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CC - Epsilon Open Archive

1. OFF No validation Group O Default Validation variables will be read from a Pgraph file The name of the file is specified by the user The values in the validation file will be compared with variables from the output file finr eS aat 5 2 Model specific Switches denoted GROW are only used if GROWTH switch 1 DENDIST 0 Default Denitrification rate distribution from parameter values separ ate fr actions are given for each soil layer see DFRAC Group 5 A linear decrease of denitrification rate from soil surface to the depth specified by the parameter DENDEP rH A constant denitrification rate from soil surface to the depth specified by the parameter DEN DEPT P 1 3 TAn exponential decrease of denitrification rate from soil surface to the depth specified by the parameter DENDEPTH DRIVCROP 0 Plant development i is simulated i e the GROWTH switch gt gt 0 or specified Default by parameter values in parameter file Group 5 The root depth is read from a driving variable file FILE 10 Only used if BOUNDARY switch 0 As for I but also the potential N uptake rate is read from the same file SWITCHES 19 DRIVEXT 0 Parameter values for external inputs of nitrogen to the model are specified in Default parameter files Group M vaksntsnn nes NCEE N fertilization rate
2. PARAMETERS 43 t Wise W e7 m Wo W where W see Respiration If GRO WPEREN s witch 1 Ift DAYPEREN W a fy AVACUR W Was fr AVAWOOD W or a fy ap AVACUR W cm fra AVAWOOD Wy Dx o for leaf Wise W hysa where fr T AVATEM 1 AVATEM 2 AVATEM 1 O lt fy lt 1 T max T z fray T AVATEM 1 AVATEM 2 AVATEM 1 0 lt fr lt sg goAun 7 Woon APEREN W W WOS APEREN W v 2 Wi APEREN W W d 0 If GROWDECID switch 1 Na eH Waw 7 M asas W TOYS wed B Aun Wow V sos T swoon VY sweahi 7 C5 gw oAUn Wiw berw wpa V jw Li IweoAtm NW where Wrest ALITTERR 1 ADRAWRW ALITTERR 2 W t t AROOTAGE in this case AE TER is hot used in W W i7 ALITTERS W then W 4 z 0 Wor ADRAWLW ALITTERL W 0 If GROWDECID switch 1 wat O ADRAWLNW ALITTERLAWY 0 If GROWDECID switch I wam dito W yu but W replaced by Wi W Au 9 see Respiration swAm 7 dito Wi Aim but W replaced by Wow 5 MN Loki 0 gt see Respiration woam difo Wi Ay but W replaced by Wi Winam 0 see Respiration ERI M ARRIERE ADRAWLY UT Fractional withdrawal of dry weight in leaf Jitter to stem before abscission If GROWPEREN 1 withdrawal is from old leaves to new leaves ADRAWRW Fractional withdrawal of dry weight in current year old root litter fall to
3. EN m d EN m q gN m q gDW m d EN m d gDW m d EN m d EDW m d EN m d gC m a gC m d gC m d gC m d gC m d 67 NEWNL NEWNLLIT NEWNLLI2 Norg N flow Root to litter Index layer If MICROB switch 1 then NEWNL is split up into flows to different pools Non N flow Root to litter Index layer Only used if MICROB switchz1 Ni N flow Root to litter2 Index layer NEWNIHUM N N flow Root to humus Index layer NFERTNH4 NFERTNOS NEHUM NELOW NEMIN NH4DLOSS NH4FLOW NHARV NAMIC NHMUN NLHUM NLMIC NL2MIC NLMIN NLROFF NMHUM NMLIT 68 Neron N flow Solid fertilizer N dissolved to soil ammonium NH4 1 CNeen stntssurr N flow Solid fertilizer N dissolved NL N flow Humification of faeces N to humus N index layer I to 2 index layer 1 to NUMLAY 1 Nc wu N flow Mineralisation of faeces N to NH N index layer I to 2 Nytiaostream N flow NH leaching to tiles Index layer 1 to NUMLAY CNyiiaay swaaden N flow NH N flow to the layer below Index layer 1 to NUMLAY 1 ONpiai ona N flow Harvest export of plant N PLANT Niom N flow Microbial gain from humus Ny jun N flow Mineralisation of humus N to NH4 N Index layer 1 to min NUMLAY 10 Naion N flow Humification of litter N to humus N Indexz layer 1 to min NUMLAY 10 Niom N flow Microbial gain from litter Nizom
4. GROWALLO 0 During grain development reallocation of assimilates occur from leaf to grain flows ALEAFGW and ALEAFGN root to grain and stem to grain flows AROOTGW and AROOTGN see parameters AGRAIN and AGRAINN Flows AROOTSW and AROOTSN 0 Group P i During grain development reallocation of assimilates occur from leaf to stem Default root to stem and stem to grain see parameters AGRAIN AGRAINN ADRAWLW ADRAWILEN GROWGEGQ Determining the calculation of the growth response function fra If GROWPHOS I then f is not included in the functions Group P Era Min f fy fw TER Default 2 Fr Er fy fy 3 SWITCHES 23 GROWPHEN No phenologic functions are active Day of emergency is given by parameter UPST and day of harvest is is given by parameter UPET Group P j RR H Default Start of grain development is an accumulated function of air temperature and daylength Otherwise as for GROWPHEN 0 Day of emergency is a function of accumulated temperature since sowing Day of sowing is given by the UPST parameter Day of start of grain filling is calculated as for GROWPHEN I except that accumulation of the index starts at day of emergency and not UPST Day of end of grain filling is a function of accumulated temperature since start of grain filling Day of harvestis a function of accumulated
5. Alvenas G and Jansson P E 1987 Analyser av mellangr dors inverkan p kv veutlakningen Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet Fakta mark v xter nr 5 Uppsala Bergstr m L 1987 Transport and transformations of nitrogen in an Arable soil Ph D thesis Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet Ecohydrologi 23 Bergstr m L Jansson P E Johnsson H and Paustian K 1987 A model for simulation of nitrogen dynamics in soil and nitrate leaching Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Fakta Mark vaxter no 4 Uppsala Swedish version 1987 revised English version 1988 Bergstr m L amp Johnsson H 1988 Simulated nitrogen dynamics and nitrate leaching in a perennial grass ley Plant Soil 105 273 281 Bergstr m L Johnsson H and Torstensson G 1991 Simulation ofnitrogen dynamics and losses using the SOILN model Fert Res 27 Bergstr m L and Jarvis N 1991 Prediction of nitrate leaching losses from arable land under different fertilization intensities using the SOIL SOILN models Soil use and management Blomb ck K St hli M and Eckersten H 1995 Simulation and water and nitrogen flows and plant growth for a winter wheat stand in central Germany Ecological Modelling 81 157 167 Borg G Ch Jansson P E amp Lind n B 1990 Simulated and measured nitrogen conditions in a manured and fertilised soil Plant Soil 121 251 267 Eckersten H 1986a Simulated willow growth and transpiration the effect of high and low reso
6. N N flow From root to available pool PLANT EN m d AROOTAW Wa Biomass flow From root to available pool PLANT DW m d AROOTGN N N flow from root to grain PLANT EN m d AROOTGW W Biomass flow from root to grain PLANT gDW m d AROOTLIN Nou N flow Root litter PLANT EN m d AROOTLIW Ws Biomass flow from root to litter PLANT gDW m d AROOTSN N N flow from root to stem PLANT EN m d AROOTSW W Biomass flow from root to stem PLANT EDW m d AROOTWN Non N flow From root to woody roots PLANT gN m d AROOTWY W Biomass flow From root to woody roots PLANT DW m d ASOILGN Nso N flow From soil to grain PLANT EN m d ASOILLN Nau N flow From soil to leaves PLANT EN m d ASOFLRN Nau N flow From soil to root PLANT EN m d ASOILSN Nau N flow From soil to stem PLANT EN m d ASTEMAN N N flow From stem to available pool PLANT gN m d ASTEMAW W Biomass flow From stem to available pool PLANT EDW m d ASTEMGN N Nitrogen flow From stem to grain PLANT EN m d ASTEMGW W Biomass flow From stem to grain PLANT gDW m d ASTEMLIN N N flow N ut Stem litter PLANT gN m d ASTEMLIW Wa Biomass flow from stem to above ground residues gDW m d PLANT ASTEMWW W Biomass flow From stem to woody stems PLANT EDW m d AWLEAFLIN Nwo
7. Andr n T Lindberg K Paustian and T Rosswall editors Ecology of Arable Land Organisms Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling Ecol Bull Copenhagen 40 153 180 Perttu K Eckersten H Kowalik P amp Nilsson L O 1984 Modelling potential energy forest production In Perttu K Ed Ecology and management of forest biomass production systems Dept Ecol amp Environ Res Rep 15 Swed Univ Agric Sci Uppsala 46 pp Wolf d Semenov MA Eckersten H Evans LG Iglesias A amp Porter JR 1995 Modelling the effects of climate change and climatic variability on crops at the site scale Effects on winter wheat A comparison of five models In Harrison PA Butterfield RE amp Downing TE Climate change and agriculture in Europe assessment of impacts and adaptations Research Report 9 Environmental Change Unit University of Oxford Oxford UK pp 231 279 Other references cited in this report Andr n O Lindberg T Paustian K amp Rosswall T Eds 1990 Ecology of arable land Organisms Carbon and Nitrogen cycling Ecological Bullentins 40 15 30 de Wit C T 1965 Photosynthesis of leaf canopies Agricultural Research Report PUDOC Wageningen 663 1 57 Eckersten H 1995 Simulation of water flow in plant communities SPAC model description excercises and users manual SPAC version 6 0 Division of Hydrotechnics Communications 95 7 Department of Soil Sciences Swedish Agricultural University Uppsala ISRN SLU HY AVDM
8. DLOSS Nyos ssieam N flow NO3 leaching to tiles Index layer 1 to NUMLAY FERTIN Napptoren N flow Addition of solid fertilizer N FINCB Capps C flow Carbon in faeces in manure to faeces index layer I to 2 FINNA Nappi N flow Nitrogen in bedding in manure to litter Index layer 1 to 2 FINNE Nappa N flow Nitrogen in faeces in manure to faeces N index layer I to 2 FINNH QN poni N flow Nitrogen in NH4 in manure to NH4 Index layer 1 to 2 ENIT Nynssnos N flow Nitrification of NH4 to NO3 Indexz layer 1 to min NUMLAY 10 HARVGN N ais N flow harvest of grain PLANT HARVGVW W sttav Biomass flow harvest of grain PLANT HARVLN Nion IN flow harvest of leaves PLANT HARVLW Worm Biomass flow harvest of leaves PLANT HARVSN Neona N flow harvest of straw PLANT HARVSW Worn Biomass flow harvest of straw PLANT INCALIT Noanoa N flow Plant to above ground residue INCALITC Chansa C flow Plant to above ground residue NEWCL Com C flow Incorporation of root carbon or above ground residues to litter C Index layer If MICROB switch 1 then NEWCL is split up into flows to different pools NEWCLLIT CyD C flow Root to litter Index layer Only used if MICROB switch 1 NEWCLLIZ Caup C flow Root to litter Index layer NEWCLHUM C o C flow Root to litter Index layer OUTPUTS EN m d EN m d BN m d gN m d gC m d EN m d EN m d
9. 4 combinations are multiplication of e and e f i X ee gt 2 If TEMPREQ switchz1 e T TEMLIN TEMOQIO TEMLIN TEMBASY10 if Ts lt TEMLIN If TEMPREQ switch 2 e Ty ee TEMMINY s TEMPREQ switch OE C TEMPOL 1 TEMPOLO TATE EMPOL 3 T FA ATEMPOL T 7 GROWPHOS switchzl W asap PGRESP X AA XP ZOct 3 PTRANSM P where x PHOBEFF EXTCOEF I exp EXTCOBPF ZAA Pus PMA X20 1 i PMAX20 2 1 CX pC E XTCOEBF ZAAD fr Daylength If LITTKCN switch 1 or 3 LITK new LITK I C N CNLITNY CNLITX CNLITN and MICROB switch 70 MICK new MICK 1 1 C N CNLITN CNLITX CNLITN D o for Humus and Litter2 MICK 2 and MICK 3 WAIHI HENNMEIOUS ANNONA If LITTKCN switch 2 or 3 FECK new FECK 1 C N CNFECN CNFECX CNFECN if GROWPHEN switch 2 po ak 0 i lI La GU T APHENOL 1 20 TAPHENOLQ i att ifi 1 eee i lt i lt 2 L 21 if 2 lt i lt 3 CAT TAPHENOL 3 20 yTAPHENOL 4 42 3a if 3 lt igs 4 i ET TAPHENOL 5 20 TAPHENOL 6 4 3 3 jf i 4 or W W W W gt HARINDEXX ROOTDENS parameter gt 0 UPMA new UPMA W 1 82z ROOTDENS ROOTDENSE PARAMETERS 53 If NH4MOBIL switch 1 Nuno 7 GwayOnnacy 000 izlayer where Annan Nynasom O THICKG 0270 where NynasotG Nna Nndaadstir where Nyngaasi X Y Ny where NyuuAaIgN gSoil
10. 95 7 SE 49 pp Porter JR 1984 A model of canopy development in winter wheat Journal of Agricultural Sciences Cambridge 102 383 392 Ingestad T Aronsson A Agren G 1981 Nutrient flux density model of mineral nutrition in conifer ecosystems Studia Forestalia Suecia 160 61 71 Jansson P E amp Halldin S 1979 Model for annual water and energy flow in layered soil In Halldin ed Comparison of forest water and energy exchange models Int Soc Ecol Modelling copenhagen pp 145 163 Jansson P E 1991a Simulation model for soil water and heat conditions Description of the SOIL model Division of Hydrotechnics Report 165 Dept of Soil Sci Swed Univ of Agric Sch Uppsala 72 pp Jansson P E 1991b SOIL model User s manual Division of Hydrotechnics Communications 91 7 Department of Soil Sciences Swedish Agricultural University Uppsala ISRN SLU HY AVDM 91 7 SE about 50 pp 12 4 News Important changes since SOJLN v8 0 will be mentioned here The best overview of new developments is given by the Model specific and special switches description February 95 The ZLEAF 2 parameter has got the opposite sign The harvest routine for the forest growth model has been rebuild but no changes in input has been made The CROPPHEN switch and TAPHENOL parameters have been introduced Mars 95 Date of end of grain filling is also made a function of maximum possible harvest index given the new parameter HARINDEXX Addition
11. AIN CLIM BIN used in previous run N input variables Version of AIN FERT BIN used in previous run N input variables as ASCII Variable description for AIN FERT DAT Initial values of state variables Management parameters Parameter Groups and Switches denoted M and file specification for files related to management FYLIO form SOILN Read by PREP as nr 5 Output variables Parameter Groups and Switches denoted O and file specifications not related to management Note that OUTFORN must be ON otherwise none of the PG instruction files will work i The PRESENTATION options Read by PREP as nr 3 Plant parameters Parameter Groups and Switches denoted P Read by PREP as nr 2 Soil parameters All Parameter Groups and Switches denoted S or not found elsewhere Read by PREP as nr 1 Soil physical data from PLOTPF EXE Simulation period Read by PREP as nr 4 Program file that copies files from different directories to the working directory Program file Bat file used to make simulations etc PG instruction file PG instruction file in which variables for plotting can be selected Presentation of OUTput Carbon Other PG instruction file in which variables for comparison can be selected Presentation of OUTput Comparison Other PG instruction file in which variables for plotting can be selected Presentation of OUTput Nitrogen Other Presentation data Information about the application loaded o
12. C TAPHENOL 2 Accumulated temperature sum since day of sowing to day for emergency day C TAPHENOL 3 Threshold temperature for calculating day of end of grain filling CC TAPHENOL 4 Accumulated temperature sum since day for start of grain filling to day for stop of grain filling day C TAPHENOL 5 Threshold temperature for calculating day of harvest CC TAPHENOL 6 Accumulated temperature sum since day for end of grain filling to harvest day C Only used if GROWPHEN switch z 2 TEMBASD For the denitrification process Base temperature at which temperature effect 1 Only used if TEMPREQ switch 4 14 or 24 TEMBASN For the nitrification process Base temperature at which temperature effect 1 f TEMBASN 0 then TEMBASN is set equal TEMBAS Only used if TEMPREQ switchz4 14 or 24 PARAMETERS differs CC 20 CC 20 TEMLIN Forthe mineralisation immobilisation process Threshold temperature below C which the temperature response is a linear function of temperature Only 5 used if TEMPREQ switch 1 TEMLIND For the denitrification process Threshold temperature below which the CC temperature response is a lincar function of temperature Only used if 5 TEMPREQ switch 4 or 14 TEMLINN For the nitrification process Threshold temperature below which the CC temperature response is a linear function of temperature Only used if 5 TEMPREQ switch 4 or 14 TEMMIN Minimurn temperature for microbial
13. CNARES C N ratio of above ground residues Normal range 20 100 Default value represents a grain crop 50 If GROW TH switch gt 0 Not used If DRIVMANA switch 2 Not used CNROOT C N ratio of roots Normal range 20 30 25 If GROW TH switch gt 0 Not used If DRIVMANA switch 2 Not used HARAR Above ground residue fraction of plant N at harvest index growth period 1 2 or 3 0 If GROW TH switch gt 0 Not used If DRIVMANA switch 2 Not used AAAA 30 SOILN user s manual HARG The fraction of grains that is harvested If GROWTH switch 0 Not used If DRIVMANA switch 2 Not used HARL The fraction of leaves that is harvested index growth period 1 2 or 3 If GROWTH switch 0 Not used If DRIVMANA switch 2 Not used HARLL Fraction of leaves alive after harvest index growth period 1 2 or 3 If GROWTH switch 0 Not used HARLI Fraction of roots alive after harvest index growth period I 2 or 3 If GROWTH switch 0 The fraction refers to plant N PLANT If GROWTH switch 1 The fraction refers to root ROOTN and ROOTW If DRIVMANA switch 2 Not used HARES Fraction of stems alive after harvest index growth period 1 2 or 3 If GROW TH switch 0 Not used HARP Ha
14. LITKCN NAVAL NCONC NFTPROF NGRAIN NH4CONC NH4T NHTPROPF NLEAF NLEAFNEW NLTPROF NOST NROOT NSTEM NWLEAF NWROOT kj Faeces specific decomposition rate parameter FECK If SPECIAL switchzl it can be a function faeces C N ratio CN jypt antdorno3 N external supply simulated by the model As NH if FERNCALC switch I and as NO ifthe switch P i Index for stage of growth sowing emergence i 1 accumulating temp sum before growth 10 emergence 11 flushing 12 vegetative growth 2 grain filling 21 end grain filling mature 22 harvest 3 annual perennial 13 no photosynthesis 14 PLANT Nipeman is flow leaves N demand PLANT N flow PLANT extra leaf N demand Gf SPECIAL switch 1 kj Litter specific decomposition rate parameter LITK If SPECIAL switch 1 it can be a function litter C N ratio nj The ratio between N and assimilates of the available pool PLANT Anoa Concentration of NO N in soil solution Index layer 1 to NUMLA Y EN Paeces N in whole profile n Actual N concentration of grain PLANT nn Concentration of NH N in soil solution Index layer i to NUMLA Y CON wy4 NHA N in whole profile EN Humus N in whole profile n Actual leaf N concentration PLANT n Actual N concentration of newly formed leaves the ratio between daily uptake of nitrogen and growth of leaves PLANT EN Litter N in whole profile N93 NO3 N
15. driving variable is is not needed Group S ON The PERC driving g variable i is considered as a net horizontal ground water flow Default This means that GWFLOW was ON when running the SOIL model MANURE Application of manure and transformation of faeces is not considered Group M Application of manure and transformation of faeces is considered OFF Default ROOTDIST Root distribution from parameter values ROOTTF separate fractions are given for each soil layer Group S 0 Default A linear decrease of root density from soil surface to the root depth A constant root density from soil surface to the root depth An exponential decrease of the root density fr om soil surface to the root depth SWITCHES 21 SPECIAL OFF No special functions are active Group M Default Special functions are available Gives access to the switches and parameters in the groups named SPECIAL Note that now the control of the special functions are made with these switches and parameters 5 8 Special These switches activates special options of the model and are only available if the SPECIAL switch is ON lt 1 BOUNDARY 0 Default LSN No corrections of simulated values during simulation Group M Values in a driving variable file see FILE 10 are used for correction during simulation of simulated states flows or auxiliaries se
16. parameter In cases when actual uptake from one layer is below the potential uptake re allocation of the uptake demand to other layers occurs to a degree given by UPMOV Nsoioptaa 1 Ns Nos 1 Nooit onna NooitonosG min UPMA Nyos 1 Xs paui Ns oor min UPMA Nagg is C Xho Npowp i where Nap a AGN pem and N petici Npefici 2 UP MOV N Potup l No Pii antl Xira Nns NN noa Nu E EE I Demand 77 Ny Demand N Demi and N Demana 3 s See N allocation If CROW PEREN videt N bemand EZA N bemand N Upe If ROOTDIST switch 3 The fraction of roots ar that are found above a depth z a i 1 exp kz z 1 RERACLOW where k In RFRACLOW If GROWTH switch 1 z ROOTDMIN W W ROOTDMIN ROOTDINC NANNA APS YAI A CROLL M C Z 2 ROOTDMIN PARAMETERS 39 RERACLOW Fraction of ihe exponential function remaining below the root depth This fraction is distributed equally among layers above the root depth Normal range of k 2 5 4 5 corresponds to values from 0 08 to 0 01 of RFRACLOW Only Used when the ROOTDIST switchz3 ROOTDEP z Root depth at days given of ROOTT Indexz 1 to 5 Only used when the DRIVCROP switch 0 and GROWTH switch 0 ROOTDINC Parameter determining root depth as function of root biomass OBS 0 ROOTDMIN Lowest level for roots OBS 0 largest root depth ROOTE a Fraction of ro
17. your application In INFO LIS file you write the information that it is your directory now a Start by replacing AIN CLIM BIN the driving variable file taken from the SOIL model to that of yours b Change in AIN SOIL PAR the number of soil layers NUMLA Y and the thickness of layers THICK c Change in AIN TIME PAR the time period to be simulated d Run SIMVB and check that a simulation is done and that you receive results e Replace AIN SOIP DAT soilp dat file with yours f Change in AIN SOIL PAR the identification of your profile UNUM UPROPF g Run SIMVB and check that a simulation is done and that you receive results h Change other parameters in the parameter files in accordance with your application g Run SIMVB and check that a simulation is done and that you receive results 4 Rename your application to standard format After the two first points above your application set is technically ready however named SIM_96 S SA KJETTSL Your results will not be affected by this If you however want to put your application under standard format with a proper name for instance Mellby you do it this way a Create a directory CASIMVBWMELLB Y N NA b Copy the content of CASTMVBASTM 96ANNN AUCTETTSL to that directory c Create the following directories CASIMVB MELLB YWNNAWG CASIMVBWELLB YWNNAANSTART d Copy the content of the corresponding directories for SIM 96 to those directories 5 Start SIMVB choose S
18. 1 exp y where x GRAINI 4 T t GRAINI 5 y GRAINI 2 D GRAINIG DAYTAACC Day number at which the calculation of F Ac starts d DAYPEREN Day number at which the transformation of assimilates from young pools current d year to old pools wood occur GRAINI Coefficients for the index 1 which acts as a switch that starts tbe grain development GRAJINICD The asymptote of the development rate curve The inverse value d gives the shortest possible duration of the phase in days and is therefore related to the basal vegetative period GRAINI 2 Regulates the shape of the development photoperiod h daylength function GRAJINIQ The critical photoperiod threshold for the development h GRAINI 4 Regulates the shape of the development temperature function C GRAINI S Threshold temperature C TAACC Minimum value of the temperature sum Ti at which growth starts CC These parameters activates a aes of outputs on the screen during the simulation PMAX The expected maximum value among the variables selected by X TGD o SOILN user s manual ca c ATGD Numbers of output variables to be presented on the screen during the simulation For instance 4200 means 4 X 2 T zero G and zero D variables X state T flow G auxiliary and D driving variables It is the first variables of those selected a
19. 1 3 depending on which cultivation of the year is concerned Harvest of plant can take place at three different dates UPET At these dates a fraction of leaves HARI and a fraction of stems HARS are harvested Another fraction remains alive HARLL for leaves and HARLS for stems The rest is included in the pool for above ground residuals see output variables INCALIT and INCALITC Concerning the roots a fraction remain alive GIARLR and the rest is included in the litter pools in the horizon in accordance to the root depth distribution see output variables NEWNL and NEWCL At the day of ploughing PLODA Y all remaining living leaves and stems and roots down to a depth given by PLOUGHDEP all above ground residues are evenly included in the litter pools down to a depth of PLOUGHDEP The living roots below PLOUGHDEP are incorporated in the corresponding litter pools Note it is not possible to harvest at the same day as ploughing is made If GROWTH switch 0 then plant N is in focus The plant is split into a harvested fraction CHARS a fraction of plant residues above ground HARE R and a fraction of remaining living biomass N HARL Tbe residual 1 HARS HARLR HARL is considered as dead root N The dead root N is included into the litter N pool and split between different soil horizons according to the depth distribution of roots see parameter ROOT The dead root C content is set according to a carbon nitrogen ratio of roots CNROOT
20. 3 lt 366 UPST 1 0 implies the period i is cancelled OBS This parameter is related to UPET this parameter group and TOTW Crop Biomass group k iSite Description S cc iv spores SEY FAAA Fhe soil profile is divided into a number of layers NUMLAY with different thickness THICK The division of layers is strictly linked to which layers the driving variables represent The driving variables are usually taken from the SOIL model Then the borders of layers should coincide with those used in the SOIL simulations However number of layers may differ For instance two layers in SOIL could be represented by one layer in SOILN Then weighted means of outputs from SOIL should then be used as input to SOILN LATID Latitude of the field C NUMLAY Number of layers maximum 22 in the soil profile used in the simulation THICK Thickness of soil layers m Note that those should correspond to those used in the soil water and heat simulation UNUM Replicate number of soil parameters in SOILP DAT The replicate number is also used in the PLOTPE program UPROF Profile number as specified in SOILP DAT The profile number is also used in the PLOTPF program The microbial fous determines the decomposition rate of litter The microbial biomass is not explicitly represented but instead lumped into the litter pool In this way it is assumed that the microbial biomass is constant Rate coefficien
21. 7 LIT EFE I L ITHF C A Decomp N iah C i J CNORG Nj i 2Decomp T C i SDecomp VI Cu i as sumption a N i jji3 Deco Ny h Ny ona CNORG implies Nu 2NH4 7 Cj sDecomp L N C PM LITEFF CNORG Nonna HUMK ee N Nyutonor NITK ee e Nun 7 Noi NITR 2 0 La mAB NAAA AAA AAAA ANANASA AAAA i A a RAA ERR PARAMETERS 38 CNORG C N ratio of microorganisms and humified products Increasing the value results in larger litter N mineralisation rates and 10 increased C N ratio of litter at which the shift between mineralisation and immobilization occur Normal range from 5 to 15 If MICROB switch 1 C N ratio of microbes CPLANT C content of biomass when lost as litter gC gDW 0 4 FECEFF Efficiency of the internal synthesis of microbial biomass and metabolites in faeces 0 5 Only used when the MANURE switch is on Normal range the same as for LITEFF 0 2 0 7 FECHE Faeces carbon humification fraction Only used when the MANURE switch is on 0 2 See LITHF for normal range FECK Faeces specific decomposition rate d Only used when the MANURE switch is on 0 035 Of the same order of magnitude as LITK Dependent on the type of manure HUMK Humus specific mineralisation rate d A value of 5 0E 5 corresponds to a half time of 38 years under optimum 5 0E 5 water and temperature conditions Thus the effective half time is much longer Values between 1 0E 5 and 20E 5 hav
22. CLLOSS 134 maxindex 10 NEWCL 144 maxindex 10 CHLOSS 146 maxindex 2 FINCB 148 maxindex 2 NFMIN 150 maxindex 2 UPPNH4 160 maxindex 10 change TOTUPT also INCALIT 161 DECALIT 162 ASOILRN 163 ASOILSN 164 ASOILLN 165 PHOS 167 RESPLW 168 RESPSW 169 RESPRW 170 RESPGW 171 HARVGW 172 HARVLW 173 HARVSW 174 APHOTLW 175 ALEAFGW 176 ASTEMGW 177 APHOTSW 178 ALEAFSW 179 AROOTSW 180 ALEAFSN 181 AROOTSN 182 AROOTGN 183 APHOTRW 184 ASTEMGN 185 ALEAFGN 186 maxindex 10 change maxindex 21 maxindex 2 maxindex 10 maxindex 10 maxindex 10 SOILN user s manual HARVGN 187 HARVLN 188 HARVSN 189 AWROOTLIN 190 AAVAIUN 191 AWSTEMAN 192 AWLEAFAW 193 AWSTEMAW 194 AWROOTAW 195 AROOTAW 196 ASTEMAW 197 AWROOTLIW 198 AWSTEMLIW 199 DECALEAC 200 AAVAIPW 201 ALEAFWN 202 AWLEAFLIW 203 DECALEAN 204 ALEAPWW 2058 ASTEMWW 206 AROOTWW 207 ALEAFFAL 208 ASTEMWN 209 AROOTWN 210 ALBAFAN 21i ASTEMAN 212 AROOTLIN 213 ASTEMLIN 214 ALEAFLIN 215 CHARV 223 AWLEAFLW 224 AWLEAFLIN 225 AWSTEMLIN 226 ALEAFAW 227 INCALITC 228 DECALITC 229 DEPONH4 230 NFERTNO3 231 NHERTNH4 232 AROOTAN 233 ALBAFLIW 234 ASTEMLIW 235 AROOTLIW 236 AROOTGW 237 AWLEAFLN 238 TINFNO3 239 TSURRNO3 240 DECACF 241 DECANF 242 ALEAFN3N 243 DEPOLEAF 244 NLMIC 254 maxindex 10 CMMIN 264 maxindex 10 CMHUM 274 maxindex 10 CLMIC 284 maxindex 10 NMMIN 294 maxindex 10 Appendix 1 Variable number lis
23. ER UE 2 4 Evaluating your simulation eese mr C Program etPacbaye cse ne ea te dst ETT SER pals Meade Tal HER iir PP AR AASE ARNE oia Ti Um ER orori EL InDub ecne nran E E S EE ETT 452 Oubpust oce NIU SUPR MET TOUR SWITCHES r ttad aoe tt tati i raptor tue Gran A ain E vato e tela tie Co cs Bs 5 1 Technical cito IRS ANN u quotes pe gr eU sa uiae 5 2 Model specifie nuessseresssisrisiisetrererererseesresreree iau GL HAS KORR IE ES 5 3 Special uses pae eA ss eines bequem da nct PARAMETERS sosssssssssssnsssvsorsorereseorren Q ecd vette itis 6 1 Externalinputs M Vie ipei ao REST o RO Fe Sb UA Codi eun NIS 6 2 Manure application M sese Verdes UA ad xh Soil and Plant management M KSO doi A reb det Soil Profile and Site Description 8 ree EEEE Mineralisation and immobilisation M BST STRULA oto EOM Soil abiotic response S eed ond THEOCR ROS PN Denitrification 8 istas da ette deu so aa sdb Re Stream water 8 ARTS ae PUER MR N root uptake S iioc Pola esso No Erst eeiam uir gas ARR Leaf assimilation P smsasnneenereeearn eden e A has EM Biomass allocation P T T E E N allocation PY auos ieis TES ples Masten Respiration amp Litter P xis DR m kii Pb eap er d Growstage P sess vr Plotting on line eRe eer rte RN PEE OA Special ca ec eI HR ty EEEE NE ADDE
24. Make the simulation under DOS The simulation made by SIMVB can be done from the DOS prompt as well demo vb sim ain man In case the SIMVB program do not start the simulation properly you can use this command to make the simulation and then go back to SIMVB for presentation of output Use PREP progrom manually The PREP program can be run in a standard interactive way within SIMVB If you have made Japan anion of algae Normal Kar the par ed AIN Xxxx PAR files are read by PRE PP The AIN TIME PAR AIN MAN PAR Simulation results are stored in SOILNcur BIN as in the norma simulation If you do not want to load the parameters files you have chosen with preparation then select Switches eic Check off before entering PREP Note that output file now is named SOILNXxxx BIN where xxx is a number between 001 and 999 and if you want to make use of presentation of output options it has to be restored to SOILNcur BIN use Store files xxx to Current Use PG program manually The PG program can be used in a standard interactive way within SIMVB Select Switches eic PG ON Use Excel program manually The Excel program can be used in a interactive way within SIMVB in case Excel is loaded and there is a path to Excel Select Switches etc Excel ON SIMVB converts the PG binary file concerned to dbf or lotus123 format and brings you automatically into Excel With help of the presentation routines of SIMVB you can select variables to be ex
25. N flow Microbial gain from litter2 Ny inna N flow Mineralisation immobilisation of litter N to NH4 Index layer 1 to min NUMLA Y 10 Ni issues N flow Loss of litter from uppermost layer to stream due to surface runoff Nya N flow Microbial N to humus Index layer Noop N flow Microbial N to litter Index layer EN m d eN m d gN m d EN m d gN m d EN m d EN m d BN m d EN m d gN m d gN m d EN m d gN m d gN m d gN m d EN m d EN m d gN m d gN m d N m d gN m d SOILN user s manual NMLITZ NMMIN PHOS RESPGW RESPLW RESPRW RESPSW UPPNH4 UPPNOS N42 N flow Microbial N to litter2 Index layer Ninna N flow Mineralisation immobilisation of microbial N to NH4 Index layer Wamono Biomass flow Assimilation rate PLANT Wam Biomass flow Loss due to respiration of grains PLANT Wi As Biomass flow Loss due to respiration of old leaves PLANT W am Biomass flow Loss due to respiration of woody root PLANT Wasan Biomass flow Loss due to respiration of woody stem PLANT Nynaopiand N flow Plant uptake of NH4 N Index layer I to min NUMLAY 10 Nyuos Spas N flow Plant uptake of NO3 N Index layer 1 to min NUMLA Y 10 7 3 Auxiliaries ARFF AEFFD AEREN ALI ALINEW ALIOLD ARESPP ARESPR ATEFF OUTPUTS Variable e
26. NH4ADSA NHAADSB nyfgN m Water implies x NHAADSA 1 BULKDENSQYTHICK NHAADSBGyO THICK 1 y I O BBULKDENSQYNHAADSB 1 fy PHOETR I PHOETR 2 B E if CO2START gt 0 CO un COZ2START 1 CO2INCY Year since simulation start PHOEFF new x PHOEFF where x PHOCO2 CO Am CO2REF CO2REF P AROOTE Coefficients for root development as function of transpiration ratio NOTE Depend on GROW AEQ switch For explanation of coefficients see 3ROW AEQ Independent variable is x 1 AROOTETR E E AROOTR 1 Coefficient a AROOTE 2 Coefficient b differ AROOTE 3 Coefficient c differ AROOTETR Relative change of the transpiration ratio in the root allocation function I AROOTNI Coefficients for root development as function of leaf N concentration NOTE Depend on GROW AEQ switch For explanation of coefficients see GROWAEQ Independent variable is relative leaf N concentration x n NLEAFNV NLEAFXG NLEAFN Other equation is L AROOTN 1 NLBAFXG n NLEAFXG NLEAFN where n is N concentration of leaves N W If GROWPEREN I then n is both current year and old leaves If SPECIAL switch 1 then If AROOTNI 1 0 then n is replaced by N concentration of newly formed leaves n N W If GROWPEREN 1 then n is now only the current year old leaves The absolute value of AROOTNI 1 is used AROOTNI 1 Coefficient a C AROOTNI 2 Coefficient b differ AROOTNI 3 Coeffi
27. Ny Ka Ninos N n W AGRAINNOVAGRAING gt X X where x n W AGRAINNQYAGRAINQ3 if GROWALLO switch X n W AGRAINNQYAGRAINQ3 if GROWALLO switch 2 X4 DW AGRAINN LIYAGRAIN D if GROWALLO switch xX n Wy AGRAINNCVAGRAING if GROWALLO switch 0 Na n W ADRAWRN ADRAWRW N gt Ab 77 Ny Nus D Wi Ab S ADRAWLN ADRAWLNW Np See External inputs Niounsa N ALEACHLN queqgs PRECLEAC ADRAWLN Fractional withdrawal of nitrogen in leaves before abscission From leaf litter to stem ADRAWRN Fractional withdrawal of nitrogen in roots before abscission From root litter to 3 roots AGRAINN Fraction of N in tissues re allocated to other tissues during grain development AGRAINN d If GROWALLO switch 0 From leaves to grain If GROWALLO switch 1 Not used see ADRAWLN AGRAINN 2 From stem to grain d AGRAINN 3 d If GROW ALLO switch 0 From roots to grain If GROWALLO switch 1 From roots to stem ALEACHLN Fraction of N in leaves and old leaves that are leached to soil nitrate each d day in case of water throughfall more or equal to PRECLEAC mm 46 SOTLN user s manual NLEAFXD Leaf nitrogen concentration corresponding to maximum demand NROOTX Maximum nitrogen concentration of root biomass NSTEMX Maximum nitrogen concentration of stem biomass PRECLEAC Throughfall limit above which no further increasing of leaching fro
28. Q Q Am S WRESP ey Q Qi aus nd WRESP e Q W t ALITTERL W Wia t ALEAFAGR Wino WA ALITTERS W C Ab 20ut ABOVELC C if amO Cit ABOVEK C if T 1 gt 0 W i aW ioni ee Woni ALITTERR 1 ADRAWRW W 6 ALIPTERR 2 W t AROOTAGE Wiaan Woa and W are converted to C with CPLANT If GROWDECID switch I and t DAYPEREN Ws Ab W APEREN Navona ABOVELN N gt if q20 Nason ABOVEK Na if T 1 50 N A Noa see N allocation y Li ENA SRW OMAR ANA eenaa ABOVEFEC Fraction of N and C in above ground residues that are transformed to faeces d Only used if MANURE switch 1 ABOVER Fraction of N and C in above ground residues that are transformed to the d litter pool every day ABOVELC Fraction of C in above ground residues that are leached out every day d 0 ABOVELN Fraction of N in above ground residues that are leached out every day d 0 ALEAFAGE Lifetime of leaves d If GROWPEREN switch 1 Only for leaves formed the current year 48 SOILN user s manual ALITTERL Fraction of leaf biomass old biomass if GROWPEREN 1 lost to litter d ALITTERR Parameters for root mortality ALITTERR 1 Fraction of daily root growth lost as litter ALITTERR 2 Fraction of root biomass woody biomass if d GROWPEREN 1 lost as litter ALITTERS Fraction of stem biomass woody biomass if GROWPEREN
29. The variables in the PG file can be organized in different ways depending on how different parameters are specified The driving variables for the SOTLN model is generated by the SOIL model The variables are identified by SOILIN according to the names given below see Driving variables to get the description They can also be identified with the model description given by the SOIL model Layers must be given in order from the top to the bottom In the output file SOILNxxx SUM you can check that your driving variables were correctly identified Table 2 Variables in drivingvariable file FILIE 1 to SOILN Name in the SOIL model Number of variables Optional Unit WELOW N 1 No Qnm day INE i No mm day INFBYPASS 1 Yes mm day DELOW IN Yes mm day SURR fi No mm day TEMP IN No C THETA N No vol 96 ETR 1 No PERC 1 Yes mm day TA 1 No C RIS 1 No Jm2 day MEACONC 1 Yes mg l N is the number of layers in your simulation and this number must correspond to the value of the NUMLA Y parameter See soil profile Parameter file FILE 2 XX XXXX PAR The parameter file is an ordinary DOS file with ASCH characters All parameters with actual numerical values should be included in the file Parameters missing in the file receives the default value found in SOIL N DEF New parameter files may be created prior the execution of the model using the WRITE command see EXECUTION WRITE several
30. W I K1 exp EXTCOEFF A f T PHOTEMP 1 PHOTEMP 2 PHOTEMP 1 0 lt f lt 1 T lt PHOTEMP 3 fr 1 T PHOTEMP 3 PHOTEMP 4 PHOTEMP 3 0 lt f lt 1 T gt PHOTEMP 3 fy nj NLEAFN NLEAEXG NLEAFN fy B B input variable see also special parameters If GROWPEREN switch 1 W himp W tion Wap nave NASAAN AANE AAA EXTCOEF Radiation extinction coefficient for the canopy PARAMETERS 41 NLEAFN Leaf nitrogen concentration in leaf at which minimum growth occurs If GROWPHOS switch 2 Total plant N concentration at which minimum photosynthesis occurs NLEAFXG Leaf nitrogen concentration in leaf at which maximum photosynthesis If GROWPHOS switch 2 Total plant N concentration at which maximum photosynthesis occurs PHOEFF Radiation use efficiency at optimum temperature water and nitrogen EDW MJ conditions PHOREDUC Radiation use efficiency decreased due to grain development Only used if ME GROWGRAIN switch 1 PHOTEMP Coefficients for the response of the growth photosynthesis to temperature PHOTEMP 1 Minimum daily mean air temperature for growth C PHOTEMP 2 Minimum daily mean air temperature for optimum growth C PHOTEMP 3 Maximum daily mean air temperature for optimum growth CC PHOTEMP 4 Maximum daily mean air temperature for growth CC SARAS The plant biomass is divided into four compartments root W stem W leaf W an
31. and AIN MAN PAR can be created automatically from the last simulation i e from SOILNcur SUM file Multiple runs Up to 6 multiple simulations can be done and plotted It is the presentation of output that limits the number of simulations Preparation of INput Multiple simulation Simulation Others Multiple simulation Presentation of OUTput Multiple simulation Initial states of previous run Make a simulation using outputs of the previous simulation as initial states in the new simulation ee Ip OUT Y Simulation Others Initial values File list In the Preparation of INput Normal option of SIMVB files can be selected arbitrary by selecting file list in the list menus This is a compliment to the other preparation options Alternative applications under directory XXXV Often several versions of the same main application is wanted to be run by SIMVB For the Standard application one way of storing them separately and to be able to run them under SIMVB is to do as follows 1 Store the main application with a full set up of input files under XX X X XNNWNA as usual 2 Store the files changed due the specific version under a separate directory named f i VERSIONI i e NNAWERSIONI Do not change the name of the files and remember to store the INFO LIS file in which you give an identification of the application stored in the directory 3 Copy files from VERSIONI directory to working directory by se
32. calculated as functions of temperature daylength and a maximum harvest index In case of perennial plant there are additional pools for old plant biomass and a pool of easily available assimilates The latter is added to the daily photosynthesis and re allocated within the plant and increases in proportion to the total biomass and temperature The old tissues have a smaller influence on growth than the younger ones They affect the C and IN dynamics by consuming assimilates for the maintenance respiration by increasing available assimilates for growth and by increasing root depth They also affect the input to the litter pools by the contribution of material with relatively low nitrogen concentration The biomass of the young pools are transferred to the old biomass pools at a certain age normally one year given by the user A more precise model description is given in the section on Parameters where the most essential equations for different processes are found The parameters are given with their names whereas other variables are given by normal mathematic symbols the explanation of which is found within the section on Outputs 1 2 Model application To enable a robust application procedure of the model certain developments have been made A special program SIMVB see Appendix 2 allows the user a good overview when checking that all variables simulated by the model are reasonable It also allows a handy way of comparison between simulations a
33. gross consumption of litter index layer CL2MIC Cia C flow Microbial gross consumption of litter2 index layer CHMIC C sm C flow Microbial gross consumption of humus Index layer CHMIN Cy sam C flow Loss from humus by respiration Index layer Only used if MICROB switch 4 CLROFF Ci issues C flow Loss of litter in uppermost layer to stream due to surface runoff however included in ACCRESPC CMLIT Chou C flow Microbial loss to litter Index layer OUTPUTS EN m d gN m d gDW m d gN m d EDW m d EN m d DW m d EN m d gDW m d gN m d EDW m d gC m d gC m d gC m d gC m d gC m d gC m d gC m d gC m d gC m d CMLIT2 Chou flow Microbial loss to litter2 Index layer CMHUM Cmon flow Microbial loss to humus Index layer CMMIN Causam C flow Microbial loss due to growth and maintenance respiration Index layer DECACF Cay C flow Above ground residue to faeces pool CF 1 if T 2 gt 0 Only used if MANURE switch 1 DECACLIT Casa C flow Above ground residue to litter CL 1 Only used if MICROB switchzl DECACLI2 Chong C flow Above ground residue to litter2 CL2 1 DECACHUM C flow Above ground residue to humus CH 1 DECALEAC C 5 C flow Losses of above ground residue to boundary through leaching DECALEAN Naonna N flow Leaching of above ground residue to soil ammonium NH4 1 DECALIT Napo
34. in a separate result file with a name according to the run number Group O The simulation results are automatically added to the result file of a previous simulation run for an earlier time period Note that the selected output variables must be exactly the same for the current and the previous simulation The name of the former result file is given by the user as the output file name see FILE 6 By default the start date of the present simulation is put identical to the terminate date of the previous simulation The final values of state variables from the previous simulation must be selected as the initia values of state variables for the present run see INSTATE and OUTSTATE switches Note that the OUTSTATE switch must be ON for any simulation to which results of a later simulation will be added No new result file BIN will be created but a separate summary file SUM will be created just like for an ordinary simulation AVERAGED OFF All requested driving D variables will be the current values at the end of each output interval See also AVERAGEX switch Group O Allrequested driving D variables will be mean values representing the whole output interval see section on Output interval The output interval is represented with the date in the middle of each period ON Default AVERAGEG All requested auxiliary G variables will be the current simulated values at the end of each output
35. in whole profile nj Actual root N concentration PLANT n Actual stem N concentration PLANT ny Actual old leaf N concentration PLANT M Actual woody root N concentration PLANT OUTPUTS d gN m d 0 ZN m d EN m d d C mgN r5 EN m 2 mgN I gN m gN m C C gN m gN m y C 71 NWSTEM ODNOS3 PHEFF PHOEFFC PIPEL PIPENOSC PIPEQ POTUP T QNOSCI QNO8C2 RATCNF RATCNL RISGROUN mw Actual woody stem N concentration PLANT Partly measured leaching of NO3 N to tile drainage system from all layers i e measured NO3 concentration multiplied by simulated water flows from drainage tile system e Effect of soil acidity on nitrification Index layer I to min NUMLAY 10 0 Potential radiation use efficiency only affected by atmospheric CO and reduction due to radiation absorption by grains PLANT ZNwo3 sprain Leaching of NO3 N to tile drainage system from all layers np Concentration of NO3 N in tile drainage Water flow to drainage tiles from total profile Naso qup Potential plant uptake of NO3 N NH4 N If GROWPEREN switch 1 then POTUPT includes the demand of release of available assimilates ng 4 Concentration of NO3 in stream water Noy Concentration of NO3 in stream water after N consumption in stream cj C N ratio of faeces Index layer I to min NUMLAY 2 cu C N ratio of
36. interval See also AVERAGEX switch Group O ON All requested auxiliary G variables will be mean values representing the Default whole output interval see section on Output interval The output interval is represented with the date in the middle of each period SWITCHES 17 AVERAGET All requested flow T variables will be the current simulated values at the end of each output interval See also AVERAGEX switch Group O ON All requested flow T variables will be mean values representing the whole Default output interval see section on Output interval The output interval is represented with the date in the middle of each period AVERAGEX eee eee ENDE OFF All requested state X variables will be the current simulated values at the end of each output interval If all switches AVERAGE are OFF the date given in the PG output file is also the date of the end of the interval Otherwise the date is the middle of each output intervals Group O ON All requested state X variables will be mean values representing the whole Default output interval see section on Output interval The output interval is represented with the date in the middle of each period CHAPAR OFF Parameter values are constants for the whole simulation period Group M Default Parameter values may be changed at different dates during the simulation period If you edit the parameter file then all para
37. litter dndex layer If MICROB switch 1 RATCNL can be C N ratio of litter litter2 humus or microbes depending on parameter OUTRATCN I Radiation reaching the soil surface PLANT ROOTDENS Root biomass per soil volume Index layer 1 to min NUMLAY 7 PLANT ROOTDEPTH z Root depth PLANT ROOTDN ROOTDNEX N flow NipemandN flow roots nitrogen demand PLANT extra root nitrogen demand if SPECIAL 1 PLANT ROOTPROF W 1 Root biomass per soil layer Only current year old RPMOS 72 roots Index layer 1 to min NUMLAY 7 PLANT fy Plant growth response function to plant water factor PLANT 5 EN m EDW MY gN m a mgN r mmH O d EN m d mgN r mgN I W m EDW m m EN m d EN m d gDW m SOILN user s manual RPN RPTEM RPTOT RROOT RUSENOS STEMDN STRMDNEX STREAMQ STREAMT SUMN fy Plant growth response function to plant nitrogen factor PLANT fr Plant growth response function to temperature PLANT j Plant growth response function combined effect of plant water factor ETR plant nitrogen factor RPN and temperature RPTEM PLANT a Root biomass in a layer as a fraction of total root biomass Index layer I to min NUMLAY 10 CNsueam oConsum NO3 N consumption in stream water N Demana N flow stem nitrogen demand PLANT N flow PLANT extra ste
38. mor tality rate is dependent on soil moisture conditions a Microbial maintenance respiration is dependent on soil temperature conditions Default 4 Microbial maintenance respiration is dependent on soil moisture conditions 12 13 14 12 Combinations of the above alternatives Note give figures i in increasing order MICROB 0 Default Microbial biomass is not explicitly simulated Instead it is implicitly included in the litter CL NLIT and faeces CF NF pools Group M Microbial biomass CM NM dynamics are simulated CM and NM receive mass from the litter pool CL NLIT and looses mass to the same pool The litter pool receives organic material from roots and above ground residues Note that the meaning of variables related to normal pools are cancelled or modified flows NLHUM NLMIN NEWNL NEWCL NHMIN 0 auxiliaries RATCNL C N meaning may differ see parameter OUTRATCN Flow scheme is as follows Microbes nowcllit ACCRESPC clroff Tamhum lames e FB Cmte temm dooacii2 _ ss nowclli2 RH CLZ decantit nownilit i NLIT E ntroff ie a amit decanhum ont ce newnihum Enn mdi Li NMG docanti2 C a amita nownllie see NLPT2O totnoa3nl m ereenn ahmin E eso unfnos see MORIS Nosu uppnh4 m uppnes a danl dions nfiove Same as for 1 except that an additional organic pool is included humus CH NH The micro
39. n Npa agen ona y 02 N 7 5 HUMK N 02 NeHN u Nyos If MICROB switch gt 0 If MICROB switch Capo L TFPRACA I V sb ara gt Ce Li 7 LITFRACR 1 C r LiTot P D o for Nitrogen give Natio Nooti xj D Oo for Humus give Cap gt ho C ah Nap hs Noh or 3 D o for Litter2 give Cavour Eran Nabori Nyoni 3 Chion MICK I fa ee C gt MICMAX O gt Cai X MICMORT L C where Loup T C Cut MICSUB I x abiotic factor see below D o for Humus give C a Coon D o for Litter2 give Cy no Cua 82 Or 3 Caisa 1 MICEFF 1 G iom tO MICEFE 2 C 5 mt 1 MICEFE 3 C h ym y MICMRESP C where y abiotic factor see below t 52 SOILN user s manual Nia Cus NU C gt mli 7 celular m gt D o for Humus give Num Nmon 2 Or 3 D o for Litter2 give Nya Nasum 3 N new C new WMICCN implies where C new Ca AC AC Cu Cuna Con Cu 3L n aLizt Cmn C N new Nn ANM 5 1 2NH4 AN i Ni a omtNy i2 amt Ny n UN 3L it Ny 1 art Ny ot N monne E C FAC MICCN NS FANG lt UPMA QNuox Ny m Aum Nonga see Mineralisation and immobilisation 4 C oam CNORG N snag n VM 4 u If MICABIO switch gt 0 If MICABIO switch mortality abiotic factor x e mortality abiotic factor x e 2 maintenance respiration abiotic factor y e m3 maintenance respiration abiotic factor y e
40. processes in the Ratkowsky function CC Only used if TEMPREQ switchz2 or 24 8 Ti MMIND The same as for TEMMIN but for the denitrification process Only used if CC TEMPREO switch 24 8 TEMMINN The same as for TEMMIN but for the nitrification process Only used if pO TEMPREO switch 24 amp TEMMPOL T Coefficients in a 6 degree polynomial temperature function Index 1 7 Only differ used if TEMPREQ switch 3 TEMQIOD For the denitrification process Response to a 10 C soil temperature change C Only used if TEMPREQ switch 4 or 14 3 TEMQION For the nitrification process Response to a 10 C soil temperature change Only used if TEMPREQ switch 4 or 14 3 60 SOILN user s manual 7 OUTPUTS Output variables are stored in a PG structured file named SOILNnnn BIN where nnn is the current run number Also a list of output variables are found in the summary file named SOILNnnn SUM The variables to be stored in the summary file can be selected by the switch LISALLV The output variables are divided into four categories states X flows T auxiliaries G and drivings D Symbols given in brackets refer to Eckersten 19912 and Eckersten amp Jansson 1991 7 1 States All variables denoted ACC are used only to check output and not involved in the model calculations SM M TNE SKYE ENN INIETA VANTAA VPA FR Variable NES Sy
41. released from biomass to an available pool both from young AVACUR and old AVAWOOD tissues The available pool is then added to the daily total photosynthesis and allocated between leaf stem and root 42 SOILN user s manual We Wo m Wa 7 Wig 7 Wain ho where Wiar b rW Am 3p Wii See Litter W zo AGRAIN 3 W 0ifi lt I or GROWALLO switchzl W 4 AGRAING W gt 0 if i lt Lor GROWALLO switch 0 Wiosam See Respiration see below fa where b max bm Bry b AROOTN b AROOTN if i gt 1 b 1 if fp lt 0 by AROOTW 1 AROOTW 2 W Note can differ see Special parameters by AROOTNI 1 AROOTNI 2 ny NLEAFNY NLEAFXG NLEAFN Note can differ see Special parameters b AROOTE I AROOTEQ 1 AROOTETR B E Note can differ see Special pan ameters ae Ngoi Wp mv OR EEEIEE aaa er a Ay in Wp ALEAFR 1 ALEAF 2 C1 Wa gt AP Gne 0 A Gns WLAW Note can differ where Wy Wi W t W 25 i Wy 97 Wi Ab Wi 987 Wi SAM C Wi where Woo Ay Gin WLAL Wi Ab See Litter Wop AGRAIN D EW gt 0 ifi lt lor GROWALLO switch 1 Am see Respiration Wiz see below Ww W where Wp 23 gt Wam gt Par p gt I Whos ABRAWL A Ww lis Woa See Litter Weg AGRAIN W Qifi lt I Wisam see Respiration Wi see below ps Wise Whos 7 W sab W 7 Wisam 7 Wisa sep HM
42. sugar beets 0 04 Normal values 0 02 0 14 If GROWTH switch gt 0 Not used UPMA Fraction of mineral N available for immobilization and plant uptake For the d lowest soil layer with roots UPMA for roots is decreased in proportion to 0 08 how large fraction of the layer that is not penetrated by roots A value of 0 1 is equivalent to that 10 of the total mineral N pool is available at one time step Normal range 0 05 0 12 UPMOV Compensatory N uptake from layers with access of N A value of 1 results in the most efficient compensation i e all differences I between potential and actual uptake occurring in layers with mineral N deficiency is added to the uptake demand in layers with no deficiency A value of 0 represents a case where the uptake demand is strictly partitioned between different soil layers according to the soil root distribution The potential total assimilation rate is basically proportional PHOEFT to the amount of solar radiation intercepted by the canopy Q3X TCOEFF The radiation use efficiency is decreased in case of grain development PHOREDUC The actual radiation use is finally determined by the reduction factors for low or too high temperature PHOTEMP low leaf nitrogen concentration NLEAFN and NLEAFXG or plant water stress IfGROWPEREN switch 1 then assimilates from the available pool in plant is added to the daily assimilation pool Wamp O I fy fy fy where 0 PHOEFF PHOREDUC
43. surr N gurrStream m X sunt Gin Asus where A Nopepinfesuer T Necect sinfeSurr N gt lnf T Niwt DEPDRY Dry deposition of mineral N to soil nitrate and or ammonium EN m d A value of 0 001 correspond to 3 65 kg N ha year Normal range for an open 0 001 field in southern Sweden 0 0005 0 002 gN m d If DRIVEXT switch 3 Then DEPDRY ts read from FILE 9 AISA AN ASTA AE MENT AAA AT mA Rn AAA AMA PEKAT AAA AD PH ANAR ANAR RA NERVER RIIS BRAIN ARE INA AON ARA RAA AM ARR ene ahem MAR SANNA AV AAAA FAMN NO anA VPA NALLAR PARAMETERS 21 DEPDRYA Dry deposition of mineral N on canopy per unit of leaf area and which is taken up by leaves Only used if GROWTH switch 1 DEPFNH4D Fraction of ammonium N in DEPDRY The rest is nitrate N DEPFNH4W Fraction of ammonium N in wet deposition given by DEPWC The rest is nitrate N DEPWC Concentration of mineral N in infiltration and surface runoff During a year with 800 mm infiltration a value of 0 8 corresponds to a wet deposition of 6 4 kg N ha year Normal range for southern Sweden 0 8 1 8 mg l and for central Sweden 0 4 1 0 If DRIVEXT switch 3 Then DEPWC is read from FILE 9 FERDAY Fertilization date commercial fertilizer FERK Specific dissolution rate of commercial fertilizer not the ammonium N if any A value of 0 15 corresponds to half time of 5 days and that 90 of the fertilizer is dissolved within 15 days A higher v
44. temperature since day for end of grain filling The routine is taken from AFRCWHEAT model Porter 1984 GROWPHOS 0 Default Leaf assimilation is calculated using the radiation use ef ficiency concept Group P Leaf assimilation is calculated using a light response curve for photosynthesis taking account of growth respiration France and Thornley 1984 using the additional parameters PPMAX20 PTRANSM and PGRESP esea annaa aiiin niaii aa ar A The same as for 0 but the nitrogen response for photosynthesis is a linear function of total annual plant N concentration This means that parameters NLEAFXG and NLEAFN are used to represent the total N concentration at which photosynthesis is at maximum and minimum LI TTKCN 0 Default The specific decomposition rate of litter LITK and faeces FECK are independent of CIN rat ratio G troup S The specific decomposition rate of litter LITK can be set a linear f function of the C N ratio If MICROB switch gt 0 then MICK I 3 is function of C N ratio 3 1 and 2 above o E 24 SOILN user s manual MICABIO Only used if MICROB switch gt 0 Neither microbial mortality rate or maintenance respiration are directly dependent on soil temperature and moisture conditions Group M Microbial mortality rate is dependent on soil temperature conditions et Microbial
45. the same pool before abscission AGRAIN Fraction of biomass in tissues re allocated to other tissues during grain development AGRAIN 1 d If GROWALLO switch 0 From leaves to grain If GROWALLO switch 1 Not used see ADRAWLW AGRAIN 2 From stem to grain d AGRAIN 3 d If GROW ALLO switch 0 From roots to grain If GROWALLO switch 1 From roots to stem pn P EPPRPPPRRRREPEPPRERRPRRRPPPPPRRRERRRRRURRRRPRPUPRERRS 44 SOILN user s manual ALEAF Coefficients for leaf area development as function of shoot biomass NOTE Depend on GROW AEQ switch For explanation of coefficients see GROW AEQ Independent variable is above ground biomass x W No other equation is available ALEAF 1 Coefficient a m gDW ALEAF 2 Coefficient b differ ALEAF 3 Coefficient c differ AROOTN Minimum fraction of daily total growth allocated to roots APEREN O Fraction of annual growth allocated to woody pools C AVACUR w Fraction of accumulated current year growth allocated to the available d pool daily AVATEM Coefficients for the response of the release of assimilates from biomass to temperature AVATEM 1 Minimum daily mean soil temperature for release of CC assimilates AVATEM 2 Minimum daily mean soil temperature for maximum release CO of assimilates AVAWOOD Waw Fraction of old biomass allocated to the ava
46. to the amount of microbial biomass The microbial gross consumption rate is decreased in case of substrate deficiency At a certain amount of substrate MICSUB MICK is half of its maximum value The microbes daily decomposition can not be more than a certain maximum fraction of the substrate MICMAX Some of the decomposed material is lost by growth respiration 1 MICEFF whereas the remaining material increases the microbial biomass The microbes die off in proportion MICMORT to their biomass This is lost to the litter pool and mixed with dead plant material The microbes also lose carbon due to maintenance respiration MICMRESP Boththe mortality and the maintenance respiration rates can be set functions of abiotic conditions The nitrogen dynamics follows the carbon dynamics Nitrogen consumed by microbes is the N C ratio of litter multiplied by the C amounts consumed Then the C N ratio of this material decreases due to respiration The microbes lose N in proportion to their C N ratio when they die Depending on if the C N ratio of microbes is lower or higher than MICCN the microbes will mineralise N to soil or immobilise N from soil In case mineral N is low in soil the microbes N uptake might be smaller than their demand and the microbes can get an increased C N ratio You can choose up to three different litter pools on which the microbes acts litter humus and an extra litter pool The principals are the same for all pools What differs are t
47. to water conditions is included AROOTE The response of plant growth to water is given more alternatives PHOETR and the response to changing atmospheric CO is included PHOCO2 The utilisation of available pool in plant is changed AVAWOOD A special option on defining boundary conditions for the simulation is included BOUNDARY switch Additional information 81 Appendix 1 Variable number list Date 1996 01 31 States X variables NO3 22 maxindex 22 This means that NO3 1 22 variables 1 22 ACCPLANT 23 ACCDENI 24 ACCDLOSS 25 HERT 26 NLIT 36 maxindex 10 NF 38 maxindex 2 NH 48 maxindex 10 CL 58 maxindex 10 CF 60 maxindex 2 NH4 70 maxindex 10 LITABOVE 7i GRAINW 72 LEAFW 73 STEMW X74 ROOTW 75 GRAINN 76 LEAFN 77 STEMN 78 ROOTN 79 WROOTW 80 WSTEMW 81 WLEAFW 82 WROOTN 83 WSTEMN 84 WLEAEN 85 XAVAIN 90 XAVAIW 9i ACCFERT 98 ACCMAN 99 ACCDEP 100 ACCHARV 101 ACCSOIL 102 ACCBAL 103 ACCSOILC 104 ACCPHOSC 105 ACCHARVC 106 ACCRESPC 107 ACCPLANTC 108 ACCBALC 109 LITABOVEC 110 NM 120 maxindex 10 CM 130 maxindex 10 CH 140 maxindex 10 CL2 150 maxindex 10 NLIT2 160 maxindex 10 82 Flows T variables UPPNO3 10 TOTUPT also DENI 20 maxindex 10 DLOSS 42 maxindex 22 DEPONO3 43 NFLOW 64 FERTIN 65 FINNB 67 NHARV 68 NEWNL 78 NLMIN 88 NLHUM 98 FINNA 100 maxindex 2 NHMIN 110 maxindex IO NFHUM 112 maxindex 2 FINNH 114 maxindex 2 FNIT 24 maxindex 10
48. used when the MANURE switch is ON and DRIVEXT 2 Depend on type of animals Normal range 10 30 Default value 20 MANDEPTH Depth to which the applied manure is uniformly mixed into the soil Index application period 1 2 or 3 Only used when the MANURE switch is ON and DRIVEXT 2 Maximum depth depth of layer 1 2 Normal range 0 5 0 25 m Default value 0 10 m MANET Last date of manure application index application period 1 2 or 3 Only used when the MANURE switch is ON and DRIVEXT 2 If MANET is given the same value as MANST the application of manure is made during one day MANEN Nitrogen in faeces in manure index application period 1 2 or 3 Only used when the MANURE switch is ON and DRIVEXT lt 2 Normal range 0 30 gN m MANLN Nitrogen in bedding in manure index application period 1 2 or 3 Only used when the MANURE switch is ON and DRIVEXT lt 2 Normal range 0 5 gN m PARAMETERS 30 t 20 n 0 1 day number 100 gN m gN m 29 MANNE Nitrogen in ammonium in manure gN m Gndex application period 1 2 or 3 Only used when the MANURE switch is ON and DRIVEXT 2 Normal range 0 30 gN m MANST First date of manure application day number Index application period 1 2 or 3 100 Only used when the MANURE switch is ON and DRIVEXT 2 At start of growth or simulation a certain amount of plant biomass exists on the field TOTW i iz
49. I file containing a summary of all instructions used for the simulation a summary of simulated results and identification of model version used The first part of this file corresponds with a parameter file This means that you can always rename or copy this file to a file named with the extension PAR for example MYRUN PAR and use it as a parameter file in future simulations If you have exactly the same input variables and initial states this file should exactly reproduce your old run Final states file FILE S XXXXXX FIN Only used if OUTSTATE switch I An ASCH file containing the final values of all state variables This file could be used as an initial states file 16 SOILN user s manual 9 SWITCHES The purpose of switches is to choose the subroutines valid for you application Switches can be OFF ON or have a numerical value You change value of a switch by putting the cursor at the switch and press the return key Switches may be hidden if some other switches make them irrelevant After you have modified a switch the modification is activated by escaping ESC the menu By entering the menu again immediately after the escape you see whether some more switches have become visible because of the previous change Note that also new parameter settings might appear Group names given within brackets S P M or O refer to Soil Plant Management and Others 51 Technical ADDSIM OFF Default The simulation results will be stored
50. LANTBRUKSUNIVERSITET VCHI ET can VY ENG C LANI Lovett S YID F Forsclisavd f r vd I AZ UEPUALA 7 3 A zT ho oe ee Mm 2L 4 A A 4 i F vv op RE oa Lau m 5 Mc KPT E M q Te Lie ff RA Eg Ww U z o aii T Fr SVA gas sede Sie AA xt n aed We UE p Met aan oes 7 aj L research und lid trials and of other articles oe at ae department Articles of more general interest are published in for example the department series Earlier issues in the Communica tions series can be obtained from the Division of Pad Hydrotechnics subject to availa K JRR S xe x i fas 27 t SVERIGES ae m LANTBRUKSUNIVERSITET Henrik Eckersten Per Erik Jansson Holger Johnsson Institutionen f r markvetenskap Avdelningsmeddelande 96 1 Avdelningen f r lantbrukets hydroteknik Communications Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala 1996 Department of Soil Sciences ISSN 0282 6569 Division of Agricultural Hydrotechnics ISEN SLU HY AVDM 06 1 SE 3 Table of Contents Background ases one P NE eub 1 1 Model description Pe NC PET MR TP 1 2 Model application eu eo ohm SIS 1 3 Flow schemes missas DERE dets Getting started S 2 1 Installation rh rires Re TNT rire reer PERRA Du ARIA UY 2 2 Files M iad MR E TUR CER EIE AU 2 8 Running the model scere ot irre cir tsa PRL tines vaka dives tUa eA IDEEN
51. N SNES AE TRAST ERTE 2 6 e 6 6 o La Fa Ea pa ka I 0 OO 3 3 Obs G9 Bo EA HAP VN DO 6 OL C4 m a PUTS PATRESE PEE E E E A ETOS EEEREN CRM K LEN States eese PUER E ASSA RUE FLOW Soi Eee deret mer rn RE DP AR RR Auxiliaries LN CE DNE EC RESEO TE ORSA TORA AT TOPPUTHRER soisin E PN a EENE Unt r a wN m Run options acere iraa ra L A EA ead AE s tee 8 1 Run OQO esent PP PE ana pateret SR Ea POE Em m 2 Start date neess ere Mice D vs sata ens esses p 3 End date Saee deciden RER rao iiia REEE TT 4 Output interval nexis onsets Soa EAEN TEGETA E 5 No of iterations E de SOAR FERRAN RER ER ANA Ato fe 6 TOBIS3U o oc etsi deret TEPORE SENIORE E A KE SN POT 7 Comment RA ELERON LUE Meda FN 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 T T 7 4 7 4 8 8 8 8 8 D gt 8 5 5 6 9 Execute Execu T des skteseossestteseveseseo ste eese acoso y eessaesphai esasquesaesunon T 9 1 Exit ED Sols Sener etree eer rere re eee ee eee sere sesecess o aane se ver ceteros nn 10 Warnings and Errore eee Vix Ca tk ues CU OE CRI SEA Vr dide 11 Commands eo eoa tre tiat diss ten Sitges dede 12 Additional information dto rtv RE NORRIS NH AR ER B R Lt 12 1 Help marnier aiii A OEE TETTA e SER NA RREN PN 12 2 Acknowledgement ER iM 12 3 References sovssssorrversrrrestr
52. Note that the bs by hand statement do not store the modified parameter setting in your parameter files i e next time you start from the original parameter setting 11 When you are satisfied with the SOILN plant simulation store the results Store files Current to 12 Introduce the new parameter setting into the parameter files Preparation of INput SOILN Changes Parameters etc Input Select file ain soil par ain plan par Note if you have made changes of parameters in ain man par you have to introduce these changes into ain man par cach time after you have made a management preparation SOXILN model soil 13 Set switches and parameters of SOILN soil as far as possible according to measurements at the site and ened knowledge Uiterature about this type of site Preparation of INput SOILN Changes Parameters etc Input Select file ain_soil par 14 Calibrate the soil N processes against measured values on ammonium N and nitrate N We suggest the following order for calibration a First calibrate the nitrification and denitrification processes to fit the measured values of nitrate You should use the measured values of ammonium instead of the simulated values Preparation of INput SOILN Normal Management NH4 AutoCorrect b Calibrate the miner alisation process to fit the measured values of ammonium You should use the measured values of ammonium instead of the simulated values Preparatio
53. OILN model Standard Write MELLBY Make preparation Preparation of INput Initial Normal Full preparation and simulation Simulation Normal and presentation of output Presentation of OUTput Additional information The description above does not handle the conversion of AIN BOUN BIN and MEAS BIN Those files are not necessarily needed AIN BOUN BIN is needed if you choose the BOUNDARY switch gt 0 see manual above MEAS BIN is used for comparison between simulated and measured data Presentation of OUTput Validation You can not convert these two files straight forward to your application since you probably have measured other variables at other time points However you can use the principal structure of the files As concerns MEAS BIN you have to change in the PG instruction files making the comparison If you choose Switches etc File name you get the address of the file used for the presentation Replace that file s with the one s you want to apply for the comparison There are 4 parameter files However you do not necessarily need to have more than one see the section above on Alternative use of SIMVB using one parameter file together with an output parameter file In case you already have an application working under DOS you should follow the same procedure as above except that you in this way replace the Kjettslinge parameter files with yours 88 SOILN user s manual SOIL The same procedure could be used fo
54. S Runoff water as a soil forming factor in arid zones 62 s lansson P E SOIL model User s Manual Third edition 66 s Eckersten H Jansson P E amp Johnsson H SO LIN model User s manual Second edition 58 s Persson R ed Proceedings NJF seminar no 247 Agrohydrology and nutrient balances October 18 20 1994 Uppsala Sweden 111 s Alavi G Radial stem growth and transpiration of Norway spruce in relation to soil water availability Granens tillv xt och transpiration i relation till markvattnets tillg nglighet Licenciatavhandling 13 11 14 s Johansson W amp Fellin O Biogas fr n vall Teknik och ekonomi vid odling sk rd transporter ensilering samt r tning med tv stegsteknik 38 s Svensson E Linn r H amp Carlsson H Utv rdering av vixtanalys j fabrikspotatis 53 s Andersson A Vattentillgangar f r bevattning i Kalmar l n I Litteratur versikt 11 Intervjuunders kning r rande vattenmagasin 48 s Wesstr m J Best mning av markens salthalt genom m tning med konduktivitetssond 18 s Eckersten FH Jansson P E Karlsson S Persson B Perttu K amp Andersson J En introduktion till biogeofysik 72 s Eckersten H Simulation of water flow in plant communities SPAC model description exercises and user s manual 49 s Nabieian F Simulering av vattenbalans f r energiskog p en torvmark 25 s Bckersten H Jansson P E amp Johnsson H SOILN model user s
55. TEM ABOVROFF Fraction of above ground residue lost per unit mm runoff mm CONCRI Half saturation constant in calculation of nitrate consumption in stream water 38 SOILN user s manual CONPOT Potential rate of nitrate consumption in stream water gN m d Note that the area correspond to the total watershed area simulated Value 0 dependent on the total stream length in the watershed as well as on the biological factors in the stream CONTEM Lower temperature limit for nitrate consumption in stream water C LITTROFF Fraction of litter in uppermost layer lost per unit mm runoff mn Root seat If GROWTH switch 1 then ROOTDINC and ROOTDMIN determine the root depth development If GROWTH switch 0 then the development of the root depth is given by parameters ROOTT and ROOTDEP Distribution of plant N uptake capacity Root biomass area distribution in the soil profile can be given separately for each layer ROOTF or according to distribution functions see switch ROOTDIST Plant N demand If Growth switch 1 Plant demand for inorganic nitrogen from the soil both nitrate and ammonium is controlled by the growth of the plant see the plant growth model If the GROWTH switch O the plant demand is determined by a logistic uptake function defining the potential demand UPA UPB and UPC Soil N availability The maximum amount of mineral N available for uptake from a soil layer is controlled by the UPMA
56. al file FILE 4 TOTW 1 is not used For the second growing period TOTW 2 should be used ON Default MEER 20 SOILN user s manual GROWPEREN 0 Default No perennial pools are used Group P Perennial wood pools are used Perennial pools are pools older than DAYPEREN days See related parameters APEREN DAYPEREN Nitrogen and assimilates can be stored in an available pool in plant see related parameters AVA GROWSTART 0 Day for start of growth is given by parameter UPST and GROWPHEN switch Default Group P i Day for start of growth is a function of temperature see parameters DAYTAACC TAACCG Only used for GROWTH switch 1 GROWTH 0 Potential N uptake i is given as a function of time and root depth is input see parameter Sections on Nitrogen uptake by roots Group P l Plant growth N uptake allocation and Jitter fall are simulated by the Default SOILN PLANT growth model see the additional parameter sections denoted P and switches denoted GROW M H GWELOW The PERC driving variable is considered as deep percolation to ground water This means that the whole simulated soil profile is unsaturated and that the GWELOW was OFF when running the SOIL model This means that DPLOW
57. al options have been included for CROPALLO switch 2 N demand by leaves 80 SOILN user s manual August 95 Several changes have been made of which the following are most important The FOREST submodel has been cancelled Its options have been build into the CROP submodel which now is named PLANT submodel the harvest routine remains to build in Parameter switch and variable names have been changed in many cases Extensive error check has been made The uppermost faeces pool can be used as an additional pool which litter has to path between LITABOVE and NLIT 1 Nitrate and ammonium are both immobilised by litter and faeces in proportion to its abundance A microbial pool has been introduced in each layer Deposition nitrogen can be taken up by leaves Nitrogen can be leached from leaves in case of precipitation Specific decomposition rate can be set a function of C N ratio A new option for calculating leaf assimilation with a photosynthesis response curve is activated with switch GROWPHOS July 96 Version 9 1 is ready The main differences compare to August 95 are The special option on microbial activity is further developed MICROB switch The alternative use of the faeces pool as mentioned for August 1995 is cancelled Alternative temperature functions influencing soil biological processes are added TEMPREO switch The ammonium is made mobile in the profile NHA4MOBIL switch The response of plant biomass allocation
58. alibration of this process is especially important You should be aware of not introducing errors due to problems in simulating N availability in soil That problem you intend to solve later 5o you should use the measured values of soil mineral N instead of the simulated N as the source for N uptake You do this by choosing Auto correction of both NO3 and NH4 values Preparation of INput SOILN Normal Management Both NH4 and NO3 correction sce BOUNDARY switch The N uptake process could be separated into three different processes that we suggest that you consider in the following order a The growth of plant is determining the potential demand for N You calibrate this process against mcasurements on total above ground plant biomass b The actual N uptake is then calibrated against measurements on total above ground plant N This is done by the maximum N levels of the different tissues which determines the ultimate demand and tbe possibility to extract N from the mineral N pool c The phenology or and allocation to grain you calibrate against measurements on grain biomass and N Note that a b and c are inter dependent and that a correction under b might lead to that you have to modify the calibration under a The calibrations you do by making simulation with modified parameter values and compare with measurements Simulation Others Prep by hand make changes Execute Run Presentation of QUTput Validation
59. alue results in faster dissolution Dependent on fertilizer type and moisture conditions Normal range 0 05 0 5 FERN N fertilization commercial fertilizer I gN m 10 kgN ha Normal range 0 30 gN m If DRIVEXT switch gt 1 Then FERN is read from FILE 9 FERNFNHA Fraction of dissolved solid N fertiliser that is ammonium The rest is nitrate GWCONC Concentration of nitrate in deeper groundwater Input of N to profile from below is visible by DFLOW driving variable at the lower boundary being 0 The negative value is added to the flow DLOSS Depends on the local conditions Normal range 0 1 5 gN m d 0 0 mg 17 0 8 day number 140 d 0 15 28 SOILN user s manual 62 Manure ap Manure can be applied during three different periods according to day numbers assigned to MANST and MANET The manure N is split up between inorganic forms as ammonia MANNS organic forms as faeces N MANEN and litter N MANLN The organic forms of manure are described by carbon nitrogen ratios CNBED and CNFEC for litter and faeces respectively Applied manure is mixed into the soil down to a depth given by the MANDEPTH parameter CNBED C N ratio of bedding in manure index application period 1 2 or 3 Only used when the MANURE switch is ON and DRIVEXT lt 2 Normal range from 20 to 80 Default value 30 CNFEC C N ratio of faeces in manure index application period 1 2 or 3 Only
60. ayer 10 is used Only used if NH4MOBIL switch 1 CNFECN Minimum C N ratio of faeces at which no decomposition occurs Only used i LITTKCN switch 2 or 3 PARAMETERS differ differ differs I differ 99 g m 0 le 6 1 0e 6 C 0 c ea CNFECX Maximum C N ratio of faeces at which maximum decomposition occurs Only used i LITTKCN switch 2 or 3 0 CNLITN E Minimum C N ratio of litter at which no decomposition occurs Only used i LITTKCN switchzl or 3 0 CNLITX Maximum C N ratio of litter at which maximum decomposition occurs Only used i LITTKCN switch 1 or 3 0 CO2INCY Annual relative increment of atmospheric CO concentration Not used if y CO2START 0 0 01 CO2REF i Atmospheric CO concentration at which the radiation use efficiency equals ppm the one given by parameter PHOEFF 350 CO2START Concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere at start of simulation ppm 0 implies option is cancelled Normal value is about 350 0 FERNLAY2 FERNLA Y 201 Fraction of dissolved ammonium N from solid fertiliser that is allocated directly to the second layer Ni onna 0 FERNLAY2 2 Fraction of ammonium N deposition and ifiltrated nitrate C that is allocated directly to the second layer Np sio Niarsnoa 0 HARINDEXX Maximum harvest index grain biomass tot above ground biomass Only used if GROWPHEN switch 2 0 6 LITFRACA Fractions of leaf and stem litter d
61. bial dynamics are in analogy with that of the litter pool Specific coefficients for the humus pool should be given 3 m Same as for 2 except that one more organic pool is included litter2 CL2 NLIT2 u EN SWITCHES 25 Same as for 2 except that the humus pool is included in the way it is used in the original model i e mineralisation occurs directly from humus proportional tothe humus N and independent of the simulated microbial activity In addition to the original model respiration from humus CH is calculated The flows CHMIC NHMIC 0 NHMIN gt 0 CHMIN gt 0 91 92 93 94 Same as for 1 4 except that microbial gross consumption rate is proportional to substrate amount instead of microbial biomass NH4MOBIL Ammonium in soil profile is immobile Group M 0 Default l CANAANITA NAAA A fraction of ammonium is adsorbed to solid particles and the rest is in soil water and is mobile between layers in analogy with nitrate flow Waterresponse functions for soil biological activity and plant growth are active Group M Soil NH mineralisation or immobilisation is not limited by soil water conditions Plant growth is not limited by plant water conditions Only used for GROWTH switch 1 E MR Optimum water conditions are assumed for the allocation of assimilates to root
62. cation of your simulation in addition to the run number The identification given will be written in the variable identification field used by the Pgraph program Be careful when using long strings of characters since the default information for identification of a field may be overwritten in some cases Run options 75 8 7 Comment 9 Kxecute 9 1 Exit The exit command will terminate the interactive session and quit the program without starting asimulation If a parameter file has been created the input will be saved otherwise all information entered will be lost 9 2 Run The run command will terminate the interactive session and start a simulation using the instructions entered All the instructions are also written to the SUM file which may be used as a parameter file if you would like to reproduce the simulation 9 8 Write parameter file This will create a new parameter file which includes all the instructions which are specified when the command is given Tbe new parameter file can be used as an input file if you would like to run the model using instructions from the new parameter file 10 Warnings and Errors If you specify your input files or your parameter values in a strange way you may get informations about this before you start executing the model There are two level Warnings and Errors Normally you will be informed about warning or errors after you have modify a parameter value and moved to the new submenu Some er
63. cient c differ 54 SOILN user s manual AROOTW Coefficients for root development as function of total plant biomass NOTE Depend on GROW AEQ switch For explanation of coefficients see GROWAEQ Independent variable is total plant biomass x W No other equation is available AROOTW 1 Coefficient a AROOTW 2 Coefficient b AROOTW 3 Coefficient c AVAILN When simulating N fertilisation If FERNCALC switchzl then AVAILN is the fraction to multiply to the estimated supply unit is if PERNCALC switch 2 then AVAILN is the wanted soil mineral N gN m BOUNFTOT Total number of variables including error variables in the file used for correction Only used if BOUNDARY switch 1 2 or 3 BOUNRERE Relative error of variables used for correction If BOUNRERR O then equal to the absolute error Only used if BOUNDARY switch 3 BOUNVALU Value that simulated variable should be corrected to in each time step Value 99 is treated as missing Index 1 max20 Only used if BOUNDARY switchz4 BOUNVNUM Variable number of simulated variable that should be corrected during simulation Numbers are listed in Appendix 1 States variables X var X n where n BOUNVNUM Flow variables T var T n where n BOUNVNUM 1000 Auxiliary variables G var G n where nZBOUNVNUM 10000 Index 1 BOUNFTOT 2 Only used if BOUNDARY switch gt 0 BULKDENS Bulkdensity of soil Index 1 10 Soil layer Below layer 10 the value of l
64. concentrations Normal range 5 15 DENPOT Potential rate of denitrification Dependent on type of cropping system and gN m d soil Typical value for a barley crop on a loam soil 0 04 and for a grass ley 0 04 0 2 DFRAC Fraction of potential denitrification in layers Index layer 1 to minimum of 10 and NUMLA Y Only used when the DENDIST switch is set to 0 A first assumption may be to assume similar distribution as the root distribution or the distribution of soil organic matter since the activity of denitrifiers is known to depend on carbon availability DFRACLOW Fraction of the exponential function remaining below the depth where the denitrification activity ceases DENDEPTH The remaining fraction 0 05 DFRACLOW is equally distributed among layers above the denitrification depth Normal range of ky 2 5 4 5 corresponds to values from 0 08 to 0 01 of DFRACLOW Only used if DENDIST switch 3 6 8 ENGI PES Litter in uppermost layer and above ground residues is lost to stream by surface runoff Nitrate N is lost by consumption of nitrogen in a stream A O HHPRPREPA Nr issiai LITTROFF qg N Li LITTROFF q C Li 2Stream Nissen AB OVROFF sf AsurelN ab Cind Siream ABOVROFF q M Cab Nsunrosuem SEE External inputs N siream gt Consum 5 CONPOT eN sirean Naz t CONCERT if T gt CON
65. d in the previous SOIL simulation you have to do the calibration procedure points 4 5 8 10 12 and 14 21 again File description of SIMVB The description below refers to a Standard application Directory structure The directory name given when choosing an application should be XXXX in c sim soilns X XXX c sim soilns can be another address if you specify it under Switches etc just after selected Start here Under the application directory we find the WORKING directory named XXX XNN In the working directory all your preparations and simulation results are stored The meaning is that it is up to the user to delete files within the directory Original files can always be recovered from directories below this one First time you run the program the directory is empty When you run the program and make preparation files are stored on the working directory SIMVB writes files only on this directory except for comment txt under the application directory For the SOIL model the working directory is named X XXX VS In the STORE directory XXXXAN NA below the working directory program and data files are stored Files in this directory as well as below this directory should not be deleted by tbe user Firstly an initial preparation is made Then files are copied from XXXXWNNANSTART These are files related to programs and are common for all applications PG instruction files used for presentations etc are
66. d g grain W The daily new assimilates are partitioned between root stem and leaf whereas grain receives assimilates from the other tissues The root development is stimulated by low plant nitrogen AROOTND or water status AROOTE but decreases with plant size AROOTW When grain development occurs allocation to roots is at a minimum AROOTN The allocation between stem and leaf depends on specific leaf area WLAT and the leaf area expansion The latter in turn depends on above ground growth and biomass The leaf area expansion increases with growth but decreases as the shoots become larger ALEAF When the above ground biomass has reached a high level no further development occurs In this way the plant size strongly influences the partitioning between different organs The grain development starts when a function of air temperature and day length exceeds over a certain limit Then a fraction of the assimilates in the stem tissues are translocated to grain AGRAIN 2 The stem receives assimilates from leaves ADRAWLW and roots AGRAIN 3 The vegetative growth goes on also after this time although considerably reduced by the grain development A certain fraction of the leaf biomass is withdrawn to stem ADRAWLW before abscission and a certain fraction of root litter is withdrawn to living roots ADRAWRW In case of perennial plant accumulated current year growth is allocated to old biomass at a certain day age DAYPEREN Assimilates can be
67. e For the mineralisation process Combined effect of soil water content and soil temperature concerning layer see OUTLAY parameter e e For the denitrification process Combined effect of soll water content and soil temperature for a layer e e For the nitrification process Combined effect of soil water content and soil temperature for a layer A Total leaf area index m m PLANT Anew Leaf area index m m of leaves formed the current year PLANT Aw Leaf area index m m of old leaves if GROWPEREN 1 PLANT e Respiration function for above ground plant parts PLANT e Respiration function for roots mean of all layers PLANT e For the mineralisation process Effect of soil temperature concerning layer see OUTLAY parameter Symbol Explanation EN m d gN m d EDW m d EDW m d gDWm d EDW m d gDWm d EN m d gN m d Unit 69 ATEFFD 4 For the denitrification process Effect of soil temperature for a layer ATEFEN en For the nitrification process Effect of soil temperature for a layer AVTEMP Erap Release of above ground available assimilates response function to temperature PLANT AVTEMS Eno Release of below ground available assimilates response function to temperature PLANT BI b Leaf area to shoot biomass ratio tissues formed the m gDW current year PLANT BOUNCORE 0 Accumulated correcti
68. e see above see above SOILN User s manual This report Directory XXXX N NA PG Directory with PG instruction files Directory NXXXXXNANNNANEXCEL Directory with EXCEL instruction files A Appendix 2 SIMVB Run SOILN under the Windows program 93 F rteckning ver utgivna h ften i publikationsserien SVERIGES LANTBRUKSUNIVERSITET UPPSALA INSTITUTIONEN F R MARKVETENSKAP AVDELNINGEN FOR LANTBRUKETS HYDROTEKNIK AVDELNINGSMEDDELANDE Fr o m 1993 93 1 93 2 93 3 93 4 93 5 93 6 93 7 94 94 2 94 3 94 4 94 5 95 95 2 95 3 95 4 95 5 95 6 95 7 95 8 96 Jansson C Rekonstruktion av naturlig vattenf ring i sterdal lven och v rdering av regleringsnytta 30 s 5 bil Linn r H Persson R Berglund K amp Karlsson S E Resultat av 1992 rs f ltf rs k avseende detaljavvattning markvard och markf rb ttring samt bevattning 83 s Joel A amp Wesstr m I Vattenbushallning vid bevattning en studie av till mpad bevattningstreknik i Sidi Bouzid distriktet Tunisien 54 s Jansson P E SOIL model User s Manual Second edition 65 s Danfors B amp Linn r H Resursbevarande odling med markt ckning och grund inbrukning av v xtmaterial 86 s Jansson P E PLOTPF User s manual 33 s Bath A Studier av rotutveckling ach markvattenhalt i f rs k med markt ckning 7 s Tabell L Tj le i torvjord 46 s Halldorf
69. e been used This parameter is also dependent on the definition of the turnover of litter and humus pools according to the assumed humification fraction see LITHE If a major part of the residues incorporated into the litter pool is assumed to be re mineralised fast litter N mineralisation it is reasonable to assume a lower value than if the reverse slow litter N mineralisation is assumed see LITHF Only used if MICROB switch 0 LITET Efficiency of the internal synthesis of microbial biomass and metabolites in litter 0 5 Normal range 0 2 0 7 based on literature values of microbial growth yield Increasing the value results in increased litter N mineralisation rates and a decreased C N ratio at which the shift between litter mineralisation and immobilization occur Only used if MICROB switch 0 34 SOILN user s manual LITHF Litter carbon humification fraction Low values 0 1 0 3 Defining litter turnover as fast results in that a 0 2 major part of the residues incorporated into the litter N pool is re mineralised while a minor part is humified High values 0 6 0 9 slow litter turnover results in the reverse High values give the humus pool a more active role forthe total mineralisation of nitrogen A fast litterturnover has bee
70. e file PLOTPF program PLOTPFE HLP Help file PLOTPF program Directory CASSIMVBYIDEMONN DEMO BAT Demo file for running the SOILN model and using the PG program for visualizing some results on the screen AIN INE INI Initial conditions for running the SOILN model AIN ONE PAR Parameter file for simulating nitrogen dynamics of an arable land with an agricultural crop during growing season AIN CLIM BIN PG file with climatic driving variables for running the SOILN model AIN SOIP DAT File with soil hydraulic properties SOILN TRA Translation files for variable names SOILIN SOILNXXX BIN Files with output variables from the simulation examples SOILNXXX SUM DR RR A AAAA E TERRE E E EE E I A annarai Get ng started 11 20 Running the model Before running the model you must make sure that the model and utility programs are correctly installed on your computer There must be a path to files store in directory C SIMVB EXE most conveniently in the AUTOEXEC BAT file The DEMO BAT file will be a good test of the installation and it will also show a number of results without any other efforts than running the DEMO BAT file For running the program interactively use commands as specified in the section on Commands PRE aP SOILN AIN ONE Is an example of how you can make your own simulation based on information in the AIN ONE PAR file 2 4 Evaluating your simulation A successful simulation will result in two dif
71. e parameter BOUNVNUM nn and Appendix 1 For each time point given in the file correction is made to the given value in case the simulated value is outside the error limits States are corrected prior each timestep flows immediately prior integration and other variables immediately after being set in the model Errors given in the file are relative errors Total number of variables in the file is set by parameter BOUNFTOT Only used if DRIVCROP switch 0 The same as for 1 but errors given in the file are absolute values The same as for but no error variables are given in the file Relative error is given by parameter BOUNRERR The same as for 3 but no external file is used i e FILE 10 Instead the values to which variables should be corrected should be given in parameters BOUNVALU 1 20 The correction is made every timestep day FERNCALC 0 No action Group M Default Fertilisation is calculated by the model as the difference between the potential uptake and the actual uptake of the previous day To this amount could be added a fraction given by the parameter AVAILN The amount simulated by the model FERNSIM is added as ammonium and is incorporated in FERTNHA Fertilisation is calculated by the model as the difference between the wanted soil N mineral amount given by parameter AV ATLN and the sum of the mineral pools the deposition and fertilisation and a prelim
72. eas and suggestions This could easily be seen from the reference list Responsible for the present updating of the SOILN model from version 8 0 to 9 1 is Henrik Eckersten This updating is based on discussions mainly with Karin Blomb ck Annemieke G rden s Per Erik Jansson Thomas Katterer and Tryggve Persson all at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Tor Arvid Breland at the Agricultural University of Norway As Norway and also other participants of the NORN project Jansson amp Persson 1992 Henrik Eckersten made the programming and Hans Johansson SLU Uppsala contributed with help in programming the SIMVB program This work was done within the NORN project financed by Nordic authorities SNS NKJ and national financial boards mainly SJER Skogs och jordbrukets forskningsr d Sweden Additional information 77 Specific contributions were as follows The special option where the assimilation rate is a function of a light response curve for the single leaf integrated over the canopy GROWPHOS switch 1 was implemented by Lianhai Wu Beijing Agricultural University China currently working at the Soil Department SAC Edinburgh Scotland Lianhai Wu also contributed with some technical model developments An option for calculating phenologic stages GROWPHEN switch 2 was introduced from the AFRCWHEAT model Porter 1984 The software was delivered by Mikhail Semenov at Long Ashton Research Station University o
73. elivered to index 1 3 Litter Humus and Litter2 respectively 1 0 0 Only used if MICROB switch gt 0 LITFRACKR Fractions of root litter delivered to index 1 3 Litter Humus and Litter2 3 respectively 1 0 0 Only used if MICROB switch gt 0 ie vie SA HT bm 56 SOILN user s manual MICON C N ratio of microbes Only used i MICROB switch gt 0 MICEPFF Efficiency of the internal synthesis by microbial biomass of organic material from index 1 3 Litter Humus Litter2 Only used if MICROB switch gt 0 MICK Microbial gross consumption rate per unit of microbial biomass at a reference temperature and optimal soil water condition The value differ depending of type of substrate Index 1 3 refers to substrate Litter Humus Litter2 Only used if MICROB switch gt 0 MICMAX Maximum fraction of substrate decomposed every day Only used if MICROB switch 0 MICMORT Microbial relative mortality rate Index 1 3 Litter Humus Litter2 Only used if MICROB switch gt 0 MICMRESP Fraction at a reference temperature of microbial biomass lost by maintenance respiration Only used if MICROB switch gt 0 MICSUB Substrate amount at which MICK is half of its maximum value Index 1 3 Litter Humus Litter2 If MICSUB 1 0 fa Cy C MICSUB 1 C the same for index 2 and 3 Only used if MICROB switch gt 0 NH4ADSA Coefficient a in the relation between ammonium in soil solution and amount adsorbed on soil
74. ent parameters concerning fertiliser application are expected to be find in this file at time 12 00 Date of application is taken from the date record in the file If the first variable FERN is missing for a date no other variables are read If it is 99 then the other variables are read If a variable value is 99 then it is treated as missing in the calculations All values are reset to zero for intermediate time points Only used if DRIVEXT switch gt 0 14 SOILN user s manual Table 3 Variables in FILE 9 for different values on the DRIVEXT switch model 1 i FERN gN m 2 2 MANNH gN m 2 3 MANLN gN m 2 4 CNBED e 2 5 MANEN gN m 2 6 CNFEC 2 7 MANDEPTH m 3 8 DEPWC mgN I ge E ee DEPDRY gN m day Crop driving variable file PILE I0 XXXXXX BIN Parameters related to plant N uptake Same roles for reading values as for FILE 9 except that values are not reset for intermediate time points The values are kept constant until a new value is read Only used ifthe GROWTH switch 0 BOUNDARY switch 0 and DRIVCROP switch 0 Table 4 Variables in FILE 10 for different values on the DRIVCROP switch DRIVCROP switch Variable Parameter name in T SOR model J i ROOTDEP m 2 2 UPA UPB EN m day Boundary driving variable file FILE 10 XXXXXX BIN Measured values of states flows and auxiliaries to which the model should be fixed during simulation Maximum 20 variables with their errors c
75. ererrosrsererrererserosserere reser nrrsnrnr Eea EE TAG 12 4 News puc A SRA META MITT Soa ESSER INRE TES Appendix 1 Variable number list NE E ET Appendix 2 SIMVB Run SOILN under the Windows program a How to run SOILN Son cosas wesaces GERM E dike ren wre NE re Alternative use of SIMVB oo es OT r MU Adaptation of application to SIMVB uses rire T Calibration of SOIL SOILN LEER EUN NA UREA File description of SIM VB o ssssssstsuk spvsavdissseskerississssnpensiskdr sin odaia A 1 Background Version 9 1 Uppsala 96 08 20 This manual is adapted to the SOILN model version 9 1 and is a development from Eckersten et al 1994 The model presentation is divided into one part which describes a basic and or original part of the model and one part including special new options which you can get access to by setting the SPECIAL switch ON By this switch the model can be used as a tool for testing alternative theories selected by the user and to get access to special options useful for application of the model This report can not be used as a reference for the validity of those theories The model is developed in close collaboration with several research scientists The contribution of different persons is given in Acknowledgement 1 1 Model description The SOILN model simulates major C and N flows in agricultural and forest soils and plants The model has a daily time step and simulates fl
76. eted d 84 SOILN user s manual SIMVB enables a good overview of the principal way of using the model If a complete run Preparation of INput Simulation etc has been made the different options in the schedule can be chosen in any order at any time However for the first run you have to choose them in the following order i PREPARATION of INPUT Copies input files to the working directory Note that the routines under this option overwrites files at the working directory without warnings Gi PRESENTATION of INPUT Variables in input files named AIN CLIM BIN AIN FERT BIN etc are presented iii SIMULATION The results are stored in files named SOILNCUR bin and SOILNCUR sum CUR denotes the current simulation iv PRESENTATION of OUTPUT Variables in SOILNCUR bin are presented Variables hat are presented are grouped in accordance to subjects like litter N plant N etc You can also compare results with the previous run and or simulations that have been stored see below You can view the summary file of the simulation as well v STORE FILES Here you can store the simulation results SOILNCUR under a different name You can also recover a previous stored simulation to the name SOILNCUR thereby making it available for use in the presentation options etc vi SOIL SOILN INTERACTION You should use this option if you want the current SOILIN simulation to be input to the SOIL model or vice
77. f Bristol UK A special option on estimating N supply to cover deficiency in natural N supply FERNCALC switch 2 was introduced by Peter Botterweg Jordforsk As Norway and Holger Johnsson SLU Uppsala The Ratkowsky temperature function and some other parts of the microbial activity was introduced after discussions with Tor Arvid Breland The balance between adsorbed and dissolved ammonium was developed with help of Claus Beier Ris National Laboratory Roskilde Denmark and Per Gundersen Danish Forest and Landscape Research Institute Lyngby Denmark The calibration procedure was developed and written together with Thomas K tterer As concerns the responsibility of SOILN version 8 0 see Eckersten et al 1994 Basic works for previous versions of the model have been made by the three authors of this manual The PREP program was made by Per Erik Jansson and Jan Clar us If you get problems find bugs or just want to report an interesting phenomena please let us know about it remember to send a copy of your input data files and summary file when you get any problems Write to Henrik Eckersten Per Erik Jansson Holger Johnsson Department of Soil Science Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences P O Box 7014 5 750 07 Uppsala Sweden For Holger Johnsson present P O Box is 7072 12 8 References Papers and reports published with relevance for the SOILN model and publications referred to in the text SOILN nitrogen model
78. ferent output files numbered as nnn SOILNnnn SUM Contains a summary of simulation results in ASCII SOILNnon BIN 4 binary file comprising output variables from the simulation You start the Pgraph program by typing PG son SOILNnnn For details on how to use Pgraph see the Peraph manual or use the help utility in the program F1 key Another file created by the PREP program the first time you run the model in a certain directory is SOILN STA which includes information about your run number The numbering of a run within this file can be modified by the PREP program see section 8 Run options 3 Program structure The preparation of the model prior to a run follows an interactive dialogue where the user has the possibility to design the run according to the present purpose The different menus can be reached in any order after moving the cursor to the subject using arrow keys and pressing return at the chosen subject Return takes the cursor down in the menus and Esc moves the cursor up one level Normally a user will start with the subjects to the left in the main menu and move to the right It is a good rule to modify the settings of switches and input files before moving to the other menus since the content of the lower menus is influenced by the setting of those above 9 12 SOILN user s manual 4 Files 4 1 Input Driving variable file FILE 1 XXXXXX BIN A driving variable file is always a PG file
79. ficients modifying the effect of transpiration ratio on plant growth PHOETR 1 a in eq fy a b E E PHOETR 2 b in eq fyzatb E E PPMAX20 Coefficients for maximum photosynthetic rate Only used if GROWPHOS switch 1 PPMAX20 1 Maximum leaf photosynthesis rate at optimal temperature kgCO ha h water and nitrogen conditions note area refers to leaf area 43 2 PPMAX20 2 Rate of decline of maximum leaf photosynthesis with increased leaf area index 0 35 PTRANSM Leaf transmission coefficient 3 Only used if GROWPHOS switch I 0 1 PGRESP Growth conversion efficiency reduction coefficient of canopy photosynthesis due to growth respiration 0 63 Only used if GROWPHOS switch 1 58 SOILN user s manual ROOTDENS Parameter making root uptake UPMA equal a function of root density Only used if ROOTDENS gt 0 ROOTDENSE Parameter making root uptake UPMA equal a function of root density see parameter ROOTDENS SLEAFND Number of days before the current day of which the leaf N deficit should be added to the leaf N demand SROOTND Fraction of the accumulated root N deficit during the current year that should be added to the root N demand SSTEMND Fraction of the accumulated stem N deficit during the current year that should be added to the stem N demand TAPHENOL Temperature limits for phenologic functions index 6 TAPHENOL 1 Threshold temperature for calculating day of emergency
80. function Only used for GROW TH switch I 12 13 123 2 Combinations of the above alternatives 3 TERMPREGQ 0 The temperature response function for soil biological processes is calculated Default from the Q expression in the whole range Group S n The temperature response function is calculated from the Q expression when the temperature is above TEMLIN Below that a linear decrease is assumed towards 0 C where the response diminish The temperature response function is calculated from a quadratic response function Ratkowsky function Note that the TEMBAS parameter change meaning The temperature response function is calculated from a second order polynomial Separate parameters may be used for mineralisation nitrification and denitrification Combinations of the above alternatives 26 SOILN user s manual PARAMETERS Parameters are grouped in accordance to the processes they belongs to The most important equations are given in the top of each section The basic ideas behind the equations are m s concerns soil by Johnsson et al 1987 and as concerns plant Eckersten amp Slapokas 1990 and Eckersten amp Jansson 1991 All parameter values may be modified in the PREP program by pressing the return key when the cursor is located at a certain parameter A new numerical value may then be specified and is loaded whe
81. hanges were made In this case it reflects non validity of the model concept if other input data are correct Concerning the third rule documentation also document the interaction between parameter settings Normally the model should be calibrated step wise In Appendix 2 an example of a procedure of how to calibrate the SOILN model is shown Background 7 1 3 Flow schemes SOIL Carbon Plant ACCRESPC CV incallte d y eme decaleac uu HTABOVEC Li Soil surface es decact Gyclloss A C 2 eros decalitc Sra serene een en CL nowel a Dy B ae VORNE WETTER Humus ACCRESPC SOIL Nitrogen Manure Deposition Fortilizer ACCDENI Plant C 3 P IS NT S P Go m aleafn3n fertin depono3 Soil surface bue aare DE ade MA doin deis ui RA AE KARNA ARE BS ee e dl nferino3 deni nimin ea un nimin nfhum totnh4nf oos Nu totnosnt Toe Pn rn wan E NEU NHG iotnh ntf 4 tsurmo3 dloss uppnn4 uppno3 Soil layer below nflow i sexes nflow i 1 pipel W streamt eias Cc deae e S nae T P si Bre be ACCDLOSS Figure 1a and b A schematic description of carbon and nitrogen flows and states of the soil part ofthe SOILN model Symbols are explained in the section of Output variables Microbial biomass and extra litter pool are not included in the scheme 8 SOILN user s manual Atmosphere Ne
82. he microbial consumption rates MICK 1 3 from the different pools the respiration 1 MICEFPF 1 3 and the fraction of dead microbial biomass delivered to different pools MICMORT 1 3 The litter fall is separated into the different pools by parameters LITFRACA 1 3 leaves and stems and LITFRACR I 3 roots A certain fraction of N deposited and mineral N fertiliser could be directly allocated to the second layer FERNLAY2 The impact of water stress on growth can be modified by parameter PHOETR CO concentration of the air can be given as input affecting radiation use efficiency CO2START PHOCO2 PARAMETERS 51 If GROWPHEN switch 2 then dates for emergency end of grain filling and harvest are calculated as function of temperature sum TAPHENOL If temperature sum is low then date of harvest is determined by a maximum harvest index being achieved HARINDEXX Special options for automatic fertilisation FERNCALC switch an alternative function for calculating photosynthesis GROWPHOS switch mobile ammonium NH4MOBIL switch and automatic correction of certain simulated values BOUNDARY switch and parameters BOUN are activated by switches For description of the options is referred to the description of switches If FERNCALC switch 1 Nappirert N Applen AVAILN Nopaup i Noii plan xy UPMA where x Njnssnos N peponna N ren onna If FERNCALC switchz2 N pploFen IN A ppl orer AVAILN x y where X Ne
83. ilable pool daily d WLAI 1 Specific leaf area m gDW Allocation of the daily total nitrogen uptake to root stem and leaf is based on the idea that the roots receive nitrogen first until they reach their maximum concentrations NROOTX Then the stem NSTEMX and finally the leaf NLEAFXD Leaves can take up nitrogen from deposition see parameter DEPDRYA The allocation of plant nitrogen as well as allocation to litter basically follows the allocation of biomass in accordance with the N concentrations However parameters allow you to change those proportions The amount N leached from canopy is a fraction ALEACHLN of the amount N in leaves times the throughfall rate up to a certain value PRECLEAC PARAMETERS 45 N dynamics of perennial pools follows the dynamics of the corresponding biomass pools see Biomass allocation parameters Concerning the available assimilates N is released from structural biomass in proportion to the biomass flows and delivered to the uptake flow of nitrogen thereby allocated in relation to demand by different organs M Nsoil r7 MINN soi pi anb Nipem mie Noi as 7 min Nsg spy ant Nsoi T iid nos gt Neon y a MINN goi Plant Sojt sr74 SSoiloss S Demi 3 A 0 where N Dema and 77 NROO TX y Wa SF oe and 77 NST EMX Ww Nipemans NLBAFXD W Ny Neoitor Nou 7 Xi X N Neots Xo X47 Noua 7 Ty Woop AGRAINN 2 V AGRAIN 2 Ny Nga t Npepor 7
84. imulation are added to this file which contains output data from a previous simulation Validation file FILE 7 XXXXXX BIN A file with variables measured that should be compared with simulated variables The result of the comparison will be found in the SOILiNnnn SUM file The first variable in the validation file will be compared with the first variable in the output PG file the second with the second and so on If VALIDPG switeh 0 Not used Soil physical properties FILE 8 XXXXXX DAT An ASCII file containing soil physical properties of the soil profile which are used for the soil water and heat simulation with the SOIL model The file is created by the PLOTPE program and must exist on the working directory Only the porosity PORO and the water content at wilting point WILT are used in the nitrogen simulation A complete description of the file is found in the SOIL manual Jansson 1991 in the SOIL model the thickness given for each layer in the SOILP DAT file can be adjusted in the simulation Parameters in the SOIL model UDEP and LDEP in case UTHICK 0 otherwise see UTHICK Check your actual layer thickness used in the sum file of your SOIL simulation If necessary adjust the layer thickness in the SOILP DAT file used for the SOILN simulation The result of these adjustments can be seen in the SOIL Nnnn SUM file External inputs driving variable file FILE 9 XXXXXX BIN Depending on the value of the switch DRIVEXT differ
85. inary estimation of mineralisation from organic matter The amount simulated FERNSIM is added as solid fertilisers and is incorporated in FERTNO3 22 SOILN user s manual GROWAEQ 13250 A combined switch selecting which type of allocation equations that will be Default used Note should be 210000 The first figure is the way different root allocation sub functions Bws by Dre should be combined 1 b max b b bj 2 b b b b and 3 b b Pb Fb 3 The second figure is leaf stem allocation b parameter ALEAF The third is the root allocation as function of total plant biomass b parameter AROOTW The forth is root allocation as function of leaf nitrogen Da parameter AROOTNTI The fifth is root allocation as function of transpiration ratio be parameters AROOTE and AROOTETR The figures can range from 0 to 5 and means that different equations are used to estimate the function 0 function is not active not allowed for bj 1 y a 2 y atb x 3 y a b In c x 4 yzatb exp c x 5 y other equation Coefficients a b and c are the indices 1 2 and 3 of the parameter Example GROWAEQ 325 means b ALEAF 1 ALEAF 2 In ALEAF 3 W b AROOTW 1 H AROOTWQ W b special see AROOTNI s regards x and other equations 5 see the parameter name concerned NOTE When changing GROW AEQ the meaning of the parameters changes ALEAF AROOTW AROOTNI Group P
86. is taken from a driving variable file FILE 9 As for I but also parameters for application of manure are taken from the same file As for 2 but also parameters for wet and dry deposition are taken from the same file DRIVMANA 0 Parameters of management operations are taken from parameter file Group Ploughing depth i is read from a driving variabl el ile le FILECI 1 Also harvest and re circulation of crop residues are taken from the same file M H X GROWDECID ee ee en OFF Current year old leaves are transferred at the end of the year normally to old Default leaves according to leaf fall E given by the user Only used if GROWPREN switchs 1 Group p ON All remaining leaves are gt falling to the gr ound at the end of the year GROWGRAIN a ete eet Te 0 No grain development Group P Default Grain develo opment may occur see related parameters GR AINI AGRAIN AGRAINN Only used if GROWPHEN switch gt 0 M M GROWINI OFF Plant initial values annual biomass pools only are calculated from parameter TOTW 1 N plant values are set assuming maximum N concentrations Group P Plant initial values for the first growing period are taken from initi
87. ited infiltration capacity in the soil surface SURR in the SOIL model T Air temperature mmH O d mmH 0 d mmH 0 d mgN 17 mmH O d Mim d mmH5 0 d CC E SOILN user s manual Unit SAAS ANAS LIAN OMA STEN AAAA ANDET BN MEANS EMMA hie ad HAAN a AAAA AN EANAN AVAT NAM A AS ANA NBR ARTALBOSI ADSENSE TEMP T Driving variables Soil temperature C Index layer I to NUMLAY TEMP in the SOIL model THETA 9 Driving variables Volumetric water content 96 Index layer I to NUMLA Y THETA in the SOIL model WFLOW Driving variables Water flow between soil layers mmH 0 d Index I to NUMLAY 1 WELOW in the SOIL model 8 Run options Are used to specify the timestep the temporal representation of output variables and the period for the simulation 8 1 Ron no 8 2 Start date 8 3 End date 8 4 Output interval The output interval determines how frequent the output variables will be written to the output file The actual representation of the requested output variables can either be a mean value of the whole time interval or the actual value at time of output see the switches AVERAGEX T G D You can specify the output interval as integers with units of days or minutes days minutes 8 5 No of iterations The time step of the model is one day No other values are allowed 8 6 Run id Any string of characters may be specified to facilitates the identifi
88. lecting Preparation of INput normal Prep from SubDir Directory Preparation Change instruction files The instruction files used by the PG program are stored under the directory CASIMVB xxxxx N NA PG If you want the drawing to be made in another way or other variables to be selected you can edit these The address to the file to be edit you get by selecting Switches etc File name immediately after making a plot or any other operation this option is not available for all files Adaptation of application to SIMVB The description below refers to a Standard application Appendix 2 SIMVB Run SOILN under the Windows program 87 SOILN If you would like to run the SOILN model under the SIMVB program there are principally two different starting points Either you have an own application already working under DOS or you have not yet parameterised SOILN for your site Below will be described one procedure to follow in the latter case In the former case see the bottom of this section 1 Install the SIM_96 application used for the simulation course on SOIL SOILN held at SLU in Mars 1996 The application refers to the Kjettslinge site north of Uppsala Andr n et al 1990 can be delivered by Henrik Eckersten or Thomas K tterer Thomas Katterer 9 emc slu se at SLU 2 Check that the application works in its original version on your computer 3 Replace the files denoted AIN under C SIMVBAN NA KJETTSL directory to those of
89. lution weather data Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 38 289 306 78 SOILN user s manual Eckersten H 1986b Willow growth as a function of climate water and nitrogen Dissertation Department of Ecology amp Environmental Research Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Report 25 38 pp Eckersten H 1991a Growth and nitrogen simulation model for short rotation forest WIGO Model description Division of Hydrotechnics Report 163 Dept of Soil Sci Swed Univ of Agric Sci Uppsala ISRN SLU HY R 163 5E 34 pp Eckersten H 1994 Modelling daily growth and nitrogen turnover for a short rotation forest over Several years Forest Ecology and Manag 69 57 72 Eckersten H amp Ericsson T 1989 Allocation of biomass during growth of willow In K L Perttu amp P J Kowalik Eds Modelling of energy forestry growth water relations and economy Centre for Agricultural publication and documentation Pudoc Wageningen pp 77 85 Eckersten H G rden s A and Jansson P E 1995 Modelling seasonal nitrogen carbon water and heat dynamics of the Solling spruce stand Ecological Modelling 83 119 129 Eckersten H amp Jansson P E 1991 Modelling water flow nitrogen uptake and production for wheat Fert Res 27 313 329 Eckersten H Jansson P E amp Johnsson H 1994 SOILN model ver 8 User s manual 2 nd edition Division of Hydrotechnics Communications 94 4 Department of Soil Sciences Swedish Agricul
90. m canopy mm occurs CANS 6 13 nee LEASES NES e DD MSRP Respiration amp Litter P Maintenance respiration is a function of biomass content WRESP and temperature The temperature response follows a Q function in a similar way as decomposition of organic matter however with its own parameters TEMOIOP and TEMBASP Above ground respiration depends on air temperature whereas root respiration depends soil temperature Leaf litter fall is a fraction of leaf biomass ALITTERL and depends on leafage ALBAFAGE Stem litter fall is a fraction of stem biomass ALITTERS Root litter fall is a fraction of root biomass ALITTERR Q and depends on age of roots AROOTAGE All plant litter is assumed to have the same C biomass ratio CPLANT In case of perennial plant maintenance respiration occurs only from old biomass Leaves and stems fall to a pool for above ground residues LITABOVE and LITABOVRC This pool is assumed to be inactive as regards microbial activity The pool lose N and C either through leaching ABOVELN and ABOVELC or transfer of residues to the uppermost litter pool determined by a rate coefficient ABOVEK or to faeces ABOVEFRC PARAMETERS 47 WisAm WRESP e W where TEMQ10P T TEMBASP 10 W s WRESP e W Wi sag WRESP es Wi where Cp TEMQ10P T TEMBASP 10 If GROWPEREN switch 1 Wim RO Wi sam m W Atm 0 Qum WRESP e
91. m default values PREP b SOILN AIN ONE which will result in a simulation making use of information from the AIN ONE PAR file If information is missing in the AIN ONE PAR file values from the original model definition file will be used A parameter file does not need to be complete It may be restricted to only instructions that need to be changed compared to what is found in the original model definition file There are also a possibility to specify a number of parameter files on the command line PREP b SOILN AIN ONE AIN TIME This means that the PREP program will first read the instructions in the AIN_ONE PAR file and then the AIN TIME PAR file If information for one parameter is read several times the one read last will be used Remember that the parameter files may not be complete They can for instance be organized with only information about time periods as in the AIN TIME PAR file 12 Additional information 12 1 Help Just press the FI key and you are transferred to the help utility In some situations you will get simultaneous help as you move between different items in the ordinary menus In such a case you are fully transferred to the help by using the F2 key which may be necessary if the information from the help library is not fully within the size of the current size of the help window 12 2 Acknowledgement The SOILN model is the result of many years of work A number of persons have contributed with id
92. m nitrogen demand Gf SPECIAL 1 Water flow in stream CECNnoaoStream Lotal leaching of NO3 N to stream flow including tile drainage surface runoff and ground water percolation An estimated sum of N available for plant uptake Only used if FERNCALC switch 2 SWITCHOUT Switch Different internal model switches can be put into TINFNOS TOTDEN TOTEI TOTMAE TOTMAL TOTMAN TOTNEMIN TOTNEMIN OUTPUTS this variable see parameter OUTSW Nyrsnos N flow Infiltration of NO3 to layer 1 acts as a flow variable Nkoma Actual denitrification from total profile ONsccam Nsuenn aConsum Total leaching of NO3 N to stream flow after N consumption in stream EN appr Flow of nitrogen in faeces in manure to faeces N in total profile CON appi oti Flow of nitrogen in bedding in manure to litter N Gin total profile ZN App snna Flow of nitrogen in NH4 in manure to NH4 N in total profile CEN nua Mineralisation immobilisation of faeces N to NHA N in total profile EN ons Mineralisation of humus N to NH4 N in total profile J EN m d gN m d EN m d mmH O d gh m d EN m Q gN m d EN m d gN m d EN m d EN m d EN m d gN m d gN m d 73 TOTNIT TOTNLMIN TOTNHANF TOTNHANL TOTNOSNF TOTNOSNL TOTUPT TSURRNOS3 VDEV 74 Drivings Nw No Nitrification of NH4 N to NO3 N in total profile CON
93. manual Version 9 1 93 s
94. mbol Explanation M oo U nit ACCBAL Nitrogen mass balance check of ACC variables gN m Input Output Store ACCBALC Carbon mass balance check of ACC C variables gC m Input Output Store ACCDENI Accumulated denitrification of NO3 N gN m ACCDEP Accumulated N deposition gN m ACCDLOSS Accumulated leaching of NO3 N EN m ACCFERT Accumulated N fertilisation other than manure and gN m deposition ACCHARYV Accumulated N harvested gN m ACCHARVC Accumulated C harvested gC m ACCMAN Accumulated N fertilisation through manure gN m ACCPHOSC Accumulated C uptake by net photosynthesis gC m ACCPLANT Accumulated change in total plant N gN m ACCPLANTC Accumulated change in total plant C gC m ACCRESPC Accumulated C lost by respiration from plant and litter gC m ACCSOIL Accumulated change in soil N gN m ACCSOILC Accumulated change in soil C gC m CF C9 Faeces C pool gC m Index layer to 2 two uppermost layers OUTPUTS 61 wee CH CL CLA CM FERT GRAINN GRAINW LEARN LEAFW LITABOVE LITABOVEC NE NH NEE NLIT NLIT2 NM NOS ROOTN ROOTW STEMN STEMW WLEAFN 62 C Humus C pool index layer 1 to min NOUMLAY 10 C Litter C pool Indexlayer 1 to min NUMLAY 10 C Intermediate litter C pool litter2 index layer 1 to min NUMLAY 10 Ch Microbial C pool Index layer 1 to min NUMLA Y 10 Gf SPECIAL x1 Ny Solid fertilizer N pool undi
95. meter values given after a definition of a new time point will be activated when the simulation has reach that point in time A maximum of 20 dates can be specified DRIVPG No function Group M Driving variables will be read from a Pgraph file The name of the file is Default specified by the user See Driving Variable File for details INSTATE OFF ON Default All initial state values are zero Group S initial values of state variables will be read from a file The name of the file is specified by the user the format should be exactly the same as in the file for final values of state variables created by the model when the OUTSTATE switch is ON LISALLV NEN i only the subset of output variables selected by the user will be found in the summary file Group S ON all output variables will be found in the summary file after the simulation Default 18 SOILN user s manual OUTFORN OFF the variables will be named according to the information stored in the file Default SOILN TRA Group O ON all variables in the output Pgraph file will be named according to their FORTRAN names OUTSTATE OFF Default no action Group O final values of state variables will be written on a file at the end of a simulation The name of the file is specified by the user and the format is the same as used in the file for initial state variables see the INSTAT E switch VALIDPG
96. mperature Preparation of INput SOIL Changes Parameters etc Input Select file ain man par according measurements If no measurements are available reasonable estimates have to be done 4 Calibrate SOIL against measured values Make simulation with modified parameter values and compare with measurements Simulation Others Prep by hand make changes Execute Run Presentation of OUTput Validation 5 When you are satisfied with the SOIL simulation store the results Store files Current to teu SOILN model plant Appendix 2 SIMVB Run SOILN under the Windows program 89 6 Set switches and parameters of SOILN plant as far as possible according to measurements at the site and general knowledge literature about this type of plant Preparation of INput SOILN Changes Parameters etc Input Select file ain_plan par 7 Select input driving variables and a pre parameterisation as a starting point for your SOILN calibration Preparation of INput SOILN initial prep Normal Soil Plant Weather Management Validation 8 Extract the driving variables of SOILN from your SOIL simulation Link SOIL SOILN SOIL to 9 Set initial values of plant state variables Preparation of INput SOILN Changes Parameters etc Input Select file ain ini ini 10 Calibrate the plant N uptake process Since plant N uptake usually is the largest N flow in the system an appropriate c
97. n N flow From old leaf to litter PLANT EN m d AWLEAFLN N N flow From old leaf to young leaf PLANT gN m d AWLEAFLIW Wu Biomass flow From old leaf to litter PLANT DW m d AWLEAFLW Wa Biomass flow From old leaf to young leaf gDW m d PLANT RANN MAN SoA ANANAS rr 64 SOILN user s manual AWLEAFNSN Ny ansa N flow Leaches from old leaf to soil nitrate infiltration PLANT AWLEAFAN Ny Nitrogen flow From old leaf to available pool PLANT Not amoung outputs yet AWLEAFAW W Biomass flow From old leaf to available pool PLANT AWSTEMAN QN Nitrogen flow From old stem to available pool PLANT AWSTEMAW Wawa Biomass flow From old stem to available pool PLANT AWROOTAN Nwa Nitrogen flow From old root to available pool PLANT Not amoung outputs yet AWROOTAW W Biomass flow From old root to available pool PLANT AWROOTLIN Nea N flow From woody root to litter PLANT AWROOTLIW W Biomass flow From woody root to litter PLANT AWSTEMILIN N44 N flow From woody stem to litter PLANT AWSTEAMLIW Wawan Biomass flow From woody stem to litter PLANT CFLOSS C flow Faeces mineralisation humification Index layer 1 to 2 CHARV Conon flow Harvest export of plant C PLANT CLLOSS C flow Litter mineralisation humification CLMIN CLHUM Index layer 1 to min NUMLAY 10 CLMIC Ci C flow Microbial
98. n assumed in most applications Only used if MICROB switch 0 LITE Litter specific decomposition rate d A value of 0 035 corresponds to a half time of 20 days under optimum water 0 035 and temperature conditions Thus the effective half time is much longer Increasing the value results in an increased litter decomposition rate NITK Specific nitrification rate d 0 2 NITR Nitrate ammonium ratio in nitrification function Normal range for agricultural soils 1 15 8 6 6 Soil abiotic response S NCMO i A common soil temperature response function is used for mineralisation immobilization and nitrification The activity increases exponentially with temperature having the Qj value as a base Different values of parameters in the response function for mineralisation immobilization and nitrification respectively could be given see the Special parameter group A common soil moisture response function is used for mineralisation immobilization and nitrification The activity is zero below the wilting point defined in the SOILP DAT file or by parameter WILT and increases to unity in a soil moisture interval given by MOS 1 Near saturation the activity decreases down to a saturation activity MOSSA in an interval given by MOSQ Soil porosity saturation water content is defined in the SOILP DAT file or by parameter PORO The shape of the response curve in the intervals MOS 1 and MOS 2 can be varied according
99. n of INput SOILN Normal Management NO3 AutoCorrect 90 SOILN user s manual The calibrations you do by making simulation with modified parameter values and compare with measurements Simulation Others Prep by hand make changes Execute Run Presentation of OUTput Validation 15 When you are satisfied with the SOILN simulation store the results Store files Current to 16 Take away the auto corrections Preparation of INput SOILN Normal Management Fertilis B120 17 Introduce the new parameter setting into the parameter files Preparation of INput SOILN Changes Parameters etc Input Select file ain soil par ain plan par 18 Make a simulation without auto corrections and regressions between simulated and measured values of all variables plant biomass plant N and so on Simulation Normal make changes Execute Run Presentation of OUTput Validation interactions 19 Note there is an inter dependency between 10 and 14 which might require changes of the plant N uptake calibration You might have to do 10 12 and 14 18 again 20 When you are satisfied with the SOILN simulation store the results Store files Current to 21 Extract leaf area index and root depth to be used as inputs for a new SOIL simulation Link SOIL SOILN to SOIL 22 Since the leaf area and root depth as simulated by SOILN probably differ from those use
100. n the working directory Values to be compared with the simulation outputs Presentation of OUTput Validation Output state variables in a form possible to be used as input A counter used by SOILN Data description for Output variables Output variables from the current simulation Data description for the bin file Output variables from the previous simulation 92 SOILN user s manual SOILNPRE SUM SOILNXXX BIN SOILNXXX SUM Used by the comparison option Files that can be deleted without needing new preparation Files not always needed Directory XXXX N NA Store directory application specific AIN CLIM BIN AIN FERT BIN AIN FERT DAT AIN FERT DDE AIN INIP INI AIN INI INI AIN MAN PAR AIN MR CMD AIN MR PAR AIN ONE PAR AIN_OUTM PAR AIN PLAN PAR AIN SOIL PAR AIN SOTP DAT AIN TIME PAR INFO LIS MEAS BIN see above see above see above see above Initial plant state variables Initial soil state variables see above Multy Run instructions Parameters that will be changed in the Multy Run Used when the one parameter file option is used Output variables for the Multy Run see above see above see above see above Information about the application stored in the directory see above Files not always needed Directory NXXXXXNNNNANSTART Store directory common for all applications AIN OUT PAR DEMO COP BAT DEMO VB BAT SOILN TRA SOILN TXT see above see abov
101. n you go back to the top menu again Esc Beneath the unit in the parameter description a value is sometimes given This is a default value given by SOILN DEF file In the head of each parameter group is given S P or M denoting Soil Plant and Management respectively 6 1 1 External inputs M E Dry and wet deposition to the soil surface is determined by a dry deposition rate DEPDRY and the water supply rate the driving variables infiltration and surface run off multiplied by the concentration of total nitrogen in precipitation DEPWC The ammonium N fraction DEPENHA enters the ammonium pool of the uppermost soil layer whereas the nitrate is separated between surface runoff and infiltration Commercial fertilizer N FERN is a pplied at a certain day FERDAY The fertiliser is dissolved at a constant rate FERK and a certain fraction FERNFENHA enters the ammonium pool whereas the rest enters the nitrate pool Under conditions of a water source flow to the soil this flow can also be a source of nitrogen see GWCONC Dry deposition can also be directly taken up by leaves DEPDRY A M Np ontia DEPDRY DEPENHAD DEPWC q etsy DEPENHAW Np oniiss DEPDRY I DEPENHAD DEPWC qic qs 1 DEPFNHAW N5 DEPDRYA A Nrenonn FERNFNH4 FERK N pon Neen ointesu 1 FERNENH4 FERKAN en Nome see N allocation wont see N allocation yt N nfoNo3 X di dir tG
102. nd measurements In addition a special option is introduced see BOUNDARY switch that enables simulated values to be replaced by measurements or values 6 SOTLN user s manual we calculated by another model This option is meant to be used if only parts of the SOILN model is wanted to be studied for instance when making step wise calibration It could also be used as an indicator of model performance minimum correction corresponds to best performance The SOILN model includes a lot of parameters and there is no unique way of how to set those for a certain application However by following four calibration rules the number of possible solutions will strongly be reduced depending on how many measurements there are available for the test of model outputs Before start of calibration Set input data according to independent data measurements literature etc as far as possible and as correct as possible Four calibration rules Change as few parameters as possible Change only to parameter values that are reasonable Make documentation Which fit was improved by a certain change Check that all variables simulated by the model are reasonable Concerning the second rule change only to reasonable parameter values you should keep in mind that sometimes the interesting output of the model application is that model could fit measurements only if unreasonable parameter c
103. nge in function for soil moisture aeration effect on vol denitrification 17 Water content interval defining increasing activity from no activity at saturation water content MOSDEN to 1 optimum activity at saturation water content MOSM Coefficient in soil moisture function A linear response correspond to the value 1 0 Values between 0 and 1 results I in a convex response and values larger than 1 in a concave response MOSSA Saturation activity in soil moisture response function A value of I corresponds to optimum activity at saturation and O no activity 0 6 Normal range O 1 OUTLAY i Layer Only for presentation of outputs For different soil response functions which are calculated for each layer but only have one output I variable for presentation OUTLAY is the soil layer for which the response function will be stored A value outside 1 10 will give you the average response function for all layers 36 EL SOILN user s manual PH Acidity in terms of pH in each layer Index soil layers 1 10 0 If PHC 0 then the pH variable is not considered in any calculations of the layer concerned PHMAX pH above which nitrification is not affected by acidity 0 PHMIN pH below which nitrification is zero 0 TEMBAS For the mineralisation immobilisation process Base temperature at which CO temperature effect 1 20 TEMQIO For the mineralisation immobilisation process Respon
104. nirod N flow Above ground residue to litter NLC If MICROB switch 1 then DECALIT is split up into flows to different pools DECALITC Cum C flow Above ground residue to litter CL 1 Hf MICROB switchzl then DECALITC is split up into flows to different pools DECANE Ni pod N flow Above ground residue to faeces pool NF 1 if T 1 gt 0 Only used if MANURE switeh DECANLIT Nj 4 N flow Above ground residue to litter NLIT I Only used if MICROB switch DECANILI2Z Nypon N flow Above ground residue to litter2 NLIT2 1 DECANHUM Nios N flow Above ground residue to humus NH 1 DECAROFF Ns N flow Loss of above ground residue to stream due to surface runoff DECAROFFC Ciroo C flow Loss of above ground residue to stream due to surface runoff however included in ACCRESPC DENT Nuos Au N flow Denitrification of NO3 index layer 1 to min NUMLAY 10 DEPOLEAF Ny N flow Dry deposition absorbed by leaves PL NT Nyep onna N flow Deposition wet and dry to soil ammonium NH4 I DEPONHA gC m d gC m d gC m d gC m d gC m d gC m d gC m d gC m d gN m d EN m d gC m d EN m d gN m d EN m d EN m d EN m d gC m d EN m d EN m d EN m d 66 SOILN user s manual DEPONOS QNp ans N flow Deposition of nitrate to soil wet and dry DEPOWIEAF Ny 4 N flow Dry deposition absorbed by old leaves PLANT
105. ol for biomass and one for nitrogen for each type of function simulated by the model Leaves take up carbon from the atmosphere and roots take up nitrogen from the soil Stem is used for storage During grain development the grain pool is an additional storage organ supplied with assimilates from the stem The maximum photosynthesis is related to the radiation intercepted by the canopy leaf area The actual photosynthesis is then reduced by low air temperature low leaf nitrogen concentrations and water deficit N uptake is either limited by the sum of the demands by different plant tissues or the availability of N in soil The demand depends on the plant growth and wanted N concentration of tissues The available soil N is a fraction of the total mineral N in the root zone The partitioning of daily growth to root leaf and stem is governed by two functions The fraction partitioned to roots decreases as the total plant biomass increases or in case of nitrogen or water shortage The partitioning between leaves and stems depends on the leaf area development which is determined by the leaf area to shoot biomass ratio During grain development biomass and nitrogen are allocated from different plant tissues to grain Litter formation occurs continuously and tissues may redraw some of their biomass and N before they die There are different functions for governing the mortality of plant tissues Dates of emergence start and stop of grain filling and maturity are
106. old stems if GROWPEREN 1 Ww Biomass in old stem if GROWPEREN 1 Sw n NO N in plant available for GROWPEREN 1 re translocation Gf W Assimilates in plant available for growth if GROWPEREN 1 Wa Biomass flow From available pool to growth added to PHOS but not included PLANT N u4 N flow From available pool to growth added to TOTUPT but not included PLANT N N flow From leaf to available pool PLANT Wia Biomass flow From leaf to available pool PLANT Niop N flow From leaves to grains PLANT Wip Biomass flow From leaf to grain PLANT Ni antsu N flow Leaches from leaf to nitrate infiltration ANT PLANT Nisa N flow Leaf litter PLANT Wiaan Biomass flow from leaves to above ground residues PLANT N N flow From leaf to stem PLANT Wio Biomass flow From leaf to stem PLANT Nion N flow From leaf to old leaves PLANT Nyss N flow From stem to woody stems PLANT Win Biomass flow from leaf to old leaves PLANT Wp Daily gross leaf growth PLANT gDW m gN m gDW m gN m gDW m gN m gDW m Unit DW m d EN m d gN m d gDW m d EN m d gDW m d gN m d EN m d EDW m d gN m d EDW m d EN m d gN m d EDW m d gDW m d 63 APHOTRW W Daily gross root growth PLANT EDW m qd APHOTSW W Daily gross stem growth PLANT EDW m dq AROOTAN
107. on absolute values of simulated differ value Index variable to be corrected Only used if BOUNDARY switchzl BOUNVARN Variable used for correction of simulated value Below differ this value correction is made index variable to be corrected Only used if BOUNDARY switchzl BOUNVARX Variable used for correction of simulated value Above differ this value correction is made Index variable to be corrected Only used if BOONDARY switchz BR b Root allocation function PLANT C BRE b Root allocation sub function dependent on plant water factor PLANT BRN b Root allocation sub function dependent on plant nitrogen factor PLANT BRW b Root allocation sub function dependent on plant biomass PLANT CLMIN Cy 9 C flow C Mineralisation from litter gC m index layer 1 to min NUMLA Y 10 CLHUM Cua flow C flow from litter to humus gC m Indexzlayer to min NUMLA Y 10 CLINT Coop 1 C flow Internal circulation of C within litter gC m Indexzlayer 1 to minQNUMLA Y 10 CLTPROF 3C Litter C in whole profile gC m CO2CONC CO 44 Atmospheric CO concentration ppm DAYSTART t Day number at which photosynthesis starts PLANT d DEFICLN Deficit in daily N uptake to leaves PLANT gN m d DEPOWC Total wet N deposition gN m d E 70 SOILN user s manual FECKCN FERNSIM GROWSTAG LEAFDN LEAFDNEX
108. otection RIVM Report No 714908001 107 pp Gustafson A 1988 Simulation of nitrate leaching from arable land in southern Sweden Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica 38 13 23 Jansson P E amp Andersson R 1988 Simulation of runoff and nitrate leaching from an agricultural district in Sweden Journal of Hydrology 99 33 47 Jansson P E Borg G Ch Lundin L C amp Linden B 1987 Simulation of soil nitrogen storage and leaching Applications to different Swedish agricultural systems Swedish National Environment Protection Board Rep 3356 63 pp Jansson P E Antil R amp Borg G Ch 1989 Simulation of nitrate leaching from arable soils treated with manure In J AA Hansen amp K Henriksen eds Nitrogen in Organie Wastes Applied to Soils International Solid Waste Professional library Academic Press 151 166 Jansson P E Eckersten H amp Johnsson H 1991 SOILN model User s manual Division of Hydrotechnics Communications 91 6 Department of Soil Sciences Swedish Agricultural University Uppsala ISRN SLU HY AVDM 91 6 SE about 43 pp Johnsson H Bergstr m L Jansson P E amp Paustrian K 1987 Simulation of nitrogen dynamics and losses in a layered agricultural soil Agriculture Ecosystems amp Environment 18 333 356 Jansson P E amp Persson T 1992 NORN Nordic project on nitrogen in arable and forest soils SNS NKJ Nordisk Kontaktorgan for Jordbrugsforskning Johnsson H 1990 Nitrogen and Wate
109. oth a summary of all outputs averages sums etc and the prerequisites for the simulation i e the inputs The file can be used to repeat the simulation if it is renamed to xxxx PAR You can look on the results and make further evaluations of the simulation outputs SOILNO0OI BIN with help of a special program PG EXE Run under WINDOWS SIMVRB The principal idea for this program SIMVB EXE is to comfortably make use of already developed DOS programs and applications when running SOILN under WINDOWS The program is restricted to the administration of the operative programs and routines SIMVB EXE is programmed in Windows VisualBasic and used under WINDOWS The VBRUN300 DLL file should be available You start SIMVB from the run option of WINDOWS or by double clicking the icon if installed or by writing under DOS gt win simvb In the program SIMVB you always start with the heading denoted Start here Note that in the SIMVB program you should always use only single click First you select model to be used and second the application which should be stored on disk Thereafter you normally continue with Preparation of INput If you already have made a complete preparation and want to have free access to any part of the program you select Check off The Check option checks the order in which you select options in the program from preparation to presentation of output during one run If you leave the program the Check option is res
110. ots in layers when fully developed index layer 1 to min 10 NUMLAY Only used when the ROOTDIST switch is set to 0 ROOTT Day number for deepest root depth given of ROOTDEP Index 1 to 5 Day number for deepest root depth given of ROOTDEP 1 Gndex 6 Only used when the DRIVCROP switch 0 and GROWTH switch 0 UPA Potential nitrogen uptake u index growth period 2 or 3 Typical values may be around 20 gN m yr for a grain crop and 40 gN m yr fora grass ley in south and central Sweden If GROWTH switch gt 0 Not used UPB Coefficient in plant uptake function uj In case of an annual crop UPB is the initial plant N content gN m yr at the start of the plant uptake period i e the N content of seed A normal variation of UPB is 0 1 1 5 n b In older versions of the SOILN model the UPB parameter was defined slightly different corresponding to UPA u u Thus a value of UPB of 0 95 and UPA of 20 in the present version of the model corresponds to a value of 20 in older simulations If GROWTH switch 0 Not used GS amt Cal m m m e day number gh m yr 20 40 SOILN user s manual UPC Coefficient in plant uptake function u d Determines the plant development rate Increasing UPC results in that the 0 12 peek uptake occurs faster and at a higher rate Typical values for rapid developing grain crops is around 0 12 and for slower developing crops like
111. ould be given Variable that should be fixed to the value in the file is defined by parameter BOUNVNUM nn The parameter defines the number in X T or G array of the model see Appendix 2 Total number of variables in the files including the error variables is given by parameter BOUNFTOT If the BOUNDARY switch 3 the error variables should be omitted The roles for reading values are the same as for FILE 10 in the previous section Only used if BOUNDARY switch 0 Table 5 Variables in FILE 10 for different values on the BOUNDARY switch BOUNDARY switch Variable Value Unit I Mean value varl differ 1 2 Relative error varl 3 Mean value var2 differ I 4 Relative error var2 1 Files 15 i 40 Relative error var20 C Management driving variable file FILE 1 XXXXXX BIN Parameters related to harvest and ploughing can be given in this file Same roles for reading values as for FILE 10 Only used if DRIVMANA switch 0 Table 6 Variables in FILE 10 for different values on the DRIVMANA switch DRIVMANA switch Variable Parameter name in Unit model i O OO LOUGHDEP m 2 2 HARP C 2 3 HARAR C 2 4 HARLR C 2 5 CNARES gt 2 6 NROOT C 4 2 Output Simulated data SOILNnnn BIN A binary file to be used by the Pgraph program for analysing results from the simulation The file contains al the outputs that where selected in the PREP program Simulation summary SOILNnun SUM An ASC
112. ow and state variables on a field level Input variables are daily data on air temperature and solar radiation management data and variables on soil heat and water conditions which are simulated by an associated model named SOIL Jansson amp Halldin 1979 The model can conceptually be divided into two submodels the soil submodel and the plant submodel The soil part is described in detail by Johnsson et al 1987 Figs 1a and b and the plant model description is divided into one part for the current year dynamics Figs 2a and b Eckersten amp Jansson 1991 and one for the perennial part Figs 3a and b Eckersten 1994 Note that the flow schemes in Figs 1 3 describe possible flows whereas the flows used depend on the model application i e the choice of switches and parameter values Papers dealing with applications of the model are found in the reference list The soil is divided into layers In each layer mineral N is represented by one pool for ammonium N and one for nitrate N Ammonium is immobile whereas nitrate is transported with the water fluxes a special option can make ammonium mobile The ammonium pool is increased by nitrogen supplied from manure application mineralisation of organic material and by atmospheric deposition and it is decreased by immobilization to organic material nitrification to the nitrate pool and plant uptake The nitrate pool is increased through nitrification of the ammonium pool fertilization atmosphe
113. parameter files could be used The information from the last incorporated file gets the highest priority it overwrites information from earlier parameter files and the SOILN DEF file Translation file FILE 3 SOILN TRA A translation file ASCIT has to exist in order that the variables in the output PG file should get their correct identifications Only when the OUTFORN switch is ON this file is not necessary Files 13 Initial states file FILE 4 XXXXXX INI An ASCII file containing the initial values of all state variables that should start from a value gt 0 The state variables denoted ACC should normally be zero Note that GROWINI switch regulates if plant states should be read from this file a Rules to write the file I The most simple and safe way is to write only one variable name at each row followed by a space and the value for instance LITABOVE 1 2 2 Up to 3 variables could be put on each row with the following format variable 1 3 should be in columns 2 to 27 29 to 54 and 56 to 81 respectively 3 Layers is denoted within brackets for instance NO3 3 1 35 4 If different layers have the same value you could write for instance NO3 1 3 1 35 5 The name of the state variable file must be defined in the xxx PAR file or be given in PREP under Input files If INISTATE switch 0 All initial states are zero Output file EET FILE 6 SOILNnnn BIN Only used if ADDSIM switch 1 The results of the current s
114. particles Nynaads N gSoil a b Nunaso gN m Water Index 1 10 Soil layer Below layer 10 the value of layer 10 is used Only used if NH4MOBIL switch I NH4ADSB Coefficient b in the relation between ammonium in soil solution and amount adsorbed on soil particles Nynaags 8N gSoill a b Nyyssoi gN m3Water Index 1 10 Soil layer Below layer 10 the value of layer 10 is used Only used if NHAMOBIL switch 1 PARAMETERS 0 0 0 a 0 1 0 0 0 d 0 C EN gSoil 0 5e 6 m Water gSoil 2 0e 6 0 5e 6 57 OUTLAY i Layer The abiotic response function is calculated for each layer but is stored as output only for this layer A value outside 1 10 will give you the 1 average response function for all layers as output OUTLITCN Switch selecting for which pool the specific decomposition rate should be stored in the auxiliary variable LITKCN 1 2 3 Litter Humus Litter2 Layer I for which it should be stored is selected with parameter OUTLAY OUTRATCN Switch selecting for which pool the C N ratio should be stored in the auxiliary variable RATCNL 1 2 3 4 Litter Humus Litter2 Microbes I OUTSW Switch selecting which internal model should be stored in the auxiliary variable SWITCHOUT 1 2 3 4 Swflush Swstart Swplough Swharv I PHOCO2 Relative increase in radiation use efficiency due to doubled atmospheric CO ppm concentration 0 4 PHOETR Coef
115. ported to Excel Print files Graphs plotted on screen can also be stored on TEK files Select Switches etc Plot Tek files Make Tek files The files can be printed on screen or paper or converted to meta files CGM file that can be imported to documents and graphical programs Switches etc Print files Under this option also ASCII files can be printed Using only one parameter file _ To run SIMVB with only one parameter file there are two possibilities 1 Really using only one parameter file In this case the simulation is completely governed with a single parameter Store the file under name AIN ONE PAR and select Switches etc one par file E ERE IANA VANA FENA FAP DOLL MB ANNAS PE 86 SOILN user s manual 2 Actually using two parameter files In this case you make use of the parameter file AIN OUT PAR selecting proper outputs for the SIMVB presentation routines The content of the other four parameter files are put together into the AIN MAN PAR file Note that you should take away i the declaration of file names except for FILE 9 which should be named AIN FERT BIN if it is used and ii the OUTFORN switch The three other parameter files have to exist but should be empty except for a AIN OUT PAR is delivered by SIMVB automatically Making the five parameter files Under the option Preparation of INputs normal the five parameter files AIN SOIL PAR AIN PLAN PAR AIN OUT PAR AIN TIME PAR
116. r Dynamics in Arable Soil A Modelling Approach Emphasizing Nitrogen Losses PhD Thesis Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Dept of Soil Sciences Reports and Dissertations 6 36 pp Johnsson H 1991 Simulation of nitrogen losses using the SOILN model NPO Research report A20 The national agency for environmental protection Copenhagen Denmark Johnsson H Nilsson A Klemedtssson L and Svensson B 1991 Simulation of field scale dentrification losses from soils with grass ley and barley submitted to Plant and soil Katterer T 1995 Nitrogen dynamics in soil and winter wheat subjected to daily fertilisation and irrigation measurements and simulations Dissertation Swedish University of apneu iral Sciences Uppsala Department of Ecology and Environmental Research eport 81 Additional information 79 K tterer T and Andr n O 1996 Measured and simulated nitrogen dynamics in winter wheat and a clay soil subjected to drought stress or daily irrigation and fertilisation Fertiliser Research 44 51 63 Katterer T Eckersten H Andr n O amp Pettersson R 199X Winter wheat biomass and nitrogen dynamics under different fertilization and water regimes apllication of a crop growth model Manuscript Nilsson L O amp Eckersten H 1983 Willow production as a function of radiation and temperature Agric Meteorol 30 49 57 Paustian K Bergstr m L Jansson P E Johnsson H 1989 Ecosystem dynamics In O
117. r adaptation of a SOIL application to SUMVB as used for SOILN above Exceptions are Generally All directories denoted N NA should be denoted S SA instead 3a When changing AIN_CLIM BIN If you have another type of driving variable file than that of Kjettslinge then change in AIN MAN PAR CNUMD 3b Replace AIN_EXT BIN so that it is in accordance with your plant and the time period of your application Note that you can cancel the use of this file by setting DRIV_EXT 0 and choose plant properties with parameters However then it is difficult to link to simulations of LAI and ROOTDEPTH by SOILN later on To make the driving variable file for SOILIN Link SOIL SOILN you need to change the PG instruction which makes this file C SIMVB S SA PG DEMODRIN PG Change in accordance with the number of layers used in SOILN The boundary between layers should not differ between SOIL and SOILN However thickness of one SOILN layer may be the same as for several SOIL layers and you not necessarily need to represent as deep layers as in SOIL If so weighted averages of water contents temperatures etc must be made to fit the SOILN profile structure and only the vertical water flows related to the boundaries between layers of SOILN should be included Percolation should get the vertical flow at the bottom of the deepest layer of the SOILN application Calibration of SOUYL SOTLN Normally the model should be calibrated step wise As an example is
118. ric deposition and by capillary rise of water from subsoil It is decreased by leaching denitrification and plant uptake Water flows bringing nitrate between layers is the process finally responsible for N leaching The daily output of N from the mineral pools might in case of low mineral N contents be higher than available N plus input especially as concerns nitrate To reduce this problem the following priority of access to N was used First immobilisation to microbes then nitrification and root uptake The organic matter is normally represented by two pools however there are options to alter the number of pools used and to choose if microbe dynamics should be simulated or not The rate of decomposition of organic matter depends on soil water and temperature conditions Nitrogen dynamics of the organic matter is governed by those C flows and mineralisation or immobilisation depend on the C N ratio of the decomposed material and availability of mineral N Background e The plant biomass and N dynamics are based on a strong relationship between carbon and nitrogen as used by Eckersten amp Slapokas 1990 Eckersten 1991a Eckersten 1994 for willow and Eckersten amp Jansson 1991 for wheat The model concept has its origin in two basic model concepts first that carbon input is strongly related to the energy input de Wit 1965 and second the nitrogen input is governing growth Ingestad et al 1981 The plant is divided into one po
119. rors are the results of combinations of different parameters values and they may not occur before you try to run the model In this situation a final check of all input files and all relevant parameter values are made If the final check results in any messages you can always return to the PREP program and continue to modify your instructions so they will be within valid ranges of accepted intervals If you do so the list of messages are found in an window under the execute menu In case of errors the most severe level there are no chance to run the model but in case of only warnings you may try to run the model without correcting your instructions 11 Commands You start the preparation of a simulation by pressing PREP SOILN E on the command line of the DOS system This will be the starting point for adding any type of new instructions for your simulation If a parameter file named SOILN PAR is present at the current directory default values from that file will be used otherwise original model default values will be used 76 SOILN user s manual You can also start the interactive session with values taken from parameter file by entering the name of the parameter file name on the command line PREP SOILN AIN ONE will result in default values from the parameter file AIN ONE PAR You run the SOILN model in batch mode which means that you will not make use of the interactive session at all Instead you will run the model fro
120. rvested fraction of plant IN index growth period 1 3 if GROWTH switch gt 0 Not used If DRIVM ANA switch 2 Not used HARS Fraction of stems that is harvested index growth period 1 3 If GROWTH switch 0 Not used If DRIVMAN A switch 2 Not used PLOUGHDAY Date of ploughing or soil cultivation Note must differ from harvest day UPET PLOUGHDEP Depth of ploughing or soil cultivation Normal range 0 05 0 30 m PARAMETERS 0 C 0 day number m 0 25 TOTW Wi t Total plant biomass at start of growth gDW m index growth period 1 2 or 3 Maximum N concentrations are assumed at the start GROWINI switch 1 implies TOTWY I is not used UPET t End of plant uptake period and harvest date day number index growth period 1 2 or 3 240 CROP If the GROWTH switch is 1 3 or 4 UPET i 367 implies the current growth period is not ended until the simulation is ended UPET 1 gt 367 implies that tbe growing period i is stopped at day UPET 1 365 Should be UPSTG lt UPET i lt UPSTG 1 If UPET is given a negative value then t PET and the root biomass remains unchanged UPST t Start of plant uptake period day number index growth period 1 2 or 3 120 CROP If the GROWTH switch is I 3 or 4 The parameter equals the earliest day for start of plant development The temperature may delay the start of growth from this date Should be UPST 1 lt UPST 2 lt UPST
121. s output in each array that are plotted KAKAO These parameters are available only if the SPECIAL switch is ON They activates special routines not used or kept fixed in the original model Some of the parameters are used for sensitivity tests The value for no test is the default value given in italics In case both the relative and the absolute value are possible to change a constant value of the variable concerned can be chosen by setting the relative change to 0 TEMPREQ switch Alternative temperature response functions for microbial activity may be used Also separate temperature response functions could be used for mineralisation immobilization denitrification and nitrification The function is based on a Qio relation TEMQ10 TEMQ LOD TEMQION with a temperature base TEMBAS TEMBASD TEMBASN at which the value of the function is one Below a certain temperature TEMLIN TEMLIND TEMLINN the response is linear This linear function equals the other function at temperature equal to TEMLIN and is zero at 0 C LITTKCN switch CNLITN CNLITX CNFECN and CNFECX The specific decomposition rate of litter LITK and faeces FECK can be set a linear function of the C N ratio Tf the MICRODB switch is on this option acts on the microbial gross consumption rate MICK MICROB switch A special option of SOILN allows you to simulate microbe dynamics In that case the microbes decompose dead organic material in proportion VICK
122. se to a 10 C soil temperature change A value of 2 results in a doubled activity with a 10 C 3 increase in temperature Normal range between 1 5 and 4 Denitrification loss of nitrate from soil to the atmosphere is calculated according to a potential rate DENPOT the nitrate concentration in soil solution and response functions for temperature and moisture The temperature response is the same as for the other biological processes The distribution of the potential rate of denitrification in the soil profile can be given separately for each layer DFRAC or according to distribution functions see switch DENDIST Denitrification is reduced when the nitrate concentration decreases in soil water solution according to a Micahelis Menten type function DENHS M ARRERRERRRRRRERRRRR P VN Nyos satm fDENPOT E emaX X DENHS where X Nuo4 0 Az f fraction of total denitrification activity occurring in the layer concerned If DENDIST switch 0 fG DFRAC If DENDIST switch 3 1 exp kyz DENDEPTH V1 DFRACLOW where ky In DFRACLOW DENDEPTH The depth where the denitrification capacity ceases m Only used when the DENDIST switch is set to 1 2 or 3 PARAMETERS 37 DENHS Half saturation constant in function for nitrate concentration effect on mgN I denitrification Nitrate concentration at which the activity is half of the 10 activity at optimum nitrate
123. shown a procedure of how to calibrate the SOIL SOILN model to the Kjettslinge data set Andr n et al 1990 the same application as used in previous section when adapting your dataset to the SIMVB program Since the calibration of the SOILN model is linked to the calibration of the SOIL model the description below includes SOIL however focusing SOILN and the link SOIL SOILN The SOILN model needs driving variables from SOIL therefore the calibration starts with the SOIL model Also the SOIL model needs driving variables from SOILN however normally those are more easy to give reasonable preliminary estimates When doing the calibration you should keep in mind the rules given in the section on Model application above Start SIMVB and Start here SOILN amp SOIL Sim course KJETTSL Calibration procedure SOIL model 1 Select input driving variables and a pre parameterisation as a starting point for your SOIL calibration Preparation of INput SOIL initial prep Normal Soil Plant Weather Management Validation you can check your preparation under INFO 2 Set switches and parameters of SOIL as far as possible according to measurements at the site and general knowledge literature about this type of site Preparation of INput SOIL Changes Parameters etc Input Select file ain soil par ain plan par ain man par 3 Set initial values of state variables ground water level soil water potential and te
124. song M neralisation immobilisation of litter N to NH4 N n total profile If MICROB switchzl then mineralisation immobilisation from microbes Nyno N flow from NH4 to faeces in total profile Ny N flow from NH4 to litter in total profile EN Nos N flow from NO3 to faeces in total profile Nyoso N flow from NO3 to litter in total profile CEN goitopian Actual plant uptake of NO3 N NHA4 N total profile Nus osueam N flow Surface runoff of NO3 to STREAMT acts as a flow variable iy Index that determines the start of grain development PLANT n U Variable DELOW ETR INF INFBYPASS MEACONC PERC RIS SURR TA 74 gN m d EN m d gN m d gN m d gN m d EN m d EN m d gN m d O Explanation Driving variables Water flow to drainage tiles ground water flow and surface runoff because of limited hydraulic conductivity in the soil index layer I to N MLAY DFLOW in the SOIL model E E Transpiration ratio actual potential quj Infiltration of water into the soi surface including infiltration from surface pool quo Infiltration of water directly to the second soil layer Not used Measured concentration of NO3 in tile drainage Driving variable Ground water flow PERC in the SOIL model 1 Solar radiation 300 3000 nm qs JDriving variable Runoff above surface because of lim
125. ssolved N Grain N pool PLANT W Grain dry weight PLANT N Leaf N pool PLANT W Leaf dry weight PLANT Nap Plant residue N pool above ground Cap Plant residue C pool above ground Nj Faeces N pool Index layer I to 2 N Humus N pool ndex layer 1 to minCNUMLAY 10 Nung Ammonium NH4 N pool index layer 1 to min NUMLAY 10 Nip Litter N pool Indexzlayer 1 to min NUMLA Y 10 Nip Intermediate litter N pool litter2 index layer I to min NUMLAY 10 Na Microbial N pool index layer 1 to min NUMLA Y 10 Gf SPECIAL 1 Nyo3 Nitrate NO3 N pool Index layer 1 to NUMLAY N Root N PLANT W Root dry weight PLANT N Stem N PLANT W Stem dry weight PLANT Ny N in old leaves Gf GROWPEREN gC m gC m gC m gC m gN m gN m gDW m gN m gDW m gN m gC m gN m gN m gN m EN m EN m gN m gN m gN m gDW m gN m gDW m gN m SOILN user s manual WLEAFW WROOTN WROOTW WSTEMN WSTEMW XAVAIN XAVAIW 7 2 Flows Variable AAVAIPW AAVAIUN ALEKAFAN ALEAFAW ALEAFGN ALEAFGW ALEAFNSIA ALEAFLIN ALEAFLIW ALEAFSN ALEAFSW ALEAFWN ASTEMWN ALEAFWW APHOTLW OUTPUTS Symbol Explanation Wiw Biomass in old leaves older than one year normally Gf GROWPEREN 1 N N in old roots if GROWPERENz1 Wa Biomass in old roots if GROWPEREN 1 Nap N in
126. stored in X X X XNNWN AVPG Files are copied from this directory to the working directory as soon as PG is used Some files are stored at the working directory to allow the user to make changes in the presentations They are not overwritten until a new initial preparation is made Appendix 2 SIMVB Run SOILN under the Windows program 91 When selecting an option within the Preparation option files are copied from the store directory SNXXXXWNNA These are input files but also validation files for a certain application Application information is given in the INFO LIS file Other sub applications can be stored below the store directory XXXX N NA Those applications can be stored on the working directory making use of the preparation from sub directories Only the changes compare to the application stored under XXXX N NA is needed to be given here Files Directory XXXX Application directory COMMENT LIS Comments given by the user while running SIMVB Directory XXXXXNN Working directory AIN CLIM BIN AIN CLIM BPR AIN FERT BIN AIN FERT BPR AIN FERT DAT AIN FERT DDE AIN INY INI AIN MAN PAR AIN OUT PAR AIN PLAN PAR AIN SOIL PAR AIN_SOIP DAT AIN TIME PAR DEMO COP BAT DEMO VB BAT DEMOCOMX PG DEMOPCAR PG DEMOPCOM PG DEMOPNIT PG DEMOZVAL BIN INFO LIS MEAS BIN SOILN FIN SOILN STA SOILN TRA SOILNCUR BIN SOILNCUR SUM SOILNPRE BIN Driving variables
127. switch 1 lost d through litter AROOTAGE Lifetime of roots formed the current year d TEMBASP For plant respiration Base temperature at which temperature effect 1 CO 20 TEMQIOP T For plant respiration Response to a 10 C soil temperature change 3 WRESP Coefficient to multiply the maintenance respiration of root stem biomass and d leaf biomass which is a Q function of temperature The product of WRESP and the temperature is the fraction of biomass that is lost through respiration If GROWPEREN switch 0 respiration acts on current year biomass If GROWPEREN switch 1 respiration acts on old biomass RUE 6 14 Growstage P CREA SULLA OLIN TIS IOI API STL GEL IIIS AIDEN NIGEL ELEN OEY EIT MEATS OSLO 2 RESTEN OT If GROWSTART switch 1 then photosynthesis starts at a certain temperature sum DAYTAACC TAACC Otherwise growth starts at day UPST see Soil and plant management parameter group If GROWPHEN switch gt 0 then the date for start of grain development is calculated as a function of temperature and daylength GRAINT Grain development starts when an index i becomes unity PARAMETERS 49 v lli tz UPST 21 UPST sepes UuPEL ie switch 1 IO if t gt _DAYTAACC t tif Z T PHOTEMP 1 20 TAACC io 12 i tt i c 21 toy i 13 if t DAYPEREN i Oif We 0 amp t gt 172 If GROWPHE N switch gt 0 Ifi 2 ori 11 ig Ecc GRAINI 1 J exp x
128. t NMHUM 304 maxindex 10 DEPOWLEAF 305 AWLEAFN3N 306 NLROFF 307 CLROHF 308 DECAROFF 309 DECAROFFC 310 CHMIC 325 maxindex 10 CL2MIC 335 maxindex 10 CMLIT 345 maxindex 10 CHMIN 355 maxindex 10 CMLIT2 365 maxindex 10 NHMIC 375 maxindex 10 NL2MIC 385 maxindex 10 NMLIT 395 maxindex 10 NMLIT2 405 maxindex 10 NEWCLLIT 415 maxindex 10 NEWCLLID 425 maxindex 10 NEWCLHUM 435 maxindex 10 NEWNLLIT 445 maxindex 10 NEWNLLI2 455 maxindex 10 NEWNLHUM 465 maxindex 10 DECACLIT 466 DECACLI2 467 DECACHUM 468 DECANLIT 469 DECANLI2 470 DECANHUM 471 Auxilaries G variabler NCONC 22 maxindex 22 ROOTDEPTH 31 depends on ROOTW POTUPT 32 TOTUPT 34 change UPPNH4 and UPPNO3 also AEFF 60 ATEFF 63 ALI 63 depends on LEAF W RPTEM 70 RPTOT 71 RPN 72 GROWSTAG 79 ALINEW 80 ALIOLD 81 ABFFD 122 ABFEN 123 ATEFFD 124 ATEFEN 125 PHEFF 135 maxindex IO 83 Appendix 2 SIMVB Run SOILN under the Windows program The description below refers to the program SIMVB EXE version 1 2 dated 1996 07 01 made by H Eckersten Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences The objectives of the SIMVB program are to enable the user of the SOILN model to run the mode technically in a simple way to enable both a strict and flexible presentation of model output and to enable a simple way of using the model as a tool for evaluation of possible changes in input calibration validation and to bring order to inpu
129. t and output files Normally the SOILN model is used together with the SOIL model Jansson 19912 therefore the link to SOIL will mentioned below The SIMVB program is also adapted to the SOIL model and the SPAC model Eckersten 1995 How to run SOLN Run under DOS Firstly we make a short summary of which programs and files that are involved when running SOILN program in an ordinary way under DOS rp The SOILN model is executed by the program file SOILIN EXE There are some associated files to this program A help file with variable descriptions etc SOILN HLP a file with standard parameter values and other informations needed by the model SOILN DEP and a file including titles and units of the output variables SOILN TRA The model is run by using a program file named PREP EXE This program helps you to prepare and execute the simulation i e you can select parameter values input files simulation period etc The PREP program describes the in and outputs of the model type for instance gt prep soiln AH information needed for PREP can be stored in a parameter file xxxx PAR file You can give instructions to PREP to read the information directly from the PAR file PREP is the program that can activate SOILIN EXE i e to start the simulation Output from the simulation are stored in two files SOILINOOT1 BIN and SOILNOOI SUM The first file BIN includes the values of the simulated variables The second file SUM includes b
130. t for litter C decomposition is given by the parameter LITK Efficiency constant LITE determines the fraction of organic C that after respiration remains as organic C An assumed constant carbon nitrogen ratio of microbes CNORG and a humification fraction LITHF determines the corresponding synthesis of IN in litter and humus pools Depending on the efficiency constants and the actual carbon nitrogen ratios litter may either demand nitrogen as ammonium or nitrate immobilization or release nitrogen as ammonium mineralisation The critical carbon nitrogen ratio of litter for the shift from immobilization to mineralisation is determined by the ratio between CNORG and LITEPF The turnover of faeces and litter is treated in a similar way What differs is the C N ratio of the decomposing material For faeces PECK corresponds to LITE FECEFF to LITEPF and FECHE to LITHF Humus N mineralisation is given by the specific rate constant HUMK Humus C is not represented Transformation of ammonium to nitrate nitrification will occur ifthe ratio nitrate ammonium is lower than NITR The rate is controlled by NITK and response functions to temperature soil water and pH If the MICROB switch 1 then dynamics of microbial biomass is simulated and C humus is represented explicitly See section on Special parameters Ci i a Decomp m LITK e mCi i Ci SAND 7 l LITEFF C Decomp Ci ish gt LL i F E PF ae LITHF Ci Li gt Decomp Cecom 3M
131. the PLANT submodel of SOILN model The part concerning perennial growth Symbols are explained in the section of Output variables 10 SOILN user s manual E 2 Getting started 2 1 Installation The model is normally distributed together with the SOIL model on a special floppy diskette for IBM PC Two different installation diskettes can be used depending on whether you are a previous user of the PGraph program or not Type the command INSTALL A C XXX o This means that you have inserted the diskette into a floppy disk drive named A and you want to install the model on your hard disk C in the directory named XXX Normally XXX is substituted by SIM or SUMVB If you already have a directory with that name you should choose another name at the installation 2 2 Files The installation procedure will create one main directory C SIMVB below which the program files are stored in different subdirectories The excitable files are placed in the subdirectory named EXE and sample files in the subdirectory named DEMO Table 1 Description of files in the different directories CREER MEAN ra M M ERR Files Description Directory C SIMVBAEXE SOILN EXE Execute file SOILN model SOILN DEEF Definition file SOILN modei SOILN HLP Help file SOILN model PREP EXE Execute file PREP program PG EXE Execute file Pgraph program PG HLP Help file Pgraph program PLOTPE EXE Execut
132. to the MOSM parameter The acidity of the soil PH affects the nitrifiers A multiplicative response ranging between 0 at PHMIN and 1 at PHMAX affects nitrification Denitrification increases with increasing water content in an interval MOSDEN below saturation water content PORO The shape of the response curve may be varied according to DEND PARAMETERS 35 TEMQ10 T TEMBAS 10 en MOSSA I MOSSA x MOSM when 0 MOS 1 lt 0 lt 0 where Ys my OVMOS 1 0 8 MOS 2 MOSM when 0 lt 0 lt 0 MOS 2 yw l e PHC PHMIN PHMAX PHMIN 0 lt e lt 1 ena 0 0 MOSDEN MOSDEN DEND 0 lt e lt DEND ee Coefficient in function for soil moisture aeration effect on denitrification A linear response correspond to a value of 1 whereas higher values results 2 in a concave non linear response MOS Water content intervals in the soil moisture response function defining ranges 96 for increasing and decreasing biological activity MOS 1 Water content interval defining increasing activity from O no 13 activity at wilting point to unity optimum activity at MOS 1 wilting point Normal range 8 15 vol 96 depending on soil type MOS 2 Water content interval vee decreasing activity from amp optimum activity at ot ty MOS 2 to the activity given by parameter MOSSA at porosity Normal range I 10 vol depending on soil type MOSDEN m Water content ra
133. tural University Uppsala ISRN SLU HY AVDM 94 4 SE 58 pp Eckersten H Kowalik P Nilsson L O amp Perttu K 1983 Simulation of total willow production rcp University of Agricultural Sciences Section of Energy Forestry Uppsala Report 32 45 pp Eckersten H Lindroth A amp Nilsson L O 1987 Willow production related to climatic variations in southern Sweden Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 2 99 110 Eckersten H Lindroth A amp Nilsson L O 1989 Simulated growth of willow stands related to variations in weather and foliage nitrogen content In K L Perttu amp P J Kowalik Eds Modeling of energy forestry Growth Water Relations and Economy PUDOC Wageningen pp 33 63 Eckersten H amp Slapokas T 1990 Modelling nitrogen turnover and production in an irrigated short rotation forest Agr and For Meteor 50 99 123 Evans LG Eckersten H Semenov MA amp Porter JR 1995 Modelling the effects of climate ehange and climatic variability on crops at the site scale Effects on willow In Harrison PA Butterfield RE amp Downing TE Climate change and agriculture in Europe assessment of impacts and adaptations Research Report 9 Environmental Change Unit University of Oxford Oxford UK pp 220 222 Grinsven JJM amp Makaske GB 1993 A one dimensional model for transport and accumulation of water and nitrogen based on the Swedish model SOILN National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Pr
134. versa vii EXIT the program You should exit the program by pressing the EXIT bottom on the main menu Alternative use of SIMVB Documentation You can read the SOILN manual on screen by selecting Switches etc Documentation Select item SOILN users manual In a similar way you can read this SIMVB documentation and the Fortran code of the SOILN model the model specific code Type of User You can select three type of users Student Teacher Research under Switches etc Different users will get access to different parts of the SIMVB program Some of the options below is only possible to use if Research ON is chosen Give comments By putting the mouse arrow on space between boxes and by making a click on the right bottom you can give comments on whatever you want The comments should be stored or cancelled MAIN MENU immediately after the option is closed Appendix 2 SIMVB Run SOILN under the Windows program 85 iles Yo sei change a single parameter value or initial state by selecting Switches etc Edit files r Preparation of INput Changes Edit files Be aware of that you must spell the um ameter variable name correct s concerns changes in parameter files Note that changes of parameter values preferably are introduced in the AIN MAN PAR since values in this file have the highest priority if you make a change in AIN PLAN PAR and the parameter name also appears in AIN MAN PAR the latter is the one used
135. w biomass Cs ee ACCHARV amp ACCRESPC t P aphotlw aleafliw rosplw c eere manninn nd respgw harvgw feSpSw We aphotsw arootsw aphotrw OR arootiiw h 434 resprw New nitrogen Atmosphere ACCHARV rap st ete 2 es i depoleaf nharv aleafn3n e aleatlin Bert LEAFN per rn lii e ccu PR HOUR harvln ee i aleafsn harvgn dee harvsn NOS Figures 2a and b A schematic description of the biomass and nitrogen flows and states of the PLANT submodel of SOILN model The part concerning the current year growth Symbols are explained in the section of Output variables Background Old biomass i aavai pw astemaw STEMW arootaw awrootavv ROOTW E Tarooiww Er KAN AW D awleafaw aleafww COGOR MOS astemww WROOTW ACCHARVE amp ACCRIES PC Bs WLEAFW awstemaw eee fon MN awstemiiw WSTEMW emm awroottiw resprw Old nitrogen roruPr iaavaiui Tis o ecce n recen iam XAVAIN aleafan 2 E LEAFN asteman sre arootan 1 I MN ee amp Awstemlin pee WSTEMN f J apternwr MN UE ES cc wien a aima E depowilear awleain3n awleafiin awsteman i awrootan awtrootlin arootwn Figures 3a and b A schematic description of the biomass and nitrogen flows and states of

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