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Geek Binary Alarm Clock Senior Design Dec06-04

1. 60 FIGURE 7 2 PREVOUS PROJECT DELIVERABLES 60 FIGURE 7 3 ADJUSTED GANTT CHART OF PROJECT SCHEDUIE 61 FIGURE 7 4 PREVIOUS GANTT CHART OF PROJECT SCHEDULE 62 List of Tables FABLE IT BINARY GODE EXAMPLE E 3 TABLE 3 1 REGULAR LED TABLE 3 2 ULTRA BRIGHT LED 16 TABLE 3 3 OPERATING CHARAGTERISTIGS FOR RED MDK AND GREEN VG POOP O RRE 17 TABLE 34 BATTERY ECH ER HEN e 26 TABLE 4 1 POWER FUNCTIONALITY TESTING TABLE 36 TABLE 4 2 CURRENT TIME DISPLAY FUNCTIONALITY TABLE 38 TABLE 4 3 CURRENT DATE DISPLAY FUNCTIONALITY TABLE 39 TABLE 4 4 DAY LIGHT SAVING ADJUSTMENT FUNCTIONALITY TABLE 39 TABLE A S ALARM TABLE iii 40 TABLE 4 6 ALARM SOUND FUNCTIONALITY TABLE 40 TABLE 4 7 BATTERY BACKUP FUNCTIONALITY TABLE 41 TABLE 5 1 COMPONENT INFORMATION 48 TABLE 6 1 ADJUSTED ESTIMATED PROJECT COST 56 TABLE 6 2 PREVIOUS ESTIMATED PROJECT COST 57 TABLE 6 3 ADJUSTED PERSONAL ESTIMATED PROJECT HOURS 58 TABLE 6 4 PREVIOUS PERSONAL ESTIMATED PROJECT HOURFRS 99 List of Definitions AC DC rectifier an electronic device that converts alternating current to direct current Binary a number system using a base of 2 consisting of on off high low or ones and zeros used by almost all computer systems C programming language a powerful efficient low level language developed in the 19
2. HER ruan Le el tt pi Er righi e SOC Sieeeship Tree lp Les s H ert ws C Doon doa N Rtg LE Cd de pig FILS ARMES oo SESE Rei Jun GT 3123 E En PE rss an KS gate RK RAHE T RS IR Figure 3 15 Example screenshot from MPLAB This IDE will provide the necessary environment to write and test software before loading into the microcontroller The overall process is described in the following steps 1 Obtain a blank PIC 2 write a program in the MPLAB IDE 3 Compile and simulate the program in MPLAB 4 load the final program onto the PICMicro microcontroller and 5 test the microcontroller in a real circuit The testing of the microcontroller will mainly be performed with help from the IDE and the test board available in the senior design lab The following is some pseudo code that generally reflects the operation of the software for the Geek Binary Alarm Clock Tinolude lt files gt IJ prototypes void checkUI voto Ini J void aquireOSC void sendOSC void aquireReceiverIC int ctr void sendReceiverIC vold buzzer 32 lideclare tame counter TRE EE ee int main Til U enter super loop while 1 check for user input CheckUI perform necessary changes aquireOSC process OSC acknowledge receipt sen naosci s piezo alarm buzzer code HE tps q ser alarm gt buzzert get time update form ReceiverIC aquireReceiverIC c
3. 0 20 1 02 1 60 3 69 2 50 0 90 5 2 Block Diagrams of Design Figure 4 2 a presents a high level block diagram of the binary digital geek clock where as Figure 4 2 b presents the circuit schematics of this device Antenna Receiver IC Real Time Clock User Interface PIC Microcontroller Buttons y _ LCD Display LED Display Buzzer Figure 5 1 Geek clock block diagram 49 LED Display Q2 NMOS R1 1 POS E 100 T R1 7 User Buttons PIC Microcontroller 5 NEG MCLRIYPPITHY S 47u Input1 RADIANO Input2 RAVAN Inputs RAZ ANZSYREF Input4 RAS ANSSYREF input E 8 pRa rocki Input6 ES Rees RAS AN4ISS Input 9 REORD ANS 10 RETIARIANG 11 RE2 CS AN7 13 OSC1 CLKIN OSC2ICLOKOUT RCOMOSOT1CK1 171 Mrt a5 18 RC2 CCP1 RCSISCKISCL Antenna Cor MTC SOBD2XFYNSA Y Battery BackUpon E k 5 353904 vde Figure 5 2 Geek clock circuit schematic 5 2 1 PIC Microcontroller One of the hardware components to be used in the Geek Binary Alarm Clock project is the Microchip PICMicro microcontroller model PIC16F877A The following figure is a PIC16F877A from the 40 pin Plastic Dual In line Package 50 MCLR 4 PP TH 1 RAD AND s Cle 40 RB PGO a REG PGE RAT SANT 3 38 RES Rad AND VREF la Cle RB4 DAG SANS YREF 5 RB3 PGH R
4. 30 SL MPLAB Software Technical Approach Considerations 31 4 TESTING APPROACH CONSIDERA TIONS 34 5 10 4 1 BEEN EE 34 4 2 PT 37 4 3 PHA E ARA ou yA y O RRE 39 4 4 Pr 41 4 5 RECOMMENDATIONS REGARDING PROJECT CONTINUATION OR MODIFICATION 42 DETAILED DESIGN und 46 5 1 SUMMARY OF MATERIAL PART USACE a 46 5 1 1 TOOT tb tin 46 5 1 2 Real Time e Ku ns a uapa ll asun a Da sees 46 DO POCO CIVIC EE 46 5 1 4 PUT lO uu tang sso ma alt eg ae let tase E 46 3 15 E GS Out AN RIA Pa Si RE de TANT ARRE 47 5 1 6 hair ehr EP au ag usu Sm assasi kuspa Omer Sus 47 5 1 7 ee ve 47 5 1 8 Ju 51 dy RR TE a m usa aan RE tee ee een 47 5 1 9 EE Ee 47 ILJO Com Cell bateria EE 47 DST Mechanical WI CHESS ias 47 32 BLOCK DIAGRAMS OF DESIGN EE 49 Id PIC Ee EE 50 522 RT 52 92 9 Recemer dG and Antenna EEN 53 5 2 4 Pl 54 ESTIMA TED RESOURCES sne 56 CDR nn 60 CLOSURE MATERA EE 63 8 1 1 NNN 63 8 1 2 E oa odio 3 8 1 3 Suden E 64 SUNNY EE 65 REFERENCES ee ee ee 66 List of Figures FIGURE EN DESIGN OF GEEK BINARY EE 4 FIGURE 3 1 ANALOG 12 24 DISPLAY OPTION 14 FIGURE 32 REGULAR EP u en ist 16 FIGURE ULTRA BRIGHT RE RE 16 FIGURE 3 4 DIFFERENCES IN INTENSITY GRAPH 18 FIGURE 3 5 AVAILABLE COLOR OPTIONS FOR CLOCK DISPLAY SECTION 19 FIGURE 3 6 BASIC PROPOSED LAYOUT aa 20 FIGURE 3 7 SEGMENT POSSIBLE SIZES amen 20 FIGURE 356
5. A 2 X 2 X Low Battery Week Day X X X X Date Time Figure 3 7 Seement Possible Sizes 20 Then arranging how are these character segments are to be placed within the LCD display was executed to determine the number of rows needed Thus Figure 3 8 displays 20 possible character utilization spots with common end sizes being highlighted with the dashed lines i e 8 12 16 amp 20 Different layout combinations of these segments are also displayed within this figure However only some of these combinations utilize the day display data where others overwrite the displays when a low battery is present 11273 44516 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Option 1 DA Y Ae 4x12 Option 2 4x12 Option 3 4x16 Option 4 16x2 Option 5 16x2 Option 6 8x2 Figure 3 8 Possible LCD Layouts While an effort will be made to make the clock look presentable no extra time or money will be spent on a specialized physical appearance Therefore an 8x2 sized LCD screen will be utilized as it displays only pertinent information when needed as well as being cost efficient 3 1 4 Accurate Time Technical Approach Considerations and Results Considerations Large consideration and research was performed to determine a way to acquire and maintain accurate time functionality A large focus on precise accuracy was placed to extend the geek feel of the clock Thus a few possible implementations were gathered s
6. 0 0 0 0 111111 SE 294904 93492497490 32 1 B B 4 2 1 63 101010 ee J 79 0 7 0 21 0 32 0 8 0 2 0 42 010101 Pp enel W e Mu EE Se 0 16 0 4 0 1 21 Displaying the day month and year should be an option for this clock This can be done in both digital and analog format It should be displayed in the standard month day year format The day of the week should also be indicated This clock must have a variety of location options meaning sitting on a desk hanging on a wall or attaching onto a magnetic surface With this requirement the size of this clock should be no bigger than 8 by 11 a standard sheet of paper The physical appearance should also be attractive to the target consumer lt should have a cutting edge technology look that keeps with the geek theme for this clock It should offer a variety of geek themes and a personalized geek touch 4 1 3 2 General Solution Approach The clock will be made of two main displays A primary display will show the binary times and the secondary will be the digital displays like other clocks see Figure 1 3 1 below for pictorial of the design for solution e WG 3 1 9 7 8 Figure 1 1 Design of geek binary clock The primary display of the time will be done in the binary format It will show the time day of the week and date These can be seen in Figure 1 1 as parts labeled 1 2 and 3 respectively To accomplish this an array
7. 1 3 Problem Statement The problem statement of the project plan will describe the general problem for the Senior Design06 04 group It will also describe the proposed solution to the problem developed by the group 1 3 1 General Problem Statement A multifunctional clock is needed to display the current time The clock should be able to display the time in either twelve hour format thus also needing an AM PM indicator or in twenty four hour format lt should also have the possibility to be used as an alarm clock This clock should be able to self correct for daylight saving time changes Power outages should not affect the clock s ability to keep the time and it should be able still have backup power for at least two hours duration The clock should reflect a certain geek personality for the target consumer This is the person that is characterized as wanting or interested in all the newest technology and gadgets The main display of the clock should show the time in the normal digital format To do this the clock should display the time of day in binary code Although this is the main display the digital readout of the binary time should also be displayed so that anyone could learn binary from this clock Table 1 3 1 below shows an example of how to calculate a value from binary code Note that only positions that have a value of 1 are calculated into the numerical value Table 1 1 Binary Code Example U UUUUU pee E E U 0 04
8. 15 Ef Subtotal x A 3 32 3 132 Subtask fa Faculty advisor peer presentation 10 42 Subtask Tb Industrial review panel presentation 10 10 8 10 38 Subtotal 20 80 99 7 Schedule To visually illustrate the team s proposed schedule for completing the project Figure 7 3 as well as the teams deliverables Figure 7 1 are given below This Gantt chart provides a detailed plan of what and when items shall be preformed throughout this and the next semester Some of the deliverables due dates are not set for the second semester in which approximations were made based on previous senior design class schedules The only deliverable change updated was when the unbound version of the design report was due This changed from Friday March 31 to Monday April 3 Project Plan Due vs E MD o Bound Project Plan Due i 3 3 End Product Design Report Due E i EA Bound End Product Desian Regat Due At Foster Due ys i 1098 Final Report Dua i i I din Bound Final Report Due y i 4 12 DI Gn j wl ba OH Figure 7 1 Adjusted Project deliverables Project Plan Due 240 Bound Project Plan Due wi 202 End Product Design Report Ce T 3 34 55 Bound End Product Design Resort Due i i i i Poster Due y 10113 Firal Report Duss c l I a Bound Final Report Due 1 Cop Qn Rus Kal OC Figure 7 2 Prevous Project deliverables 60 D Task
9. As can be seen four pictures will be collected These pictures can be taken at the tester preference as long as group stay within the time period 3 Table 4 2 Current time display functionality table The success criterion is the device maintains the current binary time and digital time when applicable on the displays updating every second Test 5 Current Date Display Functionality Test To test the drift of the RTC oscillatory and the functionality between the PIC microcontroller and the LED LCD displays these displays will be periodically verified This verification will take place over a range of a few weeks With in these intervals photos will be taken of the component compared the atomic clock to increase the accuracy of testing As switching time is less than a second human real time verification contains a large percentage of error Therefore the photos are utilized to help reduce this To acquire the atomic clock time The Official U S Time website will be used Therefore the photos will have both the displays and the computer screen within the shots in order to compare the data According to their website they state their time format of Coordinated Universal Time should never differ more than 0 000 000 1 seconds thus establishing a highly accurate comparison for the clock device The figure below represents the template to gather and review the results of the photos As can be seen four pictures will be collecte
10. Industrial Review Panel Presentation Task 8 Project Reporting Weekly emails Webpage Project poster 37 days 37 days 33 days 33 days 54 days 33 days 30 days 166 days 159 days 33 days 44 days 32 days 27 days 38 days 16 8 wks 151 days 40 days 20 days 46 days f days 23 days 3 8 wks 40 days 57 days 5 days 5 days 5 days 20 days 15 days 20 days 20 days 10 days 5 days 20 days 5 days 5 days 45 days 40 days 25 days 3 days 10 days i 8 Task Name Duration cember 20 anuary 200 bruary 20 March 2006 April 2006 May 2008 June 2006 July 2008 August 2006 Figure 7 4 Previous Gantt chart of project schedule 62 2094 if E E EE BE EE R RB BV EE E 8 EE E E EE E EE E N e I EE E I I I I I I I I L A l E I E I I I I I b b b b P B BE B B B l EEB K N I I I I R I I I I I I I I b HE b b p b hb E HEE EEE b E N I EE E I I i I i I I E E EE E EEBEEBEBHEBEHEHBEBEBEEBEEEBEHEBEEEHEEEHBHEHEHE BB E E E E EE EI E b b E E E E E b b b ctober 200 E cember 20 anua 200 8 Closure Material This section contains information about the Geek Binary Alarm Clock team 8 1 1 Client Information The following is the client of the team Electrical and Computer Engineering Senior Design Dr John Lamont Course Coordinator 324 Town Engr Ames lowa 50011 515 294 3600 of
11. Power functionality testing table These voltages will be verified visually with a DMM Digital Mulitmeter in the laboratory Figure 4 2 Digital Multimeter 36 A successlul criterion is the AC power supply provides all necessary power voltages to all components 4 2 Phase 2 The following two tests describe the procedure for Phase 2 for the device Test 4 Current Time Display Functionality Test To test the drift of the RTC oscillatory and the functionality between the PIC microcontroller and the LED LCD displays these displays will be periodically verified This verification will take place over a range of times varying from seconds to weeks With in these intervals photos will be taken of the component compared the atomic clock to increase the accuracy of testing As switching time is less than a second human real time verification contains a large percentage of error Therefore the photos are utilized to help reduce this To acquire the atomic clock time The Official U S Time website will be used Therefore the photos will have both the displays and the computer screen within the shots in order to compare the data According to their website they state their time format of Coordinated Universal Time should never differ more than 0 000 000 1 seconds thus establishing a highly accurate comparison for the clock device Below is a figure that represents the template to gather and review the results of the photos
12. a specified color and the OFF state is the second color by using the mechanical switches for each function This will vary the voltages going to those LED s from the power supplied LEDs that do not meet the illumination functionality will be discarded A successful criterion is all of the remaining LEDs illuminates when connected to a power supply 34 Re design Phase One N Successful o DE Phase Two No Successful Redesign Z Phase Three Successful No No Phase Four Successful Figure 4 1 Basic testing flow 35 Test 2 LCD Display Functionality Test To verify hardware functionality amongst LCDs its connection to a power supply and the PIC microcontroller will visually verify the alphanumerical functionality A simple string from the PIC microcontroller will send all characters for each segment to the LCD screen The display illumination from the LCDs will be measured LCD screens that do not meet the illumination functionality will be discarded A successful criterion is the LCD screens that can illuminate any character when connected to a power supply and PIC microcontroller Test 3 Power Functionality Test Due to the multiple components associated with the device in which all require power to operate except for the antenna Thus verifying that all power ranges are being provided will be preformed during this test Table 4 1
13. and using energy produced from a chemical reaction is ruled out Another approach to the energy problem is a mechanical device A device which turns mechanical energy into electrical energy is called a dynamo or in general terms a generator Turning mechanical gears physically is impractical because this project is not about the binary clocks source of energy Simplicity tells us to use the easiest form of energy available to us which is standard DC electricity The simplest and most readily available source of energy is the electricity coming from the AC electrical outlets in a building Of course this electrical energy may be regulated by equipment such as small voltage generators available to electrical engineering students The second source of energy will have to be a battery The type of battery to be chosen was discussed in the previous section 3 3 1 Backup Power Technical Approach Considerations and Results The power requirement in the project proposal is that the Greek Binary Alarm Clock be capable of riding through a power outage for at least two hours The assumptions indicated that an independent battery source would be required to power the clock through a power outage The assumption is that the clock will use a DC source from an electrical socket as the main source of power and a local battery as the second The type of local battery is another technology consideration of the project There are several types of batteries avail
14. binary format e DST and leap year The clock will use a very low frequency receiver VLF to gather date and time information The clock will automatically update itself through this transmission It will be self correcting for both DST and leap year It will also be self correcting for any time discrepancies that may occur This feature will have the ability to be disabled based upon user preference 2 3 Design Constraints This project has a few key constraints that need to be addressed There are a few design and software constraints as well as physical and operating limitations 2 3 1 Design Constraints Weight The clock s weight must be such that it can be wall mountable Its size therefore must also be accommodating to such a circumstance Its final weigh shall be no more than two pounds Maximum Size The clock itself cannot be incredibly large or bulky It shall be not larger than 8 5 x 11 The idea behind the project is to make final product that is both multi featured yet visually appealing Cost The cost of building the clock must not exceed 150 It is important to choose parts carefully keeping in mind that there is a limited budget 2 3 2 Software Constraints Twenty four twelve hour time formats The clock needs to be able to display time in both twenty four and twelve time formats The twelve hour time format needs to have an AM PM indicator as well Daylight Saving Time Alarm Functions These tw
15. higher wavelength intensity Table 3 1 Regular LED G Ped aP Operating Characteristics TA 25 C Forward voltage typ Ir 10mA Forward voltage max Ir 10mA Reverse current VR 5V Wavelength at peak emission Ir 10mA Wavelength of dominant emission Ir 10mA Spectral Line half width Ir 10mA Capacitance VF 0V f 1MHz Relative Radiant Intensity 600 Table 3 2 Ultra Bright LED Operating Characteristics TA 25 C Forward Voltage typ IF 20mA Forward Voltage max IF 20mA Reverse Current VR 5V Wavelength of Peak Emission IF 20mA Wavelength of Dominant Emission IF 20mA Spectral Line Full Width At Half Maximum IF 20mA Capacitance VF 0V f 1MHz 650 700 750 800 wavelength A nm RELATIVE INTENSITY Vs WAVELENGTH Figure 3 2 Regular LED Relative Radiant Intensity wavelength A nm RELATIVE INTENSITY Ve Figure 3 3 WAVELENGTH Ultra Bright LED 16 There are some limitations for this One is that the date time and week notification LED s must be different colors so that the sections can be placed closer together to keep the size of the clock down It would also provide an ease for the user to look at the clock and be able to see a distinct difference between each LED field The ON OFF LED s would also have a similar limitation based on their available colors The ON OFF notification LED s were designed original
16. oe HU H 2 i ss Hn nn un un Figure 7 3 Adjusted Gantt chart of project schedule 61 AG H RB Lil ha LA L de F III 661616161 36 b bi b bf Gil fa Gil Gal oo Ab oa Ba pal pa pal Ba ba pal ha Li of LA Ol of l mi El 6 bil Ap Ol OR cof d ot oi Ef op ba Hu D Hl H H GE E Task 1 Project Definition Project Plan Task 2 Technology Implemenation and Considerati Component partidesign research Task 3 End Produce Design Hardware sofware layout design Design report Task 4 End Product Implementation Subtask 4a Hardware Implementation Acquire parts LEDYLCOD displays Power supply components Alarm sound User control switches Product casing Subtask 4b Software Implementation Acquire parts Power supply components Time function Date function Alarm functionality Daylight saving function User control switches Task 5 End Product Testing Subtask 5a Phase 1 LEDVLOD displays functionality test Power functionality test Subtask 5b Phase 2 Current time display functionality test Current date display functionality test Subtask 5c Phase 3 Daylight saving adjustment functionality test Alarm functionality test Battery backup mode functionality test Subtask 5d Phase 4 Overall functionality and structure ingetrity test Task 6 End Product Documentation User manual Final report Task 7 End Product Demonstration Subtask Fa Faculty Advisor Presentation Subtask Tb
17. sr 6 1 5 INTENDED USER Shas 6 1 6 NEED NN 6 1 7 ASSUMPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS SSG 6 1 7 1 ASS UID OS EE u q AR 6 1722 SE 7 1 8 EXPECTED END PRODUCT AND DELIVERABLES soars iinn a a 8 1 8 1 EXPected ENG TT AAA AS 1 8 2 AS E E E Z PROPOSED APPROAC HAN 9 21 DESIGN BET 9 22 FUNCTIONAL ARE OUIREMENTS uuruuu sauna nn n nn a Ee 10 23 DESIGN CONSTRAINTS cortina ba 11 2d Desin EE 11 K Ka E 11 755 Physical Hardware EE 11 3 TECHNOLOGY AND TECHNICAL APPROACH CONSIDERATIONS AND TZ rei b ES KEE 13 3 1 DATE TIME DISPLAY TECHNICAL APPROACH CONSIDERATIONS AND RESULTS 13 31 1 LED Size and Color Scheme Technical Approach Considerations and Results 15 3 1 2 Layout Technical Approach Considerations and Results Approach Nene 19 3 1 3 LCD Display Technical Approach Considerations and Results Approach Cones ee 20 3 1 4 Accurate Time Technical Approach Considerations and Results Considerations 21 3 2 MICROCONTROLLER TECHNICAL APPROACH CONSIDERATIONS AND RESULTS 22 3 3 POWER CONSUMPTION TECHNICAL APPROACH CONSIDERATIONS AND RESULTS 24 3 3 1 Backup Power Technical Approach Considerations and Results 25 3 4 PCB TECHNICAL APPROACH CONSIDERATIONS AND RESULTS 28 3 5 CASING TECHNICAL APPROACH CONSIDERATIONS AND RESULTS 29 3 6 HARDWARE TECHNICAL APPROACH CONSIDERATIONS AND RESULTS 29 3 7 SOFTWARE TECHNICAL APPROACH CONSIDERATIONS AND RESULTS
18. the edges for the alarms as well as allowing the tester with some personal preference to set the random1 5 values to mimic typical user usage Table 4 5 Alarm table 00 00 00 12 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 Furthermore these values will then be tested according to the grid below to determine whether multiple alarms will cause unforeseen problems Here human visual verification will test the displays update accordingly to the tester user alarm input Also the buzzer will be tested to hear if the sound starts accordingly and if the volume is within reason The tester will use his her own hearing capability without the use of any blockers or amplifiers Table 4 6 Alarm sound functionality table EE EE ee O a OFF o J C ON OF JPP ON ON The success criterion is the device correctly triggers the alarm display and sound at the determined times 40 Test 8 Battery Backup Mode Functionality Test The battery backup mode functionality test will occur once all hardware and software components are integrated into the system Different time and alarm combinations will be tested to ensure minimum battery life when the device is unplugged from the AC power supply In the figure below the voltage output will be measured with the DMM at the defined time interval Testing will occur longer than the minimum time interval to determine the final time of backup power functionality Table 4 7 Battery backup
19. the years This will be built in the program with the fourteen possible calendar years The DST function will have a toggle switch that when on will auto correct itself or when off the user will correct it This is an included feature for areas of the country that do not observe daylight savings Figure 1 1 item 7 depicts the DST toggle switch It will also auto correct itself for leap years using the standard fourteen possible calendar years This should be done in the software of the clock The clock will not correct itself for century leap years The main power supply will be an AC source of 120V that can be plugged into any standard United States wall outlet The clock will have a transformer and an AC DC rectifier to provide the correct DC voltage To ensure that a power outage will not affect the clock s time keeping a standard 9 Volt battery will be used for backup This will allow for at least two hours of running time During a power outage the primary and secondary displays will turn off but the internal clock will keep running to conserve energy When power is restored to the clock both displays will return on with the correct time An alert will appear on the secondary display signaling when the battery is low and needs to be replaced Figure 1 1 item 8 shows this alert The appearance of the clock should appeal to the target audience geeks The shell case of the clock should be made of a hard yet light material that is
20. then the input signal will pass through to the output This therefore simulates a short circuit Furthermore to obtain the switching effect when a OV input is placed on the gate a degraded 0 will be produce Thus this OV gate input simulates an open circuit Figure 5 7 graphically displays this switching capability g g 0 So ot ST q nMOS g 1 S o po d Figure 5 7 NMOS signal functionality Thus this concept was used to control the different voltages supplies of the regular power mode of 3V and 5V to be switched over to the 3V battery backup mode Furthermore this was also utilized for the peizo buzzer and the LED displays 55 6 Estimated Resources This following describes the estimated financial and personnel expenses that will be utilized in order to complete the project The end product has an upper limit budget of 150 for parts and materials in addition to reference materials Table 6 1 below details the updated estimated implementation cost with and without the labor Included in the calculations Table 6 2 displays the same information just the Information at the beginning of the project Furthermore since two clocks were required in the final deliverables clock components cost were separated from the reference materials and the multiplier into sub sectioned to easily display the cost of the single clock device Again updated and previous detailed estimations of individual projected time spent on items can b
21. to a more workable level for the device a bridge rectifier shall be employed Thus these four diodes constructed in a diamond configuration will produce a full wave varying DC voltage Smoothing this output will be done by the electrolytic capacitor in which the output will lastly pass a voltage regulator to keep the final output at a constant voltage The reduced voltage due to the step down power consumption voltage drops in the diodes etc are not large concern at all following components contain a large range for working functionalities between 2 6 volts The actual large current supply is more of a concern to operate all the LEDs and LCD displays The figure below depicts the final circuit diagram of the AC to DC converter power source Bridge Rectifier Regulator AC Input DC Output Transfomer Smoothing Figure 5 6 AC to DC Circuit Diagram The secondary back up power supply will utilize a battery source in case of a power outage thus following the same setup as the primary power supply source The large current supply here is now not a concern as in this mode the LEDs will be turned off 54 Switching Circuit To create a simple switching circuit NMOS transistors were utilized Connecting the output from the PIC microprocessor to the gate of these transistors will control the final signal going trough the transistor Below this figure represents a simple case of this concept When a 1V input is placed both gate of the NMOS
22. 0 POSSIBLE LOD LA OU Sissi 21 FIGURE 3 9 MICROCHIP PICMICRO MICROCONTROLLERS PIC16CXXxX 23 FIGURE 3 10 PIC16F877A INFORMATION GR ID 23 FIGURE 3 11 PIC16F877A INFORMATION DATASHEET sese 24 FIGURE 3 12 DIFFERENT TYPES OF BATTERIES 25 PLOURE 51 COIN Re AR RE 27 FIGURE 3 14 COIN CELL BATTERY HOLDERS 27 FIGURE 3 15 EXAMPLE SCREENSHOT FROM MPLAB 32 FIGURE 421 BASIC TESTING CLOW ve 35 FIGURE 4 2 DIGITAL MULTIMETER 36 FIGURE 4 3 EXAMPLE SURVEY FORM suas 43 FIGURE 4 4 EXAMPLE COMPONENT TESTING FORM 44 FIGURE 4 5 EXAMPLE TESTING TRACK FORM 45 FIGURE 5 1 GEEK CLOCK BLOCK DIAGRAM rrunnnnnnnnnvnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnrnnnnnnnnnnnnnne 49 FIGURE 5 2 GEEK CLOCK CIRCUIT SCHEMATIC 50 FIGURE 5 3 TOP DOWN PIN LAYOUT VIEW OF PICI16F877A 51 FIGURE 5 4 RTC INTERNAL BLOCK DIAGRAV 53 FIGURE 5 5 RECEIVER IC INTERNAL BLOCK DIAGRAV 53 FIGURE 5 6 VOLTAGE DIVIDER CIRCUIT SCHEMATIC ERROR BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED FIGURE 5 7 NMOS SIGNAL FUNCTIONALITY 55 FIGURE 7 1 ADJUSTED PROJECT DELIVERABLES
23. 0 16 oz Height 2 5dmm pe gen CR2354 Cepth 4 mm JO f 25 60 An 0207 Height 2 54 mm Woidth 25 mm Heig ht 45mm As it can be seen in the grid a PP3 or 9V battery as its commonly known has the most voltage in the least amount of space his is perhaps why so many smaller consumer products use 9V batteries Watch batteries and coin cell batteries are extremely small batteries with high voltages that power small electronics such as watches calculators memory chips PDAs mp3 players and many more These batteries have the advantage of being small and powerful Many of them can produce voltages greater than household batteries The following picture is an example of some of the coin cells available today 26 SHENZHEN GAONENGDA BATTERY CO LTD MEDICAL MEDICAE Figure 3 13 Coin Cell Batteries The flat nature of these batteries allows them to be easily integrated onto a printed circuit board As visible on some of the batteries above coin cells can produce 3V which is more than enough to power the internal electrical components of the digital binary clock method is needed to bridge the battery and PCB This method is a coin cell holder which can be easily placed onto a PCB Figure 3 14 shows some examples of this necessary component Figure 3 14 Coin Cell Battery Holders 27 The final battery to be used in the digital binary alarm clock will be a coin cell battery because of the size voltage and ease of inte
24. 70s for Unix OS now used for systems software and general applications C programming language an extension of C a more object oriented high level programming language Daylight saving time DST the time is which clocks are set exactly one hour ahead of standard time in order to provide more daylight during late spring summer and fall Fourteen possible calendar years There are only fourteen possible calendar years supported that include all of the leap years and DST Geek slang a term to describe a person with good computer skills an interest in technology and firm knowledge of the sciences usually accompanied with an almost complete social ineptitude Industrial Review Panel IRP an audience group comprised of industry members that judge senior design projects Java programming language a high level language developed by Sun Microsystems for use in consumer electronics now popular for web applets Light emitting diodes LED a type of diode that emits light when it is subjected to a flow of current LEDs may have different colors depending on the material used Liquid crystal displays LCD two thin sheets of plastic filled with individual cells of ionic liquid crystal capable of being manipulated by a current Microsoft Project or MSP a Microsoft Windows application that offers various project tracking and management tools PCB printed circuit board a thin plastic board onto whi
25. A Final report 20 15 Al 20 User manual 21 15 Al 21 5 Subtotal Al O A do 150 Subtask Fa Faculty advisor peer presentation 42 Subtask 7b Industrial review panel presentation 10 10 B 10 Subtotal 80 30 _ 5 j 5 B EE 55 Subtotal x 3 22 2 j 3 10 58 Table 6 4 Previous Personal Estimated Project Hours Project plan 10 58 Subtotal 10 59 Component partidesign research 12 48 Subtotal 12 48 Hardware sofhware layout design 10 47 Subtotal 26 47 Subtask 4a Hardware implementation nn ne A A a l G r LELED displays 611 5 JJ 4 1H Alarm sound 3 D 4 4 y r User control switches control Switches NA ME E ee ee HS Cu da Sarre mener YO PE E AAN AAN A A x Powersupply components Y 2 O 1 2 7 2 U OEO Timefunction Yoo 4 Yoo Yoo 3 5 1 De p j 5 3 j 5 Alarmfunctionality C O 3 5 j x Daylightsavingfunction J 3 5 3 4 15 E fg ge Subtask e A A Y L DIL OD displays functionalitytest 4 1 5 4 O 3 6 etenas _ _ _ _ _ 2 rente data Ur TR Current date display functionality test 5 Y 5 5 OJ 5 a A Daylight saving adjustment functionality test 3 2 5 4 Alarm functionality test Y 43 Battery backup mode functionality test IA 10 3 24 sma sa L L L L Overall functionality and structure integrity tes 10 2 142 OB 32 Subtotal E j 238 d j 3 1 Final report 20 15 15 L r manual 21 15 17
26. December of 2006 A general solution approach and technical approach is described in further sections of this design report The proposed approach to this project consists as follows individual research on constituent components of the digital clock divided into these categories LEDs LCD display power unit microcontroller buttons switches casing PCB resistors capacitors and other components After research individual parts were chosen from a list of potential components For example research on microcontrollers led to a family of PICMicro P16 microcontrollers From that group a specific PICMicro microcontroller was chosen This method was used with all other components of the project A final parts list was then compiled and placed into this design report The parts list will be finalized upon inspection by faculty advisors A parts request form will then be completed in order to acquire the necessary components Upon receipt of these parts the integration implementation and testing stages of the project will begin This latter part of the Dec06 04 project will begin in the fall semester of 2006 The following is a description from the senior design course notes of the expected end product The purpose of this project is to develop a digital alarm clock to display the current time in binary format The clock is to be capable of displaying its results in either twelve hour format XX XX XX with an AM PM indicator or twenty four hour f
27. Geek Binary Alarm Clock Senior Design Dec06 04 Design Report Client Senior Design Faculty Advisors Professor John Lamont Asst Professor Ralph Patterson III Team Members Diana Calhoun EE Matt Koch EE Kelly Melohn EE Yesuratnam Thommandru CorE ComS DISCLAIMER This document was developed as part of the requirements of an electrical and computer engineering course at lowa State University Ames lowa This document does not constitute a professional engineering Although the information is intended design or to be accurate the associated students faculty and lowa State University make no claims promises or guarantees about the accuracy completeness quality or adequacy of the information The user of this document shall ensure that any such use does not violate any laws with regard to professional licensing and certification requirements This use includes any work resulting from this student prepared document that is required to be under the responsible charge of a licensed engineer This document is copyrighted by the students who produced this document and the associated faculty advisors No part may be reproduced without the written permission of the senior design course coordinator April 3 2006 Table of Contents 1 INTRODUCTORY MATERIEL nn aati aaah 1 1 1 EXECUTIVE SUN Ne l 1 2 ANNEN 2 1 3 PROBLEM STENEN Bunnen 2 1 3 1 General Problem Statement se 3 1 3 2 General Solution ADDYOQ0D bs 4 1 4 OPERATING ENVIRONMENT
28. M Series EC SCHEI Figure 3 5 Available color options for each clock display section 3 1 2 Layout Technical Approach Considerations and Results Approach Considerations For designing the layout of binary clock two major approaches can be considered One approach is that the layout of the clock is to favor aesthetic value rather than purely functional value The other is the reverse of the first to use a minimalist approach and disregard aesthetics and any bells and whistles The following is a simple diagram of the proposed layout of the front of the binary clock SMTWRFS Date Time LED LED Display co Figure 3 6 Basic proposed layout In order to implement the logic behind a digital clock electrical components will have to be merged together in a centralized location This location will then have to be placed inside a physical structure There are multiple technology considerations for this aspect of the project 3 1 3 LCD Display Technical Approach Considerations and Results Approach Considerations Formalizing the layout to use with the LCD display took the following approach Determining what binary information that needs to be display in decimal format was performed first in order to gather how many characters are required The following figure displays possible character utilization spots in a series tT 2734 44576 7 8 9 10 114 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Alarm 1 Alarm 2
29. a A EH anuary 200 ebruary 20 March 2006 April 2006 May 2006 June 2006 July 2006 August 2006 ptember 20 Task 1 Project Definition Project Plan LS Task 2 Technology Implemenation and Considerations R Component part design research BE Task 3 End Produce Design Hardware software layout design Design raport Task 4 End Product Implementation Subtask 4a Hardware Implementation L Acquire parts LELYLCD displays Power supply components Alarm sound User control switches il 1 f Product casing Subtask 4b Software Implementation Acquire parts Power supply components Time function Date function Alarm functionality Daylight saving function Usar control switches Task 5 End Product Testing Subtask 5 Phase 1 LELYLCD displays functionality te st Power functionality test Subtask 5b Phase 2 Current time display functionality te st Currant date display functionality test Subtask 5c Phase 3 Daylight saving adjustment functionality test Alarm functionality test Battery backup mode functionality te st Subtask 5d Phase 4 Overall functionality and structure ingetrity test Task 6 End Product Documentation User manual Final report Task 7 End Product Demonstration Subtask 7a Faculty Advisor Presentation Subtask 7b Industrial Review Panel Presentation Task 8 Project Reporting Waakly emails Wabpaga Project poster i fli radi H IEN 108 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 O oe 6
30. able for implementation including rechargeable cell batteries PP3 9V batteries AAA batteries AA batteries watch batteries coin cell batteries and other voltages Below Figure 3 12 shows the many different types of batteries Figure 3 12 Different types of batteries 25 Rechargeable cell batteries were rejected as an idea because of their relative complexity In order to implement them specialized circuitry would be required to handle their regenerative properties The two way nature of rechargeable batteries makes them more complex Keeping it simple and emulating consumer clocks with power ride through features has shown that a 9V battery will be the easiest to implement Many consumer clocks on the market today possess internal battery compartments for nine volt batteries The choice of battery to be used depends on several factors The power generated from the different classes of non rechargeable batteries and relative size will determine the selection Also dependent is the amount of power consumption from the binary alarm clock The following is a small grid of alkaline battery options sizes and voltages amp hours and weights Table 3 4 Battery Statistics AAA Le ngih 44 5mm 15 1 15 Ah 04207 Djamete 10 mm AA Lengih 50mm 15v 285 Ah 08507 Djameter 14 2 mim C Length 4omm 15v ag Ah 230 Diam eter Zbrmm Length sommi es M 00m 48 Energizer Width 7 62 mm 3378 Depth 7 62mm 55 B 25 Ah
31. are components The integrated development environment to be used is MPLAB MPLAB is freeware available to students in the senior design lab and is specifically designed to work with PICMicro microcontrollers 3 7 1 MPLAB Software Technical Approach Considerations Approaches in software are far less in depth than most aspects of the project because of its relative simplicity Implementing a 12 24 hour clock with corresponding on off states and a list of extra features will require very little designing and planning The difficult part of the project dealing with software is its integration with hardware Technical approaches in software include procedural object oriented and modular programming Procedural and object oriented programming techniques will undoubtedly be used in the Geek Binary Alarm Clock project Procedural programming will be used to break apart different functions of the clock For example the following code will return a string value representing the day of the week Return the day of the week in string format String dayOfWeek clock input String anses ans input dayofweek return ans Procedural programming is a technical approach that almost goes with the need for saying It is a basic requirement of programming and greatly will helo organize values used in the software written for the binary clock Object oriented programming is another basic technical approach where data in encapsulated in virtual obj
32. at will be able to switch between two different colors for an ON and OFF state The two different colors are dependent upon applied voltage These will be 3mm in size They will be used for the functions of the clock that notify the user of an ON OFF state for such functions as DST AM PM ect Like the other display LED s these will not be powered during a main power failure and the clock s primary power is battery backup This will conserve energy for a longer running time under the battery back up condition 5 1 8 Piezo Buzzer This is a sound device which will emit a buzzing sound at a user defined alarm time setting 5 1 9 Transformer An AG power cord connected to a DC transformer will provide power to the clock 5 1 10 Coin Cell Battery and Clip This provides backup power functionality for the device 5 1 11 Mechanical Switches These provide user interface with the device 47 LE LCD Screen Table 5 1 Component information Microcontroller Real Time Clock Receiver IC Antenna Ultra Bright LED 5mm Power Transformer Coin Cell Battery SV Buttons Microchip PIC16F877A Seiko Instruments S 35390A Inc SII T8T1 es Microtips MTC S0802X Technology FYHSAY 10 XLMxx12W Series SunLed Corp eh Series CUI Inc Pulse Specially E41 1410 Company Energizer 1620BP ITT Industries D6 C 40 SunLed Corp CEP 1123 48 3 71 0 89 3 60 1 50 8 93
33. ch electronic components such as resistors and capacitors are soldered Twelve hour format the standard hourly display of analog and digital clocks which a separate indication for AM or PM e g 12 34 pm Twenty four hour format a k a military time universal time the hourly display of clocks without a separate indication for AM or PM that increments hours upon reaching noon based on 24 hours e g 23 45 equals 11 45 pm Visual Basic VB an object oriented event driven programming language developed by Microsoft for graphical user interface design 1 Introductory Material The introductory material will give a brief overview of the product that will be discussed in more detail in the later parts of the document This part of the paper will cover the problem statement the intended user uses the design assumptions and limitations and finally the expected end product 1 1 Executive Summary This design report is part of the Dec06 04 senior design project for CprE 491 at lowa State University The goal of this project is to design and construct a digital binary alarm clock The CprE 491 Senior Design course requires students to Implement a tangible end product in order to demonstrate a year long approach to proposing designing and constructing a major project Primarily a hardware project the Dec06 04 group consists of three electrical engineers and one computer engineer The final end product is expected to be completed in
34. d TOCKI s r Je FB BAR SANA ES 7 21 q RBI REO ADS ANS x 8 Can REO INT RE1 WR AN6 s 3 2 Yon REZ CSS ANT s 10 a ss Yo 11 a RD PSP Vag 12 29 RDEPSPE O8C1 CLEIN ie 28 Q RDS SPSPS osC2 CLEOUT 14 27 RD47PSP4 RCE TIOSU TICEI 115 ie REFR DT EC1L T10SI CCPE 16 les BOR TRACE RC CCPT Clm 24 Y rg RUR SDO RCI SCK MOL 118 23 EC4 GDISDA RD0 7PSPU 13 22 0 RDS PSP RDI PSPI on 21 les RD2 PSP TOP VIEN Figure 5 3 Top down pin layout view of PIC16F877A The microcontroller has an 8 bit architecture with 14 Kbytes of enhanced flash memory The amount of Data EPPROM is 256 bytes and the amount of RAM is 368 bytes The most important aspect of the microcontroller is it s input and output The PIC16F877A has 33 I O pins RAO RA5 RBO RB7 RCO RC7 RDO RD7 and REO RE2 This section will attempt to address the physical connections to and from the microcontroller References to the hardware block diagram will be made The first and foremost need of the microcontroller is electrical energy The PIC16F877A operates on a voltage between 2 Vdd and 5 5 Vdd Input pin 32 will be used to deliver the voltage and pin 31 Vss will be grounded Input output pins 2 through 7 corresponding to RAO RA5 will be used to connect the user interface module The UI module will contain four binary buttons for time ala
35. d at set times to verify the precise switching date Both midnight and noon is collected to double check if errors occur 38 Table 4 3 Current date display functionality table The success criterion is the device maintains the current binary time and digital time when applicable on the displays updating every second 4 3 Phase 3 The following three tests describe the procedure for phase 3 for the device Test 6 Day Light Saving Adjustment Functionality Test Due to the limited time constraints and the nature of the test this test will only be preformed once on October 29 around the 2 00 00 crossover Thus two functioning prototypes need to test the user ON OFF preferences Human visual verification will only be needed to view whether or not the updates occur However this will occur at 2 01 00 as the WWVB frequency requires one minute of data to be send to collect all time date information Table 4 4 Day light saving adjustment functionality table IS VA 39 The acceptance criterion is the device adjusts the time and date on the designated daylight saving dates when applicable Test 7 Alarm Functionality Test To test the functionality between the PIC microcontroller the LED LCD displays buttons and buzzer these components will be periodically verified This verification will take place over a range of a few options as can be seen in the figures below The first figure declares some of the set values to test
36. d in this design report will display time in both digital and binary formats The clock will also have features that include an alarm automatic adjustment for daylight savings time and a battery backup Physical switches will be embedded in the casing in order to allow users to toggle features The clock will have the ability to display time in both twelve and twenty four hour formats Month day and time information will also be displayed some of the major issues to be resolved are software circuit design and power Because the microcontroller has not yet been obtained no software has been written or tested Upon receipt of a microcontroller software will be written simulated and tested before being placed into the chip Overall circuit design is also an issue that requires approval from faculty advisors Approval is needed for security reasons The project team would lose valuable time and resource if parts were ordered and integration began using a flawed circuit diagram And finally advice and finalization of an AC DC rectifying circuit will be required Power issues will be address once a consensus is reached up power requirement for the digital binary clock 1 2 Acknowledgements The team would like to extend its thanks to both Prof Lamont and Prof Patterson for their guidance throughout the project planning phase as well as continual Support through its completions Their knowledge and assistance will no doubt prove instrumental
37. display of the clock should not show the time in the normal digital format To do this the clock should display the time of day in binary code Although this is the main display the digital readout of the binary time should also be displayed so that anyone could learn binary from this clock 2 2 Functional Requirements This section will describe in detail what the clock s features will and will not be Below is a list of its functions as well as a brief description of each one e Power The clock will be powered by a standard 120VAC outlet It will also have a battery backup which will maintain accurate date and time Information in the instance of a power outage e Alarm function The clock will have an alarm function integrated with its time function This alarm will sound through a small speaker The clock will not be equipped with an AM FM radio function The alarm feature will have the ability to be turned on and off based upon user preference e Displays The clock will display date and time information in both digital and binary formats The digital display will also have the ability to be enabled or disabled upon user preference e Date Time format The clock will display time in both twelve and twenty four hour formats The twelve hour format will have an AM PM indicator in the form of an LED Also included with the actual time information will be month day and year information This will also be represented digitally and in
38. e viewed in Table 6 3 and Table 6 4 respectively on the following few pages Table 6 1 Adjusted Estimated Project Cost Cain Cell Battery 2 50 Microcontroller 3 77 Receiver IC 3 60 Antenna 1 50 Real Time Clock 0 89 Power Transformer 13 bd Plexiglass Casing 15 00 Miscellaneous parts for final assembly 10 00 Multiplier for required amount of clocks Labor GR 0 60 per gr pf 56 Table 6 2 Previous Estimated Project Cost Mu ttiplier gt 5 for required amount of clocks 57 Table 6 3 Adjusted Personal Estimated Project Hours Project plan 55 Subtotal 58 Component part design research 62 subtotal 62 Hardware software layout design 4 10 8 n Design repot AP 8 9 2 Subtotal PRP 3 3 Subtask 4a Hardware implementation Acquirepats Y GG 5 Alarm sound 3 A 5 B x Producteasing fm 5 w Subtlask da Software implernentation D p j 5 j 3 j 77 Datefuneton o o Z 4 j 5 3 j 77 Subtotal E O 5 j m j 5 Subtask 5a Phased o j SP Power functionality test A p juv ees AA AA Current time display functionality test 7 1 Current date display functionality test 6 1 KE AS A E SS ss Alarm functionality test Battery backup mode functionality test JL 10 10 85 Subtask 5d Phase 4 NI ooo A MA Overall functionality and structure integrity test 10 HI Im Subtotal x df AG 52 O
39. easily programmable cheap and had enough I O pins to complete the project Senior design labs also have testing boards software and other equipment specifically made for PICMicro microcontrollers The following is a grid of information concerning the chosen microcontroller for this project the PICMicro PIC16F877A The grid is then followed by a data sheet of this particular microcontroller More specific information on this family of microcontrollers is available at this link http ww1 microchip com downloads en DeviceDoc 39582b pdf ee Flash Figure 3 10 PIC16F877A Information Grid 23 PIC16F877A Program Memory Type Enhanced Flash Program Memory size Kbytes 14 RAM bytes 368 Data EEPROM bytes 256 a 33 Packages P pb Free Available Yes Summary This powerful 200 nanosecond instruction execution yet easy to program only 35 single word instructions CMOS FLASH based 6 bit microcontroller packs Microchip s powerful PICS architecture into an 40 or 44 pin package and is Upwards compatible with the PIC16C5X FIC120CXXX and FIC16C7X devices The PIC16F87 74 features 256 bytes of EEPROM data memory self programming an ICD 2 Comparators 8 channels of 10 bit Analog to Digital A D converter 2 capture compare FVWWM functions the synchronous serial port can be configured as either 3 wire Serial Peripheral Interface SPI or the 2 wire Inter Integrated Circuit FC bus and a Universal Asynchronous Receiver Trans
40. ects manipulated by specific procedures Because a binary clock will have many values that need to be monitored such as on off state variables for LED s object oriented programming is a must An approach to software will require a medium in which to write code whether it be Visual Studio Metroworks CodeWarrior or notepad for that matter The IDE to be used in this project will be MPLAB because of its close relation to PICMicro microcontrollers Here is an example snapshot of the MPLAB IDE 31 eve mot s a Le Pe DE ye boer epa Pegas Lt Gnr Spoo H DSS Gs 9 ar ef of tz gt m Ae ig ty N w Pawaq Ft Tm F 1 1 I FE ma a k Rt ra da wre gen rmt m rn F E D LE i 1 TE I si F rr mm Bi E ir jim K apir rik ant p i l I i i LA MATT Cai Bei Se ri i ra sma rra MK MEP As Kat nt KZ LET t dia DACE Lan CSS gt y aor ril ns EET A a Iern E TREET Ti ees CTI CALE GET Les rar ml i e Til Warata T R DT Od tan TL d E PCE LR ened O ht KI pott par SR Ni d aa is ah a tre array Set BIR thas l on Tr Lim L mamaq san er dn leer an rel er 1T merk D baw aged tok en yl z Seng Lil C SL GE K DE Ikea Ler a eed LE brara Urnes Gi T In Linker PET ig he len 971 mera Ter kale Ire mi BNI ree mar gt gt n rt BA mi SN OST ta COP Fila Ceoaesrzer giL j U aa Niciogelo p T r kwallgas l
41. en chosen that an array of letters S M T W Th F S will be placed at the top of the clock with respective single LED s associated with them In order to display the time in standard format a large electronic array of changeable letters is required The first technology considered for this job is an LCD display Alternate 13 methods and technologies to display standard time are mechanical flip displays such as those is older clocks small computer screen display analog displays and audible features LCD screens provide an enormous amount of malleability with respect to displaying alphanumeric information LCD s also allows both twelve and twenty four hour times to be displayed without difficulty LCD s are easily manipulated in programming offer almost unlimited versatility in alohanumeric display and are relatively inexpensive Another technology considered for displaying standard time is the mechanical flip displays of older clocks These displays consist of multi sided plastic chips in loops that flip mechanically to show the correct time The first problem is the fact that the clock would be incapable of displaying twenty four hour time Switching between twelve hour and twenty four hour would also be difficult Another technology considered for displaying standard time is a small computer screen This idea is an entire project within itself but is a viable option given enough time and money An alternate technology considered for display
42. fice 515 294 6760 fax jwlamont iastate edu 8 1 2 Faculty Information The following faculty members are the advisors of the team Dr John Lamont EE Prof Dr Ralph Patterson Ill EE Prof 324 Town Engr 326 Town Engr Ames lowa 50011 Ames lowa 50011 515 294 3600 office 515 294 2428 office 515 294 6760 fax 515 294 6760 fax jwlamont iastate edu replii iastate edu 63 8 1 3 Student Team Information The following students are the members of the team Diana Calhoun EE Matthew Koch EE 2239 Knapp St 218 Ash Ave Ames lowa 50014 Ames lowa 50014 712 490 3844 507 398 5506 dcalhoun iastate edu mattkoch iastate edu Kelly Melohn EE Yesuratnam Thommandru CprE 3474 Friley O Bryan 137 N Hyland Apt 12 Ames lowa 50012 Ames lowa 50014 515 371 6699 515 291 4232 vilybll4 iastate edu yesu iastate edu 64 9 Summary This purpose of this project is to create a binary alarm clock that will incorporate several fun and interesting features into it The intent of this item is to blend in with today s technology It is important that the design be sleek and compact ultimately appearing physically attractive lts outer shell will be made of a hard semitransparent material such as plexiglass It will contain colored LED lights most likely orange red green and yellow and a digital readout display On the front of the clock there will be a couple different sets of LED s The first set will be a h
43. functionality table The success criterion is the device maintains current time information alarm settings and battery life display when operating on battery backup for at least two hours 4 4 Phase 4 The final test describes the procedure for Phase 4 of the device 41 Test 9 Overall Functional and Structural Integrity Test This test will occur once the end product hardware and software component Integration is near completion This will be tested amongst eight to ten individuals to aid in usability verification These individuals shall comprise a geek personality therefore engineers will be the primary target The following figure displays a draft of possible questions to test the device s functionality The success criterion is the device maintains product functionality while withstanding common everyday usage during these surveys If major concerns arise from these results and time permits some redesign may be performed To organize the results from all these four phases the following two forms Shall be utilized The Component Testing Form on page 44 gathers all pertinent information collected for each individual test The Testing Track Form like the name implies on page 45 keeps track of what tests were done and were successes in an easily viewable and concise document 4 5 Recommendations Regarding Project Continuation or Modification At this point in time a decision must be made by individuals invested in th
44. gration 3 4 PCB Technical Approach Considerations and Results The immediate consideration is a PCB A PCB is the industry standard for coupling electrical components such as resisters capacitors inductors microchips memory and bus lines Another consideration is a breadboard A breadboard is a thicker plastic version of a PCB with a single sheet of connecting metal underneath This sheet of metal conducts electricity through components and does not require soldering Because the bulky unattractive and unprofessional breadboards are usually used by beginners look of breadboards a PCB will undoubtedly be used The following figure depicts different types of breadboards and PCBs EE o SE D E 5959 2000000 eas EE Figure 2 2 2 Different PCBs and breadboards Multiple tyoes of PCBs exist such as single sided double sided through hole grid layout and others This simplest tyoe of PCB that fulfills requirements will be used for this project A single sided through hole PCB measuring close the size of a standard photograph will be used The through hole technology will allow for easy integration of electrical components A PCB of this type can be purchased for less that 5 at any electronics store such as Radio Shack 28 3 5 Casing Technical Approach Considerations and Results One of the requirements in the project proposal is that the Geek Binary Alarm Clock end product be placed in an attractive case There have bee
45. his a high level or low level project Will highly specialized functions and reference libraries be required Should a fairly flexible language be chosen for maintenance and updating purposes In order to answer these questions the project needs to be looked at from a computer engineers perspective The pertinent question a computer engineer would ask is how is the software supposed to function with respect to the hardware The answer is that procedural coding will communicate with hardware such as LED s and LCD s to produce on off states An object oriented procedural coding approach should be used This essentially describes the language to be chosen Visual Basic is immediately eliminated because there is no GUI involved with the clock and VB is incapable of low level communication Java is another high level language specifically made for consumer electronics It is a viable option but may present difficulty when attempting low level operations C is much like Java in its high level attributes The best foreseeable option for a programming language is C C is a language in between low level and high level It will give a programmer low level access while being able to utilize high level functions to implement logic needed for a binary clock with many extra features The final result for programming language is the C programming language C has a reputation for handling pointers and memory well This will aid in the 30 communication of hardw
46. ing standard time is an analog display This would be a very simple technology to implement but would not be very flexible Like the mechanical flip display the analog display would be incapable of displaying twenty four hour time The standard hour label of an analog clock could be pulled out and replaced like the following image in Figure 3 1 This clock looks somewhat convoluted and unprofessional The project proposal requirements does not require the standard display of time to be in digital format but in order to preserve the geek concept of the project a digital display such as an LCD screen is preferred Figure 3 1 Analog 12 24 Display Option The last technology considered is an audible announcement of time This concept will be considered as an optional extra feature because it presents many problems These problems include the frequency of announcement alternation of twelve and twenty four hours and implementation requirements such as loudness voice and speakers 3 1 1 LED Size and Color Scheme Technical Approach Considerations and Results LED s come in a wide variety of sizes colors and material The approach that the project required for the display was to be seen at a glance like any clock thus larger and brighter LED s are preferred This statement contradicts the size of unit the whole clock needs to be The LED s must be a decent size for one to see the time at a quick glance at the clock but not large e
47. is project as to the proper course of action There are three options available 1 continue the project as originally envisioned 2 alter the direction of the project or 3 abandon the project At this time the geek binary alarm clock Dec06 04 project is to be continued as scheduled The final decision will be made by faculty advisors The reason for the continuation of the Dec06 04 project is the good progress shown by the team All deadlines have been met adequate research has been performed and a vast amount of knowledge concerning digital clocks has been acquired The team is on schedule knowledgeable and competent enough to complete the project as envisioned 42 ex MF Connecting to outlet Connecting battery I dentifing low pow er Time Date metting the time date wetting day light saving Disp lays LED read reroturable LOD readireconizable Overall appearance Volume Appeasing sound metting the al arm Identification if set Overall appearance Casing Buttons Overall appearance Information User manual Website I mprovem entsifeature you would like to see Other corm ents for De cl H Geek Binary A bm Clock Date amp Time Excellet Good 4 4 4 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 5 4 Li L L La La KA pl Bo bl Bo Figure 4 3 Example survey form 43 Location HA pa PA Pa Pa for Der 06 04 Geek Binary Alarm Clock Mamets Locati
48. ly to be single color LED s that would light up when ON and not light up when the function it represents is OFF The group felt that this had many flaws in it because during testing faulty LED e would be harder to detect Or if the user has the switch constantly in the OFF position they would never know if the LED worked or was broken unless they turned it to the ON state The group decided a bi color LED would be preferred These LED s would show one color for an ON position and different color for the OFF position It is varied by voltages The following shows the specifics of the bi color LED s for the red green option Table 3 3 Operating characteristics for Red MDK and Green VG bicolor LED s Operating Characteristics Ta 25 C Forward Voltage Typ Ir 20mA Forward Voltage Max Ir 20mA Reverse Current VR 5V Wavelength of Peak Emission IF 20mA Wavelength of Dominant Emission Ir 20mA Spectral Line Full Width At Half Maximum Ir 20mA Capacitance VE 0V f 1MHz 17 Relative Radiant Intensity wavelength A nm RELATIVE INTENSITY Vs WAVELENGTH Figure 3 4 Differences in Intensity graph 18 Finally the group has come up with the list of available options for the LED s in the display It has been put all together in the following table Ultra Bright Round LED XLMxx12W Series Ultra Bright Round LED XLMxx12 Series CINYOFF Notification Type Bicolor LED XLxxxx29
49. mitter USART All of these features make it ideal for more advanced level A D applications in automotive industrial appliances and consumer applications 2 PWM 10 bit 256 Bytes EEPROM data memory ICD 25m sink source per VO Self Frogramming Farallel Slave Fort Figure 3 11 PIC16F877A Information Datasheet 3 3 Power Consumption Technical Approach Considerations and Results Power consumption is another topic for technical approach considerations A binary clock can consume energy is several ways It can use solely a DC power source a local battery source a mechanical device or a chemical reaction It can also use a combination of these energy sources as implied by the requirements and suggested in the project assumptions Different approaches to energy consumption are also limited by project assumptions and constraints The clock needs to be a small size use little energy and look presentable One assumption has been established the clock will require two different power sources in order to ride through a power outage and one of these sources will be from a DC electrical source One approach to solving the energy problem the chemical reaction is immediately seen as impractical A chemical reaction may refer to a gasoline engine or any combustible reaction which creates energy The energy consumption of a binary clock is not great enough to warrant the use of 24 such a source of energy Therefore the approach of deriving
50. n a digital readout in addition to its binary format Most features will have the ability to be enabled disabled based upon user preferences 65 10 References Fogie Seth Building a Linux Driven Digital Picture Frame 2006 15 Mar 2005 lt http www quepublishing com articles article asp p 375500 amp rl 1 gt Iguana Labs Digital Clock 2004 lt http www iguanalabs com clock htm gt Ivan Building a picture frame The junk top revival 2004 lt http channel9 msdn com wiki default aspx Channel9 JunktopRevival gt Kihara Masami Digital clocks for synchronization and communications House Boston 2003 Marshall Brain How Digital Clocks Work 2006 lt http home howstuffworks com digital clock htm gt Radio Shack Cables Parts amp Connectors Component Parts Breadboards amp IC Sockets lt http www radioshack com family index jsp cp 2032058 20322308categoryld 2 0322658pg 1 gt Schildt Herbert C C Programmer s Reference 2 Edition McGraw Hill Publishing New York 2000 SELTRIN Pre Ltd Fundamentals of Electronic Watches General Printing amp Publishing Services Pte Ltd Singapore 1980 Haviland Robert Build lt Book of Digital Clocks TAB BOOKS Inc Blue Ridge PA 1986 Microchip com PIC16F877A 2006 lt http www microchip com stellent idcplg ldcService SS_GET_ PAGE amp nodeld 13 35 amp dDocName en010242 gt Morton John PIC Your Personal Introductory Course Newnes B
51. n multiple ideas for material and casing Different technologies have been considered including using the casing of an old clock plastic casing plexiglass and metal The idea of encasing the end product in a metal casing was immediately eliminated because of the clocks electrical properties A non conducting material would be preferable A metal casing would also significantly add to the weight of the clock is thus undesirable The use of metal such as aluminum or steel is also impractical because of cost Metal in general is more expensive to produce manipulate configure and maintain than plastics This is the reason why many electrical components in the technology industry are made with light weight plastic polymers Designing the layout of a binary clock may also require a specific shape and construction of a shell In example LED s may be placed vertically or horizontally based on preference Manipulating a metal casing would undoubtedly be more expensive than plastics Another somewhat primitive technology considered for implementing the casing of the binary clock is removing the casing of an old clock The advantage of this method is the cost An old clock can be found for little or no cost The disadvantage would be the inflexibility of the casing In order to implement a clock to specific desired specifications a custom casing would be most suitable The final two technologies considered for the casing of the binary alarm clock are
52. nough to inhibit the size mentioned in the functional requirements The LED s must also be spaced far enough away from each other for one to distinguish each LED from the other thus the design should use a smaller LED size The group chose to use two different sizes of LED s larger LED s 5mm for the date and time functions that would need to be looked at a glance Smaller LED s 8mm were chosen for the lesser used functions such as week notification LED s and ON OFF LED s that only need to be looked at occasionally Originally the color of the LED s were just all going to be either green or red because these were assumed to be the most accessible and easiest to read The group decided against limiting the LED colors to just those two because they do not offer a sense of personalization to the project The group also felt that those colors are used quite frequently in the technology electronic field and would like some variety The color of the LED s has been preferred to be customer specific meaning that each customer can pick the color for their LED s from the color availability list below The group also decided to use ultra bright and superflux type LED s for the date time and day of week LED s These will increase the brightness of each LED and will make it easier for the user to read The tables below shows a schematic of an ultra bright LED compared to a regular LED Notice that the ultra bright LED uses less voltage and has an
53. o features described in previous sections must have the option to be disabled upon user request Though these features maybe helpful for some people they are not applicable to everyone 2 3 3 Physical Hardware Constraints Power The device is intended to operate on a typical 120VAC residential outlet It is not designed to operate on a 220V source There will also need to be an onboard power supply in case of power failure This backup power source will provide power to the clock for at least two hours e Operating Atmosphere This device is not intended to be used outdoors The device will not be waterproof and it will not be designed to withstand adverse weather conditions 3 Technology and Technical Approach Considerations and Results In the design and implementation of a Geek Binary Alarm Clock there are many different types of technology to be considered The design of an alarm clock from scratch elicits many preliminary questions Some of these questions include e How will the time be displayed e How will the overall layout of the clock look e What type of software will be needed to write the logic The following section pertains to the multitude of options available to engineers for designing and implementing a small project such as a binary alarm clock There are always multiple ways of approaching an engineering problem Several aspects of the project can be broken up into problem solving sections such as layout soft
54. ock structures Its exterior shall reflect that of the intended audience Its overall appearance will be a blend of technology and elegance The idea behind the project is to build a device that incorporates geeky features but at the same time have an end product that is useful and practical to everyone The clock will display time in both twelve and twenty four hour formats These times will be displayed digitally and in binary respectively The clock will incorporate daylight saving time automatically into the calendar year It will display the day of the week as well as date month and year information In addition it will also have an alarm feature 1 8 2 Deliverables Along with the clock there will also be a users manual This manual is to assist the user in operating the clocks many features It will include information on all of the features discussed previously as well as a detailed description of their operations The manual will also include a troubleshooting section designed to help the user as much as possible if he she incurs a problem 2 Proposed Approach The second section of the document provides the proposed approach by the group This will include the functional requirements and several consideration sections Including constraints technology testing requirements security safety and commercialization This section will also cover the areas of project evaluation with milestones and other criteria as well as p
55. of light emitting diodes LED should be used These will light up in a pattern according to what the current time is There should be seven LED s for the day of the week lighting up one for the respective day of the week The secondary display showing the time and the date month day year will be in digital format This will be shown on a multi line multi character display The date will be figured into the program which should be built with C using the fourteen possible calendar years Figure 1 1item 4 shows the secondary display Since the clock has the capability of displaying the time in either twelve hour or twenty four hour format a toggle switch will be used to switch between formats For the twelve hour format an AM PM indicator such as an LED will be used to notify the user of the format being used Figure 1 1 item 5 shows this For this clock to be used as an alarm a function programmed in C will be built in for this capability It will send out a noise at the set alarm time Figure 1 1 item 6 shows the alarm control buttons which will perform standard alarm functions such as sounding at a designated time Other possibilities if time material and funds permit is a snooze function a generated voice stating the time and specific time increment alarms such as every fifteen or thirty minutes The program will also compensate for daylight saving times DST It will automatically correct itself at the designated time of
56. oject in specific details These parts are then linked together to form larger components The process is repeated until the whole project is completely formed The hardware approach for the Geek Binary Alarm Clock will be the top down approach The overall layout of the clock will first be designed The individual components will then be divided among group members who will then individually design the specific details After these individual pieces are completed the binary clock will be assembled from its constituent components to form the final end product The preferred approach to designing and implementing a binary clock will be top down and from scratch Senior design requirements would also prefer that the project be approached from a unique to a group approach 3 Software Technical Approach Considerations and Results The last section on technology consideration will discuss is software Software can be written in many languages some appropriate for certain high level tasks while some are appropriate for lower level tasks The aspect of technology consideration in this section is concerned with choosing the correct language development environment and coding implementation for writing the software to a binary clock The options for languages include C C Java Visual Basic and many many more The indented use of a programming language will help to sway the considerations for which language to choose Questions may be asked like is t
57. on Phase Date amp Time Runtime Test Components being tested Test description Measurements Description of results Comments Overall results circle Figure 4 4 Example component testing form 44 for Dec06 04 Geek Binary Alarm Clock Figure 4 5 Example testing track form 45 5 Detailed Design The third section of this paper is the groups detailed design for the project This section describes the projects parts including a master table It also includes a detailed description table located on page 48 of how each part is used for the project s completion as well 5 1 Summary of Material part usage The following sections describe the main component for this project Furthermore Table 4 1 provides an image of the component as well as other specific details such as manufacture vender part number cost 5 1 1 Microcontroller The microcontroller is the brains of this device It has an 8 bit architecture with 14 Kbytes of Enhanced Flash memory The amount of Data EPPROM is 256 bytes and the amount of RAM is 368 bytes 5 1 2 Real Time Clock This IC is used for multiple functionalities primarily accurate time keeping capability for the clock It utilizes information from the radio frequency receiver to initialize the time An internal 32 kHz crystal oscillator is provided to maintain this time as well as clock adjustment function to correct the oscillator slight variance in acco
58. orizontal set of seven LED s This will indicate the day of the week lts color will most likely be yellow or orange in color The next set of lights will display the month date and year in binary format These lights will be either green or red in color The final set of lights will contain the actual time again in binary form These lights will be the color green or red However they will be the opposite color of the month date and year information Finally there will be a digital readout in addition to Its binary time information This will be an LCD display This feature will have the ability to be disabled based upon user preference The clock will incorporate many special geeky features The first special feature will include an alarm clock This feature will involve a small onboard speaker to sound at the specified alarm time The alarm function will be able to be turned on or off as necessary The next special feature that will be included is daylight saving time DST This feature will automatically self adjust the clock for daylight saving time Just like the alarm this feature will have the option to be disabled Lastly there is to be a reliable battery backup in case of a power loss This feature will provide power to the clock for a minimum of two hours after the outage has occurred The battery backup method will give the clock the ability to keep current time day information during the power loss The clock will also contai
59. ormat XX XX XX Other features stopwatch elapsed time dual time zone may also be implements if possible lt is also to include a settable alarm function be self correcting for daylight saving time changes and be able to ride through power outages of at least two hours in duration The resultant end product is to be implemented to the level of a completed consumer product including PCB layout supporting power supply and attractive case Additional requirements for commercial production should be evaluated if possible Some of the prior features will be omitted included or extended Also some new features will be implemented The design process for this project is a top down engineering approach Several abstractions of the digital binary clock exist in this design report An overall design of the digital binary clock in the form of a block diagram has been created The block diagram will then be followed with a fairly detailed circuit diagram These diagrams can be created in design software such as PSpice or Microsoft Visio Using these diagrams as a blueprint the individual components will be integrated together Software design for the PICMicro microcontroller will be written in the C programming language using the MPLAB integrated development environment provided by the senior design lab MPLAB is also freeware obtainable from reputable sources on the internet such as microchip com or mouser com The digital binary clock describe
60. oston 1998 Bergquist Carl Guide to PICMICRO Microcontrollers Sams Technical Publications Indianapolis 2001 Predko Myke Handbook of Microcontrollers McGraw Hill Publishing New York 1999 BEAM Pieces Batteries Compared 2006 lt http Www solarbotics net library pieces parts elect pass batcomp html gt BatteryBob com Product Comparison 2006 lt http www batterybob com category asp cat 9022 gt 66
61. ounterReiverIC sendReceiverICc counterReceiverlC 33 4 Testing Approach Considerations Details on how the team plans on performing tests to ensure end product functionalities is described in this section To minimize the time cost factor associated with the project periodic test intervals throughout implementation will occur as the project progresses A brief description of each of these testing phase along with a visual flow represented in Figure 3 1 1 is explained in the follow which covers how where and what will be tested All phase testing will be preformed in the senior design laboratory or in Coover Hall laboratories Software or hardware will be modified if results do not meet design requirements All types of testing mentioned below will be performed by team members as they have a thorough knowledge of how the system works However during debugging situations certain group members knowledge will be utilized more compared to others due to their expertise in that particular area 4 1 Phase 1 The following three tests describe the procedure for Phase 1 for the device Test 1 LED LCD Display Functionality Test To verify hardware functionality amongst LEDs they will first be connection to a power supply will test their ON OFF functionality Visually verifying the light illumination from the LEDs will then be noted Specifically with the bicolor LED s these will further be tested to make sure that the ON state is
62. plastic and plexiglass Local hardware stores such as Lowe s or Home Depot have many varieties of plexiglass available to customers These hardware stores even offer to cut plexiglass to meet customer s needs Lowe s stocks a transparent blue plexiglass measuring approximately 24 x 36 at varying thickness which may be cut into six pieces to form the sides of a clock Plastics are the last and most probable choice in technology considerations for the casing of a binary clock Plastic is cheap easily manipulated easy to maintain and fairly shatter resistant seeking the help of materials engineers and onsite production labs may prove useful to finding the most adequate casing Plexiglass casing would also allow the clock to have a more geeky structure The user would be able to view all the inner workings and circuitry of the clock that they find interesting They would be able to see exactly how the clock worked 3 6 Hardware Technical Approach Considerations and Results The design of overall hardware integration can take multiple approaches The most popular approach for engineering is the top down approach In the top down model a general overview of the project is formulated without describing any specific details Each part of the project is then refined by designing it in more and 29 more detail The opposite of this engineering process is the bottom up approach The bottom up method involves designing individual parts of the pr
63. rdance to environmental temperature Additional features provided are calendar updates for leap year calculations up to the year 2099 low power supply detected and alarm interrupter All data will be sent to the microprocessor to separate the output data 5 1 3 Receiver IC The receiver IC will accept the incoming coded WWVB broadcast and send the information to the microcontroller for decoding The information present in this coded signal will provide the clock the ability to self update day and time information 5 1 4 Antenna This antenna is specially tuned to receive a 60 kHz low frequency transmission called WWVB This antenna will deliver the coded signal to the receiver IC 46 5 1 5 LCD Screen This is a LCD panel for displaying the time date alarms and low battery information The display is of two lines by eight characters which can display numerals letters and symbols 5 1 6 Ultra bright LED s This is a light emitting diode LED that will be used for the displaying the date time and day of the week in binary format As shown in the approach the date and time will be in 5mm size and the day of the week will be in 3mm size The LED s will be powered by the power supply from the 120V standard wall outlet During a power shut off when the battery is running everything the LED s will not have power supplied to them to conserve energy for the rest of the clock 5 1 7 Bicolor LED s The bicolor LED s are LED s th
64. red to communicate between these two components The logic circuits wires will be connected to pins RC and any leftover pins available The final component connected to the microcontroller is the Piezo buzzer which only requires a single on off signal The connection will be made at any available I O pin 5 2 2 Real Time Clock The figure below displays the internal components within the RIC in addition to highlighting some the dominate features in blue 92 LI INTA Clock adjustment register Second Minute Hour Constant _ INT2 voltage circuit SDA Shift register Serial interface I SCL Figure 5 4 RTC Internal Block Diagram 5 2 3 Receiver IC and Antenna The antenna will be connected to the receiver through pins 7 and 10 This information will be processed and then sent to the microcontroller via pins 22 and 23 QIN QLOUT QMQUT QHOUT VEE GNDL Q ANT1 S crystal switch Logic o al IN1 IN2 K AGC AGC Mi con unit GND DEM PK 552 HLD Figure 5 5 Receiver IC internal block diagram 53 5 2 4 Power Below is a demonstration of the distribution of power to the different clock components Regulated Power Supply Source The primary power supply will utilize the 120 volt AC source from the wall This source will be fed into the primary input winding of a small transformer to step down the voltage to 12V on the secondary output side Once the voltage is reduced
65. rm hours and minutes and two on off switches for LCD display toggle and daylight saving time toggle A total of six unidirectional signals will be connected to the microcontroller The real time clock RTC and receiver IC will also be connected to the microcontroller The RTC s oscillator output will be connected to pin 13 OSC1 CLKIN on the PIC16F877A The connection will be a constant bidirectional in order for the RTC oscillator to know the current time The 51 clock signal will be sent to the RTC from pin 14 the OSC2 CLCKOUT port No direct connection to the antennae will be necessary In order to utilize the periodic updates from radio frequencies the receiver IC will have to be connected to pin 26 of the microcontroller Pin 26 RC7 is an USART asynchronous receive port The microcontroller will send read to receive and polling signals to the receiver IC through pin 25 RC6 Pin 25 is an USART asynchronous transmitter A DR register containing data will be read by one of the RC WO ports Asynchronous signals will be used because clock updates do not need to occur synchronously A 52 bit connection will be required in order to communicate with the LED display Because of the limitation of I O pins on the microcontroller four 4 6 decoders will be required These decoders can be connected to pins RB and RD The microcontroller will be connected to the LCD display with requires 112 signals More digital logic circuits will be requi
66. roject tracking procedures and possible risks and risk management 2 1 Design Objectives This section of the paper describes the design objectives for the project These were developed from the problem statement from the groups project plan A detailed description of each objective is also described below the list e Display the current correct time e Option for twenty four or twelve hour format e Need an AM PM indicator for twelve hour format e Perform basic alarm clock functions set a time to alarm snooze alarm sound e Self correcting for daylight saving time DST e Able to run during power outages for at least two hours e Styled for the geeky personality e Display time in binary code e Option of having a digital display of time as well A multifunctional clock is needed to display the current time The clock should be able to display the time in either twelve hour format thus also needing an AM PM indicator or in twenty four hour format lt should also have the possibility to be used as an alarm clock This clock should be able to self correct for daylight saving time changes Power outages should not affect the clock s ability to keep the time and it should be able still have backup power for at least two hours duration The clock should reflect a certain geek personality for the target consumer This is the person that is characterized as wanting or interested in all the newest technology and gadgets The main
67. rom the RTC will be sent to the microcontroller to decode and send to the subsequent display and alarm components 3 2 Microcontroller Technical Approach Considerations and Results The brain behind the digital binary clock will be the microcontroller which will control and direct all internal functions The choice of microcontroller is an important one which required much research There are literally thousands of microcontrollers resulting in many considerations A digital clock requires a basic microcontroller that has a minimum execution time high amount of I O pins is easily programmable and is cheap The large list of potential microcontrollers suggested by faculty advisors and others found during research were narrowed down to three selections Intel 8051 Motorola 68HC11 and Microchip PICMicro microcontrollers Further research was performed on these three microcontrollers as well as inquiries from fellow students The final result concurred by faculty advisors was the choice of the PICMicro family Readily available from a faculty advisor was a PICMicro PIC16F877A microcontroller The following is a picture of several PICMicro microcontrollers in the PIC16 family 22 FIGURE K 16C5x SERIES BLOCK DIAGRAM d F ATCC PIN L EPR 1 EEE LI kek TE FRAME L L ra Pa P be AUDA FS e V ll b Figure 3 9 Microchip PICMicro microcontrollers PIC16Cxxx This chip was readily available
68. semi transparent such as plexiglass This will allow the user to see the wiring and electrical make up of the clock An option to have the shell a Standard black plastic should also be available For the different location options the clock will have a metal folding stand for support like a picture frame so that it can be placed on a desk It will have a wall hook to allow it to hang on the wall It will also have magnetic strips that can be attached to the back to hang it on a magnetic surface A personalized option should also be available This could include engraving the person s last name or nickname on the front top of the clock The colors of the LED s used for each function can also vary according to user preference and the available options 1 4 Operating Environment The operating environment is limited to indoor places The environment should be able to supply the appropriate power needed through a regular wall outlet It should not be used in areas that contain a lot of moisture such as the bathroom or pool room It should not be in an area that it could potentially be dropped in a sink such as a kitchen or laundry room It should be limited to places such as bedrooms home offices and in the work office 1 5 Intended User s The intended user s are those who know binary code and fit the geek persona It can also be used by those who would like to learn binary through a practical application This should not be used b
69. splay the time in binary format and the date in month day and year format Location and operating environment The clock will only operate on a typical 120VAC 60Hz outlet The clock is meant to be used indoors 1 7 2 Limitations This section describes the limitations of the project Features The clock must have an alarm function be self correcting for daylight saving time have a battery backup and be able to display time in twelve and twenty four hour formats The twelve hour format must have an AM PM indicator Costs Budget The clock cannot cost over 150 in parts Labor will not be counted in the budget costs Testing Another limitation will be testing Testing of the prototype model will occur during the fall This means that the construction of the model assumes a lot of information The size in length and shape of many parts has not been determined and the design size and shape of the clock is dependent upon these parts e Size and Weight The size and weight will be a limitation in the project It is intended to be small enough to be put on a small table and it also has to be light enough to be wall mountable 1 8 Expected End Product and Deliverables The following part of the document will discuss the expected end product and other deliverables that will be included with the prototype at the end of the project 1 8 1 Expected End Product The geek clock will be a hybrid model based off existing binary cl
70. uch as utilizing counters software or hardware crystal oscillators and AC 60Hz frequency conversions However the previous possible implementations were 21 deficient in the preferred accuracy With further research the ultimate components for accuracy were found These were the RIC real time clock and the RF receiver and controller The RF antenna and receiver will work together to automatically gather precise month date and time information from a low frequency radio transmission called WWVB This method of gathering data is often referred to as RCC or radio controlled clock This radio transmission is also coded with flags for leap year and daylight savings time Given this radio transmission the clock will be able to automatically update itself in case of a discrepancy in time keeping Although precise time information is gathered from the RF receiver maintaining this accuracy between updates is surmounted with the use of the RTC First of all tt does have a 32kHz crystal oscillator as well as a adjustment function to correct the oscillator from slight variances in accordance to the surrounding environmental temperature Furthermore this component contains numerous other favorable characteristics End of the month calculations 28 29 leap year 30 31 for calendar updates a low power supple detection and alarm interrupters functionalities are all provided which will help reduce software coding All information outputted f
71. ware hardware and power consumption Each of these aspects has several approaches which is the topic of this section 3 1 Date Time Display Technical Approach Considerations and Results The most pertinent question that arises when considering technology for designing and implementing a clock is how will the time be displayed The Geek Binary Alarm Clock requires time to be displayed in binary format The initial technological consideration is LED s LED s are the natural choice because of their relatively low power consumption and ease of integration onto a breadboard The requirement to represent binary digits on off states finalizes the decision to use LED s They also offer a wide variety of selection for the consumer Other technologies considered for display binary time were physical switches small light bulbs LCD liquid crystal display and numerous other light producing sources Physical switches were immediately excluded because the necessity to automate changes in states Small light bulbs can be thought of as bigger versions of LED s The size limitations and aesthetic requirements of the binary clock exclude the use of small light bulbs LCD screens are also considered for representation of binary digits Most digital electronic clocks utilize this technology which is why it is better suited for standard display rather than binary display In order to display the day of the week electronically another method is needed Its be
72. y children due to certain dangers such as small parts and electrical components 1 6 Intended Use s This object is a clock meant to display time primarily in binary with LED s I provides other functionalities that are closely associated with a geek personality It is also intended to help individuals learn binary by using the secondary display of the digital readout of the binary This clock can also be used as a standard alarm clock as well It will sound ata designated time by the intended user 1 7 Assumptions and Limitations The following part of the document will provide the assumptions and limitations that the group has made encountered thus far into the project 1 7 1 Assumptions This section describes the assumptions of the project e LCD display The size and physical capabilities of the LCD display will have the ability to meet the project s requirements e DST and leap year The clock will be receiving a low frequency transmission to update itself for daylight saving time or leap year It will also be self correcting for time discrepancies This function will have the ability to be disabled Geeky appearance The outer shell of the clock will be made of a hard semitransparent material such as plexiglass LED s There will be several sets of lights on the clock s exterior The first set of lights will be a horizontal set of seven lights indicating the day of the week The two other sets of LED s will di

Geek Binary Alarm Clock Senior Design Dec06-04

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