TIA Software User`s Manual
Contents
1. Image ey Image GaussNoise x Error new Noise can be added to a single image or a series of images in time 3 6 7 Convolve The Convolve function does spatial convolutions using kernels that are read from a text file that can be up to 63 x 63 pixels in size Use the Macintosh TeachText systems application to create a new convolution kernel or to examine an existing kernel Convolve Current Frame OFrom i to 32 a Convolution dialog box Figure 15 Convolve function When the convolution function is selected from the Enhance menu or the Utilities tool a dialog box fig 15 a opens The convolution can be done on a single image or a sequence of images Pressing the Okay button opens a dialog box that locates and selects the convolution kernel file An example of a 7x7 Winfree convolution filter is shown below fig 15 b 10 5 2 1 2 5 10 5 0 2 4 a3 0 5 II a AO IE E ES E E Gt eG 5 BA 5 10 5 2 1 2 5 10 b Winfree convolution filter 7 x 7 Figure 15 Concluded 13 LUT 3 6 8 Modulus The Modulus Mod function menu can be a useful image processing tool The Mod Value entered in the dialog box is used to do a recursive mod with the image pixel until no further mod function can be done that is Pixel value Pixel value Mod Mod Value is repeated until no more mod functions can be done The mod function can be performed for a single image or a sequence of images Figure 16 shows the Mod2. A03 17 SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 18 SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 19 SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 20 LIMITATION OF REPORT OF THIS PAGE OF ABSTRACT OF ABSTRACT Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified NSN 7540 01 280 5500 Standard Form 298 Rev 2 89 Prescribed by ANSI Std Z39 18 298 102
3. Delay 180 The lamps flash after a background image 1s collected and data are collected for approximately 5 sec 4 31 tiles 30 fps acquisition time 30 tiles 30 fps lost time during tile switching For a low number of averages high data collection rate the time lost between image tiles becomes very significant The delay of 180 180 1 average frame or 180 30 fps 6 sec allows sufficient time for the flash lamps to recharge before the next data collection cycle The user can store data to a file on disk by checking the data dump box Turning data dump off is useful for doing trial runs and when data storage 1s not required Trial run data can be stored to the disk after the snapshot by selecting the Save SnapShot menu item under the Special menu A time derivative reduction can be performed on the most recently acquired data by checking the Data Reduction box The evaluated time derivative image 1s stored in a file with a lt td gt extension and is displayed for viewing in a window The radio button Bits is used to specify the depth of the pixel data being stored Integer data can be 8 bits 1 byte or 16 bits 2 bytes The higher the depth of the data the greater the precision In most thermal measurements 16 bits is the desired data storage mode Here the default mode of storage 1s 16 bit Users enter a filename for writing the data to disk that is acquired from SnapShot The written data has a 30 byte header that is fol
4. K Elliott Ther mographic Detection of Disbonds in Riveted Lap Joints Proceedings of the 37th International Instrumentation Symposium ISA 1991 pp 1097 1105 Available as ISA Paper 91 127 Winfree William P Crews B Scott and Howell P A Comparison of Heating Protocols for Detection of Disbonds in Lap Joints Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evalua tion Volume IIA Donald O Thompson and Dale E Chimenti eds Plenum Press 1992 pp 471 478 39 Form Approved REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response including the time for reviewing instructions searching existing data sources gathering and maintaining the data needed and completing and reviewing the collection of information Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information including suggestions for reducing this burden to Washington Headquarters Services Directorate for Information Operations and Reports 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway Suite 1204 Arlington VA 22202 4302 and to the Office of Management and Budget Paperwork Reduction Project 0704 0188 Washington DC 20503 1 AGENCY USE ONLY Leave blank 2 REPORT DATE 3 REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED September 1995 Technical Memorandum 4 TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5 FUNDING NUMBERS TIA Software User s Manual WU 538 02 11 01 6 AUTHOR S K Elliott Crame
5. and the changes are set by click ing the Okay button Customizing the appearance of the plot is useful when send ing the plot to a PostScript printer for a hard copy reference Double clicking the mouse button on the title area of the plot window opens the plot title preference dialog box shown in figure 23 b Graph Settings Graph Title Column Average Plot E Mark data points E Line through data points b Plot title preference dialog box Figure 23 Continued 18 Double clicking the mouse button on the X axis region of the plot window opens the plot X Axis Settings dialog box shown in figure 23 c A Axis Settings Axis Range Axis Label Auto 2 Manual amp Grid F Ticks a ee Decimal Digits Max 191 000 on joj c Plot X Axis Settings dialog box Figure 23 Continued Double clicking the mouse button on the Y axis region of the plot window opens the plot X Axis Settings dialog box shown in figure 23 d Y Axis Settings Axis Range Axis Label a Auto Average Pixel 2 Manual E Grid E Ticks Man 5 234 O Scientific elz Incr 0 772 Cancel orau d Plot Y Axis Settings dialog box Figure 23 Continued The dialog boxes in figure 23 enable customization of the selected individual parameters on the plot 3 7 4 1 Average region plot The average region plot generates the average temperature time profile of the image sequence data An image region across the im
6. 8 heat up cooldown cycles in the 256 x 256 image size mode 64 8 512 is the maximum number of 8 bit tiles Alaaemlihar nf The number of cycles should be a number greater than 0 The upper limit for the number of cycles depends on the total allowable 8 bit images for the image size that is selected The product of the total number of tiles being acquired and the number of cycles should not exceed the total allowable number of 8 bit images The delay frames is the time delay that is desired during multiple cycle acquisi tion the delay between cycles Figure 27 b shows a schematic of a cyclic acquisition b Pulse cyclic acquisition with delay Figure 27 Concluded Using quartz lamp heating Frame Avgs 16 Pulse heating Background OFF 256 x 256 Frame size 16 Tiles ON of Tiles 32 Delay 0 1 e the parame ters in figure 26 a enables the quartz lamps to stay on for 16 30 16 8 53 sec number of frames averaged 16 divided by video frame rate 30 fps times the duration 16 frames Though the time comes to 8 53 sec the actual time the lamps stay on will be slightly greater because of fractional time loss one frame time in writing image data from one memory tile to the other during acquisition Another example parameter set uses flash lamp heating Frame Avgs 4 for 16 Pulse heating Background ON 256 x 256 Frame size 1 Tile ON of Tiles 32 28 Data Dump Reduction Bits Filename
7. Derivative pull down menu or from the Utilities toolbox tool The Card Memory menu item can be selected only if there is image data that has been collected using the SnapShot menu item in the Special menu Time derivative data reduction on TIA Custom NuVision image data residing on the hard disk is performed by selecting the Open File menu item under the Special menu Time Derivative pull down menu or from the Utilities toolbox tool Time derivative data reduction on generic binary image data sets residing in the hard disk can also be performed by selecting the Import File menu item under the Special Menu Time Derivative pull down menu or from the Utilities toolbox tool Once the time derivative is selected for an image data set a dialog box shown previously in fig 7 a opens for the user to select a ROI After a ROI has been selected another dialog box opens for calculating the time derivative as shown in figure 28 b TD Weights Frames to TO at b Time derivative TD weights dialog box Figure 28 Continued 30 The TD Weights dialog box requires an input for the frames range and the frame at which the time derivative 1s to be evaluated The default values that are filled in are the maximum image range 1 e to the maximum number of images in the card memory or data file and the TD are evaluated at the eighth frame in time for a sequence of 32 frames in time Figure 28 c shows the time derivative image that w
8. EIN 14 De Fc 1 ESTAMPA E E EE E O ask es tae ee bs Shee Re ee bo Be Dg ok a eee es 15 Dl Show ISO SLAM 345 oo4 eee Oh ea ee eRe Lhe ese ete aea aes 15 A SUC A A A I gS a Pe AN See 16 LO COn A verace Plo s4 tica aa wae Adena Cote aora dea 17 Did SA ae VOL beraa Solent Mears O be nd 17 a PAA ANVeraAse TE01ON DIO das oe peed bee ewe bee ae edew eee iii 19 So Aad ANC APIO A A E A ate Bee eos oe AA 20 STAS Hornz nal lime plot usina lis ao la didas 21 old Vertical plc pd id Gia ees ida tados 22 iii A A O O ane oer ee Oe eae aan 23 DM O O NN 24 Oe A II O 25 SAVE VIC EAS A AT E oe Ba ai 26 e STEE E EE EET A E ahs Secs Sad had cee oe ncn E eect cate ake EE eg 26 A ate oes eM aes Bee he dae ee eee 29 320 07 Me Dervi h a io ree eee ere eee rea ere 29 HON OEMAZES RS oh eee aR OS A E A AAA OS Dees 31 OI as a li Ne a 32 OI e e nap T des ado E EE EEE Ab EE 32 IO WIDI O e ee ae ease Gee RN 33 A ES E e ras E E E EE Ble red de EE EE E 34 A D N Ie rra da rales rado ees 34 Ae Output Data ple E A a A E wed es 36 O SSA AN a A E A as 37 AS AAA ES O 38 BiDHO TAPD e ais iio a iia is iso et ias 39 1v 1 0 Introduction This user s manual describes the installation and operation of TIA the Thermal Imaging acquisition and processing Application developed by the Nondestructive Evaluation Sciences Branch at NASA Langley Research Center Hampton Virginia TIA is a user friendly graphical interface application for the Macintosh II and higher series
9. Figure 19 Analysis menu 3 7 1 Show Histogram The Show Histogram menu item can be selected from the Analysis menu or the Utilities toolbox An image ROI must be selected before the histogram can be generated The histogram plot which shows the pixel distribution in the ROI in an image can be modified for printing by customizing the plot parameters Cus tomizing is explained in more detail in section 3 7 4 on Plot A window showing the histogram of the pixel distribution is drawn for the image ROI fig 20 15 AA TAM Frame 1 Histogram Humber of Pixels 0 26 51 76 10 128 153 178 204 230 255 Pixel Value Figure 20 Histogram plot The histogram plot can be printed to hard copy by selecting the Print Plot menu item from the File menu 3 7 2 Statistics The Statistics selection from the Analysis menu or the Utilities toolbox gives the image ROI statistics shown in the Info box fig 21 The minimum and maximum values in the ROI including the number of pixel values the average pixel value and the standard deviation are printed in the Info window Global Hin 4 00 Hax 254 00 Mir 7 29 Max 221 13 H 10368 Avg 21 31 Std Den 26 34 Figure 21 Region statistics 16 3 7 3 Column Average Plot The Column Average Plot menu item from the Analysis menu or the Utilities toolbox draws a column average plot from a previously selected region of interest A plot is shown fig 22 that repre
10. Values As The Save Selection As and Save Plot Values As menu items let the user save an image or the plot values to the disk If the window that is being saved is an image the save selection puts up a custom Save Image box as shown in figure 8 The user can save the image data as a raw NuVision Data set that TIA and Custom NuVision applications can open by selecting the radio button NuVision Data If a PICT file is needed switching the radio button to PICT will save the data in this format The Save Plot Values As menu comes up when a Plot window is the cur rent window selected See section 3 7 4 for more information on Plot ii cadelafi s F 33430 Gh THR GERE ii tig Relies Li FER manual ghani a Desktop MEE ii fim scale Li tit aos save Image As Save O CYELE 8 16B 13 NU O PICT e Nullision Data Figure 8 Save Image If the window being saved has a Plot the Save Plot Values selection opens a stan dard Save dialog box for saving the individual x y data values from the graph The stored data are in standard plot text format that can be used to open with other plotting applications 3 4 6 Print The Print selection sends the contents of the selected window to the printer The printer needs to be selected from the Apple menu item Chooser The printer can be a LaserWriter PostScript laser printer or a color printer 3 4 7 Quit The Quit selection under the File menu is for exiting the TIA application The
11. application displays a dialog box as shown in figure 9 to confirm the Quit Quit for SURE Figure 9 Quit dialog box If the user selects Yes to quit the application exits and returns to the Macintosh Finder interface If No is selected the application is still running and returns to the state that existed before the Quit selection 3 5 Edit The Edit menu that is shown in figure 10 is used for standard Macintosh image transfers and manipulations Cut Copy Selection Paste Clear Select All Flip Horizontal Flip Vertical Deallocate Frame F Figure 10 Edit menu 3 5 1 Undo The Undo item under the Edit menu cancels the last performed operation on the image 3 5 2 Cut The Cut menu has not been implemented in the current software version 3 5 3 Copy Selection The Copy Selection menu enables the user to copy an image or an image region onto the Macintosh clipboard This image then can be pasted to any graphics design application for publication and archival of results Note Save Image As from the File menu selection that is discussed in figure 8 performs the same function if the graphics application can open a PICT file For larger images this is usually the better option 3 5 4 Paste The Paste menu has not been implemented in the current software version 3 5 5 Clear The Clear menu has not been implemented in the current software version 3 5 6 Select All The user can select the Se
12. computers The software has been developed to interface with the Perceptics Westinghouse PixelPipe and PixelStore NuBus cards and the GW Instruments MacADIOS input output 1 0 card for the Macintosh for imaging thermal data The software is also capable of performing generic image processing functions For a quick start in acquiring images using TIA turn to sec tion 3 8 4 2 0 Installation and Start Up 2 1 Hardware Installation The portable thermal imaging system hardware is a user installable product The hardware requirements are a Macintosh II family personal computer PixelPipe and PixelStore image processing cards a MacADIOS A D I O card and heat lamps with a trigger box The NuBus interface cards should be installed inside the Macintosh as shown in figure 1 Camera controller and monitor Macintosh monitor Power supply Macintosh video card PixelPipe card PixelStore card Infrared camera Quartz flash lamps D MacAdios card Trigger box Figure 1 System hardware setup The MacADIOS I O card is connected by a ribbon cable to an analog break out ABO box which is connected to a trigger box by a BNC video cable The trig ger box is used to power the quartz tube or flash tube lamps The RS 170 video output from the infrared IR camera is fed to the video in connector of the PixelPipe image processor card by a BNC video cable Th
13. 4H 0 1 0 5 DEMO 1 0 3 256 256 O m e m sm demo nde 3 0 1 Background window on start up 0 NO 1 YES SnapShot dialog on start up 0 NO 1 YES Number of cycles Delay Number of frames Frame averages Frame size Heating 0 OFF 1 ON Heating Type 0 CONT 1 PULSE Background 0 OFF 1 ON Number of frames for lamps ON Data dump 0 OFF 1 ON Data size 8 or 16 Data reduction O OFF 1 ON File name Scaling 0 OFF 1 ON MIN MAX Number of cycles Delay Number of frames Frame averages Frame size Heating O OFF 1 ON Heating type 0 CONT 1 PULSE Background 0 OFF 1 ON Number of frames for lamps ON Data dump 0 OFF 1 ON Data size 8 or 16 Data reduction 0 OFF 1 ON File name Number of frames Scaling 0 OFF 1 ON MIN 35 0 5 MAX 1 0 Weights follow 0 0 1 0 The file contents can be changed to suit the user s sample configuration If only 16 frames are being acquired simply change the value 32 to 16 and modify the time derivative weights accordingly 4 2 Output Data File The output data file created by SnapShot has a 30 byte header followed by the image data in sequence The image data size will depend on the following image size each pixel size and the number of images that are being acquired The 30 byte header format is shown below Byte 1 2 version ID B
14. 80 pixels Most cameras have RS 170 video signal output An image region in memory that is mapped to the applica tion display interface Temperature image data in time is fitted to a second order polynomial the value of the time derivative is obtained by taking the derivative of this polynomial at a given time Drivers for the MacADIOS A D I O interface card Images at 30 fps 37 6 Troubleshooting If there are specific questions or problems regarding the TIA application usage please write or call K Elliott Cramer Nondestructive Evaluation Sciences Branch MS 231 NASA Langley Research Center Hampton VA 23681 04 864 4970 04 864 4914 fax Some of the known bugs and their solutions are listed in the sections below A dialog box appears with a warning that the acgdatafile does not exist in the cur rent application folder Y Locate the acgdatafile and copy it into the current application folder A dialog box appears with a warning that the PixelPipe and PixelStore cards are not installed in the computer Y Make sure the cards are installed and if not install the cards following the cards installation procedure If the cards are already installed reseat the cards Restart the computer and the TIA application should recognize the cards TIA warns with a dialog box that the PixelStore cards are not installed in the computer even though they exist in the computer Y Quit the TIA application and rest
15. NASA Technical Memorandum 4687 TIA Software User s Manual K Elliott Cramer Langley Research Center Hampton Virginia Hazari I Syed Analytical Services amp Materials Inc Hampton Virginia National Aeronautics and Space Administration Langley Research Center Hampton Virginia 23681 0001 September 1995 The use of trademarks or names of manufacturers in this report is for accurate reporting and does not constitute an official endorsement either expressed or implied of such products or manufacturers by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Arvind R Prabhu Analytical Services amp Materials Inc Hampton Virginia has also contributed to the development of the Thermal Im aging Application Work was supported under contracts NAS1 19236 and NAS1 20043 with Analytical Services amp Materials Inc Hampton Virginia Available electronically at the following URL address http techreports larc nasa gov ltrs ltrs html Printed copies available from the following NASA Center for AeroSpace Information National Technical Information Service NTIS 800 Elkridge Landing Road 5285 Port Royal Road Linthicum Heights MD 21090 2934 Springfield VA 22161 2171 301 621 0390 703 487 4650 Contents LO INToOducton ens a a nok ee ee oe Sea eee ae en edad dl a ae eno ee l 20 No AAA T T E amp E G l Dols lake Ware nstalatOM ondaa iaa e ai ti a tE l 22 DOM Ware ISA AO A A E EI de EAS A SSE Se a 2
16. POPE Oee r Eae e E ON 2 O A A A II 2 52s WSEE trace araa a a di bd a a a a A 3 SAP pS Me Meerse o ti a Seah bes 4 Sapo Men seres pi ais ei ate 4 NW cas RA RR Se A SA eos 5 E AN 5 E A SI ee ens des ea eG Sa ners ne 8 AAN PIC a Hoek Ate oie Bote wee Na 8 3 4 5 Save Selection As and Save Plot Values AS o ooooooooooo ooo ee eee 8 JAG INU tun oa eee E ete he ont eee ol eee An a ae ceria tate 9 A A A II Soest ine yen ene ee 9 O oases cite ee ee he do ed Hehe Bat abe SR ad Sa sh Ge ee Ae Eee Oh a Sami el 9 Dee INO utes amp Septet eras Gh Mak ee ats Good Opus Rebs A A 10 SR A AI ee eee bs oh ben ae Be eee ei beens 10 D5 COP A heehee ele Be Ee ae eee ee ee hee es 10 A E cites had tne se a tat hte ea ies we E EE cena stoners tii ean Ste thats aes eee eect 10 A ats hob ge sed A See ete eek oes 10 Dee Op SC SSA 10 3 5 7 Flip Horizontal and Flip Vertical 2 2 een nes 10 9 50 Wea Ocdte MeaMe cnet te ae E Gi EE E eae ee tae oe ho 8 Su 11 o ee ae Ae E AI Oe oo eR EA 11 IA Hey IOUS US O tans 11 SA OO Ma AOS a os o E Ig 11 SN A O E NO 12 POONA Pe eaea a isa Be a ead Na hs alee age ta atte Sd ihe Winey ates fa ahaa 12 356 0 Reduce NOISG riada ds a tat ob wees 12 IO OAIN ONE 6 4 woe raa ea hah eben o ob eae a bb oo cebaet bobs eedee ses 12 SO JE CONV OIVE rt babe ee OR AS LEE OSS oa ORAS a 13 A A es BE a Nieves he aed oh Sw Pe ete BUS eas ee 14 ZOV AICO OM CLAS A A a a I eS 14 SOLO Apply aw Sc Garg ate A Mas ale A NS Re ake
17. age window should be selected first If the user then selects the Plot menu item or the Plot tool in the Utilities toolbox the plot can be generated as shown in figure 23 e 19 Frame 13 Average Plot y ql K 5 ql sy a ln ql 8 11 15 18 21 25 28 32 35 Frame Humber e Average plot Figure 23 Continued The user can customize the plot by double clicking on the plot window and modi fying the plot preferences 3 7 4 2 Linear plot The linear plot generates a plot from data that is derived by drawing a line in any orientation across an image window By selecting the linear plot tool from the Utilities toolbox the user can draw a line across the image win dow then by selecting the Plot menu item or the Plot tool in the Utilities toolbox the user can generate the plot shown in figure 23 f 20 Frame 13 Linear Plot y ql K a I O 24 48 72 96 120 145 169 193217 241 Delta L f Linear plot Figure 23 Continued The user can customize the plot by double clicking on the plot window and modi fying the plot preferences 3 7 4 3 Horizontal line plot The user generates the horizontal line plot by select ing the horizontal line plot tool from the Utilities toolbox and moving the cursor across the image window A plot is generated automatically and changes as the cursor moves from top to bottom across the image Clicking the mouse button over the image region will draw
18. art TIA The Look up table scale on the utilities toolbox window goes white and the gray map line appears noncontinuous Y Closing the utilities toolbox and reopening it will solve the problem Also before starting an image acquisition using SnapShot make sure the utilities toolbox is closed NASA Langley Research Center Hampton VA 23681 0001 June 26 1995 38 Bibliography Cramer K E Syed Hazari and Winfree William P Thermographic Detection of Cracks in Thin Sheets Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation Volume 10A Donald O Thompson and Dale E Chimenti eds Plenum Press 1991 pp 1087 1094 Syed Hazari I Winfree William P Cramer K Elliott and Howell Patricia A Thermographic Detection of Corrosion in Aircraft Skin Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation Volume 12B Donald O Thompson and Dale E Chimenti eds Plenum Press 1993 pp 2035 2041 Syed Hazari I Winfree William P and Cramer K Elliott Processing Infrared Images of Aircraft Lapjoints Thermosense XIV An International Conference on Thermal Sensing and Imaging Diagnostic Applications Jan K Eklund ed SPIE vol 1682 1992 pp 171 177 Winfree William P and James Patricia H Thermographic Detection of Disbonds Proceedings of the 35th International Instrumentation Symposium ISA 1989 pp 183 188 Winfree William P Crews B Scott Syed Hazari Howell Patricia and Cramer
19. as evaluated based on input parameters from the TD Weights dialog box J O C CLE 8 168 td 1 00 c Time derivative image Figure 28 Concluded 3 8 7 Normalize Normalization is a useful feature for reducing the effects of uneven heating and emissivity variations With this technique the thermal response curves are depen dent only on thickness and diffusivity By using different windowing techniques one may be able to observe defects occurring at specific times Three such normalization techniques have been implemented within TIA The output images are derived from the following equations Y Img i 1 Output image j i Img j n Output image y Img i n x Img j i 1 Y Img i t 1 Y Img 7 el Output image 31 where i and j take values from to n and n is the total number of sequential images Imgli Imglj i 1 to 16 Co Imgli N Iimglj OE Imgli Imglj a Normalization dialog A Figure 29 Normalization Type dialog boxes The dialog boxes shown in figure 29 enable the user to toggle from the three implemented routines for normalization Normalization Type CoE Imgli Imglj i 1 to 16 Co Imgli N Iimglj Imglil tmg j JF to 30 b Normalization dialog B Figure 29 Concluded A normalized image is displayed on completion of the operation Further image processing can be done of the image by using the t
20. b sn Folder File Drive Options PinelToolsstdinc h gt DataDisk PinelTools tdinc h eee plotheader h E plotutils c a progress c pos 0 CYCLE 8 16B o o 0 CYCLE 8 16B td regionsel c Hna o selplotreg c SP L Previous Region of Interest Width 1 O 8 bit O Swap Bytes Height 382 16 bit Signed i i Offset 3 O 16 bit Unsigned 4 32 bit Floating Point Frames 5 b Import Image window Figure 7 Continued The parameters that describe the data set should be selected appropriately so that TIA can open the images correctly Incorrect parameters will result in the images being skewed or noisy The check selection for Previous Region of Interest indi cates whether or not there is an existing ROI that is defined Leaving the previous ROI unchecked causes the window fig 7 a to open when the imported file is opened If the previous ROI is checked the images are opened within the bounds of the ROI Only one radio button can be selected for the image data type 8 bit 16 bit Signed 16 bit Unsigned or 32 bit Floating Point Two byte data 16 bits can be swapped by checking the Swap Bytes selection Checking is necessary if there is a need to import data from an IBM PC compatible or a DEC workstation computer The dimensions of the image data set need to be correctly specified in the boxes labeled Width and Height If there is any header offset in bytes before the start of the image data this condition needs to be e
21. bles Tools that are available through the Utilities window are also available through menu items and are described throughout this manual xX 196 Hidth 94 Y 166 Height 94 Value 3 98 2513 Frame Hin 0 00 Hax 234 00 C TE SEE WIDE FILTER FILTER FILTER FILTER a Utilities window b Info window Figure 4 Utilities and Info 3 The Info window fig 4 b contains updated cursor information on the active image window Listed in the Info window are the minimum and maximum pixel values of the current image frame and also the global minimum and maximum values of the entire image data set Mean and standard deviation results are also printed for the region of interest ROI that 1s evaluated 3 3 Apple Menu The Apple menu contains only one TIA specific item About TIA When About TIA is selected a dialog box is displayed fig 5 which gives the version and credits to the developers of TIA Clicking the mouse button once makes the dialog box disappear The suggested memory allocation is 4000 kB 4 MB To increase the suggested memory allocation refer to the Macintosh User s Manual for set ting application memory size For large image files a larger memory allocation may be necessary Of the 4 megabytes MB set aside for the application 3 3 MB are available for loading the image data The remaining 700 kB is used to run the application Lmaging Thermal TIA Ver 3 08 Nondestructive EVRA UON Sciences ran
22. ch Add Langley Aesearch Center Hangon kA Dereloped by Arvind Prabho Hazari Syed D Under Contract HARI 19236 with ASEH Ter 1953 Application Heap 3502 KE ytes Largest Block 3300 EB ytes Figure 5 About TIA The remaining items in the Apple menu are system specific e g desk accessories and the active applications in MultiFinder 3 4 File Menu The file menu is used for all file input output and printing Since TIA is not a tra ditional document processing application its File menu as shown in figure 6 dif fers from the standard New Open Close format The File menu is used for loading images from Macintosh disks or PixelStore smart memory into the TIA applica ton memory and for loading and saving a variety of other data files and look up tables The File menu is also used to print images and various plots generated by the application The individual menu items are described 4 OFEN Open Image import Image Close Card Memory save PICT Load LUT save Selection As 364 Print P Figure 6 File menu 3 4 1 New The New menu has not been implemented in the current software version 3 4 2 Open The Open menu item enables the user to load an image data set or an existing color look up table The Open pull down menu items are Open Image Import Image Card Memory and Load LUT The Open Image selection from the File menu or the Open tool from the Utilities toolbox opens a
23. esk accessory simply double click on the application icon If the Perceptics boards are properly installed in the Macintosh the application will run in the interactive acquisition mode If the Perceptics boards are not properly seated or 1f they are missing from the Macintosh TIA will run as a stand alone image processing program without data acquisition capability All menu items that are dependent on the PixelPipe and PixelStore cards will be dimmed When TIA is being used as a stand alone image processing program a warning message is displayed fig 3 This message will let the user know which if any of the installed cards are not functioning as they should be Clicking on the Okay button or simply pressing the Return key will continue the application O Hardware Error Could not find the following PixnelPipeline PinelStore MacADlios Related functions dimmed Figure 3 Warning dialog 3 2 User Interface The user interface is a standard Macintosh interface with available functions high lighted under their respective menu items Each menu item in the user interface will be discussed Two useful tools can be opened under the Windows menu Info and Utilities The Utilities window fig 4 a is the collection of tools available for basic image pro cessing and acquisition The color look up table LUT in the Utilities window shows the current LUT in use and can be changed to any six predefined color ta
24. is connection should be made with the video IN1 line of the PixelPipe cards TIA controls the syn chronization of the heat input and data acquisition 2 2 Software Installation Figure 2 illustrates the icons for the software found on the accompanying disk including the application program TIA V2 0 and the TurboDrivers file TIA is the executable program for the thermal imaging system TurboDrivers contains the device driver for the MacADIOS I O interface card that is manufactured by GW Instruments These drivers are used to control the heat lamps during data acquisition The acgdatafile is an ASCII text input data file that contains the ini tial setup parameters for the thermal imaging setup The icons labeled xyz pic and xyz nv are the icons for output data written from TIA The first is for an image saved as a picture file and the second is the NuVision data saved for the time series of images that are collected To install the software simply select all the icons on the disk and drag them from the floppy disk to a new folder on the destination hard drive Holding down the shift key allows multiple selection of icons TIA TurboDrivers and acgdatafile must coexist in the same folder Figure 2 Software icons 3 0 Operation 3 1 Running TIA The TIA application is a Macintosh program for use with the PixelStore and PixelPipe image processing cards To run TIA from the standard Finder desk top or MultiFinder d
25. lect All menu item to select the entire image region for either copying or for performing image analysis using the imaging tools from the Utilities toolbox 3 5 7 Flip Horizontal and Flip Vertical The Flip Horizontal and the Flip Vertical menu items can be selected from the Edit menu or from the Utilities toolbox The user can flip either the entire image or a ROI If a flip ROI is desired the user must select the ROI before the Flip Horizontal or Flip Vertical menu item is selected A dialog box as shown in figure 11 opens for the user s input Flip Image Current Frame OFrom 1 to 1 Figure 11 Flip Image dialog box 10 The user can perform either the Flip Horizontal or Flip Vertical operation on the current frame ROI or on a series of image frames ROI The flip on the current frame can be undone by performing an Undo from the Edit menu The flip on a series of image frames cannot be undone Use caution if the data need to be preserved 3 5 8 Deallocate Frame The Deallocate Frame menu item is useful when the user is opening a data set with a large number of images Since the minimum application memory is limited to available Macintosh resident memory there are times when not all the images will be loaded into the application memory If there is memory enough to open 40 frames and the file has images totaling 64 frames the user can deallocate some frames so that more unopened images can be displayed When a frame i
26. lowed by the image frame data in image sequence and binary format The data format is explained in more detail in the next chapter After all the user parameters are selected and entered clicking Okay will start the acquisition process clicking Cancel will quit the SnapShot dialog Once the acquisition has been started clicking the Com mand and period keys will abort the acquisition process 3 8 5 Demo Demo is a customized Special menu item that can be used to set up thermal exper iment demonstrations on known samples with defects The parameters used by Demo during SnapShot are read from the text file acqdatafile These parameters can be changed using any text editor 3 8 6 Time Derivative The user can perform time derivative TD reduction on stored images in a post processing mode by selecting the Time Derivative menu item from the Special menu The image data can reside in three modes the SmartStore card memory a TIA Custom NuVision data file that is stored on disk or a generic binary image data set See fig 28 a 29 Special Animate a6 B LUTs Live Video Snapshot Wee Card Memory 0 Normalize Open File a6 R Diffusivity Import File 365 save SnapShot a Time Derivative pull down menu Figure 28 Time Derivative options The user can perform time derivative data reduction on data that is residing in the PixelStore memory cards by selecting the Card Memory menu item under the Special menus Time
27. m t tol1 Figure 13 Filter dialog box 3 6 4 Sharpen The Sharpen filter increases the contrast and accentuates detail in the selection but may also accentuate noise To minimize noise the user can Smooth or Reduce Noise before using Sharpen By default a 3 x3 pixel size kernel is used for smoothing but can be changed to any kernel size as shown in the dialog box fig 13 3 6 5 Reduce Noise Reduce Noise is a median filter in which each pixel is replaced with the median value of its nine nearest neighbors Reducing noise is a time consuming operation because for each pixel in the selection the nine pixels in the 3 x 3 neighborhood must be sorted and the center pixel must be replaced with the median value the fifth By default a 3 x3 kernel is used for smoothing but the kernel can be changed to any size as shown in the dialog box fig 13 3 6 6 Add Noise Add Noise is a feature that is implemented specifically for comparing finite ele ment results to experimental results By default a value of 10 is chosen for the multiplier to the Gaussian derivative but the value can be changed as shown in figure 14 bauss Noise O Current Frame From 1 to 13 Figure 14 Add Noise dialog box 12 J The Gaussian distribution routine is used to provide a normal distribution with a standard deviation of 1 The image data are changed by adding the deviate error to these data as shown in the expression below
28. mber of cycles parameter Pulse heating turns the lamps ON and OFF for a user specified duration number of frames during each acquisition cycle The radio button selection for frame size lets the user select an image region of 128 x 128 pixels 256 x 256 pixels or 512x512 pixels for memory allocation and storage The image size should be selected depending on the camera s spatial resolution The background check box specifies whether or not a background image is to be acquired before the heat lamps are turned on The background image can be useful in reducing the noise and variations in emissivity A background image selection will affect the number of image tiles being acquired The user should specify the duration in the number of tiles that are selected and how long the heat lamps are to stay ON with respect to the total frames that are 27 H of Tiles Cycles Delay being acquired The difference between the total number of tiles and the number of tiles in which the lamps are ON determines how long the lamps will be in the OFF state during each acquisition cycle The of Tiles entry is a value corresponding to the number of averaged sequential images being acquired This value can be up to the maximum allowable image tiles for the system The table below shows the maximum number of available 8 bit image tiles for a PixelPipe system with 32 MB memory board configura tion For example one can acquire a maximum of 64 tiles for
29. n existing experimental data set created from a disk by the appli cations TIA and Custom NuVision Selecting an image data set from the disk dis plays an image as shown in figure 7 a with the appropriate parameters filled in as they are defined in the data file The image data set has a set of 32 frames with each image having a 256 x 256 pixel size A region of interest can be selected as shown by the dashed box region in the image The selected region shown has a width of 203 pixels and a height of 182 pixels The user can either open all 32 frames in the data set by clicking the radio button All or select a starting frame and an ending frame by selecting the radio button From The entire image can be selected by clicking the button Select Entire Image and can be deselected by clicking the Undo Selection button Clicking the Okay button fig 7 a will open the images from the disk The file open operation can be aborted by clicking the Cancel button Image Characterictics Top 32 Bottom 213 Left 31 Right 233 Height 182 Total Width 203 Frames 361 All 2 O From to pr Select Entire Image 385 Undo Selection U a Selection from Open Image menu item including ROI Figure 7 Options under Open pull down menu 5 Import Image opens an image data set stored in binary format on the disk The image data set can be 1 byte 2 bytes or 4 bytes in depth Selecting Import Image opens a window as shown in figure 7
30. n the camera s field of view Clicking the mouse button anywhere on the screen will abort the live video session 3 8 4 SnapShot The SnapShot menu item from the Special menu or the Utilities toolbox opens a dialog box fig 27 a which is used to run the thermal imaging system for data acquisition This dialog box has numerous user input parameters and radio button controls to select different options for data acquisition 26 Frame Avgs Heating Frame Size Background Tiles ON Acquire Data fou snapshot Frame Augs 36H x Heating Frame Size H W EC O Cont 1 128 H 128 EP Pulse 42 50256 H 256 3B CL Background 3 35124512 Tiles ON 16 Cycles 1 of Tiles Delay 0 HE Previous ROI 4 O Bet 20 Data Dump 5 16 bit T Data Reduction Filename testimage nde a SnapShot dialog box Figure 27 Data acquisition A number from 4 to 256 must be entered for the number of live video frames aver aged together to form an image tile Note The product of average frames and the number of cycles should not exceed 256 while data are being acquired in 16 bit mode Data overflow will occur if the product is greater than 256 The heating can be turned ON or OFF by checking the check box If the box is checked continuous or pulse heating can be selected from the radio button Con tinuous heating will leave the lamps on for the duration of the data acquisition cycle This option ignores the nu
31. ntered in the Offset box The total number of image frames in the data set is entered in the Frames box Clicking Open opens the images as shown in figure 7 c while Cancel aborts the Import Image function OFEH SHEE O CYCLE 8 166 SSS l 16H c Open tile window Figure 7 Continued The Card Memory selection from the File menu or the Open Card tool from the Utilities toolbox opens the set of acquired images from the PixelStore onboard memory and displays the images shown in figure 7 c Selecting this function opens the same window as the Open Image function does as shown in figure 7 a O CYCLE 8 166 d Open tile Figure 7 Concluded Clicking Open opens the images fig 7 c Once the image tiles are open click ing on any image tile will open that image for processing and analysis Figure 7 d shows tile Frame 12 being opened from the several image tiles in data set Q CYCLE 8 16B Any number of tiles can be opened and displayed simultaneously 3 4 3 Close The Close function under the File menu closes any window that is open A win dow also can be closed by clicking on the top left corner box of the window 3 4 4 Save PICT The Save PICT selection from the File menu saves the image frame or an image region to the disk in the Macintosh standard PICT format This saved image file can be opened from any graphics application that has the option to open PICT files 3 4 5 Save Selection As and Save Plot
32. o maintain the aspect ratio by holding the shift key down and clicking the mouse button 24 Animation Keep Aspect Ratio lel ro Jl 21514 MN 15 0 b Animate window Figure 25 Concluded 3 8 2 LUT s There are seven predefined LUT s in the application They are the standard Sys tem Colors Grayscale Temperature scale Reds Fleshtones Earthtones and Rainbow LUT s The LUT s can also be reversed by selecting the Invert LUT menu item Figure 26 a shows the LUT menu as it appears under the Special menu Special Animate B LUTS p AAA Invert LUT a6 Live Video system Colors 1 snapshot Grayscale db A Demo 3 Temperature 3 Reds de 4 Time Derivative H Fleshtones a6 y Normalize Earthtones a6 6 Diffusivity Rainbow r save Snapshot a LUT menu Figure 26 LUT s options New LUT s also can be loaded for use with the images in memory from the Open pull down menu item Load LUT under the File menu The LUT file has to be in a 25 standard LUT file format The corresponding LUT s as they appear in the Utili ties toolbox are shown in figure 26 b System Colors Grayscale Temperature Rise Reds Fleshtones Earthtones Rainbow b Look up tables Figure 26 Concluded 3 8 3 Live Video LIVE l l E l l Live Video displays the infrared camera output on an image window and is useful in setting up the camera and positioning the sample i
33. of image frames in the tile window memory fig 30 b A check mark against a number in the frames pull down menu indicates that these images are currently open To open any image simply select the desired image and a new window will open and display the image for processing Figure 30 b shows that there are 10 image frames in the tile window that are loaded with image 5 cur rently open The user would like to display image 3 33 Windows Stack Windows sel Background Tile Window Frames d 1 Reduced Images H 2 Utilities Info Plot b Frames menu Figure 30 Continued The Reduced Images menu item shown in figure 30 c opens a reduced image that exists in memory Any menu item that is dimmed has not yet been reduced Diffusivity Image cannot be used because it has not been implemented Windows Stack Windows sel Background Tile Window Frames p Reduced Images d Time Derivative Image Normalized Image Utilities Diffusivity Image Info Plot c Reduced Images pull down menu Figure 30 Concluded Utilities Info and Plot menu items open the corresponding windows 4 File Formats 4 1 Input Data File The input data file acgdatafile is used by TIA to set up the initial parameters for acquisition and control An example of a standard file is shown in the following 34 HHH TIA H 0 0 l 0 32 16 256 0 16 0 16 1 testimage nde HHH TD 4
34. oolbox functions 3 8 8 Diffusivity The Diffusivity menu has not been implemented in the current software version 3 8 9 Save SnapShot Save SnapShot under the Special menu is used to save image data to the hard disk that is resident in PixelStore card memory This data set in memory would have been captured by selecting SnapShot from the Special menu This menu item is handy when the user wishes to save the data set after doing trial and error experiments on samples using SnapShot 32 3 9 Windows The Windows menu is used mainly to open the window items listed in the menu that are shown in figure 30 a The Background menu item clears the background and paints a NASA logo in the right hand bottom corner of the monitor All TIA windows and dialog boxes are overlaid on this background if the Background menu item is checked Windows Stack Windows T Background Tile Window Frames lp Reduced Images P e Utilities Info Plot a Windows menu Figure 30 Windows options The Stack Windows menu item arranges the corresponding image windows and plots in their predefined regions on the screen Tile Window opens and displays the image tiles loaded into Mac memory from either disk or PixelStore card memory The check mark against the Tile Window menu item in figure 30 b indicates that the tile window is open The Frames menu item has a pull down menu with numbers that indicate the total number
35. r and Hazari I Syed 7 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME S AND ADDRESS ES 8 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER NASA Langley Research Center L 17471 Hampton VA 23681 0001 9 SPONSORING MONITORING AGENCY NAME S AND ADDRESS ES 10 SPONSORING MONITORING AGENCY REPORT NUMBER National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA TM 4687 Washington DC 20546 0001 11 SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES Cramer Langley Research Center Hampton VA Syed Analytical Services amp Materials Inc Hampton VA 12a DISTRIBUTION AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b DISTRIBUTION CODE Unclassified Unlimited Subject Category 77 Availability NASA CASI 301 621 0390 13 ABSTRACT Maximum 200 words This user s manual describes the installation and operation of TIA the Thermal Imaging acquisition and process ing Application developed by the Nondestructive Evaluation Sciences Branch at NASA Langley Research Center Hampton Virginia TIA is a user friendly graphical interface application for the Macintosh II and higher series computers The software has been developed to interface with the Perceptics Westinghouse PixelPipe and PixelStore NuBus cards and the GW Instruments MacADIOS input output I O card for the Macintosh for imaging thermal data The software is also capable of performing generic image processing functions 14 SUBJECT TERMS l l l 15 NUMBER OF PAGES Infrared thermal imaging Image processing Nondestructive evaluation 42 16 PRICE CODE
36. s deallocated from application memory the Frames item under the Windows menu will have a diamond check next to the deallocated frame 3 6 Enhance Enhance menu functions are used to perform image enhancements on the selected image or images by using different filters The filter functions that are imple mented are Smooth Sharpen Reduce Noise Add Noise Convolve and Modulus Filtering is not limited to rectangular selections The entire image will be filtered if no selection is active Automatic contrast enhancement and application of the LUT to the enhanced image are also implemented through this menu See fig 12 Enhance Previous Filter de Y Original Image 6 Smooth Sharpen Reduce Noise Hdd Noise Convolve Modulus Enhance Contrast 7 Apply LUT Figure 12 Enhance menu 3 6 1 Previous Filter The Previous Filter menu item applies a previously used filter to the selected image 3 6 2 Original Image The Original Image menu item retrieves the image that has been modified to its original state from disk or memory 11 FILTER ert FILTER Cite FILTER iy Eo FILTER Pd iy 3 6 3 Smooth The Smooth filter blurs softens the selected area or the entire image and can be used to reduce noise in an image By default a 3 x 3 kernel is used for smoothing but it can be changed to any kernel size as shown in the dialog box fig 13 Kernel Size Is Current Frame O Fro
37. sents the average pixel values of the columns in the ROI Frame 13 11019 24 10325 78 10632 32 10433 56 10245 40 1003 1 94 3255 49 9663 03 3471 57 Jf 3275 11 9084 65 11 23 44 61 77 94 111 127 144 160 177 Colusn Average Pixel Value Figure 22 Column average plot 3 7 4 Plot The Plot menu item under the Analysis menu or the Utilities toolbox is used to make an X Y plot The plot may be a horizontal line plot a vertical line plot or a line plot in any orientation across the image Also if a sequence of images is opened a region on an image can be selected and an average time profile of the ROI can be plotted The plot can be customized for viewing and printing Double clicking anywhere inside the plot window opens a plot preferences dialog box fig 23 a This dia log box enables the user to change settings for the entire plot window 17 Graph Settings A Axis Settings Y Axis Settings EJ Grid EJ Ticks E Grid EJ Ticks a Decimal Digits a Decimal Digits scientific Oj scientific a Auto a Auto O Manual O Manual Min 4 000 Min 2 466 Mian 191 000 May 5 234 Incr 18 700 Incr 0 772 Label Label Average Pixel Graph Title Column Average Plot E Mark data points E Line through data points a Plot preferences dialog box Figure 23 Graph settings The user input boxes are filled with default values based on the plot values Any or all the parameters can be changed for the plot
38. the installed Perceptics cards The PixelPipe card is a frame grabber with an onboard digital signal processor DSP and an arithmetic logic unit ALU and the SmartStore card stores the sequential real time images in memory The SmartStore card has 32 MB of random access memory RAM available for image storage 23 Special Animate Live Video Snapshot Time Derivative P Mormalize Diffusivity save SnapShot Figure 24 Special menu Each of the special menu items is described in detail in the sections that follow 3 5 1 Animate Animate 1s used for playing a movie sequence of images from memory These images can be loaded to memory from the image processing card memory or from the images stored on hard disk The images being loaded should have at least two or more images for Animate to work Figures 25 a and 25 b show the Animate controls and Animate window with image 15 being displayed DEAS SABIE IDE Pause Back Image Speed control Fast Forward S Scroll Bar Total images Looper Rewind Current image nwaenmage a Animate controls Figure 25 Animate controls and window for image 15 The Animate control bar contains all the information regarding the image data set in memory The current data set in memory used for this example contains a set of 32 images The various buttons for Animate are shown in figure 25 a The user can scale the image contained in the Animate window to fit the entire window or t
39. the plot and hold it for further enhancements to the Plot window Figure 23 g shows the horizontal plot for the horizontal line drawn across a region in the image window The plot clearly shows the differ ences in pixel intensities across the line 21 Frame 13 Horizontal Plot o 20 40 61 81 101 121 141 162 182 202 g Horizontal line plot Figure 23 Continued By double clicking on the plot window and modifying the plot preferences the user can customize the plot 3 7 4 4 Vertical line plot The user generates the vertical line plot by selecting the vertical line plot tool from the Utilities toolbox and moving the cursor across the image window A plot is generated automatically and changes as the cursor moves from left to right across the image Clicking the mouse button over the image region will draw the plot and hold for further enhancements to the Plot window Figure 23 h shows the vertical plot for the vertical line drawn across a region in the image window The plot clearly shows the differences in pixel intensities across the line 22 Frame 13 Wertical Plot h Vertical line plot Figure 23 Concluded The user can customize the plot by double clicking on the plot window and modi fying the plot preferences 3 8 Special The Special menu items shown in figure 24 enable the user to perform image acquisition and data processing on the acquired images These image processing functions interact with
40. ulus dialog box Mod Dalue Current Frame O From 17 to 20 Figure 16 Modulus dialog box 3 6 9 Enhance Contrast The Enhance Contrast menu item from the Enhance menu or the Utilities toolbox enhances the image region of interest by recalculating the minimum and maxi mum values in the ROI and by scaling the pixel values to the 256 level LUT This action changes the LUT gray map on the Utilities toolbox Figure 17 shows the images before and after applying Enhance Contrast to the image ROI Frame 1 Frame 1 Before After Figure 17 Before and after Enhance Contrast applied to image ROI 3 6 10 Apply LUT Apply LUT can be selected from the Enhance menu or the Utilities toolbox This menu function should be used with caution because it destroys the original image and modifies the screen pixel values to reflect the enhanced image Figure 18 14 shows the image region for which the LUT has been applied to the enhanced region Frame 1 Figure 18 Apply LUT to Enhanced region The region that has been enhanced will be modified by using the new minimum and maximum values with the region and by scaling to the 0 255 limits of the color LUT 3 7 Analysis The Analysis menu includes Show Histogram Statistics Column Average Plot and Plot items fig 19 Each menu item is explained in detail in the following sections Analysis Show Histogram 2H Statistics Column Average Plot Plot b
41. yte 3 4 pixel size Byte 5 6 number of rows Byte 7 8 number of columns Byte 9 10 number of averages on each tile Byte 11 12 number of image tiles Byte 13 30 unused reserved for future use Byte 31 end of file image data 36 5 Glossary ABO ASCII binary TIA acqdatafile digitizer Fourier transform frame NuBus pixel RS 170 tile time derivative TurboDrivers video frame rate An analog break out box American Standard Code for Information Interchange a standard for the codes assigned to text characters Output data format A graphical user interface application for thermal imaging on a Macintosh desktop computer An ASCII input data file for the TIA application containing initial set up parameters The hardware that converts an analog video signal into a digital image Also referred to as a frame grabber A mathematical operation which transforms a time domain signal into a frequency domain signal In two dimensions Fourier transform converts a spatial image into a frequency image The fast Fourier transform FFT algorithm is the most popular method of computing the Fourier transform A complete raster scan video image The expansion bus for the modular Macintosh II series and above A picture element The smallest element of an image which is stored or displayed A common monochrome video standard that has 2 1 inter lace a rate of 30 fps and a nominal resolution of 640 x 4
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