Technical Manual for IDEal Micro Irrigation Systems
Contents
1. Type of Kit Length of 16mm Lateral at Different Pressure Heads Tank Height 1 m Head 1 2 m Head 1 4 m Head 1 6 m Head 1 8 m Head IDS20 20 23 27 31 35 IDS100 19 22 27 30 35 105500 19 21 26 29 34 1051000 19 20 26 29 33 6 2 Connecting additional kits to the same water source Instead of changing the lateral lines a larger area can be irrigated by combining kits Up to four kits can be easily combined with a single water source provided the source has enough capacity to provide adequate water for all of the kits The following table shows the additional area that can be obtained by adding kits Table 6 2 1 Total irrigation area when combining multiple kits Type of Kit Area with Area with two Area with Area with kit m kits m three kits m four kits m IDS20 20 40 60 80 105100 100 200 300 400 105500 500 1000 1500 2000 051000 1000 2000 3000 4000 Technical Manual 15 IDEal MICRO IRRIG ION SYSTEM UST MIZATIO 6 3 Designing a customized system using simple rules 6 3 1 Design Inputs IDEal Drip System kits are designed to provide high irrigation efficiency and uniform distribution of water and nutrients for high value crops as compared to conventional flood irrigation systems If a larger system is required by the farmer it can be designed within the allowable discharge variation limit by using the following procedure The inputs re2. TECHNICAL MANLIAL FOR IDEAL MICRO IRRIGATION SYSTEMS dus TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 DntrodtcthO 1 2 Advantages of IDEal Micro Irrigation ooooocooooooooc 2 3 Basic Components of IDEal Drip System ooooooooooooooooox 3 5 4 Basic components of IDEal Sprinkler System 5 Types of IDEal Micro Irrigation System 9 5 1 IDEal Drip Systems 5 2 IDEal Sprinkler Syste 6 Customization of IDEal Micro Irrigation System 6 1 Adjusting Length of Lateral Pipe 15 6 2 Connecting Additional Drip Kits to the Same Sourc 15 6 3 Designing a Customized System Using Simple Rule 16 6 3 1 Design Inputs 16 6 3 2 Design Output 16 6 3 3 Survey 6 3 4 Water Requirement 6 3 5 Operating Time Irrigation Schedule 6 3 7 Design of Lateral 6 3 8 Design of Sub main 6 3 9 Design of Mainline 6 3 10 Selection of Filter ET 6 3 11 Selection of Pump Total Head Requirement 7 Installing and Commissioning 8 Maintenance and Troubleshooting of IDEal Micro Irrigation System 28 9 Frequently asked 8 2 eser rennen 26 27 Appendix A Flow and Friction Loss for Lateral Pip Flow and Friction Loss for Sub main Pipe GLOSS ALY RT EE TEE 30 ST DU OT 1 Introduction Whatis Micro Irrigation Slow amp regular applicatio
3. Use of IDEal Micro Irrigation System on undulated area If there are terraces formed on hill slopes or undulated area one or more drip kit should cover a single terrace which is evenly leveled A separate kit should be used for a terrace on the upward or downward side Operate one terrace at a time to get uniform application If more terraces have to be irrigated at a time then the flow for downward terraces should be decreased with the help of a valve or orifice so that an equal quantity of water is supplied to each terrace Length of micro tube For vegetables where micro tubes are provided on both sides of the lateral it should be sufficient to reach each row For widely spaced crops it should confirm to required discharge at a given pressure head Damage to lateral pipes due to rodents etc Lateral pipe should be cut and damaged portion removed Re connect the lateral with the help of the connector Theft of IDEal Micro Irrigation System Try to bury the maximum length of pipes under the ground The lateral and sub main pipes being perforated with holes will be less prone tor theft Shifting of micro tube system at the end of the season After the crop has been harvested the drip system should be stored properly so that it is not damaged mechanically or by rodents in the store field Hanging it on a wooden pillar can protect it from the rodents Use of IDEal Micro Irrigation System for differe
4. 78 0 51 8 47 0 95 30 75 1 36 0 01 2 71 0 05 4 07 0 16 5 42 0 35 6 78 0 64 36 90 1 13 0 01 2 26 0 04 3 39 0 11 4 52 025 5 65 0 47 a AVERAGE PRESSURE HEAD 2 00 m q 7 46 12 30 414 0 05 8 29 0 36 12 43 1 11 16 58 2 45 20 72 453 18 45 2 76 0 03 5 53 0 18 8 29 0 55 11 05 1 21 13 81 2 24 60 2 07 0 02 414 0 11 622 0 33 8 29 0 73 10 36 1 35 30 75 1 66 0 01 3 32 0 07 4 97 022 6 63 0 49 8 29 36 90 138 0 01 2 76 0 05 4 14 0 16 5 53 0 36 6 91 AVERAGE PRESSURE HEAD 3 00 m q 9 91 12 30 0 09 11 01 0 60 16 52 1 83 22 02 4 03 27 53 18 45 0 04 7 34 0 29 11 01 0 90 14 68 1 98 18 35 24 60 0 03 5 51 0 18 8 26 0 54 11 01 1 20 13 76 30 75 0 02 4 40 0 12 6 61 0 37 8 81 0 81 11 01 36 90 0 01 3 67 0 09 5 51 0 27 7 34 0 59 9 18 Technical Manual 28 APPENDIX Table A 2 Flow and friction loss for 63 mm sub main pipe Lateral SUB MAIN LENGTH METERS m Spacing 20 m 30 m 40 m 50 m 60 m SUB MAIN FLOW Ipm and HEAD LOSS m Inch cm Ipm m Lpm m m Ipm m AVERAGE LATERAL FLOW 04 0 24 60 2 22 0 04 4 44 0 24 6 67 0 75 8 89 1 65 11 11 3 04 30 75 1 78 0 02 3 56 0 17 5 33 0 51 7 11 1 11 8 89 2 06 36 90 1 48 0 02 2 96 0
5. is then planned connecting all the sub mains by taking the shortest possible route The length of the main pipe can be determined based on the flow rate so that frictional head loss is within specified limits and total pressure head required for the system is within pump water source capacity Reference Table 6 3 9 to find the appropriate length for the main pipe If there is no pump then the pump requirement is worked out from total discharge and pressure head required for the system Depending on the flow rate and water quality a suitable filtration device is selected The total quantity of all the components is calculated from the layout to prepare a cost estimate 6 3 3 Survey The following survey inputs are required to prepare an accurate layout of any area size shape and slope for design of micro irrigation system A B Technical Manual 16 F IDEal MICRO IRRIG MIZATIO ION SYSTEM Straight distance between points at the corners e g AB BC CD amp DA can be measured with a tape ina straight line with corner points duly identified by setting down stones or sticks Angle at the corner For a three cornered area distances of three of the sides is sufficient to make the layout For a four cornered area any one angle has to be measured along with distances of all sides For a five cornered figure two consecutive angles are required and so on for multiple sides A distance of 10 meters is mark
6. procure a pump from the market the required flow and total head should be mentioned to the supplier manufacturer so that he can select a suitable model from the same or lower horsepower category Technical Manual 23 INSTALLATION amp COMMISSIONIN 7 Installation amp Commissioning Installation of IDEal Micro Irrigation Systems is a very simple process Itcan be divided in to three stages 1 Installing water source bucket barrel tank pump etc 2 Laying of pipes and emitters micro tubes setting up sprinklers 3 Commissioning If there is no overhead tank then a water source must be created i e a bucket barrel tank etc It has to be installed above ground level on a stable support platform at the required height to achieve minimum pressure requirements for the system minimum 1 meter The system then can be connected to the water source Micro sprinkler and overhead sprinkler kits can be directly connected with the equivalent discharge outlet of a pump or water supply system Make sure that the control valve and filter are connected to the system through the main line For drip systems lateral pipes are laid on the ground in a straight line or along the plant rows Emitters micro tubes are pre fixed on the lateral They are placed at equal spacing so that plants receive a uniform amount of water For sprinklers stakes are used to place them properly Care should be taken so that dirt sand etc does not enter into
7. the pipes while making connections Before operating the system end caps at the end of the laterals and sub main are released so that if there is dirt in the pipes it is washed away and air is also driven out Open the control valve and let the water flow freely through the pipes for some time flush the system Then close the end caps and ensure that water is coming out from each emitter In general the following activities are involved in the installation of IDEal Micro Irrigation Systems 1 Study installation sketch 2 Give layout for water tank filter platform and trenches for pipes if required 3 Check components in the kit material at site as per the list of materials in the user manual 4 Install water storage tank and filter on the platform 5 Connect filter to the water source pump and the main line 6 Lay out the main line sub main and lateral pipes 7 Cover the pipe trenches if required 8 Place fix the emitters sprinklers if microtubes require inflated lateral pipes then fill the pipes with water then punch holes and fix microtubes 9 Start the pump Open the valve and fill the pipes with water 10 Release all end caps flush valves to clean the sytesm of dirt 11 Check pressure and discharge and ensure all emitters are working 12 Operate according to schedule Technical Manual 24 MAINTENANCE amp TROUBLESHOOTIN 8 Maintenance amp Troubleshooting The biggest problem of any micro irrigation syste
8. 1 17 78 5 54 22 22 10 24 48 120 3 33 0 07 6 67 0 50 10 00 1 52 13 33 3 35 16 67 6 19 AVERAGE LATERAL FLOW Q 14 0 Ipm 24 60 7 78 0 33 15 56 2 19 23 33 6 69 31 11 14 75 38 89 27 25 75 6 22 0 22 12 44 1 48 18 67 4 53 24 89 9 98 31 11 18 44 36 90 5 19 0 16 10 37 1 08 15 56 3 29 20 74 7 26 25 93 13 40 48 120 3 89 0 10 7 78 0 65 11 67 1 99 15 56 4 39 19 44 8 10 w Technical Manual 29 OSSARY Abbreviation Description IDE International Development Enterprises IDS IDEal Drip System ISS IDEal Sprinkler System IMS IDEal Micro Irrigation System ET Evapo transpiration hp Horse Power LPH Liter per Hour LPS Liter per Second LPH per meter Liter per hour per meter ha Hectare ft Feet inch Inches mm Millimeter cm Centimeter m Meter Sg m Sguare meter PVC Polyvinyl chloride PE Polyethylene HDPE High Density Polyethylene LDPE Low Density Polyethylene LLDPE Linear Low Density Polyethylene REFERENCES Adhikari Deepak 2000 Simplified and Low Cost Drip Irrigation Manual International Development Enterprises Kathmandu Nepal Keller Jack and Ron Bliesner 2000 Sprinkler and Trickle Irrigation ISBN 1 930665 19 9 Blackburn Press Caldwell New Jersey Proceedings of Drip a
9. 12 4 44 0 37 5 93 0 81 7 41 1 50 48 120 1 11 0 01 0 07 3 33 0 22 4 44 0 49 5 56 0 90 AVERAGE LATERAL FLOW Q 6 0 Ipm 24 60 3 33 0 07 6 67 0 50 10 00 1 52 13 33 3 35 16 67 6 19 67 0 05 5 33 0 34 8 00 1 03 10 67 2 27 13 33 4 19 36 90 2 22 0 04 4 44 0 24 6 67 0 75 8 89 1 65 11 11 3 04 48 120 1 67 0 02 3 33 0 15 5 00 0 45 6 67 1 00 8 33 1 84 LATERAL FLOW 08 0 Ipm 24 60 0 12 8 89 0 82 13 33 2 51 17 78 5 54 2222 10 24 30 75 0 08 7 11 0 56 10 67 1 70 14 22 3 75 17 78 6 93 36 90 0 06 5 93 0 41 8 89 1 24 11 85 2 73 14 81 5 03 48 120 0 04 4 44 0 24 6 67 0 75 8 89 1 65 11 11 3 04 AVERAGE LATERAL FLOW Q 10 0 24 60 5 56 018 11 11 1 22 16 67 3 71 22 22 8 19 27 78 15 12 30 75 4 44 0 12 8 89 0 82 13 33 2 51 17 78 5 54 2222 10 24 36 90 3 70 0 09 7 41 0 60 11 11 1 83 14 81 4 03 18 52 7 44 48 120 2 78 0 05 5 56 0 36 8 33 1 10 11 11 2 43 13 89 4 50 AVERAGE LATERAL FLOW Q 12 0 24 60 6 67 0 25 13 33 1 67 20 00 5 11 26 67 11 27 33 33 20 81 30 75 5 33 0 17 10 67 1 13 16 00 3 46 21 33 7 62 26 67 14 08 36 90 4 44 0412 8 89 0 82 13 33 2 5
10. 155360 155576 Microsprinkler Impact Mini Mini Kit Sprinkler Sprinkler Kit Sprinkler Kit Kit Area Coverage 144m 288 m 360 m 576 m with no shift With no shift With no shift With no shift one use one use one use one use Type of Emitter Micro Sprinkler Sprinkler Mini Sprinkler Mini Sprinkler No of Emitters 16 2 10 16 Sprinklers Emitter Spacing 3m 12m 6m 6m Type of Lateral LLDPE 16mm LLDPE 32 LLDPE 16 mm LLDPE 16 mm O D mm O D OD O D Lateral Length 3m 24m 3 m on one side 9 m on one side ofthesubmain of the submain of Laterals 4 1 10 8 Lateral Spacing 3 2 6m 6m Sub Main Size LLDPE 16mm LLDPE 48 mm LLDPE 48 mm O D O D O D Sub main 2 30m 25m Length Filter Screen Filter 16 Screen Filter 32 Screen Filter 32 mm size mm size mm size Operating Head 5m 10m 10m 15m 10 15m 10 15 Emitter Flow 30 401 900 1200 Iph 200 300 Iph 200 300 Iph of crops Vegetables Flowers and other closely spaced crops like Onion and Garlic Technical Manual 12 5 2 1 IDEal Micro Sprinkler Kit ISS144 Microsprinkler Coverage 5 2 2 IDEal Impact Sprinkler Kit ISS288 Technical Manual 13 TYPES OF IDEal MICRO IRRIGATION SYSTEM 5 2 3 IDEal Mini Sprinkler Kit ISS360 5 2 4 IDEal Mini Sprinkler Kit ISS576 Technical Manual 14 MIZATIO ION SYSTEM F IDEal MICRO IRRIG UST 6 Customiza
11. 89 6 97 5 86 4 60 3 87 3 38 4 00 13 86 12 13 10 87 8 52 7417 5 62 4 73 4 14 Technical Manual 19 F IDEal MICRO IRRIG ION SYSTEM UST MIZATIO 6 3 7 Design of Lateral In most ofthe drip systems LLDPE laterals of 12 mm to 16 mm size are used An important point to consider while designing the lateral pipe is the slope of the field If the average slope of the field is less than 3 in the direction of the lateral laterals can lie along the slope However if the slope of the field is more than 3 laterals should be used along the contours Additionally friction loss along the laterals must stay within the allowable limit This limits the length laterals can be along each side of the sub main line The desirable limit for emitter flow variation is less than 1096 but depending on the crop variation of 10 to 20 is acceptable For 10 variation in discharge approximately 20 variation in the available head is acceptable Taking into consideration all of these limitations the maximum allowable length of laterals can be calculated from flow equations like the Hazen Williams equation usingC 150 535Q L where is pressure loss due to friction is total discharge of lateral Ips L is length of lateral m and D is inside diameter cm To cover the range of emitter discharge and spacing a parameter called Specific Discharge Rate SDR is used It is actually flow per unit length of the later
12. An example of one of these technologies is the low cost IDEal Drip System consisting of a network of plastic pipes with 3 emitters The emitters deliver water directly to the root zone in quantities that approach the consumptive use of the plants Most of the components in a typical low cost 4 micro irrigation system are manufactured from polyvinyl chloride and various types of polyethylene and polypropylene The manufacturing technology is based on a simple extrusion or injection molding process Because of this manufacturers of plastic pipes can easily adapt the technology to the needs of the smallholders and enable them to cultivate high value cash crops with small amounts of water to increase their income With the use of the technology smallholders are able to increase their income up to two to three times what they make from traditional crops With available water farmers can also increase their productive area when using IDEal Micro Irrigation Systems This manual aims at providing skills and knowledge to support an ever growing network of institutional efforts for the dissemination of IDEal Micro Irrigation Systems It can also be used for in group training courses for professional technical staff of implementing organizations supply chain participants and the training of farmers onthe technology Technical Manual 1 S OF IDEal Micro Irrigation Sys 2 Advantages of IDEal Micro Irrigation Systems IMS Some of the major a
13. Design of thesub main The sub main pipe is designed similarly to the lateral lines because it is also a perforated pipe whose discharge reduces along the length of the pipe Depending on the flow rate various sizes of PVC HDPE LLDPE pipes are used as sub main pipes in micro irrigation system For IDEal Drip System klits 16 mm 32 mm and 48 mm Lay Flat LLDPE pipe is used for the sub main pipe The calculation of the allowable length at different pressure heads and flow rates for 32 mm 48 mm 63 mm and 75 mmis given below Lateral SDR Iph m x Length of the lateral m Sub main SDR Iph m Spacing between two laterals m Total Discharge from the Sub main Iph Length of the sub main m Table6 3 8A Allowablelength of 32 mm amp 48 mm pipes m Submain Available Pressure Head SDR Im 2m 3m 5m 10m 15m Iph m 32 48 32 48 32 48 32 48 32 48 32 48 mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm 20 40 60 50 50 60 75 70 90 80 120 100 150 40 25 30 30 40 40 50 50 60 60 90 70 120 80 15 20 20 30 25 30 30 45 40 60 50 80 150 07 10 110 15 15 20 20 30 25 40 30 50 300 04 07 06 10 13 17 18 25 22 30 27 40 Table 6 3 8 Allowable length of 63 mm amp 75 mm pipes m Sub main Available Pressure Head SDR Im 2m 3m 5m 10m 15m
14. E pipe to supply water to the lateral pipes Lateral pipes are connected to the sub main pipe at regular intervals The size of pipe depends on the flow rate of water in the system 5 Lateral Pipes made of LLDPE or LDPE placed along the rows of the crop on which emitters are connected to provide GEM water to the plants directly The lateral pipe size is from 16 mm to 32 mm in most IDEal Sprinkler Systems 6 Sprinkler Head A device through which water is emitted near the plant There are three types of sprinklers as given below i Micro Sprinkler It has a small rotating device to spray water as light precipitation It covers an area with radius of 3 4 meters Operating pressure required is 5 10 meters Micro Sprinkler Head ii Mini Sprinkler It has a small rotating device to spray water as light precipitation It covers an area with a radius of 6 8 meters The operating pressure required is 5 15 meters Mini Sprinkler Head iii Impact Sprinkler It is made of metal or plastic and has a spring which makes the hammer move rotating the sprinkler It covers an area with a radius of 10 12 meters and operating pressure required is 10 20 meters Technical Manual 7 7 Fittings amp Accessories Various fittings required in IDEal sprinkler system are described below i Tee Connector Tee connectors of various sizes are required in ISS to connect a branch to the main pipe the main pipe to sub main pipes the lateral
15. Iph m 63 75 63 75 63 75 63 75 63 75 63 75 mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm 50 30 40 50 80 100 120 100 10 30 25 45 30 55 50 70 60 80 80 100 150 05 115 15 25 20 40 30 50 40 60 60 80 200 10 05 15 10 20 20 35 30 45 40 65 300 10 105 15 10 25 20 35 25 45 400 10 05 15 10 25 15 25 500 10 05 15 10 15 Flow friction loss tables given in Appendix Technical Manual 21 USTOMIZATIO 6 3 9 Design of Main Line Design of the main line involves determining the diameter of the pipe and class thickness It depends upon flow rate operating pressure and topography As per the irrigation scheduling of the sub main units the main line flow can be determined by selecting the sub mains that will operate concurrently The main line size is selected so that allowable pressure variations due to frictional losses are within the limit for the economic pipe sizing Frictional head loss can be calculated using the Hazen Williams equation as given below F IDEal MICRO IRRIG ION SYSTEM 15 27 L pim where H is pressure loss due to friction m Qis total discharge in the pipe Ips Lis length of pipe m and D is inside diameter cm The following table gives main line sizes for different flow ranges and resulting frictional head losses for 10 m of pipe Table6 3 9 Flow rangeand frictionalloss for var
16. a hole in the sub main pipe from the top v Metal Punch It is used along with the wooden guide to punch a hole on the top of the sub main pipe in order to connect the take off tee to the sub main pipe Technical Manual 5 4 Basic Components of IDEal Sprinkler Systems ISS Notation Water Source Pump Filter Main Pipe Sub Main Pipe Lateral Pipe Mini Sprinkler Snee ng 1 Water Source Pump The IDEal Sprinkler System uses a pump or gravity pressure to operate the sprinklers The water source can be an overhead tank placed at a minimum of 5 10 meters above ground level a spring running downhill ora well with apump 2 Filter The filter ensures that clean water enters the system There are different types of filters screen media and disc Different sizes of filters are also available and the appropriate size depends on the flow rate of water in the system Both micro sprinkler heads and mini sprinkler heads have small nozzles so they require filtered water in order not to clog On the other hand an impact sprinkler head has a larger nozzle and if the water is relatively clean a filter may not be required 3 Mainline Pipe made of PVC or PE to convey water from the source to the sub main line PE pipe material is normally made from HDPE LDPE and LLDPE The size of pipe required depends on the flow rate of water in the system Technical Manual 6 4 Sub main Made of PVC HDPE LDPE LLDP
17. al It can be calculated as given below Emitter flow rate Iph Discharge from lateral Iph Lateral SDR Iph m Spacing between two emitters m Length of lateral m The following tables give allowable lengths for 8 mm 12 mm 14 mm amp 16 mm pipe at different pressure head and ateral flow rates Table6 3 7 Allowablelength of 14 mm and 16 mm pipes m Lateral Available Pressure Head SDR Im 2m 3m 5m 10m 15m Iph m 14 16 14 16 14 16 14 16 14 16 14 16 mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm 1 0 40 50 45 60 60 80 80 100 120 150 150 180 2 0 30 40 35 50 45 60 60 80 80 100 100 120 4 0 25 30 30 40 35 40 40 50 50 60 60 75 6 0 15 20 20 25 25 30 30 40 40 50 50 60 10 0 10 12 12 15 15 20 20 25 25 35 35 45 15 0 08 10 110 12 12 15 15 20 20 30 30 35 20 00 04 08 05 10 10 12 10 15 15 20 20 25 Note The above figures are for flat land zero slope Pipe length adjustments must be made if the slope is above zero Use lateral pipes along the contour line and shorter sub main pipe against the slope and longer sub main down the slope so that discharge variation is within desired uniformity levels Flow and friction loss tables are given in Appendix A Technical Manual 20 UST MIZATIO F IDEal MICRO IRRIG ION SYSTEM 6 3 8
18. ation expected canopy rainfall evapo transpiration etc Soil details The details of soil quality visible to the naked eye should be noted including heavy soil or light soil depending on soil texture proportion of clay silt amp sand If a soil analysis report is available it should be enclosed with the survey report or the farmer should try to have it analyzed at a local laboratory Permanent details of the land Location of farm house large trees rocks etc should be marked by taking angular measurements from a minimum of two points so that they can be plotted accurately on the survey plan Survey Plan From the above information a plan of the area surveyed can be prepared on a 1 1000 scale For smaller areas an appropriate scale can be used depending on the size of the area The drip system layout can be prepared on this plan and then it can be used for installation Technical Manual 17 CUSTOMIZATION OF IDEal MICRO IRRIGATION SYSTEM 6 3 4 Water Requirement The water requirement of plants depends on many factors viz temperature humidity soil type wind velocity growth stage shade sun etc Plants absorb soil moisture and transpire it to the atmosphere during the process of photosynthesis Some amount of water is retained in the plant tissue and the rest of the soil moisture gets evaporated to the atmosphere Drip irrigation involves frequent application of water even on a daily basis Therefore water requirement o
19. dvantages of IMS are given below Affordability IMS is available in affordable sizes from local suppliers at prices lower than other available irrigation systems Improved Yield Slow and regular application of water and nutrients uniformly to all plants improves product quality and uniformity and increases yield Water Saving Water savings are 50 compared to traditional irrigation methods This means that when using IMS a farmercan irrigate more crop area per unit of water used Labor Saving Less laboris required for irrigation weeding and fertilizer application compared to traditional production methods Fertilizer Saving Fertilizer losses minimized with IMS reducing fertilizer costs Energy Saving Most of the IMS are gravity operated systems or operated with low horsepower pumps reducing energy demand for irrigation Difficult Terrain IMS can be used on undulated terrain hilly areas where irrigation by traditional methods is difficult Tolerance to Salinity Due to slow and regular application of water by IMS concentration of salts in the root zone is reduced and by micro leaching salts are kept away from the root zone Improved Crop Disease Control Regular irrigation ensures timely inter culturing operations and spraying allowing better control over potential crop diseases It also reduces the incidence of diseases common with flood irrigation Reduced Cultivation Cost Slow and re
20. e kits can be upgraded or combined to form larger systems by using additional fittings and accessories The three main kit types are drip kit with microtube as emitter drip kit with built in dripper and shiftable sprinkler kit 5 1 IDEal Drip Systems Table 5 1 1 IDEal Drip System Models and Specifications Specification IDS20 IDS100 105500 1051000 Family Vegetable IDEal Drip IDEal Drip Kit Nutrition Kit Garden Kit Kit 500 m 1000 m Area Coverage Type of Emitter Micro tube Micro tube Micro tube Micro tube 1 2 1 2 mm I D 1 2 mm LD 1 2 mm I D mm I D 25 cm 25 cm long 25 cm long 25 cm long long No of Emitters 50 300 1500 3000 Micro tubes Emitter Micro 40cm 30 cm 30cm 30 cm tube Spacing Type of Lateral LLDPE 16 LLDPE 16 LLDPE 16 LLDPE 16 mm mm O D mm O D mm O D O D Lateral Length 5 0m 10m 12 each 16 m on each side side of the sub main No of Laterals 4 10 20 60 Lateral Spacing lm 1m lm 1m Type of Sub LLDPE 16 LLDPE 16 LLDPE 48 LLDPE 48 mm Main mm O D mm O D mm O D O D Sub main Length 4m 10m 25m 35 m Filter Screen Filter Screen Filter Screen Filter Screen Filter 16 mm inlet 16 mm inlet 32 mm inlet 32 mm inlet amp amp outlet size amp outlet size amp outlet size outlet size Operating Head 1 meter 1 meter 1 5 meter 1 5 meter Height of Tank Emitter Flow 3 2 Iph 2 8 Iph 2 4 Iph 2 2 Iph microtube as emi
21. ed from the corner on each line forming the angle and then a tie length is measured between these points To determine the corner angle use the following equation Tan angle Length of opposite side Length of adjacent side Elevation Slope ofthe ground surface may be judged with the naked eye for small plots wherever possible and taken into consideration while designing the drip system If the ground surface is too undulating and the slope is difficult to judge levels should be taken with a leveling instrument and contours drawn on the map to make a proper design of the drip system Water Source Position of water source tank well reservoir pond river stream existing pump pipeline etc should be marked on the map and the following details noted a Size volume flow rate and height above ground level or depth from ground surface or water source b Pump details for the existing pump including suction delivery actual discharge amp head operating time pump HP expected discharge amp head c Quality of water impurities in water algae sand silt etc If a water analysis report is available it should be enclosed with the survey report or if possible the farmer should try to have it analyzed at alocal laboratory Agro climatic details The details of existing or future cropsshould be noted including specific areas crop spacing plant to plant distance x row to row distance number of plants and number of rows crop dur
22. equirement of Micro Irrigation System It will depend on climate soil crop etc Approximately it can be equal to the evapo transpiration multiplied by the canopy factor or percent wetted area Expansion Customization of Kit Lateral pipes can be increased in length as shown in table 5 1 Alternately additional kits can be attached to the same water source Life of components The life of most plastic components is a minimum of five years It can last up to ten years if maintained properly Water saving Most drip systems save water application up to 5096 as compared with traditional systems Spacing of micro tube emitters micro sprinklers mini sprinklers impact sprinklers For closely spaced crops like onion or garlic drippers should be close enough to form the wetting strip between 30 to 45 cm For widely spaced crops one or more drippers can be used per plant depending on plant spacing and wetting required ormally sprinklers are space at radius of coverage area of the wetting pattern for better uniformity Water storage required The capacity of water storage for a gravity system should be equal to one day retention of the daily water requirement It can be less if the frequency of water filling is higher or continuous Root development when using drip irrigation roots have a tendency to reach for moisture Therefore the roots are very well developed when using drip irr
23. f the plant per day is equivalent to the rate of potential evapo transpiration per day Evapo transpiration is the quantity of water transpired by the plants plus the quantity of water retained in the plant tissue and water evaporated from the soil surface The reference values for evapo transpiration are normally available fora particular area at the nearest meteorological observatory Water requirement can be calculated as WR Liters per day ET x Kc x Cp x Area where ET is evapo transpiration mm per day Kc is crop factor Cp is canopy factor Area in sq meter If specific crop factor values are not available then it can be assumed as one The canopy factor is the percentage of area covered by plant canopy foliage It varies according to the growth stage of the plant The area for orchards is the multiplication of the distance from plant to plant m and distance from row to row m Forrow plantation the unit area can be taken to calculate water requirement Example Calculate peak water requirement for grapes planted at the spacing of 2 m by 2m Assume peak ET for the area as 6 mm per day crop factor for grape 0 8 and canopy factor 0 8 6x0 8x0 8x2x2 15 4 liters per day per plant Peak water requirement per day It is called peak water requirement because it is calculated on the basis of the highest rate of evapo transpiration which normally occurs in the high temperatures and windy conditions of summer However daily water requ
24. gular application of water keeps an optimum soil water air ratio in the soil which is essential for healthy plant growth It also reduces the need for frequent inter culturing weeding etc Combined with the above mentioned savings cultivation costs on the whole are reduced Application to Variety of Crops A number of different crops can be irrigated using IMS including vegetable crops fruit crops commercial cash crops flowers etc Technical Manual 2 WMOMENTS Of No Notation Water Source Control Valve Filter Main Pipe Sub Main Pipe Lateral Pipe Micro tube Emitter Baffle Dripper 8 Vegetable bed SUO de Se BE ER ABCD Area for Expansion 1 Water Source The IDEal Drip System is a low pressure system that uses gravity to increase water pressure The water source can be an overhead tank placed at a minimum of one meter above ground level for smaller systems up to 400 area For larger systems the height of the tank should be increased If the height of the tank is not increased the system can be connected to a pump that lifts water from sources such as a well farm pond storage tank or a stream canal A manually operated pressure pump also can be used to lift water from a shallow water table up to 7 meters and used for the system Technical Manual 3 bey pen LS 2 Control Valve A valve made of plastic or metal to regulate required pressure and flow of water into the s
25. igation Micro Irrigation Systems provide the proper soil air water ratio for root respiration Application of drip to existing plants Micro Irrigation System can be applied to existing plants for better yield Care should be taken if moisture stress is required by some crops to induce flowering Water application at the time of sowing It is better to provide enough water to form complete wetting so that all the seeds seedlings have access to moisture Reasons for increase in yield quality Since water is given at regular but frequent intervals and at a required quantity as compared with traditional systems plants have better metabolism and produce a better crop in terms of both quality and quantity The soil water air ratio is also favorable for most cash crops Micro Irrigation keeps the soil warmer than conventional irrigation Technical Manual 26 9 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ON IDEal MICRO IRRIGATION SYSTEMS contd EQUENTLY KED QUESTIONS ON IDEal MICRO IRRIGATION Question Answer Pressure head required for IDEal Micro Irrigation Kits pressure head or height of water source will depend on the area covered or distance of remotest emitters from the source Approximately 1m for 100 sq m 1 5 m for 500 sq m and 2 m for 1000 sq m For Micro and Mini Sprinklers minimum operating pressure is 5 m For impact sprinklers minimum operating pressure is 10 m
26. ious main line pipe sizes Pipe Size 16 20 25 32 40 50 63 75 Outside diameter mm Flow Range 0 01 0 07 0 15 0 25 0 50 1 00 2 00 3 50 Ips 0 07 0 15 0 25 0 50 1 00 2 00 3 50 5 00 Friction Loss 0 01 0 10 0 13 0 10 0 10 0 11 0 11 0 13 m per 10 mof 0 35 0 38 0 32 0 32 0 30 0 40 0 32 0 30 pipe length 6 3 10 Selection of Filter The filtration requirement depends on the size of the flow path in the emitter quality of water and flow in the mainline IMS Kits use screen filters because water is stored in a storage tank For large systems depending on water quality different filters or combination of filters can be used For large flow requirements filters can be connected in parallel using manifolds so that pressure loss across the filters is within limits Four types of filters are mainly available in different sizes filtration area as described below 1 Screen Mesh Filter It is made of plastic or metal and different sizes are available for different flow rates from 1 m hr to 40 m hr It is used for normal water with light inorganic impurities It is also called a surface filter 2 Sand Media Filter It is made of M S metal and available in different sizes similar to the screen filter It is used for water with suspended particles and organic impurities like algae Either sand or gravel can be used asthe media for filtration It is also cal
27. irements will depend on the daily rate of evapo transpiration which is less during winter and higher in summer The drip system has constant discharge at the given pressure Therefore operating time can be varied to provide therequired amount of water depending on the season 6 3 5 Operating Time Irrigation Schedule Operating irrigation time is the duration of irrigation system operation that provides the required amount of water for the plants It can be calculated as follows Water requirement liters per day Irrigation time hrs day Application rate liters per hour Example 1 Calculate irrigation time for a papaya tree with daily water requirement of 10 liters per day per plant and provided the microtube system with a discharge rate of 4 liters per hour 10 Irrigation time hrs 2 5 hrs day 4 Example 2 Calculate the irrigation time required for a 100 sq meter vegetable plot with a daily water requirement of 400 liters and a microtube system discharge rate of 200 liters per hour 400 Irrigation time hrs day 2 hrs Technical Manual 18 200 CUSTOMIZATION OF IDEal MICRO IRRIGATION SYSTEM 6 3 6 Selection of Emitter The emitter is the most important part of a drip system because it delivers water at the desired rate to the plant and maintains water application uniformity over the entire irrigated area An emitter should match particular field conditions including type of cr
28. led a depth filter and is used in series with the screen filter 3 DiscFilter Itis made of plastic and has round discs with micro water paths staked together in a cylinder so that impurities can not pass through the discs It combines surface and depth filters 4 Hydro cyclone It is made of M S metal and has a conical shaped cylinder to give centrifugal action to the flow of water so that heavy impurities settle It is used in conjunction with the screen filter to filter sandy water along Technical Manual 22 UST MIZATIO IDEal MICRO IRRIG ION SYSTEM 6 3 11 Selection of Pump Total Head Requirement The head pressure required at the inlet of the mainline or filter is calculated as follows Head m Operating pressure m Mainline friction loss m fittings loss m Filter loss m Elevation difference m Fora centrifugal pump total head requirement is calculated as follows Total Head m Suction head m Delivery head m Operating pressure m Mainline friction loss m fittings loss m Filter loss m Elevation difference m The horsepower requirement is calculated as follows Flow Ips x Total Head m Horsepower HP 75 x Motor efficiency x Pump efficiency Efficiency of the motor and pump differ for different makes and models Approximate motor efficiency can be assumed at 80 and pump efficiency at 75 for a mono block pump However in order to
29. m is clogging of emitters IDEal Micro Irrigation System Kits use very simple emitters that are less prone to clogging due to a wider flow path Therefore it requires less maintenance than other drippers However periodic and preventive maintenance is essential for smooth system function The following general checks can be carried out periodically depending on the local condition and water quality 1 Clogging of emitters micro sprinklers and wetting pattern 2 Placement of emitters micro tubes micro sprinklers 3 Leakages in pipes valves filter fittings etc 4 Flushing amp cleaning of filter by opening and cleaning the screen 5 Flushing of sub main amp laterals by releasing the end caps Apart from physical impurities that can be sep arated by using a screen filter there are dissolved chemical mainly salts impurities and also biological impurities like algae bacteria etc present in some water sources If the dissolved salts are more concentrated they can accumulate and clog the emitters Hydrochloric acid can be applied to the emitters to flush the salts If bacteria or algae clogs the system chlorine treatment in the form of bleaching powder 2 mg per liter can be added to clean the emitters and inhibit slime growth Some common problems faced by micro irrigation systems causes and trouble shooting required are given in the following tables Table8 1 1 Troubleshooting potential system problems for IDEal Mic
30. n of water directly to the root zone of plants through a network of economically designed plastic pipes and low discharge emitters Whatare IDEal Micro Irrigation Systems IMS IDEal Micro Irrigation Systems encompass low cost drip and sprinklers IDEal systems are assembled and packaged for small plots along with user friendly instruction manuals that enable small holders to cultivate commercial crops In other words micro irrigation can maximize crop productivity and protect the environment through conserving soil water and fertilizer resources while also increasing farmer income However a majority of smallholders in developing countries are deprived of this technology due to its high capital cost and non adaptability to small land holdings Until recently it has been too expensive to be affordable for poor families and too large for tiny plots of land International Development Enterprises IDE a non profit development organization has overcome this problem by developing a range of small easy to use and affordable micro irrigation kits IDEal Micro Irrigation Systems allow the production of high value crops with less time and money than traditional ways of cultivating and irrigating commercial crops 4 IDE has been working on low cost micro irrigation technology in India and Nepal since 1995 These products are sold as ready to use kits assembled and packaged so that they can be moved off the shelf installed and used by farmers
31. nd Sprinkler Workshop 1994 Jalgaon M S India Proceedings of Micro Irrigation Congress 1995 Orlando FL USA Suryawanshi Sudarshan 2000 Affordable Micro Irrigation Technology International Devleopment Enterprises Delhi India Technical Manual 30 NN INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ENTERPRISES 10403 WEST COLFAX SUITE 500 LAKEWOOD 80215 USA TEL 303 232 4336 WWW IDE INTERNATIONAL ORG 9 SUNSET
32. nt crops spacing of most vegetable crops is the same or in multiples of the minimum Therefore the drip kit can be utilized for various spacing of crops Technical Manual 27 TEMS APPENDIX Table A 1 Flow and friction Loss for 16 mm lateral pipe with 25 cm long microtube ROW LATERAL LENGTH Meters m Mita 10 20 30 40 50 Spacing LATERAL FLOW Ipm and HEAD LOSS m Inch cm Ipm m Ipm m Ipm m Ipm m lpm m AVERAGE PRESSURE HEAD 0 5 m q 2 84 12 30 1 58 0 01 3 16 0 07 4 73 0 21 6 31 0 45 7 89 0 84 18 45 1 05 0 00 2 10 0 03 3 16 0 10 4 21 0 22 5 26 0 41 24 60 0 79 0 00 1 58 0 02 2 37 0 06 3 16 0 13 3 94 0 25 30 75 0 63 0 00 1 26 0 01 1 89 0 04 2 52 0 09 3 16 0 17 36 90 0 53 0 00 1 05 0 01 1 58 0 03 2 10 0 07 2 63 0 12 AVERAGE PRESSURE HEAD 1 00 m q 4 59 12 30 2 55 0 02 5 10 0 16 7 65 0 48 10 20 1 05 12 75 1 94 18 45 1 70 0 01 3 40 0 08 5 10 0 23 6 80 0 52 8 50 0 95 24 60 1 28 0 01 2 5 0 05 3 83 0 14 5 10 0 31 6 38 0 58 30 75 1 02 0 00 04 0 03 3 06 0 10 4 08 0 21 5 10 0 39 36 90 0 85 0 00 N 0 02 2 55 0 07 3 40 0 15 4 25 0 28 AVERAGE PRESSURE HEAD 1 5 m q 6 10 12 30 3 39 0 04 6 78 0 26 10 17 0 78 13 56 172 16 94 3 18 18 45 2 26 0 02 4 52 0 13 6 78 0 38 9 04 0 85 11 30 1 57 24 60 1 69 0 01 3 39 0 08 5 08 0 23 6
33. op spacing of the plants terrain water requirement water quality operating time pressure head etc Some of the criteria that can be applied to the selection of dripper are given below 1 Reliability against clogging and malfunctioning 2 Emissionuniformity 3 Simpletoinstall and maintain 4 Pressure compensation in case of undulated terrain 5 Percentage area wetted 6 Flowrate 7 Operating pressure 8 Cost Table 6 3 6 A Types and application of major type of emitters to different crops Type of Emitter Flow Rate Operating Application to type of LPH Pressure m crop and terrain Micro tube Online 1 10 1 10 Vegetable and fruit dripper Inline drippers crops on flat terrain Self or Pressure 1 10 10 30 Vegetable and fruit compensating dripper crops on uneven land Line source tube Thin 1 5 1 15 Long row crops walled Tape Micro Sprinkler Micro 20 100 5 50 Vegetable and nursery Jet crops Mini Sprinkler 500 1000 10 20 Closely spaced crops Table 6 3 6 B Flow rate for different lengths of microtube at different pressure head Pressure Length of Microtube m Head 0 20 0 25 0 30 0 45 0 60 0 90 1 20 1 50 m 0 50 3 23 2 83 2 54 1 99 1 67 131 1 10 0 97 1 00 525 4 59 4 12 3 23 272 2 13 1 79 1 57 1 50 6 98 6 10 5 47 4 29 3 61 2 83 2 38 2 08 2 00 8 53 7 46 6 69 5 25 441 3 46 2 91 2 55 2 50 9 98 8 73 7 82 6 13 5 16 4 05 3 40 2 98 3 00 11 33 9 91 8
34. pipes to sub main pipes etc The tee connectors can be either the equal tee or reducing tee type including 12mm x 12mm 16mm x 12mm 16mm x 16mm 25mm x 12mm and 32mm x 12 mm ii Straight Connector The straight connector is also called a joiner and is UL required to connect pipes It can be either the equal joiner or reducing joiner including 12mm x 12mm 12mm x 16mm 25mm x 32mm 32mm x 40 mm and 40mm x 50mm iii Take Off Tee Itis used to connect the lateral pipes to the sub main pipe in larger systems It is fixed in the wall of sub main pipe with the help of a rubber washer called a gromate It is available for different sizes of lateral pipes including 12mm and 16mm iv Wooden Guide It is used to protect the bottom of the sub main pipe while the metal punch is used to punch a hole in the sub main pipe from the top v Metal Punch It 15 used along with the wooden guide to punch a hole on the top of the sub main pipe in order to connect the take off tee to the sub main pipe vi Stakes Tripod stand Micro sprinklers and mini sprinklers are mounted on 12 inch or 18inch long plastic stakes and connected to the lateral pipes through an extension pipe Impact sprinklers are mounted on a metal tripod stand Technical Manual 8 5 IDEal Micro Irrigation System Models Standard packaged kits were developed based on different irrigation areas number of plants and type of crops of interestto smallholder farmers Thes
35. quired to make an effective customized drip micro irrigation system are as follows 1 Layout ofthe area 2 Details of the water source and soil type 3 Agronomic details plant spacing crop period season canopy etc 4 Climatic data rainfall temperature evapo transpiration etc By using this information a complete drip micro irrigation system can be designed which will give the following outputs 6 3 2 Design Outputs 1 Detail layout of the system in the field 2 Emitter selection and placement 3 Size and length of mainline sub main and lateral pipes 4 Pumping and filtration requirement 5 Operating schedule for irrigation 6 Material and cost estimate System design starts with selection of the suitable emitter depending on type of crop water requirement operating time soil type and water quality The length and size of lateral lines are determined based on the lateral line flow rate field size etc as shown in Table 6 3 7 Similarly the size and length of the sub main pipe is determined Each sub main is an individual unit with its own control valve The whole area is then divided into different sub main units and the number of sub main units that can operate at any one time is based on the existing pumping water source capacity Sections should be designed such that the discharge is similar for all the sections To determine the appropriate length of the sub main pipe reference Tables 6 3 8A and 6 3 8B The mainline
36. ro Irrigation Systems Problem Cause Troubleshooting Micro tube Clogging due to 1 Take out micro tube from lateral pipe and shake it micro impurities in or blow it so that the dirt or trapped air comes out If sprinkler water or air it is a different type of emitter micro sprinkler emitter not bubble in micro open it and clean it with a needle so that dirt is delivering tube removed Then fix the emitter and check it is water working 2 Check the filter screen and gasket for any possible leakage and if required replace them Leakage in Cut in pipe due to Cut the pipe at the place of damage and connect it by lateral sub mechanical using joiner connector For large diameter pipes if main or main damage rodents joiners are not available then a service saddle can be pipe etc used Leakage in Pipe expansion or Cut the pipe end for the expanded portion and insert fittings of frequent use the fitting in it again If the fitting is too loose for the lateral pipe pipe diameter it can be adjusted by heating it Reduced 1 Caked filter 1 Clean the filter screen flow of water 2 Pipe leakage 2 Repair pipe leakage as mentioned above from emitter 3 Openendcap 3 Tighten the end Technical Manual 25 9 Frequently Asked Questions on IDEal Micro Irrigation Systems Table 9 1 1 Answers to questions about IDEal Micro Irrigation Systems Question Answer Water r
37. rom the micro tube is directly proportional to the operating pressure and inversely proportional to its length The operating pressure that is required can be as low as 1 5 meters ii Drip Tape Built in Dripper It has built in drippers outlets on the lateral line which give a continuous wetting strip It is mainly used forrow crops The operating pressure required is from 1 5 meters 8 Fittings amp Accessories Various fittings required in IDS are described below i Tee Connector Tee Connector Tee connectors of various sizes are required in IDEal Drip Systems to connect a branch to the main pipe the main pipe to sub main pipes the lateral pipes to sub main pipes etc The tee connectors can be either the equal tee or reducing tee type including 12mm x 12mm 16mm x 12mm 16mm x 16mm 25mm x 12mm and 32mm x 12 mm ii Straight Connector The straight connector is also called a joiner and is required to connect pipes It be either the equal joiner or reducing joiner including 12mm x 12mm 12mm x 16mm 25mm x 32mm 32mm x 40 mm and iii Take Off Tee Itis used to connect the lateral pipes to the sub main pipe in larger systems It is fixed in the wall of sub main pipe with the help of a rubber washer called a gromate It is available for different sizes of lateral pipes including 12mm and 16mm iv Wooden Guide It is used to protect the bottom of the sub main pipe while the metal punch is used to punch
38. tion of IDEal Drip Irrigation System IDEal Drip System Kits have standard sizes and are have a base design for small plots with fixed dimensions However farmers often have plots of varied size and dimensions Therefore IDEal Drip System Kits can be customized for a particular plot or adjusted to increase or reduce the in row spacing or between row spacing according to the farmer s need Itcan be done in following ways 1 Adjusting the length of the lateral pipes 2 Connecting additional kits to the same water source 3 Designing a customized system using simple rules 6 1 Adjusting length of the lateral pipe Using an IDEal Drip System Kit fora smaller area than the specified size can be done easily by closing the emitters or reducing lateral sub main length by using an end cap To use the kit for a larger area increase the lateral line length or connect additional lateral lines to the sub main pipe Make sure to increase the pressure head height of water tank to provide enough pressure for the increased lines To increase the pressure and ensure water distribution uniformity follow the guidelines of the table below The table gives the maximum length the lateral lines can be with certain pressures for each kit Water storage or frequency of storage tank filling will also need to be increased to account for the additional water required with increased area Table 6 1 1 Appropriate length of lateral lines according to pressure
39. tter Emitter Flow 4 0 Iph meter 4 0 Iph meter 4 0 Iph meter 4 0 Iph meter built in dripper Water Storage 20 liters 200 liters 1000 liters 2000 liters Crops Vegetable crops such as Vegetable crops such as tomato tomato eggplant onion eggplant onion cabbage rape cabbage rapeseed paprika seed paprika cauliflower garlic cauliflower garlic watermelon cucumber lettuce watermelon cucumber lettuce etc Fruit crops such as banana etc papaya pomegranate citrus mango etc with required modifications Note The spacing given above for emitters and lateral pipes is recommended spacing for many vegetable crops Different spacing of emitters and lateral pipes can be used based on plant and row spacing of fruit and vegetable crops grown in particular region Technical Manual 9 TYPES OF IDEal MICRO IRRIGATION SYSTEM 5 1 1 Family Nutrition Kit 20 m2 IDS 20 5 1 2 Vegetable Garden Kit 100 m IDS 100 Technical Manual 10 2 LLI gt uU L lt 2 LL uU LLI gt 5 1 3 IDEal Drip Kit 200 m2 IDS 200 5 1 4 IDEal Drip Kit 500 m IDS 500 5 1 5 IDEal Drip Kit 1000 m IDS 1000 Technical Manual 11 5 2 IDEal Sprinkler Systems Table 5 2 1 IDEal Sprinkler Systems Models and Specifications Specification ISS144 155288
40. ystem There are valves of various sizes depending on the flow rate of water in the system 3 Filter The filter ensures that clean water enters the system There are different types of filters screen media and disc Different sizes of filters are available depending on the flow rate of water in the system 4 Mainline Pipe made of poly vinyl chloride PVC or polyethylene PE to convey water from the source to the sub main line PE pipe material is normally made from high density polyethylene HDPE low density polyethylene LDPE and linear low density polyethylene LLDPE The size of pipe depends on the flow rate of water in the system 5 Sub main Made of PVC HDPE LDPE LLDPE pipe to supply waterto the lateral pipes Lateral pipes are connected to the sub main pipe at regular intervals The size of pipe depends on the flow rate of waterin the system 6 Lateral Pipes made of LLDPE or LDPE placed along the rows of the crop on which emitters are connected to provide j water to the plants directly The lateral pipe size is from 12 mm to 16 mm in most IDEal Drip Systems Technical Manual 4 WMOMENTS Of 7 Emitters A device through which water is emitted at the root zone of the plant with required discharge Different types of emitters used in IDEal Drip Irrigation Systems are described below i Miero tube Straight or curled LLDPE tube with an inner diameter ranging from 1 to 1 2 mm The discharge f
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