Design of Embedded System, Advanced Course – EDA385
Contents
1. This picture is not very PS 2 accurate since the PLB AXI controller bus is not shown You should have the interfaces between these components specified in more detail keyboard MicroBlaze controller Your english is Diligent generally rather good SSG 7 seg display so my comments here are intended only to controller except the VGA controller and do improve it further not need a special detailed description All the components are built in components from Xilinx or Digilent libraries Unless the VGA controller and don t need especial description The MicroBlaze is a single core processor with 50MHz clock without floating point unit The BRAM size utilized is 32Kbytes 3 1 2 VGA Controller The VGA controller is both the unit responsible by the rendering and the generation of the VGA signals of It has 7 registers accessible by software in slave mode e reg_slv0 ball radius e reg _slv1 pad1 radius e reg _slv2 pad2 radius and the information about the color of this pad e reg_slv3 ball position in the x axis e reg_slv4 ball position in the y axis e reg _slv5 pad1 position in the y axis e reg _slv6 pad2 position in the y axis The registers are all 32 bits but only 10 bits are used in each register unless in the reg_slv2 that use the 11bits the 11 bit contains the information about the color of the pad that can be blue CNPq 0 CI NCIA Des2. auto reload mode 13 CI NCIA Design of Embedded System Advanced Course EDA385 fc q Pirro cion dorado e Tecnol gico 3 2 4 Keyboard Polling The inputs from keyboard are captured using the polled mode This mode was chosen instead of the interrupt mode due to the difficult to make the game response to the keyboard works correctly Every time the keyboard is polled as showed in the match function the keyboard driver compares the scan code read if there s one with the following values e Stop OxFO read the next value if it is a W 0x1D or S 0x1B stop the first pad otherwise ifit is a Up Arrow 0x75 or a Down Arrow 0x72 stop the second pad e Up Arrow 0x75 moves the second pad up e Down Arrow 0x72 moves the second pad down e W 0x1D moves the first pad up e S 0x1B moves the first pad down e Enter 0x5A if the game is not started yet start the game e Right Arrow 0x74 if the game is not started yet change the game to PvC e Left Arrow Ox6B if the game is not started yet change the game to PvP e ESC 0x76 pause resume the game 3 2 5 The Computer Controlled Pad The computer controlled pad use a policy of moving based in the prediction of which will be the ball position in y axis when it return to hit the second pad When the ball hits the computer controlled pad the prediction becomes the initial position of the ball in y axis the center so the pad moves to the center When the ball h
3. 0 R2 lt 0 GO lt 0 G1 lt 0 G2 lt slv_reg2 21 Bl lt 1 B2 lt not slv_reg2 21 elsif horizontal_counter slv_reg3 22 to 31 slv_reg0 22 to 31 lt 0010010000 and horizontal_counter slv_reg3 22 to 31 slv_reg0 22 to 31 gt 0010010000 and vertical_counter slv_reg4 22 to 31 slv_reg0 22 to 31 lt 0000100111 and vertical_counter slv_reg4 22 to 31 slv_reg0 22 to 31 gt 0000100111 then RO lt 1 R1 lt 1 R2 lt 1 GO lt 1 G1 lt 1 G2 lt 1 O QCNPq CIENCIA Design of Embedded System Advanced Course EDA385 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento SEM FRONTEIRAS Cention 6 ronca Bl lt 1 B2 lt 1 elsif vertical_counter slv_reg0 22 to 31 lt 0000100111 or vertical_counter slv_reg0 22 to 31 gt 1000000111 then RO lt 1 R1 lt 1 R2 lt 0 GO lt 0 G1 lt 0 G2 lt 0 B1 lt 0 B2 lt 0 The values 0000100111 39 1000000111 519 represents the vertical_counter range where the bits are rendered and the values 0010010000 144 1100010000 784 the horizontal_counter range These values are chosen because of the generation of the signals Vertical Sync and Horizontal Sync because of the VGA standards times with 25MHz the input clock is the same as the processor 5OMHZ but there s one process in the VGA controller that reduces the clock by the
4. half 3 2 Software 3 2 1 Software structure The software was partitioned in 7 source code and 7 headers e main c that call the routine of initialization of the peripherals and the function match from metagame c e metagame c contains the logic of the game Calculate the ball and pads position in each step and communicate with the peripherals calling the high level drivers routines CI NCIA Design of Embedded System Advanced Course EDA385 QC q ee NEOPA oda di e Tecnol gico keyboard_driver c is the driver responsible by initialize the PS 2 driver and capture the keys in the polled mode sending the information to the game about the state of the pads moving up down or stopped if ESC key was pressed pausing resuming the game and if at the beginning if left or right arrow are pressed changing the game mode or ENTER to start the game led_driver c is the drver responsible by initialize the GPIO in the ports where there re leds and turn on off leds ssd_driver c is the driver responsible to send information to the seven segment display controller about the values in that have to be showed scores timer_driver c is the driver responsible by initialize the timer and also contains the handler routine to threat the timer interruption increment counters of metagame c vga_driver c is the driver responsible by write in the slave registers of the VGA controller the r
5. of the players showed in the seven segments display Input controls captured from an USB keyboard Game for 2 players or 1 player computer use artificial intelligence to control the pad Rendering via software Objects pads and ball with rounded edges Different levels of difficulty 2 2 Modifications While the project had been developed some modifications were done in the propose because these modifications are a better design options or there was no time for the implementation due to my group mate has dropped out Rendering via hardware done by the VGA controller the same component responsible for the VGA output It reduces the usage of RAM and cycles of the MicroBlaze Input controls captured from a USB keyboard but with a PS 2 controller Use of a pseudo A to the computer controlled pad in the 1 player match Objects with rectangular edges instead of rounded ones simplification No different levels of difficulty simplification 2 3 Equipment needed Nexys 3 Spartan 6 FPGA Board VGA monitor USB Keyboard The system works well with Swedish and Brazilian ABNT2 standards Other kinds of keyboard standards weren t tested but it must work with most of the QWERTY standards Design of Embedded System Advanced Course EDA385 A i y SEM FRONTEIRAS 3 Implementation 3 1 Hardware 3 1 1 Architecture The architecture of the system is based on the Xilinx MicroBlaze processor
6. BRAM and some peripherals as a VGA controller a timer a PS 2 controller and a seven segments display controller The source was coded in VHDL The software was coded in C and compiled to MicroBlaze instructions Beyond the game logic some high level functions for the communication between the processor and the peripherals were also implemented in software Although this increases the RAM usage it facilitates the codification There are some differences between this implementation s gameplay and another Pong s implementations The major difference is in the way that the direction and the speed of the ball is calculated after it hits a pad In the original implementation by example the speed and the direction of the ball had depended of the position in pad that the ball hits In this implementation it depends also of the previous direction and speed of the ball Throughout the project development some modifications in the specifications of the system had been done because of short time and better solutions thought a posteriori A lot of problems occurred because of poor documentations of built in components O QCNPq CIENCIA Design of Embedded System Advanced Course EDA385 cnt a m4 Clentifico e Tecnol gico SEM FRONTEIRAS 2 Specifications Initial Proposal 2 1 Initial Propose At the first moment the goals of the project were determined as Output graphics to a VGA monitor in a resolution of 640x480 60Hz Score
7. Design of Embedded System Advanced Course EDA385 PONG Final Report October 26 2012 Fernando de Andrade Pereira fernando an pereira gmail com int12fp2 Ostudent lu se D If there are logos here there should be logos of Lund University rather than something else QI CNPq CI NCIA Design of Embedded System Advanced Course EDA385 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Tecnol gico SEM FRONTEIRAS Abstract Pong is one of most classic games from the video game era Since its introduction in 1972 until the present day it has received several new versions with different features gameplays and graphics in many kinds of platforms The FPGAs lets us to develop joint solutions of hardware and software and although the resources are limited the optimization can be raised to higher levels In this project this higher integration was one of the main factors that led to a working solution in many cases The system developed has a simple hardware architecture based in the Xilinx MicroBlaze processor and some peripherals including a VGA controller and the software architecture is based in the partition of the routines that implement the game logic and the routines that do the communication between the processor and the peripherals Lots of problems occurred during the development and with this that much knowledge has been acquired O QCNPq Design of Embedded System Advanced Course EDA385 pom Cient fi
8. cnol gico 9 Contributions and Thanks oooocccccnccnnnononcnnncnonononananacona no nononncn cnn n nn nono nana n aran cnn ona nnan cn nana canos 23 CI NCIA 10 Bibliography and References c ccccsccesssecsssseceseeeesecseseecseeeecsesssaeeseaueceeseessaeeessaeeseneeees 23 O CNPq Design of Embedded System Advanced Course EDA385 CIENCIA Coma td Dentin SEM FRONTEIRAS 1 Introduction 1 1 History The game Pong was first developed by Atari Inc in 1972 and was one of the first arcade games to reach mainstream popularity It was the first video game to be considered a sports simulator inspired in the table tennis The first implementation of the game used only TTL technology with discrete components No processor memory or software was used Nevertheless the miniaturization of the system and the introduction of new features in the game led to the utilization of most advanced technologies as microprocessors RAM ROM and implementation of the logic in software The game was ported to several other platforms and received a lot of new features like modifications in the gameplay and better graphics 1 2 The Embedded System Pong The goal of this project was develop a complete system hardware and software as a platform where one or two players can play Pong This system was implemented to run in a Nexys 3 board with a Spartan 6 FPGA The hardware architecture is based on a Xilinx MicroBlaze processor with
9. co e CI NCIA PO Nadene de mann SEM FRONTEIRAS Contents 1 A iai ities ce aa a E EE E E E 4 1 1 E A e aat aa aaa a aa e aaa EE ANE i Pea EEEa ua 4 1 2 The Embedded System PONB cccoooccccnonoccccnanoncncnanononcnanonononanonnncnanonnncnnnnnnnnnnno nn nrcanannncnnnns 4 2 55 91141 Lets 1 o y S PARO OOO o E RAN 5 2 1 Initial Propost eirean eA OA TERTA dC da diia 5 2 2 ModiticatiONS id iii 5 2 3 EQUIPMENT needed wcicccsssscccevesscedsvazscdcevesscetesssagdcvvonsecds sazsctcesebsceds ANES raea ANE SANNAA 5 3 Mp cias is EE EAO O 6 A aieeaa a aaea eaa eaaa a a a AER 6 O NO 6 3 1 2 WGA Controller uva ada 6 3 2 ISO Wa Cesc diia 8 3 2 1 SoftWare StrUCtUrO escrimir iieiea aaae E aaaea AE ATA TAEAE AEAEE 8 3 2 2 Game Login aii 10 3 2 3 Interr pt ROUtINES ciencia id ida di adds 13 3 2 4 Keyboard Polling isa ad cda 14 3 2 5 The Computer Controlled Pad i c cccccccsesccecssssccecssssccecessaccecessacceceesscccesssscceseticeces 14 4 Problems and Solutions viciosa cio is 14 5 Final RES Ulsa ia 15 Del FPGA WSA BE ura dd dalla dad dla veweemear 15 52 TMG ANG octets O O 19 DiS Tr as 19 6 User Man al iii a A a i 20 61 Pr parations essri E e EE E E E R 20 62 Pla Es a E ees Ee EAE a EE e E T 20 7 Possible EXtEnSiON Sii in eee 22 8 Conclusion and Lessons Learned ccocccnnoccnonaccnoncnononnnnnncnnno cn non cnn ronca nan nn n rr rra rra nan 22 O QCNPq Design of Embedded System Advanced Course EDA385 a Clentifico e Te
10. d pad The solution was to try a lot of values and play against the computer until found a balanced amount of goals for both players 5 Final Result 5 1 FPGA Usage on 17 okt system 21 32 12 4638 5509 17 0 2012 on 17 okt system vga ctrl 0 wrapper 21 31 50 393 631 0 2012 on 17 okt system_clock_generator_0 wrapper 21 31 40 0 2012 fr 12 okt system_mb_plb_ wrapper 06 46 48 161 427 0 2012 to 11 okt system xps intc O wrapper 23 22 48 120 85 0 2012 to 11 okt system proc _sys reset 0 wrapper 23 22 40 69 55 0 2012 to 11 okt system mdm 0 wrapper 23 22 34 123 126 0 2012 to 11 okt system xps timer 0 wrapper 23 22 22 293 272 0 2012 system mem bus mux 0 wrapper to 11 okt 57 0 15 O CNPq CI NCIA Design of Embedded System Advanced Course EDA385 e Cient fico e Tecnol gico SEM FRONTEIRAS 23 22 12 2012 to 11 okt system _digilent sevseg disp wrapper 23 22 06 320 484 0 2012 to 11 okt system digilent quadspi_entlr_wrapper 23 21 58 556 723 1 0 2012 to 11 okt system ps2 mouse keyboard wrapper 23 21 42 553 758 0 2012 to 11 okt system push buttons 4bits wrapper 23 21 30 98 52 0 2012 to 11 okt system leds 8bits wrapper 23 21 22 126 64 0 2012 to 11 okt system rs232 uart 1 wrapper 23 21 14 149 153 0 2012 to 11 okt system lImb bram wrapper 23 21 00 16 0 2012 to 11 okt system ilmb_cnt
11. espective values O CNPq CI NCIA Design of Embedded System Advanced Course EDA385 a Clentifico e Tecnol gico SEM FRONTEIRAS 3 2 2 Game Logic The most important routines in the game logic are represented in dataflows all this functions are contained in the file metagame c The following dataflow represents the match function that contains the logic of one match Start Good instructive diagram Write the initial values in the variables Poll the keyboard No Poll the Game started keyboard No Yes Yes Game paused Poll the Yes G d Keyboard ane micas A Poll the No keyboard Someone win nextStep Turn off the loser pad Yes A _ gt 10 CI NCIA Design of Embedded System Advanced Course EDA385 ich q SEM F NTEIRAS The following dataflow represents the nextStep function Pad2 counter gt gt Ball x counter gt gt limit Pad1 counter gt gt limit Ball y counter gt limit Yes nextStepPad1 nextStepPad2 nextStepBallX nextStepBallY Restart Pad1 Restart Pad2 Restart ball x Restart ball y counter counter counter counter Send Send Send Send informa
12. ign of Embedded System Advanced Course EDA385 AQ es Tecnol gico SEM FRONTEIRAS PvP game mode or green PvC game mode 10 bits are enough to represent values between 0 and 639 the range of possible values to represent the position in x axis This values are present in the bits 22 to 31 of the registers where the bit 22 is the most significant bit in the reg_slv2 the bit 21 contains the information about the color While the VGA output generate the 8 bits color output it verifies if that bit is a wall ball or one of the pads generating a bit of the respective color or a black bit otherwise The following code illustrates the rendering if horizontal_counter slv_reg0 23 to 31 amp 0 lt 0010010000 and vertical_counter 0000100111 lt slv_reg5 22 to 31 slv_reg1 22 to 31 and vertical_counter 0000100111 gt slv_reg5 22 to 31 slv_reg1 22 to 31 then RO lt 1 If you wanted to display the behavior a diagram would have been better If you do want to display code you should compact it a little bit R1 lt 1 R2 lt 1 GO lt 1 G1 lt 1 G2 lt 1 B1 lt 0 B2 lt 0 elsif horizontal_counter slv_regO 23 to 31 amp 0 gt 1100010000 and vertical_counter 0000100111 lt slv_reg6 22 to 31 slv_reg2 22 to 31 and vertical_counter 0000100111 gt slv_reg6 22 to 31 slv_reg2 22 to 31 then RO lt 0 R1 lt
13. its the first pad position it calculates from the current ball position and speeds and using similarity of triangles the exact point where the ball will return then it introduces a random error based in the ball_y_counter that is independent from the ball_x_counter to this position and the pad moves to this position This calculation occurs in the function ballNextStepX 4 Problems and Solutions e The poorly documented usage of the built in peripherals especially the Seven Segments Display Controller The solution was try to write values in different addresses of this peripheral using pointers in C and see if the result is the expected e The slave registers of the VGA are written in a nontrivial way and this kind of communication is poorly documented The solution was write some values in this 14 CI NCIA O QCNPq Design of Embedded System Advanced Course EDA385 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento SEM FRONTEIRAS iS registers and try to retrieve someway the information So it was discovered that the 10 bits written in the registers are the bits 22 to 31 e Discover the order that the keyboard sends the bytes of the scan codes to the PS 2 controller in polled mode The solution was press the button and show the hexadecimal scan codes in the seven segment display e Find a good probability factor to the error of the computer controlled pad because it cannot be so easy or so hard to score goals in the computer controlle
14. lr wrapper 23 20 54 2 6 0 2012 to 11 okt system dlmb_cntlr wrapper 23 20 48 2 6 0 2012 to 11 okt system dlmb_wrapper 23 20 42 1 0 2012 to 11 okt system ilmb_wrapper 23 20 36 1 0 2012 to 11 okt system microblaze 0 wrapper 23 20 16 1671 1610 0 2012 Number of Slice Registers 3 688 18 224 20 Number used as Flip Flops 3 681 Number used as Latches 0 Number used as Latch thrus 0 16 O CNPq Design of Embedded System Advanced Course EDA385 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient fico e Tecnol gico CI NCIA SEM FRONTEIRAS Number used as AND OR logics 7 Number of Slice LUTs 4 364 9 112 47 Number used as logic 4 077 9 112 44 Number using O6 output only 2 893 Number using O5 output only 245 Number using O5 and O6 939 Number used as ROM 0 Number used as Memory 150 2 176 6 Number used as Dual Port RAM 64 Number using 06 output only Number using O5 output only Number using O5 and O6 64 Number used as Single Port RAM 0 Number used as Shift Register 86 Number using O6 output only 27 Number using O5 output only 1 Number using O5 and O6 58 Number used exclusively as route thrus 137 Number with same slice register load 114 Number with same slice carry load 23 Number with other load 0 Number of occupied Slices 1 649 2 278 72 Nummber of MUXCYs used 1 052 4 556 23 Number of LUT Flip Flop pairs u
15. n this occurs one must press ESC to return to the initial screen 21 O CNPq CI NCIA Design of Embedded System Advanced Course EDA385 a Clentifico e Tecnol gico SEM FRONTEIRAS Pause the game ee CE CE CCC COC CE 4 As a general rule when aaa aaa a copying pictures or any other material from other documents or websites you need to give a reference to it na 040 O HEHE BES E Summarizing Start the game DOES ESS O HIE EPA Change between the game modes 7 Possible Extensions Some features can be introduced in the system in the future Different levels of difficulty not introduced yet Objects with rounded edges not introduced yet More balls some small modifications in the rendering hardware component are needed A menu to the game huge modifications in the rendering hardware component are needed A better more realistic A I for the computer controlled pad Create a DMA to the communication instead of slave registers with the rendering hardware component making the system more flexible Usage of interrupt instead of polled mode to the capture of signals from the keyboard 8 Conclusion and Lessons Learned One of the most important lessons of this project was that a good documentation is as important as a good implementation in most of cases With there s no good documentation people will lost a lot of time to find how to integ
16. negative Ball position prediction in y axis is the initial position of the ball in y New ball direction in y axis is negative N ao pa Game mode is Pvc A A New ball direction in y axis is positive Calculate the exact position where the ball will hit the pad2 lt Yes lt and introduce a random error End interrupt Every time there s a timerii m four variables ball y counter ball_x_counter pad1_counter and pad2_counter are incremented There are other four values ball_x_time ball_y_time PAD1_TIMEO and PAD2_TIMEO that represent the limit of each counter When the counter reaches the limit occurs the respective moving So these limits are the inverse of the respective speeds When the ball hits a pad the values of ball_x_time and ball_y_time are decreased and the acceleration may be greater in one of the axis depending of the distance between where the ball hit the pad and the center of the pad If this distance is huge the ball accelerates more in the y axis if it is small it accelerates more in the x axis 3 2 3 Interrupt Routines The software was designed to treat only one interrupt the timer interrupt When it occurs the counters ball_y_counter ball_x_counter pad1_counter and pad2_counter are incremented by one The interrupt is programed to occur in every 0 0001s with a SOMHz clock The timer is programed in
17. of the system are very simple 6 1 Preparations After the programming of the FPGA the user has to plug the VGA port of the Nexys 3 board in a VGA monitor and plug a USB keyboard in the USB port of the board Pmod Done Pawar Power Select Power c t JTAG onnectors Jack sa po sa gt LED Header l MODE Adapt Jumper USB Port Reset Button 10 100 Ethernet VGA Port 7 seg Display USB HID_ a Ta i B is Host Port Pra a ia TO E UART LEDs Slide switches Push buttons 6 2 Playing When the system is turned on the first view is this 20 O QCNPq Design of Embedded System Advanced Course EDA385 pom Cient fico e NCIA PO Nadene e mat SEM FRONTEIRAS One can press the Enter key on the keyboard to start the match Player vs Player or press the right arrow key to change the view to this If the user presses Enter in this screen the match will start Player vs Computer One can press the left arrow key to return to the first screen Player vs Player mode During the game the first player left pad both in PvP and PvC modes controls the pad using the W key to move it up and the S key to move it down The second player right pad in PvP mode controls the pad with the Up and Down arrows keys One can press ESC to pause the game and ESC again to resume it After a player scores 12 points the game will end and only the winner pad will appear in the screen Whe
18. onselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CNPq CI NCIA SEM F INTEIRAS The following dataflow represents the nextStepBallX function me Start SS 4 Le Ball cross thes player1 goal Move ball in the x axis by STEP in the Aa Kal cross a AS goal Se Bal hits mos Design of Embedded System Advanced Course EDA385 QC q Pirro cion dorado e Tecnol gico ae Gall hits the gt qth gt gt lt gt current direction of padi No a PA ug line the ball Yes a4 y Yes y y Invert the ball Invert the ball y direction in x ans y direction in x ans y Invert t ball Invert the ball axis axis direction in y axis direction in y axis Put the ball in the Put the ball in the Calculate the new Calculate the new initial position initial position speed of the ball in speed of the ball in Return the speed of Return the speed of both axis both axis the ball to the initial the ball to the initial position position Increments player 2 Increments player 1 score score OS LES ye xs Zo ES y y Y 7 Ball hits the pad above Ball hits the pad above N the pad s centre N the pad s centre x S y All these di ves o ese diagrams are very ici O o New ball direction in y axis is positive good but some are rather simple You should focus on the complex behaviors rather than the simple ones New ball direction in y axis is
19. rate the components in their systems Another important lesson is that a good partition of the code both VHDL and C can increase the processor and RAM usage and also the code but reduces the debugging time The simplest solution is most of times better than a generic one that can solve a lot of problem not just the specified one in the embedded systems design because of the limitations in the RAM size and processor speed It can reduce the flexibility of the system to future changes but it is a design pattern on systems with limited resources 22 O i CNPq CI NCIA Design of Embedded System Advanced Course EDA385 a Clent fico e Tecnol gico SEM FRONTEIRAS 9 Contributions and Thanks Most of the system was developed by Fernando de Andrade Pereira the project s owner Some drivers as keyboard_driver c led_driver c timer_driver c and the respective headers were partially copied from examples from the Xilinx library This project was developed with support by CNPq Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient fico e Tecnol gico of the Ministry for Science and Technology of Brazil 10 Bibliography and References Pong history e http www pong story com atpong1 htm Digilent board Nexys 3 user manual schematics and examples of use e http www digilentinc com Data Products NEXYS3 Nexys3_rm pdf e http www digilentinc com Data Products NEXYS3 NEXYS3_sch pdf e h
20. sed 5 025 Number with an unused Flip Flop 1 857 5 025 36 Number with an unused LUT 661 5 025 13 Number of fully used LUT FF pairs 2 507 5 025 49 Number of unique control sets 236 Number of slice register sites lost to control set restrictions oe ees ae Number of bonded IOBs 81 232 34 Number of LOCed IOBs 81 81 100 IOB Flip Flops 28 Number of RAMB16BWERs 16 32 50 Number of RAMB8BWERs 2 64 3 Number of BUFIO2 BUFIO2_2CLKs 1 32 3 Number used as BUFIO2s 1 17 O CNPq Design of Embedded System Advanced Course EDA385 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient fico e Tecnol gico CI NCIA SEM FRONTEIRAS Number used as BUFIO2_2CLKs 0 Number of BUFIO2FB BUFIO2FB_2CLKs 0 32 0 Number of BUFG BUFGMUXs 3 16 18 Number used as BUFGs 3 Number used as BUFGMUX 0 Number of DCM DCM_CLKGENs 0 4 0 Number of ILOGIC2 ISERDES2s 5 248 2 Number used as ILOGIC2s 5 Number used as ISERDES2s 0 Number of IODELAY2 IODRP2 IODRP2_ MCBs 0 248 0 Number of OLOGIC2 OSERDES2s 21 248 8 Number used as OLOGIC2s 21 Number used as OSERDES2s 0 Number of BSCANs 1 4 25 Number of BUFHs 0 128 0 Number of BUFPLLs 0 8 0 Number of BUFPLL_MCBs 0 4 0 Number of DSP48A1s 3 32 9 Number of ICAPs 0 1 0 Number of MCBs 0 2 0 Number of PCILOGICSEs 0 2 0 Number of PLL_ADVs 1 2 50 Number of PMVs 0 1 0 Number of STARTUPs 0 1 0 Number of SUSPEND SYNCs 0 1 0 Average Fanout of Non Clock Nets 3 88 These full tables are not really ver
21. tion to information to information to information to se End De the VGA the VGA the VGA the VGA controller controller controller controller The following dataflow represents the nextStepPad1 function Pad moving UP and don t reach the max position Pad moving DOWN and don t reach the min position Yes Yes y y Decrements Increments position of pad 1 by STEP position of pad 1 by STEP 11 CI NCIA SEM FRONTEIRAS The following dataflow represents the nextStepPad2 function D Gamemode is PvP Centre of the pad is below the predicted position of the ball Yes y P moving UP C and don t reach the jis max position and don t reach the Design of Embedded System Advanced Course EDA385 ad moving DOW min position Yes Yes Increments position Decrements of pad 1 by STEP Pasa 1 by Increments position of pad 1 by STEP The following dataflow represents the nextStepBallY function Start Move ball in the y axis by STEP in the current direction of the ball Ball hits a wall Centre of the pad is above the predicted position of the ball Yes y Decrements position of pad 1 by STEP Yes y direction in y axis Invert the ball End C
22. ttp www digilentinc com Data Products NEXYS3 Nexys3_ EDK GPIO UART zi VGA specifications and timing e http martin hinner info vga timing html e http www osdever net FreeVGA vga vga htm Keyboard scan codes e http www ee bgu ac il microlab MicroLab Labs ScanCodes htm A very good result considering you worked alone and you have not used these tools before Well done 23
23. y interesting You could have compiled the data a bit and show only the relevant measures 18 O i CNPq CI NCIA Design of Embedded System Advanced Course EDA385 e Cient fico e Tecnol gico SEM FRONTEIRAS 5 2 Thegame The final result is a game controlled by keyboard that can be played by one or two players The score of the match is showed in the seven segment display present on the board The match starts with zero points to both players and ends when some player scores twelve points The two left digits show the left player score and the two right digits show the right player score 5 CO Nice with photos The graphics of the game are really simple with objects pads walls and ball with rectangular edges The left player s pad is yellow the right player s pad is blue if it is a human player or green if it is a computer player The ball is white and the walls are red 5 3 Tests The final game was tested with several matches between real players that give a feedback about the gameplay Most of the feedbacks were positive but some user complained about the bad response of the keyboard when 3 or more keys are pressed in the same time The players found the game quite fun especially because of the acceleration of the ball 19 O i CNPq CI NCIA Design of Embedded System Advanced Course EDA385 a a Clent fico e Tecnol gico SEM FRONTEIRAS 6 User Manual The instructions for the use
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