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1. 00 Optimize level 0 don t optimize O1 Optimize level 1 Default 02 Optimize level 2 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A D WI n Command Line Calling VX Set process version x see Process Options dialog box page 42 Default 1 A 4 2 Notes The order of options is arbitrary Command line calls are case sensitive If option A is not used the generated binary or library file is saved in the same directory as the source code If warnings or errors occur during compilation they are saved in the files lt src WRN gt and lt src ERR gt The error messages are the same as those that ADbasic displays in the info window see chapter 3 9 1 on page 62 The files lt s rc WRN gt and lt src ERR gt are saved in the same directory as the source code If you use the option A the files are saved in the directory where the binary or library file is created We recommend you delete the files containing the warnings and error mes sages before compilation so that you can very easily check if the compilation has proceeded without any errors A 4 3 Examples C ADwin ADbasic ADbasiccompiler exe L Z Myfiles test bas This command line compiles the source code lt test bas gt and gen erates the library file lt test L1I9 gt in the directory lt Z Myfiles gt Since nothing else is indicated the default setting is used save generated file in the directory of the source code file use english
2. Source code status bar Status bar Fig 1 Elements of the ADbasic development environment Info range The functions of the development environment are called using The tool bar and the editor bar see fig 2 The context menus of the windows right mouse button The menu bar The Short Cuts in ADbasic see annex While using a function the function s description is shown at the left of the sta tus bar ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 a A D WI n Development Environment Open Start Boot project New file Save file process Print file Help ADwin i 4 New Save Open file Compile Stop Print Update project project process preview system files information Fig 2 The tool bar An instruction is selected when a menu entry is clicked with the left mouse but ton or when the keys ALT FIRST LETTER of the corresponding menu are pressed Some instructions have short cuts see Appendix A 1 which are displayed in the menus Each process is edited in its own source code window Several windows may be opened at a time the sizes of the windows can be individually adjusted More information about the relevant source code window is displayed at var ious other locations The title bar shows the names of the open source code win
3. LONG Parameters val Number of the time units to wait in 10ns with constants 7 715827879 with variables 9 715827879 Notes Alternatively there are the instructions CPU_SLEEP and P2_ SLEEP see also chapter 5 2 4 Setting Waiting Times Exactly For proces sors up to T10 use SLEEP P1_SLEEP is used to wait a defined time between 2 accesses to mod ules on the Pro bus The waiting time should always be smaller than the cycle time set with PROCESSDELAY A In a high priority process P1_SLEEP cannot be interrupted Thus very high values in high priority processes can cause an interruption in the communication to the PC Do not use values lower than the minimum value given If possible use a constant as argument If the argument val requires a calculation it requires additional time this time interval is constant and takes a few clock cycles The following conditions require a calculation The argument is an expression with variables or array elements The variable in the argument is declared in the memory area DRAM_EXTERN The time interval may vary because it depends on several conditions e The argument is an array e The argument is a floating point value See also CPU_Sleep NOP P2_Sleep Sleep 214 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A D wi n P1_Sleep Example EVENT SET_MUX 1 0 Set multiplexer on module 1 P1_SLEEP 250 wait 2 5 ps 250 10ns Mux settling time START_CONV 1 S
4. 45 118 6 2 5 Different Operating Modes in the Operating System 119 6 3 Communication 020 0c 120 6 3 1 Data Exchange between Processes 120 6 3 2 Communication between PC and ADwin System 121 6 3 3 The Device Number 2 202055 121 6 3 4 Communication with Development Environments 122 7 Instruction Reference 20000 cee cece 123 7 1 Instruction Syntax 0 eee 123 7 2 Instructions for L16 Gold Pro 005 124 CLO FET Libraly 2344 cache ede ena wae waa ee held 262 7 4 Mathematics Instructions 222055 281 8 How to Solve Problems 22000000 283 Appendix oo pees catches anh ee hc oem hh Gatal wa acm bla Sk A 1 A 1 Short Cuts in ADbasic aana aana aa A 1 A 2 ASCll Character Set nananana anaana A 3 A 3 License Agreement 0000 cee ee eee A 4 A 4 Command Line Calling 0 00 eee eee A 7 A 5 Obsolete Program Parts 22 000005 A 13 A 6 List of Debug Error messages 000 A 17 A T ndeX eseieaacan oe Sitca wa dla A a RL pe a a A 19 A 8 Instructions in this manual A 36 Vi ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 ADwin Dear Reader ADbasic 5 is the programming tool for your ADwin system that allows you to create special measurement open loop or closed loop control application The purpose of this manual is to introduce you to the basics of pro
5. A D wi n Power See also Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division Exp LN Log Example PAR1 9 4 PAR 1 6561 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 131 132 Preprocessor Statement A D WI n Preprocessor Statement An ADbasic instruction beginning with the sign instructs the preprocessor to treat the following source code differently The output of the preprocessor is further processed by the compiler The following preprocessor statements are available DEFINE Definition of symbolic constants Search and replace character strings in the source code with other character strings INCLUDE Include a file Insert a file with source code into the source code 1F ENDIF Conditional compilation If the condition is true the cor responding code lines are compiled otherwise deleted ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A D wi n Colon Colon The sign separates more than one instruction within a single line Syntax Step 1 Step 2 7 Step 3 a Notes Step_n refers to any program instruction as is otherwise indicated in one individual program line A program line must not be longer than 255 characters exception see INCLUDE on page 186 It is recommend that you use this instruction only when it makes the source code more clearly structured Example INC PAR 1 INC PAR 2 Increase PAR 1 and PAR 2 in one line ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 133 As
6. Parameters realf Real part of the complex data F img Imaginary part of the complex data phase Result Phase of the complex data count Number of complex data Notes The phase of a complex value is calculated with the formula see also lt math Inc gt phasefi real i 0 phase i atan img i real i realli 0 phase i sgn img i 7 2 FFT calculates the amplitudes of a frequency spectrum as complex va lues The instructions FFT_MAG and FFT_PHASE convert the complex amplitudes into magnitude and phase If FFT_PHASE uses the resulting arrays of FFT you have to set count count 2 with count is a parameter of FFT See also FFT FFT_Mag FFT_Mag_Scale 270 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A Dwi n FFT_Phase Example The example program for all ADwin systems lt C ADwin ADbasic lib FFT_ doctdemo FFT phase demo bas gt creates 2 phase delayed sine signals by 7 2 samples the signals calulates the FFT the scaled magnitudes and the phase values The calculated frequency spectrum has the following values data_6 4 1 Index 4 30 Hz data_7 4 0 018410 Phase about 0 data_26 4 1 Index 4 30 Hz data_27 4 1 552389 Phase about 1 2 All other amplitudes have the value 0 and the referring phase values are undefined ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 271 FFT_Mag_Scale A D wi n FFT _Mag_Scale FFT MAG SCALE returns the scaled magnitudes modulus of complex data Syntax IMPO
7. Source code is more clearly structured with subroutines and functions These subroutines and functions define macros whose complete instruction block is inserted prior to compilation into the place of the source code where it is called Please note upon each subroutine or function call the generated binary file is increasing in size You can use library functions or subroutines as an alter native ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 a A D WI n Selection structures Loops and Modules You will find more information about the structure of macro modules in the instruction reference page 176 FUNCTION ENDFUNCTION page 251 SUB ENDSUB 4 5 2 Include Files Source code sections can be collected and stored in an include file Such files as well as the source code they contain can very easily be included into a source code file with the INCLUDE instruction The content of an include file is based on the same rules as normal source code files However in most cases include files contain only subroutine and function macros When an include file is generated the source code is entered in the same way as a normal ADbasic file but saved using the File Save as menu option with the Include file inc file type Depending on the include file s source attention must be paid to the position at which the file is included into another source code file to maintain a working program structure If the include file conta
8. 159 in Lowlnit Init Finish gt 161 others 240 Stop_Process 240 StrComp 243 String assign values normally gt 89 assignment not being recommended 91 control character gt 90 definition of data type gt 78 escape sequence 90 string variable structure 89 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 ADwin Index String instruction addition 126 ASCII value into char 146 char into ASCII value gt 143 comparison 243 dimensioning 241 Float to string gt 170 Float to string 40 bit gt 172 length of a string 246 Long to string 200 partial string left 244 midst 247 right 249 String to Float 257 String to long 259 syntax 241 StrLeft 244 StrLen 246 StrMid 247 StrRight 249 structure Coloured display of source code 18 indent lines gt 18 program sections 96 toggle folding 19 Sub 251 subroutine general features 96 library definition Lib_Sub gt 195 general 97 macro 251 position in the program 75 subtraction 127 switch to ADbasic 5 5 symbolic names 74 syntax highlighting gt 18 46 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 system variable Globaldelay see Processdelay 220 overview 82 Process_Error 223 Processdelay 220 ProcessN_Running 224 T T11 low priority processes 117 setting waiting time gt 102 tab escape sequence 91 size 45 tangent Tan 254 TCP IP see Ethernet terminate see stop process Testpoint 122 te
9. 62 XOr 261 setting waiting time exactly 101 Sleep processors until T10 234 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A 33 Index A D wi n A 34 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 Symbols lt gt comparison 135 addition 125 String addition 126 subtraction 127 multiplication 128 division 129 power 130 assignment 134 colon 133 String 241 Define 153 lf Then Else Endif 181 Include 186 preprocessor state ment 132 A B AbsF 136 Absl 137 And 138 ArcCos 140 Arcsin 141 ArcTan 142 Asc 143 Cc Cast_FloatToLong 144 Cast_LongToFloat 145 Chr 146 Cos 147 CPU_Sleep 148 D DATA_n 150 Dec 152 Dim 155 Do Until 158 E F End 159 Event 160 Exit 161 Exp 162 FFT 264 FFT_Calc 274 FFT_Calc_DM 276 FFT_Calc_DX 278 FFT_Init 273 FFT_Mag 268 FFT_Mag_Scale 272 FFT_Phase 270 FFT_Scale 266 FIFO 163 FIFO_Clear 165 FIFO_Empty 167 FIFO_Full 168 Finish 169 Flo40ToStr 172 FloToStr 170 For To Step Next 174 Function EndFunction 176 G J If Then Else En dif 179 Import 183 Inc 185 Init 188 lO_Sleep 189 K L Lib_Function Lib_End Function 191 Lib_Sub Lib_EndSub 195 LN 199 LngToStr 200 Log 202 LowlInit 203 M O Max_Float 204 Max_Long 206 Min_Float 205 Min_Long 207 Mod 282 NOP 210 Not 211 Or 212 P P1_Sleep 214 P2_Sleep 216 Peek 218 Poke 219 Processdelay 220 Processn_Running 224 Process_Error 223
10. Rem The compiler instructions Rem or make it possible to insert comments into the source code for a program Any text in a program line following the instruc tion is ignored by the compiler Syntax Rem comment instr Rem comment instr comment Parameters comment Any character strings instr ADbasic instruction Notes The instruction only applies to the line in which it is used If a comment requires more than one text line then you must begin each line with the instructions Rem or If you want to insert a Rem comment after an instruction separate it fromt he instruction by a colon If you use a colon is not neces sary Example Rem This is a comment that needs more than Rem one text line This is a comment line too DIM min AS LONG Rem comment after an instruction DIM max AS LONG Also a comment after an instruction ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A D wi n Reset_Event Reset_Event RESET_EVENT deletes all external Event signals which are to be processed Syntax RESET _EVENT Notes The instruction is only Valld for externally controlled processes and in the INIT section We recommend to run the instruction at the end of the INIT section This prevents a too early Event signal coming up during initialization from starting the main program EVENT section too early More about the operating mode of the opreating system for externally controlled processes see section Externall
11. StrMid A D wi n Example IMPORT String LI9 Rem Dimension source and destination strings DIM text1 32 text2 20 AS STRING INIT Rem Define source string textl MEGA real time with ADwin systems EVENT Rem Copy 20 characters beginning at the 6 character from Rem the string textl STRMID text1 6 18 text2 PAR 1 text2 1 String length 20 characters PAR 2 text2 2 ASCII character 72h r PAR 3 texet2 3 ASCII character 65h e PAR 4 text2 4 ASCII character 61h a PAR 5 text2 9 ASCII character 6Ch 1 PAR 6 text2 6 ASCII character 2Dh PAR 7 text2 7 ASCIi character 74h te PAR 8 text2 8 ASCII character 69h i PAR 9 text2 9 ASCII character 6Dh m PAR 10 text2 10 ASCII character 65h e FAR 11 text2 11 ASCII character 20h PAR_12 text2 12 ASCII character 77h w PAR 13 text2 13 ASCII character 69h i PAR 14 text2 14 ASCII character 74h t PAR 15 text2 15 ASCII character 68h p PAR 16 text2 16 ASCII character 20h PAR 17 text2 17 ASCII character 41h A PAR 18 text2 18 ASCII character 44h D PAR 19 text2 19 ASCII character 77h w PAR 20 text2 20 ASCII character 69h i PAR 21 text2 21 ASCII character 6Eh n PAR 22 text2 22 End of string sign 0 248 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 ADwin StrRight StrRight STRRIGHT returns a specified num
12. The compiler will only be called after you have entered your license key in ADbasic The command line call has changed since ADbasic 4 Thus you have to check the syntax of previously written calls Please note the general hints about Command line calls in Windows on page 12 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A 7 Command Line Calling A D WI n A 4 1 Syntax There are command line calls to create binary files main option M and to create a library file main option 1 You add command line options beginning with a slash some of which have optional parameters If an option is missing the compiler will use a default set ting nevertheless we recommend to type all options to avoid ambiguities As an alternative options of a single call may be written into a makefile and the compiler called with main option MAKE At last there are the main options H to display a short help text and VER to display the compiler version number The command line call is entered in a single line option letters are case sen sitive Syntax ADbasicCompiler M src bas A dest IP path LP path Lx Sx Px ET EE PNx PH PL PLx PDx 0x Vx ADbasicCompiler L src bas A dest IP path LP path Lx Sx Px Ox ADbasicCompiler MAKE makefile ADbasic H ADbasic VER Optional settings are given in brackets The character separates options whic
13. The instruction runs according to the formula scaled i l i 1 scaled i unscaled i n i 1 scaled i unscaled i n 2 If FFT_SCALE uses the resulting arrays of FFT you have to set count count 2 with count is a parameter of FFT FFT_SCALE scales the result of an FFT calculation to the size of the components of the source data It does not scale the frequency axis of the spectrum see the notes of FFT See also FFT FFT_Mag FFT_Phase FFT_Mag_Scale Example The example program for all ADwin systems lt C ADwin ADbasic lib FFT doctdemo FFT scale demo bas gt 266 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A D wi n FFT_Scale creates a signal from some sine signals samples the signal calculates the FFT the magnitude and scales the magnitude The source signal results from a sine signal of 60 Hz and the amplitude 0 7 e a sine signal of 30 Hz and the amplitude 1 0 e a DC signal with the amplitude 1 5 The amplitudes of the scaled frequency spectrum see graphic below created with TGraph exe exactly show the size of the superposed source signals data_6 7 1 Index 7 60 Hz data_6 4 0 7 Index 4 30 Hz data_6 1 1 5 Index 1 DC signal All other amplitudes have the value 0 or close to 0 caused by round off noise Be Options Took Ugdate F7 Teron FB DE DBL DAHITI ZO TD BR dete 611 10 1 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 267 FFT_Mag ADwin FFT Mag FFT_MAG returns the magnitudes modulus o
14. Tools Various help functions page 54 Window Arrange source code windows page 55 Help Help version and license information page 55 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 ADwin Development Environment 3 7 1 File Menu The File menu contains instruc tions for managing files and projects Files can be opened created saved or closed ultiple source code windows may be open simulta neously no more than ten pro cesses may be loaded to the ADwin system ata time Projects can also be opened saved and created in the same way as files with the exception that no more than one project can be open at a time More instructions are available in the project window see chapter 3 8 2 The print functions can also be found in the menu Under Recent Files and Recent Projects a list of previously opened files and projects is dis played ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 New Ctrl N Open Ctrl 0 Close Save Ctrl S Save As Add to Project New Project Open Project Close Project Save Project Save Project As Save All Files of Project Print Ctrl P Print Preview Printer Setup Recent Files gt Recent Projects b Exit 37 38 Development Environment ADwin 3 7 2 Edit Menu The menu Edit contains the edit func tions in accordance with the standard Windows conventions Moreover the menu offers functions for searching Find Find Next and replacing
15. 100 Optimizing Processes A D WI n If Par_1 in the example above equals 37 the time critical section of the high priority process requires 37 x 25ns 925ns It is also possible to measure the time difference between two external events in an event driven process In the following example the measurement is stored in the global variable Par 1 Example DIM oldtime time AS LONG INIT oldtime READ TIMER EVENT time READ_TIMER Par 1 time oldtime oldtime time 5 2 Useful Information 5 2 1 Accessing Hardware Addresses Many of the ADwin system functions are managed by its control and data regi sters These functions can quickly be executed by directly accessing the rele vant registers with the PEEK and POKE instructions Here directly means that the functions addresses are not calculated in the process cycle but pas sed as constant values saving computing time for the calculation The addresses for the control and data registers can be found in the relevant hardware manual 5 2 2 Constants instead of Variables A calculation is executed faster when the values are specified as constants and not as variables Example FPAR_1 SQRT PAR 2 with PAR_2 17 FPAR_1 SQRT 17 For the first calculation the value of the variable Par _2 must be deter mined during run time The root must then be calculated and assigned to Par 1 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A D WI n Useful Information In th
16. 79 type conversion 94 value range 78 internal counter clock cycle 115 internal memory additional EM 85 data DM 85 SRAM 84 interrupt see stop process lO_Sleep 189 J Java 122 jump to declaration gt 29 jump to program line 29 jump conditional If Then 179 SelectCase 229 K keyboard settings display gt 61 L language 47 latency timing window 49 65 length timing window 49 65 less than lt lt 135 Lib_EndFunction gt 191 A 25 A 26 Index ADwin Lib_EndSub 195 Lib Function gt 191 Lib Sub 195 library create from ADbasic 40 from command line 8 directory settings 47 function gt 191 general 97 Import 183 position in the program 75 subroutine 195 toggle folding 19 library file create 39 license agreement 4 license key 9 line feed escape sequence 91 line length max standard 72 with Include 186 lines change to comment 19 indenting 18 jump to gt 29 numbering 45 smart format gt 18 LN 199 LngToStr 200 Log 202 logarithm decimal 202 natural gt 199 logic functions And 138 Not 211 Or 212 Shift_Left 231 Shift_Right 232 XOr 261 long see integer numbers Lowlnit 203 low priority processes with T11 117 macro function 176 general features gt 96 position in the program 75 toggle folding 19 Make Bin File Make Lib File 39 manual indenting 18 Mark Control bl
17. Cut Cut selection and copy into the clipboard Copy Copy selection into the clipboard Paste Delete selection and insert text from the clipboard Comment Block Uncomment Block Changing lines into comment page 19 Indent Outdent Indenting text lines page 18 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 a A D WI n Development Environment Mark Control block Unmark Control block Marking control blocks page 28 Declaration Info Displaying declaration of instruction or variable page 32 Jump to Declaration Jumping to declaration of instruction or vari able page 29 These functions are available without marking Add to Project Add a file to the project Code snippets Inserting code snippets page 31 Show all Declarations Displaying declarations of a file page 32 3 2 3 Editor bar The editor bar provides editor tools for use in the source code window i Using bookmarks page 28 gpg Q g pag a Changing lines into comment page 19 as Folding text ranges page 19 i Displaying declaration of instruction or variable page 32 S Jumping to declaration of instruction or variable page 29 E Inserting code snippets page 31 4 Displaying declarations of a file page 32 Undo the previous editing action or redo it 3 3 Formatting source code Source code can be mostly automatically formatted to clearly show the pro gram structure ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010
18. Data_5 Data_8 Global Variable Processtile ADB SCR WIN GlobalVars1 bas ADB SCR WIN GlobalVars1 bas ADB SCR WIN GlobalVars1 bas ADB SCR WIN GlobalVars1 bas ADB SCR WIN GlobalVars1 bas ADB SCR WIN GlobalVars2 bas ADB SCR WIN GlobalVars1 bas ADB SCR WIN GlobalVars2 bas ADB SCR WIN GlobalVars2 bas ADB SCR WIN GlobalVars1 bas ADB SCR WIN GlobalVars1 bas ADB SCR WIN GlobalVars2 bas ADB SCR WIN GlobalVars2 bas ADB SCR WIN GlobalVars1 bas ADB SCR WIN GlobalVars2 bas ADB SCR WIN GlobalVars1 bas ADB SCR WIN GlobalVars1 bas ADB SCR WIN GlobalVars2 bas ADB SCR WIN GlobalVars1 bas Line No Comment 4 ADB SCR WIN GLOBALVARS INC 10 14 16 used 2 times 17 used 2 times 8 15 5 7 2 ADB SCR WIN GLOBALVARS INC 3 ADB SCR WIN GLOBALVARS INC 6 7 3 ADB SCR WIN GLOBALVARS INC 7 6 16 2 5 Ino ToDo Ea Debug Errors Timing Analyzer Global Variables 8 Declarations Busy PM DM Ln3 Col 1 we The window columns can be sorted with a click on the column header the name of the scanned file the line number where the variable is called or used If the comment contains a file name the line number refers to this file else to the scanned file acomment if the variable is used more than once in the line the variable is used only indirectly This case happens if e g a function of an include or a library file uses a global variable The function call in the
19. Example EVENT IF ADC 1 gt 3072 THEN threshold value exceeded STOP_PROCESS 2 stop measurement process 2 END ENDIF 240 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 ADwin String String Strings are put into quotes Syntax IMPORT String LI ts LL for T9 LIA for T10 LEB for TIL DIM text length AS STRING text ADwin Parameters text Name of the text variable ARRAY STRING length Length of the text variable CONST LONG Notes Dimension text variables with DIM AS STRING see page 155 A string you want to assign to a variable is put in quotes More information about text variables and the structure of strings can be found under Strings on page 88 Strings can be processed with the instructions mentioned below Also you can add concatenate strings with the operator See also String Addition Dim Asc Chr FloToStr Flo40ToStr LngToStr Str Comp StrLeft StrLen StrMid StrRight ValF Vall ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 241 String ADwin Example IMPORT String LI9 Rem Dimension strings with 3 and 1 characters DIM chars 3 AS STRING DIM char 1 AS STRING INIT Rem Transfer characters to the strings chars ABC char 2 EVENT PAR_1 chars 1 PAR_1 3 number of the characters PAR 2 chars 2 PAR 2 65 A PAR 3 chars 3 PAR 3 66 B PAR_4 chars 4 PAR 4 67 C PAR 5 chars 5 PAR 5 0 end of str
20. Find occurrences of the text as word whole words Option inactive Find text also as part of a word Search hid The option refers to Folding text ranges see den text page 19 Option active Folded text areas are searched Option inactive Folded atext areas are skipped Search up Option active Search in direction to start of file Option inactive Search in direction to end of file Use regular Specify that the search string is a Regular expressions expression see page 26 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 ADwin Development Environment Option Description Prompt on replace Option valid with Replace A11 only Option active Each occurence opens a dialog box to control replacing Option inactive All occurences are replaced with out query 5 Set the search range Option Description Current Start search in the current source code at cursor Document position If text is selected the cursor is positioned behind the selection All open All open documents are searched starting with Documents the current source code Selection only Only the selected range is searched If no selection is given search starts at cursor position All Docu ments of Project All files of the project are searched not regarding whether the current source code is also part of the project Cannot be used for replace The results are shown at the
21. Optimize O No Yes Initial Processdelay Version Fig 5 The Process Options dialog box Process Process number The number under which the transferred process is started on the sys tem If there is more than one process to be run each process must have its own process number Eventsource Sets the event source signal which initiates the EVENT section of the process Timer sets the internal counter as event signal The system variable PROCESSDELAY determines the delay in which the counter creates an event signal e External sets the external signal the event input of the ADwin system as ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 43 44 a Development Environment A D WI n event signal for instance a sensor impulse In this case the Priority option must be set to High anyway How you can use an external event input in an ADwin Pro system is explained in the ADwin Pro software documentation under EventEnable Priority The priority of the process Set the priority the process will be run with in the ADwin hardware For more information see chapter 6 1 1 Types of Processes Level 10 10 defines the priority within processes with low prior ity so that a process with a higher Leve1 can interrupt those with a lower level but not vice versa A higher number represents a higher level Optimize Status and level of compiler optimization Compiler optimization which may be use
22. R Read_Timer 225 Rem 226 Reset_Event 227 Restart_Process 228 S SelectCase 229 Shift_Left 231 Shift_Right 232 Sin 233 Sleep 234 Sart 236 Start_Process 237 Stop_Process 240 String 241 StrComp 243 StrLeft 244 StrLen 246 StrMid 247 StrRight 249 Sub EndSub 251 T Z Tan 254 Trace_Mode_ Pause 255 Trace_Mode_Resume256 ValF 257 Vall 259 XOr 261 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 Instruction Index ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010
23. a Lib_Function Lib_EndFunction A D WI n Example loses So lt Calculate a mean value lt LIB_FUNCTION average BYREF array AS LONG BYVAL ptr AS LONG BYVAL cnt AS LONG AS LONG DIM i AS LONG average 0 IF cnt gt 0 THEN FOR i ptr TO ptr cnt average average array i NEXT i average average cnt ENDIF LIB_ENDFUNCTION Calling the library function average is illustrated in the following example a moving average filter Rem Import the library MEAN IMPORT C MyFiles ADwinLibs MEAN LI9 DEFINE cnt 10 Number of the samples DEFINE samples DATA_1 Number of measm values DEFINE filtered DATA_2 Number of filtered measm values DEFINE length 1000 Length of the array DIM samples length AS LONG Source array DIM filtered length AS LONG Destination array DIM i AS LONG Count variable INIT i l Initialize the count variable PROCESSDELAY 40000 Measurement with 1 kHz EVENT samples i ADC 1 Measure and save analog values INC i Increment count variable IF i gt length THEN END Are 1000 measurements complete If yes process Finish FINISH FOR i 1 TO length cnt For all measm values Rem Call library function average filtered i cnt average samples i cnt Rem Note the call with the passed array samples Rem without dimension brackets NEXT i 194 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A D wi n Lib_Sub Lib_EndSub Lib Sub Lib EndSub The LIB_SUB LIB_EN
24. default lt c ADwin ADbasic LIB gt after the installation A string variable has a structure similar to an array in which each array ele ment contains one character The dimensioning of a string for 5 characters is as follows IMPORT String LI9 DIM text 5 AS STRING This dimensioning reserves an array for the string in the memory which is structured as follows text 1 Length of the string in characters 5 text 2 Character 1 of the string text 3 Character 2 of the string text 4 Character 3 of the string text 5 Character 4 of the string text 6 Character 5 of the string text 7 The end of string character terminating zero 00h Each element requires 4 bytes of memory The first and last elements of the string are automatically reserved by the ADbasic compiler Do not use ele ment number 0 here text 0 After dimensioning the elements are not initialized Values must be assigned to a string before the string can be read from or processed Normal Assignment Values are assigned to string variables by placing the string s actual text into quotation marks and setting it equal to the string variable ADbasic stores the corresponding ASCII numbers for each character in the memory see ASCII table in the Appendix ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 89 pes Programming Processes A D WI n Example text HELLO Element Memory Meaning Index Contents text 05h Length of the string in ch
25. selectable FLOAT must be declared array vector sunt Variables are normally stored in the internal memory DM and arrays in the external memory DX memory map see chapter 4 3 1 if not determined explicitely All data types have a length of 32 bit 4 2 2 Data Structures In ADbasic there are two main types of data structures variables scalars Each variable can store one value only 76 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A D WI n Variables and Arrays arrays one or two dimensional ARRAY An array consists of any user defined number of array el ements each storing one value One dimensional global arrays Data_n may also be used as FIFO a ring buffer which works according to the prin ciple First in first out see chapter 4 3 4 on page 87 The maximum number of variables and array size are limited only by the memory size of the ADwin system The compiler differentiates Global Variables Parameters variables and Global Arrays see chapter 4 2 5 and chapter 4 2 6 All processes as well as computer applications can access global va riables for instance to exchange data System variables are global variables see page 82 Local Variables and Arrays see page 82 Local variables are available only in the process function or subrou tine where they have been declared Variables and arrays are declared with the DIM instruction this determines the data type as well as the necessary m
26. stringl String from which is copied ARRAY STRING length Number of characters to be copied LONG string2 String into which is copied ARRAY STRING See also String String Addition Asc Chr FloToStr Flo40ToStr LngToStr StrComp StrLen StrMid StrRight VaIF Vall 244 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 ADwin StrLeft Example IMPORT String LI9 Rem Dimension the source and destination strings DIM text1 32 INIT Rem Define source string textl EVENT Rem Get 14 characters from the left from the string textl PA PA PA PA PA PA PA PA PA PA PA Ri w W w W w w W vs w PrP OA IHU BWHD ll w T PAR_ PAR_ PA PA A A ere w N R 14 R 15 text2 14 AS STRING MEGA real time with ADwin systems STRLEFT text1 14 text2 text2 1 String length text2 2 ASCII character text2 3 ASCII character text2 4 ASCII character text2 5 ASCII character text2 6 ASCII character text2 7 ASCII character text2 8 ASCII character text2 9 ASCII character text2 10 ASCII character text2 11 ASCII character text2 12 ASCII character text2 13 ASCII character text2 14 ASCII character text2 15 ASCII character text2 16 End PA R 16 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 14 characters 4Dh 45h 47h 41h 20h 72h 65h an 6Ch 2Dh 74h 69h 6Dh Shs y pn ng
27. 17 18 a Development Environment A D WI n Syntax highlighting page 18 Smart formatting page 18 Indenting text lines page 18 Changing lines into comment page 19 Folding text ranges page 19 Find more editor functions in the sections Creating source code page 15 Searching and replacing page 20 Writing programs with ease page 29 3 3 1 Syntax highlighting Once a command line is written the editor will automatically change the color of the instruction words variable names and array names while indenting the lines to give a clear structure The editor divides the character strings you have entered into several groups of syntax elements being displayed differently The color design may be changedunder Options gt Settings Editor Syntax Highlight see page 46 the window also shows an overview of syntax groups Syntax highlighting requires an active option Parse Declarations under Editor General see page 45 3 3 2 Smart formatting Once a command line is written the editor will automatically correct the num ber of spaces thus giving the line a clear structure This way e g operators like or keywords like IF will have a space to left and right If you like to format manually you have to switch off smart format under Editor General Smart format see page 45 3 3 3 Indenting text lines Once a command line is written the editor will automatically indent the lines
28. 181 ADWIN_PRO 181 ADWIN_PROII 181 ADWIN_SYSTEM 181 ADwin32 dll 121 analyze general 105 run time error gt 106 timing gt 106 And 138 arc cosine ArcCos 140 arc sine ArcSin gt 141 arc tangent ArcTan gt 142 Index ADwin arithmetic functions 127 128 125 129 130 Dec 152 Exp 162 Inc 185 LN 199 Log 202 Sqrt 236 Array Index local too large lt 1 see run time error arrays 2 dimensional 85 allocate memory area 83 copy 208 DATA_n 150 FIFO 163 global 80 first element 81 initialize 75 local gt 82 first element 83 overview 76 Dim AS 155 Asc 143 ASCll character set 3 assign a value 79 assignment 134 Dim AT 155 autocomplete instruction or variable 30 autoindent 45 automatical type conversion 94 AutoSave 39 autostart 39 B backslash escape sequence 91 bar menu 36 base e 162 binary file see also library create 39 from ADbasic 39 from command line 8 transfer to TiCo processor 34 use from development environment 122 binary notation 79 bit shifting left 231 right 232 bookmark 28 booting 11 bootloader programming 34 break see stop process BTL file directory settings 47 busy display gt 61 bypass waiting time 210 Cc C NET C 122 carriage return escape sequence 91 case sensitivity 15 Case CCase CaseElse Select Case 229 Cast_Float
29. 4 5 Using bookmarks Bookmarks mark selected source code lines You can jump to bookmarked lines You can use these actions Seta Bookmark Bookmark a line either with the Toggle Bookmark button from the ed itor bar or click Bookmark A11 in the Replace dialog box Use Toggle Bookmark to remove single bookmarks Go to Next Bookmark Select the Next Bookmark button from the editor bar Goto Previous Bookmark Select the Previous Bookmark button from the editor bar ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 a A D WI n Development Environment Remove all Bookmarks Select the Delete all Bookmark button from the editor bar Use Toggle Bookmark to remove single bookmarks Bookmarks are saved together with the source code file 3 4 6 Jump to a program line You can jump to a program line in the source code with a double click on the line number in the status bar or by selecting GoTo Line in the Edit menu A dialog box opens where you enter the nuber of the desired program line To show source code line numbers the option show linenumbers under Editor General see page 45 must be enabled 3 4 7 Jumping to declaration of instruction or variable From a variable name you can directly jump the variable s declaration This is true for all self declared names local variables arrays instructions SUB FUNCTION and symbolic names DEFINE To jump to a declaration you place the cursor on the self declared name
30. 5 00 Manual March 2010 211 212 or ADwin Or The operator OR combines two integer values bit wise or two Boolean expres sions as a Boolean operator Syntax ret_val val_1ORval 2 val_2 bit wise operator IF exprl OR expr2 THEN Boolean operator Parameters val_1 val_2 Integer value LONG expr1 expr2 Boolean expression with the value true or false Notes With OR you can only combine expressions of the same type integer or Boolean with each other mixing them is not possible You can use Boolean operators only in statements such as IF THEN ELSE or DO UNTIL variables cannot have Boolean values If you use several Boolean operators in one line you have to put each operation into parentheses This is not necessary for combining of in teger values See also And If Then Else Endlf causes the processor to wait for sev eral processor cyclesNot XOr Example Bit wise operator DIM vall val2 val3 AS LONG vall 0100b val2 0110b val3 vall OR val2 Result val3 0110b ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 LOGIC ADwin or Boolean operator DIM x AS LONG DIM val4 AS LONG INIT x 15 EVENT IF x lt 3 OR x gt 9 THEN val4 1 ELSE val4 0 ENDIF Result val4 1 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 213 P1_Sleep A D wi n P1_Sleep Processor T11 only P1_SLEEP causes the Pro bus to wait for a certain time Syntax P1_SLEEP val
31. 86 additional demand by debug mode 106 timing mode 109 allocate 83 overview internal external 84 data structure global arrays memory fragmentation 113 A 21 A 22 Index ADwin data structures FIFO 87 global arrays gt 80 global arrays 2 dimensional gt 85 global variables 79 local variables and arrays 82 overview 76 data types overview 77 string 88 type conversion 94 data word numbering of bits 2 Data_n 80 dimensioning 155 global arrays 2 dimensional gt 85 overview 150 Data Index global too large lt 1 see run time error debug general 105 debug mode 106 enable timing mode 48 menu 48 timing mode 106 timing window 48 64 Trace_Mode_Pause 255 Trace_Mode_Resume 256 debug errors gt 52 debug mode 52 Dec 152 decimal logarithm gt 202 decimal notation 79 decimal places cut off gt 94 decimal separator 79 declaration jump to 29 see dimensioning show all 32 show single info 32 declarations display all 69 decrement 152 Define see Define definition of macros position in the program 75 Delphi 122 demo mode 9 design of an ADbasic program 72 development environment bars and windows 12 communication with C Delphi Matlab etc gt 122 directory settings 47 short cuts 1 source directory gt 11 start 9 device no definition 121 set 41 DlAdem 122 Dim 155 dimensioning instruction Dim 155 me
32. Change License Licensekey Please enter the license key z Without license key ADbasic starts in demo The dialog window License mode and cannot make binary files key opens Licensekey 3 Enter your license key z P Ea Cancel The License key is to be found on the cover sheet of this ADbasic manual In ADbasic the following licenses are available No license demo mode Without valid License key ADbasic will operate in demo mode In this mode the development environment only works for demonstration test or evaluation purposes For example you cannot create binary files Evaluation license expiring by date The license enables all functions of the development environment for a fixed period Afterwards ADbasic will run in demo mode again see above Non expiring license of the Licensee ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 a A D WI n Development Environment The following licenses can be enabled ADbasic 5 works with all ADwin processors e ADbasic 3 0 works with ADwin processors up to version T9 e ADbasic 2 0 works with ADwin processors up to version T8 e TiCoBasic e ADlab Matlab driver for ADwin The TiCoBasic and ADlab licenses can be combined with one of the ADbasic licenses The license conditions for ADbasic are described in the License Agree ment annex see A 4 3 1 3 Loading the ADwin Operating System The ADwin operating system is loaded to your ADwin system by cli
33. Please note the braces in the last line ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 129 130 0 Power A D wi n A Power The operator calculates the value of a number raised to a power Syntax val val_1l val 2 Parameters val_l Basis val 2 Exponent Notes Please note that combining different variable types with the power op erator will cause a type conversion During conversion from the type LONG _ into the type FLOAT rounding differences can occur which influence the result If basis and exponent are variables with even value but not constants the power is nevertheless calculated using Float arithmetic Large re sults therefore show the typical Float inaccuracy with large numbers Example PAR 2 31 variable PAR 1 2 PAR 2 7FFFFFE2h If the basis and or the exponent are a variable with a negative sign you should use braces to ensure the sign will be considered upon expo nentiation see also chapter 4 4 1 Evaluation of Operators on page 92 This is not necessary with constants varl 2 2 varl 4 var2 var1 2 var2 16 var3 var1l 2 var3 16 Polynoms are calculated quicker if you reduce powers by factoring out receiving a multiplication y a b x c x 2 d x 3 e x 4 slower version y a x b x c x d x e quicker version ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 FLOAT LONG FLOAT LONG
34. Time 044 99 5 2 Useful Information 2 000 eee 100 5 2 1 Accessing Hardware Addresses 100 5 2 2 Constants instead of Variables 100 5 2 3 Faster Measurement Function 101 5 2 4 Setting Waiting Times Exactly 101 5 2 5 Using Waiting Times 0 0 eee eee eee 103 5 2 6 Optimization with Processor T11 105 5 3 Debugging and Analysis 00005 105 5 3 1 Finding Run time Errors Debug Mode 106 5 3 2 Check the Timing Characteristics Timing Mode 106 Checking Number and Priority of Processes 107 Optimal Timing Characteristics of Processes 108 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 V Table of contents A D WI n 6 Processes in the ADwin System 110 6 1 Process Management 0 eee eee eee 111 6 1 1 Types of Processes 00000 eee eeaee 111 6 1 2 Processes with High Priority 0 112 6 1 3 Processes with Low Priority 04 112 6 1 4 Communication Process 2 200005 113 6 1 5 Memory fragmentation 0 2 0 0 eee eee 113 6 2 Time Characteristics of Processes 115 6 2 1 Processdelay 0 cece eee 115 6 2 2 Precise Timing of Process Cycles 116 6 2 3 Low Priority Processes with T11 117 6 2 4 Workload of the ADwin system
35. You receive the above error message and have to reorganize the memory in order to obtain free memory of sufficient size Booting and loading anew is useful here since the data blocks are stored con sequently without a gap and the free memory remains as a unit The result of memory fragmentation can be a memory which cannot store any more data regardless of being a process or a data array According to the pro cessor type an error message pops up or the ADwin system shows 100 workload A simple solution is to boot the ADwin system and load the data anew Example Two quite large processes are already loaded to memory Process 1 is to be replaced by new code with increased size but the data block does not fit into memory neither before nor behind process 2 and you receive the mentioned error message After booting and loading in different sequence process 1 can be loaded any time without the risk of memory frag mentation Previously loaded Process 1 Process 1 cannotbe new browess TJ raw proses TJ loaded anew Process 2 Boot and load anew with Process 2 newprocess1 process 1 different sequence As an alternative you may also delete process 2 manually and load both pro cesses anew The advantage is to retain the values of global variables and arrays for a global array this is only true if the array size remains unchanged The difficulty in manual deletion especially with increasing number of pro cesses is to ke
36. a wow Www xr e a wqe wow wen i EI m e of string character 0 245 246 StrLen ADwin StrLen STRLEN returns the number of characters in a string Syntax IMPORT String LI ret_val Parameters Stringi ret_val See also LIO for T9 LIA for TIO LIB tor TLL STRLEN String String whose length is determined ARRAY Number of characters in the string String String Addition Asc Chr FloToStr Flo40ToStr LngToStr StrComp StrLeft StrMid StrRight VaIF Vall Example IMPORT St DIM textl INIT textl EVENT PAR 1 ring LI9 50 AS STRING MEGA real time with ADwin systems STRLEN text1 vString length PAR 1 33 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 ADwin simia StrMid STRMID returns a specified number of characters from a string into a second string starting from a certain position in the string Syntax IMPORT String LI ie LIS for TS ILLA for TLO LIB for Tii STRMID stringl start length string2 Parameters stringl String from which is copied ARRAY STRING start Position of the first character which is copied LONG length Number of characters to be copied LONG string String into which is copied ARRAY STRING See also String String Addition Asc Chr FloToStr Flo40ToStr LngToStr StrComp StrLeft StrLen StrRight ValF Vall ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 247
37. also Absl Max_Long Min_Float Vall Example EVENT PAR 10 MIN_LONG PAR 1 PAR 2 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 LONG LONG LONG 207 MemCpy ADwin MemCpy Processor T11 only MEMCPY copies a specified amount of array elements from a source array to a destination array Syntax MEMCPY arrayl il array2 i2 count Parameters arrayl Name of the source array LONG FLOAT STRING il Index 21 of the first copied array element LONG array2 Name of the destination array LONG FLOAT STRING i2 Index 21 of the first array element to be LONG written count Number 21 of array elements to be copied LONG Notes MEMCPY is the simple and much faster alternative to copying data in a FOR NEXT loop The instruction may be used neither with FIFO arrays nor with local variables a Please note The data types of source and destination array must be identical and the destination array must be declared large enough to hold all copied data The access to indexes out of bounds can be monitored in debug mode for the destination array see Debug mode Option on page 52 The source array cannot be monitored See also Dim 208 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A D wi n MemCpy Example DIM DATA 1 75 DATA 2 100 AS FLOAT EVENT Rem Copy 70 array elements from DATA_1 to DATA 2 MEMCPY DATA 1 5 DATA 2 30 70 ADbasi
38. as well as libraries and include files be included ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 ADwin lt ADbasic BAS gt Macro Functions and Subroutines Declarations Macro Functions and Subroutines v Program Design lt ADbasic INC gt Macro Functions and Subroutines lt ADbasic LI gt Library Functions and Subroutines LOWINIT INIT AA FINISH v Macro Functions and Subroutines Fig 12 Design of an ADbasic program ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 73 74 Programming Processes A D WI n 4 1 1 The Program Sections Each of the program sections see fig 12 start with a keyword as described below LOWINIT can only be used within high priority processes When the process starts this section is executed only once and is used for initialization for instance of variables or data I O lines It is always executed prior to the execution of the INIT section if there is one and at low priority level 1 This section is ideal for extensive initialization sequences because it can be interrupted due to its low priority INIT is similar to the LOWINIT section as it is executed only once at the start of the process However it will be executed with the priority that has been assigned for the process menu item Options Process This section c
39. bits or LONG 0 for num lt 0 and for num gt 31 Notes Use only integer values for the argument if possible Floating point val ues of the type FLOAT are converted into integer values before shift ing them The decimal places are truncated and the value is rounded if necessary Shifting the bits n places to the left corresponds to the multiplication with 2 A possible overflow is not taken into account which means a set bit is lost if it is left shifted beyond the length of an argument The execution time is similar to that one of a comparable multiplication operator See also Shift_Right Example DIM vall val2 AS LONG EVENT yall 1024 val2 SHIFT_LEFT vall 2 Result val2 4096 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 231 Shift_Right A D wi n Shift_Right The SHIFT _RIGHT instruction shifts all bits of a value by a specified number of places to the right The empty bits at the left are filled with zeroes Syntax ret_val SHIFT _RIGHT val num Parameters val Argument LONG num Number of places which are shifted 0 31 LONG ret_val Argument with shifted bits or LONG 0 for num lt 0 and for num gt 31 Notes Use only integer values for the argument if possible Floating point val ues of the type FLOAT are converted into integer values before shift ing them The decimal places are truncated and the value is rounded If the argument val is a positive number shifting it num
40. cannot call a library function or subroutine from the same library file If necessary you have to put the function which is to be called into a new library file and Import it from there cannot use SELECTCASE There are 2 methods for passing parameters that differ as follows BYREF The library function can change the parameter so that the changed value is available in the program the address of the parameter is transferred BYVAL The library function can only access the value of the parameter but cannot change it Thus the parameter remains the same for the program that calls the function Passed parameters should always be declared AT lt MEM_TYPE gt to a save valuable processor time lt MEM_TYPE gt must fit with the declara tion of the passed parameters in the calling program see DIM If not the library function has to detect the parameter s memory type at run time If an array is passed as parameter the syntax for definition and call dif fers e Definition of the library function s parameter with brackets LIB __ FUNCTION funcname array e Call with the parameter without brackets ret_val funcname array If arrays are used as passed parameters always define them as BYREF and without indicating any array size You cannot use FIFO arrays as passed parameters See also Lib Sub Lib_EndSub Import Function EndFunction Sub EndSub ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 193
41. do not unnecessarily generate timing information 4 Open the Timing Information window via the Debug gt Show tim ing information menu item Note that the timing characteristics on the ADwin system depend on the num ber and type of the processes thus causing accordingly different parameters One reason for this fact is the process management of the operating system see chapter 6 2 5 Different Operating Modes in the Operating System The evaluation of the information is made during run time and needs approx A 60 clock cycles additionally when using a T9 T10 or T11 processor per pro cess cycle and process The parameters in the window are continuously updated and refer to the time passed since the last start of the processes A short description of the parameters can be found under the Show timing infor mation Menu Item page 48 The minor change of timing characteristics by the timing mode itself cannot be avoided and exists even if no parameters are displayed This may result under certain circumstances in further latencies and is also reproduced in the corresponding parameters in short processes with a short Processdelay a processor workload of more than 100 can be reached sometimes so that the communication to the PC is interrupted Please note that during compiling high priority processes using the timing option a low priority process can be considerably delayed ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 109 a Pr
42. error Correction Division by zero The result of a float division is replaced by 3 40282E 38 the result of a long division is replaced by 2147483 647 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 ADwin Development Environment Run time error Correction SORT from negative number The square root s result is replaced by the value 0 Data index too large lt 1 Array index too large lt 1 Access to local or global array ele ments which are not declared with indices that are too large or too small A too small element index lt 1 is replaced by 1 a too large element index by the greatest dimensioned element index Fifo index is no fifo The array with the given index is not declared as FIFO or not declared at all Instruction is not executed FIFO CLEAR FIFO EMPTY FIFO FULL Address of Pro II module is gt 1l5o0r lt 1 The process is stopped For each process only one error is shown in most cases the error which occured last even if the process has generated more run time errors Please note Using the MemCpy instruction only the access to the destination array will be controlled and corrected an access to undeclared elements of the source array will not be detected 1 Valid for P2_BURST_INIT P2_BURST_READ P2_BURST_WRITE ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 E gt 53 54 Development Environment ADwin 3 7 7 Tools Menu The Tools menu option ca
43. file It is recommended macro functions and subroutines be used instead Alternatively additional libraries may also be used When interlacing libraries including a library within another library the source code calling the libraries must include all levels see fig 15 otherwise an error message will be returned by the compiler Recursive calls of library functions or subroutines are not allowed You will find more information about the structure of the library modules in the instruction reference page 191 Lib_Function Lib_EndFunction page 195 Lib_Sub Lib_EndSub Source code of a process Library 1 Library 2 lt ADbasic BAS gt IMPORT LIB2 LI IMPORT LIB1 LI AA lt LIB1 LI gt lt LIB2 LI gt Library IMPORT LIB2 LI lq functions and i subroutines Library functions and subroutines Fig 15 Interlaced Libraries ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A D WI n Optimizing Processes 5 Optimizing Processes The ADwin system is designed to quickly and precisely execute control and measurement tasks Depending on the requirements it may be necessary to optimize your ADbasic program for a faster processing time The following pages illustrate steps for optimizing a program Many factors determine the optimization process which needs to be considered with each individual case Please refer to the ADbasic Tutor
44. high priority process is called by an event to when execution of the process begins is 300ns A high priority process cycle cannot be interrupted and is always com pletely processed During this time all process cycles with low priority are blocked Neither another high priority process cycle nor a stop instruction can interrupt a running high priority process cycle In both cases the sys tem will complete the current high priority process cycle before pro ceeding In time controlled high priority processes the cycle time processdelay can be set in intervals of 25 ns The software should be written so that time critical measurement processes run with high priority and all others run with low priority so that the processor can process the time critical process cycles without any interference from other operations The sections LOWINIT and FINISH of a process if there are any are always executed with low priority priority level 1 even if the process is set to run with high priority 6 1 3 Processes with Low Priority Process cycles with low priority are immediately interrupted when a process cycle with a higher priority is called and will stay interrupted until that higher priority process cycle has finished Low priority processes are further divided into the priority levels 10 low up to 10 high Process cycles with a low level can be interrupted by those with ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A D WI n Proces
45. m PAR 14 text2 14 ASCIT character 73h e PAR 15 text2 15 End of string sign 0 250 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 ADwin Sub EndSub Sub EndSub The SUB ENDSUB commands are used to define a subroutine macro with passed parameters Syntax SUB macro name val_1 val_2 DIM var AS lt VAR_TYPE gt Instruction block ENDSUB Parameters macro name Name of the subroutine val_1 val_2 Name of the passed parameter FLOAT for arrays use the syntax with dimension brackets array or DATA n LONG Notes You will find general information about macros in chapter 4 5 1 on page 96 This instruction defines a subroutine macro which means the whole instruction block between SUB and ENDSUB is inserted in the place where the macro is called Subroutines help to make your source code more clearly structured Please note that each subroutine call will enlarge the compiled file You may insert subroutines at the following 3 places 1 In front of the section INIT LOWINIT 2 After the section FINISH 3 In a separate file which you include with INCLUDE only at the locations 1 and 2 Be aware that in subroutines no process sections such as LOWINIT INIT EVENT or FINISH can be defined e local variables can be defined at the beginning which are only available in the function and for the processing period ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 251 Sub En
46. n is the array number 1 200 The names for DATA arrays are Data 1 Data 2 Data 200 Other array numbers are not allowed However the declaration of non sequential array numbers is permissible for instance Data_5 without Data 1 Data_4 is allowed In your program the compiler differentiates the arrays by their numbers ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A D WI n Variables and Arrays Example REM Declare the array 5 with 20000 elements of the type LONG DIM Data_5 20000 AS LONG REM Declare the array 3 with 7x5 elements of the type FLOAT DIM Data_3 7 5 AS FLOAT There is more information about 2 dimensional arrays in chapter 4 3 3 on page 85 The maximum size of the array depends on the memory size For instance on an ADwin system with 16MiB memory an array of up to 4 million elements of the LONG type may be declared After the array has been declared each individual element can be accessed The first element of an array has the index 1 0 Do not assign a value to the element 0 of an array for instance with A Data_1 0 Examples Rem The value of the 200th element from array 5 is assigned Rem to the global integer variable PAR_1 Par 1 Data_5 200 0 Rem In this program line the 345th element from the array Rem DATA 5 gets the value 4000 Data_5 345 4000 Rem This instruction assigns the value 300 1 to the lst element Rem of the 2 dimensional array DATA 3 Data_3 1 1 300 1 A va
47. of a process it takes 7000 cycles until the average time reaches a valid value ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 65 a Development Environment A D WI n This parameter shows with min Length and max Length how long and regular the processing time is for a process cycle Varying proces sing times will arise e g when large quantities of data are only evalua ted after a longer time period or if conditions IF CASE contain program sections with very different processing times loops max Latency The maximum measured latency of a process cycle only available for timer controlled processes A latency emerges from the occurrence of an event signal while a high priority process is running This happens when the processing time of a process cycle exceeds its Processdelay With 2 or more high priority processes every now and then process cycles do start time delayed except their processdelays are integer multiples of each other The sum of all delays should always average 0 this corresponds to keeping an average frequency Moreover the parameter is important for processes whose process cycles must run at a precisely pre de fined period in time max Latency Length The maximum sum of the latency and the processing time of a process cycle only available for timer controlled processes To get optimal timing characteristics this parameter value should be lower than the value of the Processdelay if you can fulfill this c
48. places to the right corresponds to a division by 2 A possible division remainder is not taken into account which means a set bit is lost if it is right shifted beyond the length of an argument The execution time is shorter than the execution time of a comparable division For instance val_2 SHIFT _RIGHT val_ 1 3 is faster than val 2 val 1 8 See also Shift_Left Example DIM vall val2 AS LONG EVENT vall 1024 val2 SHIFT _RIGHT vall 3 Result val2 128 232 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 ADwin sin Sin SIN provides the sine of an angle Syntax ret_val SIN angle Parameters angle Arc angle 7 7 FLOAT ret_val Sine of the angle 1 1 FLOAT Notes If you use input values which are not in the range of z 7 the calcu lation error grows with the increasing value The execution time of the function takes 1 25us with a T9 0 63 us with a T10 0 28us with a T11 See also Cos Tan ArcSin ArcCos ArcTan Example DIM vall val2 AS FLOAT EVENT vall 5 3 val2 SIN vall Result val2 0 83 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 233 Sleep A D wi n Sleep Processors until T10 only SLEEP causes the processor to wait for a certain time Syntax SLEEP val Parameters val Number 2 1 of time units to wait in 100ns LONG Notes For processor T11 SLEEP must be replaced by one of the instructions CPU_SLEEP P1_SLEEPorP2_ SLEEP
49. process cycles alternating and in equal time slices 1 ms The example shows the changeover of the processes quite clearly Please note the rule that a process process 1 in this example im mediately receives a time slice upon the call of its process cycle There is a rare and special case which annuls time slicing A process receives a lot of processing time if both it is frequently called and its process cycle takes shorter than one time slice With each call the pro cess interrupts other processes of the same priority level and thus steals their processing time 6 2 4 Workload of the ADwin system The workload of the processor on the ADwin system is the ratio of the com puting time used to the available computing time indicated in percent You can monitor the workload of the processor in the status line display Busy within the development environment see chapter 3 8 5 This value gives you an indication if the processor still has enough computing time available to complete all of the required activities The workload of the processor should exceed 90 percent only in exceptional cases and must not exceed 100 percent Please note for processor T11 Although a workload below 90 is displayed an overload can exist so that some process cycles might be processed with delay In this case the overload exists on the internal Pro or Pro II bus not int the processor and can therefore not be displayed ADbasic 5 00 Manual M
50. see also chapter 5 2 4 Setting Waiting Times Exactly mostly P1_SLEEP is best Since SLEEP is executed as a count loop it cannot be interrupted in high priority process A Please make sure especially when using variables that the argument does not have a value less than 1 otherwise the TiCo processor ADwin system will become unstable And please consider that very high val ues in high priority processes can cause an interruption in the commu nication to the PC If possible use a constant as argument If the argument val requires a calculation it requires additional time this time interval is constant and takes a few clock cycles The following conditions require a calculation The argument is an expression with variables or array elements The variable in the argument is declared in the memory area DRAM EXTERN e The argumentis an array e The argument is a floating point value See also CPU_Sleep NOP P1_Sleep P2_Sleep 234 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 ADwin Sleep Example EVENT SET_MUX 0 SLEEP 25 START_CONV 1 ROM srs ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 Set multiplexer Wait 2 5 ps 25 100ns settling time of the MUX Start conversion 235 Sqrt ADwin Sart SQRT returns the square root of a value Syntax ret val SQRT val Parameters val Argument FLOAT ret_val Square root of the argument or FLOAT 0 for val lt 0 Notes The execution t
51. subroutine Fast_Dacl is made with the program line Fast_Dacl NewValue 252 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A Dwin Sub EndSub The same subroutine with an array as passed parameter SUB Fast _Dacl array Rem Outputs element 3 of the array on the Rem analog output 1 of an ADwin Gold POKE 20400050h array 3 Write value to output POKE 20400010h 11011b Start conversion ENDSUB Calling this subroutine is made in a similar manner but without dimen sion brackets Fast Daci array For array you can indicate a global or a local array Enter the array name only without element number and brackets ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 253 Tan Tan TAN returns the tangent of an argument Syntax ret_val TAN angle Parameters angle Arc angle 7 2 7 2 ret_val Cosine of the angle 1 1 Notes If you use input values which are not in the range of 7 2 7 2 the cal culation error grows with the increasing value The execution time of the function takes 1 33 us with a T9 0 67 us with a T10 0 31 us with a T11 See also Sin Cos ArcSin ArcCos ArcTan Example DIM vall val2 AS FLOAT EVENT vall 5 3 val2 TAN val1 Result val2 1 50 254 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 ADwin tj LOAT LOAT A D wi n Trace_Mode_Pause Trace_Mode_Pause TRACE MODE PAUSE disables the trace mode Syntax TRACE MODE PAUSE Notes TRACE _MODE_
52. that the necessary library or include file is located in the di rectory which is set under the Options gt Settings menu Direc tory item see also the instructions INCLUDE or IMPORT 7 2 Instructions for L16 Gold Pro The instructions in this section are valid for the processors of all ADwin sys tems ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A D wi n Addition Addition The operator adds two values see also String Addition Syntax ret val val_1 val 2 Parameters val 1 Addend 1 FLOAT LONG val 2 Addend 2 FLOAT LONG Notes Please note that combining different variable types with the opera tor will cause a type conversion During conversion from the type LONG into the type FLOAT rounding differences can occur which influence the result See also Subtraction Multiplication Division Power Example PAR 1 9 4 PAR 1 13 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 125 String Addition A D WI n String Addition The operator concatenates two strings see also Addition Syntax IMPORT String LI e119 tor T9 LIA for T10 WS ea LB for TIT val yal 1 val 2 Parameters yal 1 character string1 STRING val 2 character string 2 STRING Notes If you concatenate two strings and assign them to another string the size of the destination string must be declared greater or eq
53. the ADbasic standard directory and should thus be used with caution Directory where library files are searched This setting overwrites the ADbasic standard directory and should thus be used with caution Language for warnings and error messages LE English Default LG German ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A 9 Command Line Calling A D WI n SxX Px mas ST Uw Uw m2 xX Ox Hardware for which the file is compiled SC Cards SL Light 16 SG Gold Default SGII Gold Il SP Pro SPII Proll Processor type for which the file is compiled P2 Processor T2 PA Processor T4 P5 Processor T5 P8 Processor T8 P9 Processor T9 Default P10 Processor T10 P11 Processor T11 Create timer triggered process see also chapter 6 on page 110 Default Excludes EE Create externally triggered process see also chapter 6 on page 110 Schlief amp t ET aus Number x 1 10 of the process Default 1 Create process with high priority Default See also chap ter 6 1 2 on page 112 Create process with low priority and priority level 1 time triggered process only See also chapter 6 1 3 on page 112 Create process with low priority and priority level x 10 10 Set cycle time Processdelay of the process to x Default 1000 T11 3000 See also chapter 6 2 1 on page 115 Set optimize level x 0 1 2 of the compiler see also Process Options dialog box page 42
54. the range of z z the calcu lation error grows with the increasing value The execution time of the function takes 1 3 us with a T9 0 7 us with a T10 0 31us with a T11 See also Sin Tan ArcCos ArcSin ArcTan Example DIM val_1 val_2 AS FLOAT EVENT yal L 2523 val_2 COS val_1 Result val_2 055 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 147 CPU_Sleep A D wi n CPU_Sleep Processor T11 only CPU_SLEEP causes the processor to wait for a certain time Syntax CPU_SLEEP val Parameters val Number 9 715827879 of time units to wait in 10ns LONG Notes Alternatively there are the instructions P1_SLEEP and P2_ SLEEP see also chapter 5 2 4 Setting Waiting Times Exactly For processors up to T10 use SLEEP The waiting time should always be smaller than the cycle time set with PROCESSDELAY A In a high priority process CPU_SLEEP cannot be interrupted Thus very high values in high priority processes can cause an interruption in the communication to the PC If possible use a constant as argument If the argument val requires a calculation it requires additional time this time interval is constant and takes a few clock cycles The following conditions require a calculation The argument is an expression with variables or array elements e The variable in the argument is declared in the memory area DRAM_EXTERN The time interval may vary because it depends on several conditions The argumenti
55. to avoid overloading the ADwin system see also chapter 6 1 4 on page 113 As a rule of thumb the processor workload display field Busy x in the status bar should be under 90 percent and must not exceed 100 percent If the time needed for processing the section EVENT is larger than the process delay the next counter call and following will be delayed If this 220 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A D wi n Processdelay delay cannot be caught up within 250 ms the communication between the ADwin system and the computer can be interrupted You may set a constant process delay by assigning a value to the va riable PROCESSDELAY in the section INIT LOWINIT You will then overwrite the default value you have set in the dialog window Options Process under Initial Processdelay You can set the variable only once in a section If the parameter PROCESSDELAY is changed in a process cycle in the section EVENT the cycle time processs delay will be changed im mediately This may be critical especially when the cycle time has been shortened Make sure that the execution time of the program remains less than the newly set cycle time See also Read_Timer Example INIT Rem Set cycle time PROCESSDELAY 40000 Rem For T9 and T10 high priority 1 ms Rem For T11 hightlow priority 0 133 ms REM ies ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 221 222 Processdelay A D wi n If you need a longer cycle time than may be s
56. to FFh In addition to the notation xhh there are also special escape sequences for frequently used control characters Sequence ASCII Meaning Value 5C Backslash t 09 Tab TAB n OA Line Feed LF xr OD Carriage Return CR It is also possible to combine the notations described earlier when assigning values to a string variable Example text HE x4C x4co The memory content is the same as the one given in the previous ex amples The end of string character should not be inserted into a string example text HE x00LLO The ADbasic compiler will properly assign each cha racter to the string but errors will most likely occur when the string is proces sed further on String Assignments that are NOT Recommended Unfortunately it is possible to insert characters with ASCII values 00h 1Fh or 80h 0FFh on various ways for instance typing or the German cha racters B and O using copy and paste or the key sequence ALT number We explicitly do recommended to use Character Assignment via Escape Sequence The compiler is able to process such characters However these characters may either have no unique ASCII value because they are country specific or they may cause unwanted actions carriage return etc and program errors It is recommend that any control or special characters inserted into a string only be done using the escape sequence ADbasic 5 00 Manual March
57. to give a clear structure Manual indenting is not available in combination with automatic indenting If you like to indent manually you have to switch off automatic indentation under Editor General AutoIndent Afterwards indents may be set with TAB or SPACE Several marked lines may be indented or outdented by sel ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 a A D WI n Development Environment ecting Indent oder Outdent in the source code context menu right mouse click The menu entry Options gt Settings Editor General Tabsize be used to set the number of spaces for one indent 3 3 4 Changing lines into comment Marked lines may be changed into comment lines in one action by selecting the menu entry Comment Block from the source code context menu right mouse click The editor will then insert a comment char at every of the marked lines so the compiler will skip these lines In the same way Uncomment Block will delete a comment char at the start of the lines 3 3 5 Folding text ranges The editor recognizes control structures like conditions or loops program sec tions macros and library modules as foldable text ranges These ranges are marked by a grey line to the left of the line start with a minus sign in the first line of the range You fold a range with click on the minus sign in the first line in the example below you would click left of FUNCTION sumsquare ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 19 a Developme
58. to start the section EVENT of your process With the setting Timer you define the number of counts of the internal counter as the event signal In this case you use the system variable PROCESSDELAY to define time intervals which triggers an event signal With Extern you determine that a signal at the event input of your AD win hardware starts the process This could be for instance an impulse of a sensor Such a process must run at high priority In this case set the option Priority to High How to use an external event input with an ADwin Pro system is de scribed in the software documentation under EVENTENABLE ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A D WI n Obsolete Program Parts With the setting None the process starts immediately after it has been transferred to the system The section EVENT is independent of any event signals it is restarted immediately after the execution infinite loop In a high priority process you have to assure that the process also pro vides computing time for other tasks e g communication with the computer Process Set the number 1 10 with which the transferred process is accessed on the system If several processes are running simultaneously on the ADwin system you must assign a separate number to each of the processes Number of Loops If you like you can set here the number of times the program cycles through the event loop before it stops When this number is r
59. val_2 ARCTAN val_1 Result val 2 0 4636 142 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 ADwin Asc Asc Asc determines the corresponding decimal value for a single ASCII character or for the first character of a character string Syntax ret_val ASC STRING Parameters String ret_val See also String String Addition Chr FloToStr Flo40ToStr LngToStr Str Comp StrLeft StrLen StrMid StrRight ValF Vall Example DIM text 10 AS STRING INIT text Hello EVENT PAR_1 ASC text PAR_2 ASC ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 Character string ASCII number 0 255 of the first character PAR 1 PAR 1 48h 3Fh 72 63 STRING LONG 143 Cast_FloatToLong A D WI n Cast_FloatToLong CAST _FLOATTOLONG changes the data type of the argument from Float into Long Syntax ret_val CAST_FLOATTOLONG var Parameters var Bit pattern with data type long FLOAT ret_val Identical bit pattern with data type Float LONG Notes This function does not execute a standard type conversion of a num ber see chapter 4 4 2 Type Conversion page 94 Use the operator for the assignment of a Float value to an integer variable This instruction is to be reasonably used in combination with the in verse function CAST_LONGTOFLOAT if there is a bit pattern represent ing a Float value but given with data type LONG Contrary to the data type
60. vibration technology into a frequency based state Approximate identification of frequencies in a sampled signal Table of contents Name Function FFT FFT performs a complex Fast Fourier Transforma 264 tion with complex input and output data 262 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A D wi n FFT Library Name Function FFT_MAG FFT_MAG returns the magnitudes modulus of com 268 plex data FFT_SCALE FFT_SCALE scales the result of an FFT calculation to 266 the size of the components of the source data FFT_PHASE FFT_PHASE returns the phase of complex data 270 FFT MAG FFT MAG SCALE returns the scaled magnitudes 272 SCALE modulus of complex data FFT INIT FFT INIT initializes 2 auxiliary arrays for the calcu 273 lation of Fast Fourier Transformations FFT_CALC FFT CALC calculates a Fast Fourier Transformation 274 after previous initialization FFT_CALC_DM FFT _CALC_DM calculates a Fast Fourier Transfor 276 mation after previous initialization and is optimized for processor T10 FFT_CALC_DX FFT _CALC_Dx calculates a Fast Fourier Transfor 278 mation after previous initialization and is optimized for processor T10 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 263 264 FFT ADwin FFT FFT performs a complex Fast Fourier Transformation with complex input and output data Syntax IMPORT FFT LI LIO for TO FLIA for TLO FFT reall eB for TA img z_
61. 0 Float to string 40 bit 172 Long to string gt 200 String to Float 257 String to long 259 U Uncomment Block 19 Unmark Control block 28 Until Do gt 158 upper lower case letters gt 15 USB 121 user defined instructions and variables 74 user surface 12 utility programs see ADtools V ValF 257 Vall gt 259 value range 77 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 ADwin Index variables autocomplete 30 declaration info gt 32 display 58 global 79 copy a great number of 208 highlight used gt 34 name 76 initialization by booting 11 initialize gt 75 jump to declaration gt 29 local 82 allocate memory area 83 name length 83 overview 76 switch hex decimal display 59 symbolic names 74 see also system variable view to do list gt 63 Visual Basic 122 Ww wait lO_Sleep 189 NOP 210 P1_Sleep Pro I Bus 214 P2_Sleep Pro Il Bus 216 Processor T11 CPU_Sleep 148 window compiler options gt 40 debug errors 52 declarations 69 global variables 67 info range 62 info window 62 overview 12 parameter 58 process Options 42 project 57 source code information gt 13 source code status bar 13 status bar 61 timing analyzer 64 to do list 63 toolbox 57 work load 100 memory fragmentation gt 113 workload definition 118 display gt 61 influence of number of processes 107 workspace size
62. 0 only Instead of FFT_CALC FFT_CALC_DM or FFT_ CALC_DX may be used to calculate an FFT in shorter time ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 a ADwin FFT Calc See also FFT FFT_Init FFT_Calc_DM FFT_Calc_DX Example See example program lt FFT scale demo opt bas gt for all ADwin systems in folder lt C ADwin ADbasic lib FFT doctdemo gt ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 275 276 FFT_Calc_DM ADwin FFT_Calc_DM FFT_CALC_DM calculates a Fast Fourier Transformation after previous initia lization and is optimized for processor T10 Syntax IMPORT FFT LIA FFT CALC DM real img z real z_img arrayl array2 count Parameters real img z teal z img arrayll array2 count Notes Real part of source data The array must be declared AT DM_LOCAL Imaginary part of source data The array must be decla red AT DM_LOCAL Result Real parts index 1 count 2 of transformed data The array must be declared AT DM_LOCAL with array size 4 count Result Imaginary parts Index 1 count 2 of trans formed data The array must be declared AT DM_LOCAL with array size 4x count Arrays for internal calculations The arrays must be declared AT DM_LOCAL with array size 4x count Number 2 2 of source data points The number of points must be a power of 2 The instruction is useful only if FFT_INIT was called before FFT_CALC_DMhas the same function as FFT_CALC a
63. 0 processor IMPORT C MyFiles ADwinLibs dig2volt LIA You will find an overview of the register addresses Gold and Light 16 in your hardware documentation 184 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 ADwin Inc Inc INC increments the value of a local or global integer variable by one Syntax INC var Parameters var Name of a local or global Long variable VAR LONG Notes INC val is equivalent the program line val val 1 and it may have shorter execution time See also Dec Addition Example DIM index AS LONG DIM DATA 1 1000 AS LONG INIT index 1 EVENT DATA_1 index ADC 1 Transfer the measurement value into the array INC index Increment index by 1 IF index gt 1000 THEN END End the program after 1000 measurements ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 185 include A D wi n Include INCLUDE includes all the contents of an include file into the source code Syntax INCLUDE path filename Parameters filename Name of the file to be included with the extension Inc without quotes STRING path Complete path with drive or relative path STRING Notes You find general information about include files in chapter 4 5 2 on page 97 Insert the INCLUDE instructions at the beginning of your source code before you declare the variables You can import other include files in the source code of an include file If any include file uses library f
64. 10 Number of high priority processes With several high priority time controlled processes process cycles cannot be prevented from starting time delayed except their Processdelays are inte ger multiples of each other Optimal Timing Characteristics of Processes A high priority process has an optimal timing characteristic under the following conditions All process cycles of the process have an almost equal processing time The processing time of the process cycle is as short as possible The Processdelay of the process is longer than the longest processing time of all process cycles Nevertheless the processor workload for high priority processes must leave enough processor time available for the tasks of low priority and communica tion processes To get more information about the timing characteristics of interesting pro cesses proceed as follows 1 Activate the timing option with Debug Enable timing analyzer 2 Compile and start the ADbasic source code For each source code which you compile with active timing option in formation about timing characteristics are generated automatically We 108 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A D WI n Debugging and Analysis recommend to view only a small number of processes at once so that the timing characteristics will not be influenced too much see below 3 Disable the Debug Enable timing analyzer option again so that other processes being compiled
65. 13 0Eh 14 0Fh 15 14h 20 15h_ 21 16h_ 22 17h_ 23 EM 19h _25 21h 33 31h 49 39h _57 1Ah_26 1Bh_27 22h _34 2Ah 42 2 32h_50 1Ch_28 1Dh _29 1Eh 30 1Fh 31 23h_35 24h 36 25h_37 26h_38 27h_ 39 2Bh_43 2Ch 44 2Dh 45 2Eh 46 2Fh_ 47 33h_51 34h_ 52 35h_53 36h_54 37h_ 55 lt 3Ch_ 60 3Dh 61 3Eh 62 3Fh 63 A 4th 65 I 49h 73 59h_89 a 61h 97 1 69h 105 42h _66 43h_67 4Ah 74 R 52h_82 Z 5Ah 90 62h _98 63h_99 D 44h _68 45h_69 46h_70 47h_71 4Bh 75 4Ch_76 4Dh 77 4Eh 78 4Fh 79 S T U Vv W 53h __83 54h _84 55h __85 56h__86 57h__87 ue 91 A 92 K 93 5Eh_94 5Fh 95 d 64h 100 65h 101 66h 102 Bae 103 6Ch 108 6Dh 109 6Eh 110 6Fh 111 q 71h 113 Y 79h 121 7Ah 122 7Bh 123 7Ch124 7Dh125 7Eh 126 7Fh 127 1 Backspace ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 2 Tabulator 4 Carriage Return 3 Linefeed 5 Space License Agreement A D WI n A 3 License Agreement Between the buyer of ADbasic termed the Licensee and Jager Computergesteuerte Messtechnik GmbH Rheinstra e 2 4 64653 Lorsch termed hereinafter Jager Messtechnik GmbH the following license agreement is concluded 1 OBJECT OF THE LICENSE AGREEMENT 1 1 Object of the license agreement is the software of the compiler and the development system ADbasic hereinafter termed ADbasic software as well as the printed user manual ADbasic The Real Time Develop me
66. 2010 91 ADwin Programming Processes 4 4 Expressions 4 4 1 An expression is what is assigned to a variable or transferred as an argument of an instruction It consists of any possible combination of Evaluation of Operators simple data constant variable or array element operators being used for arguments For the evaluation of an expression it is important to understand the order in which the operators are used The operators are divided into categories which are resolved according to priorities A category of higher priority is pro cessed before a category of lower priority see fig 13 Please note that automatic Type Conversion may in some cases influence the evaluation of an expression see page 94 too Operator Category mn Delimiter of character strings ADbasic keyword Instruction function variable etc Assignment Parentheses Negation of a constant a Power rI Multiplication Division operators Arithmetic operators And Or XOr Binary operators lt Comparison operators And Or Boolean operators Fig 14 Priorities of Operator Categories Example var Top highest priority Par 1 Par 2 Par 1 3 4 corresponds to var Pag L 92 Par 2 Par_1 3 4 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A D wi n Expressions If 2 or more operators appearing in the same line have the same priority or if there are the s
67. 3 3 Indenting text lines 2 eee 18 3 3 4 Changing lines into comment 19 3 3 5 Folding text ranges 0 0 cee eee 19 3 4 Searching and replacing 22000000e 20 3 4 1 Finding text quickly 0 0 0 eee eee 21 3 4 2 Finding and replacing text 2 000 21 Examples Finding Text 0 00 cece eee 24 Examples Replacing Text 000000 e uae 25 3 4 3 Regular expression 0 22 000 eens 26 3 4 4 Marking control blocks 20000005 28 3 4 5 Using bookmarks 0002000 cece eens 28 3 4 6 Jump toa program line 200005 29 3 4 7 Jumping to declaration of instruction or variable 29 3 5 Writing programs with ease 22200005 29 3 5 1 Autocomplete for instruction or variable 30 3 5 2 Inserting code snippets 2 005 31 3 5 3 Displaying instruction parameters 32 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 III Table of contents A D WI n 3 5 4 Displaying declaration of instruction or variable 32 3 5 5 Displaying declarations of a file 32 3 5 6 Displaying used global variables and arrays 34 3 6 Managing Projects 0 c eee eee eee 35 3 7 Menus 200 0c eee 36 3 7 1 File Menu e404 4 enalindetagte tae ad ores eee aa a 37 3 7 2 Edit Menu 1 6 eae 38 3 7 3 View Menu sei anme eian diaaa a p a aa a aa e g 38 3 7 4
68. ADbasic Real Time Development Tool for ADwin Systems ADbasic Version 5 00 March 2010 License Key ADwin the fastest real time systems under Windows ADwin For any questions please don t hesitate to contact us Hotline Fax E Mail Internet 49 6251 96320 49 6251 56819 info ADwin de www ADwin de JAGER Computergesteuerte Messtechnik GmbH Jager Computergesteuerte Messtechnik GmbH Rheinstra e 2 4 D 64653 Lorsch Germany ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A D WI n Table of contents Table of contents Table of contents a ananuna aaa III Conventions 0 0 00 cee tte ees 2 1 INTPODUCTION sre Sv od Wb bk ded Rae ew 3 2 News in ADbaSic 5 1 es 5 3 Development Environment 0000005 9 3 1 Basic Steps sauais daaa iana d ne shoe aod oka es 9 3 1 1 Starting the Development Environment 9 3 1 2 Check or change ADbasic licenses 9 3 1 3 Loading the ADwin Operating System 11 3 1 4 Basic Elements of the Development Environment 12 3 2 Creating source code 02 200 e eee eee 15 3 2 1 Calling online help 2 0 0 cee ee eee 15 3 2 2 Context menu in source code window 16 3 2 3 Editor 0 an iata eiea iaa a aa 17 3 3 Formatting source code 2220000 eee 17 3 3 1 Syntax highlighting 2 0 00 eee eee eee 18 3 3 2 Smart formatting oa cerea ka pana a EE ee 18 3
69. At the same time it will slow down data access and require additional program memory The loss of access speed and the need of additional memory will increase with each access to the 2 dimensional arrays by the program The following cases require to access the data of a 2 dimensional array as if it were declared 1 dimensional On the PC if the data of a 2D array is transferred to or from an ADwin system The other way round data of a 1D array on the PC may be transferred to an ADwin system even though the destination array is declared 2 dimensional in ADbasic Inside of a library module LIB_SUB LIB_FUNCTION which receives a 2D array as an argument With this kind of data access the order of data in the memory becomes impor tant As an example a 2D array shall be declared as DIM Data_1 3 2 AS FLOAT The 3x2 array elements will be stored sequentially in the data memory The following table shows which element index be used for the 1D access to the example array array index 2D 1 1 112 21 2M2 SI 312 array index 1D 1 2 3 4 5 6 memory address n n 1 n 2 n 3 n 4 n 5 Thus an element Data _1 3 1 used in the main program had to be accessed e g in a library module as fifth element of the passed array REM use in main program Data_1 3 1 17 setparl Data 1 sets PAR 1 17 REM use in library module LIB_SUB setpar1l BYREF array AS LONG Far 1 a
70. Build Menu 2 20000 cee 39 3 7 5 Options Menu 0 2 000 eee 40 Compiler Options dialog box 2 2 0 40 Process Options dialog box 000 e eae 42 Settings dialog DOX 2 eee 45 3 7 6 Debug Menu 0 2 20 eee eee 48 Timing Analyzer Option 0 000 eee eee eee 48 Show timing information Menu ltem 4 48 Debug mode Option 02 00 eee 52 3 7 0 TOOS MENU anc 6 a eed a hee Ca hs a Ot 54 3 7 8 Window Menu 000 cee eee ees 55 3 7 9 Help Menu sienna e paai taaan ees 55 3 8 WindOWS 0000 eee 57 3 8 1 TOOIDOX s see ee ea en Bia yee eee tag haa Vee wy es 57 3 8 2 Project Window 00 eee 57 3 8 3 Parameter Window 0 0020e eee eaee 58 3 8 4 Process Window 0000 0c eee eee aes 60 3 8 5 Status Bar siog ccna eed as WER ay ee ba eee ee 61 3 9 INTO TANGE 2 exes i ceae kX oxlgd bead ge gd GE wan AART 62 3 9 1 Info window aiaia tte 62 3 9 2 ToDo List 0 eae 63 3 9 3 Timing Analyzer Window 0002 eee eee 64 3 9 4 Global Variables Window 4 67 3 9 5 Declarations Window 20020200 ees 69 3 10 ADtools adaa a a eee 70 4 Programming Processes 00000e ee eee eee 72 4 1 Program Design 0 0 00 cee 72 4 1 1 The Program Sections 0 0 0 0 e eee ee 74 4 1 2 User defined instructions and variables 74 4 2 Variable
71. D WI n Development Environment process delay process cycle time the process delay for the active source code is displayed in the toolbar too To change the cycle time type a value into the input field As soon as the cursor leaves the input field the value is transferred to the ADwin system Please note to not overload the system by small values Process priority the color of the process number indicates the priority e red high priority blue low priority The time units and meaning of the process delay are explained in chapter 6 2 1 Processdelay page 115 Process runs in debug mode The icon is displayed if the process runs in debug mode Find more about debug mode under Debug mode Option The compiler setting debug mode is displayed in the Status Bar Process runs in timing mode The icon is displayed if the process runs in debug mode Find more about debug mode under Timing Analyzer Option page 48 Timing in formation is displayed in the Window Timing Analyzer The compiler setting timing mode is displayed in the Status Bar 3 8 5 Status Bar The status bar is located at the bottom of the ADbasic program window For Help pressF1 Busy 6 PM 140 120 EM 1 064 128 DM 256 484 DX 134 213 608 Ln 3 Col 12 150 Hex T11 ADwin Pro II i i v sye LastADbasic CPU and memory usage of the ADwin system Cursor position action Compiler settings Left side Information about the last ADba
72. DSUB is used to define a subroutine with passed parameters in a library file Syntax LIB_SUB lib name lt LIB_PARI1 gt lt LIB_PAR2 gt DIM var AS lt VAR_TYPE gt DEFINE name expression Instruction block LIB_ENDSUB Syntax of passed parameters lt LIB_PAR gt lt BY_TYPE gt var name AS lt VAR_TYPE gt AT lt MEM TYPE gt Parameters lib name Name of the library subroutine var _ name Name of a passed parameter inside of library Sub for arrays use the syntax with dimension brackets array or DATA n Methods for the transfer of parameters lt BY_TYPE gt BYREF pass reference pointer to variable and array BYVAL pass value only lt VAR_TYPE gt Data types FLOAT LONG STRING Useful for processor T10 only Type of memory where the passed parameters are stored to be used only lt MEM_TYPE gt with arrays DRAM EXTERN external memory DM_LOCAL local memory Notes You will find general information about library files in chapter 4 5 3 on page 97 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 195 196 Lib_Sub Lib_EndSub A D WI n Generate library subroutines and library functions in a separate source code file The compilation with Build Make lib file cre ates the library file With IMPORT those library modules are included into a process which are being called in the process In a library subroutine you can e declare and use local variables and arrays only one dimensional De
73. Else Endlf Example DIM value AS LONG EVENT value 5 IF value lt 0 THEN value 0 Rem Result value 0 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 135 AbsF ADwin AbsF ABSF provides the absolute value of a Float variable Syntax ret_val ABSF value Parameters value Argument FLOAT ret_val Absolute value of the argument FLOAT Notes The execution time of the function takes 150ns with a T9 75ns witha T10 17ns with a T11 See also Absl Example DIM val 1 val 2 AS FLOAT EVENT val_1 val_2 5 3 ABSF val_1 Result yal 2 5 3 136 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 ADwin Abs Absl ABSI provides the absolute value of a long variable Syntax ret_val ABSI value Parameters value Argument 231 1 ix 2811 LONG ret val Absolute value of the argument 0 2 31 1 LONG Notes The execution time of the function takes 75ns with a T9 50ns witha T10 17ns with a T11 The smallest negative integer value 231 has no positive counterpart in ADbasic the absolute value of 2 is therefore undefined See also AbsF Mod Example DIM val 1 val 2 AS LONG EVENT val 1 5 val_2 ABSI val_1 Result val 2 5 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 137 138 And ADwin And The operator AND combines two integer values bit by bit or two Boolean expressions as Boolean operator Syntax var val_1 AND val 2 bitwise operator IF
74. FO_FULL function should be used to check if there are values which have not yet been read before reading from the FIFO Example DIM free used valuel AS LONG DIM Data_1 1003 AS LONG AS FIFO REM Are there still elements which are not empty free FIFO EMPTY 1 IF free gt 0 THEN Data L valuel ENDIF REM Are there still elements which haven t been read used FIFO_FULL 1 IF used gt 0 THEN Par 7 Data 1 ENDIF 4 3 5 Strings Control characters and texts from other process monitoring devices can be transferred converted and processed by the ADwin system e g via an RS 232 interface The following instructions are available for string processing ASC Get ASCII number of a character CHR Get character from an ASCII number FLOTOSTR Convert a float value into a string LNGTOSTR Convert a long value into a string STRCOMP Compare 2 strings to be equal STRLEFT Get leftbound substring from a string STRLEN Get length of a string ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 a A D WI n Variables and Arrays Details STRMID Get substring from a string STRRIGHT Get rightbound substring from a string VALF Convert a string into a float value VALI Convert a string into a long value String Addition Operator to concatenate strings For most string instructions the library file lt STRING LI gt must be imported where indicates the processor type 9 for T9 A for T10 B for T11 The library file is found in the library directory
75. IM val_1 AS FLOAT INIT val_l 5 3 188 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A D wi n 10_Sleep 1O_Sleep IO SLEEP causes instructions for access to inputs and outputs of a Gold II system to wait for a certain time Syntax IO SLEEP val Parameters val Number 12 14 n of time units to wait in 10ns LONG Only even numbers are valid An invalid number will automatically be decreased by 1 Notes Alternatively there is the instruction CPU_SLEEP see also chapter 5 2 4 Setting Waiting Times Exactly The instruction IO_SLEEP is used to wait a defined time between 2 ac cesses to inputs outputs The total waiting time is the sum of the pro cessing time for the I O access and the waiting time by IO_SLEEP The waiting time should always be smaller than the cycle time set with PROCESSDELAY In high priority processes improper values can cause an interruption A in the communication to the PC e Make sure that the argument always has a value greater than 12 else very long waiting times can arise e Use very high values with care because the communication to the PC is interrupted for a long time danger of timeout If possible use a constant as argument If the argument val requires a calculation it requires additional time this time interval is constant and takes a few clock cycles The following conditions require a calculation e The argument is an expression with variables or array elements e The variabl
76. LOWINIT or INIT The data in the FIFO are not changed neither by dimensioning the array nor by initial izing If you write data into a FIFO array faster than you read it older stored data will be overwritten and are lost To avoid this you can use the in structions FIFO_EMPTY and FIFO_FULL to determine the amount of space in the array If with processor T11 only the array size is set to a non Valld array size Dim the FIFO array is automatically dimensioned using the next greater and Valld array size As an example the compiler will change an array size 1000 automatically to 1003 See also Dim DATA_n FIFO_Clear FIFO_Empty FIFO_Full ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 163 164 FIFO A D wi n Example Rem Dimension the global array DATA 20 with Rem 1003 Long elements as fifo ringbuffer DIM DATA 20 1003 AS LONG AS FIFO ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A D wi n FIFO_Clear FIFO_Clear FIFO_CLEAR initializes the write and read pointers of a FIFO array Syntax FIFO CLEAR arraynum Parameters arraynum Number of the DATA FIFO array 1 200 LONG Notes Initalization of the write and read pointers does not change the data in the the array The FIFO pointers are not initialized upon dimensioning You should initialize the pointers in the sections LOWINIT or INIT with FIFO_ CLEAR Initializing the FIFO pointers during program run is useful if you want to clear all data of the array bec
77. OAT Notes For val lt 1 the value x 3 14159 is returned for val gt 1 the value 0 zero The execution time of the function takes 2 9yus with a T9 1 45yus with a T10 0 68us with a T11 See also Sin Cos Tan ArcSin ArcTan Example DIM val_1 val_2 AS FLOAT EVENT val_1 0 5 val_2 ARCCOS val_1 Rem Result val_2 1 0472 140 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A D wi n ArcSin ArcSin ARCSIN provides the arc sine of the argument Syntax ret_val ARCSIN val Parameters val Argument 1 1 FLOAT ret_val Arc sine of the arguments in radians FLOAT r 2 1 2 Notes The execution time of the function takes 2 8 us with a T9 1 4us with a T10 0 67 us with a T11 See also Sin Cos Tan ArcCos ArcTan Example DIM val 1 val 2 AS FLOAT EVENT yal L 0 65 val_2 ARCSIN val_1 Rem Result v l 2 0 5236 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 141 ArcTan A D wi n ArcTan ARCTAN provides the arc tangent of the argument Syntax ret_val ARCTAN val 1 Parameters val 1 Argument whole range of values see Entering FLOAT Numerical Values on page 79 ret_val Arc tangent of the argument in radians FLOAT 7 2 7 2 Notes The execution time of the function takes 1 8 us with a T9 0 9us with a T10 0 42 us with a T11 See also Sin Cos Tan ArcSin ArcCos Example DIM val 1 val 2 AS FLOAT EVENT val 1 0 5
78. P2 GetData SetData_Long TiCo DATA index lt 1 P2 Digout_FIFO Write timestamp difference lt 2 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 List of Debug Error messages ADwin Run time error Media Read Media Write start_block lt 0 too large or too small start_block count_blocks128 gt num blocks Access to an invalid range of the storage media with a block number that is 1 Valid for P2_BURST_INIT P2_BURST_READ P2_BURST_WRITE ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 ADwin Index A 7 Index Mod 282 Symbols 127 132 Define gt 153 Else 181 Endlf 181 If 181 Include 186 128 125 String 126 NET 122 129 2 133 lt gt 135 134 130 Rem 226 Numerics 150h see device no 2 dimensional arrays gt 85 40 bit accuracy 78 A AbsF 136 Absl 137 absolute value floating point number 136 integer number 137 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 ActiveX 122 communication to ADwin system 121 use from a development environment 122 ADbasic demo mode 9 license agreement 4 start 9 ADbasic 4 save as 7 ADbasic 4 changes 5 ADbasicCompiler command line 8 ADconfig 121 Add Open Files to Project 57 Add to Project context menu 16 project window 57 addition 125 additional memory EM 85 ADtools gt 70 ADtools set bar 48 ADWIN_CARD 181 ADWIN_GOLD 181 ADWIN_GOLDII 181 ADWIN_L16
79. PAUSE disables the trace mode from within an ADbasic program With TRACE _MODE RESUME the trace mode is enabled again The disabling enabling concerns trace active program lines only which are marked with a question mark Both instructions allow to enable or disable the trace mode for certain program lines or program sections Therefore the trace mode can be activated e g as long as a specified condition is fulfilled See also Trace_Mode_Resume Example EVENT PAR 1 ADC 1 4 IF PAR_1 gt 32768 THEN TRACE MODE RESUME Trace mode enabled For this program section the trace mode is continously activated TRACE MODE PAUSE Trace mode disabled ENDIF ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 255 256 Trace_Mode_Resume A D WI n Trace_Mode_Resume TRACE _ MODE RESUME activates the trace mode beginning in the next pro gram line Syntax TRACE MODE RESUME Notes TRACE MODE RESUME enables the trace mode in an ADbasic pro gram again after it has been disabled with TRACE MODE PAUSE The disabling enabling concerns trace active program lines only which are marked with a question mark Both instructions allow to enable or disable the trace mode for certain program lines or program sections Therefore the trace mode can be activated e g as long as a specified condition is fulfilled See also Trace_Mode_Pause Example EVENT PAR_1 ADC 1 4 IF PAR _1 gt 32768 THEN TRACE MODE RESUME Trace mode enabled F
80. RT FFT LI ws Lo for 19 FLIA for T10 DB for TII FFT_MAG SCALE real img mag_scal count Parameters real Real part of the complex data FLOAT ARRAY img Imaginary part of the complex data FLOAT ARRAY mag_scal Result Scaled magnitudes of the complex data FLOAT ARRAY count Number of complex data LONG Notes FFT_MAG SCALE returns the same result as the call of FFT_MAG and FFT_SCALE but it is processed faster lf FFT_MAG SCALE uses the resulting arrays of FFT you have to set count count 2 with count is a parameter of FFT See also FFT FFT_Mag FFT_Scale Example The example program lt FFT scale demo opt bas gt for all ADwin systems is similar to the example lt FFT scale demo bas gt see page 266 but uses FFT_MAG SCALE instead 272 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 ADwin FET Init FFT_Init FFT_INIT initializes 2 auxiliary arrays for the calculation of Fast Fourier Transformations Syntax IMPORT FFT LI LIS for T9 LIA for T10 Ye LEB fer TLI FFT INIT arrayl array2 count Parameters arrayl Result Auxiliary values for internal calculations Array array2 size 4x count ARRAY count Number 2 2 of source data points The number of points must be a power of 2 Notes FFT_INIT is only required and useful if one of the instructions FFT_ CALC FFT_CALC_DMor FFT_CALC_Dx is called next If you need to calculate several FFT with the same n
81. Replace see Finding and replacing text on page 21 Unforeseen errors may occur when inserting characters or program lines from other programs with Cut and Paste into the source code and there fore is not recommended 3 7 3 View Menu Undo Ctrl 2 Redo Ctrl Shift 2 Cut Ctrl X Copy Ctrl C Paste Ctrl V Select All ctrl 4 Find Ctrl F Find Next F3 Replace Ctrl H Goto Line Ctrl G In the View menu you may open or view View close the tool bar the editor bar the ADtools bar the status bar You find further information about the process window in chapter 3 8 4 on page 60 about the toolbar see fig 2 A 4 4 Standard Toolbar Editor Toolbar ADtools Toolbar Statusbar Restore Default Layout With Restore Default Layout the default layout which was active at the initial start of the ADbasic program can be restored with a single mouse click This refers also to the Toolbox setttings page 57 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 a A D WI n Development Environment 3 7 4 Build Menu With the Build menu the active source code can be compiled into a process using Compile a binary file using Make Bin File a library using Make Lib File all files of the project to binary files using Make all Bin Files of Project C Compile and Autostart FS esi Make Bin File F7 Make Lib File F6 Make All Bin Files of Project Ctrl F7 Please note Before c
82. SET_MUX 001001b Set Mux channels 3 4 WAIT EOC 11b Wait for end of conversion channels 1 2 Par_1 READADC 1 Read out ADC1 channel 1 Par 2 READADC 2 Read out ADC2 channel 2 START_CONV 11b Start conversion channels 3 4 SET_MUX 000000b Set Mux channels 1 2 WAIT EOC 11b Wait for end of conversion channels 3 4 Par 3 READADC 1 Read out ADC1 channel 3 Par 4 READADC 2 Read out ADC2 channel 4 The INIT section sets the multiplexer up for the first measurement so that the A D is ready the first time the EVENT section is executed A It is very important that adequate delay for the multiplexer settling time and A D conversions be provided or incorrect measurements or A D conversion 104 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A D WI n Debugging and Analysis failures may be obtained There are some hints in chapter 5 2 4 Setting Wait ing Times Exactly 5 2 6 Optimization with Processor T11 This section describes how to use the specific features of the T11 processor to speed up a process especially by optimized memory access If nonetheless you reach the processor s limits further optimizations are pos sible but only in connection with your specific application Please contact our support see address inside the manual s cover page Using internal memory For time critical sequences use variables and arrays in the internal memory EM or DM as possible While variables are declared auto
83. T_Calc_DM 276 FFT_Calc_DX 278 FFT_Init 273 FFT_Mag 268 FFT_Mag_Scale 272 FFT_Phase 270 FFT_Scale 266 FPar_n 79 fragmentation memory 113 Function 176 library definition gt 191 macro 176 position in the program 75 function general features 96 library general 97 G global arrays see arrays global global variables 67 global variables see variables glo bal Globaldelay 220 goto line 29 greater than gt gt 135 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 ADwin Index H halt see stop process hardware access read 218 write 219 Header 47 help call selected 15 F1 15 hexadecimal notation 79 IEEE floating point format gt 78 If 179 see also lf 181 Import 183 Inc 185 Include 186 directory settings 47 Include a file Include 186 Include a library Import gt 183 include include file general 97 increment 185 indent ADbasic sections 45 lines 18 info range 62 info window 62 Init 188 initialization boot 11 initialize gt 74 input license key 9 insert code snippets 31 installation standard directory gt 11 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 instruction autocomplete 30 declaration info gt 32 display passed parameters 32 jump to declaration 29 measure processing time 99 separator 133 instruction reference 123 Integer gt 78 integer numbers binary notation 79 hexadecimal notation gt
84. ToLong 144 Cast_LongToFloat 145 change license key 9 check number and priority of processes 107 Chr 146 clear parameter scan 34 code size 62 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 ADwin Index code snippets gt 31 color settings 46 command line call 7 line length standard 72 with Include 186 upper case lower case 72 Comment Block 19 comment see remarks communication between processes 120 process in the ADwin system 113 time Out gt 113 with a development environment 122 with the PC 121 comparison lt gt 135 strings 243 compiler AutoSave 39 call 39 command line call 7 compiler message error status 62 preprocessor statement 132 set options 40 compiler instructions Define 153 lf Then 181 Include 186 conditional jump If Then 179 SelectCase 229 constant 74 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 context menu project window 57 source code window 16 control block context menu 16 mark 28 control characters In strings gt 90 control structures 96 toggle folding gt 19 cosine Cos 147 counter internal clock cycle gt 115 read 225 CPU_Sleep 148 cursor position gt 61 cut off decimal places 94 cycle time gt 115 D data exchange between processes 120 with the development environment 122 with the PC 121 data loss FIFO 87 from booting gt 11 data memory see also memory 2 dim arrays in gt
85. YSPAR gt and the correspon ding value are shown in the table below lt SYSPAR gt value Meaning ADWIN_ ADWIN CARD System setting in the window SYSTEM ADWIN GOLD Compiler Options ADWIN GOLDII ADWIN L16 ADWIN PRO ADWIN PROII PROCESSOR T9 Processor setting in the win T10 dow Compiler Options TLE Notes The condition may only use the operator neither Boolean conditi ons using AND and OR nor bracing is allowed You can nest IF struc tures repeatedly only limited by the available memory ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 181 182 lf Then Else Endlf ADwin There is no single line version as with IF THEN When calling the compiler via Command Line Calling see page A 7 the system parameters refer to the command line options Sx and Px See also lt gt Comparison If Then Else Endlf Example Rem set low priority Processdelay to 800us IF PROCESSOR T11 THEN If CPU T11 Rem T11 800ps 240000 x 3 3ns PROCESSDELAY 240000 ELSE IF PROCESSOR T10 THEN If CPU T10 Rem T10 800ps 16 x 50us PROCESSDELAY 16 ELSE other CPU here CPU T9 Rem T9 800ps 8 x 100ps also other CPUs PROCESSDELAY 8 ENDIF ENDIF ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A D wi n Import Import IMPORT includes functions and subroutines from the specified library file dur ing compilation Syntax IMPORT path file Parameters file File name of the libra
86. _Float MAX_FLOAT returns the greater of 2 Float values Syntax ret_val MAX_FLOAT vall val2 Parameters val 1 Compared value 1 FLOAT val 2 Compared value 2 FLOAT ret_val The greater of both values FLOAT Notes aj See also AbsF Max_Long Min_Long ValF Example EVENT FPAR_10 MAX FLOAT FPAR_1 FPAR 2 204 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 ADwin Min_Float MIN_FLOAT returns the smaller of 2 Float values Syntax ret_val MIN_FLOAT vall val2 Parameters val 1 Compared value 1 val 2 Compared value 2 ret_val The smaller of both values Notes afe See also AbsF Max_Long Min_Long ValF Example EVENT FPAR_10 MIN FLOAT FPAR 1 FPAR_2 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 j LOAT j LOAT 205 Max_Long A D wi n Max_Long MAX_LONG returns the greater of 2 integer values Syntax ret_val MAX_LONG vall val2 Parameters val 1 Compared value 1 LONG val 2 Compared value 2 LONG ret_val The greater of both values LONG Notes aj See also Absl Max_Float Min_Long Vall Example EVENT PAR _ 10 MAX_LONG PAR _1 PAR_2 206 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 ADwin Min_Long MIN_LONG returns the smaller of 2 integer values Syntax ret_val MIN_LONG vall val2 Parameters val 1 Compared value 1 val 2 Compared value 2 ret _val The smaller of both values Notes afe See
87. a decla ration CTRL SHIFT SPACE Show parameters of a sub function CTRL A Select all Edit Select All CTRL B Comment marked lines Source context menu Comment Block ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A 1 Short Cuts in ADbasic ADwin Short cut key CTRL SHIFT B Function Uncomment marked lines Matching menu item Source context menu Uncomment Block CTRL C Copy Edit gt Copy CTRL F Find text Edit Find CTRL G Jump to a line CTRL H Replace text Edit Replace CTRL I Indent marked lines Source context menu Indent CTRL SHIFT I Outdent marked lines Source context menu Outdent CTRL N New source code file Filep New CTRL O Open source code file Filep Open CTRL P Print source code file Filep Print CTRL R Colour mark used parame Parameter window ters Icon CTRL S Save source code file Filep Save CTRL V Paste Edit Paste CTRL X Cut Edit Cut CTRL Z Undo input Edit Undo CTRL SHIFT Z Redo input Edit gt Redo CTRL K K Insert delete bookmark CTRL K N Jump to next bookmark CTRL K P Jump to previous book mark CTRL K X Insert a code snippet Legend A B Press keys A and B at the same time A B Press key A first release and then press key B A 2 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 ADwin A 2 ASCll Character Set ASCll Character Set EOT ENQ ACK BEL 11h_17 OAh _10 0Bh_11 12h __18 13h_19 OCh 12 0Dh_
88. able PROCESSDELAY you query and set this time measured in clock cycles of the counter see chapter 6 2 1 on page 115 You read and write into the variable PROCESSDELAY in the sections INIT and EVENT only But writing into the variable is only allowed once per section because otherwise the status of the ADwin system may become instable Writing into this variable in the section EVENT should just be made at the beginning of this section because changing the variable will have an immediate effect on calling the next process cycle Otherwise the precise processing of the process cycles in a certain time interval can become instable Please note that the workload of the processor is at least less than 90 percent and must not exceed 100 percent 4 2 8 Local Variables and Arrays All local variables and arrays needed for a process must be declared before the start of the first section of the ADbasic program and preferably be initial ized too Else the variables have undefined values ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 a A D WI n Variables and Arrays Details Variable names can consist of any alphanumeric characters a z A Z or 0 9 or an undersore _ Special characters like german umlauts A O are not allowed and there is no case sensitivity The length of variable names is only limited by the maximum line length 255 characters Variables scalars can be defined as either integer values type LONG or floa ti
89. al2 0 724 202 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A D wi n LowInit Lowlnit The key word LOWINIT marks the start of an initializing program section The program section always has low priority level 1 Syntax LOWINIT AT MEM TYPE Parameters lt MEM_TYPE gt T11 only since Rev E04 memory area where the pro gram section EVENT is stored PM_LOCAL internal program memory default EM_ LOCAL extended internal program or data mem ory DRAM_ EXTERN external data memory Notes See also overview of program sections in chapter 4 1 1 on page 74 The program section LOWINIT is run once as soon as the process is started The section serves to initialize e g variables or data connec tions LOWINIT is always run before the INIT section if existing The section LOWINIT is suitable for huge non time critical initializa mY tion sequences since it can be interrupted due to low priority The processor type T11 can store each program section in a different memory area see chapter 4 3 2 Memory Areas The huge but slow memory area DRAM_EXTERN should be used for none time critical pro gram sections mostly these are the sections LOWINIT INIT FIN ISH With processor module Pro CPU T11 the memory area can only be set starting with revision E04 See also Dim Init Event Finish Example DIM val_1 AS FLOAT LOWINIT yal 5 3 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 203 Max_Float A D wi n Max
90. ame operators the compiler processes them in the order they appear from left to right Using a negative sign with variables may return unexpected results in some cases and can be avoided by using parentheses Example var 1 x not recommended var 1 x correct negative inverse value ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 0 93 94 Programming Processes ADwin 4 4 2 Type Conversion In ADbasic variables can after dimensioning generally be used without paying attention to their data types LONG or FLOAT see also chapter 4 2 3 Data Types If necessary the data of the LONG type will automatically be converted into the FLOAT type Do not mix up this conversion with the instructions Cast_FloatToLong or Cast_LongToFloat which do quite a different job see page 144 Consider the following special features Cut off decimal places If a floating point value is assigned to an integer variable then the dec imal places are cut off and will be lost Converting all Integers to Floats If an expression contains a floating point value all integer values are automatically converted before the expression is evaluated This app lies if an integer expression e is assigned to a floating point variable or serves as argument for an ADbasic instruction expecting a floating point value Example Par 1 2 4 3 Result PAR_1 0 because 2 4 0 Decimal places are always cut off within integer calculations and
91. and then either select Jump to Declaration from the context menu right mouse click or click the Jump to Declaration button in the editor bar A jump to declaration is only available when the option Parse Declara tions under Editor General see page 45 is active Of course the jump is not available for instructions of standard include files as well as for global variables PAR FPAR 3 5 Writing programs with ease Be at ease while programming using the following functions Autocomplete for instruction or variable page 30 Documenting self defined instructions and variables page 52 Inserting code snippets page 31 Displaying declaration of instruction or variable page 32 Displaying declarations of a file page 32 Displaying used global variables and arrays page 34 Find more editor functions here Creating source code page 15 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 29 a Development Environment A D WI n Formatting source code page 17 Searching and replacing page 20 3 5 1 Autocomplete for instruction or variable You can use autocomplete to type keywords instruction and variable names and even code snippets Type some of the name s first characters and press CTRL SPACE 14 15 Event 16 P2_st 1 2 _Start_Conv Sub P2_Start_Cony module 18 P2_Start_ConvF 19 P2_Start_DAC 20 P2_Start_Process Z1 QP2_5tart_Process_No_Master 22 QP2_5top_Process 23 QP2_5top_Pro
92. and ADwin Gold systems level 1 Communication between the ADwin system Communica j tion and the computer Instruction and data medium exchange a The meaning of the priorities is described in the following sections Fig 16 Overview of all processes The standard processes processes 11 and 12 are only necessary when using the drivers for the Labview and Testpoint environments These proces ses can be loaded during the boot process along with the operating system either from a developer environment for more details see the ADwin devel oper manual or from ADbasic To do this set the option Load Standard processes to Yes in the ADbasic menu Options Compiler ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 111 112 a Processes in the ADwin System A D WI n If you are not using one of these applications you can stop the transfer of the standard processes during booting setting No The communication process see page 113 is part of the operating system It receives commands of the computer and exchanges data between the ADwin system and computer only when the computer requests them If you transfer more than one process with the same process number to the system only the last process transferred is executed because the earlier transferred processes are overwritten 6 1 2 Processes with High Priority Processes with high priority get preferential treatment from the operating system The maximum latency from when a
93. and Arrays in the Data Memory on page 83 150 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A D wi n DATA_n Example Rem Dimension the global array DATA 15 with Rem 1000 long elements DIM DATA 15 1000 AS LONG Rem Dimension the global array DATA_5 with Rem 20 x 75 Float elements DIM DATA 5 20 75 AS FLOAT ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 151 Dec ADwin Dec DEC decrements the value of aLong variable by 1 Syntax DEC var Parameters var Name of a local or global Long variable LONG Notes DEC var provides the same result as the program line val val 1 and it may have shorter execution time See also Inc Subtraction Example DIM index AS LONG DIM DATA 1 1000 AS LONG INIT index 1000 EVENT DAC 1 DATA _1 index Output the value on DAC1 DEC index Decrement the index by 1 IF index lt 1 THEN index 1000 Start again after 1000 outputs ENDIF 152 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A D wi n Define Define DEFINE replaces a symbolic name in the source code with an expression for instance a constant Syntax DEFINE name expression Parameters name Symbolic name without quotation marks CONST Special chars are not allowed only alphanumeric char STRING acters a z A Z 0 9 and the underscore _ expression Expression for the symbolic name without quotation efe eey marks All characters are allowed STRING Notes Place
94. anges page 19 Changes and news in the user interface New Editor bar which provides a bunch of new editing functions page 17 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 News in ADbasic 5 A D wi n oP ZS Tyana o New ADtools bar to start the handy tools directly page 70 Tool bar e New buttons for Managing Projects page 35 The device no has moved to the status bar Project parameter and process window are combined as Toolbox page 57 The Project Window page 57 displays files sorted into groups of source code files and include files The source code window has a tab at the top for each open file The Status Bar displays some of the current settings page 61 A double click on a setting opens the appropriate dialog box Quicker search and find Finding and replacing text across several files page 21 even Regular expression are available page 26 Using bookmarks page 28 Jump to a program line page 29 Jumping to declaration of instruction or variable page 29 Miscellaneous Source code files are saved with a new format To use files with ADbasic 4 furthermore you can save them using Save as with the file type ADbasic4 Bas File ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A D wi n News in ADbasic 5 Also library source codes have their own file format file type LibFile with file extension bas Only this file format allows to create a libra ry binary file You may compile all file
95. annot be interrupted when configured as high priority and should therefore be rather short EVENT is the main program section which is characteristically cal led in regular time intervals until it is stopped This section is triggered by a cyclic timer event or an external event depending on the configu ration FINISH is executed only once after a process has been stopped it is therefore the counterpart to the initialization This section is always executed at low priority level 1 The LOWINIT INIT and FINISH sections are optional while the EVENT section is not and must be included in your program 4 1 2 User defined instructions and variables Symbolic names The instruction DEFINE defines symbolic names see page 153 Group all of these definitions at the beginning of the file and before the start of the pro gram sections Symbolic names are often used to give a name to constants global variables and global arrays but also to expressions ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A D wi n Program Design Arrays and Local Variables In an ADbasic program the local variables and all arrays must be declared with DIM before they can be used see page 155 The global variables Par n and FPar_n are already pre defined and do not need to be declared Variables and arrays have no defined contents after being declared therefore they should be initialized Within the process all variables and arrays are availabl
96. anual March 2010 A D WI n Development Environment Evert Tamer protini Processdeiay 1000 Prs A Preeky Hh Optimicelevel 1 Process 1 Process 2 Process 3 Process 4 Process 5 ener Length ma Length O Langh 110 man Latency 0 5 1 0 0 Process 6 Process 7 Process Mpe J 0S marfLatency Length court Length gt Delay Critical tinings ooft lt j info sf ToDo GX Debug Encer 5 Timing Analyzer Busy 7 Poe 210 156 CM 266 492 OX 13 216 094 int Coll MS 180Hex To Fig 11 The Timing Analyzer window All duration values are counted in clock cycles of 25ns Length describes the time a process cycle needs section EVENT this processing time can also be determined as described in chapter 5 1 Measuring the Processing Time Latency is the time between an event signal external or generated by inter nal timer and the start of the process cycle shown in the picture below for the time controlled Process 1 Prozess2 E OO 4 Length Length Prozess 1 O m O gt Latency 0 Latency gt 0 Process 1 delay The parameters in the window have the following meaning min Length The minimum time measured for a process cycle max Length The maximum time measured for a process cycle Length Average time of a process cycle The average is calculated as mean value from the previous length values OLength 0 999 OLength 0 001 Length After start
97. aracters 5 48h ASCII value for H text 45h ASCII value for E 1 text 2 3 text 4 4Ch ASCII value for L 5 6 7 4Ch ASCII value for L 4Fh ASCII value for o text text text 00h End of string character Only characters with the ASCII values between 20h 7Fh displayable cha racters in the normal ASCII character set should be assigned using quotation marks except the following characters which are assigned using the escape sequence single quote x27 double quote x22 backslash x5C Character Assignment via Escape Sequence The escape sequence is used to include numerical values or control charac ters into a string The each escape sequence transfers a single ASCII value to the ADbasic compiler which stores it in memory without any changes The escape sequence is indicated as part of a string inside quotation marks with the notation xhh where hh is the ASCII value to be transferred written in hexadecimal notation Each escape sequences must have exactly 4 cha racters Example text x48 x45 x4C x4C x4E The memory contents is the same as the one given in the previous ex ample ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 a A D WI n Variables and Arrays Details The escape sequence is necessary for assigning characters that are not dis played such as line feed carriage return etc The range of values using the escape sequence is from 00h
98. aracters except for those after the caret Example h uo t matches hat and hit but not hot or hut ms The start of a line column 1 Example The search string start matches start only when it is the first word on a line The end of a line not the line break characters Use this for restricting matches to characters at the end of aline but not n Example ends only matches end when it is the last word on a line b The start of a word B The end of a word ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 a A D WI n Development Environment Meta Bedeutung zeichen n A new line character for matching expressions that span line boundaries A n cannot be followed by operators or Do not use this for constraining matches to the end of a line It s much more effi cient to use Expression in braces is stored as pattern in internal registers The register content may be re used in the search or replace ment string Up to 9 patterns can be stored numbered according to their order in the regular expression The corresponding replacement expression is x and x in the search string for x in the range 1 9 Example If the search string a z a z matches guide user 2 1 would replace it with user guide Matches zero one or more of the preceding characters or expressions Example ha d matches hd had and haad Matches zero or one of the preceding characters or ex
99. arch 2010 A D WI n Time Characteristics of Processes 6 2 5 Different Operating Modes in the Operating System The operating system differentiates between 2 operating modes for the timing characteristics in high priority processes depending on the fact if several time controlled high priority processes are active or only one If an additional externally controlled process is running is of no importance here The externally controlled process is managed separately by the operat ing system and can therefore be seen as a third operating mode Single Time Controlled Process With a single time controlled process the operating system uses hardware components to process the event signals of the internal counter In this case the operating system processes an incoming event signal very quickly The hardware components can buffer if an event signal has arrived but not how many event signals have arrived If an event signal has arrived the oper ating system activates the next process cycle at the fixed period in time Pro cessdelay see chapter 6 2 1 unless a high priority process cycle is just being processed In this case the operating system activates the next process cycle immediately after the currently running process cycle If a number of event signals arrive during a high priority process cycle only one single process cycle is called and not the number of arrived process cycles respectively As a consequence all but one of th
100. arch 2010 ADwin Dim Dim DIM declares one or more local variables local one dimensional arrays also strings global one dimensional arrays DATA_n n also FIFO arrays global two dimensioned arrays DATA n n m Information about variables and data types can be found in chapter 4 2 3 information about FIFO arrays under the heading FIFO on page 163 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 155 Dim ADwin Syntax DIM varl var2 AS lt VAR_TYPE gt DIM arrayl diml array2 dim2 AS lt VAR_TYPE gt AT lt MEM_TYPE gt DIM DATA n diml DATA n dim2 AS lt VAR_TYPE gt AS FIFO AT lt MEM TYPE gt DIM DATA n dim1 dim2 AS lt VAR_TYPE gt AT lt MEM TYPE gt Parameters Varl var Names of the declared variables arrayl Names of the declared arrays For DATA_n you can sel array2 ect n from 1 200 DATA n lt VAR_TYPE gt Data type FLOAT LONG for arrays also STRING dim1 dim2 Array size Number 21 of the array elements of the type VAR_TYPE LONG lt MEM_TYPE gt Memory where the variables are stored DRAM _ EXTERN external memory default for arrays DM_LOCAL local memory default for variables available for T11 only EM_LOCAL extended program or data memory Notes The global variables PAR_n and FPAR_n must not be declared be cause they are predefined If you want to access data from the computer or from several proces ses you can onl
101. ask the ADwin system is programmed with the ADbasic development tool To hit the target of an immediate and efficient start of programming we first of all would like to shortly explain the concept of the ADwin system All ADwin systems have a central processing unit CPU which executes all time critical tasks such as measurement data acquisition open loop and closed loop control or online processing of measurement data in real time Analog and digital inputs and outputs as well as add ons like counters and bus systems are connected to the test stand Ethernet or USB set up the commu nication with a computer The processor of the ADwin system is programmed with the real time development tool ADbasic which enables easy construction of time critical real time processes ADbasic is an integrated development environment under Windows with capabilities of online debugging The familiar BASIC command syntax has been expanded with more functions which are used for accessing the inputs and outputs controlling real time processes and prepa ring the data exchange with the computer chapter 4 explains the design of ADbasic programs An ADbasic with only a few lines can Acquire measurement parameters up to sampling rates of 800kHz Develop fast digital controllers with sampling rates of up to 400kHz Simultaneously generate and measure analog signals e g for dynamic measurement of a test stand characteristic A user defined hierarc
102. ause of a measurement error for in stance See also FIFO FIFO_Empty FIFO_Full ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 165 166 FIFO_Clear A D wi n Example DIM DATA 1 20003 AS LONG AS FIFO Declaration DIM reinit_fifo_flag AS LONG INIT FIFO CLEAR 1 Initialize the FIFO pointer EVENT Rem Query the number of empty places in the FIFO array IF FIFO EMPTY 1 gt 1 THEN Rem Measure the analog input 1 and save it in the FIFO DATA_1 ADC 1 ENDIF Program Text IF reinit_fifo_flag THEN e g error occurred FIFO_CLEAR 1 Initialize the FIFO pointer ENDIF ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A D wi n FIFO_Empty FIFO_Empty FIFO EMPTY determines the number of empty elements in a FIFO array Syntax re t val FIFO EMPTY arraynum Parameters arraynum Number of the DATA FIFO array 1 200 LONG ret_val Number of the empty array elements LONG Notes If you want to write data into a FIFO array you can use this instruction to determine if the FIFO still has enough empty elements With processor T11 please note dimensioning in steps of 4 see page 163 See also FIFO FIFO_Clear FIFO_Full Example DIM DATA 1 20003 AS LONG AS FIFO Declaration INIT FIFO_CLEAR 1 Initialize the FIFO pointer EVENT Rem Query the number of empty elements in the FIFO array IF FIFO _EMPTY 1 gt 1 THEN Rem Measure the analog input 1 and save it in the FIFO DATA 1 ADC 1 ENDIF AD
103. ay of run time errors are shown in section Debug mode Option on page 52 5 3 2 Check the Timing Characteristics Timing Mode The ADwin system is designed in such a manner that an arriving event signal for a high priority process externally generated or by an internal counter immediatley starts the relevant process cycle Processes with such good timing characteristics are deterministic and execute their tasks exactly at a predetermined period of time To check timing characteristics of processes requires some effort especially when changes are to be made later to obtain good timing characteristics This effort is worth its price when required higher frequencies or additional tasks ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A D WI n Debugging and Analysis put the processor workload to its limit Another example are process cycles not start as exactly as predetermined according to the measurement task In the timing mode information is generated which can be used to check selected high priority processes if they have good timing characteristics For these processes 7 parameters are calculated which are displayed in the Tim ing Analyzer Window Processes have good timing characteristics when the following situations do not or rarely occur 1 An event signal does not start a process cycle immediately but a cer tain not exactly defined time later 2 An event signal does not start a process cycle at all but gets lost E
104. ayout determines the elements of the screen display are to be printed Syntax Highlight Syntax highlighting is printed Color With inactive option the printout is black and white Line numbers Line numbers are printed at the left Font size Sets the font size of the output Language The language in which the error messages of the compiler is displayed Options are either Deutsch german or English Directory Set the directories where the operating system and the compiler search for ADbasic files BTL Directory The directory in which the development environ ment searches for the system files lt bt 1 gt which are transferred to the ADwin system during the boot process see chapter 3 1 3 Include Directory The directory in which the compiler searches for include files lt inc gt which can be included into the source code using INCLUDE instruction without path Lib Directory The directory in which the compiler searches for library files lt 1ib gt which can be included into the source code using IMPORT instruction without path ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 47 48 a Development Environment A D WI n Default working directory The directory in which the develop ment environment searches searches for files if a source code file or a project is opened It is recommended that default directories for BTL Include and Library be not changed To include library and include files f
105. basic 5 00 Manual March 2010 167 168 FIFO_Full ADwin FIFO_Full FIFO FULL determines the number of elements used in the FIFO array Syntax ret val Parameters arraynum ret val Notes FIFO _ FULL arraynum Number of the DATA FIFO array 1 200 Number of the occupied array elements 0 Dim LONG LONG Before reading out or using data from the FIFO array you should use this instruction to check if there is data in the FIFO If there is no data an undefined value is returned from the FIFO array With processor T11 please note dimensioning in steps of 4 see page 163 See also FIFO FIFO_Clear FIFO_Empty Example DIM DATA 1 20000 AS LONG AS FIFO Declaration INIT FIFO_CLEAR 1 EVENT Initialize the FIFO pointer Rem Query if there are data in the FIFO IF FIFO FULL 1 gt 0 THEN Rem Output a FIFO value on the analog output 1 DAC 1 ENDIF DATA 1 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A D wi n Finish Finish The key word FINISH marks the start of the finishing program section The program section always has low priority level 1 Syntax FINISH AT MEM TYPE Parameters lt MEM_TYPE gt T11 only since Rev E04 memory area where the pro gram section EVENT is stored PM_LOCAL internal program memory default EM_ LOCAL extended internal program or data mem ory DRAM_ EXTERN external data memory Notes See als
106. be transferred to a third party if the latter agrees for the benefit of Jaeger Messtechnik GmbH to the terms and conditions of this License Agreement and to the General Conditi ons of the company Jaeger Messtechnik GmbH 6 2 You must not rent lease or lend the ADbasic software 7 PERIOD OF AGREEMENT 7 1 The period of the License Agreement is unlimited 7 2 The right of the Licensee for using the ADbasic software voids auto matically without notice of termination if he violates a condition of this ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A 5 License Agreement A D WI n License Agreement Upon termination of the license the Licensee must destroy the original data medium and all copies of the ADbasic software possible modified copies included as well as the printed materials 8 CLAIM FOR DAMAGES AND PENALTY UPON VIOLATION OF THE CONTRACT 8 1 If the Licensee violates conditions of this License Agreement he must pay damages 8 2 Notwithstanding Jaeger Messtechnik GmbH will charge a penalty of 20 000 00 EURO for violation of the copyright unauthorized usage of the software and unauthorized distribution of the software to third par ties 8 3 The title to omission on completion of the contract is not influenced by the claim for damages and the penalties 9 MODIFICATIONS AND UPDATES Jaeger Messtechnik GmbH is entitled to update the ADbasic software upon its own discretion Jaeger Messtechnik GmbH is not obliged to have updates o
107. ber of characters from the right end of a string into a second string Syntax IMPORT String LI Ie LIS for TO ILIA for TLO rs LIB for Tid STRRIGHT string1 length string2 Parameters stringl String from which it is copied ARRAY STRING length Number of the characters to copy LONG string2 String into which it is copied STRING See also String String Addition Asc Chr FloToStr Flo40ToStr LngToStr StrComp StrLeft StrLen StrMid ValF Vall ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 249 StrRight A D wi n Example IMPORT String LI9 Rem Dimension the source and destination string DIM text1 32 text2 13 AS STRING INIT Rem Define the source string textl MEGA real time and ADwin systems EVENT Rem Get 13 characters from the string textl Rem starting at right STRRIGHT text1 13 text2 PAR 1 text i String length 13 characters PAR 2 text2 2 ASCII character 41h A PAR 3 text2 3 ASCII character 44h D PAR 4 text2 4 ASCII character 77h w PAR 5 text2 5 ASCII character 69h i PAR 6 text2 6 ASCII character 6Eh p PAR 7 text2 7 YASCIL character 2Dh PAR 8 text2 8 ASCII character 53h Ss PAR 9 text2 9 ASCII character 79h y PAR 10 text2 10 ASCII Character 73h g PAR 11 textZ 11 ASCII character 74h t PAR 12 text2 12 ASCII character 65h Ten PAR 13 text2 13 ASCII character 6Dh
108. bottom in a window Double click a result to jump to the appropriate code line or use the arrow buttons ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 23 Development Environment ADwin 6 Start the action with one of the buttons Find Next If the search string is found the screen scrolls so you can see the text in context Replace Replace the current selection and select the next occurrence Replace A11 Replace all occurrences of the search text in the specified scope Bookmark A11 Place a bookmark on each line containing the search string 7 Close the dialog by clicking the Close button or continue editing as normal With the option A11 Documents of Project the dialog closes auto matically Search results are shown in the Find Window in the info range below Notes The menu entry Edit gt Find Next finds the next occurence of the search string using the current search options even if the Find dialog box is closed The action Replace replaces selected text only when the selection fits to the search string Beware of replacing a pattern that is matched with a regular expression that can optionally match nothing such as or a In these degenerate cases the editor can go into a loop until the line becomes too long Hint If you want to use regular expressions for a great number of replacements in one or even all all open documents you should use Find Next and Replace to make sure you have spelled the rep
109. c 5 00 Manual March 2010 209 NOP ADwin NOP NOP No OPeration causes the processor to wait for one processor cycle Syntax NOP Notes The execution time of the instruction normally is one processor cycle T9 25ns T10 25ns T11 3 3ns With this instruction you can delay for a necessary waiting period e g after SET_MUX if there is no other use of processing time See also CPU_Sleep P1_Sleep P2_Sleep Sleep 210 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 a A D wn the processor to wait for several processor cyclesNot causes the processor to wait for several processor cyclesNot NOT inverts the bits of an argument Syntax ret_val NOT val Parameters val Value to be inverted no logic expression LONG ret_val Inverted argument LONG Notes If possible use this function only with integer values of the type LONG Floating point values of the type FLOAT are converted into integer val ues before they are inserted The decimal places are truncated and the value rounded if necessary before the NOT operation NOT runs with bits only not with Boolean expressions Therefore you cannot negate logic expressions true false with it Not allowed NOT PAR 2 gt 2 See also And If Then Else Endlf Or XOr Example DIM vall AS LONG DIM val2 AS LONG vall 3 a3 ies ep yi Ri sa aa Ui Uf ear Pa a ela ps i isi Wa a val2 NOT val1 Result val2 010b 2 ADbasic
110. cal tools displaying simple measurement sequences in a graph Start one of the ADtools simply from the vertical bar at the right Each ADtoo is its own independent Windows program each can be started several times allowing for comprehensive views of parameters of interest on the computer monitor Once an appropriate screen layout is selected the whole configuration may be saved and used later The following ADtools are available ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 a A D WI n Development Environment TDigit Global variable and array values can be displayed and adjusted TGraph Global array contents can be displayed in a graph Button control for booting the ADwin system loading starting or TButton f stopping a process or setting a parameter value Displays the value of a variable by a simulated LED The LED can TLed be off on blinking slowly or flickering rapidly depending on the value An audible alarm can also be set with this tool TMeter Global variable and array values can be viewed as an analog dial cnet Global variable and array values can be adjusted with a potenti wee ometer style control Start stop adjust timing and display information about the pro TProcess M cesses loaded on the ADwin system TPar FPar Allor selected global variables can be displayed or entered RIT ey By FY DY TFIFO Save FIFO array data into a file Te Up to five PAR variables can be displayed in binary as DIL _
111. cess with number 2 and low priority C ADwin ADbasic ADbasic M C user my file bas LE P4 SC A your file Ol This instruction compiles the file lt my_file bas gt for an ADwin Card with processor T4 It is an externally triggered process with number 5 and low priority The generated binary file has the name lt your _ file T45 gt and can be found in the same directory where the source code is saved lt C user gt ADbasicCompiler M C user my file bas LE SG P9 A Y somewhere your file ET PN3 PH Ol The binary file now is saved as lt Y somewhere your file T93 gt It is a timer triggered process with number 3 and high priority A 4 4 Command line calls in Windows The term and functionality command line call come from DOS where com mands to the operating system DOS had to be entered in command lines Entering such command lines is still possible under Windows There are several ways to enter commands under Windows Open a Command Prompt window from Windows start menu direc tory Programs Accessories ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A D WI n Obsolete Program Parts The compiler call needs the Windows environment anyway Thus the call works only from the Command Prompt window not from original DOS mode Select Run in the start menu and enter a command line in the input win dow For frequently needed command lines create an icon on the desktop When you generate an icon ent
112. cess_No_Master Event Timer Initial Processdelay 1000 Pre 1 Priority Low Optimize Using autocomplete you don t have to type instructions or variables com pletely Do as follows 1 Write the first letters of the word and press CTRL SPACE A drop down list opens the entries of which will fit to complete the pre vious letters If you use autocomplete behind a space character the list will contain all available keywords 2 Select the desired list entry with mouse or arrow keys ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 a A D WI n Development Environment After a moment an annotation to the selected list entry is displayed to the right The decalration of the instruction or variable the string Re served Keyword or the complete code snippet see below 3 If you continue typing a name the drop down list is not updated auto matically Press CTRL SPACE again for a list update 4 Toinsert the selected string you simply type a brace open best for an instruction or a space Else you could also use the RETURN key or type any other non al phanumeric char Autocomplete is only available when the option Parse Declarations under Editor General see page 45 is active 3 5 2 Inserting code snippets The editor provides the use of pre defined code snippets given in a collection According to its definition a code snippet can expand to some characters some lines or a complete program listing To insert a code
113. cessdelay running as a sin gle process each generate 10 workload both processes together have a workload of 55 Externally Controlled Process The operating mode for the externally controlled processes is independent of time controlled processes always the same The operating system manages the external process as a single time controlled process see above that is arriving event signals are processed very quickly but event signals can also be lost An external event signal is a rather important information in particular because it cannot be predefined by the ADwin system and must not get lost finding lost events see page 48 Therefore note to have short process cycles in this process in the section EVENT 6 3 Communication 6 3 1 Data Exchange between Processes Data can be exchanged between different processes via global variables Par_n FPar_n or global arrays Data_n Data can be exchanged with programs running on the PC using these variables and arrays as well If global arrays are used in several processes they have to be declared iden tically in each process In this case it is practical to save these declarations of global arrays into an include file and include the file into all of these processes see also chapter 4 5 2 Include Files Global variables can be used by one process to control a process running simultaneously Example Process 1 is a function generator and Process 2 is a controller T
114. cesses A D WI n page 29 and add their helping features to those programs which are com piled with active mode Please note Activating of the modes produces additional program code Thus the program will need a longer processing time as well as additional memory at times at considerable rate We therefore recommend that you use these tools for developing and testing of programs only 5 3 1 Finding Run time Errors Debug Mode The debug mode is a helping tool to find the following run time errors in ADba sic programs Division by zero Square root from a negative value Access to too large too small element numbers of an array Without debug mode these run time errors are simply ignored i e though the result of the program line is undefined it is nevertheless used for the following program This may cause depending on the program an unwanted behav iour in worst case even the crash of the ADwin system The option Debug mode is activated from the Debug menu do then com pile the source code to be checked On occurrence of a run time error it is automatically displayed in the Debug Errors windows As well the run time error is being corrected to maintain a stable mode of operation Errors being found should always be eliminated even the automatic error cor rection of the debug mode is no more than a debugging tool which does not fit for continuous operation Details about activating and displ
115. ch 2010 ADwin Flo40ToStr Example IMPORT String LIB DIM text 15 AS STRING DIM pi number AS FLOAT INIT pi 3 141592654 FPAR 1 pi 20 EVENT Rem Convert a floating point number into a string String library for T11 FLO40TOSTR FPAR_1 text String length PAR 1 text PAR 2 text PAR 3 text PAR 4 text PAR 5 text PAR 6 text PAR 7 text PAR 8 text PAR 9 text PAR 10 text PAR 11 text PAR 12 text PAR 13 text PAR 14 text PAR 15 text PAR 16 text PAR 17 text ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 1 womAAtInann amp WN YO OP WDNFEF CO ASC ASC ASC ASC ASC ASC ASC ASC ASC ASC ASC ASC ASC ASC ASC String end character character character character character character character character character character character character character character character character 13 2Dh 31h 2Eh 31h 34h 30h 32h 35h 35h 35h 35h 45h 2Dh 31h 30h 173 174 For To Step Next ADwin For To Step Next The FOR NEXT instruction creates a program loop which executes a speci fied number of times Syntax FOR i X TO Y STEP Z instruction block NEXT i Parameters i Count variable LONG X Start value of the run variable LONG Y End value of the run variable LONG Z Step length 21 of the run variable default 1 LONG Notes The instructio
116. cking B boot The booting process must be repeated each time the ADwin system is pow ered up after a power failure or when the computer recognizes a communi cation error which has interrupted the communciation with the system The contents of the program and data memories on the ADwin system will be lost and all global parameters set to the value 0 when the operating system is booted An appropriate operating system for each processor type is needed and can be found in the corresponding file ADwin bt1 stands for the processor type The development environment uses the information from the Options Compiler menu setting to determine which of the files to use during the boot process The files ADwin bt1 are saved during installation in the directory lt C ADwin gt standard installation ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 a Development Environment A D WI n 3 1 4 Basic Elements of the Development Environment The development environment consists of several bars and windows see fig 1 the window dimensions may be individually adjusted Online help for a window or the currently marked key word is called with the key F1 The button lt 3 opens the help index rara an n na Title bar ARAL AAS gt Processdelay Menu bar Se a Editor bar Project window Tool bar ADtools bar Source code window editor Si Parameter window
117. clare variables always at the beginning of the subroutine but never outside e use global variables and arrays which are passed as parameters process one dimensional arrays only You can pass two dimensional arrays as parameters but they will be considered as one dimensional arrays in the function see also chapter 4 3 3 on page 85 e cannot define process sections such as LOWINIT INIT EVENT or FINISH cannot call a library function or subroutine from the same library file If necessary you have to put the function which is to be called into a new library file and Import it from there cannot use SELECTCASE There are 2 methods for passing parameters that differ as follows BYREF The library function can change the parameter so that the changed value is available in the program the method transfers the address of the parameter BYVAL The library function can only access the value of the parameter but cannot change it Thus the parameter remains the same for the program that calls the function Refers to processor T10 only Passed parameters should always be declared AT lt MEM_TYPE gt to save valuable processor time lt MEM_ TYPE gt must fit with the declaration of the passed parameters in the calling program see DIM If not the library subroutine has to detect the parameter s memory type at run time If an array is passed as parameter the syntax for definition and call dif fers e Definition
118. ct The display of declarations is only available when the option Parse Decla rations under Editor General see page 45 is active ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 ADwin Development Environment ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 33 34 a Development Environment A D WI n 3 5 6 Displaying used global variables and arrays You can display global variables and arrays being used in the active source code and in the appropriate project if present by a click on the Scan Global Variables button in the Parameter Window see also page 58 This results in two displays the Global Variables Window displays all used global variables and arrays inthe Parameter Window the used global variables not the arrays are highlighted The highlighting uses three colors according to the use of parameters e Green Parameter is used in the active source 3 1336227 code only e Red Parameter is used both in the active source 4 707279 code and in another source code of the project too e Blue Parameter is used in an inactive source g 5B12H code of the project and not in the active source code Using the Clear Scan button both displays are cleared If If you change the source code the displays are not updated automatically To do so click the Scan Global Variables button again ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 a A D WI n Development Environment 3 6 Managing Projects One project can manage man
119. culates the mean of the values Rem wl w2 und w3 DIM sum AS FLOAT sum wl w2 w3 average sum 3 ENDFUNCTION Calling the function e g is done by the following program lines x average x1 x2 x3 DAC 1 average x1 x2 x3 The same function with an array as passed parameter FUNCTION average array array AS FLOAT average array array 1 array 2 array 3 3 ENDFUNCTION Calling this function is made in a similar manner but without dimension brackets x average array array DAC 1 average array array For array you can indicate a global or a local array Enter the array name only without element number and brackets ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 ADwin If Then Else Endlf If Then Else Endlf The IF THEN control structure is used to conditionally execute a single instruction IF THEN or a block of instructions IF THEN ELSE ENDIF Syntax IF condition THEN Instruction block ELSE the Else block is optional Instruction block ENDIF or IF condition THEN instr Parameters condition Boolean condition with the operators lt gt AND and LOGIC OR If the condition is true the instructions after THEN are executed instr Instruction corresponds to an instruction line Notes You can nest IF structures repeatedly only limited by the available memory The instruction block after ELSE if there is one is executed fast
120. d optionally can reduce the execution time of the process by up to 20 percent A higher setting un der Level will lead to shorter execution times Under certain circumstances a process causing unexpected compiler or run time errors can be solved by setting a lower optimization level Initial Processdelay The initial Processdelay cycle time with which the process is to be started Version An integer value for differentiating between several versions of a process ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 a A D WI n Development Environment Settings dialog box The Settings dialog box has several sheets which are activated via tree diagram in the left pane Editor Editor General e Editor Syntax Highlight e Editor Print Settings Language Directory ADtools Editor General Parse and Indent The editor can format the source code automatically e g indent and do syntax highlighting To do so the editor must parse all source codes continuously The information found is the base for more com fortable functions like Autocomplete for instruction or variable Displaying dec larations of a file or Documenting self defined instructions and variables Please note Continuous parsing of source codes may cause a loss of editor speed on slow PCs Parse Declarations The editor continuously parses source codes Some comfortable functions depend on this function Autoindent Source code is indented automatically In
121. dSub A Dwin This is true even when a variable has the same name as a variable outside the function If a passed parameter is part of an expression inside a subroutine the parameter should be set in braces This avoids problems with prece dence rules e g BODMAS A subroutine is called with its name and with all its arguments you have defined Valid arguments include every expression also arrays as long as it has the appropriate data type If you do not define arguments you have to use the empty parentheses when calling the subroutine name If an array not an array element is used as a passed parameter the syntax is different for call and definition e Subroutine call without dimension brackets subname array pass e Subroutine definition with dimension brackets SUB subname array def Values are assigned to elements of passed arrays as usual array pass 2 value If a value is assigned to a passed parameter x within the subroutine the subroutine s call must not use a constant x but a variable or a sin gle array element If so a passed parameter can be used to hold a re turn value See also lnclude Function EndFunction Lib_Sub Lib_EndSub Lib_ Function Lib_EndFunction Example SUB Fast _Dacl vall Rem Outputs vall on the analog output 1 of an ADwin Gold POKE 20400050h vall Write value into the output register POKE 20400010h 11011b Start conversion ENDSUB Calling the
122. dent positions are set via Tabsize See also Indenting text lines on page 18 Indent ADbasic sections Program sections are indented by one tab more Smart format Format lines automatically see Smart formatting on page 18 Align comments at specified position Any comment after source code is automatically set to the specified Position Please note While using double comment chars you can position a comment manually as before Tabsize Setting how much spaces make one tab indent Indenting is always done with spaces Show line numbers Line numbers are displayed in the gutter left of the source code See also Jump to a program line on page 29 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 45 46 a Development Environment A D WI n Column mark visible A grey line is displayed at the given Position The line enables easy line breaking at the desired position e g in order to avoid long lines for print Editor Syntax Highlight The editor highlights the syntax elements with different colors see also chapter 3 3 1 Syntax highlighting on page 18 complete syntax highlighting reuires an active option Parse Declarations under Editor General You may set the highlighting individually for each syntax element definition see liste below Color Text color Bold Font style bold Italic Font style italic The example text above shows how source code be formatted Set to Default deletes all individua
123. dow The source code status bar displays the process options that have been set A right click on the bar opens the Process Options dialog box The global parameters used in the source code project are highlighted in the Parameter Window see chapter 3 8 3 page 58 by clicking Scan Global Variables see Displaying used global variables and arrays on page 34 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 13 a Development Environment A D WI n The info range at the bottom displays information in several windows Info window The compiler s error messages highlighted red and warnings see chapter 3 9 1 on page 62 ToDo List A simple ToDo list from comment lines see chapter 3 9 2 on page 63 e Search results from a search in all files of a project see chapter 3 4 2 on page 21 Debug information if the debug mode is enabled see Debug mode Option page 52 Please note Editing in the source code window is supported by several tools see Creating source code on page 15 The Project Window shows the name of an opened project and the corre sponding files without project the window remains empty Some data of the ADwin system are continuously read and displayed only when PC communication to the ADwin system is established Processdelay process cycle time of the process which has the num ber as the currently edited source code Displayed at the right side of the toolbar The values of the global variable
124. dow to open the con text menu Select whether to dock the window at top or bottom _ Parameters XQ Par FPar 1 960838906 2 1454854997 om You may dock all windows to the same region Thus only one window can be in front at a time The standard setting can be reset via the menu entry View Restore default layout The toolbox can be displayed as movable window or be completely hidden via the buttons in the head 3 8 2 Project Window The project window shows an opened project and the source code and include files added The project window is located in the Toolbox see page 57 In the project window the following actions may be executed Add a source code or include file to the project Select Add to Project from the source code context menu Add all open files to the project Select Add Open Files to Project from the project window context menu ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 57 58 a Development Environment A D WI n Delete a source code file from the project Highlight the file in the project window then e press the DEL key or select Remove from Project from the context menu Open a source code file and make it the active source code e Double click the file or e Highlight the file in the project window then select Open from the context menu right mouse button Save all open source code files of the project Select Save All Files of Project from the context
125. e in all program sec tions The global variables and arrays may also be accessed from other pro cesses and from the PC in order to exchange data Macros A macro function FUNCTION ENDFUNCTION or subroutine SUB ENDSUB call inserts the macro into the program text where it is being used see also chapter 4 5 1 on page 96 However the macro definition cannot be done within the program sections see fig 12 on page 73 Libraries Libraries must be included before the program sections that use them Library functions LIB_FUNCTION LIB_ENDFUNCTION and subroutines LIB_SUB LIB_ENDSUB when used more than once within a program require less memory than similar macro functions or subroutines described above see also chapter 4 5 3 on page 97 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 75 Programming Processes ADwin 4 2 Variables and Arrays 4 2 1 Overview Data structure Name Datatype Notes Global variables and arrays Variable Scalar Par_1 Par_80 LONG FPar_1 FPar_80 FLOAT Pre defined System variable PROCESSDELAY LONG not declarable PROCESS_ERROR LONG memory area DM PROZESSN_RUNNING LONG LONG Name DATA not One or two dimensional Data_1 FLOAT changeable only dec Data_200 STRING laration of array num array vector FIFO ber and dimension Local variables and arrays Variable selectable LONG FLOAT must be declared Scalar i LONG One dimensional
126. e in the argument is declared in the memory area DRAM_EXTERN The time interval may vary because it depends on several conditions The argument is an array e The argument is a floating point value ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 189 190 10_Sleep A D wi n See also CPU_Sleep NOP Example INCLUDE ADwinGoldII inc EVENT SET_MUX1 11010b Mux 1 Set channel and gain IO_ SLEEP 200 wait 2 ps 200 10ns max MUX settling time START_CONV 1 start conversion of ADCl Rem ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 a A Dwi n Lib_Function Lib_EndFunction Lib_Function Lib_EndFunction With LIB_FUNCTION LIB_ ENDFUNCTION a function with passed and return parameters is defined in a library file Syntax LIB FUNCTION lib name lt LIB_PARI1 gt lt LIB_PAR2 gt AS lt FCT_TYPE gt DIM var AS lt VAR_TYPE gt DEFINE name expression Instruction block name LIB_ENDFUNCTION Syntax of passed parameters lt LIB_PAR gt lt BY_TYPE gt var name AS lt VAR_TYPE gt AT lt MEM TYPE gt ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 191 a Lib_Function Lib_EndFunction A D WI n Parameters lib_name lt FCT_TYPE gt var_name lt BY_TYPE gt lt VAR_TYPE gt lt MEM_TYPE gt Notes Name of the library function and of the return value data type lt FCT_TYPE gt Data type FLOAT LONG Name of a passed parameter inside of library function for arrays use the syntax
127. e second calulation the compiler already has determined the va lue During run time it will only be assigned 5 2 3 Faster Measurement Function With the ADC instruction an analog to digital A D conversion for a channel with a specified gain is carried out In order to make its application easier the instruction is kept rather simple and combines several sequencesADC see hardware manual for the ADwin system There are different situations resulting in a faster processing when using these individual sequences compared to using the ADC instruction For instance the ADC instruction does not consider that the ADwin Gold system has two ADCs which are able to convert two different channels at the same time This is illustrated in the following example Example REM Example for Gold i REM Set both multiplexers of the ADC to the channel 1 SET_MUX 000000b Rem wait for settling time Rem sx START_CONV 11b Start conversion on both ADCs WAIT EOC 11b Wait for end of conversion Par_1 READADC 1 Read out ADC1 Par 2 READADC 2 Read out ADC2 The ADwin light 16 system has only one ADC 5 2 4 Setting Waiting Times Exactly Using a waiting time you can easily set an exact offset between 2 instructions for example to bridge the multiplexer settling time between SET_MUX and START_CONV The instruction for setting the waiting time depends on the processor type Processors T9 and T10 The instruction SLEEP sets the wa
128. eached the process stops automatically A setting you have changed will be active upon the next start of the process not in the currently running process you needn t recompile your program If you enter the value 0 the program is repeated until you stop the process with e the instruction END e the instruction STOP_PROCESS or e the stop icon 4 in the development environment Version Here you enter an integer value in order to differentiate between different versions of your program Priority Sethere the priority of the process You will find more infor mation about this subject in chapter 6 1 Process Management The setting Level does not exist for the transputer processor type Control long Delays for Stop This setting is only available when you use the processors T2 T8 The stopping of a process is delayed if it is not called frequently cycle time interval gt 5 milliseconds We recommend you use the option in this case because this option will speed up the stop procedure Optimize The optional optimization shortens the process execution time of up to 20 percent A higher setting under Leve1 leads to shorter execution times ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 Obsolete Program Parts A D WI n If unexpected compiler or run time errors occur you can sometimes avoid them by setting a lower Level for the optimization Delay Set here the processdelay cycle time before the process i
129. easurement values Length of the array LONG Source array Count variable Initialize the count variable Measurement with 1 kHz Measure and save analog values Increment count variable IF i gt length THEN END Are 1000 measurements being made FINISH If yes process Finish Rem Convert the measurement values by Rem calling the library subroutine dig2volt dig2volt samples ptr cnt gain scaled Rem Note the call with the passed array samples Rem without dimension brackets ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 ADwin LN LN LN provides the natural logarithm to base e of an argument Syntax ret_val LN val Parameters val Argument FLOAT ret_val Natural logarithm of the argument FLOAT Notes The execution time of the function takes 1 45us with a T9 0 7 us with a T10 0 37 us with a T11 See also Log Exp Example DIM vall val2 AS FLOAT EVENT vall 5 3 val2 LN vall Result val2 1 667 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 199 LngToStr A D wi n LngToStr LNGTOSTR converts an integer value into a string Syntax IMPORT String LI Te LIO for T9 LIA for TIO rx LIB tor TLL LNGTOSTR value STRING Parameters value Value to be converted LONG String Result String STRING Notes The length of the generated string depends on the character which is to be converted and on the sign String lengths of 1 to 11 characters a
130. elphi or C NET or you may use a ready made user interface such as TestPoint DIA dem or MATLAB For each of these an appropriate driver software which enables you to access the ADwin system is provided If you have a special request please contact us We can also provide turnkey measurement data evaluation programs Under Windows a DLL or ActiveX interface can establish the communication with the system simultaneously from several programs see also Communi cation between PC and ADwin System on page 121 The special instruc tions for your user interface are described more detailed in the relevant ADwin developer software From your user interface you can transfer compiled programs binary files into the ADwin system Com pile the program in ADbasic with Build Make Bin File see chapter 3 7 4 on page 39 start control and stop processes in the ADwin system request data from the ADwin system or send data to the system Although the ADwin system works independently you can access global vari ables and arrays from the user interface any time without delaying time criti cal processes This way all processes can quickly exchange data with the computer or with each other 122 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A D WI n Instruction Reference 7 instruction Reference Below the available ADbasic instructions for ADwin processors are listed Instructions for inputs outputs be found in the hardware
131. ements correspond to the greatest used CASE CCASE constant In order to limit the memory requirements to a minimum the value range of constants is restricted to 0 255 There is Memory requirement in bytes greatest constant value 1 x 4 As an example the memory requirement with a max CASE constant 200 is 200 1 x 4 804 Bytes the maximum possible memory re quirement is 1 KiB See also Do Until For To Step Next If Then Else Endlf Example EVENT PAR 1 2 SELECTCASE PAR 1 Evaluate PAR 1 CASE 0 If PAR 1 0 PAR_10 ADC 1 Read out ADC 1 CASE 1 IE PAR 1 1 PAR 10 ADC 3 Read out ADC 3 CASE 2 If PAR 1 2 PAR_10 ADC 5 read out ADC 5 and ADC 7 too by CCase CCASE 3 If PAR 1 3 PAR 11 ADC 7 Read out ADC 7 CASE 4 5 6 7 16 If PAR 1 4 5 6 7 or 16 PAR 2 DIGIN_WORD read digital inputs CASEELSE PAR _1 other values DIGOUT_WORD PAR_10 Output value of PAR_10 to the digital outputs ENDSELECT End of selection 230 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A D wi n Shift_Left Shift_Left The SHIFT_LEFT instruction shifts all bits of a value by a specified number of places to the left The empty bits at the right are filled with zeroes Syntax ret_val SHIFT_LEFT val num Parameters val Argument LONG num Number of places the argument is shifted 0 31 LONG ret_val Argument with shifted
132. emory place and allocates it to the vari able name For easier programming global variables Par 1 Par 80 and FPar 1 FPar_ 80 are already pre defined thus global variables don t have to and cannot be declared The compiler recognizes the declaration of global arrays by the names Data_n where DATA is a fixed text and n is the array index number 1 200 specified After declaration variables and array elements have an undefined value and thus should be initialized with a useful value e g zero Exception After power up of the ADwin system the global variables are automatically initiali zed with zero 4 2 3 Data Types A data type must be indicated when declaring variables and arrays ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 77 78 Programming Processes A D WI n The compiler processes the following data types LIONG 32 bit integer values with the ranges 2147483648 2147483647 231 2 31 1 ELOAT until T10 Floating point values 32 bit with the ranges 3 402823 10 98 1 175494 10 98 negative values 32 bit 1 175494 10 88 3 402823 10 38 positive values 32 bit The value range is not equivalent to the IEEE floating point format FLOAT since T11 Floating point values 40 bit with the ranges 3 402823668 10 8 1 175494351 10 38 negative values 40bit 1 175494351 10738 3 402823669 10 8 positive valu
133. ep the overview of the order in which processes are stored in memory 1 With processors T9 and T10 there is no error message but the ADwin sys tem has a workload of 100 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A D WI n Time Characteristics of Processes Alike with process memory memory fragmentation may also occur in data memory multiple dimensioning of data arrays with changing size e g during development of a process If so loading the process will release the allocated memory of the newly dimensioned arrays and for each array a new memory range has to be found leading to memory fragmentation The simple solution is to boot the ADwin system and load the data anew too Generally global arrays may be deleted individually in ADbasic using Clear Data see chapter 3 7 7 on page 54 in order to obtain free memory of suffi cient size But if a fragmentation occurs most times you don t know the order in which arrays are stored in data memory so booting is normally to be pre ferred Please note If global arrays are used in several processes they have to be declared identically in each process In this case it is practical to save these declarations of global arrays into an include file and include the file into all of these processes see also chapter 4 5 2 Include Files 6 2 Time Characteristics of Processes 6 2 1 Processdelay The time interval in which time controlled process cycles are called by the counter whic
134. er Options System AD Wwin Gold Processor T9 v Device No E 150 v Hex C Do Not Access The Device C Load Standardprocesses Autostart Remember Device No Fig 3 The Compiler Options dialog box System Select the ADwin system Processor Select the system s processor type The abbreviations correspond to the following full names Abbreviation T11 T10 T9 T8 T5 T4 T2 Full name ADSP ADSP ADSP TS101S 21160 21062 T805 T450 1400 1225 Fig 4 Processor Names Device No Select the device number to access the ADwin system The device number is set using the program lt ADconfig exe gt The default setting is 150 Hex Donot access the Device If inactive a binary file will be automat ically transferred to the hardware after compilation Thus the ADwin hardware must be connected before compilation ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 41 a Development Environment A D WI n With active option a source code can be compiled even if the ADwin hardware is not connected to the PC Load standard processes With active option the standard pro cesses 11 12 and 15 see chapter 6 1 1 on page 109 are loaded into the ADwin system during boot process With inactive option the loading of processes 11 and 12 is suppressed This setting is only available for ADwin Gold and ADwin light 16 Autostart Active option causes the binary file generated and trans ferred to
135. er than the one after IF THEN This can be used to speed up the total exe cution time of the EVENT section by putting the condition that has most common state int ehe ELSE statement for instance when you check if limit values are exceeded In the single line version the instruction cannot call a subroutine macro SUB nor a function macro FUNCTION See also lt gt Comparison And Or Do Until SelectCase ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 179 If Then Else Endlf ADwin Example DIM val AS LONG Declaration EVENT val ADC 1 Acquire measurement value IF val gt 3000 THEN Limit value is exceeded CLEAR_DIGOUT 1 Reset DIGOUT 1 SET_DIGOUT 0 Set DIGOUT 0 ELSE Limit value is not exceeded CLEAR_DIGOUT 0 Reset DIGOUT 0 SET_DIGOUT 1 Set DIGOUT 1 ENDIF End of control structure 180 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A Dwin lf Then Else Endlf If Then Else Endlf This preprocessor structure is used to conditionally compile a block of instruc tions IF THEN ELSE ENDIF Syntax IF condition THEN instruction block ELSE the Else block is optional instruction block ENDIF Parameters condition Boolean condition no braces or quotation marks of the LOGIC form lt SYSPAR gt value If the condition is true the instructions after THEN are executed The system parameter lt S
136. er the command line directly One or more command lines can be combined in one batch file lt bat gt for example in order to compile several source code files of a project with only one call When you call a command line you have to transfer the relevant options and parameters A 5 Obsolete Program Parts For compatibility reasons the development environment also offers settings for ADwin systems with transputer processors T4 T5 T8 Dialog Window Process Options In this dialog window you set compiler options for the currently open source code window that is you set the properties of the process which is compiled from the current source code and transferred to the ADwin system You must make the necessary settings separately for each of the source code windows by opening the dialog window again unless you want to use the default settings If you have set the processor types T4 T5 or T8 in the dialog window Compiler Options the dialog window shown in fig 1 is opened ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 Obsolete Program Parts A D WI n Process Options Process On Oz O32 O04 70s Ou Oz On Os Onn Eventsource Timer External None Priority High Low Control long Delays for Stop No O Yes Optimize No Yes Initial Processdelay Version Number of Loops Fig 1 The Dialog Window Process Options for processors T4 T8 Event Here you set which event signal is
137. es 40 bit The value range is not equivalent to the IEEE floating point format Accuracy of 40 bit is solely restricted to e Calculations inside the ADwin system e Evaluation of constants by the compiler The 40 bit accuracy may not be used or displayed on the PC since data will only be transmitted for reasons of speed as 32 bit values be tween PC and ADwin system In memory a 40 bit float variable allocates 64 bit STRING ASCII character strings in which each character is stored as a single array element for details see chapter 4 3 5 on page 88 Asin gle character corresponds to an integer 8 bit value in the range 0 255 The obsolete data types SHORT and INTEGER used with processors before T9 were replaced by data type LONG For reasons of compatibility the com patibilitat accepts these data types furthermore but automatically replaces them by LONG When combining integer and floating point values a type conversion will occur Under certain circumstances this may cause calculation results dis crepancies from expected results More about this is found in section Type Conversion on page 94 The next section illustrates in which notation a numeral value can be entered ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A D WI n Variables and Arrays 4 2 4 Entering Numerical Values You can use 4 different notations in order to enter numerical values The fol lowing examples assign the decimal value 930 to a variab
138. est DO UNTIL loops repeatedly only the available memory size will limit the number of nested loops Avoid loops with long execution times in high priority processes be cause they cannot be interrupted Example DIM count AS LONG DIM DATA_1 103 AS LONG AS FIFO INIT count 1 EVENT DO Start loop DATA_1 ADC 1 4 INC count UNTIL count gt 103 158 Read out measurement value Increase count variable Are 100 measurements being made ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 ADwin End End END ends a process in the EVENT section Syntax END Notes END stops the processing of an EVENT section immediately and starts processing the section FINISH if existing Any instructions in the EVENT section following the END instruction are not processed In the other program sections you should use the EXIT instruction in stead of END See also Exit ProcessN_Running Restart_Process Start_Process Start_ Process_Delayed Stop_Process Example EVENT IF ADC 1 gt 3000 THEN Measure and compare END End process but execute Finish ENDIF FINISH SET_DIGOUT 1 Set digital output 1 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 159 Event A Dwin Event The keyword EVENT marks the start of the main program section which is called every Event signal Syntax EVENT AT lt MEM TYPE gt Parameters lt MEM_TYPE gt T11 only since Rev E04 memory area where the pro gram section EVENT is
139. et with PROCESSDELAY you can use an auxiliary variable INIT Rem Set max cycle time PROCESSDELAY 2147483647 Rem For T9 und T10 high priority 53 7s Rem For T1l1 high tlow priority 7 2s Rem initalize auxiliary variable PAR 1 0 EVENT INC PAR 1 Rem use 100fold cycle time Rem For T9 und T10 high priority 89 5 min Rem For T11 hightlow priority 12min IF PAR_1 100 THEN PAR 1 0 Rem run program ENDIF ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A D wi n Process_Error Process_ Error PROCESS ERROR returns the previously occurred error of the current process Syntax ret_val PROCESS ERROR Parameters ret val Number of the previously occurred error in the process LONG 0 no error 1 Division by zero 2 Square root from negative value 10 Accessing a too high element number of a global array 11 Accessing a too small element number lt 0 of a global array 12 Accessing a too high element number of a local array 13 Accessing a too small element number lt 0 of a local array 30 FIFO index is not a FIFO Notes The return value is defined only if debug mode is enabled see Debug mode Option page 52 The variable is read only See also ProcessN_Running Start_Process Stop_Process Example EVENT PAR 10 SQRT PAR_12 Rem read previous error in the process PAR 2 PROCESS_ERROR ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 223 ProcessN_Running A D WI n ProcessN_Running T
140. exprl AND expr2 THEN Boolean operator Parameters val_1 val_2 Integer value LONG expri expr2 Boolean operator with the value true or false Notes With AND you can only combine expressions of the same type integer or Boolean with each other mixing them is not possible You can use Boolean operators only in statements such as IF THEN ELSE or DO UNTIL variables cannot have Boolean values If you use several Boolean operators in one line you have to put each operation into separate parentheses This is not necessary for combin ing integer values See also causes the processor to wait for several processor cyclesNot Or XOr Example Rem Bitwise operator of long variables DIM val _1 val_2 val3 AS LONG val_1 0100b 4 val 2 0110b 6 val3 val_1 AND val_2 bitwise operator Rem Result val3 0100b 4 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 LOGIC ADwin And Or Rem Boolean operation of Boolean expressions DIM fval_1 AS FLOAT DIM val4 AS LONG Eval i 3 14 Rem Boolean operation true And true true IF fval_1 lt 9 1 AND fval_1 gt 3 1 THEN val4 1 ELSE val4 0 ENDIF Result val4 1 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 139 ArcCos A D wi n ArcCos ARCCOS provides the arc cosine of the argument Syntax ret_val ARCCOS val Parameters val Argument 1 1 FLOAT ret_val Arc cosine of the argument in radians 0 7 FL
141. f the ADbasic software available for the Licensee For extensive updates Jaeger Messtechnik GmbH reserves the right to charge an additional fee 10 WARRANTY AND LIABILITY OF JAEGER MESSTECHNIK GMBH a Jaeger Messtechnik GmbH assumes warranty to the Licensee that at the moment of delivery the data medium on which the ADbasic soft ware is stored is error free in accordance with the accompanying materials when applied under normal operating conditions and under normal maintenance conditions b Ifthe data medium is faulty the Licensee is granted a replacement within the warranty period of 6 months from the date of delivery He must return the data medium as well as a copy of the invoice to Jaeger Messtechnik GmbH or to the distributor from whom he has purchased the product c Ifa fault as described in Section 10 b is not eliminated within an ade quate period of time by replacement of the product the Licensee may choose between either allowance price reduction or conversion rescission of the License Agreement The Licensee is not entitled to any further claims ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A D WI n Command Line Calling d For the reasons mentioned in Section 1 2 Jaeger Messtechnik GmbH does not assume liability for the absence of defects with regards to the ADbasic software In particular Jaeger Messtechnik GmbH does not assume warranty for the fact that the ADbasic software meets the requirements and purposes of the L
142. f complex data Syntax IMPORT FFT LI LIO for T9 LEA for TLO LIB for TII FFT_MAG real img magnitude count Parameters real Real part of the complex data FLOAT ARRAY img Imaginary part of the complex data FLOAT ARRAY magnitude Result Magnitudes of the complex data FLOAT ARRAY count Number of complex data LONG Notes The magnitude of a complex value is calculated with the formula magnitude i real i img i FFT calculates the amplitudes of a frequency spectrum as complex va lues The instructions FFT_MAG and FFT_PHASE convert the complex amplitudes into magnitude and phase If FFT_MAG uses the resulting arrays of FFT you have to set count count 2 with count is a parameter of FFT See also FFT FFT_Phase FFT_Mag_Scale Example The example program for ADwin Gold oder ADwin light 16 lt C ADwin ADbasic lib FFT_doc tdemo FFT mag _demo bas gt 268 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 ADwin FFT_Mag samples the analog signal at input 1 2048 samples in 0 1 s calculates the FFT and the magnitudes If for example the signal is a sine of 1500Hz the maximum absoute value is stored in Data_5 151 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 269 FFT_Phase A Dwi n FFT_Phase FFT_PHASE returns the phase of complex data Syntax IMPORT FFT LI GIO for T9 FLIA for TLO LIB for TII FFT_PHASE real img phase count
143. ge or modify translate reverse engineer decompile or disassem ble the ADbasic software without prior written consent of Jaeger Mes stechnik GmbH 4 OWNERSHIP 4 1 Upon purchasing the product only title to the physical storage device where the ADbasic software has been stored is passed to the Licen see No title to the rights of the ADbasic software itself is passed to the Licensee 4 2 Jaeger Messtechnik GmbH reserves all rights for publication copying processing and commercialization of the ADbasic software 5 COPYRIGHTS 5 1 The ADbasic software and the printed materials are protected by copy right For backup purposes the Licensee may generate a single copy of the ADbasic software He must reproduce the copyright notice of Jaeger Messtechnik GmbH on the copy The copyright notice on the ADbasic software must not be removed 5 2 It is expressly not permitted to fully or partially copy or reproduce the ADbasic software as well as the printed materials in its original or modi fied form or merged or included in other software 6 GRANT OF LICENSE 6 1 The right to use the ADbasic software can only be granted to a third party with prior written consent of Jaeger Messtechnik GmbH The Licensee must then completely delete the software which he has installed and pass it to the third party The transfer has to include the original data carrier with the documentation backup version included The license may furthermore only
144. gramming real time processes for the ADwin system and act as a reference manual The development environment ADbasic 5 has been completely re worked and now provides a lot of comfort for easy handling and editing see also News in ADbasic 5 on page 5 The manual has been changed too The instruction reference contains the processor s calculation commands only Any instruction for access to input outputs or interfaces are described in the appropriate manual of ADwin hard ware First time users of ADbasic are recommended to read chapters 1 and 4 in order to get easily into the subject This manual assumes that the user has some programming experience with Basic or any other language An introduc tion to the programming of ADwin systems and example programs can be found in our ADbasic Tutorial and Programming Examples manual chapter 3 describes the reworked development environment and is recom mended for all users If you have any suggestions on how to improve our documentation don t hes itate to contact us Your inputs will be greatly appreciated and will help us pro vide a system which everyone can easily understand and operate We wish you great success upon programming For further questions please call our support hot line see address in the manual s cover page message ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 Conventions A D wi n Conventions In this manual the following typographical conventions and icon
145. h 2010 79 80 Programming Processes A D WI n The global variables can be used anywhere in a program without being decla red Since the variables have an undefined value at program start they should be initialized with a useful value e g zero Exception After power up of the ADwin system the global variables are automatically initialized with zero The global variables are also termed parameters and have the names Par 1 Par 2 Par_80 with the LONG data type for 32 bit integer values FPar_1 FPar 2 FPar_80 with the FLOAT data type for floating point values Example Par 5 700 Parameter 5 contains the value 700 PAR 72 ADC 1 The voltage at the analog input 1 is measured and stored into parameter 72 Contrary to other variables global variables Par _nandFPar_n must not be declared because they are pre defined and are already known to the compiler 4 2 6 Global Arrays The global arrays enable the exchange of data between the processes on the ADwin system or the computer see also chapter 6 3 1 Data Exchange bet ween Processes Up to 200 arrays of the LONG or FLOAT data type are available Since size and data type are selectable global arrays must be declared at the beginning of a program and preferably be initialized too Else the array ele ments have undefined values The compiler recognizes the declaration of global variables by their names Data_n where DATA is a fixed text and
146. h are mutually exclusive File names can be written without with relative or with absolute path names The base directory for a file name without or with relative path name is the working directory from which the command line is called 1 As an example a call with all options given remains correct even when a default setting is being changed ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A D WI n Command Line Calling Main Options M L MAKE H VER Options src bas A dest IP path LP path Lx Generate a binary file with the extension Txn x Processor type see option Px n Process number see option PNx Generate a library file with the extension LIx x Processor type see option Px Read main option file name and other options of a single call from the makefile The text in the makefile may be written using several lines Options outside the makefile are not permitted Display a short help text Display compiler version number File name of the source code to be compiled type with suffix bas Compiler warnings are written into the file src wrn error messages into the file src err Path and name of the binary or library file lt dest gt which is to be generated without suffix The default is the file name src The file suffix Txn binary file or LIx library file is attached automatically Directory where include files are searched This setting overwrites
147. h is the cycle time of the event section of the process It is usually measured in clock cycles of the system clock and called Processdelay in ear lier ADbasic versions Globaldelay The processdelay of each process is spe cified by setting the value of the system variable PROCESSDELAY The time resolution of the system clock depends on the process priority and on the processor type Processor Priority High Low T9 25ns 100us T10 25ns 50yus T11 3 3ns 3 3ns 0 003 us Fig 17 The time resolution of the system clock units of the processdelay For instance a processdelay with the value 1000 means that for a high priority process on a processor T9 it is called in time intervals of 1000 x 25ns 25000ns 25us while for a low priority process in a time interval of ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 116 a Processes in the ADwin System A D WI n 1000 x 100s 100000 us 100ms You can specify this event interval in the program line PROCESSDELAY 1000 The processing time of a process cycle must not even under worst case cir cumstances be higher than the cycle time so that each process cycle can be called at the time specified with PROCESSDELAY Differences in the compu ting time may arise from different program sections which are run conditio nally If Case Processing time Processor free Process2 E e CO 125 us 150 us 175 us 200 us Processdelay cycle time Fig 18 Processdelay a
148. h the Windows specific elements such as windows menu bar and tool bar Upon first start up you will be prompted to enter the License key The License key is to be found on the cover sheet of this ADbasic manual Without valid License key ADbasic will operate in demo mode In this mode the development environment only works for demonstration test or evaluation purposes For example you cannot create binary files Find more information about the ADbasic license in chapter 3 1 2 on page 9 Set the ADwin system and processor in the menu Options Com piler The development environment saves the settings so that upon a new start of ADbasic they will not need to be entered again unless a differ ent ADwin device is used 3 1 2 Check or change ADbasic licenses In order to check or change the ADbasic license key do as follows 1 Select the menu entry Help gt About ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 Development Environment a Development Environment A D WI n The window About ADbasic opens which displays the version of the development environment and the current Licenses list of available licenses see below About ADbasic 5 AOb 5 Veen 505 13 Caage 2003 Jager Comeuterzeuteunrte Messtecte Gmbh Comeder Verson 5 00 G7 The Reatime Tool tes ADwer nytt Noneageng korce Leerse hey TESTUSER Ativan Yes Cote Yes on Ye Change Licenes 2 Inorderto enter or change the license key click the button
149. he function generator regularly writes the generated value into the global variable Par_10 At every event loop the controller process reads out the global variable Par _10 and uses its contents as setpoint of the control loop ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A D wi n Communication Thus the function generator very easily controls the setpoint of the con troller All ocal variables and arrays of Process 1 are hidden from Pro cess 2 and vice versa Take into account that the timing characteristics of both processes must be considered 6 3 2 Communication between PC and ADwin System From PC applications and development environments you can control the processes on the ADwin system as well as request data from or send data to the system An ADwin system cannot communicate with the computer on its own but instead responds to requests coming from the computer All data exchange is made via global variables Par_n FPar_n or global arrays Data_n This refers also to the Data Exchange between Processes see above The communication to the ADwin system is managed under Windows with the ADwin32 d11 dynamic link library In the ADwin system the communication process is responsible for this task page 113 If you are working with the ActiveX interface the latter is responsible for the communication with the ADwin system Internally the ActiveX interface trans fers or gets the data via the ADwin32 d11 The ADwin32 d11 has the f
150. he fig 13 shows examples of declarations in order to store variables and arrays in the different memory areas ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 83 Programming Processes ADwin Variable Memory Area Source Code Declaration Array Local Internal DM DIM var AS lt VARTYPE gt Variable or DIM var AS AT DM_LOCAL Addit EM DIM var AS AT EM LOCAL External DX DIM var AS AT DRAM EXTERN Array Internal DM DIM array 5 AS ATDM_ LOCAL Addit EM DIM array 5 AS AT EM LOCAL global local External DX DIMarray 5 AS or DIM array 5 AS AT DRAM EXTERN Fig 13 Allocation of the Memory Area with Declarations A The global variables Par_1 Par_80 and FPar_1 FPar_80 are pre defi ned in the internal memory DM therefore they cannot be re declared in the external memory DX 4 3 2 Memory Areas The processor of the ADwin system uses a fast internal memory SRAM anda huge external memory SDRAM Half of internal memory is available as program memory PM and as data memory DM Processor T11 has an additional internal memory EM which may be used either as program or as data memory 84 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 a A D WI n Variables and Arrays Details internal memory external memory SRAM SDRAM PM processes and Dx Data arrays operat system Processes T11 only DM Data variables EM Processes or data P
151. he function and of the return value data type lt VAR_TYPE gt val_1 val_2 Names of passed parameters FLOAT for arrays use the syntax with dimension brackets LONG array Or DATA n STRING lt VAR_TYPE gt Data type of the function and the return parameter FLOAT or LONG but not STRING Notes You will find general information about macros in chapter 4 5 1 on page 96 This instruction defines a function macro which means that the whole instruction block between FUNCTION and ENDFUNCTION is inserted any place where the macro is called Functions help to make your source code more clearly structured Please note that each function call will increase the size of the com piled file ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 a A D WI n Function EndFunction You may insert functions at the following 3 locations 1 Before the section INIT LOWINIT 2 After the section FINISH 3 In a separate file which you Include with INCLUDE only in loca tions described in 1 and 2 Please note the following when defining functions no process sections such as LOWINIT INIT EVENT or FINISH can be defined e local variables can be defined at the beginning which are only available in the function and for the processing period This is true even when a variable has the same name as a variable outside of the function avalue should be assigned to the function name which will be the re
152. he system variable PROCESSn_RUNNING returns the current status of the specified process Syntax ret_val PROCESSn_RUNNING Parameters n Number of the requested process 0 12 15 LONG ret_val Process status LONG 1 Process is running 0 Process is stopped 1 Process is being stopped Notes The system variable is read only See also End Exit Restart_Process Start_Process Start_Process_ Delayed Stop_Process Example EVENT Rem Get the status of process 2 PAR 2 PROCESS2_RUNNING 224 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A D wi n Read_Timer Read_Timer READ TIMER returns the current counter value of the ADwin system timer Syntax ret_val READ TIMER Parameters ret_val Current counter value LONG Notes The counter value cannot be written There are 2 timers in an ADwin system 32 bit which count in different units of time process priority T9 T10 T11 high 25ns 25ns 3 3ns low 100 us 50 us 3 3ns You may determine a time interval from the difference of 2 timer val ues Please note that any read timer value will be reached again after a certain time interval which depends on the units of time given above process priority T9 T10 T11 high 107 4s 107 4s 14 3s low 119 3h 59 7h 14 3s See also Processdelay Example DIM timervalue AS LONG EVENT timervalue READ_TIMER ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 225 226 Rem ADwin
153. hould be declared AT DRAM EXTERN with array size 4x count Result Imaginary parts index 1 count 2 of trans formed data The array should be declared AT DRAM_ EXTERN with array size 4 x count Arrays for internal calculations The arrays should be declared AT DRAM_EXTERN with array size 4x count Number 2 2 of source data points The number of points must be a power of 2 The instruction is useful only if FFT_INIT was called before FFT_CALC_Dx has the same function as FFT_CALC and FFT_CALC _ DM but calculates an FFT faster when using the processor T10 This optimization is not possible for processors T9 or T11 FFT_CALC_DxX may only be used if the arrays are declared in the ex ternal memory Using the processor T10 the calculation of an FFT with 1024 samples 4 z iy S K J j E O D I j E Q D 5 pa D 7 rj ls ia x F LONG ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A D wi n FFT_Calc_DX takes about 49 ms instead of 53ms with FFT_CALC Both timing values were determined with arrays in the external memory DRAM EXTERN See also FFT FFT_Init FFT Calc FFT_Calc_DM Example See example program lt FFT scale demo opt bas gt for all ADwin systems in folder lt C ADwin ADbasic lib FFT doctdemo gt ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 279 FFT_Calc_DX A D wi n 280 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A D WI n Mathematic
154. hy is responsible for the interaction and timing of the processes when several processes are needed for a complex algorithm chapter 6 details the running of processes in the operating system Source code generated using the extended BASIC syntax of the ADbasic environment programs the hardware of your ADwin system enabling the implementation of tasks into processes chapter 4 describes how to build pro grams Executable binary code generated from the source code using the integrated ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 Introduction A D wi n compiler is transferred to the ADwin system and tested ADbasic is also a tool which aids in process monitoring error detection and program optimization see chapter 3 ADbasic is no longer needed once the real time processes are running pro perly A user interface running on the computer transfers the generated binary code to the system starts controls and stops the processes and controls and monitors the processes and process data of the ADwin system Although the ADwin system operates independently of the computer global variables and arrays are accessed through the user interface without delaying time critical processes A clear separation between real time processes in the ADwin system and the user interface on the computer guarantees a high operating reliability and a good timing Under Windows a DLL or ActivexX interface enable access to the ADwin sys tem from several programs
155. ial and Programming Exam ples manual to find more examples for optimizing processes 5 1 Measuring the Processing Time For optimization it is important to measure the processing time of a process cycle or of a program section This can be done using the internal counters of the ADwin system The processor of the ADwin system has two internal counters one for high priority processes and another for low priority processes each incrementing in different clock rates see fig 17 on page 115 The current counter value can be read using the READ_TIMER instruction the counter corresponding to the running process s priority will automatically be read out After power up both counters are set to the value 0 zero then continually incremented in fixed clock pulses The processing time of the program is measured as a time difference In the following example the processing time of a time critical program section minus an offset is stored in the global variable Par_1 To obtain the offset run the both READ TIMER lines in succession without any program lines between them and calculate the difference of these values The offset is to calculate only once for the surveyed program Example DIM t1 t2 AS LONG do NOT use float here EVENT Rem tl READ_TIMER Rem Time critical section Rem t2 READ TIMER Pat I 2 il 4 Process time in clock pulses offset 4 clock pulses ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010
156. icensee or is compatible to other programs he is working with The Licensee is responsible for the cor rect choice and the consequences of using the ADbasic software as well as for the results he intends to obtain or has obtained The same applies for the printed materials which are delivered with the ADbasic software e Jaeger Messtechnik does not assume liability for damages unless Jager Messtechnik GmbH has caused damages by intention or by gross negligence Liability because of properties assured by Jaeger Messtechnik GmbH remains unaffected Liability is excluded for con sequential damages which are not part of the assurance given above f Jaeger Messtechnik GmbH does not assume liability for damages caused by viruses which are passed on by the data medium The Licensee is hold responsible for checking the data medium for viruses before installing the ADbasic software on his computer 11 FINAL CONDITIONS The invalidity of some individual conditions does not affect the validity of the License Agreement In addition to the conditions of this License Agreement the General Terms and Conditions of Jaeger Messtechnik GmbH apply A 4 Command Line Calling The ADbasic compiler cannot only be activated through the user interface but it can also be directly called in Windows or DOS with a so called command line call The compiler works the same in both cases it can compile a source code file and generate a binary or library file
157. igh priority process cycles as short as possible A Have event loops which require long processing time or calculations whose result cannot be immediately be processed always run in process cycles with low priority A low priority process depends on the time characteristics of all other process cycles with the same or higher priority Each interruption minimizes the time a low priority process cycle can use the computing power and in the worst case it will not be called at all 6 2 3 Low Priority Processes with T11 The processor T11 manages low priority processes strictly be their priority level In contrast priority levels are of little importance with T9 or T10 Never theless communication process and high priority processes still take prece dence over all low priority processes The process management of low priority processes is different for Processes of different priority levels All processes of lower priority level are interrupted as soon as and as long as a process of higher pri ority level is processed Process 1 Process 2 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 117 118 a Processes in the ADwin System A D WI n In this case process 2 is of higher priority level and therefore interrupts process 1 several times Processes of equal priority levels The processes take part in time slic ing that is within the priority level the operating system portions out the processor s operating time to the
158. ime of the function takes 0 9ys with a T9 0 45us with a T10 0 26us with a T11 Example DIM val_1 val 2 AS FLOAT EVENT val_1 16 val_2 SQRT val1 Result val_2 4 236 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A D wi n Start_Process Start_Process START_PROCESS starts a specified process Syntax START_PROCESS processnum Parameters processnum Number of the process to be started 1 12 15 Notes Please assure that the process is transferred to the ADwin system be fore you start it The instruction has no effect if you indicate the number of a process which e is already running or has the same number as the calling process You can start a process with START_PROCESS from another process only except for RESTART_PROCESS It is not possible that a process starts itself for instance in the section FINISH See also End Exit Restart_Process Start_Process_Delayed Stop_Process Example EVENT IF ADC 1 gt 3072 THEN threshold value exceeded START_PROCESS 2 Start measurement process 2 END ENDIF ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 LONG 237 238 Start_Process_Delayed A D WI n Start_Process_ Delayed Processor T11 only START_ PROCESS DELAYED starts a specified process section EVENT with the defined delay Syntax START PROCESS DELAYED processnum delay Parameters processnum Number of the process to be started 1 10 LONG delay De
159. in system Make sure all settings have been carried out properly and completely Also check if the base address the processor type etc are set correctly in the menu Options Compiler If your problems still persist please give your local technical support office a call If you need help of a more substantial nature you can contact us directly you find the address inside the manual s cover page ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 283 How to Solve Problems A D WI n 284 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A D WI n Short Cuts in ADbasic Appendix A 1 Short Cuts in ADbasic To display short cuts of code snippets open lt ADbasicCS xm1 gt in the folder C ADwin ADbasic Common with a browser Short cut key Function Matching menu item Fi Show help topic for marked instruction CTRL F1 Show online help content Help Content F2 Show declaration of marked instruction CTRL F2 Jump to declaration of marked instruction F3 Find next forward Edit Find Next SHIFT F3 Find next backwards CTRL F3 Find Text at cursor position forward CTRL SHIFT F3 Find Text at cursor position backwards CTRL F5 Boot ADwin system F6 Create library Build Make Lib File F7 Create binary file BuildbMake Bin File CTRL F7 Create binary files of the BuildbMake All Bin project Files F8 Compile source code Build Compile CTRL F8 Start process F9 Stop process CTRL SPACE Insert or complete
160. ing Rem Conversion into upper Case Rem Lower Case a Dr Cy 1 7 Be Vr 2 PAR 6 ASC char IF PAR_6 gt 96 AND PAR 6 lt 133 THEN Rem Subtract 32 in order to convert into upper cases CHR PAR_6 32 char ENDIF 242 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A D wi n StrComp StrComp STRCOMP checks two strings to determine if they are identical Syntax IMPORT STRING LI LIY for T9 LIA for T10 DLB for TIL ret _ val STRCOMP string1 string2 Parameters stringl String a ret_val 0 Strings are identical 1 Strings are different Notes If the strings do not have the same lengths a negative value is re turned even if the shorter string is included in the longer one See also String String Addition Asc Chr FloToStr Flo40ToStr LngToStr StrLeft StrLen StrMid StrRight VaIF Vall Example IMPORT STRING LI9 DIM text1 7 text2 7 text3 8 AS STRING INIT textl ADBASIC ADbasic correct writing text2 ADBASCI ADbasic wrong writing text3 ADBASICA ADbasic wrong writing EVENT PAR 1 STRCOMP text1 text2 PAR 1 1 PAR 2 STRCOMP text1 text3 PAR 2 1 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 243 StrLeft A D wi n StrLeft STRLEFT returns a specified number of characters from the left end of a string into a second string Syntax IMPORT String LI TALEO for 19 LIA for Tho Te LIB FOE TIL STRLEFT stringl length string2 Parameters
161. ins function and subroutine macros it must be included before the INIT section or after the FINISH section You can also include an include file into source codes of library files and other include files nested include Include files installed with ADbasic contain only subroutine and function mac ros defining instructions for hardware access Thus the appropriate position for these files to be included is the beginning of the source code see page 73 4 5 3 Libraries In a library compiled library subroutines and functions modules can be assembled With the IMPORT instruction the modules of a library can be included into a process where they will be called The library modules are similar to the subroutine and function macros They are created in a source code file using the LIB_SUB LIB_ENDSUB and or LIB_FUNCTION LIB_ENDFUNCTION instructions The library file is then compiled using the Build Make lib file menu option Also calling library modules several times does not increase the size of the binary file Compared to macro functions and subroutines library modules require less memory when they are called more than once However addi tional execution time is needed for calling them compare to chapter 4 5 1 Subroutine and Function Macros page 96 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 97 98 Programming Processes A D WI n Please note that a library module cannot call a library module within the same library
162. ion in the communication is that the communication process does not have enough processor time allocated to it This can be caused by the following facts the processdelay of the high priority processes is too short or the processing time of a high priority process cycle is too long More about this subject can be found in chapter 6 3 2 on page 121 6 1 5 Memory fragmentation The operating system of the ADwin system cares for storing processes arrays and variables at an adequate memory position and using them correctly Therefore the user normally has no problems with memory management which thus would need no explanation Under certain circumstances the error message Not enough memory or memory access error Please reboot the ADwin system occurs Often the reason is an external memory fragmentation which arises from pro ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 113 114 a Processes in the ADwin System A D WI n cesses or data arrays being loaded into memory multiple times and with increasing size a typical action e g for the development of new processes A simple solution is to boot the ADwin system and load the data anew A memory fragmentation is defined as free storage being dispersed between allocated regions If now a new data block like a process or an array is loaded into memory where it can only be stored as complete unit it may happen that the data block does not fit into any of the free memory fragments
163. iting time exactly The processor stops for the pre set time causing the next instruction to be started with appropriate delay ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 101 102 Optimizing Processes A D WI n Waiting for the multiplexer settling time of 14us on a Pro I module would then work like this SET_MUX 2 00000b Set Mux to channel 1 REM Here a calculation may be done which e g takes REM 8ys of the free processor time SLEEP 60 wait remaining 6ys until 14ps START_CONV 2 Start conversion Processor T11 There are 3 possible instructions for the waiting time P1_SLEEP makes the Pro bus wait but also Pro II bus and external DRAM P2_SLEEP makes the Pro II bus wait e CPU_SLEEP makes the processor wait refers to SLEEP If the waiting time gaps a delay between O instructions for Pro mo dules P1_SLEEP is the right choice for Pro II modules itis P2_ SLEEP The instruction CPU_SLEEP makes sense only rarely Waiting for the multiplexer settling time of 14us on a Pro module would then work like this SET_MUX 2 00000b Set Mux to channel 1 P1_SLEEP 1400 Make Pro I bus wait 14ps Note the time unit START_CONV 2 Start conversion REM The calculation follows but now the T11 processor will REM process it automatically in parallel with the I O REM instructions REM Attention Within the calculation you should use variables REM from internal memory only Otherwise the calculation may REM anyho
164. l 99 measure faster 101 measure processing time 99 register access 100 run time error gt 106 setting waiting time gt 101 T11 memory access 105 timing gt 106 use waiting times gt 103 options setting ADtools 48 compiler gt 40 directory 47 editor 45 general 45 language 47 print 47 process 42 syntax highlight 46 Or 212 Or operation 212 outdent lines gt 18 A 27 A 28 ADwin Index P process P1_Sleep 214 autostart 39 P2_ Sleep 216 check number and priority gt 107 Par_n 79 communication 120 parameter scan 34 parameter window 58 parameters see variables global parse and indent 45 passed parameters display 32 Peek 218 PM see memory PM_Local Event 160 Finish 169 Init 188 Lowlnit gt 203 Poke 219 polynoms calculate quickly gt 130 power 130 base e 162 replace in polynom 130 pre processor overview instructions 132 pre processor instructions Define gt 153 lf Then 181 lnclude 186 Print layout gt 47 print settings 47 priority low priority processes with T11 117 of processes check 107 operators 92 process see process priority problems slow editor 45 Process read out error gt 223 communication process 113 load anew 113 memory use 113 number 111 operating modes for timing gt 119 optimal timing one process 108 optimal timing several processes 107 optio
165. l changes and resets default settings The editor distinguishes the following syntax elements ADbasic Syntax System related ADbasic sections Keywords INIT LOWINIT EVENT and FINISH for program sections Compiler Directives Pre compiler instructions starting with a Reserved Keywords Basic instructions in ADbasic e Global Variables Global variables Par 1 Par 80 FPar 1 FPar 80 and Data_1 DATA 200 External Keywords ADbasic instructions for access to inputs outputs Most of these instructions are declared in the delivered standard include or library files Symbols Operators as braces or User related Defined Names Symbolic names declared with DEFINE Local Variables Variables declared with DIM Sub Names Names of user defined modules declared with SUB or LIB_SUB Function Names Names of user defined modules declared with FUNCTION or LIB_ FUNCTION ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 a A D WI n Development Environment Other Numbers Numbers in decimal hexadecimal and binary notation Strings Strings in double quotes Comments Comments after REM or quote Standard Text All elements which do not belong to other groups Editor Print Settings The settings refer to printing of source code Header refers to the printed header line Print Header A header line is printed on top of each page Header text The text of the header line L
166. lace ment string correctly before replacing the rest with Replace A11 Examples Finding Text Examples for finding text with Regular expressions Find all spaces or tabs at the end of a line The search string finds one or more spaces or tabs being followed by the end of the line ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 a A D WI n Development Environment Find everything on a line ot The search string finds the beginning of a line followed by one or more of any characters up to the end of the line Find 12 34 12 34 Note that and have been escaped using the backslash to hide their regular expression meanings Find a string which is valid as variable name in ADbasic b a z _a z0 9 The search string finds a word starting with a alphabetic character fol lowed by zero one or more underscores or alphanumeric characters Find an inner most bracketed expression EEEN TN The search string finds a left bracket followed by zero or more char acters excluding left and right brackets followed by a right bracket Find a repeated expression 0 9 1 Th search string in braces finds one or more digits the braces de fine the tagged expression It is followed by a hyphen followed by the string matched by the tagged expression So this regular expression will find 14 14 and 08 08 but not 08 15 Examples Replacing Text Examples for replacing text with Regular expressions Find
167. lay time gt 30 in clock cycles of the timer LONG With T11 one clock cycle takes 3 3ns Notes Please assure that the process is transferred to the ADwin system be fore you start it The instruction may only start a time controlled process with high pri ority it has no effect if you indicate the number of a process where one of the following is true The process is externally controlled The process has low priority The process is running already The process has the same number as the calling process You may start a process with START_PROCESS_ DELAYED from a dif ferent process only except for RESTART_PROCESS A delayed started process always begins with the EVENT section the sections INIT and LOWINIT will not be executed These items apply to the wanted starting time e The delay until starting time starts being counted with processing START PROCESS DELAYED the processing time of the instruction is 30 clock cycles From a high priority program section the starting time can only be maintained if the delay time delay is greater than the remaining processing time for the rest of the section Any subsequent lines of the section must be processed before the selected process can start The starting time therefore is additionally delayed by a too long remaining processing time ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A D WI n Start_Process_Delayed See also Restart_Process Start_Process Sto
168. le x For floating point values the dot is used as decimal separator English notation 1 Decimal notation 930 LONG 930 0 FLOAT x x Please note the difference The number 930 has the LONG data type while the A number 930 0 has the FLOAT data type This is important when you use both data types in one expression see chapter 4 4 2 2 Expontential notation x 93E1 LONG x 9 3E2 FLOAT Here 9 3E2 stands for 9 3 x 102 where E is followed by the expo nent to the basis of 10 max 2 decimal places 3 Binary notation x 1110100010b LONG 4 Hexadecimal notation an h is added x 3A2h If the hexadecimal value begins with a letter A F a leading zero 0 must be added Instead of F6h the value must be written OF6h otherwise the compiler takes the value as the name of a local variable 4 2 5 Global Variables Parameters All running processes and the computer can access global variables and arrays therefore they are ideal for data exchange between the processes or between the processes and the computer see also chapter 6 3 1 Data Exchange between Processes 80 integer variables 80 floating point varia bles as well as up to 200 arrays of the LONG or FLOAT data type are available All variables and array elements have a length of 32 bit The System Variables also globally available are described on page 82 ADbasic 5 00 Manual Marc
169. lls utility pro grams The Clear Data menu option clears the memory of the ADwin system which is used by a specified DATA array This is the coun terpart to the DIM instruction All data of the array will be lost In the dialog box type the data array index to be cleared e g 3 for Data_3 and confirm The Clear Process menu option deletes a specified process from the memory Please note that a process can only be deleted after being stopped Clear Data Clear Process ADtools TGraph TProcess TPar_FPar TButton TFiFo TString TBin TLed TPati TMeter TDigit The menu entries ADtools and following start a tools each Find a short description in chapter 3 10 on page 68 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 a A D WI n Development Environment 3 7 8 Window Menu From the window menu it is possible to switch between different source code windows and arrange them on the monitor Cascade The Arrange Icons menu reorders mini mized source code windows which is useful after the screen resolution has changed Tile Yertical Tile Horizontal At the bottom of the menu there is a list of open Close All source codes by clicking one of these menu items that source code will become the active window The active source code is checked in the example at right it is ADbasicl bas Arrange Icons 1 ADbasic1 3 7 9 Help Menu The Help menu calls the online help of the development environment C
170. lways average 0 this corresponds to keeping an average frequency Moreover the parameter is important for processes whose process cycles must run at a precisely pre de fined period in time max Latency Length The maximum sum of the latency and the processing time of a process cycle only available for timer controlled processes To get optimal timing characteristics this parameter value should be lower than the value of the Processdelay if you can fulfill this condition the process does not cause latencies for its process cycles but nev ertheless can do for other process cycles count Length gt Delay A value indicating how often the process ing time of a process cycle has exceeded the Processdelay only avail able for time controlled processes This value should preferably be zero The higher the value the more frequently the process has caused a la tency for its own process cycles and perhaps for other processes too The operating system is continously trying to make up this delay The ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 a A D WI n Development Environment amount of exceeded values gives no information about the loss of event signals Critical timings describes how often a condition is fulfilled which could signify a lost event signal The value should definitely be zero This parameter has a different meaning depending on the type and amount of processes see chapter 6 2 5 Different Operating M
171. manual The instructions are listed in alphabetical order In the annex there are instruc tion overviews sorted by ADwin system and by alphabet In chapter 7 3 and chapter 7 4 the ADbasic instructions are listed for the use of the FFT Library as well as Mathematics Instructions 7 1 Instruction Syntax Please note Any expressions can be used as arguments Some arguments require a specified data structure which are labelled as follows constant numbers such as 35 or 3 14159 and expressions without variables Character constants strings are enclosed in quotes suchas this text variable or array element array also identified in the command syntax by its brackets after the array name fifo array DATA_n declared as fifo The expected data type is given for each argument and for a function s return value LONG integer number FLOAT floating point number STRING character string LOGIC logic expression in a condition If the argument has a different data type than expected you will get a type conversion of the argument chapter 4 4 2 on page 94 Some instructions can only be used when a specific library or Include file is included Under Syntax the relevant include instruction is indi cated place this command line at the beginning of the source code ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 123 124 Instructions for L16 Gold Pro A D WI n We assume
172. matically in the internal memory arrays both local and global have to declared as follows DIM DataLocal 100 AS LONG AT DM LOCAL DIM Data_5 2000 AS FLOAT AT DM LOCAL Compared to internal memory the access of processor T11 to external mem ory slows down for 2 reasons On the one hand the memory access is passed into the OF IFO buffer see page 103 as I O instruction which can cause delays On the other hand the administration of external memory is slower than of the internal memory Accessing the external memory For the access to the external memory try to use as fas as possible in the program data blocks and don t access single values If using block wise data transfer the processor enables an accelerated access so e g transfer ring a block of 20 values quicker than 3 single values As an example the block data transfer is quite useful if a lot of measurement values are read in short time At first the collected data packet is saved in quick internal memory As soon as the measuring task reaches a non critical sta dium the data are transferred as block into external memory using the instruc tion MEMCPY leaving the internal memory ready for the next collected data packet 5 3 Debugging and Analysis Debug timing and trace modes are ADbasic s hands on tools for debugging and program analysis All modes are activated via the Debug menu see ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 105 106 Optimizing Pro
173. ment data is lost To recover you must reboot the ADwin system and reload the processes You will find an overview of the register addresses Gold and Light 16 in your hardware documentation See also Peek Read_Timer Example Change memory locations of an ADwin Gold system Write into DAC register 1 3072 5V in the range 10V POKE 20400050h 3072 POKE 20400010h 011b Start output on all DACs POKE 204000C0h 111100b Set outputs DIO18 DI021 to High ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 LONG LONG 219 Processdelay A D wi n Processdelay The system variable PROCESSDELAY defines the process delay cycle time of a process PROCESSDELAY replaces the system variable GLOBALDELAY which is still valid for reasons of compatibility Syntax ret _ val PROCESSDELAY or PROCESSDELAY expr Parameters ret_val Current cycle time in clock cycles expr Cycle time to be set Number 21 of clock cycles Notes In a time controlled process the section EVENT is called repeatedly and in fixed time intervals by the internal counter The time interval bet ween two cyclic calls is called process delay and is counted in clock cy cles The time interval of the Processdelay depends on the process priority and the processor type Processor Priority High Low T9 25ns 100 us T10 25ns 50 us T11 3 3ns 3 3ns 0 003 us With high priority processes select a sufficiently large process delay
174. ment index of the arrays z_ real and z_img normaliza tion of the frequency axis with tiota as total sampling time The example below has a sampling time toa 0 18 thus the element index 1024 refers to the frequency 1024 1 0 1s 10230Hz Element index 1 2 i count 2 Frequency Hz 0 1 i l gt count 2 1 total total total If you need to calculate several FFTs with the same number of source a data the processing time can be reduced Instead of FFT call FFT_ INIT first and then several times FFT_CALC See also FFT FFT_Mag FFT_Scale FFT_Phase FFT_Mag_Scale FFT_Init FFT_Calc FFT_Calc_DM FFT_Calc_DX Example The Example program for ADwin Gold and ADwin light 16 lt C ADwin ADbasic lib FFT doctdemo FFT demo bas gt reads the analog signal at input 1 2048 samples in 0 1s and calcula tes an FFT from it If for example the signal is a sine of 1 000Hz the ma ximum values are stored in data_3 101 real part and data_ 4 101 imaginary part ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 265 FFT_Scale A Dwi n FFT_Scale FFT_SCALE scales the result of an FFT calculation to the size of the compon ents of the source data Syntax IMPORT FFT LI LG for TO FLIA for TLO Be for TII FFT_SCALE unscaled scaled count Parameters unscaled Unscaled data from an FFT calculation FLOAT ARRAY scaled Result Scaled data FLOAT ARRAY count Number of data LONG Notes
175. ments such as C or Visual Basic see chapter 6 3 4 on page 120 Make Lib File s available for licensed ADbasic users only It compiles the active source code the file must be saved as file type LibFile intoa binary file and automatically saves it as library file The library is stored in the same directory and with the same name as the source code file but with the file extension LIx where x denotes the processor type Afterwards the library can be included into other source codes that use their functions and subroutines see chapter 4 5 1 on page 94 Make All Bin Files of Project is available for licensed ADbasic users only The function refers to both Make Lib File and Make Bin File The function compiles all source code files of the project and creates both library files and binary files 3 7 5 Options Menu In the Options menu a number of options can be set which will have an immediate effect For each menu item a dialog box opens where the settings are entered Compiler Process Settings Compiler Options dialog box The settings in this dialog box are used in every source code compilation In particular the information refers to the ADwin systemon which the compiled source codes are to be executed as process To compile source codes for different ADwin systems the parameters need to be set for each system in the dialog box ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 a A D WI n Development Environment Compil
176. menu T 0 olb Ox Project ADB SCR WIN DebugABP Filename Directory BAS Files ADB SCR WIN De ADB SCR WIN De Add Open Files to Project Save All Files of Project Open Project J Processes Remove from Project Fig 8 The Project Window with the Context Menu 3 8 3 Parameter Window The parameter window displays a table showing the values of the global para meters Par 1 Par 80 and FPar 1 FPar_80 With the scroll bar at right you can scroll through the parameters The parameter window is located in the Toolbox see page 57 When the communication between the computer and ADwin system is active icon Enable Cyclic Update in the toolbar the fields in the table are enabled and appear with a white background color and display the values of the global parameters The values are continuously read out from the system Fields are disabled and appear with a grey background color when the com munication is inactive ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 a A D WI n Development Environment 707279 0 0000000 1336227 0 0000000 3 46212E 28 2 66234 0 0000000 0 0000000 0 0000000 0 0000000 0 0000000 0 0000000 0 0000000 0 0000000 0 0000000 0 0000000 0 0000000 0 0000000 0 0000000 0 0000000 0 0000000 Oo 0 0 Oo 0 0 0 Oo oO 0 0 Parameters Processes Fig 9 The parameter window To change the display of a parameter s value Par _1 Par_80 between decimal and hexadecimal
177. mory area 83 position in the program 75 directory with standard installation gt 11 directory settings 47 Disable Trace 16 disable trace mode 255 display all declarations 32 current information 14 memory usage CPU PM EM DM DX 61 passed parameters 32 single declaration info 32 syntax highlighting gt 18 display declarations 69 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 ADwin Index division by 2 232 remainder 282 simple gt 129 Division by zero see run time error DM see memory DM_LOCAL Dim 155 Do Until 158 DRAM_EXTERN Dim 155 DRAM_Extern Event 160 Finish 169 Init 188 LowlInit gt 203 DX see memory E editor general 45 print settings 47 syntax highlighting 46 editor bar 17 e function Exp 162 Else If Then 179 EM see memory EM_LOCAL Dim gt 155 EM_Local Event 160 Finish 169 Init 188 Lowlnit 203 Enable Trace 16 enable trace mode 256 End 159 EndFunction 176 Endlf If Then 179 EndSelect SelectCase 229 EndSub 251 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 enter license key 9 equal to 135 error see also run time error data loss with FIFO 87 forced by Cut amp Paste 38 process overwritten 112 run time gt 52 time Out 113 try lower optimization level 44 error message compiler 62 escape sequence 90 Ethernet 121 evaluate operators 92 Event external signal reset 227 lost event
178. mple EVENT P2_SET_MUX 0 Set multiplexer P2_SLEEP 210 wait 2 1 ps 210 10ns Mux settling time P2_START_CONV 1 start conversion REM ses ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 217 Peek A D wi n Peek PEEK reads the contents of a specified memory location of the ADwin system Syntax ret_val PEEK addr Parameters addr Address of the memory location to be read out LONG ret_val Contents of the memory location LONG Notes You will find an overview of the register addresses Gold and Light 16 in your hardware documentation See also Poke Read_Timer Example The instruction below reads the value of the memory address 30h which is the data register of the ADC1 on the ADwin Gold system and contains the converted analog value Rem read out memory locations of an ADwin Gold system val PEEK 30h 218 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 ADwin Poke Poke POKE writes a value into a specified memory location of the ADwin system Syntax POKE addr value Parameters addr Address of the memory location into which values are written value Value to be written Notes With POKE you are overwriting the specified memory address Informa tion stored there will be lost Do not write to memory addresses whose functions you do not know If you do it is possible that important data processes or even the op erating system will be destroyed If this should happen existing measure
179. n block is executed at least once even if the start value X is greater than the end value Y Declare the count variable as LONG variable A high priority process cannot be interrupted by another process which is also true while executing a time intensive FOR NEXT loop Since the ADwin system cannot respond to other events in this time it is important to keep the number of loops small for high priority proces ses See also Do Until If Then Else Endlf SelectCase ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 ADwin Example DIM index AS LONG DIM sinus 360 AS FLOAT Array for sine values DIM pi AS FLOAT For To Step Next INIT pi 3 14159 Rem Calculate the sine values in degrees 07 to 359 FOR index 1 TO 360 sinus index 2047 SIN index 1 2 pi 360 NEXT index index 1 Initialize the count index EVENT DAC 1 sinus index Output the amplitude value INC index Increase the count index Rem From 360 degrees onward restart at 0 IF index gt 360 THEN index 1 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 175 176 a Function EndFunction A D WI n Function EndFunction FUNCTION ENDFUNCTION is used to define a function macro with passed and returned values Syntax FUNCTION macro _name val_1 val 2 AS lt VAR_TYPE gt DIM var AS lt VAR_TYPE gt instruction block macro name assign return value ENDFUNCTION Parameters macro name Name of t
180. nd FFT_CALC _ DX but calculates an FFT faster when using the processor T10 This optimization is not possible for processors T9 or T11 FFT_CALC_DM may only be used if the arrays are declared in the in ternal memory Using the processor T10 the calculation of an FFT with 1024 samples 4 4 S K J nj LOAT 7 al E O D 5 O D 7 mj E ia y F LONG ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A D wi n FFT_Calc_DM takes about 11ms instead of 14ms with FFT_CALC Both timing values were determined with arrays in the internal memory DM_LOCAL See also FFT FFT_Init FFT Calc FFT_Calc_DX Example See example program lt FFT scale demo opt bas gt for all ADwin systems in folder lt C ADwin ADbasic lib FFT doctdemo gt ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 277 278 FFT_Calc_DX ADwin FFT_Calc_DX FFT _CALC_Dx calculates a Fast Fourier Transformation after previous initia lization and is optimized for processor T10 Syntax IMPORT FFT LIA FFT CALC DX real img z_real z_img arrayl array2 count Parameters real img z teal z img arrayll array2 count Notes Real part of source data The array should be declared AT DRAM EXTERN Imaginary part of source data The array should be declared AT DRAM_EXTERN Result Real parts index 1 count 2 of transformed data The array s
181. nd processing time in high priority process cycles Example If an extensive calculation is executed only every say 1000 measure ments then the long processing time of this process cycle must be shorter than the cycle time In order to obtain short process cycles one alternative is to divide the calculations into small steps and to process a step in each process cycle Thus the process cycles have a consis tent short processing time 6 2 2 Precise Timing of Process Cycles If you have as shown in fig 18 only one high priority process it will be called and processed exactly in its time schedule Make sure that the processing time of a high priority process cycle never exceeds its cycle time in the example below 25us This process cycle can not be interrupted thus other process cycles can only be partially processed or not at all for instance the important communication process If there are several high priority processes the actually running process cycle can influence the time schedule of the remaining process cycles In fig 19 for instance process 1 has to start with a delay when the processing of the active process 2 has finished ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A D WI n Time Characteristics of Processes Retardation eo Process 1 eal mam O Oo O Process2 E COo O O 125 us 150 us 175 us 200 us Processdelay 2 Processdelay 1 Fig 19 Delay of a high priority process cycle Keep the execution time of h
182. ng LI9 DIM text 20 AS STRING INIT text PA PA PAR_ PA PA PA PA PA PA PA PA PA PAR _ PAR _ PAR_15 ve w W ea ve iad w ea ie PRrPwoOMAAAINAOABWhHD E I eo pa w j N N A n A W EVENT FPAR 1 271 8282E 02 text 1 text 2 text 3 text 4 text 5 text 6 text 7 text 8 text 9 Ua P WNrR oO VALF text ADwin String to be converted String length ASC ASC ASC ASC ASC ASC ASC ASC ASC ASC ASC ASC ASC mie e o e g as 5 e p me me ge haracter 2Dh haracter 32h 2 haracter 37h 7 haracter 2Eh haracter 31h 1 haracter 34h 4 haracter 31h 1 haracter 35h 5 haracter 39h 9 haracter 45h E haracter 2Dh haracter 31h 1 haracter 30h 0 End of string sign Convert string to Float ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 ADwin vall Vall VALI converts a string into an integer number LONG Syntax IMPORT String LI 1s LIS for T9 LIA for T10 LIB fo TLI ret _ val VALI String Parameters String String to Pee ein in the format ARRAY Saas era max 10 characters VVVVVVVVVV ret_val Generated long value LONG Notes If you do not indicate a sign a positive sign will be assumed Please note the value range for long values 2147483648 to 2147483647 Values outside this range are in
183. ng point values type FLOAT and each are 32 bits long Example DIM value AS LONG Defines the variable value with the data type LONG DIM valuel value2 AS FLOAT Defines the variables valuel and value2 with the data type FLOAT Variables may also be declared as a one dimensional array allowing the user to generate and or process an array of variables The number of elements to dimension in an array is put into square brackets after the array name Example DIM value 100 AS FLOAT Defines an array with the length 100 with the name value and the data type FLOAT The first element of an array has the index 1 in the example value 1 The element index 0 must not be accessed at all 4 3 Variables and Arrays Details 4 3 1 Variables and Arrays in the Data Memory The user can explicitly determine which memory area internal or external to store arrays and local variables see below This allocation is made in the source code when the variable is declared using the DIM statement using the additions AT DM_LOCAL or AT DRAM_EXTERN With processor T11 an addi tional memory area is available via AT EM_LOCAL Without the use of these allocation statements all variables are stored in the internal memory DM and all arrays in the external memory DX It is recommended that the internal memory be used for variables and small arrays for fast access The slower external memoryis more suitable for arrays due to its size T
184. not influence the LONG calculation therefore PAR 3 0 IF FPar 2 1 1 gt 5 5 THEN Par 3 Par 1 4 3 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 95 96 Programming Processes A D WI n 4 5 Selection structures Loops and Modules When writinging extensive programs ADbasic provides the following structure elements Control structures to help shorten large sections e Loops for sections being frequently repeated DO UNTIL or FOR NEXT e Structures for case by case decisions IF ENDIF or SELECTCASE ENDSELECT Subroutine and Function Macros to define frequently used program sections as e Subroutine macros with SUB ENDSUB e Function macros with FUNCTION ENDFUNCTION Libraries of compiled subroutines and functions which can be included into a user s source code with IMPORT e Library subroutines with LIB_SUB LIB_ENDSUB e Library functions with LIB_ FUNCTION LIB_ENDFUNCTION Collections of source code sections and program modules in Include Files which can be included into a user s source code using INCLUDE filename Inc More information and examples of instructions can be found in chapter 7 Instruction Reference 4 5 1 Subroutine and Function Macros The syntax of subroutine and function macros is simple only requiring the terms SUB ENDSUB and FUNCTION ENDFUNCTION around the relevant program sections like parentheses Contrary to subroutines functions return a value
185. notation see Par_5 in fig 9 do a mouse click on the number of the variable left of the table field A click on the column header changes the display of all parameters Par _1 Par_80 at once For use of the Scan Global Variables button see Displaying used global variables and arrays on page 34 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 59 a Development Environment A D WI n 3 8 4 Process Window The process window shows information about the processes 1 10 on the ADwin system when the communication between the computer and the system is active icon in the toolbar Otherwise the fields are grey The process window is located in the Toolbox see page 57 Open the pro cess window with a click on the tab Processes Toolbox gt E a Processes re Timing mode active low A priority 2 E rumning F 550000 W5 red 3 E running a 20000 m Debug mode high 4 ae active priority red error Process delay Project Processes Fig 10 The Process Window For each process the following information is displayed Process status running process is running stopped process was stopped e process does not exist A process can be stopped with 4 button and started again with P button The buttons of the toolbar have the same function but they re fer to the process related to the active source code ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 a A
186. ns show 13 priority communication 113 high 112 low 112 low with T11 gt 117 overview 111 processing time 116 query status 224 setting options 42 several 116 standard processes 11 12 112 start delayed 238 other process 237 stop see stop process time characteristic 115 process control End 159 Exit 161 Process_Error 223 ProcessN_Running 224 Reset_Event 227 Restart_Process 228 Start_Process 237 Start_Process_Delayed 238 Stop_Process 240 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 ADwin Index process cycle program structure call overview 96 by event 110 include file 97 time interval 115 library 97 precise timing 116 module macro 96 process optimization see optimize toggle folding gt 19 Process_Error 223 project Processdelay 115 general 35 system variable gt 220 highlight used parameters 34 time resolutions gt 115 window 57 Processn_Running 224 Processor 181 program architecture jump If Then 179 SelectCase 229 library function gt 191 Lib Sub 195 loop Do Until 158 For Next 174 modules function 176 subroutine Sub 251 remarks Rem 226 program design 72 program improvement see optimize program line jump to 29 program memory 85 additional demand by debug mode 106 timing mode 109 program section Event 74 Finish 74 Init gt 74 Lowlnit 74 overview 74 ADbasic 5 00 Manual Ma
187. nt Environment A D WI n 3 4 Function sumsquare iwi w2 w3 As Long 5 Rem Quadrat der Summe 6 Dim sum 4s Long f sum wi w2 w3 3 sumsquare sum sum 9 EndFunction 10 alel Dim x x1 x2 x3 As Long 12 3 3 4 Function sumsquare wi w2 w3 As Long 10 alah Dim x x1 x2 x3 As Long 1 Using the button Toggle Outlining 7 all folable text ranges may be folded or ununfolded at once Foldable text ranges can be recognized only if the option Parse Declara tions under Editor General see page 45 is active 3 4 Searching and replacing Find mark or replace any part of source code with these functions Finding text quickly page 21 Finding and replacing text page 21 Regular expression page 26 Marking control blocks page 28 Using bookmarks page 28 Jumping to declaration of instruction or variable page 29 There are more editor functions Creating source code page 15 Formatting source code page 17 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 a A D WI n Development Environment Writing programs with ease page 29 3 4 1 Finding text quickly You can find text quickly using the short cut CTRL F3 There is also the short cut CTRL SHIFT F3 to start a quick find backward Find uses the marked text or if no text is marked the word at cursor position The following find options are fixed Uppercase and lowercase letters are of no importance Find tex
188. nt Tool for ADwin Systems hereinafter termed printed materials 1 2 The company Jaeger Messtechnik GmbH draws your attention to the fact that it is not possible according to the state of the art to develop computer software in such a way that no errors occur in all applications and combinations Only a computer software which is basically practi cable according to the user documentation is object of the license agreement 2 EXTENT OF USAGE 2 1 Jaeger Messtechnik GmbH grants the Licensee a single non exclu sive and individual right of use This means that you may use the enclo sed copy of the ADbasic software only on a single computer and only in one single location The Licensee may transfer the ADbasic software in physical form that is stored on a storage device from one computer to another computer provided that it is only used individually on one single computer at any time A usage other than these restrictions is not permitted 2 2 Programs generated by the Licensee with the ADbasic software may be distributed and used without restriction 3 SPECIAL RESTRICTIONS The Licensee is not permitted to a pass or otherwise give to any third party access to the ADbasic soft ware without prior written consent of Jaeger Messtechnik GmbH b electronically transfer the ADbasic software from one computer to another over a network or a data transfer channel ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A D WI n License Agreement c chan
189. o overview of program sections in chapter 4 1 1 on page 74 The program section FINISH is run once as soon as the process is stopped After having processed the last instruction in the FINISH section the re will be a certain delay until the process status stopped is valid The processor type T11 can store each program section in a different memory area see chapter 4 3 2 Memory Areas The huge but slow memory area DRAM_EXTERN should be used for none time critical pro gram sections mostly these are the sections LOWINIT INIT FIN ISH With processor module Pro CPU T11 the memory area can only be set starting with revision E04 See also Dim LowInit Init Event ProcessN_Running Example DIM val_1 AS FLOAT FINISH val_1 5 3 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 169 FloToStr A D wi n FloToStr FLOTOSTR converts a floating point value into a character string Syntax IMPORT String LI Me LIO tor 19 2LLA for TIO LIB toe TLL FLOTOSTR val String Parameters val Value to be converted FLOAT String String in the format HPTEFE HH STRING Notes The length of the returned string varies from 11 to 13 characters de pending on the sign of mantissa and exponent See also Asc Chr Flo40ToStr LngToStr String StrComp StrLeft StrLen StrMid StrRight ValF Vall 170 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A D wi n FloToStr Example IMPORT String LI9 St
190. ocesses in the ADwin System A D WI n 6 Processes in the ADwin System An ADwin system has the capability to control complex test stands while rapidly executing measurements Programs using one or more ADbasic pro cesses are used to provide this capability Within these processes you can specify how analog and digital data is processed within the ADwin system and how it is exchanged with external devices and PC After starting the process the program in the ADwin system is characteristi cally restarted and processed in regular time intervals This calling of a pro cess cycle is triggered by one of the following start signals called events 1 Timer event A pulse of the internal counter You determine for each process separately in which time interval processdelay a new event is triggered 2 External event An external signal which arrives at the event input of the ADwin system This could be for instance the pulse of an incremen tal encoder Only one of the 10 possible processes can be controlled by an external event all other processes have to run time controlled You define the exact function of a process in the ADbasic source code The initialization in the sections LOWINIT and or INIT The actual function of the process cycle in the central EVENT section event loop The final processing in the FINISH section It is possible to control the processes from the computer that is the processes are
191. ock 28 Matlab 122 matrix 2 dimensional 85 Max_Float 204 Max_Long 206 Maximum Float values 204 integer values 206 maximum line length standard 72 with Include 186 measure processing time 99 measurement graph gt 70 MemCpy 208 memory see also data memory additional demand by debug mode 106 timing mode 109 allocate gt 83 areas PM DM EM DX 84 calculate need of 62 fragmentation gt 113 string 89 workload 61 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 ADwin Index menu bar 36 build 39 debug 48 edit 38 file 37 help 55 options 40 select 13 tools 54 view 38 window 55 Min_Float 205 Min_Long 207 Minimum integer values 207 minimum float values gt 205 multiplication by 2 231 simple gt 128 N names local variables 83 natural logarithm gt 199 negative sign 93 news in ADbasic 5 5 Next For 174 NOP 210 Not 211 not equal to lt gt 135 notation of numbers 79 notes see remarks number of processes check 107 number see device no numerical values notation 79 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 O operating system directory settings 47 load see booting operators And 138 evaluate gt 92 negative sign gt 93 Or 212 priority gt 92 XOr 261 optimal timing one process 108 several processes 107 optimize calculate polynoms quickly gt 130 constants instead of variables 100 genera
192. ode are shown where the text ToDo is contained as a comment By use of such commenting lines not yet completed tasks can be flagged in the source code and clearly arranged in the ToDo window If a task is completed just delete the comment line The window is part of the Info range see page 62 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 63 64 a Development Environment A D WI n a 14 Finish 1S Le state at program end 16 r 3 Er Event Timer Initial Processdelay 1000 Pre 1 riority High Optin Line No ToDo 3 ToDo comment initialization 9 ToDo check output loop 15 ToDo Set finish state at program end Info ToDo 3 ii Debug Errors ls Timing Analyzer Busy PM DM DX Ln 1 Col 1 A double click on a ToDo entry positions the cursor in the appropriate line of the source code 3 9 3 Timing Analyzer Window The window Timing Analyzer displays 7 parameters describing the timing characteristics of the processes 1 10 since the moment of the previous start More detailed information can be found in chapter 5 3 2 Check the Timing Characteristics Timing Mode The window is part of the Info range see page 62 All timing information is given in clock cycles of the processor units see fig 17 on page 115 The parameters can only be used with high priority processes In an externally controlled process the values in the lines 4 6 are not useful and are displayed as 0 zero ADbasic 5 00 M
193. odes in the Operating System page 119 Event signals can be lost under the following circumstances e inasingle time controlled high priority process also in combination with the externally controlled process e inthe externally controlled process also in combination with one or more time controlled processes In several time controlled processes event signals cannot be lost the following condition will nevertheless be counted Here the parameter must be interpreted as a poor timing characteristic which should be im proved in any case Loosing event signals means that since the last start of the process fewer process cycles have been executed than event signals occurred probably the amount fewer which is indicated Lost event signals can not be compensated by the operating system A loss of an event signal is equated to the fulfilment of the condition e in time controlled processes max latency length gt 2 x Processdelay e in externally controlled processes When processing the section EVENT has just been finished a new external event signal is already waiting Any more event signals having arrived during this processing time will be lost Sometimes it happens that despite a true condition no event is lost Thus you play it safe reducing the amount of true conditions as far as possible ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 51 52 a Development Environment A D WI n Debug mode Option The Debug mode compiler o
194. of the library subroutine s parameter with brackets LIB _ SUB subname array e Call with the parameter without brackets subname array ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 ADwin ia a Seale If arrays are used as passed parameters always define them as BYREF and without indicating any array size You cannot use FIFO arrays as passed parameters See also Lib_Function Lib_EndFunction Import Function EndFunction Sub EndSub Example Rem Measurement value conversion from Digits 0 65535 Rem to Volt 10V LIB_SUB dig2volt BYREF digit AS LONG BYVAL ptr AS LONG BYVAL cnt AS LONG BYVAL gain AS LONG BYREF volt AS FLOAT DIM i AS LONG FOR i ptr TO ptr cnt volt i digit i 20 65536 10 gain NEXT i LIB_ENDSUB ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 197 198 Lib_Sub Lib_EndSub ADwin Calling the library function dig2vol1t is illustrated in the following example a conversion of measurement values Rem The library DIG2VOLT is imported IMPORT C MyFiles ADwinLibs DIG2VOLT LI9 DEFINE cnt 1000 DEFINE ptr 1 DEFINE gain 1 DEFINE samples DATA 1 DEFINE scaled DATA 2 DEFINE length 1000 DIM samples length AS DIM i AS LONG INIT i l PROCESSDELAY 40000 EVENT samples i ADC 1 INC i Number of the samples Start point of the samples which are to be converted Gain of the PGA Memory for measurement values Memory for converted m
195. ollowing tasks Communication with the connected ADwin system via the specified communication interface USB Ethernet TCP IP Recognizing and handling of communication errors Blocking several computer applications if they want to access the same system at the same time With the blocking mechanism several applications can simultaneously access one or more ADwin systems independent of each other If a computer application starts the communication to a system it transfers a device number in addition to the specified instruction The ADwin32 d11 uses this Device Number to differentiate between the various ADwin sys tems and assign the corresponding configurations 6 3 3 The Device Number Each ADwin system connected to a computer is accessed via a unique device number unique to the PC ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 121 a Processes in the ADwin System A D WI n You set the device number with the program ADconfig In ADconfig you link a Device Number with the communication parameters which define how a system can be accessed USB Ethernet This is the infor mation the ADwin32 d11 needs in order to being able to communicate with the system 6 3 4 Communication with Development Environments You access the ADwin system from the PC with the help of a user interface You may generate this user interface with one of the conventional develop ment environments such as ActiveX Java Visual Basic C D
196. ompiling all changed source code library and include a files are saved automatically AutoSave A change of file may occur by automatic indenting of text lines see chapter 3 3 3 on page 18 for example when opening a previously unformat ted file Compile is the most comprehensive instruction It compiles the source code transfers the generated binary file as process to the ADwin system and starts the process The process is only started automatically if the Autostart option in the Options Compiler menu is set to Yes Otherwise the process can be started with the button I gt in the toolbar or in the process win dow see page 60 If the compiler detects errors or critical sequences in the source code it is shown in the Info window A double click highlights the appropriate line in red Make Bin File is only available for licensed ADbasic users It compiles the active source code into a binary file and saves it automatically The file is stored in the directory of the source code file but with the extension Txn The x denotes the processor type and n the process number see Options Menu Process Options dialog box ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 39 a Development Environment A D WI n A binary file with the extension lt TA3 gt can be transferred to an AD win system equipped with a T10 processor which administers it as pro cess 3 Binary files can be transferred to the ADwin system from development environ
197. ondition the process does not cause latencies for its process cycles but nev ertheless can do for other process cycles count Length gt Delay A value indicating how often the process ing time of a process cycle has exceeded the Processdelay only avail able for time controlled processes This value should preferably be zero The higher the value the more frequently the process has caused a la tency for its own process cycles and perhaps for other processes too The operating system is continously trying to make up this delay The amount of exceeded values gives no information about the loss of event signals Critical timings describes how often a condition is fulfilled which could signify a lost event signal The value should definitely be zero This parameter has a different meaning depending on the type and amount of processes see chapter 6 2 5 Different Operating Modes in the Operating System page 119 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 a A D WI n Development Environment Event signals can be lost under the following circumstances e in a single time controlled high priority process also in combination with the externally controlled process e inthe externally controlled process also in combination with one or more time controlled processes In several time controlled processes event signals cannot be lost the following condition will nevertheless be counted Here the parameter must be interpreted a
198. ontent Table of contents Help Index Index directo vee af Content Ctrl F1 Instructions by Sorted lists of instructions A Index Instructions by Alphabet Instructions by Topic Instructions by Module About The instruction lists refer to the ADwin system which is set in the Com piler Options dialog box on page 40 Altenatively you may use the lt 3 button in the toolbar With the F1 key help is opened for a dialog box or for the selected keyword The About menu entry opens a window that displays the version of the devel opment environment and the License key The license key can be entered or changed by pressing the Change License button see also page 9 Without entereing a valid License key ADbasic runs in demo mode Indemo mode the use is only allowed for demonstration test or evaluation purposes ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 55 56 Development Environment ADwin ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 a A D WI n Development Environment 3 8 Windows 3 8 1 Toolbox The Toolbox is the window range of the environment to the left where Project Window Parameter Window and Process Window are displayed The toolbox divides into an upper and lower display region where to the win dows can be assigned freely A hidden window is drawn to the front with a click on its tab To assign a window to the upper or lower region do as follows Do a right mouse click to the head bar of the win
199. or this program section the trace is continously activated TRACE MODE PAUSE Trace mode disabled ENDIF ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 ADwin vale ValF VALF converts a string into a floating point number Syntax IMPORT String LI LIO for T9 LIA for T10 LIB for TII ret _ val VALF String Parameters String String which is to be converted in the following format Mantissa Exponent max 10 characters 0 99 vvvvv nnnnn e nn A E ret _ val Generated floating point value FLOAT Notes If you do not indicate a sign a positive sign will be assumed The character E divides mantissa from exponent With T9 and T10 in the mantissa only a maximum of 7 characters pre decimal and dec imal places are evaluated with T11 a maximum of 10 characters If you have more characters the last of them will be lost As decimal sep arator either the dot or the comma are allowed Please note the value range for float values in chapter 4 2 3 on page 77 Values outside the value range are interpreted as infinite or zero If you use illegal characters characters other than indicated in the for mat above only the strings up to the first illegal sign will be evaluated See also String String Addition Asc Chr FloToStr Flo40ToStr LngToStr StrComp StrLeft StrLen StrMid StrRight Vall ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 257 258 ValF Example IMPORT Stri
200. ose event signals are lost Therefore we recommend the process cycles absolutely be shorter than the cycle time Processdelay of the process Several Time Controlled Processes With several time controlled processes the operating system itself manages arriving event signals This operating mode is working slower due to this man agement efforts but the number of all arriving event signals are buffered for each process Thus it is ensured that for each event signal a process cycle is started even if this happens later than the pre defined instant of time Frequently the time schedules for starting the process cycles are the reason for the fact that event signals continuously occur during the processing of another process cycle With other words the Processdelay values are not integer multiples of each other We recommend that only few processes are used it is often possible to merge several processes to one single process this results in a smaller processor workload too ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 119 120 a Processes in the ADwin System A D WI n Always keep in mind that the processor workload depends very much on the number of processes running Thus a task performed by 2 or even more pro cesses will always take more workload than the same task within a single pro cess This is the more of importance the shorter a Processdelay is see also chapter 5 3 2 on page 106 Example Processes 1 and 2 with a very short Pro
201. p_Process Example EVENT ROM sss IF cond 2 THEN Rem If condition is true process 2 is started Rem with a delay of 100 clock cycles START _PROCESS_ DELAYED 2 100 ENDIF Rem There are NO MORE program lines here to surely maintain Rem the wanted starting time ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 239 Stop_Process A D wi n Stop_Process STOP_PROCESS stops a specified process from another running process Syntax STOP_PROCESS processnum Parameters processnum Number of the process to be stopped 1 12 15 LONG Notes The instruction has no effect if you indicate the number of a process which has already been stopped has not yet been loaded to the ADwin system Stopping the EVENT section happens as follows First the specified process gets the status process is being stopped see PROCESSn_ RUNNING with low priority processes this will take some time time out If the EVENT section is being processed when the stop signal arrives the execution of the EVENT section is yet completed Normally the EVENT section is called and processed once again If existing the FINISH section is processed always at low priority When STOP_PROCESS has completed the specified process is inactive but can be started at any time ce If you like the process to stop itself use the instructions END or EXIT See also End Exit ProcessN_Running Restart_Process Start_Process Start_Process_Delayed
202. piler settings Global variables PAR and FPAR are not displayed here Please note the Global Variables Window page 67 and the function Displaying used global variables and arrays page 34 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 69 a Development Environment A D WI n ADwin Gold ADwin light 16 Instructions for hardware access which are implemented in ADbasic und and fit to the current compiler settings file inc Variables and instructions being declared in this include file Such tabs only show up if there are INCLUDE lines in the source code file file lib Variables and instructions being declared in this library file Such tabs only show up if there are IMPORT lines in the source code file A11 All valid declarations of the above sources The window columns can be sorted with a click on the column header With active option Show Groups declarations are grouped by type If you change the source code the window is not updated automatically To do so use the Update button The display of declarations is only available when the option Parse Decla rations under Editor General see page 45 is active 3 10 ADtools ADtools is a collection of simple utility programs with which you can display and change the global variables Par FPar and arrays Data of ADwin systems These programs aid the development of processes for the ADwin system by displaying the status or values changing them with practi
203. pres sions Example ha d matches hd and had but not haad Matches one or more of the preceding characters or expres sions Example ha d matches had and haad but not hd Matches either the expression to its left or its right Example had haad matches had or haad Escapes the special meaning of the above expressions so that they can be matched as literal characters Hence to match a literal backslash you must use Example a matches an a at the start of a line but a matches the string a ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 27 28 a Development Environment A D WI n 3 4 4 Marking control blocks The lines of a control block may be highlighted altogether e g to optically check nested structures To do so place the cursor on the keyword of a control block and select Mark Control block from the source code context menu right mouse click Only one control block can be highlighted at a time The highlighting is removed using Unmark Control block context menu The cursor position does not matter in this case The following control block can be highlighted Program sections INIT LOWINIT EVENT FINISH DO UNTIL FOR NEXT IF ENDIF SELECTCASE ENDSELECT FUNCTION ENDFUNCTION SUB ENDSUB LIB FUNCTION LIB _ENDFUNCTION LIB SUB LIB ENDSUB All control structures are also foldable text ranges see Folding text ranges on page 19 3
204. processor to wait for several processor cyclesNot Or Example DIM value AS LONG EVENT value 0100b XOR 0110b Rem Result value 4 XOr 6 0010b 2 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 261 FFT Library A D wi n 7 3 FFT Library The FFT library contains ADbasic instructions for Fast Fourier Transforma tion The library runs with processor type T9 or later Notes for the use of the library A If arrays are declared in the internal memory AT DM_LOCAL the processing time is clearly smaller Thus a calculation of an FFT with 1024 values takes about 23 ms in spite of 35ms using a T9 processor A Only use the instructions of the FFT library in a process of low priority or in a process section LOWINIT or INIT If the calculation of an FFT in a high priority process takes very long the PC assumes an error and aborts the com munication to the ADwin system with an appropriate error message The folder lt C ADwin ADbasic lib FFT_doc demo gt contains all examples for the library instructions Fast Fourier Transformations The Fast Fourier Transformation FFT is an algorithm for fast calculation of a discrete Fourier transformation The FFT is applicable for a lot of tasks in sig nal processing e g to Calculate a signal s frequency spectrum Get the frequency response from an impulse response Derive an FIR filter kernel from the frequency response digital filters Convert a time based signal in
205. ption when activated includes additional security queries into the process during the compilation of a source code see also chapter 5 3 1 on page 104 The setting of this compiler option is displayed in the Status Bar the setting of a running process in the Process Window Activation of this option increases program execution time as well as the demand for memory As a rule this increase has a dimension of approximately 20 whereas greater values are also possible Therefore this option should only be used during program development al Event Timer Initial Processdelay 1000 Pr N Process No Debug Error 2 Division by zero i Data index global too large Vv Info ToDo W Debug Errors Timing Analyzer Busy 7 PM 210 156 DM 256 492 DX 134 21 Fig 7 The Debug Errors Window The window Debug Errors opens when a run time error occurs in the ADwin system The window can be reopened by clicking the Show Debug Window menu option after it is closed The operating system corrects run time errors in a way to obtain a stable state of operation this may nevertheless cause unexpected program results Cer tain run time errors on Pro II modules will stop the process The following table shows which errors are displayed and which corrections are made The complete list of debug error messages including those where no corrections are made are to be found in the annex on page A 17 Run time
206. rch 2010 Prozessn_Running 224 R Read_Timer 225 register access 100 regular expressions 26 Rem 226 remainder of integer division 282 remarks 226 replace examples 25 regular expressions 26 text 21 Reset_Event 227 Restart_Process 228 ring buffer 87 root 236 run time error see also debug mode display 52 find gt 106 S save for ADbasic 4 7 Save All Files of Project 57 SDRAM see memory A 29 Index ADwin search 21 declaration of instruction variable 29 examples 24 regular expressions 26 SelectCase 229 separator 133 settings print 47 Shift_Left 231 Shift_Right 232 bit shifting left 231 right gt 232 Short 78 Short cuts 1 show declarations 32 line numbers 45 process options window 13 show declarations 69 sine Sin 233 Sleep 234 Sleep see also P1_Sleep see also smart format 18 snippets 31 source code creating 15 formatting 17 information gt 13 status bar 61 structured display gt 18 to do s 63 use in a project 57 source code status bar 13 special char find gt 26 Sart 236 Sart from negative value see run time error square root gt 236 SRAM see memory stack size 62 Start_Process 237 Start_Process_Delayed 238 starting ADbasic 9 status bar 61 status bar of source code window 13 status message compiler 62 Step For gt 174 stop process itself in Event
207. re possible You will find information about the string structure in chapter 4 3 5 on page 88 See also String String Addition Asc Chr FloToStr Flo40ToStr StrComp StrLeft StrLen StrMid StrRight ValF Vall 200 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A D wi n LngToStr Example IMPORT STRING LI9 DIM digits 11 AS STRING Resulting string DIM a AS LONG INIT a 1234567890 EVENT LNGTOSTR a digits Convert to string PAR J digits 1 String length 11 PAR 2 digits 2 ASC character 45 PAR 3 digits 3 ASC character 49 1 PAR 4 digits 4 ASC character 50 2 PAR 5 digits 5 ASC character 5i 3 PAR 6 digits 6 ASC character 52 4 PAR 7 digits 7 ASC character 53 5 PAR 8 digits 8 ASC character 54 6 PAR 9 digits 9 ASC character 55 7 PAR_10 digits 10 ASC character 56 8 PAR_1l digits 11 ASC character 57 9 PAR_12 digits 12 ASC character 48 0 PAR _13 digits 13 End of string sign 0 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 201 Log ADwin Log LOG provides the decimal logarithm to base 10 of an argument Syntax ret_val LOG val Parameters val Argument FLOAT ret_val Decimal logarithm of the argument FLOAT Notes The execution time of the function takes 1 5us with a T9 0 75us with a T10 0 38us with a T11 See also LN Exp Example DIM vall val2 AS FLOAT EVENT vall 5 3 val2 LOG val1 Result v
208. real z img arrayl array2 count Parameters real img z re l z_img arrayll array2 count Notes Real part of source data Imaginary part of source data Result Real parts index 1 count 2 of the transfor med data Array size 4x count Result Imaginary parts index 1 count 2 of the transformed data Array size 4 count Arrays for internal calculations Array size 4 x count Number 2 2 of source data points The number of points must be a power of 2 The Fourier transformation returns a correct result if the frequency components f of the source data remain inside the following range re ferring to the sampling frequency fgampie O lt f and f lt f sample 2 The transformed data the complex amplitudes of the frequency spec trum is returned in the elements 1 count 2 of the arrays z_ real al E O D Hi j E O D 7 FLOAT y rj E O gt y LONG ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 ADwin FFT and z_img The surplus array elements up to 4 x count are required for internal calculations and hold intermediate results The result of the transformation is not scaled to the size of the com ponents of the source data If scaling is required the transformed data can be scaled with FFT_SCALE The following table shows how the calculated frequency spectrum re fers to the ele
209. rgument to be evaluated no expression LONG constla Value of var 0 255 where the following instruction constl1b block will be executed const2a const2b LONG Notes This control structure cannot be used within a library function or sub routine You may nest several SELECTCASE structures the only limit is the memory size Depending on the argument you can replace multiple nested IF struc tures with SELECTCASE so that they will be more clearly structured another benefit is this structure is executed faster than several conse cutive IF structures If the argument to be evaluated does not correspond to one of the CASE constants only the CASEELSE instruction block is executed if there is any This is also true when the argument to be evaluated is beyond the value range of the constant ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 229 SelectCase A D wi n CCASE means Continue Case If a CASE or CCASE instruction block has been executed then a directly following CCASE instruction block is executed too In the example below not only ADC 5 but also ADC 7 are executed However if PAR_1 3 then only ADC 7 will be executed If you change variables in the instruction blocks in such a manner that the value of the argument is changed this will only be considered at the next SELECTCASE query The SELECTCASE structure creates an internal branch table located in the data memory DM whose memory requir
210. riable can be used as an index number of an array element Here too as in the example above the value 4000 is assigned to the 345th element of the array DATA 5 numberl 345 Data_5 numberl 4000 However a variable cannot be used as number of an array The following A instruction results in an error message of the ADbasic compiler num 2 Data_num 300 20 WRONG Data_2 300 20 CORRECT ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 81 82 Programming Processes A D WI n The compiler determines Data_num to be the name of a local array which probably has not been declared and therefore is not available Instead use the notation Data_ 2 4 2 7 System Variables In order to get information about the status of the ADwin system the following system variables are available These are global variables that can be acces sed by all processes and by the computer More information can be found in the description of the instructions PROZESSN_RUNNING Returns the status of the process n with n 1 10 the process is run ning just being stopped or already stopped see page 224 The varia ble can only be read PROCESS_ERROR Returns the number of the previous error of process n if debug mode is active with n 1 16 see page 223 The variable can only be read PROCESSDELAY The nominal time interval in which time controlled processes are called by the counter is the processdelay cycle time With the system vari
211. ring library for the T9 DIM text 13 AS STRING DIM pi number AS FLOAT INIT pi 3 141592654 FPAR_1 pi 20 EVENT Rem Convert a floating point number into a string FLOTOSTR FPAR 1 text PAR 1 text 1 String length 13 PAR_2 text 2 ASC character 2Dh PAR 3 text 3 ASC character 31h 1 PAR 4 text 4 ASC character 2Eh TT PAR 5 text 5 ASC character 31h YI PAR 6 text 6 ASC character 34h 4 PAR_7 text 7 ASC character 30h 0 PAR 8 text 8 ASC character 32h 2 PAR 9 text 9 ASC character 35h E PAR 10 text 10 ASC character 35h 5 PAR 11 text 11 ASC character 45h Ez PAR_12 text 12 ASC character 2Dh PAR 13 text 13 ASC character 3ih 1 PAR 14 text 14 ASC character 30h 0 PAR 15 text 15 String end character 0 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 171 Flo40ToStr A D wi n Flo40ToStr Processor T11 only FLO40TOSTR converts a floating point value into a char acter string Syntax IMPORT String LI sa LIB fer TIL FLO40TOSTR val String Parameters val Value to be converted FLOAT String String in the format FHPTEPEPE HH STRING Notes The length of the returned string varies from 13 to 15 characters de pending on the sign of mantissa and exponent See also Asc Chr FloToStr LngToStr String StrComp StrLeft StrLen Str Mid StrRight ValF Vall 172 ADbasic 5 00 Manual Mar
212. rogram memory PM Program memory occupies half of the internal SRAM and contains the operating system and processes Internal data memory DM The internal data memory occupies half of the internal SRAM for stor ing the global and local variables Additional memory EM Additional internal memory EM is available with processor T11 only Additional memory can be used as data memory or program memory External data memory DX The external data memory covers the external SDRAM and stores the global and local arrays On T11 external memory can store processes of up to one megabyte size Data in the internal memory DM can be accessed faster than data in the external memory DX by approximately a factor of five Memory size SRAM SDRAM is an ordering option and cannot be upgraded The size of memory areas is the only limiting factor to the size of the processes and the number of declared variables and arrays indirectly to the size of source files too In the status line of the development environment the amount of available memory of PM DM EM and DX is displayed in bytes 4 3 3 2 dimensional Arrays Global arrays Data_n may be declared with 1 or 2 dimensions The basic array features are described in chapter 4 2 6 Global Arrays ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 85 86 Programming Processes A D WI n 2 dimensional notation may simplify a problem s solution compared to 1 dimensional arrays
213. rom other directories type the full or relative path name with the instruction ADtools The ADtools description see chapter 3 10 can be started from the ADtools bar If the appropriate option is active the tool is displayed in the bar 3 7 6 Debug Menu The Debug menu offers settings which help in finding run time or symantic errors Timing Analyser Please note that all settings will only Debug Mode be active after the next compilation Timing Analyzer Option When the Timing Analyzer compiler option is activated additional informa tion about the timing characteristics of this process are available after compil ing a source code For display of information see the Show timing information Menu Item The setting of this compiler option is displayed in the Status Bar the setting of a running process in the Process Window This option needs approximately 60 clock cycles when using a T9 T10 or T11 processor per event and process additionally and therefore slightly affects the timing characteristics We recommend that the option should only be activated to compile one or only some processes and should then be deactivated again These option settings of the processes are not saved when quitting ADbasic Show timing information Menu Item The Show timing information menu item opens the Timing Informa tion window with activated Timing Analyzer Option only For each of the processes 1 10 the window shows 7 paramete
214. rray 5 corresponds to DATA_1 3 1 LIB_ENDSUB Please note This kind of access is permissible only in the two cases men tioned above In any other case the 2 dimensional notation is needed gt Generally this is the mapping of 2D elements to 1D elements ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 a A D WI n Variables and Arrays Details DATA n i j DATA n s i 1 3 where s is the 2 4 dimension of Data_n in the declaration In the example above there is s 2 4 3 4 The Data Structure FIFO For applications requiring a large quantity of data to be transferred conti nously it is recommended using a Data_n global array with the FIFO data structure a First In First Out ring buffer The data structure RINGBUFFER of the TiCo processor is quite different from a FIFO TiCo ringbuffer is described in the TiCoBasic manual In a ring buffer data is handled in a special way like a queue where data is appended to the end of the queue and retrieved from the beginning of the queue Unlike a normal array data in the array is not accessed by its element number but by the first or the last element of the array via a data pointer Consequently data elements are read out in the same order as they were writ ten into the array First In First Out Only one dimensional global arrays Data_n can be declared as FIFO arrays possible data types are LONG or FLOAT Example DIM Data_5 1003 AS LONG AS FIFO This instruction declares
215. rs You can re activate the tooltip if you retype the opening brace Alternatively you can call the function Declaration Info from the context menu or the editor bar to display the complete declaration of the instruction The display of instruction parameters is only available when the option Parse Declarations under Editor General see page 45 is active 3 5 4 Displaying declaration of instruction or variable From an instruction a variable name or any declared keyword you can dis play its declaration and notes as tooltip when you move the mouse over the keyword The declaration is displayed only when the option Automatic quick info tips under Editor General see page 45 is active setthe cursor on the keyword and press F2 setthe cursor on the keyword and select Declaration Info in the editor bar or in the context menu The function is available for all keywords which belong to the language or are self declared local and global variables arrays instructions SUB FUNC TION and symbolic names DEFINE The display of declarations is only available when the option Parse Decla rations under Editor General see page 45 is active 3 5 5 Displaying declarations of a file To display all declarations include and library files referring to a source file set the Declarations Window to the foreground see page 69 Declarations of other source code files will not be displayed even if combined within a proje
216. rs which describe the timing characteristics of the processes since the moment it has ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 a A D WI n Development Environment been started More detailed information can be found in chapter 5 3 2 Check the Timing Characteristics Timing Mode All timing information is given in clock cycles of the processor units see fig 17 on page 115 The parameters can only be used with high priority processes In an externally controlled process the values in the lines 4 6 are not useful and are displayed as 0 zero Evert Tamer pratis Procesado 1000 Prs 1 Printy Hah Optimarm Level 1 Process 1 Process 2 Process 3 Process 4 Process Process 6 Process 7 Process len Langh man Length 2 Lengh mon Latency manLatency Length court Length gt Delay Critical tinge XV 27 1 57 a 0 0 coo op lt j ijo yf ToDo BX Debug Enor 5 Timing Analyzer Busy 7 Po 210 156 CM 256 492 OX 134 216 664 int Coll ES 150Hee T9 Fig 6 The Timing Analyzer window All duration values are counted in clock cycles of 25ns Length describes the time a process cycle needs section EVENT this processing time can also be determined as described in chapter 5 1 Measuring the Processing Time Latency is the time between an event signal external or generated by inter nal timer and the start of the process cycle shown in the picture below for the time controlled Process 1 Prozes
217. ry file without quotes The file extension is LI9 for T9 LIA for T10 LIB for T11 path Path name of the library file with drive without quotes Notes General information about include files to be found in chapter 4 5 2 on page 97 Insert IMPORT instructions at the beginning of your source code befo re you declare the variables If you Import several library files in a pro gram you have to also IMPORT the files in any functions you call that use these instructions Only those functions and subroutines which you call in your source code are imported from the library file If the path name misses only the standard directory is searched see Options Menu Directory page 47 Use the back slash in the path name to separate directory names The base directory for relative paths is if the source code is member of a project the directory of the project file otherweise the directory of the source code file The following library files are delivered with ADbasic String 1i9 String instructions for T9 T10 and T11 String 1liA processors String 1iB ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 STRING STRING 183 Import A D wi n FFT 1i9 FFT 1iA FFT instructions for T9 T10 and T11 pro FFT 1iB cessors See also Include Lib Function Lib_EndFunction Lib Sub Lib_EndSub Example Rem import the string library for the T9 processor IMPORT String LI9 Rem import a user library for the T1
218. s to begin ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 a A D WI n List of Debug Error messages A 6 List of Debug Error messages The following error messages can be displayed if the option Debug mode is enabled in ADbasic see Debug mode Option page 52 A Run time error Division by zero SORT from negative number Datan Index is too large Data n Index is less than 1 Array index is too large Array index is less than 1 Access to local or global array elements which are not declared i e with indices that are too large or too small A trailing inc in the error message is an additional hint for our support where the error has been detected Fifo index is no fifo The array with the given index is not declared as FIFO or not declared at all Address of Pro II module is gt 15 or lt 1 P2 Burst xxx startadr is not divisable by 4 P2 Burst_xxx Number of values is not divisable by 4 P2 Burst_INIT Number of values is not divisable by 4 by 8 P2 Burst _Read_Unpacked1l Number of values is not divisable by 8 P2 Burst _Read_Unpacked2 Number of values is not divisable by 4 P2 Burst _Read_Unpacked8 Number of values is not divisable by 2 P2 Burst Read Number of values smaller than1 than 4 P2 GetData SetData_Long TiCo DATA does not exist P2 GetData SetData_Long TiCo DATA has wrong datatype P2 GetData SetData_Long TiCo DATA index too large
219. s 2 Co mm CA mmn Length Length Prozess 1 m m m o E Latency 0 Latency gt 0 Process 1 delay The parameters in the window have the following meaning min Length The minimum time measured for a process cycle max Length The maximum time measured for a process cycle Length Average time of a process cycle ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 49 a Development Environment A D WI n The average is calculated as mean value from the previous length values Length 0 999 SLength 0 001 Length After start of a process it takes 7000 cycles until the average time reaches a valid value This parameter shows with min Length and max Length how long and regular the processing time is for a process cycle Varying proces sing times will arise e g when large quantities of data are only evalua ted after a longer time period or if conditions IF CASE contain program sections with very different processing times loops max Latency The maximum measured latency of a process cycle only available for timer controlled processes A latency emerges from the occurrence of an event signal while a high priority process is running This happens when the processing time of a process cycle exceeds its Processdelay With 2 or more high priority processes every now and then process cycles do start time delayed except their processdelays are integer multiples of each other The sum of all delays should a
220. s Instructions 7 4 Mathematics Instructions The include file math inc contains additional mathematics instructions which are not part of the instruction set of the ADbasic compiler The instructions are available for processors since type T9 Mathematics instructions Name Function MOD MOD returns the integer remainder of an integer divi 282 sion ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 281 282 Mod A Dwin Mod MOD returns the integer remainder of an integer division Syntax INCLUDE Math inc val MOD x param y param Parameters x param Dividend LONG y param Divisor LONG val Remainder of the division x param y param LONG Notes The remainder calculation performs the truncated division where the quotient is defined by truncation With this definition the quotient is rounded towards zero and the remainder has the same sign as the div idend The integer remainder of a division by zero equals the dividend MOD x 0 x The execution time of the modulo function takes up to 3 5us with a T9 up to 1 67 us with a T10 and 0 44us with a T11 high priority See also Division Absl Example PAR 1 MOD 17 3 PAR 1 2 PAR 2 MOD 9 5 PAR 2 4 PAR 3 MOD 72 PAR 2 PAR 3 3 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A D WI n How to Solve Problems 8 How to Solve Problems If problems already occur during installation please refer to the documen tation for your ADw
221. s Management a higher level at any time The processor T11 keeps strictly to the priority lev els for process management see chapter 6 2 3 on page 117 Low priority processes of the same priority level participate in time slicing Here the operating system apportions the computing time to the process cycles alternating and in equal time slices One time slice takes 2ms proces sor T9 or 1ms processors T10 T11 on average Low priority processes must always be time controlled The cycle time pro cessdelay can be set in discrete intervals interval size see fig 17 on page 115 Processes with low priority on principle do not influence the time characteristic of high priority processes but vice versa they surely do 6 1 4 Communication Process The communication process has a priority level between the priorities high and low Therefore it can interrupt low priority process cycles any time and can be interrupted by high priority process cycles If the computer requests information from the ADwin system the communica tion process must respond within 250 ms or a time out will occur the commu nication between the computer and the ADwin system may be interrupted In this case the message The ADwin system does not respond will be dis played and the system will have to be reinitialized by rebooting the ADwin system The time out is independent of the communications interface either USB or Ethernet The cause of an interrupt
222. s a poor timing characteristic which should be im proved in any case Loosing event signals means that since the last start of the process fewer process cycles have been executed than event signals occurred probably the amount fewer which is indicated Lost event signals can not be compensated by the operating system A loss of an event signal is equated to the fulfilment of the condition e in time controlled processes max latency length gt 2 x Processdelay e in externally controlled processes When processing the section EVENT has just been finished a new external event signal is already waiting Any more event signals having arrived during this processing time will be lost Sometimes it happens that despite a true condition no event is lost Thus you play it safe reducing the amount of true conditions as far as possible 3 9 4 Global Variables Window The window Global Variables displays which global variables Par_1 Par_80 FPar_1 FPar_80 and arrays Data_1 Data_200 are used ina source code or a project To start or update the display click the button Scan Global Variables in the Parameter Window see Displaying used global variables and arrays page 34 The window is part of the Info range see page 62 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 67 Development Environment ADwin Pari Par_1 Par_1 Par Par Par_1 Par_2 Par_3 Par_3 Par_4 Par_4 Par_4 Par_4 Par_10 Par_10 Data_5 Data_5
223. s an array e The argument is a floating point value See also IO_Sleep NOP P1_Sleep P2_Sleep Sleep 148 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A D wi n CPU_Sleep Example EVENT Rem Wait to start a subsequent measurement exactly 100 ps Rem after the external Event signal CPU_SLEEP 10000 Rem ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 149 DATA_n ADwi n DATA_n The DIM DATA n AS instruction dimensions a global DATA array More information about dimensing see page 155 Syntax DIM DATA n diml DATA _n dim2 AS lt ARR_TYPE gt AT lt MEM_TYPE gt DIM DATA n diml dim2 AS lt ARR_TYPE gt AT lt MEM_ TYPE gt Parameters DATA n Name of the declared DATA array n 1 200 lt ARR_TYPE gt Data type FLOAT LONG STRING diml dim2 Array size Number 21 of the array elements of the type ARR_TYPE lt MEM_TYPE gt memory where the array elements are stored DRAM_EXTERN external data memory default DM_LOCAL internal data memory default available for T11 only EM_LOCAL extended program or data memory Notes You can access the array elements 1 Dim The array element 0 must not be used since it is used for internal purpose The maximum array size depends on the available physical memory size of the ADwin system A global array may be declared 2 dimensional The specifics are de scribed in chapter 4 3 3 on page 85 See also Dim FIFO Global Arrays on page 80 Variables
224. s and Arrays 0 0 cee ee 76 4 271 OVCWVIEW oie ta hh eee yea da dha ge ela doh od 76 IV ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A D WI n Table of contents 4 2 2 Data Structures 0 0 ee eee 76 4 2 3 Data Types cossera asane eect ete hee yeaa ee 77 4 2 4 Entering Numerical Values 005 79 4 2 5 Global Variables Parameters 04 79 4 2 6 Global Arrays 0 0 0 cee eee 80 4 2 7 System Variables 0 00 00 c eee eee 82 4 2 8 Local Variables and Arrays 0000 eee eee 82 4 3 Variables and Arrays Details 00045 83 4 3 1 Variables and Arrays in the Data Memory 83 4 3 2 Memory AreaS 0000 eee eee 84 4 3 3 2 dimensional Arrays 0 00 cee eee 85 4 3 4 The Data Structure FIFO 00000005 87 ASO OWNS senis enee Ea aes hate 88 Normal Assignment a na auaa aana 89 Character Assignment via Escape Sequence 90 String Assignments that are NOT Recommended 91 4 4 Expressions 2 000000 eee eee 92 4 4 1 Evaluation of Operators 22245 92 4 4 2 Type Conversion saa uaaa aaea 94 4 5 Selection structures Loops and Modules 96 4 5 1 Subroutine and Function Macros 96 4 5 2 Include Files 0 060 cece tenes 97 4 5 3 Libraries sine tke od need o anes aed a kaenalae 97 5 Optimizing Processes 2 6 uvceeee eve ewe ee ew ewees 99 5 1 Measuring the Processing
225. s are used This attention icon is located next to paragraphs with important information for correct function and error free operation A note provides topics of interest and advice for an efficient operation The information icon refers to additional information in the manual or other sources documentation data sheets literature etc The light bulb icon denotes examples showing practicable solutions The Courier font type is used for text displayed on screen e g in windows or menus or input via the keyboard The names of menus and submenus are shown similarly Menu submenu File names and path names are additionally emphasized as follows lt path xx ext gt Source code elements such as INSTRUCTIONS variables comments and any other text are displayed like the development environment editor does Key names are set in square brackets and in small capitals such as RETURN or CTRL The bits of a data word here 16 bit are numbered through as follows Bit no 15 14 13 a 01 00 Value of the bit 215 214 213 Se 21 2 20 4 Name MSB LSB Numbers not indicated in decimal notation have an identifying letter added e g for the number 17 Hexadecimal notation 11h Binary notation 10001b ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A D wi n Introduction 1 Introduction The ADwin system is responsible for all time critical tasks in fast dynamic test stands and industrial production facilities For this t
226. s external devices via the OF IFO buffer External devices as regards the CPU are modules on the Pro or Pro Il bus and the external memory DX 2 More precisely the instruction P1_SLEEP makes the buffer OF IFO wait not the Pro bus ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 103 Optimizing Processes A D WI n The SET_MUX and START_CONV instructions require waiting time for the sett ling of the multiplexer and the conversion of the ADCs During this waiting time the processor is not busy and could be used for other tasks More detailed information about the required waiting times for data conversion can be found in your hardware manual The next example is an extension of the previous example showing how two measurements are executed across two separate ADCs Compared to the ADC instruction this enables execution of 4 times the number of measure ments The key feature of the example is to carry out the individual steps in the con version process not sequentially but rather in parallel The time delay for mul tiplexe setting is carried out during the A D conversion of the other channels Both measurement processes are overlapped The start of conversion for the channels 1 2 is followed by setting the multiplexer for the channels 3 4 Example REM Example for Gold Rev B INIT SET_MUX 000000b Set Mux for first measurement channels 1 2 SLEEP 140 Wait 14 ps EVENT START_CONV 11b Start conversion channels 1 2
227. s in the Parameter Window a change to one of these values will immediately be transferred to the ADwin sys tem The status of running processes in the Process Window page 60 Memory usage information in the Status Bar see chapter 3 8 5 on page 61 According to compiler settings additional information is available about run ning processes Process timing Timing window page 48 Run time errors Debug window page 52 14 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 a A D WI n Development Environment 3 2 Creating source code Open a new window for each process source code using File gt New If you use several files for your task we recommend to manage the files in a project file see page 35 Managing Projects Editor and ADbasic compiler do not bother about upper or lower case letters However in the examples throughout this manual for the purpose of better reading a consistent notation is used Calling online help see below is a good idea when you need a guide for edit ing or programming The source code editor provides several useful tools Call the tools via Context menu in source code window page 16 or via Editor bar page 17 Numerical values may be entered into source code in hexadecimal binary and exponential notation as well as in decimal see also chapter 4 2 4 Find more editor functions here Formatting source code page 17 Searching and replacing page 20 Writing programs wi
228. s of a project and create both binary files and library files with a single click Menu Build menu entry Make All Bin files of Project Before compiling all changed files are automatically saved with ADbasic 5 format see above You can use relative paths for Include or Library files The base directory is if the the source code is member of the project the directory of the project file otherwise the directory of the source code file Command Line Calling has been reworked completely and enhanced see chapter A 4 see annex page 7 Because of the changes com mand line calls are not compatible to ADbasic 4 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 ADwin ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 ADwin 3 Development Environment Processes for the ADwin systems are quickly and easily programmed with the ADbasic development environment The ADbasic compiler works with an enlarged BASIC syntax and generates binary files which may be executed and transferred to the ADwin system even without the development environ ment 3 1 Basic Steps 3 1 1 Starting the Development Environment To start the ADbasic development environment do as follows 1 Start the development environment by selecting Programs ADwin gt ADbasic from the Windows start menu The first start may last a few seconds until the environment shows up since the Windows package Net Framework is started too The environment will appear wit
229. sa switch and in hexadecimal notation and adjusted TString Save and or load a configuration to from several ADtools ADtools saves and loads a user defined configuration of several ADtools TGraphTiCo displays contents of global arrays of a TiCo processor in a graph KA Y Y BY Y All further information about the help programs can be found in the online help of the used ADtools program ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 71 72 Programming Processes A D WI n 4 Programming Processes This chapter provides information about how to build and structure an ADbasic program and which variables can be used 4 1 Program Design An ADbasic program is an ASCII text file created with the editor of the develop ment environment using an extended Basic syntax The compiler translates this source code into an executable process for a specific ADwin system jThe source code consists of any number of command lines each containing an instruction or assignment exception see Colon with up to 255 ASCII characters in one line ADbasic accepts instructions and variable names in lower and upper case let ters for more clarity all examples use unique spelling A program consists of up to 4 sections which take on different tasks when executed on the ADwin system fig 10 outlines the ideal steps for an ADbasic program Each program must at a minimum have an EVENT section Optionally functions and subroutines can be defined
230. sic action Middle The current CPU and memory usage of the ADwin system This information is displayed if the communication between the com puter and ADwin system is active ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 61 62 a Development Environment A D WI n Right The current cursor position in the source code window line and column further compiler settings debug mode timing mode device no processor ADwin hardware The displayed information about the CPU memory usage Busy the processor workload in percent calculated as CPU time CPU time idle time PM free program memory in bytes EM free extra memory in bytes T11 only DM free internal data memory in bytes DX Sx free external data memory in bytes 3 9 Info range The info range is located at the bottom of the main window and encloses the following windows Info window ToDo List The window Debug Errors Window Timing Analyzer Global Variables Window Declarations Window 3 9 1 Info window In the info window the compiler messages concerning the current source code are displayed Error messages coloured red Warnings Status message after compilation The window is part of the Info range see above Warnings and error messages are displayed with the place of occurence line file name and path A double click turns the appropriate code line to red and the cursor jumps
231. signals check gt 51 66 lost signal externally controlled process 120 several time controlled processes 119 single time controlled process 119 measure time difference gt 100 program section gt 160 set signal source 43 event external signal 110 exclusive Or operation 261 Exit 161 exponential function Exp 162 exponential notation 79 expressions evaluate gt 92 separate evaluation gt 95 symbolic names 74 extensive initialization 74 external data memory DX 85 A 23 A 24 Index ADwin external event signal 110 external memory SDRAM 84 F F1 call help 15 FFT 264 FFT_Calc 274 FFT_Calc_DM 276 FFT_Calc_DX 278 FFT_Init 273 FFT_Mag 268 FFT_Mag_Scale 272 FFT_Phase 270 FFT_Scale 266 FIFO check number of elements 88 data loss 87 design of data structure gt 87 dimensioning 155 initialize gt 165 overview 163 query empty elements 167 query full elements gt 168 FIFO_Clear 165 FIFO_Empty 167 FIFO_Full 168 file name binary file 39 library 40 find declaration of instruction variable 29 examples 24 regular expressions 26 text 21 text quickly 21 Finish gt 169 Flo40ToStr 172 floating point numbers decimal notation 79 exponential notation 79 value range 78 FloToStr 170 fold text ranges 19 font settings 46 For Next 174 format smart 18 Fourier transformation FFT 264 FFT_Calc 274 FF
232. signment A D wi n Assignment The operator assigns the result of the expression on the right side of the operator to the variable or the array element on the left side of the operator Syntax var Cxpr Parameters var Variable or array FLOAT LONG STRING expr Expression FLOAT LONG STRING Notes If the data format of the expression is not similar to the data format of the destination variable or the array it is converted into the appropriate data format or the assignment is rejected as illegal During the conver sion rounding differences can occur which influence the result Example DIM val_1 val_2 AS LONG Declaration INIT val 1 69 Assignment of a constant EVENT val_2 val_l 2 Assignment of an expression 134 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A D wi n lt gt Comparison lt gt Comparison The operators lt and gt are used to compare two values In ADbasic these operators can only be found in conditional expressions Syntax IF val _ 1 gt val 2 THEN Parameters val _ 1 Operand FLOAT LONG val 2 Operand FLOAT LONG Notes The following comparisons are possible Operator Meaning lt less than lt less than or equal to gt greater than gt greater than or equal to equal to lt gt not equal to See also If Then Else Endlf If Then
233. simultaneously Based on this drivers for NET as well as for many development environments are available which help in creating a user interface e g Delphi Visual Basic C NET Visual C Optionally measurement packages such as TestPoint LabVIEW Diadem HP VEE Intouch and Matlab can be used Finally there are also drivers for the platforms Linux MacIntosh and Java ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A D wi n News in ADbasic 5 2 News in ADbasic 5 You run ADbasic 5 just as usual but with more comfort and a new design A lot of new tools hide under the new surface which often appear at second glance only You will soon discover the new functions to make programming considearbly easier Give it a try Easier programming Autocomplete for instruction or variable using CTRL SPACE page 30 Inserting code snippets with short cuts page 31 Displaying declaration of instruction or variable page 32 Displaying declarations of a file page 32 ToDo List to manage uncompleted tasks page 63 New short cuts see chapter A 1 Enhanced source code display Indenting text lines automatically page 18 Line numbers at the left margin Syntax highlighting enhanced and with new color palette page 18 Please note An instruction or a variable which is not highlighted is a good hint for a wrongly written keyword or a missing include file Colored bars at the left margin for edited lines Folding text r
234. snippet at cursor position do one of the following Enter the first letters of a code snippet keyword e g Sele for a Select Case structure select the code snippet 4 from the list and press CTRL SPACE see also Autocomplete for instruction or variable SelectCase 4 SelectCase Use Codesnippets from the context menu or from the editor bar A drop down list with folders opens which each contain several code snippets or more folders Navigate through the folders via mouse or via keyboard The following keys be used e Arrow up down Select list entry e Return Insert selected code snippet or open folder e Backspace Return to previous folder level After you have selected a code snippet the appropriate keyboard short cut is displayed to the right Insert the shortcut of a code snippet followed by TaB ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 31 32 a Development Environment A D WI n To display a list of code snippets and short cuts open lt codesnip pets xml gt in the folder C ADwin ADbasic Common with a browser 3 5 3 Displaying instruction parameters The passed parameters of an instruction are displayed automatically as soon as you type in the opening brace after the instruction s name While you type in the parameter expressions the appropriate passed parameters is displayed bold in the tooltip The tooltip vanishes as soon as the cursor is placed outside the braes around the paramete
235. source code thus uses the global variable indirectly even though it does not show up in the calling line If you change the source code the window is not updated automatically To do so use the button Scan Global Variables in the parameter window 68 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 a A D WI n Development Environment 3 9 5 Declarations Window The Declarations window displays all declarations include and library files related to a source code file For update of the display click the Update button Declarations of other source code files will not be displayed even if combined within a project The window is part of the Info range see page 62 ADB SCR WIN Declarations bas System ADwin Gold ADwGCntInc All Type Name Declaration Line No Description Sub 9 test Sub test 11 Dim i Dim i As Long __ Define x1 Define x1 Par_11 2 Define x2 Par_12 x3 Define x3 Par_13 x4 Define x4 Par_14 yone MUY OY UY MOY E Update E Show Groups Info F ToDo k Debug Errors Timing Analyzer 4 Global Variables 3 Declarations Busy PM DM DX Ln 2 Col 6 to The declarations are displayed sorted under tabs representing the declara tion sources file bas Declarations within the source file local variables arrays instructions SUB FUNCTION and symbolic names DEFINE System System variables and instructions being implemented in ADbasic if they fit to the current com
236. started stopped or their processdelays changed You can do this with ADbasic as well as with other development environments such as C or Visual Basic With the bootloader option it is also possible to have processes start automa tically on power up of the ADwin hardware For programming the bootloader see manual ADwin bootloader 1 more precisely the program section EVENT ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A D WI n Process Management 6 1 Process Management 6 1 1 Types of Processes Within the ADwin system several processes can run simultaneously The operating system is responsible for calling the process cycles according to specified rules and for their being processed by the CPU without blocking each other When referring to a process in this manual we mean one of the processes 1 10 that you have programmed You assign a priority to each process and thus determine the interaction and timing of the processes There are the priorities Processes with High Priority Processes with Low Priority Low priority processes are further divided into the levels 10 low up to 10 high The process priority is set via the menu Options Process Options Process Function Priority User defined processes with functions and pri lowlevel n 1 10 oa f orities you can freely define high 11 12 Predefined input output processes high 15 Process for controlling the flashing LED in low ADwin Pro
237. stored PM_LOCAL internal program memory default EM_LOCAL extended internal program or data memory DRAM EXTERN external data memory Notes See also overview of program sections in chapter 4 1 1 on page 74 The program section EVENT is the central functional section which in a process is called in typically regular intervals until itis stopped De pending on the settings the call is triggered by a cyclic timer Event si gnal or by an external Event signal See more in chapter 6 Processes in the ADwin System The processor type T11 can store each program section in a different memory area see chapter 4 3 2 Memory Areas The huge but slow memory area DRAM_EXTERN should be used for none time critical pro gram sections mostly these are the sections LOWINIT INIT FIN ISH With processor module Pro CPU T11 the memory area can only be set starting with revision E04 See also Dim Lowlnit Init Finish Example DIM val_1 AS FLOAT EVENT yal 1 5 3 160 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 ADwin Exit Exit EXIT ends a process in the sections LOWINIT INIT or FINISH Syntax EXIT Notes EXIT stops the processing of the process and the current program section immediately the following program lines in the same section will not be executed Even the section FINISH will not be processed Use END in the section EVENT See also End ProcessN_Running Reset_Event Restart_Process S
238. t also as part of a word Folded text areas are searched All open documents are searched Using quick find you cannot use regular expressions nor can you create book marks 3 4 2 Finding and replacing text You can find each occurrence of a combination of any characters including uppercase and lowercase characters whole words or parts of words or reg ular expression see Regular expression on page 26 1 Select the menu entry Edit gt Find to search or Edit gt Replace to replace A dialog box opens which remains on the screen until you close it ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 21 a Development Environment A D W n Find what foo Find Next Replace with bar Replace C Match case Search Replace All Current Document C Match whole word Bookmark All All Open Documents C Search hidden text C Search up O Selection Only Close O All Documents of Project C Use regular expressions C Prompt on replace 2 Inthe Find what box type in the search string or choose a previous string from the drop down list 3 Replace only Type the replacement expression in the Replace With box or choose a previous string from the drop down list 4 Set the scope of the search Option Description Match case Option active Find text having the given pattern of uppercase and lowercase letters Option inactive Uppercase and lowercase letters are of no importance Match whole Option active
239. tart conversion REM cee ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 215 P2_Sleep A D wi n P2_Sleep Processor T11 only P2_ SLEEP causes the Pro II bus to wait for a certain time Syntax P2_SLEEP val LONG Parameters val Even number 14 715827878 of the time units to wait in 10ns An odd number is not allowed Notes Alternatively there are the instructions CPU_SLEEP and P1_SLEEP see also chapter 5 2 4 Setting Waiting Times Exactly For proces sors up to T10 use SLEEP P2_SLEEP is used to wait a defined time between 2 accesses to mod ules on the Pro II bus The waiting time should always be smaller than the cycle time set with PROCESSDELAY A In a high priority process P2_SLEEP cannot be interrupted Thus very high values in high priority processes can cause an interruption in the communication to the PC If possible use a constant as argument If the argument val requires a calculation it requires additional time this time interval is constant and takes a few clock cycles The following conditions require a calculation The argument is an expression with variables or array elements e The variable in the argument is declared in the memory area DRAM_EXTERN The time interval may vary because it depends on several conditions The argument is an array e The argument is a floating point value See also CPU_Sleep NOP P1_Sleep Sleep 216 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A D wi n P2_Sleep Exa
240. tart_Pro cess Start_Process_Delayed Stop_Process Example INIT IF ADC 1 gt 3000 THEN Measure and compare SET_DIGOUT 0 Set digital output EXIT End this process ENDIF ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 161 Exp A Dwin Exp EXP calculates the power to the base e of the argument Syntax ret_val EXP val Parameters val Argument FLOAT ret_val Exponential value of the argument to the base e FLOAT Notes The execution time of the function takes 1 3us with a T9 0 7 us with a T10 0 31 us with a T11 See also LN Log Example DIM val_1 val 2 AS FLOAT EVENT val l 5 val_2 EXP val_1 Result val_2 148 41 162 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 ADwin FIFO FIFO The DIM DATA n AS FIFO instruction defines a global DATA array as a ring buffer Syntax DIM DATA n Dim AS lt ARR_TYPE gt AS FIFO Parameters DATA n Name of the declared DATA field n 1 200 lt ARR_TYPE gt Defined variable type FLOAT LONG Dim Array size Number of elements of type ARR_TYPE in the array With processor T11 the range for Dim it be set in steps of 4 only Dim 4xa t 3 a20 Notes Once a DATA array is defined as FIFO ring buffer see also chapter 4 3 3 on page 85 it cannot be used as a normal array FIFO arrays first in first out are managed by data pointers After di mensioning the array you should initialize these data pointers with FIFO CLEAR in the section
241. terpreted as zero If you use illegal characters characters other than indicated in the for mat above the string up to the first illegal characters will be evaluated only See also String String Addition Asc Chr FloToStr Flo40ToStr LngToStr StrComp StrLeft StrLen StrMid StrRight ValF ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 259 260 Vall Example IMPORT String LI9 DIM text 20 AS STRING INIT text PA PA ve w PAR_ PA PA PA PA PA PA PA PA PA PA ia a es ve bo w ea eo w ve PRPRrPrP oO OMOIHABWNE I ve WnNFRO EVENT PA R 20 1234567890 text 1 text 2 text 3 text 4 text 5 text 6 text 7 text 8 text 9 w Me go VALI text ADwin String to be converted String length 11 ASC ASC ASC ASC ASC ASC ASC ASC ASC ASC ASC mie e o e g me 5 e g ai haracter 2Dh haracter 31h 1 haracter 32h 2 haracter 33h 3 haracter 34h 4 haracter 35h 5 haracter 36h 6 haracter 37h 7 haracter 38h 8 haracter 39h 9 haracter 30h 0 End of string sign Convert string to long ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 ADwin xor XOr The operator XOR Exclusive Or combines two integer values bitwise Syntax val_1 XOR val 2 Parameters val_1 val_2 Integer value LONG See also And causes the
242. th ease page 29 3 2 1 Calling online help The Help Menu page 55 enables to call selected help pages e g table of contents or sorted instruction lists Using F1 opens a help page according to the currently opened dialog box or according to the instruction at cursor position If the cursor is set upon an invalid instruction the help index shows up Rea sons may be The text is not an instruction but a user defined declaration Variable array symbolic name macro Sub Function For a user define a help page cannot be provided The instruction is misspelled e g Digin Wrod instead of DIGIN_WORD After being corrected the instruction will be highlighted correctly ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 15 16 a Development Environment A D WI n The user defined include or library file is missing where the instruc tion is defined Please insert the appropriate line at the start of the source code 3 2 2 Context menu in source code window Various help functions are available from the context menu by right clicking in the source code window Cut Ctrl x Copy Ctrl C Paste Ctrl V Comment Block Ctrl B Uncomment Block Ctrl Shift B Indent Ctrl I Outdent Ctrl Shift I Mark Controlblock Unmark Controlblock Add to Project Declaration Info F2 Jump to Declaration Ctrl F2 Codesnippets Ctrl K x Show Declarations Shift F2 The following functions use the cursor position or the active selection
243. the ADwin system during compilaton to be immediately started With inactive option the process requires to be started by clicking the button gt in the toolbar or in the process window Remember Device No Active option saves the last used Device No see above on closing ADbasic the next start up will automatically use the saved number Inactive option skips saving the device number Thus ADbasic starts up with the formerly when Yes was set saved device number NONE Process Options dialog box This dialog box contains the compiler options for the currently opened source code window the properties of the process which is to be compiled from the opened source code and transferred to the ADwin system This applies to library files as well where only the option Optimize can be set Each process must be configured separately by opening the dialog box for each source code window unless using the default settings To quickly open this window do a double click on the source code s status bar The dialog box for T4 T5 or T8 processors differs slightly from the standard dialog box and is described in the Appendix A 5 1 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 a A D WI n Development Environment Settings for source code Process Options Process On OOM OOo Os O07 O8 O38 O10 Eventsource Settings for library Timer Extemal Lib Options Priority High Low Optimize O No Yes Level 1 x
244. the bit pattern will remain unchanged so it will again be interpret ed as the correct Float value see also chapter 4 2 3 on page 77 An example of practice appears with data transfer A CAN or RSxxx bus only transfers 8 bit data packages of data type integer Therefore a 32 bit Float value has to be changed into data type LONG with CAST _ FLOATTOLONG and then divided into 4 separate 8 bit packages The receiver has to reassemble the packages again and restore the data type Float with CAST_LONGTOFLOAT See also Cast_LongToFloat 144 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A D WI n Cast_LongToFloat Cast_LongToFloat CAST_LONGTOFLOAT changes the data type of the argument from Long into Float Syntax ret_val CAST_LONGTOFLOAT val Parameters val Bit pattern with data type Float LONG ret _ val Identical bit pattern with data type long FLOAT Notes This function does not execute a standard type conversion of a num ber see chapter 4 4 2 Type Conversion page 94 Use the operator for the assignment of a Float value to an integer variable This instruction is to be reasonably used if there is a bit pattern repre senting a Float value but given with data type LONG Contrary to the data type the bit pattern will remain unchanged so it will again be in terpreted as the correct Float value see also chapter 4 2 3 on page 77 An example of practice appears with data transfer A CAN or RSxxx bus only
245. the global array with the number 5 as FIFO ring buffer with 1003 elements of the type LONG Please note the spe cial size of a FIFO with the T11 processor see FIFO Please note A FIFO array cannot be accessed as normal array in the source code Since a FIFO array has a finite number of elements which is declared the chain of used and unused array elements form a ring the ring buffer The data pointers to the first and last used array element are managed automatically when a new value is assigned to the array or when a value is read out After the declaration of a FIFO array the pointer should be initialized with the FIFO_CLEAR instruction From the ring structure of the FIFO array it is possible for the head of the data chain to overtake the data end This can only occur when data is written faster into the FIFO than it is being read out Subsequently the earlier stored data will be overwritten and lost A certain FIFO array can be accessed by indicating its array name with the corresponding array number ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 0 87 88 Programming Processes A D WI n Example DIM Data_5 1003 AS LONG AS FIFO Data 5 95 Writes the value 95 into the DATA_5 array which is declared as FIFO Par_7 Data_5 Reads a value from the FIFO and stores it in the global variable PAR 7 To ensure that the FIFO is not full the FIFO_EMPTY function should be used before writing into it Similarly the FI
246. this instruction at the beginning of a source code A The function DEFINE is a preprocessor instruction that means the re placement is made when you compile the source code even before the compiler generates the program Use this function in order to use more descriptive names in the source code instead of constants pa rameters or expressions The first string up to a blank is interpreted as symbolic name the fol lowing text until the carriage return is interpreted as an expression to be inserted The expression is inserted exactly as you have defined it variable names in the expression are not replaced by their value but as a character string Neither name nor expression are case sensitive If you want to use a mathematical term for expression we recom mend it be placed in parenthesis to avoid errors see examples See also Include 1 Text behind a comment char will be ignored by the compiler ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 153 154 Define A D wi n Example DEFINE setpoint PAR_1 Comments like this are ignored DEFINE measured DATA 1 DEFINE pi 3 141592654 With these instructions you can use the names setpoint measured and pi in the source code instead of PAR_1 DATA_1 and 3 141592654 DEFINE setpoint 13 4 3 a PAR 1 2 setpoint 13 4 3 Without the parentheses in the DEFINE expression you would get the value 90 instead of the expected 154 ADbasic 5 00 Manual M
247. to the line The successful status message after compiling looks like this ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 a A D WI n Development Environment Event Timer Initial Processdelay 1000 Pra 2 Priority High Optimi Description Lin Compile C path ADbasic1_Pr1 bas ADbasicCompiler Version 5 00 01 04 02 2008 Process compiled Codesize 504 Workspacesize 8 Stacksize 16 Byte 0 Errors 0 Warnings Info ToDo W Debug Errors 5 Timing Analyzer Busy 1 PM 211 584 DM 256 824 DX 134 217 716 Ln 10 Col 3 The values be used as hints about the required memory Codesize Size of the created binary file in bytes the file will be stored in the program memory PM as process Workspacesize Required memory size in bytes in the local data memory DM being used for e local variables and arrays e internal purpose 2 x 4 byte Additional memory will be required in the data memory which be cal culated manually e Each global array requires about fourty byte in the local data memory internal purpose Each element of a global array requires 4 byte in the external data memory if the array be declared AT DM_LOCAL the elements are stored in the local data memory Stacksize Internal stack size which is used for libraries The memory size required in the external data memory DX will not be dis played 3 9 2 ToDo List The ToDo window serves as a simple ToDo list lines from the current source c
248. tory is the directory of the source file INCLUDE demofunc Inc ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 187 Init A D wi n Init The keyword INIT marks the start of the initializing program section Syntax INIT AT lt MEM TYPE gt Parameters lt MEM_TYPE gt T11 only since Rev E04 memory area where the pro gram section EVENT is stored PM_LOCAL internal program memory default EM_LOCAL extended internal program or data mem ory DRAM_ EXTERN external data memory Notes See also overview of program sections in chapter 4 1 1 on page 74 The program section INIT is run once as soon as the process is star ted and if existing the program section LOWINIT is finished The delay between having processed the last instruction of the INIT sec tion and starting the EVENT section is about 1 x PROCESSDELAY The program section has the priority as set for the process menu entry Options Process With high priority the section cannot be inter rupted and should then be as short as possible The processor type T11 can store each program section in a different memory area see chapter 4 3 2 Memory Areas The huge but slow memory area DRAM_EXTERN should be used for none time critical pro gram sections mostly these are the sections LOWINIT INIT FIN ISH With processor module Pro CPU T11 the memory area can only be set starting with revision E04 See also Dim LowlInit Event Finish Example D
249. transfers 8 bit data packages of data type integer Therefore a 32 bit Float value has to be changed into data type LONG with CAST_ FLOATTOLONG and then divided into 4 separate 8 bit packages The receiver has to reassemble the packages again and restore the data type Float with CAST _LONGTOFLOAT See also Cast_FloatToLong ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 145 Chr ADwin Chr CHR assigns an ASCII character with a specified decimal number to a string variable Syntax IMPORT String LI LTO for T9 LIA for T10 Ye IB fer TII CHR vascii dest_text Parameters vascii Decimal number 0 255 of the desired ASCII charac LONG ter dest text String variable to which the character is assigned STRING Notes If a string variable has more than one character or element CHR as signs the ASCII character only to the first element of the string See also String String Addition Asc FloToStr Flo40ToStr LngToStr Str Comp StrLeft StrLen StrMid StrRight ValF Vall Example IMPORT String LI9 DIM text_a 1 text_b 1 AS STRING EVENT CHR 13 text_a Carriage Return CHR 10 text_b Line Feed 146 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A Dwin Cos Cos cos provides the cosine of an angle Syntax ret_val COS angle Parameters angle Angle in radians 7 7 FLOAT ret_val Cosine of the angle 1 1 FLOAT Notes If you use input values which are not in
250. turned value for the function in the source code A function is called with its name and with the arguments you have de fined the function must be used as argument in the calling program li ne e g in an assignment see example All expression types including one and two dimensional arrays are allowed as argu ments as long as they have the appropriate data type If you don t define arguments you neverthelesse have to use the em pty braces for the function s call name If an array is used as a passed parameter the syntax is different for call and definition e call of function without dimension brackets ret_val name array pass e definition of function with dimension brackets FUNCTION name array def Values are assigned to elements of passed arrays as usual array def 2 value If a value is assigned to a passed parameter x within the function the e function s call must not use a constant x but a variable or a single array element If so a passed parameter can be used to hold a return value If a passed parameter is part of an expression inside a function the pa rameter should be set in braces This avoids problems with the order of operator evaluation ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 177 178 a Function EndFunction A D WI n See also lnclude Sub EndSub Lib_Function Lib_EndFunction Lib_Sub Lib_EndSub Example FUNCTION average wl w2 w3 AS FLOAT Rem The function cal
251. two numeric strings separated by one or more spaces 0 9 0 9 and swap them around using a colon to separate them 2 1 To change simultaneously from X100000 to X100 000 from Y100123 to Y100 123 from z600 to 2 600 Search XYZ 0 9 0 9 0 9 0 9 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 25 a Development Environment A D WI n Replace by 1 2 3 3 4 3 Regular expression A regular expression is a search string that uses so called meta characters to match patterns of text Meta characters are valid with the Find command only not with the Replace command To use a regular expression for search replace check the option Use regu lar expressions in the dialog box With active option the buttons gt to the right of the input fields are enabled where you can select meta chars The syntax of regular expressions is defined in the NET Framework 2 0 a more A detailed description be found on the Internet at the address http msdn2 microsoft com search for regular expressions Meta Bedeutung zeichen Any single character Example Ma s matches Mats Mars und Mads but not Mas Any one of the characters 1 given explicitely in brackets or 2 any of a range of characters separated by a hyphen Examples h aeiou a z dmatches hard head hand and hold A Za z matches any single letter The regular expres sion x 0 9 matches x0 x1 x9 E Any ch
252. ual to the sum of the sizes of the input strings See also String Asc Chr FloToStr Flo40ToStr LngToStr StrComp StrLeft StrLen StrMid StrRight ValF Vall Example IMPORT String 1i9 Dimension 3 strings 10 5 4 characters DIM res _str 10 AS STRING DIM str_1 5 AS STRING DIM str 2 4 AS STRING INIT str_1 ADwin S characters str_2 Gold 4 characters EVENT res str str 1 str 2 Concatenate strings PAR_1 STRLEN res_ str PAR_1 10 number of the characters 126 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A D wi n Subtraction Subtraction The operator subtracts one value from another Syntax val val T val 2 Parameters val 1 Minuend FLOAT LONG val 2 Subtrahend FLOAT LONG Notes Please note that combining different variable types with the opera tor will cause a type conversion During conversion from the type LONG into the type FLOAT rounding differences can occur which influence the result If you use as a sign of a variable unary operator you may in some cases get unexpected results which can be avoided by using brackets see also chapter 4 4 1 on page 92 See also Addition Multiplication Division Power Example PAR 1 9 4 PAR 1 5 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 127 128 Multiplication Multiplication The operator mulitplies two values Syntax
253. umber of source a data the processing time can be reduced Instead of FFT call FFT_ INIT first and then several times FFT_CALC See also FFT FFT_Calc FFT_Calc_DM FFT_Calc_DX Example See example program lt FFT scale demo opt bas gt for all ADwin systems in folder lt C ADwin ADbasic lib FFT doctdemo gt ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 273 274 FFT_Calc ADwin FFT Calc FFT_CALC calculates a Fast Fourier Transformation after previous initializa tion Syntax IMPORT FFT LI ie LTO for T9 FLIA Ffor TLO re BLIB for TII FFT_CALC real img z_real z_img arrayl array2 count Parameters real img z real z_img arrayl array2 count Notes Real part of source data FLOAT Imaginary part of source data FLOAT ARRAY Result Real parts index 1 count 2 of transformed FLOAT data Array size 4 x count ARRAY Result Imaginary parts index 1 count 2 of trans FLOAT formed data Array size 4 x count Arrays for internal calculations FLOAT Array size 4 x count ARRAY Number 2 2 of source data points The number of LONG points must be a power of 2 The instruction is useful only if FFT_INIT was called before If you need to calculate several FFT with the same number of source data the processing time can be reduced Instead of FFT call FFT_ INIT first and then several times FFT_CALC Prezessor T1
254. unctions you have also to Include the corresponding library files with IMPORT If the path name misses only the standard directory is searched see Options Menu Directory page 47 Use the back slash in the path name to separate directory names The base directory for relative paths is if the source code is member of a project the directory of the project file otherweise the directory of the source code file To include any of the include files delivered with ADbasic the files con tain instruction to access hardware I Os you enter the first characters of the instruction INCLUDE press CTRL SPACE and select the re quired include file from the list Alternatively use one of the code snip pets from the Hardware group cP Please note A program line with an INCLUDE instruction should not exceed 136 characters maximum length for other lines see 186 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A D wi n Include page 133 Any further character of this line will not be processed by the compiler See also Define Import Function EndFunction Sub EndSub Example Rem Rem Rem Rem Rem Rem Rem find file in the given directory INCLUDE C Test demofunc Inc find file in standard directory INCLUDE demofunc Inc relative path The base directory is relative to the directory of the project file if the source file is member of a project If the source code is not a project member the base direc
255. val yal 1 val 2 Parameters val_l val 2 Notes Multiplicator 1 Multiplicator 2 ADwin FLOAT LONG FLOAT LONG Please note that combining different variable types with the opera tor will cause a type conversion During conversion from the type LONG into the type influence the result See also FLOAT rounding differences can occur which Addition Subtraction Division Power Example PAR 1 9 4 PAR 1 36 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A D wi n Division Division The operator divides one value by another Syntax val val_1 val 2 Parameters val 1 Dividend FLOAT LONG val 2 Divisor FLOAT LONG Notes Please note that combining different variable types with the opera tor will cause a type conversion see chapter 4 4 2 on page 94 During conversion from the type LONG into the type FLOAT rounding dif ferences can occur which influence the result If the divisor is a variable with a negative sign you should use braces to ensure you get the expected result see also chapter 4 4 1 Evalua tion of Operators on page 92 See also Addition Subtraction Multiplication Power Mod Example PAR 1 36 4 PAR 1 9 PAR 2 2 4 5 PAR 2 0 gt integer calculation PAR 3 27 PAR_1 PAR 3 3 Rem
256. ven several lost event signals are possible In the first case the operating system tries to make up the delay by using avail able idle times in the workload of the processor until all process cycles again start at the pre defined period of time In the latter case the operating system cannot make up the delay Event signals and therefore process cycles are really lost see chapter 6 2 5 Different Operating Modes in the Operating Sys tem An optimal timing characteristic especially of the high priority processes is obtained in 2 steps by 1 Checking Number and Priority of Processes 2 Optimal Timing Characteristics of Processes Use Timing Mode Checking Number and Priority of Processes In a high priority process only time critical tasks should be processed all other tasks in one or more low priority processes or even processed on the PC If possible use only one single high priority process Several processes can very often be merged to a single process if the Processdelay is identical we highly recommend this It s worth the effort especially with a shorter Process delay of the processes because the processor workload will be essentially lower even if the the same tasks are executed The graphic below illustrates this more clearly ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 107 Optimizing Processes A D WI n 100 Processor Globaldelay 200 A workload ad e Globaldelay 5000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
257. w not be run until the I O instructions are completely REM processed ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A D WI n Useful Information Processor T11 ADbasic process P2_SLEEP Processor I O instruction Pro Il bus instruction CPU_SLEEP ext DRAM Why are there different instructions for the waiting time The processor T11 runs processor instructions and I O instructions quasi parallel see sketch above This is very fast and also leads to parallel and thus separate timing resulting in 3 instructions for the waiting time The quasi parallel processing is enabled via a 5 level buffer OF IFO The operating system passes an I O instruction into the OF IFO if there is enough space and immediately starts processing the next instruc tion The example above passes the instructions SET_MUX P1_ SLEEP and START_CONV into the OF IFO the subsequent calculation is then run in the CPU while e g the Pro bus is still waiting Please note A calculation that is to be processed in parallel in the a CPU may only use variables from internal memory The operating sys tem regards each access to the external DRAM the common memory area for arrays as an I O instruction that has to walk through the OFIFO buffer 5 2 5 Using Waiting Times Some instructions require a certain waiting time after being called This time can be used for other calculations 1 I O instructions are those which acces
258. warnings and error messages e Hardware ADwin Gold e Processor T9 e Optimize level 1 If you do the call from the directory lt C ADwin ADbasic gt you can shorten this line to DbasicCompiler exe L Z Myfiles test bas A The shortest version is when the source code is stored in the directory lt C ADwin ADbasic gt here without file name extension DbasicCompiler L test bas A Anyway we recommend the complete version at least for automation of the call ADbasiccompiler L test bas A test LE SG P9 O1 ADbasiccompiler L Z Myfiles String bas SP O1 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 Command Line Calling A D WI n This command line compiles the source code lt string bas gt into a li brary file for a Pro system with processor T9 It is a timer triggered pro cess with number 1 and high priority The same call for processor T10 only is as follows ADbasiccompiler L Z Myfiles String bas P10 SL 01 ADbasicCompiler M C ADwin ADbasic samples ADwin bas _ dmo6f bas LE SG P9 ET PN3 PH O1 Compiles the demo file lt bas_dmo6f bas gt into a binary file for a Gold system with T9 processor It is a timer triggered process with number 3 and high priority ADbasiccompiler M C ADwin ADbasic samples ADwin bas _ dmo6 LE P8 SL O1 Compiles the demo file lt bas_dmo6 bas gt into a binary file for a Light 16 card with processor T8 without optimization It is a timer triggered pro
259. will then be lost But FPar 1 2 4 3 Result FPAR_1 1 5 Par 1 2 4 0 3 Result PAR_1 1 cut off Here the floating point variable FPar_1 and the floating point value 4 0 demand the conversion of all integer values Prevent integers from Conversion Even using parentheses does not prevent the automatical conversion into FLOAT To absolutely make calculations in LONG an individual program line must be used ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A D wi n Expressions Example Par 1 2 Par 2 D here a conversion is made FPar 3 Par 2 Par 1 0 2 FPAR 3 2 7 but not here Par 9 Par 2 Par 1 PAR 9 2 cut off FPar 4 Par 9 0 2 Result FPAR 1 2 2 Conversion of Arguments The following expressions are always evaluated separately and will be converted if necessary as described above e Each individual parameter for an instruction Additionally a cut off may occur according to the parameter s data type data type see instruction s description Each argument passed to a function or subroutine e Each individual part of a conditional test within a Boolean expression in an IF THEN or DO UNTIL even if there are multiple tests linked with AND or OR Example Par 1 2 FPar 2 5 5 Both conditions are true PAR_1 is not converted into FLOAT therefore PAR 3 1 IF Par I 4 3 0 AND FPar 2 1 1 gt 5 5 THEN Par 3 lt 1 ENDIF The condition with FLOAT does
260. with dimension brackets array or DATA n Methods for the transfer of parameters BYREF pass reference pointer to variable or array BYVAL pass value only Data type FLOAT LONG STRING Useful for processor T10 only Type of memory where the passed parameters are stored to be used only with arrays DRAM EXTERN external memory DM_LOCAL local memory You will find general information about library files in chapter 4 5 3 on page 97 Generate library functions and library subroutines in a separate source code file The compilation with Build Make lib file cre ates the library file With IMPORT those library modules are included into a process which are being called in the process In a library function you can declare and use local variables and arrays only one dimensional Declare variables always at the beginning of the subroutine but never outside e can use global variables and arrays which are passed as parameters can process one dimensional arrays only You can pass two dimensional arrays as parameters but they will 192 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A Dwi n Lib_Function Lib_EndFunction be considered as one dimensional arrays in the function see also chapter 4 3 3 on page 85 e should assign a value to the function name which will be the value returned for the function in the source code cannot define process sections such as LOWINIT INIT EVENT or FINISH
261. xt find And replace 21 find quickly gt 21 fold ranges 19 indenting gt 18 smart format 18 Then If Then 179 TiCo bootloader programming 34 time cycle time gt 115 precise cycle timing 116 time Out 113 time saving constants instead of variables gt 100 measure faster 101 register access 100 setting waiting time gt 101 use waiting times gt 103 timer event 110 timer see counter A 31 A 32 debug mode 106 timing mode 109 operating modes externally controlled process 120 general 119 several time controlled processes 119 single time controlled process 119 optimal several processes 107 optimal with one process 108 optimize gt 106 query information gt 108 timing mode additional processor time gt 109 enable 48 use 106 window 48 64 To For gt 174 to do list 63 toggle folding 19 tool bar gt 13 toolbox 57 tools TBin gt 70 TButton 70 TDigit gt 70 TFifo 70 TGraph 70 TLed 70 TMeter 70 TPar_FPar 70 TPoti 70 TProcess 70 ADwin Index timing trace mode see optimize Trace_Mode_Pause 255 changed by Trace_Mode_Resume 256 transputer settings gt 13 trigonometric functions ArcCos 140 ArcSin 141 ArcTan 142 Cos 147 Sin 233 Tan 254 type conversion ASCII value into char 146 automatical 94 Float to Long data type only gt 144 Float to Long only data type 145 Float to string gt 17
262. y Controlled Process on page 120 See also End Exit ProcessN_Running Start_Process Stop_Process Example INIT Rem Initialization Rem RESET EVENT Reset former Event signals EVENT Rem Any Event signal starts the main program REM seu ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 227 Restart_Process A D wi n Restart_Process Processor T11 only RESTART_PROCESS starts the same process again Syntax RESTART_PROCESS Notes The instruction is Valld in the program section FINISH only All lines of the program section after RESTART_PROCESS will be exe cuted before the process starts anew For better readability we recom mend put the instruction at the end of the program section a The instruction may cause an endless loop Prevent an endless loop by using RESTART_PROCESS inside of a conditional block See also End Exit If Then Else Endlf Start_Process Start_Process_ Delayed Stop_Process Example EVENT REM ssa FINISH Rem IF cond 2 THEN Rem If condition is true the process is started anew RESTART_PROCESS ENDIF 228 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 A D wi n SelectCase SelectCase The SELECTCASE control structure is used to execute one of several instruc tion blocks depending on a given value Syntax SELECTCASE var CASE constla constlb Instruction block CCASE constZ2a const2b n Instruction block CASEELSE Instruction block ENDSELECT Parameters var A
263. y do this by using global variables and arrays In an array you can access the elements 1 Dim The array element 0 must not be used because it is used for internal purposes The maximum array size depends on the physical memory on the AD win system String variables are local arrays of type STRING see Strings on page 88 They cannot be declared as FIFO 156 ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 ADwin Dim See also DATA_n Event FIFO Finish Init Lowlnit String 2 dimensional Arrays on page 85 Variables and Arrays in the Data Memory on page 83 Example Rem DIM Rem DIM Rem Rem DIM Rem Rem DIM Dimension varl as long variable varl AS LONG Dimension the local array arrayl with 1000 long elements array1 1000 AS LONG Dimension the global array DATA 20 with 1003 Long elements as Fifo DATA 20 1003 AS LONG AS FIFO Dimension the array TEXT with 50 elements as string variable text 50 AS STRING ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 157 Do Until ADwin Do Until DO UNTIL repeatedly executes a block of instructions until the Exit condition evaluates to true The block is executed at least one time Syntax DO Instruction block UNTIL condition Parameters condition Boolean abort condition with the operators lt gt AND LOGIC and OR See also lt gt Comparison And Or For To Step Next SelectCase Notes You can n
264. y process source codes include files and library files for instance when programming an application with several processes Only one project can be open at a time The project file also saves the display parameters of the development envi ronment window position size open project files Thus with opening a project the display will be rearranged A project allows the user Displaying used global variables and arrays of a project see page 34 Compile all files of project at once using the menu entry Build Make all Bin Files of Project Search through all files of a project including not yet opened files Just enable the All Documents of Project option in the find win dow see chapter 3 4 2 Finding and replacing text The option is not available for replacing Save all files of project at once using Save all Files of Project from the project window context menu Project related capabilites can be accessed via project window context menu right mouse click see Project Window on page 57 orin the menu File ADbasic 5 00 Manual March 2010 35 a Development Environment A D WI n 3 7 Menus The menu bar contains these menus File Manage files and projects page 37 Edit Edit source codes page 38 View Show windows and bars page 38 Build Tool for generating executable programs page 39 Options Program settings page 40 Debug Tools for error detection page 48

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