control panel It largely depends on the toolbox item that has been selected and on the object that is currently targeted by the cursor When you change the information in an entry field of the Pythagoras control panel e g the distance to one of the end points of the line all related information will automatically be updated e g the coordinates the distance to the other end point the line length etc At the same time Pythagoras provides instant visual feedback in the drawing window by showing the point or line that is in the process of being drawn Selecting the Coordinate System The selected coordinate system is shown in the control panel The coordinates shown in the control panel depend on the coordinate system that has been selected You can select a coordinate system by selecting the name from the pull down menu in the control panel Selecting Rectangular Polar o
254. rol whether the coordinates of the traverse will be unclosed partially closed or totally closed The Create Points button will create all points of the traverse on the drawing Resection The Intersection command Calculations Intersection calculates the point of intersection for the following situations Angle Angle calculates the point of intersection of two lines given a point on and the angle of each line Distance Distance calculates the point of intersection of two lines given a point on each line and the distance from the point to the intersection Angle Distance calculates the point of intersection of two lines given a point on each line the distance from the point to the intersection of one line and the angle of the other When the coordinates of the points named P1 and P2 in the Intersection dialog box are entered you select the type of intersection and you fill in bearing s and or distance s When the Calculate button is pressed the point or points of intersection is are calculated When two solutions are found you can select one of the solutions The point of intersection may be created on the drawing using the Create Point button Reference The Resection command Calculations Resection calculates the location of an unknown point from three known points and angles When the coordinates of the points named P1 P2 and P3 in the Resection dialog bo
255. ror the symbol Reference The Format Menu 119 Text Polygon Pattern The value entered is an absolute value unless you check the Relative scale option This makes sure that the symbols enlarge or shrink by a specific percentage in reference to their current size and not in reference to their original size The Format gt Scale Text command scales the text of the selected objects When the Scale Text command is selected a dialog box will appear requesting the scale factor The scale factor is a percentage of the actual point size When a factor smaller than 100 is entered the point size of the selected text will be reduced When a factor greater than 100 is entered the point size of the selected text will be enlarged For example factor 200 point sizes will be doubled Note The scaled point sizes will remain between 4 point and 1000 point and the values will be rounded to valid integer values So rescaling of text does not necessarily reproduce the same point sizes Scaling of all text of the drawing or portions of it is useful when you want to make a copy of your original drawing on a different scale The Format Scale gt Image command be used to scale an image For more information see PART II Chapter 1 Import Image The value entered is an absolute value unless you check the Relative scale option This makes sure that the images enlarge or shrink by a specific percentage in
256. rst 10 entries of the imported file This way you can check that the separator is selected correctly and make sure that you are importing the correct data After you press the OK button the import will proceed and Pythagoras will show you a log file with results With this option File Import SICAD SQD you will import the SQD files of the SICAD software The Import Data collector command File Import Data Collector allows you to read files retrieved from data collectors and total stations Therefore these files have a format that is defined by the manufacturer of the instrument You have the possibility to adjust the traverse measurement during import of the field data if points are measured that can be adjusted This is only possible when you obtain the module Geocoding For more information see the Pythagoras Coding Manual manual If Pythagoras detects errors while importing data from a data collector it will open the data collector file in the Pythagoras ASCII editor and will highlight the line that contains the error After correcting the error s you can make Pythagoras re read the data collector file by pressing the F1 key The corrections will be saved and re read all at once If you would like to import a coordinate list that contains field codes please make sure to first select coordinate list format as the data collector format in the Preferences dialog box see PART 11 Chapter
257. s a whole filtered Table Viewer preliminarily by the match expression The rest is the same as for simple views For each row of Population the main base the where condition is checked If the value of the condition is TRUE then all column expressions are calculated they form a new row of the 38614496 aggregation view Asia 71418943 99 9 48217882 South America 33073949 Example Continuing our example from above we are North America 14420289 now interested in population of the capitals of each Oceania aei continents We have two attribute tables Continents and Capitals The table Capitals contains information about the population in every city We want to have an attribute view of the continent names and aggregated population of their capitals Population Therefore we define a new aggregation view based on tables Continents and Capitals The match condition is defined as geographical coincidence a capital is inside the continent polygon A where condition is defined as Number of roe B Name not empty which means that we want to make sure that we take only existing continent names from the Copy to table Column expressions are defined as Name and File Clipboard Sum Aux Population Sum here is the name of a built in aggregate function returning the sum of all values along a rowset Spatia
258. s by pressing the Database Manager button A new table cannot be created during import you should take care of it in advance Note The destination table can be either an attribute table or a dictionary import into a system table is not possible The File Menu 49 SICAD SQD Data Collector Definition of a key column is a vital part of successful import You have to indicate columns for data comparison both in source and destination tables The column of the source file can be selected from the Primary key column list The column of the destination table can be either correspondent to the source column or the Object Comment if you are importing into an attribute table check the option Key Object Comment During import Pythagoras will search for matching keys and update the database table according to the selected write permission In case of an attribute table with the primary key not the object comment the key must be unique and no rows can be added to the table write permission will be only overwrite e Inthe main list you can see the columns of the database table left On the right side you can choose column names to be imported into each database column For selected pairs the the middle column will show a green arrow f a column will not be imported the middle column will show a red cross You can use the buttons Previous record and Next record below the column list to scroll through the fi
259. s of the intersections are calculated and because these are ordinary points point numbers will be assigned automatically Mouse clicked on the snapping point of a path When the mouse is clicked on a path a polyline parallel to the path will be formed The polyline will consist of separate lines and arcs with endpoints The coordinates of the intersections are calculated and because these are ordinary points point numbers will be assigned automatically Note The cursor on the new object will automatically snap to the following points Existing point Existing line arc or circle This function allows you to create roads easily Text The toolbox item Title Text allows you to create horizontal text Use the SPACE bar to change the orientation 90 The text will then be displayed vertically The text remains horizontal even if the local coordinate system is rotated using the Select Print area command When the toolbox item Text is selected the cursor will change to a vertical bar The size of this vertical bar will depend on the default point size and on the actual zoom factor The bottom of this vertical bar will correspond with the underline position of the new text When the text cursor is moved close to points lines or arcs you can make the text cursor snap to the object by pressing the CTRL key When you click the mouse button on a position on the screen the Edit Text dialog box will appear You can
260. s with constant arguments or without arguments for example TRUE DATE 2005 12 15 References Expression Language 175 Field names Function names Prefixes Separating dot Operators Item separator Field names are names of columns of a rowset Field names can be expressed in two ways e First way is to use the name as it is this is possible only when the name is a correct identifier i e it begins with a letter and contains only letters and digits Characters and are treated as letters and character as a digit Second way is to enclose the name into single quotes If this name contains a single quote inside then it must be repeated twice Both ways the letter case is ignored All function names are predefined see details in the syntax definition below Letter case is ignored in function names In two dimensional expressions it may be necessary to distinguish between objects of different base rowsets Special names called prefixes are used for this purpose MAIN for a main and AUX for an auxiliary base After a prefix a dot must be used to separate the prefix from a function or column name All possible operators are described in Syntax section below Some operators have two representations one is more usual combined from common characters for example an inequality can be represented either as 7 or as The second form is designed to facilitate keyboard input Item separator usually
261. scribed conventions as will be explained later Defaults a Definition of the reference axis Both XYZ horizontal x axis and NEZ North Y East X are supported Default NEZ b Length unit can be set to meter millimeter centimeter kilometer miles feet of US feet Default meter c Angle unit GON GRAD Degrees Radians or Mil Default GON d Angle direction clockwise or anticlockwise Default clockwise e Elevation Z corresponds with our natural feeling of elevation higher positions result in larger values When using the HVS or HVD system the vertical angle is either zenith based 100 GRAD horizontal or elevation based The default units of measurement for the values shown above may be changed at any time If you select a new default for a given value the new default remains in effect even if you quit Pythagoras or switch off your computer Coordinate Reference Systems A Coordinate Reference System CRS is a specification of 1 a Geographic Coordinate System and 2 a Map Projection System so that any point on the earth can be represented a flat surface The Geographic Coordinate System is defined by an ellipsoid and the datum definition of the origin and the orientation Together these two parts are necessary and sufficient to define a framework for locating unambiguously and precisely every point on land or sea within a certain region There are hundreds of different geodetic datums
262. se only horizontal vertical and diagonal lines if possible When using lines in other directions and or arcs and circles the pattern can become complex and drawing may become slow 1 Attributes of a pattern a Scale dependent A scale dependent pattern has real dimensions A pattern which is not scale dependent has dimensions corresponding with the size of the printout b Scale independent Scale independent patterns so patterns which need to be printed or plotted independent of the scale of the drawing can be best created in page coordinates It is also recommended to select mm as the default unit for distances See PART II Chapter 5 The Defaults Menu Before calling the command Create pattern all elements that form the pattern inclusive the hotspots must be selected Lines of the rectangle forming the boundary may not be included in the selection or should be removed if they are not part of the pattern The dialog Create Pattern will depict the pattern in a window The size of this preview corresponds with the real dimensions of the pattern as it will be printed c Hotation angle When defining the pattern the angle of the pattern relative to the page borders can be entered in the Create Pattern dialog box The dialog window will always depict the pattern as it will be printed For simple patterns for example lines of 0 3mm at a distance of 3mm and having an angle with the page of 455 it is sufficient
263. select the objects that you would like to export This is an important difference with the Save As function The saving in the previous version is a one time operation when selecting Save from the File menu after you have saved in the previous version format it will be saved again in the format of your active Pythagoras version We can advise you to save a file in a previous version format after the drawing is fully completed The preferences of the chosen printer paper size and page orientation which are important for printing data are part of the drawing and will be saved with the drawing This means that when opening a Pythagoras The File Menu 45 drawing the printer and page settings for each print sheet will automatically remain the same as when you saved your drawing When you save a Pythagoras document with the extension PPD that drawing will become a prototype document A prototype document can be used as a base for a new drawing On using prototype documents see menu Open above Drawing Info The Drawing Info command File Drawing Info allows you to edit general information about your drawing The general information contains the name the date and the description of the project the drawing belongs to Import Coordinate List The Import command File 5 Import reads data created with other programs e g data collector information spreadsheet other CAD programs into the active drawing
264. selection that allows you to draw a random area All objects inside the area will be selected Obtaining Information About Objects Reference Points When you move the mouse cursor near a point in the drawing the point number and the exact coordinates of the point will be displayed in the control panel When the point number is visible you may be sure that Pythagoras has snapped to the point and that the displayed coordinates are those of the given point If you double click the mouse button when the cursor is on the point the object info command see PART II Chapter 6 gt Object Info will be executed its properties appear Lines When you move the mouse cursor near a line in the drawing the horizontal length of the line L and the identifiers of the endpoints will appear in the control panel By using the TAB key the control panel will show in sequence the slope distance S the height difference dZ the bearing B and the gradient 96 of the line Arcs When you move the mouse cursor near an arc in the drawing the arc length L and the identifiers of the endpoints will appear in the control panel By using the TAB key the control panel will show subsequently the radius R the center angle C of the arc the slope distance S the height difference 92 and the gradient 96 Circle When you move the mouse cursor near a circle the control panel will show the circumference L By using the TAB key the
265. set of the data In this way you can have a better overview of your data completely or in parts Do not confuse the Database or DB view with the Display view of the document described above DB views do not contain own data every DB view is derived from other objects Such objects are called base rowsets or merely bases A base rowset can be either a table or a system table or another DB view It can be easier for you to understand the concept of views and bases if you think of them as other kinds of tables A view just gathers the rows from other database or system tables or other bases in one place according to your needs so that later you can display the data in a convenient format A base is a table database or system table to which conditions are applied and from which the data is gathered Below you will see some examples of bases and resulting views There is a series of expressions defined for every DB view please refer to Chapter 4 Expressions for definition of expressions Some expressions define conditions to select or to reject some rows others are used to calculate values of rows of the defined DB view Different DB views cannot have equal names but their names can be equal to names of tables or system tables However we strongly recommend to avoid such coincidences Rules for column names are the same as for table columns A DB view can be either an attribute one or a dictionary its kind is the same as the kind
266. sing the CTRL key when the last point or arc is selected The path you just created will be indicated on the screen by bold lines along the path Pythagoras will calculate the total length of the path and the midpoint A path can be used for the following purposes The Tools Menu 97 Calculation of the total length of a path e Toobtain a cross or longitudinal section along the path e Toconstruct parallel lines arcs to a path Remarks e During the creation of a path you can use the BACKSPACE key to remove the last point or last arc of the path During the creation of a path you may double click on a line or arc Pythagoras will automatically add all lines and arcs in the given direction to the path up to a point where the lines stop or if a junction is encountered If no lines follow the path will be created When stopped at a junction the path is not yet created and more objects can still be added e Ifthe X key is down in selection mode Pythagoras will only search for paths and indicate the path closest to the cursor e Aparallel path will be created when clicked on a path with the parallel tool User Coordinate System The toolbox item Coordinate System allows you to create a new Temporary coordinate system or a new User coordinate system You create a new User coordinate system by clicking the mouse button first on the point in the drawing which will become the origin of the new user coordinate system t
267. splay options are saved The same layers will be visible as at the time the drawing was saved Be aware a drawing can contain more information than what is visible on the screen When opening a Pythagoras drawing you have the choice to open either a PYT file or a PPD file A PYT file is a normal Pythagoras drawing a PPD file is a Pythagoras Prototype document The prototype document can either be copied the result is a new drawing that is an exact copy of the prototype drawing The prototype drawing will be closed automatically e be opened the prototype document be changed and if saved it will remain a prototype document Pythagoras will display an error message when a user tries to open a file that is already opened by another user That way unwanted parallel operations will be impossible The file could be opened as Read only If a file is given the Read only attribute Pythagoras will also show you a warning message In this case you can open the file despite the fact that the file is read only Changes made to the drawing need to be saved using another filename Also refer to the button in the Toolbar Close The Close command File Close closes the window of the active drawing If the drawing in the window contains unsaved changes a dialog box requesting confirmation to save appears Save The Save command File Save saves the active drawing on disk using the filename displa
268. t EE eat e 44 i t 44 GLOBE rM 45 SAVB sod teta eme Sonnet d 45 SAVEAS oM San ae ee ULM Edi E c E 45 Bp cile ce foi ccc 46 m 46 Coordinate 46 DXF DW G Bile E UE 47 oet Ei eB NEIN MED MEI LIE 47 TTL 49 SIGAD SQOD er mte e te ee e d tee e eld etes 50 Data Collector dep a e e a teet 50 Image suene site dte nie denk xDD ds 51 Images n adn anas 51 EXPORT n 52 DXF DWG AutoDesk exchange format AutoCAD 53 Terram Model siu utem uet t bets eeu a me 55 luco m 55 SHAPE tane nuege E tute EL 55 56 GOOG SE ant ices 57 SICAD SQBD 2 7 d deest 58 Ojjeh LS 58 Stake out List o
269. t and Fill The calculations menu allows you to calculate volumes based on your road design project Cut and Fill Before cut and fill can be calculated the roadbed and the cut and fill parameters of the cross sections need to be defined e Parts that need to be excavated and or filled e Bulking factor e Expansion factor You can determine the e Distance starting point e Distance ending point Number of cross sections The distance of the cross section where you created your roadbed needs to be less than the distance where you start your calculations With the Calculate button you will start the calculation When you get the results you have the possibility to save them as a text file This file can be opened in File Open text files Following values are stored in the file e Number of the cross section e Distance e Fill you will find the totals at the bottom e Cut you will find the totals at the bottom e Bulking expansion factor e Corrected cut cut bulking or expansion factor e Mass haul fill corrected cut upper total e Topsoil fill e Topsoil cut You close the cut and fill calculations dialog by clicking the Cancel button PART IV Expression Language In PART of this manual we already presented a general description of Expressions and their use in Pythagoras see PART I Chapter 4 Expressions In this part you will find a detailed reference on Expression language
270. t clearly visible on the screen but once you click on a compound element all other elements of this compound will be also selected On the contrary when you select CAD objects using other means cross hair lasso only objects lying inside the region are selected This can be used to select an element of a compound separately Information on creating and editing compounds you can find in PART 11 Chapter 2 Group Ungroup and Chapter 3 Edit Group Images Reference In Pythagoras an image can be a scanned drawing or a picture which you import into your drawing Also files made or adapted by programs like Photoshop Paintbrush etc can be imported Pythagoras reads files stored in Windows BMP bitmap TIFF GeoTIFF JPEG formats or stored in the Pythagoras image format Scanned images that are not stored in one of these formats must first be converted into one of the formats above BMP images may be monochrome or contain 16 256 or 24 bit colors RLE compressed BMP files are NOT read by Pythagoras Scanned images can become very large The size depends on the following e color depth of the image a monochrome image will take much less memory then a 24 bit color image e The resolution dpi of the scanned image The size of the image For example an A4 color picture scanned at 300dpi and 24 bit color will result in a file of 26MB When we scan the same image at 600 the size will be 4 times larger On t
271. t date and time formats from the preferences are used when converting strings to date and or time and back GermanYX setting in the preferences changes semantics of functions X Y XY and YX Localization Function names and prefixes MAIN and AUX are a subject of localization In a localized version they are obtained from resources in the international version English names of functions and of these prefixes are used for all localizations In this document only such function names and prefixes are specified References Expression Language 177 Chapter 2 Syntax and semantics Data types The following data types are supported Numeric types integer and real numbers e Date and time types date and time together date only and time only Date and time together referenced further as date time has moments of time as values They may be interpreted as UTC or as local time Date only referenced further as date is a type whose values are dates Time only referenced further as time is a type with time durations as values They may be interpreted as the time of day the value is non negative and equals to the time duration from the beginning of the day to the described moment The other interpretation is the time interval between two moments the value may be negative e String type Unicode strings e Boolean type TRUE and FALSE function calls e Graphic object type graphic objects of the current document e Coo
272. t is empty i e contains no rows e For MIN and MAX functions the result is the minimum maximum value of all non NULL values If all subexpression values are NULL or the rowset is empty then MIN and MAX functions also return NULL Chapter 4 Expression kinds Expression Kinds and Compilation Target expressions We will call target expressions the ones used as final expressions as opposed to the expressions building views You use target expressions in the Find dialogue to search for a set of objects or in thematic maps to range objects References From the point of view of syntax and semantics we have to distinguish between five kinds of expressions 1 One dimensional expression without aggregate functions This is the most common expression kind An expression is applied to one rowset and does not use aggregate functions For example e where expressions for simple views e target expressions in Find dialogue 2 One dimensional expression with aggregate functions An expression is applied to one rowset and can use aggregate functions applied to the same rowset For example e column expressions for simple views e target expressions in Thematic maps 3 Match expression in aggregation views An expression is applied to two rows belonging to different rowsets They cannot use aggregate functions 4 Where expression in aggregation views An expression is applied to a row and a rowset the row belongs to
273. t triangles by 2 triangles in the same quadrangle using the alternative diagonal e Delete a triangle e Delete a point e Add a point e Change elevation of a triangle vertex e Movea triangle vertex When you modify a DTM only the terrain model itself is changed never any point or line that was used as a basis to calculate it Note The operations on DTM are undoable Reference Concepts and terminology 33 Chapter 7 Macros Macros are programs written in Pythagoras that allow you to extend the functionality of Pythagoras Here are some examples what you could add to your projects with macros e Automation of repetitive tasks e Integration of processes within a company e g transferring data of a Pythagoras document to a database e Adding menus and tools to automate tasks that are either specific for a project or provide more general functions Other possibilities provided in Pythagoras only by VBA are e Import from and export to non standard data formats e g SmallWorld Google KML PostGIS GRASS GIS XML based formats like LandXML CityXML SVG GPX etc e Data exchange with Data collector e Creating diverse reports according to regional standards Here we provide a short description of Pythagoras VBA environment and managing macros For detailed information please refer to the Pythagoras VBA Manual Pythagoras VBA Pythagoras VBA is a programming environment that allows you to write your own ext
274. ted distances can be different from 0 A new value can be entered in the path s attributes window by double clicking on the path or via the menu View Object Info Attributes You can also add reference objects to the cross section Select the reference objects along with the path prior to selecting the menu option Calculations DTM Cross Section gt Along You may also want to refer to the section of the tutorial that covers this topic Perpendicular to Path The command Calculations gt DTM Cross Section gt Calculate Cross Sections SERPENS ODER Perpendicular to Path will calculate and create a number Pu 4 sections on a row With of profiles perpendicular to the selected path from your C Automatic calculation of distance TAD drawing please refer to PART II Chapter 3 Path to 6 Fixed distance create paths Dx S000 The appearing dialog box will allow you to enter some py 5000 personal settings that will be applied Select prototype drawing Cross Section Parameters SEIS Layout of the result drawing Add sections on plan ss The calculated profiles will be pasted automatically in a step 50 new drawing and they will be put on the clipboard as well Defaut Use the Paste or Paste Special command to insert the profiles existing drawing The chosen parameters in the
275. tes namely the position and the parameters of the vertical curve When you double click on a cross section you can change the type of cross section Intersection Point The command Intersection Point or pressing the corresponding toolbox button allows you to add intersection points in the profile or plan window When the position of the intersection point is confirmed Pythagoras will automatically create a vertical curve in the profile window or adapt the horizontal alignment in the plan window Depending on the status of the item Point Confirmation in the Default menu you may need to confirm the position of the intersection point in the control panel In Profile Window When Point Confirmation is on you can enter the Distance dS the elevation Z the inclination left L and right and the radius R or length L of the vertical curve The vertical curve will either be an arc of a circle or a parabola depending of the settings of Vertical Curve in the menu Default When the radius or length of the vertical curve is not specified the arc will start in the midpoint of the shortest leg In Plan Window When Point Confirmation is on you can enter the horizontal position X Y coordinates the type of transition and depending on the chosen type parameters like length radius and K factor Type of transition e Automatic formula 2 V 127 e f where Radius m V design speed km h e max s
276. th the letter text is given the lower part shows the output You can choose whether the resulting letters should be printed out immediately or saved in the selected format For saved documents incrementing numbers will be added to the names The Placeholders part shows the list of all the placeholders found in the form letter For your convenience the Value column shows the values of the first selected object that will substitute the placeholders If a value is of type Real you can choose how many decimal numbers will be shown in the letter in the Decimals column In the last column Log you can indicate the value that will be used for the log file Note e The prototype document is analyzed immediately after you give the path to it If the syntax is wrong or if a placeholder is invalid you will see an error in the Value column e g Unknown field Unknown Table Error in expression etc When there is an error mail merge will not start All placeholders must refer to the same table If any selected object does not refer to the given table a warning will be given The warning will contain the number of records not referring to the table It is up to the user to continue with the mail merge or not Remark Placeholders can be more sophisticated than just a table and a column name You can use database expressions described in PART for example Cities IName Countries Capital Population
277. that the document into which you want to import data already contains database tables Otherwise you will be warned by Pythagoras and the import will be aborted As a first step you will be prompted to choose the file that you want to import Then the following dialog will appear Import Table Text file ptions Separator Comma M Write permission Overwrite and amp dd First row contains column headers Advanced Import definitions Destination table production Database Manager Key Object Comment Primary key column Name Existing columns Columns to import County Production X Previous record record Cancel e Text file Here you select the type of column separator in the data file You have a choice between Tab Comma and Semicolon If the selected separator is wrong the data will be read in incorrectly Also you can indicate whether the first line of the file should be imported or ignored as column headers e Options The imported data might contain information already present in the destination table You can choose to update the table and add new rows Overwrite and Add only overwrite existing data or only add new rows The Advanced button will lead you to the settings for text encoding decimal sign and date format e Import definitions After you select the destination table you can edit its settings and add or remove column
278. the accumulated chainage distances from the selected path You can also add reference objects to the cross section by selecting them before calling the function to start the calculation Perpendicular to Path In this case you can specify the number of profiles on one row and the distance between the profiles This distance can be calculated automatically or on a fixed distance You can also select an existing prototype document in which the profiles need to be pasted In addition you can specify chainage and step and define the layout of the cross section The first specifies which part of the selected path should be used for the calculation of the sections The layout of the cross sections can be defined by defining their resp widths You have 2 possible choices either you can use the terrain limits or you can enter a distance at the left side and at the right side from the path The reference level and the horizontal and vertical scale can be defined as well Reference objects may be added in the same way as for a cross section Along Path Roads are designed in connection to the existing relief Later this relief is used to build the road profile and cross sections See PART Ill Road Design for details Operations on DTM The following operations are possible on a DTM They are only enabled if the triangulation is visible For details please refer to PART Il Chapter 3 DTM e Swap diagonal replace 2 adjacen
279. the extension DAT will be displayed in the Save File dialog box MOUSE WHEEL ZOOMING This is where you specify whether the scroll wheel needs to behave as a scroll function or as a zoom function Values 1 zoom in out 0 Scroll AUTOMATIC BACKUP This setting will determine whether Pythagoras automatically saves a spare copy upon opening a document Values 0 no automatic reserve copy other automatic reserve AUTOMATIC SAVE This setting specifies whether or not Pythagoras should automatically save the drawing while it is open after a pre determined time period Values 0 off other on AUTOMATIC SAVE INTERVAL This specifies the automatic save interval in minutes CMDLINE For internal use only Appendixes Appendix D PYTHAGOR INI file settings 209 Appendix E Saving System Files When starting up Pythagoras and pressing the CTRL key the following dialog box will appear Save system files Symbol library Store at C Program Files Pythagoras B Macro library Import C Program FilesPythagorasNPY THAGOR MLB mj Store at C Program FileskPythagoras mj System defaults Import C Program FilesPythagorassP Y THAGOR DEF ES Store at C Program FileskPythagoras zl Tie points library Import C Program Files Pythagoras PYTHAGOR PLB j Store C Program Files Pythagoras j This dialog allows you to perform the following actions to the system files
280. the selected lines Line Width The Width command Format Line Width changes the width of the selected lines A number of values are proposed in the menus but any value can be entered manually in the entry field ranging from 0 01 mm to 2 55 mm in increments of 0 01 mm Line Arrows When you want to create lines or arcs with arrows at the endpoints you select Line Arrows in the menu Defaults New constructed lines and arcs will have arrows at the endpoints You can suppress an arrow at one or both endpoints if you keep the SHIFT key pressed while you confirm the concerning point To draw lines without arrows you need to reset Line Arrows in the menu Defaults To add or delete arrows on an existing line select the line and the endpoint s that you want to change Then select On or Off in the menu Format Line Arrows You can only change the line arrows if you also select the endpoints of the line Note Pressing the SHIFT key when you confirm the second point of a line or arc will start a new line or arc This can be very practical if you want to draw a series of connected lines or arcs with only arrows at the starting point and at the endpoint of the polyline If you want to draw a single line arc with one arrow start at the end without arrow while holding down the SHIFT key and release the SHIFT key while confirming the other end Reference The Format Menu 117 Curvature Text A
281. therwise any other type same for the same type both arguments If the first argument is TRUE then the second argument is regarded as the function result if the first argument is FALSE then the third argument is regarded as the function result Example We have an attribute table containing data about some parcels Column Price contains the known price of a parcel or NULL if the price is unknown We want to write down an expression containing the supposed price of a parcel if the price is unknown then this price is calculated as the area of the parcel multiplied by 212 supposed price of 1 area unit The expression will be if isnull price area 212 price Function COALESCE The function COALESCE has one or more arguments Types of all arguments must be compatible in between themselves Type of the result is defined in the same way as for the IF function above The result of this function is the first argument value being neither NULL nor an empty string If every argument value is either NULL or an empty string then the result is an empty string if at least one of the arguments is an empty string and NULL otherwise This function is useful to substitute NULL by some other values The example for the IF function above can be rewritten simpler coalesce price area 212 Functions MINIMUM and MAXIMUM These functions have one or more arguments Types of the arguments and of the result are describ
282. tion parameters width slope road bed points and topsoil parameters The black one means that there is something wrong about these parameters and it asks for some verification You can also add an exceptional cross section This is a cross section that will be used only on that place where it was added ex These profiles are displayed in orange Add Reference The Add Reference command allows to add a single reference object to your project 4 Transition Menu Defaults c Horizontal Horizontal Superelevation Videning Reference The menu is only available in the plan window When an intersection point is selected the values can be adjusted in the control panel e Xand Y coordinates e of transition and characteristics o Automatic formula V 127 e f where R Radius m V design speed km h e max superelevation in m m f friction These values can be defined in the menu Defaults Road characteristics Discontinuous Arc R Sp Arc Sp R and K factor In this type of transition the spiral in and spiral out are symmetric You only have to define the spiral in o Sp Arc Sp spiral in R L and K factor AND spiral out R L and K factor Here the spiral in and spiral out are asymmetric Horizontal Alignment 5 1 1971 Local iml 39 105 151 727 E D 2 dZ Transition Sp Arc Sp d Road Desi
283. tioned that AutoCAD has no such notion as Display Views Please beware that all sheets exported in DXF DWG format will be displayed equally according to the current document view The active terrain model is exported in DXF DWG format File Export Terrain Model Every triangle becomes 3DFACE entity in the DXF file These files can be read by some 3D drawing programs and rendering programs and eventually render a photo realistic image of the terrain A selected image can be saved as a BMP or JPG file File Export Image The dialog window that pops up allows you to specify a file name and location The selected objects will be saved into a SHAPE file File Export SHAPE SHAPE is the format in which ESRI drawings are saved They are also used in programs such as Arclnfo ArcView etc All objects be exported in 3D The conversion to SHAPE can be specified to meet the needs of the user of the SHAPE file You should be careful when exporting documents with tables into a SHAPE file Similar to Pythagoras database see PART Chapter 3 Naming ESRI drawings also have rules for table and field names Length of field names is limited to 10 characters However there is no limit on table names The File Menu 55 Table e Table and field names cannot start with an underscore or a number Field names must begin with a letter e following characters are not supported spaces hy
284. tions linked to points We want to find roads with more than 1 gas station per km First of all let us define a view to be used in the Find dialog The main rowset is the Roads table the auxiliary rowset is the GasStations table The match expression can be defined as and aux Propane distance object aux object s 100 m Here Propane is the name of a column of Boolean type i e we are searching only for gas stations where propane refueling is possible The first time the function object is unprefixed this means that the main rowset object is assumed default The where expression can be defined as true This means that all roads are included into the new view Column expressions are absent we need no columns in the new view The Find dialog references the created view The target expression is count km length 1 Find using telescope The previous example has a serious drawback To build a match lattice all row pairs of the tables Roads and GasStations will be searched through But References actually very few gas stations have the propane option it would be faster to find all such stations first We will solve the task in two steps 1 Build a simple view PropaneStations containing only gas stations with the propane option The base rowset is the table GasStations The where expression is Propane No column expression is necessary 2 The second step is close to the example above The main r
285. to the selected objects The Format Menu 115 Note These copy amp paste commands are also accessible by clicking the right mouse button Point Style The Point Style command Format Style changes the style of the selected points to one of the following point styles e Hidden a point will be visible on the screen but it will not be printed or plotted e Cross e X Cross x e Slash e Round Dot e Round Dot hollow e Rectangle Dot e Rectangle Dot hollow e Triangle e Hotspot used in Symbol creation e Reference Point used in Road design typical sections e Split Point used in Road design typical sections Library Symbol This command Format Library Symbol allows you to choose a symbol from an existing library as a new style for the selected point Document Symbol Line Style This command Format Document Symbol allows you to choose document symbol as a new style for the selected point The Line Style command Format Line Style changes the style of the selected lines to one of the following lines styles Solid Dash Dot Dash Dot Dash Dot Dot Library Line Style This command Format Library Line Style allows you to choose a line style for the selected lines from an existing library Document Line Style This command Format Document Line Style allows you to choose document line style for
286. ts Documents Defaults Confirm Operation is On Pythagoras will prompt you to provide location information coordinates distance line length in the control panel When you are creating a survey drawing Confirm Operation will normally be set On When the exact dimensions are not important drawing can be faster when Confirm Operation is turned Off You can also turn On or Off Confirm Operation simply by clicking the OK button _ becomes XX land means Confirm Operation off Scale of Page Coordinate System Next Point Number Reference The command Scale of Page CS Defaults gt Documents Defaults Scale of Page CS will change the scale of the page coordinate system When the page coordinate system is active all dimensions will be calculated based on the actual scale The actual scale appears in the control panel The Next Point Number Defaults Documents Defaults Next Point Number command changes the value used by Pythagoras when assigning a new point number For every new point created interactively Pythagoras assigns a point number This is by default a numerical value which is increased incrementally each time a new point is created The Defaults Menu 127 The new point number applies for the active drawing When a drawing is saved the sequence number is stored in the drawing data and will be restored when you reopen the drawing at a later time
287. ttributes These defaults will be used when a new point or line is created using the Tools commands Library Symbols Line Style Document Symbols Line Style Text These menu items allow you to select the default point symbol and line style from the document or library Reference The above command Defaults Text changes the default settings of the text attributes An exception is the Annotation command Tools Annotation The default text attributes of text created by the Measurement command The Defaults Menu 125 Tools Dimension will depend on the defaults set with the Preferences command Defaults Preferences Polygon With this command Defaults Polygon you can change the defaults of the polygon properties Display Level The default level for new objects can be set with this command Defaults gt Display Level You can set this value from 10 to 10 Color This command Defaults Color allows you to change the default color All new objects created interactively will obtain the default color You can either select colors from the color chart that pops up enter the corresponding color number enter the RGB Red Green Blue value of the color or enter the HSL Hue Saturation Luminance value of the color Defaults User Defaults Manager A User Default Defaults Defaults User Default Manager spe
288. ttributes With this command Format Curvature you set the curvature of the curve The smooth factor can be set from 0 to 10 A curvature of 0 results in straight lines A curvature of 5 comes close to circular arcs Text Content With the Text Attributes command Format Attributes you can change one or more text attributes e Font the font currently used e Horizontal alignment left centered right e Vertical alignment top centered bottom e Point size from 4 up to 1000 points e Style normal or italic e Weight light medium bold extra bold If you work with a high resolution printer these differences in weight will be noticeable In case you work with a pen plotter the result will depend on what quality of pens you use We advise you to make a printing of text in different sizes and weights You can use this overview when you make your selections during drawing e Underline none single double dashed e Border none single double Line spacing small normal large e Opaque i e non transparent yes or no This way objects which are under texts can be hidden When you use different display levels an object that is underneath another can be transparent So you can totally hide these objects e Orientation horizontal readable absolute angle The text attributes apply to both regular text and rich text Polygon Pattern This menu Format Content
289. u Format Operation Annotation XY Offset Lines When you click the mouse button when the cursor is near a line an object text containing the length of the line will be created on the drawing Defaults Defaults Preferences regarding the representation of line lengths are text point size text weight number of decimal places measurement pre string and post string The pre strings and post strings are optional characters which can be set in front and after the value calculated by Pythagoras using Defaults gt Preferences For example if the pre string and the post string m then the value 12 50 will be represented as 12 50 m The pre strings and post strings can be set to empty values The line length will always be centered relative to the center of the line Reference The Tools Menu 111 Polygon Area and Perimeter Annotation When you click the mouse button when the cursor is near the center of gravity of a polygon the line lengths of the perimeter and the area of the polygon will be created on the drawing The length of the lines have the same defaults as those for single lines see above Defaults Defaults Preferences regarding the representation of the area are text point size text weight number of decimal places and a post string A title text is created by Pythagoras to bring the area of a polygon on th
290. ults Undo Edit profile Select Add Multiple References Reference View C AZ The Edit menu allows executing some standard operations like Undo and Redo and has in addition typical Pythagoras menu items Undo The Undo command restores the profile to the state prior to the last executed editing command Remark A new editing command after Undo will clear the undone editing commands from the undo list Redo The Redo command reverses the Undo command Road Design 159 3 Tools Menu Select The Select command allows to select 1 or more cross sections cross section markers or all cross sections and cross section markers in the profile window In the plan window the Select command allows to select intersection points reference objects and cross section markers In the cross section window only intersection points can be selected Add Multiple References The Add Multiple References command launches the intelligent search engine where you can specify the characteristics of the objects you want to add to your project as reference objects Copy The Copy command copies the selected object s to the Pythagoras clipboard Paste The Paste command pastes the objects from the Pythagoras clipboard in a Pythagoras document Delete The Delete command removes the selected objects from the drawing Move The Move command allows you to move a selected intersection point to another loc
291. uperelevation in m m f friction These values can be defined in the menu Defaults Road characteristics e Discontinuous Arc R Sp Arc Sp R and K factor In this type of transition the spiral in and spiral out are symmetric You only have to define the spiral in Sp Arc Sp spiral L and K factor AND spiral out R L and K factor Here the spiral in and spiral out are asymmetric e Spira R and L Road Design 161 New Cross Section The command Cross Section or pressing the corresponding toolbox button allows you to add cross sections in the profile Click the mouse button at the location where you want to add a cross section After confirming its position a dialog box will appear You can either select a document or a library typical section You can even indicate whether the cross section is exceptional This means that this cross section is only applicable at the location where it is made By selecting the toolbox button and clicking on a reference point or intersection point in the plan window you can create a cross section exact on that point of the road axe where that intersection point or reference point is situated The cross section will be projected perpendicular from that reference point or intersection point to the road axe Cross Section Mark The command Cross Section Mark allows to enter a number of markers on your profile It is not possible to specify the type of cross section T
292. ursor will snap to legs of triangles except for the legs that are at the border of the DTM When you click the mouse button Pythagoras will replace the 2 adjacent triangles of the leg with 2 other triangles that use the other diagonal of the quadrangle formed by the 2 original triangles Example Result Click here S This option Tools DTM Delete Triangle removes the selected triangle from active DTM When this tool is selected and the cursor is moved inside a triangle then the triangle will be marked When you click the mouse the triangle will be removed from the DTM The area of the triangle will flash for about 0 5 seconds to indicate that it will be removed Triangle legs will be removed unless a leg is still used by an adjacent triangle This option Tools DTM Move Vertex allows you to move vertexes of the DTM When this tool is selected the cursor will snap to vertexes of triangles You can drag a point and enter the coordinates in the control panel A point may not be moved outside the polygon of the triangles that have the same vertex The Tools Menu 109 Add Vertex Delete Vertex Change Elevation Lasso Note resulting triangulation will not be made Delaunay If you do not like the resulting triangulation you can use any of the other functions to adjust the result This option Tools DTM Add Vertex adds a vertex to the DTM The cursor will snap to
293. used Selecting a text editor Windows will use the default application for txt files Layers With this command File Layers you control the use of layers Groups Layers Active None Active Country names Layer _ CityNames Continenten aie Country names Hoofdstad L3 Landen Meer nzichtbaar Velddata DD Zee tekening v test amp x a x Allee AA Groups You can create logical layer groups to simplify your layer management e g topography gas water electricity etc Layers can be added to a group or removed from it one by one or several at once Attributes You can add the attributes Protected and Switch off to layers and to groups The layer visibility is set in the Display View dialog see PART II Chapter 6 Display View If the P attribute is set the layer will be protected This means that all modifications to such a layer will be denied by the program The third attribute S shows the objects of the layers resp groups in a passive way This means that the objects will be shown but they cannot be modified or selected Using the option All Layers allows you to set options for all layers using one mouse click Scale dependent view To make a layer visible only between certain scale factors press Layer Set Up button and a new dialo
294. ut aee DL xn 140 Folder External File 5 5 a S eet eoe Are tns 140 External File Moge rene Eier teen y ptus 140 ROAD DESIGN 141 GOOGLE EARTH tete a ceu ue 141 ees c 141 Active D TM inre 141 Gonfig tatiohi I Leia RE iE ai 141 Deta lts eee ret tp eoim re i Note eei 141 Drawing dat dtd data od bt dete 141 EPI m 142 Macto EIDraty oes epe e bale Nee ceases tetas essem pie tet 142 A diim toi 142 Szene OE 142 Standard RR 142 SUDGOCUMEN edet lob ede 142 142 Customize Toobi S 142 DRAWINGS IN THE VIEW ecce 143 CHAPTER 7 THE CALCULATIONS nennen nennen nennen nnns 144 INTERSECTIONS lita deb 144 CCE gpl 144 ea ole oM A ae 144 eim up ret uc meal dd nM 144 aA d MU M MM MAMMA d 144 INIEBSECTIONS de
295. ut in one line of text containing Pointld separator first coordinate in Projection system 1 separator second coordinate in Projection system 1 gt lt separator gt first coordinate in Projection system 2 gt lt separator gt second coordinate in Projection system 2 Tab or space s can be used as delimiter Real values can have a point or a comma as decimal point A comment can be added in the file using or in front of it For UTM coordinates the format of the coordinates must also fit the Long short no prefix settings of the preferences You can manage the settings of tie points transformations via Select Coordinate Reference System dialog Please refer to PART Il Chapter 5 Set Coordinate Reference System The Local Coordinate System This is the basic coordinate system you use most of the time when starting a new drawing The Local Coordinate System usually corresponds with the local coordinate system you used in the field to measure the survey information The position of the first station will normally correspond with the origin of the Local coordinate system and the reference direction Hor Angle 0 0 will correspond with the x axis or north axis depending on the preference XY or NE of the Local coordinate system As will be explained later you can position the drawing anywhere on the Local coordinate system You can rotate the page move it up or down and scale it You can change
296. utes properties to selected objects HD X 40 iine 92 93 101 102 ALIGN epis es 67 75 76 104 Arithmetic 180 90 93 94 117 125 ASCI editor es 38 Attribute 20 Attributes 53 59 67 69 70 98 115 138 139 140 A tofillz is eH ees 65 66 BACKSPAGE dte ipit 205 Basic Concepts 9 bearing neret 90 99 112 145 Best filii esses Ip 144 LC 103 145 172 Calculations ect oerte 144 148 Caps Lock uere emerge 202 GDZ format eee rine eis 89 tee mde athens 144 Change 110 149 Cifelez ees 94 99 101 102 ect R 83 86 101 83 GIIDDOaId 2 81 82 elo CE 45 158 Code Definition 131 Color 36 52 54 66 69 77 80 95 122 126 127 131 132 139 159 21 COMMENE 80 112 123 Comparison iseis 179 184 GOImpoUufids s aio ecu fte here 12 Concepts and terminology 2 141 Configure iere d greeted coerente 58 COnStants rtu c E QE 175 Go
297. ve identical point numbers in another drawing The coordinates of the points found in the other drawing will automatically be inserted in the dialog box Pointnumber n e 78953789 2556356 600 5653389315 03868983 2543248 070 5656852502 78343878 2577422824 5663194 324 75003484 2601966 892 5655743517 73785555 2543449 527 5 3 05 236 23447554 2551797 553 5624520 556 45080456 2574360 300 5626057 891 IE You can define whether a transformation scale parameter should be calculated by Pythagoras It is also possible to define a scale parameter Pythagoras will display 1 the transformation parameters scale yum dX dY and the rotation angle Fi Also Don t scale Scale 1 00 N 446254 097 432891 633 457290 574 431544 060 432247 211 440113 463 462722 176 Calculate scale 209914 830 the standard deviation is shown If the C Usefived scale 98 22337737082 maximum tolerance is known Pythagoras will indicate the points that are outside the maximum tolerance Smooth out residuals Standard Dev NN Area EZ Fi 2 5896 1 50 E 5763547 5757550 5762434 5755051 5736765 5724901 5725522 Points that need to be removed from calculation can be deselected You can also choose to smooth out residuals There are two options Natural Neighbors by Area NN Area and Inverse Distance Weighting 1 57 These smoothing methods are described in PART Chapt
298. w conditions Settings e view data of tables and DB views View Data You can also lock your database structure with a password to prevent changes by other users The checkbox Locked is enabled only if all the recent changes are confirmed and saved either by pressing the Apply button or by pressing Ok Table Structure Table Structure In the Table Structure dialog you Field Data CAD object can change column names types default and limit values and define Mane Type Default Minimum Maximum Indexed Description indexing above actions you ountry String not indexed Country mde Area Long not indexed Area km can perform in the Field Data tab Population Long not indexed Population Density Real not indexed Density simply by clicking into the column Belgian inhabitants Long not indexed Belgian inhabitants i i Birth rate Real not indexed Birth rate Buttons for adding removing and Death rate Real not indexed Death rate changing column sequence are Infant mortality rate Real not indexed Infant mortality rate expectancy Real not indexed Life expectancy below the list 4 uj For attribute tables only there is also z a second tab CAD object there you CES can specify the type of objects that the table can be linked to Simple View Definition Si
299. which is selected at that moment Also the conventions used see PART gt Chapter 1 Coordinate Systems are those selected when you export data Note Exported text files can be opened directly from within Pythagoras by selecting the menu File Open text file The coordinate list contains only information about the selected points The information contains 1 the point number 2 the coordinates XYZ NEZ or HDZ 3 Optional comment e g a field code Attributes and other information are not exported Point number always sorts a coordinate list exported by Pythagoras Pythagoras has an option File Export Coordinate list to include the points without point numbers You can directly view the Coordinate List by selecting menu gt Open text files Open The coordinate list file can have one of the following formats RTF file rtf Webpage html Comma separated text file csv Semicolon separated text file txt Tab separated text file txt You can read the Coordinate list in most word processing and in spreadsheet programs This allows you either to format and print the coordinate list according to your wishes or to do calculations with the exported data Note If you export CDZ coordinates relative to a path the coordinates relative to the path will be exported DXF DWG AutoDesk exchange format AutoCAD Drawing format Reference The select
300. will not be hidden by the image Layer If the layer does not yet exist it will be created automatically Color the color is specified by a number 0 Y or N only used for B amp W images Y gt invert picture N 5 no inversion 9 Brightness entered in 0 100 75 50 ON The list The list looks like Filename X coordinateLUn Y coordinateL Un X coordinateRUp Y coordinateRUp Remark the filenames could have extensions Check their names from the list with the originals Example Here is an example of such an import file C DATA D GIS NGI 1 10000 1 NGI10000 0 100 top08 2 tif 170018 075 228172 645 top08 3 tif 178019 075 228172 645 top08 4 tif 186019 440 228172 645 top08 6 tif 170017 440 218172 030 top08 7 tif 178017 805 218172 030 top08 8 tif 186018 805 218172 030 topl6 4 tif 186017 535 208171 415 topl16 8 tif 186016 900 198171 435 topl7 1 tif 194017 900 208171 415 topl7 5 tif 194016 630 198171 435 The Export command File Export writes information of selected objects to a file in one of the following formats Coordinate list or offset list in case you re exporting CDZ DXF DWG file Terrain model mage Coordinate List Shape able SICAD SQD file Object list Stake out list A selection should be made before exporting data When exporting data all coordinates written to the export file are relative to the coordinate system
301. will return NULL because we have no trustable price This task can be solved as following if real now pricedate lt 5 365 price exp real now pricedate 365 log 1 03 null Note that this expression gives a correct result also in cases when either Price or PriceDate is NULL e Ifthe value in Price is NULL the second argument of the IF function is calculated to NULL and therefore the result is also NULL e Ifthe value in PriceData is NULL the first argument is calculated to NULL and therefore the result is also NULL References Expression Language 193 Using aggregate functions Table view We have an attribute table Roads linked to paths and having a column Width We want to find all roads at least 10 m wide and display their lengths and widths We also want to see the total length of all such roads The main rowset is of course the Roads table A where expression can be defined as width 2 10 m Column expressions can be defined as length width sum length The second column can be defined as ordering in the descending order We will obtain a rowset containing three columns All roads are sorted by their widths in ascending order The first two columns are length and width the third column contains the total length being the same value for all rows Aggregations views Find using an aggregate function We have the same table Roads as in the example above and an attribute table GasSta
302. ws you to extend and trim lines and arcs This mode also allows you to project points and texts on a line arc or circle When this toolbox item is selected the cursor changes to a bold arrow When you first click on a point then this point will be projected on the object line arc or circle you click on next For extending or trimming lines and arcs you first click on the line or arc you want to change The cursor will now slightly change Subsequently click on another object This may be an arc line or circle When double clicking on the second object also this object will be extended or trimmed to the point of intersection The line or arc you first clicked will now be extended or trimmed according to the following rules a Line Line The intersection is not on the line segment the line will be extended The Tools Menu 101 Cut Object The intersection is on the line segment the line will be trimmed The part of the line on which the cursor was first clicked will remain The other part will be deleted b Line Arc or Circle One of the endpoints on the line is an intersection the line will be extended or trimmed relative to the second point of intersection The intersection most close to one of the endpoints of the line will be the point relative to which the line will be extended or trimmed The rules describe in section a Line Line apply Normally the nearest intersection point will be used to make th
303. x are entered you can enter the angles P1 P2 and P1 P3 The resulting point may be created on the drawing using the Create Point button The Calculations Menu 145 Transformation 2 points Transformation Local CS Global CS Ein 0 000 N 0 000 0 000 E 0 000 Id P2 n 0 000 N 0 000 Clear e 0 000 E 0 000 0 0000 Cancel look up coordinates The Transformation function of Pythagoras Calculations gt Transformation 2 Points allows you to define the transformation between the local coordinate system which is the default coordinate system and a second coordinate system called the global coordinate system see PART I Chapter 1 Coordinate Systems With the Look up coordinates button points with identical point numbers will be searched for in another drawing The coordinates of the points found in the other drawing will automatically be inserted in the dialog box Use the button Scale in order to change the scale of the complete drawing so that the local and global coordinates of both points defining the transformation match exactly A global coordinate system is used if you want to copy and paste between two drawings with a different local coordinate system Defining transformation parameters P1 and P2 must contain the same coordinates First you need to fill in the coordinates of the local system and then those of the glob
304. x item Arc Tangential to 2 Lines allows you to create an arc which is tangential to either 2 lines 2 arcs or a line and an arc When this toolbox is selected the cursor changes into two parallel lines Click consecutively on the lines arcs to which the arc needs to be tangential When moving the mouse an arc will be shown tangential to both objects When you now click the mouse on an appropriate position you either enter the radius of the arc or the coordinates of a point on the arc Note When you press the CTRL key while you confirm the arc the reference lines will be trimmed or extended up to the point of contact e The cursor on the new arc will automatically snap to the following points Existing point Existing line or arc Point on an existing line where the new arc is tangential to that line the new arc will then be tangential to three lines The new arc be drawn in any of the 4 segments formed by the 2 lines you have indicated Two arcs through 3 points This operation creates two arcs one starting in the first point and ending in the intermediate point and another starting from the intermediate point up to the endpoint In that way the height of the second point is taken into account Arc with a given center and radius After clicking the toolbox item Arc with a given center and radius click first on an existing point to indicate the center point Then click either on an existing obje
305. y open the requested drawing About The Quit command File Quit closes all the windows on your screen and ends the Pythagoras session If you have made changes to the drawings but have not saved them Pythagoras will present a dialog box for each non saved drawing When you quit Pythagoras saves all session information to a file The session information file contains the defaults and preferences which were set at the moment you quit Pythagoras The next time you start Pythagoras this session information will be restored Pops up a dialog box that contains all relevant info on the current version of your copy of Pythagoras as well as the coordinates for technical support on Pythagoras File About You have also the possibility to open the configuration program by clicking on the Configure button Chapter 2 Undo The Edit Menu Hedo The Undo command 9 restores the drawing to the state prior to the last executed editing command The maximum number of undos is 25 Multiple undo levels can be very handy when you want to make constructions in order to obtain a result You select the resulting point or line place it on the clipboard and call undo as many times as required to delete the intermediate construction When all intermediate objects are removed paste the result back on the drawing Remark A new editing command after Undo will clear the undone editing commands from the undo list
306. y switching to another configuration or by setting a configuration active in the current display view For details refer to Views and to PART II Chapter 1 Subdocument Manager Layers are provided in Pythagoras to enable you to group related parts of your drawing You can think of layers as a set of transparent overlays This version of Pythagoras supports up to 4096 layers You can give a layer a name and you can make a layer or all layers visible or invisible protected or not protected and active or non active These attributes are assigned for every document In order to come to a better control of a large number of layers and to sort similar layers into logical units Pythagoras offers you the possibility to create layer groups These groups can also be renamed and deleted You can always remove a layer from a group A layer can belong to one or more groups or belong to no group at all The advantage of such a group structure is that when you change the attributes of a group the attributes of all the layers in that group will be changed As a consequence the management of layers can be simplified enormously So you can create layer groups as you want e g topography gas water electricity etc You can add the following attributes to layers and to groups e Visible determines whether the layers are visible or not e Protected no modification can be taken to such a layer e Switch off the objects of the layer will be s
307. yed on top of the window If it was a new drawing a dialog box appears requesting the name of the new file Also refer to the El utton in the Toolbar Save As Reference The Save command File Save As saves a new drawing or a new version of the active drawing A dialog box appears and you type the new name of the drawing If the name is already used Pythagoras asks if you want to replace the existing file The new name of the file will be displayed on top of the active window Under File Type you can set the file format of your drawing You can save your drawings in the format of the previous Pythagoras version E g when you have Pythagoras 12 you can save your drawings in the Pythagoras 11 format This means that some information not supported in the previous version can be lost You can also use this Save As function to save your drawing in DWG or DXF format It saves the complete drawing including hidden layers line widths as long as no conversion table was loaded etc All local objects of a Pythagoras drawing are written in AutoCAD s Model Space Objects in Paper are stored in AutoCAD s Paper space Each sheet of the Pythagoras drawing becomes a Layout Viewports are retained and placed in the corresponding layout Further in this manual we will explain how you can also use the Export function to save a file to DWG or DXF format The Export function however requires you to first

Pythagoras 12.00 - Pythagoras Software

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