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PCAD 2000 Manual

1. 11 SCONCE CAUSCS arrasi e teen EA causa E D TES 11 Scale SuMMar S si eera eee E 13 Sampl AnalySiS sesers eere EEE EEEE EE deta 14 S gg sted DIAGNOSIS iieiaeie iire E A eeeesl 14 After Scoring ieri aar erae adsvecwcsen sacusGenccaucsseesasssavccsceneaurs 15 Actions after Leaving Guided Mode cccsesseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 16 Exiting from PCAD 2000 aaaaassssssssnnnsnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn nennen 17 Running PCAD 2000 Unguided Mode 19 Determining the Goals for a SCSSION c ssceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 19 Starting the Scoring System eccceceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 20 Selecting the Scales to USC ccceeeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaeeeeeeseeeeneeees 21 Selecting a Sample File to Score ccccccesseeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaeees 21 Start the Scoring Process cccccseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeneees 23 Selecting the Output Format ccccceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeneees 24 Copy Output to Printer 2 uweceie een ee eden 24 Copy Q tput to File sri i r e a aber nee atalaatn 24 Copy Summary Output to Spreadsheet ccccccseeeeeeeeeeees 25 Outputs from the Scoring Process cccccceeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 26 Scored Clauses al hd ca hte ce E E ERA carat 26 Scale SUIT OS aie er a tee oe hues oe ree ce oe 28 Salmple ANal SiS sisacsieeeo wees tientea ier A E 29 Suggested Diagnosis vce cccscccesseevisassissie ctetveccss
2. Gottschalk LA Hambidge G Jr Effect of interviewer on anxiety and hostility of interviewee Reported in Gottschalk and Gleser 1969 pp 260 261 Unpublished study 1956 Gottschalk LA Hanson EJ Niemiller J and Gleser GC Effect of personality or sex of interviewer on sexual references self references and affect scores Reported in Gottschalk and Gleser 1969 pp 261 267 Unpublished study 1964 Gottschalk LA Hausmann C Brown JS A computerized scoring system for use with content analysis scales Comprehensive Psychiatry 1975 16 77 90 Gottschalk LA Hoigaard Martin J The emotional impact of mastectomy Psychiatry Research 1986 17 1543 167 Gottschalk LA Hoigaard Martin J A depression scale applicable to verbal samples Psychiatry Research 1986 17 213 227 Gottschalk LA Hoigaard JC Birch H Rickels K The measurement of psychological states Relationships between Gottschalk Gleser Content Analysis scores and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale scores Physician Questionnaire Rating Scale scores and Hopkins Symptom Checklist scores In Pharmacokinetics of Psychoactive Drugs Blood Levels and Clinical Response Edited by LA Gottschalk and S Merlis Spectrum Publications Inc New York 1976 pp 61 113 Gottschalk LA Hoigaard JC Eckardt MR Gilbert RL Wolf RJ Cognitive impairment and other psychological scores derived from the content analysis of speech in detoxified male chronic alcoholics The American
3. 1 Symbols H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 H7 PCAD 2000 Manual Hope Scale Content Categories References to self or others getting or receiving help advice support sustenance confidence esteem a from others b from self References to feelings of optimism about the present or future a others b self References to being or wanting to be or seeking to be the recipient of good fortune good luck God s favor or blessing a others b self References to any kinds of hopes that lead to a constructive outcome to survival to longevity to smooth going interpersonal relationships this category can be scored only if the word hope or wish or a close synonym is used References to not being or not wanting to be or not seeking to be the recipient of good fortune good luck God s favor or blessing References to self or others not getting or receiving help advice support sustenance confidence esteem a from others b from self References to feelings of hopelessness losing hope despair lack of confidence lack of ambition lack of interest feelings of pessimism discouragement a others b self 62 Release 0206 Weights 1 PCAD 2000 Manual Depression Scale Content Categories and Scoring Symbols I Hopelessness 1 References to not being or not wanting to be or not seeking to be the recipient of good fortune good luck God s favor or blessing 2 References to self or others not gett
4. 178 197 Perley J Winget C Placci C Hope and discomfort as factors influencing treatment continuance Comprehensive Psychiatry 1971 12 557 563 Pilowsky I Gottschalk LA Relationships between Gottschalk Gleser content analysis scores and 78 PCAD 2000 Manual pain in patients with chronic pain syndrome Unpublished study 1978 Reynolds WM Review of Psychiatric Content Analysis and Diagnosis computer software In BS Plake JC Impara LL Murphy Eds The Fourteenth Mental Measurements Yearbook Buros Institute of Mental Measurements The University of Nebraska Press 2001 Russell SL The Measurement of Narcissism through the Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior Doctoral Dissertation University of California Irvine California 1989 Dissertation Abstracts UMI Dissertation Information Service 300 N Zeeb Road Ann Arbor 1990 Michigan 48106 Sabalesky DA Demet EM Chicz Demet A Gottschalk LA Haier RJ Platelet monoamine oxidase activity and evoked response as predictors of anxiety and depression derived from the content analysis of speech Journal of Psychiatric Research 1990 24 165 175 Schofer G Das Gottschalk Gleser verfahren Eine sprachinhaltsanalyse zur erfassung und quantifizierung von aggressiven und angstlichen affekten Zeitschrift fur Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychoanalyse 1977a 23 1 12 Schofer G Gottschalk Gleser Sprachinhaltsanalyse Theorie und Technik Studien zur Messung Angstlic
5. 3 PCAD 2000 Manual Content Categories and Scoring Symbols Hostility outward covert la 1b Ic 2a 2b 2c 2d 2e 2f 3a 3b 3c 3d 3e 3f Others human killing fighting injuring other individuals or threatening to do so Others human robbing or abandoning causing suffering or anguish to other individuals or threatening to do so Others adversely criticizing depreciating blaming expressing anger dislike of other human beings Others human killing injuring or destroying domestic animals pets or threatening to do so Others human abandoning robbing domestic animals pets or threatening to do so Others human criticizing or depreciating other individuals in a vague or mild manner Others human depriving or disappointing other human beings Others human or domestic animals dying or killed violently in death dealing situation or threatened with such Bodies human or domestic animals mutilated depreciated defiled Wildlife flora inanimate objects injured broken robbed destroyed or threatened with such with or without mention of agent Others human adversely criticizing depreciating blaming expresing anger or dislike of subhuman inanimate objects places situations Others angry cursing without reference to cause or direction of anger also instruments of destruction not used threateningly Others human domestic animals injured robb
6. AH No Score S No Score C No Score H No Score DEP No Score I have been working here for a long time AX No Score HO No Score HI No Score AH No Score S No Score C No Score H No Score DEP No Score They treat me pretty vell AX No Score HO No Score HI No Score AH No Score S 1IC1 ID2 C 1C1 H H2 H1 DEP No Score I don t make a lot of money AX No Score HO No Score HI ito Score AH No Score S No Score C No Score H No Score DEP No Score but the work is pretty easy AX No Score HO No Score HI No Score AH No Score S 1ID2 C No Score H No Score Er H7 Finished scoring C PROGRAM FILES PCAD 2000 testgb sam MStart Gottschalk Gleser Co E Paint Shop Pro gE 9134M Figure 6 Example of scored clauses If the sample is long enough it will completely fill the space allocated for the on screen listing When this happens the screen will clear and then the remaining clauses and scores will be printed The erased portion is stored off screen and can be retrieved later for printing or long term storage 12 Release 0206 PCAD 2000 Manual When the basic scoring process is over behavior will depend on the output options selected by the user at the beginning of scoring If the user did not request output sent to the printer a file or a spreadsheet the system will offer to stop skipping all remaining output or to continue see Figure 7 If all you want is scored clauses you may select the Yes Skip button
7. Asian Education Number as follows 1 Some grade school 2 Finished grade school 3 Some high school 4 Finished high school 5 Some college 6 Finished college 7 Graduate professional school A second line of equal signs signals the program that the identifying information is complete and that scoring should resume The program returns to its scoring state and scores until end of file or a line of equal signs are encountered The process continues 49 Release 0206 PCAD 2000 Manual alternating between scoring and copying identifying information until the end of the file is reached The lines of equal signs must be placed in the file by the sample file preparer Remember that the sequences of equal signs must be at least ten characters long and that they must start at the beginning of a line In general it is good practice to place a blank line before the line of equal signs to be sure that they are actually at the start of a line in case margin changes shift text locations in your word processor Multiple Samples in a Single File Sample files may contain transcripts of more than one verbal sample Using the method described in the preceding section to mark the end and beginning of a sample lines of equal signs a user may place several samples into a single file These samples can be taken from the same subject or different subjects each is treated independently This feature is offered only as a convenience to enable a batch of
8. Communication A R N M D 1964 42 400 413 Gottschalk LA Gleser GC The Measurement of Psychological States through the Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior Los Angeles Berkeley University of California Press 1969 Gottschalk LA Gleser GC Cleghorn JM Stone WN Winget CN Prediction of changes in severity of the schizophrenic syndrome with discontinuation and administration of phenothiazines in chronic schizophrenic patients language as a predictor and measure of change in schizophrenia Comprehensive Psychiatry 1970 11 123 140 Gottschalk LA Gleser GC Daniels RS Block SL The speech patterns of schizophrenic patients A method of assessing relative degree of personal disorganization and social alienation Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1958 127 153 166 Gottschalk LA Gleser GC D Zmura_ TL Hanenson IB Some psychophysiological relationships in hypertensive women The effect of Hydrochlorothiazide on the relations of affect 74 PCAD 2000 Manual to blood pressure 1964 26 610 617 Psychosomatic Medicine Gottschalk LA Gleser GC Hambidge G Jr Verbal analysis Some content and form variables in speech relevant to personality adjustment Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 1957 77 300 311 Gottschalk LA Gleser GC Magliocco EB D Zmura TL Further studies on the speech patterns of schizophrenic patients Measuring inter individual differences in relative degree of personal disorganization and social
9. Fourth Edition Washington D C American Psychiatric Association 1994 Bechtel Robert Developments in Computer Science with Application to Text Analysis In Carl W Roberts Ed Text Analysis for the Social Sciences Mahway New Jersey Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 1997 pp 239 250 Gottschalk Louis A Ed The Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior Further Studies New York Spectrum Publications 1979 Gottschalk Louis A The Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior New Findings and Clinical Applications Hillsdale New Jersey Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 1995 Gottschalk Louis A The Unobtrusive Measurement of Psychological States and Traits In Carl W Roberts Ed Text Analysis for the Social Sciences Mahway New Jersey Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 1997 pp 117 130 Gottschalk Louis A and Bechtel Robert The measurement of anxiety through the computer analysis of verbal samples Comprehensive Psychiatry 23 364 369 1982 Gottschalk Louis A and Bechtel Robert Artificial intelligence and the computerization of the content analysis of natural language Artificial Intelligence in Medicine 1 131 137 1989 Gottschalk Louis A and Bechtel Robert Computerized measurement of the content analysis of natural language for use in biomedical research Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 47 123 130 1995 Gottschalk LA Gleser GC An analysis of the verbal content of suicide notes British Journal of Medical Psy
10. To see other system outputs select the Show More button If you skip you may print the output or save it to a disk file but there is not yet enough information to generate a spreadsheet Enough Information x C Would you like to skip the remainder of output for 4 this sample Skip scale summaries analysis and diagnostics snows Figure 7 Choice after clauses are scored Scale Summaries If you chose to Show More the system will open a window and place the summary sheets for each of the currently active scales in that window The results will look something like Figure 8 3 Gottschalk Gleser Content Analysis Computerized Scoring System B 3 A e ief x File Scales View 4 Summaries for C PROGRAM FILES PCAD 2000 testgb sam OF x TABULATION OF VERBAL SAMPLE CODED FOR ANXIETY Fy Word Count 107 Correction Factor C F 0 935 Subcategory Total Weight Raw Score Subscale Score Human Score CW W x C F SqRt RS 1 2CF Death o s a a ae ae ae 0 000 0 684 0 789 Mutilation 0 0 000 0 684 0 626 Separation 0 0 000 0 684 0 554 Guilt o a c a caa 0 0 000 0 684 0 742 Shame 6 5 607 2 465 2 385 Sa3 X 2 DiffUSS s o s saa 0 0 000 0 684 0 671 TOTAL si s a 3 s a 6 5 607 5 607 1 2 C F 6 075 Square Root 2 465 Human Equivalent 2 489 Based on norms for white male adults the score is slightly high for the Anxiety scale It is between one and two standard deviations above
11. injuring other individuals or threatening to do so Self robbing or abandoning other individuals causing suffering or anguish to others or threatening to do so Self adversely criticizing depreciating blaming expressing anger dislike of other human beings Self killing injuring or destroying domestic animals pets or threatening to do so Self abandoning robbing domestic animals pets or threatening to do so Self criticizing or depreciating others in a vague or mild manner Self depriving or disappointing other human beings Self killing injuring destroying robbing wildlife flora inanimate objects or threatening to do so Self adversely criticizing depreciating blaming expresing anger or dislike of subhuman inanimate objects places situations Self using hostile words cursing mention of anger or rage without referent b3 c3 a2 b2 c2 d2 e2 al bl cl dl el fl 57 ID Hostility Outward Covert Thematic Categories Others human killing fighting injuring other individuals or threatening to do so Others human robbing or abandoning causing suffering or anguish to other individuals or threatening to do so Others adversely criticizing depreciating blaming expressing anger dislike of other human beings Others human killing injuring or destroying domestic animals pets or threatening to do so Others human abandoning robbing dome
12. 2 inanimate objects 1 denial of death anxiety 1 ao FP 2 Mutilation castration anxiety references to injury tissue or physical damage or anxiety about injury or threat of such experienced by or occurring to self 3 animate others 2 inanimate objects destroyed 1 denial 1 ao FP 3 Separation anxiety references to desertion abandonment ostracism loss of support falling loss of love or love object or threat of such experienced by or occurring to self 3 animate others 2 inanimate objects 1 denial 1 PHO OS 4 Guilt anxiety references to adverse criticism abuse condemnation moral disapproval guilt or threat of such experienced by a self 3 b animate others 2 d denial 1 5 Shame anxiety references to ridicule inadequacy shame embarrassment humiliation overexposure of deficiencies or private details or threat of such experienced by a self 3 b animate others 2 d denial 1 6 Diffuse or nonspecific anxiety references by word or phrase to anxiety and or fear without distinguishing type or source of anxiety a self 3 b animate others 2 d denial 1 56 Release 0206 PCAD 2000 Manual Hostility Directed Outward Scale Destructive Injurious Critical Thoughts and Actions Directed to Others a3 b3 c3 a2 b2 c2 d2 al bl cl I Hostility Outward Overt Thematic Categories Self killing fighting
13. Basel 1986 19 93 100 Lolas F Heerleen A Content category analysis of affective expression in irritable bowel duodenal ulcer and anxiety disorder patients Psychopathology Basel 1986 19 309 216 Lolas F Kordy H von Rad M Affective content of speech as a predictor of psychotherapy outcome In The Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior Significance in Clinical Medicine and Psychiatry Edited by LA Gottschalk F Lolas LL Viney Heidelberg Springer Verlag 1979 pp 225 230 Lolas F Mergenthaler E von Rad M Content analysis of verbal behaviour in psychotherapy research a comparison between two methods British Journal of Medical Psychology 1982 55 327 333 Lolas F von Rad M The Gottschalk Gleser affective profile Research Communications in Psychology Psychiatry and Behaviour 1977 2 23 1 234 Lolas F von Rad M Psychosomatic disease and neurosis A study of dyadic verbal behavior Comprehensive Psychiatry 1982 23 19 24 Lolas F von Rad M Communication of emotional meaning A biopsychosocial dimension in psychosomatics In Life Stress Edited by SB Day Von Nostrand Reinhold Publishing Co New York 1982 pp 138 144 Lolas F von Rad M Scheibler H Situational influences on verbal affective expression of psychosomatic and psychoneurotic patients Release 0206 Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases 1981 169 619 623 Luborsky L Docherty J Todd T Knapp P Mirsky A Gottschalk LA A content analysis o
14. Health Crisis Clinic American Journal of Psychiatry 1973 130 1107 1111 Gottschalk LA Frank EC Estimating the magnitude of anxiety from speech Behavorial Science 1967 12 289 295 Gottschalk LA Fronezek J Abel L Emotions defenses coping mechanisms and symptoms Psychoanalytic Psychology 10 237 260 1992 Gottschalk LA Fronczek J Defense mechanisms and hope as protective factors in physical and mental disorders In The Concept of Defense Mechanisms in Contemporary Psychology Edited Release 0206 by U Hentschel G Smith W Ehlers JG Draguns New York Springer Verlag 1993 pp 339 359 Gottschalk LA Fronczek J Abel L Buchsbaum MS The cerebral neurobiology of hope and hopelessness Psychiatry 56 270 281 1992 Gottschalk LA Fronczek J Abel L Buchsbaum MS Fallon JH The neurobiology of anxiety anxiety displacement and anxiety denial Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 70 17 24 2001 Gottschalk LA Fronczek J Abel L Buchsbaum MS The relationship of social alienation and thought disorder in normal male subjects to localized cerebral glucose metabolic rate as measured by positron emission tomography Comprehensive Psychiatry 33 332 341 1992 Gottschalk LA Gleser GC An analysis of the verbal content of suicide notes British Journal of Medical Psychology 1960 33 195 204 Gottschalk LA Gleser GC Distinguishing characteristics of the verbal communications of schizophrenic patients In Disorders of
15. Inward Ambivalent ostility Schizophrenic Cognitive Impairment Hope Total Depression EST 35 5 W M 107 0 935 0 789 0 626 0 554 0 742 2 385 O67 1 235489 0087135 0 5775 0 29 65 0 8590 01 7 3 647 0 195 1 237 0 319 2 604 0 250 0 330 0 798 0 554 0 965 5 333 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 1 TOOPPP H Outputs Generated while Scoring the Sample File At this point the system will begin scoring the sample file As scoring proceeds the following outputs will be generated and sent to the screen and to any other destinations selected by the user Scored Clauses The initial output from every sample scoring session is a listing of clauses and the scores they are assigned Each clause is printed on a line followed by one or more line s of scores depending on what scales have been selected The scored clauses will look something like those in Figure 6 11 Release 0206 PCAD 2000 Manual Gottzchal Gleses Content Analysis Computerized Scoring System AEST A PETES File Scales View SUBJECT Test1 AGE 35 SEX H EDUCATION 5 ETHNICITY W DATE 27 Apr 97 What do you vant me to talk about Doc AX No Score HO No Score HI No Score AH No Score S I B C No Score H No Score DEP No Score I don t know 7 AX 5a3 HO No Score HI No Score AH No Score S IIB4 C No Score H No Score DEP IIBA what to say AX No Score HO No Score HI No Score
16. Manual and the relative magnitude of these psychological states and conflicts became a compelling aim In the process of probing the emotional reactions of subjects or patients an effort was made to minimize reactions of guarding or covering Hence the instructions to elicit speech from subject were purposely relatively ambiguous and non structured Speakers were asked to tell about personal or dramatic life experiences From such standardized instructions it was found possible to compare individuals in a standard context so that demographic and personality variables could be explored and investigated while holding relatively constant the influence of such variables as the instructions for eliciting speech the nature and personality of the interviewer the context and the situation The effects of varying these non interviewee variables have been subsequently investigated one by one after reliable and valid content analysis scales were developed The development of the Gottschalk Gleser method of content analysis has involved a long series of steps 1 It has required that the psychological dimensions to be measured for example anxiety hostility outward hostility inward cognitive and intellectual impairment social alienation personal disorganization depression and hope be precisely defined 2 that the lexical cues be carefully pinpointed by which a receiver of any verbal messages infers the occurrence of any of these psychological s
17. Psychiatry and Psychological Problems D V Siva Sankar ed Westbury Conn PJD Publications 1976 pp 351 379 Gottschalk LA Effects of certain benzodiazepine derivatives on disorganization of thought as Release 0206 manifested in speech Current Research 1977 21 192 206 Therapeutic Gottschalk LA Manual of uses and applications of the Gottschalk Gleser verbal behavior scales Research Communications in Psychology Psychiatry and Behavior 1982 7 273 327 Gottschalk LA Research using the Gottschalk Gleser Content Analysis Scales in English since 1969 In Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior Significance in Clinical Medicine and Psychiatry Edited by LA Gottschalk LA F Lolas LL Viney Heidelberg Springer Verlag 1986 pp 29 46 Gottschalk LA Content category analysis The measurement of the magnitude of psychological dimensions in psychotherapy In Language in Psychotherapy Strategies of Discovery Edited by RL Russell Irvington Publishers Inc New York 1987 Gottschalk LA Narcissism Its normal evolution and development and the treatment of its disorders American Journal of Psychotherapy 1988 42 4 27 Gottschalk LA Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior New Findings and Clinical Applications Hillsdale NJ Lawrence Elbaum Associates 1995 Gottschalk LA The application of a computerized measurement of the content analysis of natural language to the assessment of the effects of psychoactive drug
18. RM Measurement of subjective effects of nitrous oxide Validation of post drug questionnaire responses by verbal content analysis of speech samples collection during drug intoxication In Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior Further Studies Edited by Gottschalk LA New York Spectrum Publications 1979 pp 335 347 Bennett MDJ The emotional response of husbands to suicide attempts by their wives Doctoral thesis Sydney Australia University of Sydney 1972 Cohn JB Gottschalk LA Double blind comparison of ketazolam and placebo using once a day dosing Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1980 20 676 680 Elliott HW Gottschalk LA Ulana RL Relationships of plasma meperidine levels to changes in anxiety and hostility Comprehensive Psychiatry 1974 15 249 254 Gift TE Cole RE Wynne LC A hostility measure for use in family contexts Psychiatry Research 1985 15 205 210 Gleser GC Gottschalk LA and Springer KJ An anxiety scale applicable to verbal samples Archives of General Psychiatry 1961 5 593 605 Gleser GC Gottschalk LA Fox R Lippert W Immediate changes in affect with chlordiazepoxide in juvenile delinquent boys Archives of General Psychiatry 1965 13 291 295 Gleser GC Lubin A Response productivity in verbal content analysis A critique of the Marsden Kalter and Ericson paper Journal of Cosulting and Clinical Psychology 1976 44 508 510 71 Gleser GC Winget CN Seligman R Content scaling of affect
19. in adolescent speech samples Journal of Youth and Adolescence 1979 8 282 297 Gleser GC Winget C Seligman R Rauh JL Evaluation of psychotherapy with adolescents using content analysis of verbal samples In The Content Analysis of Verbal Further Studies Edited by Gottschalk LA Ch 8 New York Spectrum Publications 1979 pp 213 233 Gottschalk LA An objective method of measuring psychological states associated with changes in neural function Journal of Biological Psychiatry 1972 4 33 49 Gottschalk LA A hope scale applicable to verbal samples Archives of General Psychiatry 1974 7 489 496 Gottschalk LA The application of a method of content analysis to psychotherapy research American Journal of Psychotherapy 1974 28 488 499 Gottschalk LA The psychoanalytic study of hand mouth approximations In Psychoanalysis and Contemporary Science Edited by Goldberger L and Rosen VH Vol 3 New York International Universities Press 1974 pp 261 295 Gottschalk LA Drug effects in the assessment of affective states in man In Current Developments in Psychopharmacology Edited by WB Essman and L Valzelli Vol 1 Spectrum Publications New York 1975 Gottschalk LA Children s speech as a source of data towards the measurement of psychological states Journal of Youth and Adolescence 1976 5 11 36 Gottschalk LA Differences in the content of speech of girls and boys ages six to sixteen In Studies on Childhood
20. is a software program that performs content analysis of input text on scales developed by Louis A Gottschalk Goldine Gleser and their research associates the Gottschalk Gleser scales These scales and associated methodology were originally created for application by trained human scorers to transcribed recordings of spoken verbal samples obtained in response to a standardized prompt The scales measure states of neuropsychiatric interest such as anxiety hostility and cognitive impairment In the years since the original scales and procedures were devised additional scales have been created and the techniques have been adapted to a wide variety of uses Numerous studies have confirmed the validity and reliability of the scales in measuring affect including cross language and cross cultural studies PCAD 2000 was developed to eliminate extensive training of human scorers and decrease the time required to analyze samples The current program is the most recent in a succession of software dating back over twenty years and is used for research around the world It runs under the Microsoft Windows operating system Windows 95 or later This manual provides the information needed for a professional to use PCAD 2000 as a tool in research or clinical practice Recognizing that it can be difficult and time consuming to do extensive research into the content analysis method itself we provide a summary of the scales their development and their empl
21. should involve demanding someone do something largely in the service of one s own needs exploitive or deliberately making someone feel shame or guilt e g by putting emphasis on how one is made to suffer a Self manipulating others b Others manipulating self c Others manipulating others B2 Neutral nonevaluative references to any kinds of human relations which specify the person s interacted with but which do not specify the nature of the deeper involvement and which are not classified elsewhere All references to sellf and others e g we drove we reached we thought etc not scorable elsewhere are coded B2a a Self or self and others b Others B3 Neutral nonevaluative references to any kinds of human relations which are generalized ambiguous as to person s interacted with and impersonal C1 Explusive references to competitive hostile depreciating and smearing attitudes impulses actions a Self to others b Others to self c Others to others C2 Retentive references to withholding affection interest approval or attention from people references to disapproval a Self from others b Others from self c Others from others C3 Distancing reference in which people are alienated drawn apart kept at a distance from one another a Focus on self b Focus on others 66 Release 0206 PCAD 2000 Manual Weights 2 Content Categories and Scoring Symbols D1 Optimism references
22. the assessment of emotions from verbal samples may reveal an individual s reactions to distressing current events What distinguishes mental health from mental disorders is not merely the intensity of emotional reactions but also the timeliness and appropriateness of these emotions as well as the defenses and coping mechanisms the person has available These are matters about which the clinician has to make the major judgments These evaluations from verbal samples are capable of detecting signs of minor and major mental disorders as well as signs of early cognitive impairment and cerebral organic malfunctioning The diagnostic classifications conforming to the DSM IV criteria that are offered for consideration here to the clinician do not include all the conditions that may be legitimate areas of treatment or research efforts Also the clinician should be reminded that the diagnostic classifications suggested are based solely on the content analysis of single verbal samples produced by an individual and all the specialized clinical training and skills of the clinician should be included in order to corroborate which suggestions are most relevant and valid Finished scoring C PROGRAM FILES PCAD 2000 testgb sam AStart Gortschalk Gleser Co E Paint Shop Pro GE 14AM Figure 21 Example analysis output Suggested Diagnosis PCAD 2000 will on request produce a list of suggested DSM IV diagnoses that should be considered by
23. the mean TABULATION OF VERBAL SAMPLE CODED FOR HOSTILITY DIRECTED OUTWARD Word Count 107 Correction Factor C F 0 935 OVERT Subcategory Total Weight Finished scoring C PROGRAM FILES PCAD 2000 testgb sam AStart Gottschalk Gleser Co E Paint Shop Pro Gt 3144M Figure 8 Example of scale summaries 13 Release 0206 PCAD 2000 Manual After the summaries have been presented the system will again offer to stop skipping the remaining output see Figure 9 If you are satisfied with the output so far which can be sent to a printer to a disk file or saved in a spreadsheet you may select the Yes Skip button To see other system outputs select the Show More button Enough Information x C Would you like to skip the remainder of output for a this sample Skip analysis and diagnostics Figure 9 Selecting more output Sample Analysis If requested PCAD 2000 provides a written analysis of the scoring results This analysis includes important information about the limits and capabilities of the scoring system and should be provided with any use of the system for diagnostic purposes The analysis output will look something like that in Figure 10 Gottschalk Gleser Content Analysis Computerized Scoring System ANEDE PIE File Scales View 3 Analysis for C PROGRAM FILES PCAD 2000 testgb sam OF x a INTRODUCTION This assessment procedure is designed to provide the clinician with useful i
24. though it has been less extensively tested in these latter environments The minimum memory needed to run PCAD2000 is 16 megabytes and GB Software recommends a much larger amount to enhance processing for Windows 98 and NT 128 megabytes is suggested The PCAD2000 software and dictionaries occupy approximately 7 megabytes of disk space be sure to allow more room for your samples and for scoring output It is not unusual for a one to two page long input sample to produce over twenty pages of scoring output if all output options are enabled So far as we have tested PCAD2000 runs on any processor capable of running the required Windows operating system GB Software has tested on both genuine Intel and Cyrix processors without encountering problems but we cannot be responsible for any incompatibilities caused by your particular hardware configuration Obviously faster processors will produce results more quickly GB Software is aware of no special requirements on keyboards pointing devices or displays It is worth noting that printer output is straight ASCII so PCAD2000 will not work properly with a Postscript only printer Packing List PCAD2000 is shipped on three 34 inch diskettes or one CD ROM In addition to the distribution media you should have received this user manual and reference guide If there are any last minute changes to the package there may also be one or more pages describing those changes or there may be a file
25. to self receiving from getting from being taken care of by other people in gratifying and positive ways interest in other people based on what they can do for oneself asking others for help emphasis on the self as the recipient of nurturance and sustenance a Self receiving from others D2 Pessimism references to frustration in being taken care of or to poor or inadequate protection support or care a Self b Others D3 Separation any reference to separation loss death not scored elsewhere a Self b Others D4 References to eating or to food in connection with others 1 Positive valence a Self b Others 2 Neutral valence a Self b Others 3 Negative valence a Self b Others DS References to difficulty talking to not knowing what to say to being at a loss for words with interviewer or others D6 Direct interaction with interviewer a Asking questions of interviewer when standardized verbal sample instructions have been used b Other direct references you know or statements addressing interviewer directly by name or as you E1 References to lack of humans or subhumans in the environment The references must contain evidence of lack of interest in or need for human or subhuman objects E2 References to eating food drinking meals etc out of the context of other people Code both self and others E3 References to bathing alone no other people in view or to undifferentiated or amorphous s
26. 00 To exit from PCAD 2000 select Exit from the File menu see Figure 14 4 Gottschalk Gleser Content Analysis Computerized Scoring System x File Scales View Figure 14 File Exit option 17 Release 0206 PCAD 2000 Manual This will cause a confirmation window to appear Figure 15 C2 Do you really wish to exit the scoring system Figure 15 Exit confirmation To complete your exit click on the Yes button Click on the No button if you wish to return to PCAD 2000 18 Release 0206 PCAD 2000 Manual Running PCAD 2000 Unguided Mode Determining the Goals for a Session PCAD2000 is a tool that can be used to support many different activities in the same way that a word processor can be used for to prepare brief informal notes to write complete books and a whole host of writing tasks that fall between these extremes Just as what kind of document you are preparing determines what features of your word processor you use in any one session so may your overall project goals affect how you will use PCAD2000 Every user has different goals and GB Software hopes that new uses will continue to be found for the capabilities of PCAD2000 However most uses do tend to fall into one of two categories those focused in detail on a single sample and those primarily concerned with groups of samples rather than the details of any one sample Clinical uses of PCAD2000 tend to focus on a small number of samples in g
27. 2000 and use it normally for other tasks and perhaps even for the task you were doing when the problem arose 4 Send the information about what happened to GB Software If possible include the file you were scoring on a diskette or as an email attachment to allow us to attempt to recreate the error 51 Release 0206 PCAD 2000 Manual Initial Execution Some users have reported difficulty in executing the system following installation While we believe that the circumstances leading to this issue have been addressed we are including the workaround here for completeness The problem manifests itself as a dialog box that appears when PCAD 2000 is invoked The dialog box lists several choices then asks the user to choose an image file GBSOFT IMG should be one of the choices Double click on the filename GBSOFT IMG or single click on the filename then click left on the Select button in the dialog box The PCAD 2000 main screen will appear after approximately 30 45 seconds depending on your computer configuration Before that time you may think that the software has failed without telling you Please be patient If GBSOFT IMG is not offered as a choice or if there are other problems in getting PCAD 2000 to execute properly please follow the procedures described above 52 Release 0206 PCAD 2000 Manual Publications Referenced in this Manual American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
28. AD 2000 Definitions of the Gottschalk Gleser content analysis scales available for computer scoring are given on the following pages Scale definitions and weights for the Anxiety Scale Hostility Scales Social Alienation Personal Disorganization Scale Human Relations Scale Dependency Strivings Scale and Health Sickness Scale are taken from The Measurement of Psychological States Through the Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior by Louis A Gottschalk and Goldine C Gleser University of California Press 1969 The Hope Scale is taken from Louis A Gottschalk A hope scale applicable to verbal samples Archives of General Psychiatry 30 779 785 1974 The Depression Scale is taken from Louis A Gottschalk and Julia Hoigaard A depression scale applicable to verbal samples Psychiatry Research 17 312 227 1986 The Cognitive Impairment Scale is taken from Louis A Gottschalk The development validation and applications of a measurement of cognitive impairment from the content analysis of verbal behavior Journal of Clinical Psychology 50 349 361 1994 The Achievement Strivings Scale given here is a modification of that given in Gottschalk amp Gleser 1969 as updated by Louis A Gottschalk in his work at GB Software in 2000 55 Release 0206 PCAD 2000 Manual Anxiety Scale 1 Death anxiety references to death dying threat of death or anxiety about death experienced by or occurring to self 3 animate others
29. Ambivalent Hostility hostility originating externally and directed towards the self Social Alienation Personal Disorganization Cognitive Impairment Hope Depression including 7 subscales Human Relations Achievement Strivings Dependency Strivings and Health Sickness While the utility of these Scales has been demonstrated repeatedly through decades of research widespread everyday use of content analysis of verbal behavior for research and clinical practice has been hampered by the relatively high training and performance requirements associated with the manual application of the technique For example Gottschalk and Gleser 1969 recommend an inter coder reliability coefficient of 0 80 or better with the scoring of qualified experts in the use of these content analysis Scales To achieve this level of familiarity and skill in coding these Scales requires some practice with previously published and unpublished examples of scoring these content analysis Scales and continual monitoring of trained scorers Manual scoring is also not a particularly quick process requiring not only trained content judgments but also extensive post processing of scores to prepare Scale based summaries and analyses To address the training and performance obstacles to wider use of the Scales GB Software has developed and tested computer program software that is capable of reliably scoring computer readable transcriptions of verbal speech samples on the Scales nam
30. D 2000 regardless of whether that text originated as spoken or written Careful review of this section and thoughtful application of its guidance will result in fewer difficulties in use of PCAD 2000 and fewer anomalous results Machine Readability File Format After recording a verbal sample the first step in preparing the sample for scoring is to transcribe the sample that is to write down what the subject said Since this transcription must be in a form that can be read by the machine it will usually be prepared in a word processor or a text editor PCAD 2000 does not include a word processing facility or text editor but most users will have one on their computer Many different word processing and text editing programs are available such as WordPerfect and Microsoft Word To support advanced features such as fonts alternate printers document formatting and the like these programs typically insert hidden information into text files This hidden information tells the word processing program how to display text on the screen and how to print it when requested Unfortunately the hidden information can confuse the scoring program and cause it to assign incorrect scores or even in extreme cases cause it to cease functioning To avoid the problem caused by hidden codes sample files should be created in ASCII or TEXT form whenever possible Most if not all word processing programs have this as an option Word
31. G Perry H Report to Defense Atomic Support Agency covering February 1960 through April 1966 on Research Grant DA 49 146 XZ 315 prepared by the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Cincinnati General Hospital Cincinnati Ohio 1966 Gottschalk LA Kunkel RL Wohl TH Saenger EL Winget CN Total and half body irradiation Effect on cognitive and emotional processes Archives of General Psychiatry 1969 21 574 580 Gottschalk LA Lolas F Estudios Sobre Conducta Verbal Santiago Chile Editorial Universitaria 1987 Gottschalk LA Lolas F The Gottschalk Gleser content analysis method of measuring the magnitude of psychological dimensions Its application in transcultural research Transcultural Psychiatric Research Review 1989 26 83 111 Gottschalk LA Lolas F The measurement of quality of life through the content analysis of verbal behavior Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 1992 25 1 9 Release 0206 Gottschalk LA Mayerson P Gottlieb A The prediction and evaluation of outcome in an emergency brief psychotherapy clinic Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1967 144 289 295 Gottschalk LA Noble EP Stolzoff GE Bates DE Cable C Uliana RL Birch H and Fleming EW Relationships of chlordiazepoxide blood levels to psychological and biochemical responses In Proceedings of an International Symposium on Benzodiazepines Edited by S Garratini and A Leonardi New York Raven Press 1972 Gottschalk LA Rey F T
32. Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 1983 9 447 460 Gottschalk LA Holcombe RF Jackson D Bechtel RJ Effects of anticancer chemotherapeutic drugs on cognitive function and other neuropsychiatric dimensions in breast cancer patients Cancer Submitted 2002 Gottschalk LA Kaplan SA Chlordiazepoxide plasma levels and clinical responses Comprehensive Psychiatry 1972 13 519 527 75 PCAD 2000 Manual Gottschalk LA Kaplan SM A quantitative method of estimating variations in intensity of a psychologic conflict or state Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 1958 79 688 696 Gottschalk LA Kaplan SM Gleser GC Winget CN Variations in magnitude of emotion A method applied to anxiety and hostility during phases of the menstrual cycle Psychosomatic Medicine 1962 24 300 311 Gottschalk LA Kapp FT Ross WD Kaplan SM Silver H MacLeod J Kahn JB Van Maanen EF Acheson GH Explorations in testing drugs affecting physical and mental activity Studies with a new drug of potential value in psychiatric illness JAMA 1956 161 1054 1058 Gottschalk LA Keating C Influence of patient caregivers on course of patient illness Expressed emotion and alternative measures Journal of Clinical Psychology 43 898 912 1994 Gottschalk LA Kunkel R Changes in emotional and intellectual functioning after total body radiation In Metabolic Changes in Humans Following Total Body Irradiation Edited by Saenger EL Friedman BJ Keriakes J
33. No Score S No Score C No Score H No Score DEP No Score but the work is pretty easy AX No Score HO No Score HI No Score AH No Score S 1ID2 C No Score H No Score Er AZ Finished scoring C PROGRAM FILES PCAD 2000 testgb sam A Start Ea Gottschalk Gleser Co 4 Paint Shop Pro k 9134M Figure 17 Example of scored clauses If the sample is long enough it will completely fill the space allocated for the on screen listing When this happens the screen will clear and then the remaining clauses and scores will be printed The erased portion is stored off screen and can be retrieved later for printing or long term storage When the basic scoring process is over behavior will depend on the output options you selected at the beginning of scoring If you did not send output to the printer a file or a spreadsheet the system will offer to stop skipping all remaining output or to continue see Figure 18 Ifall you want is scored clauses you may select the Yes Skip button To see other system outputs select the Show More button If you skip you may print the output or save it to a disk file but there is not yet enough information to generate a spreadsheet 3 Enough Information x C Would you like to skip the remainder of output for 2 this sample Skip scale summaries analysis and diagnostics Snov mar Figure 18 Choice after clauses are scored 27 Release 0206 PCAD 2000 Manual Sca
34. PCAD 2000 Psychiatric Content Analysis and Diagnosis GB Software Louis A Gottschalk M D Ph D Robert J Bechtel Ph D 4607 Perham Road Corona del Mar CA 92625 1 949 760 2639 fax http www gb software com info gb software com Copyright 2002 by GB Software LLC Table of Contents Quick Overview asistencia 1 Installing the Software ccccssssseeesseseeeeeeeeeneeeees 2 System Requirements cccccceeeeecesseeeseeeeeeeeeseeeeeaeeeesaeseesseeneeses 2 Packing List wa ccicesdicc2cctvesvcvccoasssxatvnctswaseccecussvescepoassssaceuccsswnceeccauxes 2 Check for Available Space cccccceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeennees 2 Run Installation Programm cccccessceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeenenens 3 From DISKGWC aii A a E eee aan at canada ed 3 From CD ROM Areeiro ermat eaa paan Eeee ACoA aa an aan epeen ia 4 Running PCAD 2000 Guided Execution Mode 5 Windows 95 98 NT Start Menu ccccceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 5 Selecting a SamMPle vwisssccsssssesceescessis veces ceccesevssecverecencesntssienoteccstees 7 Selecting the Output Format ccccceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeneeeees 9 Copy Qutputto Printer insiren n e s eA See cccan 10 Copy Output to File 0 nnaannnaaano0annnannnooannoonnrnonnrernnnrrrnrernnrernnn ene 10 Copy Summary Output to Spreadsheet cccccseeeeeeeeeeees 10 Outputs Generated while Scoring the Sample File
35. Perfect for example offers a Text In Out feature Microsoft Word has format options such as text only under the Save As command In some cases files without hidden commands may be created by printing the sample file into a disk file instead of to the printer Finally some word processors come with conversion programs that are used outside the word processor to change the format of files In addition to plain ASCII text the current version of this scoring program can also read formatted files created by WordPerfect version 5 0 5 1 and 6 x Microsoft Windows offers some built in editor capability in a utility called Notepad Files created using Notepad cannot be more than about 30 000 characters long but this is rarely a problem for a single verbal sample By default Notebook stores its files in text format which is appropriate for input to PCAD 2000 44 Release 0206 PCAD 2000 Manual Storing Samples Samples may be stored on any medium that is readable by the computer where PCAD 2000 is running Typically this includes the primary hard disk and any floppy drives available on the computer In some cases the computer may offer higher capacity removable media like a Zip drive or a Syquest drive or the computer may be on a network in which case storage may be provided by one or more server computers So long as the storage medium is available to be read through a standard Windows File Open dialog samples may be stored ther
36. SAM or SAMPLEO1 TXT will be saved in SAMPLEO1 OUT If there is already a file of the same name as the output file in the selected folder on the output disk the existing file will be replaced with the new output file Once the output has been saved to a file that file can be printed edited viewed on screen or otherwise manipulated in any fashion appropriate to a pure ASCII text file 24 Release 0206 PCAD 2000 Manual Copy Summary Output to Spreadsheet By selecting this option the user chooses to save the scale summary output generated by the scoring process to a file in a format appropriate for input to a spreadsheet program An output file is created with the same name as the input sample file and with an extension of CSV for Comma Separated Values For example the output from SAMPLEO1 SAM will be saved in SAMPLEO1 CSV Ifa CSV file of the same name already exists then the output summary from this sample will be appended to the end of that file The spreadsheet file is in what is called comma separated value format For each item of interest a label is put into the file in quotations followed by a comma and the value of that item Each item is on a separate line An example generated by the TESTGB SAM file is shown below Name Age Education Ethnicity Sex Word Count Correction Factor Death Anxiety Mutilation Anxiety Separation Anxiety Guilt Anxiety Shame Anxiety Diffuse Anxiety
37. Total Anxiety Hostility Out Overt Hostility Out Covert Total Hostility Out Hostility Inward Ambivalent Hostility Schizophrenic Cognitive Impairment Hope Hopelessness Self Accusation Psychomotor Retardation Somatic Concerns Death and Mutilation Depression Separation Depression Hostility Directed Outward Total Depression Death nxiety Mutilation Anxiety Separation nxiety Guilt Anxiety Shame Anxiety Diffuse nxiety Total Anxiety Hostility Out vert Hostility Out Covert Total Hostility ut Hostility Inward Ambivalent ostility Schizophrenic Cognitive Impairment Hope Total Depression EST 35 5 W M 107 0 935 0 789 0 626 0 554 0 742 2 385 0 671 2 489 0 873 0 575 0 965 0 859 0 717 3 647 0 195 1 237 0 319 2 604 0 250 0 330 0 798 0 554 1 096 57 5 4 333377 0 04050 727 0725 070 0707073707471 TOOPPDpPP H A picture of the Excel program with a PCAD2000 file loaded is shown below 25 Release 0206 PCAD 2000 Manual lel x 212 x X Microsoft Excel lilmulti CS a jaa oo eal a Name A Name VAge Education Ethnicity Word Cour Correction Death Anx Mutilation Separation Guilt Anxie Shame 2 unknown 25 6 W F 23 4 348 1 516 1 085 0 918 1 462 4 51 3 unknown 33 5w M 26 3 846 1 436 1 034 0 878 1 382 1 4 4
38. a clinician as suggested by the scores generated from the sample Accompanying the suggested diagnoses are important information about mitigating factors that should also be considered as well as some material regarding limitations of the system Diagnostic output will typically look like that shown in Figure 22 29 Release 0206 PCAD 2000 Manual Gottschalk Gleser Content Analysis Computerized Scoring System TRCN I PIE File Scales View Diagnoses for C PROGRAM FILES PCAD 2000 testgb sam oix a In the process of selecting a diagnostic classification that fits a patient s circumstances and life history from among the many possibilities that need to be considered the clinician needs to review a number of factors 1 Is the patient currently taking some sort of medication or drug legal or illegal a Many legal drugs have definite effects on cognitive functions Some antihistamines anticholinergic agents most benzodiazepines and many sedatives reduce cognitive performance especially when using timed testing procedures Lithium especially at higher dosages may interfere with cognitive competence The major tranquilizers and antidepressant psychoactive pharmacological agents can have adverse effects on cognitive and intellectual function b Illegal drugs can inhibit the quality of cognition Current use of marihuana impairs cognitive performance So do the psychotomimetic drugs for example LSD Mor
39. alienation Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 19615132 101 113 Gottschalk LA Gleser GC Springer KJ Three hostility scales applicable to verbal samples Archives of General Psychiatry 1963 9 254 279 Gottschalk LA Gleser GC Springer KJ Kaplan SM Shanon J Ross WD Effects of perphenazine on verbal behavior patterns Archives of General Psychiatry 1960 2 632 639 Gottschalk LA Gleser GC Stone WN Kunkel RL Studies of psychoactive drug effects on non psychiatric patients Measurement of affective and cognitive changes by content analysis of speech Ch 5 In Psychopharmacology of the Normal Human Edited by Evans W and Kline N Springfield Illinois Charles C Thomas 1968 pp 62 168 Gottschalk LA Gleser GC Wylie HW Jr Kaplan SM Effects of imipramine on anxiety and hostility levels Psychopharmacologia 1965 7 303 310 Gottschalk LA Gottschalk LH Computerized content analysis of the Unabomber s writings American Journal of Forensic Psychiatry 20 5 31 1999 Gottschalk LA Haer JL Bates DE Effect of sensory overload on psychological state Archives of General Psychiatry 1972 27 45 1 457 Gottschalk LA Haer JL Bates DE Effect of sensory overload on psychological state Mental Health Digest 1973 5 29 31 Gottschalk LA Hambidge G Jr Verbal behavior analysis A systematic approach to the problem of Release 0206 quantifying psychologic processes Journal of Projective Techniques 1955 19 387 409
40. and Scoring Symbols Interpersonal References including fauna and flora B To unfriendly hostile destructive thoughts feelings or actions 1 Self unfriendly to others C To congenial and constructive thoughts feelings or actions 1 Others helping being friendly toward others 2 Self helping being friendly toward others 3 Others helping being friendly towards self Intrapersonal references A To disorientation orientation past present or future Do not include all references to time place or person but only those in which it is reasonably clear the subject is trying to orient himself or is expressing disorientation with respect to these Also do not score more than one item per clause under this category B To self 1 Injured ailing deprived malfunctioning getting worse bad dangerous low value or worth strange 3 Intact satisfied healthy well 5 To being controlled feeling controlled wanting control asking for control or permission being obliged or having to do think or experience something C Denial of feelings attitudes or mental state of the self D To food 2 Good or neutral Miscellaneous A Signs of disorganization 2 Incomplete sentences clauses phrases blocking B Repetition of ideas in sequence 2 Phrases clauses separated only by a phrase or clause References to the interviewer A Questions directed to the interviewer 61 Release 0206 Weights
41. and even to teach psychodynamic psychotherapy It has been used to measure the relative severity of many mental and neuropsychiatric disorders such as anxiety disorders schizophrenia depression and dementia in aging and with alcohol abuse and cognitive impairment associated with other drugs such as marijuana and the benzodiazepines It has been used in and recommended for psychosomatic research It has been used to study the effects of partial and total body irradiation and sensory overload It has proven to be very useful in neuropsychopharmacological studies such as in the testing of new anti anxiety drugs the effects of major tranquilizers antidepressants analgesics and in studying the relationship of the pharmacokinetics of psychoactive drugs and clinical response It has been widely 39 Release 0206 PCAD 2000 Manual used to assess the emotional status of medically ill patients for example in diabetes mellitus with bruxism with mastectomy for breast cancer and with cholecystectomy and with attention deficit hyperactive children More recently it has been used to assess the quality of life as well as the relationship of cerebral glucose metabolic rates as assessed by positron emission tomography and emotions occurring during dreams or silent wakeful mentation or while feeling hopeful or hopeless Two other interesting applications of this content analysis method involved reviewing and demonstrating its cross cultural validity and u
42. angerous unpleasant or otherwise negative interferences or delays in eating too much and wish to have less too little and wish to have more 2 Good or neutral 59 Release 0206 Scores Weights 1 1 HI IV PCAD 2000 Manual Categories and Scoring Symbols E To weather 1 Bad dangerous unpleasant or otherwise negative not sunny not clear uncomfortable etc 2 Good pleasant or neutral F To sleep 1 Bad dangerous unpleasant or otherwise negative too much too little 2 Good pleasant or neutral Miscellaneous A Signs of disorganization 1 Remarks or words that are not understandable or inaudible 2 Incomplete sentences clauses phrases blocking 3 Obviously erroneous or fallacious remarks or conclusions illogical or bizarre statements B Repetition of ideas in sequence 1 Words separated only by a word excluding instances due to grammatical and syntactical convention where words are repeated e g as far as by and by and so forth Also excluding instances where such words as I and the are separated by a word 2 Phrases clauses separated only by a phrase or clause References to the interviewer A Questions directed to the interviewer B Other references to the interviewer Religious and biblical references 60 Release 0206 Scores Weights Il Ill IV PCAD 2000 Manual Cognitive and Intellectual Impairment Scale Categories
43. asurement approach has been developed has been an eclectic one and has included behavioral and conditioning theory psychoanalytic clinic theory and linguistic theory In addition the formulation of these psychological states has been deeply influenced by the position that they all have 38 Release 0206 PCAD 2000 Manual biologic roots Both the definition of each separate psychological scale and the selection of the specific verbal content items used as cues for inferring each dimension have been influenced by the decision that whatever psychological dimension is measured by this content analysis approach should whenever possible be associated with some biologic characteristic of the individual in addition to psychological aspect or some social situation The content analysis technician applying this procedure to typescripts of tape recorded speech has not had to worry about approaching the work of the content analysis following one theoretical orientation or another Rather the technician follows a strictly empirical approach scoring the occurrence of any content or themes in each grammatical clause of speech according to a set of various well delineated language categories making up each of the separate verbal behavior scales Two manuals Gottschalk Winget Gleser 1969 Gottschalk 1982 and a book Gottschalk 1995 are available as well as journal articles Gottschalk 1975 Gottschalk and Hoigaard Martin 1986 which indicate what ve
44. ation disappointment lonesomeness 4a References to feeling disappointed in self unable to meet expectations of self or others 4b Denial of anger dislike hatred blame destructive impulses from self to self 4c References to feeling painfully driven or obliged to meet one s own expectations and standards HI Psychomotor retardation References to general retardation and slowing down in thinking feeling or action 63 Release 0206 Weights 1 Re N Uw N Uw Pere N Ww IV VI VII PCAD 2000 Manual Content Categories and Scoring Symbols Somatic concerns A Hypochondriacal component References to bodily malfunctioning or physical problems in total body or any parts or systems B Sleep disturbances References to any disturbances in sleeping C Sexual disturbances References to sexual malfunctioning of any kind including menstrual disturbances or complaints D Gastrointestinal disturbances References to appetite disturbances changes in bowel habits abdominal discomforts E General somatic symptoms including heaviness in limbs back or head backaches headaches muscle aches loss of energy fatigibility and loss of weight Death and mutilation depression A Death depression References to death dying threat of death or anxiety about death experienced by or occurring to a Self b Animate others c _Inanimate objects d Denial of death anxiety B Mutilation depress
45. by an individual and all the specialized clinical training and skills of the clinician should be included in order to corroborate which suggestions are most relevant and valid Finished scoring C PROGRAM FILES PCAD 2000 testgb sam FE Start E Gottschalk Gleser Co Paint Shop Pro Gt 9144M Figure 10 Example analysis output Suggested Diagnosis PCAD 2000 will on request produce a list of suggested DSM IV diagnoses that should be considered by a clinician as suggested by the scores generated from the sample 14 Release 0206 PCAD 2000 Manual Accompanying the suggested diagnoses are important information about mitigating factors that should also be considered as well as some material regarding limitations of the system Diagnostic output will typically look like that shown in Figure 11 PP Cotes Giese Corint Aros Computerized Seana Spent BSE File Scales View Diagnoses for C PROGRAM FILES PCAD 2000 testgb sam OF x a In the process of selecting 4 diagnostic classification that fits a patient s circumstances and life history from among the many possibilities that need to be considered the clinician needs to review a number of factors 1 Is the patient currently taking some sort of medication or drug legal or illegal a Many legal drugs have definite effects on cognitive functions Some antihistamines anticholinergic agents most benzodiazepines and many sedatives reduce cognitive performance especiall
46. cal processes within patients at different times Another approach is to use various observer psychiatric rating scales such as the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale the Hamilton Anxiety or Depression Rating scales or various self report measures such as various adjective checklists Although such measures are widely used in many research projects their use carries with them a false sense of security since quite often no inter rater reliability tests are done with the rating scales the assumption being that anybody can follow the instructions for rating and no measurement errors are likely to occur With rating scales however raters vary widely on how much of the range of ratings they use with the same subjects and some raters characteristically select the lower range of the ratings whereas others habitually chose the higher range of the ratings With self report measures though it is true that the self rating comes directly from the individual being evaluated the assumption is that self raters are all indeed in good and equivalent contact with themselves and are not likely to be falsifying consciously or unconsciously their self evaluations These kinds of measurement errors in observer rating scales and self report scales usually disregarded by researchers and clinicians are minimized in the measurement method of content analysis of verbal behavior For the subjects being rated are usually not aware what speech content or form is being ana
47. chology 1960 33 195 204 Gottschalk Louis A and Gleser Goldine C The Measurement of Psychological States Through the Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior Los Angeles Berkeley University of California Press 1969 Gottschalk LA Gottschalk L Computerized content analysis of the Unabomber s writings American Journal of Forensic Psychiatry 20 5 31 1999 Gottschalk Louis A Hausmann Catherine Brown John S A computerized scoring system for use with content analysis scales Comprehensive Psychiatry 16 77 90 1975 Gottschalk LA Keating C Influence of patient caregivers on course of patient illness Expressed emotion and alternative measures Journal of Clinical Psychology 43 898 912 1994 Gottschalk Louis A Lolas Fernando Viney Linda L The Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior Significance in Clinical Medicine and Psychiatry Heidelberg Germany Springer Verlag 1986 53 Release 0206 PCAD 2000 Manual Gottschalk LA Uliana RL Gilbert R Presidential candidates and cognitive impairment measured from behavior in campaign debates Public Administration Review 1988 48 613 619 Gottschalk Louis A Winget Carolyn N Gleser Goldine C Manual of Instructions for Using the Gottschalk Gleser Content Analysis Scales Anxiety Hostility and Social Alienation Personal Disorganization Los Angeles Berkeley University of California Press 1969 54 Release 0206 PCAD 2000 Manual Appendix A Scales Available in PC
48. d subscale and comparisons of the scores with norms for children and adults males and females Optionally PCAD 2000 also provides an explanation of the significance and clinical implications of the derived scores a summary of the strengths and limitations of this content analysis method and possible clinical diagnostic classifications derived from DSM IV developed by the American Psychiatric Association that the test user might consider 41 Release 0206 PCAD 2000 Manual Methods of Collecting Samples Almost any method of collecting language samples can be used with PCAD 2000 The utility validity and reliability of a collection technique are beyond the control of the program However the user must be aware that as with any other computer program the quality of the output from PCAD 2000 is determined by the quality of the input and care should be taken to ensure that verbal transcriptions are accurate and complete that subject selection where appropriate satisfies the standards of good experimental design and that any potential bias in the elicitation instructions is clearly recorded along with the verbal sample In particular users should be aware that PCAD 2000 results cannot be considered reliable on input samples shorter than about 85 90 words and that the reliability and accuracy of the system improves with the length of the sample For research involving spoken language the verbal behavior can be elicited in many diffe
49. d the effect of interviewer s race on affective states as manifested through language behavior Dissertation for Doctorate in Psychology from the University of California Irvine 1976 Uliana R Measurement of black children s affective states and the effect of interviewer s race on affective states as measured through language behavior In The Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior Further Studies Edited by LA Gottschalk Chapter 7 New York Spectrum Publications Inc 1979 pp 173 210 Viney LL Content analysis a research tool for community psychologists American Journal of Community Psychology 1981 9 269 281 Viney LL Assessment of psychological states through content analysis of verbal communications Psychological Bulletin 1983 94 542 563 Viney LL Expression of positive emotion by people who are physically ill Is it evidence of defending or coping In Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior Significance in Clinical Medicine and Psychiatry Edited by LA Gottschalk F Lolas LL Viney Heidelberg Springer Verlag 1986 pp 215 224 Viney LL A sociophenomenological approach to lifespan development complementing Erikson s sociodynamic apoproach Human Development 1987 30 125 136 Viney LL Clarke AM Bunn TA Teak HY Crisis counselling for ill or injured patients who are hospitalized A report to the Commonwealth Department of Health Canberra Australia University of Wollongong pp 1 375 1983 Viney LL Manton M Samp
50. des any oral activity such as chewing gum eating smoking drinking swallowing sucking and biting Denial of dependency strivings Person Involved in Dependency Strivings Self or self and others Others or unspecified Time of Occurrence of Strivings Past Present Future or unspecified Scale of Frustrated Dependency Strivings Types of Reference about Frustrated Dependency Strivings References to self being frstrated in having getting wanting or needing help support protection care approval love doctoring and divine assistance References to oral frustration Includes any oral gastric frustrations e g difficulties or delays in getting food water or other objects to relieve oral tension Need to resort to scraps or waste products for food hunger thirst food deprivation dry throat difficulty in obtaining food empty stomach being out of cigarettes difficulty in swallowing etc Denial of oral frustration Reference to others being frustrated in wanting help support protection from speaker Person Involved in Frustrated Dependency Strivings Self or self and others Others or unspecified Time of Occurrence of Frustrated Dependency Strivings Past Present Future or unspecified 69 Release 0206 PCAD 2000 Manual Health Sickness Scale Coding Symbol Category Weight HSla References to feelings of well being health being symptom free mental or physical as experienced by others HS1b Ref
51. e PCAD 2000 will place any machine readable output in the same directory as the sample Since scoring transcripts for example tend to be much larger than the sample that generates them care should be taken when using low capacity media such as diskettes as a source and destination GB Software strongly recommends that all PCAD 2000 users follow good computing practice by carefully backing up all critical data such as input samples on a regular basis to a location that can be stored separately from the subject computer Naming Samples You may give any name you wish to your sample files within the limits imposed by Windows However PCAD 2000 begins by assuming that sample file names end in SAM and it will ordinarily only show files with that extension in the File Open dialog box For this reason GB Software strongly recommends that you select names that end in SAM such as SAMPLEO1 SAM etc Transcription Issues Listening to and Typing the Tape Recorded Speech Sample Since the typed audio transcript of the verbal sample is of primary significance in verbal behavior research its accuracy is of extreme importance to the reliability and validity of the results In the process of typing a recorded speech sample for a number of reasons there may be words that cannot be heard clearly 1 Remove the earphones and attempt to distinguish words by playing the sound directly to the room at large 2 Vary the volume Words s
52. e has taken careful steps to reduce or completely eliminate errors experience indicates that complex software like PCAD 2000 is likely to fail to perform in accordance with expectations from time to time Wherever possible we have tried to anticipate ways in which the system could do something unexpected and have placed error warnings and recovery in those locations so that an overall user session will not be affected There remains a slight possibility of some sort of severe fault that our extensive analysis and testing has failed to uncover So that you will know what to do in the unlikely event of such an error we reproduce below Figure 27 an example of a major error window Restarts BEI Error Call to undefined function POP UP STRING DIALOG in GET VALID USER CLAUSE Invoke Selected Restart Enter Debugger Figure 27 Example of a major PCAD 2000 error Reporting Errors Should you encounter such a window in your use of PCAD 2000 please 1 Write down the name of the file you were scoring and as best you can where in the scoring process you had reached 2 Write down the message at the top of the window next to the large red and white X 3 Click on the Abort button to clear the error In most cases this will cause PCAD 2000 to cease operation If PCAD 2000 continues to be available please select Exit from the File menu to leave PCAD 2000 since the internal state may be compromised You should be able to restart PCAD
53. e setup program will set up the sean and its associated iles Select Continue to move through the setup process Select Back to review or change responses Select Exit to end the installation process Exit PCAD will be installed in the directory Program Files Pcad Files will be copied from the distribution diskette to your hard drive Appending A Sabsoft2 ima C AWINDOWS TEMP gbsott img LLL cme The instructions will tell you when to change diskettes i Insert disk labeled Disk 2 Cancel More files will be copied The install program will set up shortcuts and place the program on your Start menu When the installation is concluded remove the final 3 2 inch diskette from the drive and put all of the diskettes in a safe place Setup Success The setup process was successful m Release 0206 PCAD 2000 Manual From CD ROM Place the CD ROM in a CD ROM drive This could be a CD ROM compatible DVD drive a CD R or CD RW drive From the Start menu select Run and type x SETUP EXE in the Open box where x is the drive letter for the CD ROM drive you are using Click on the OK button to start the installation program Follow the instructions on the screen i The setup program will set up the application and its associated files Select Continue to move through the setup process Select Back to review or change responses Select Exit to end the installation proce
54. ecccassenesaceevearves 29 Exiting from PCAD 2000 iiss ce eten srs ieee 32 Theoretical Background and Development 33 Introduction iiiki iai r li cincich tebe vinretinseenaatene eed 33 Brief Descriptions of the Content Analysis Scales 34 ANXIGIY SCal sessile AC oe edit ETE 34 Hostility Scale Se aea e aE EE ARa 34 Social Alienation Personal Disorganization Scale 0 35 Cognitive and Intellectual Impairment Scale c eeeee 35 Hope Scale nee a ae aa 35 Depression Scale ssiee022 oe sexennes viecacn ees sod di ina biaxe een rerasedcdeedenredne 35 Human Relations SCale ccccccccsssssssceeeceeeseeeeeeeesseeeessnnaseees 36 Achievement StrivingS Scale cccccsccscccccsseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeesseaeeees 36 Dependency StrivingS Scale cccccceceeeeeeeceeeaeeeeeeeeeeeneeeeeees 36 Health Sickness Scale ic ilacicastesedxeteninapivdeeecvcedishaastecndiatiisenis es 36 Quality Of Life SCales sa 5 aces E N ee ceeeni ne 36 Rational ei a se aaraa eea ea aeaa ea Kea caveoeCddssanabeecnees 37 Development of the SCaleS cccccceeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 37 Digest of Known USES ssssssssssnnnnnunnnrnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn nenne 39 Computerizing the Scoring ProcCeSs ccccssssceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 40 Methods of Collecting Samples cccssssee 42 Standard Procedure vise scsiisiiisssctitsiwesesdevedaene et tevsvewusecenssnwne tees 42 Tran
55. ed above In operation the program assigns scores on the user selected Scales to each clause in the input sample then at the user s option reports score summaries for each scored Scale with comparisons to established norms for the subject s demographic group provides an analysis of the score profile and suggests possible diagnoses drawn from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition DSM IV 33 Release 0206 PCAD 2000 Manual Brief Descriptions of the Content Analysis Scales The full definition of each of the scales available for computerized scoring is given in Appendix A This section provides a narrative description of the various scales Reliability and validity studies for each of these scales have been published in the literature and references are available either from GB Software or from our Web page Anxiety Scale The type of anxiety that this Scale measures is what could be termed free anxiety in contrast to bound anxiety which manifests itself in psychobiological mechanisms of conversion and hypochondriacal symptoms in compulsions in doing and undoing in withdrawal from human relationships and so forth Some aspects of bound anxiety are registered by this Scale particularly by means of displacement and denial This type of bound anxiety is relatively accessible to consciousness usually in defensive form and is capable along with grossly conscious free anxiety feeling
56. ed dead abandoned or threatened with such from any source including subhuman and inanimate objects situations storms floods etc Subhumans killing fighting injuring robbing destroying each other or threatening to do so Denial of anger dislike hatred cruelty and intent to harm 65 Release 0206 PCAD 2000 Manual Weights 2 1 1 1 h h Human Relations Scale Content Categories and Scoring Symbols Al References to giving to supporting helping or protecting others a Self to others specific a Self to others references in which the giving etc is inferential or the object is unspecified b Others giving to others or others receiving from and being taken care of by others A2 References to warm loving congenial human relations or human relations in which a desire to be closer is expressed The reference should be specific rather than inferred a Involving self or self and others b Involving others A3 Concern for other people references to missing others when they are away References should be to specific others only a Self about others b Others about self c Others about others A4 Praise or approval of others indicating more than neutral relations but not conveying as much positive feeling or warmth as A2 above a Self to others b Others to self c Others to others B1 References to manipulative relationships with other human beings The reference
57. emaining output see Figure 20 If you are satisfied with the output so far which can be sent to a printer to a disk file or saved in a spreadsheet you may select the Yes Skip button To see other system outputs select the Show More button 4 Enough Information x p Would you like to skip the remainder of output for 4 this sample Skip analysis and diagnostics se Figure 20 Selecting more output 28 Release 0206 PCAD 2000 Manual Sample Analysis If requested PCAD 2000 provides a written analysis of the scoring results This analysis includes important information about the limits and capabilities of the scoring system and should be provided with any use of the system for diagnostic purposes The analysis output will look something like that in Figure 21 Gottschalk Gleser Content Analysis Computerized Scoring System TRAICTEMEN I PIE File Scales View INTRODUCTION This assessment procedure is designed to provide the clinician with useful information concerning patients with mental disorders who are being evaluated It may not be entirely reliable in individuals who are functioning for the most part in a healthy way mentally and physically It is important also to realize that mentally ill individuals often behave in ways that are indistinguishable from people who are mentally well And people who enjoy good mental health are able to express their fear anger and sadness appropriately Hence
58. erbial adjectival or noun clauses It should be noted that a phrase serving to make for a multiple predicate or a multiple subject or object is not considered as a series of separate clauses Where such phrases contain different scorable ideas the rule usually followed is to assign the score that indicates the greatest intensity Instances where the subject or the predicate is omitted but is understood are considered as scorable clauses On those occasions where one must make a decision as the whether there is a missing but understood elliptical subject or predicate or whether a phrase is part of a multiple subject or predicate differences of opinion can certainly arise Often these controversies cannot be simply resolved by consultation with grammarians or English professors for grammatical rules themselves may permit several alternative solutions to such issues In any event unpublished studies performed by GB Software indicate that slight differences in determining clauses arising from such ambiguities make a relatively small contribution to error variance in the overall score PCAD 2000 treats normal sentence ending punctuation the period question mark and exclamation mark as end of clause It also treats the forward slash character 7 as an end of clause marker Although the current version of PCAD 2000 determines clause boundaries automatically it is still possible to manually indicate boundaries This is primarily offered to sup
59. erences to feelings of well being health being symptom free mental 1 or physical as experienced by self HS2a References to feelings of poor health having symptoms pain suffering 1 mental or physical as experienced by others HS2b References to feelings of poor health having symptoms pain suffering 1 mental or physical as experienced by self Quality of Life Scale The Quality of Life score is computed on a total sample basis no score is assigned to individual clauses Quality of Life is determined by combining scores on other scales as indicated in the formula below Quality of Life Human Relations Positive Hope Social Alienation Personal Disorganization Depression Health Sickness Notice that both the Human Relations and Social Alienation Personal Disorganization scales can have scores that are either positive or negative Thus a negative Human Relations score will reduce the overall Quality of Life score while a negative Social Alienation Personal Disorganization score will increase the Quality of Life score This should match intuition 70 Release 0206 PCAD 2000 Manual Appendix B Bibliography Aronsohn S Lolas F Manns A Miralles R Affective content of speech and treatment of outcome in bruxism In Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior Significance in Clinical Medicine and Psychiatry Edited by Gottschalk LA Lolas F Viney LL Heidelberg Springer Verlag 1979 pp 149 156 Atkinson
60. erences to self wanting to die needing or deserving to die References to self injuring mutilating disfiguring self or threats to do so with or without conscious intent Self blaming expressing anger or hatred to self considering self worthless or of no value causing oneself grief or trouble or threatening to do so References to feelings of discouragement giving up hope despairing feeling grieved or depressed having no purpose in life References to self needing or deserving punishment paying for one s sins needing to atone or do penance Self adversely criticizing depreciating self references to regretting being sorry or ashamed for what one says or does references to self mistaken or in error References to feelings of deprivation disappointment lonesomeness References to feeling disappointed in self unable to meet expectations of self or others Denial of anger dislike hatred blame destructive impulses from self to self References to feeling painfully driven or obliged to meet one s own expectations and standards Ambivalent Hostility Scale Destructive Injurious Critical Thoughts and Actions of Others to Self II Ambivalent Hostility a3 b3 c3 d3 a2 b2 bl Thematic Categories Others human killing or threatening to kill self Others human physically injuring mutilating disfiguring self or threatening to do so Others human adversely criticizing blaming expressing anger or dislike toward self o
61. ersational interactions Psychological Assessment Submitted 2002 Gottschalk LA Bechtel RJ Maguire GA Harrington DE Levinson DM Franklin DL Carcamo D Computerized measurement of cognitive impairment and associated neuropsychiatric dimensions Comprehensive Psychiatry 41 326 333 2000 Gottschalk LA Bechtel RJ Maguire GA Katz ML Levinson DM Harrington DE Nakamura K Franklin DL Computer detection of cognitive impairment and associated neuropsychiatric dimensions from the content analysis of verbal samples SBIR Phase I and Phase II Final Report Contract N44DA 9 6502 Covering September 1 1999 through February 28 2002 February 28 2002 Pages 25 Gottschalk LA Bechtel RJ Maguire GA Katz ML Levinson DM Harrington DE Nakamura K Franklin DL Computer detection of cognitive impairment and associated neuropsychiatric dimensions from the content analysis of verbal samples American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse In press 2002 Gottschalk LA Biener R Noble EP Birch H Wilbert DE and Heiser JF Thioridazine plasma levels and clinical response Comprehensive Psychiatry 1975 16 323 337 Release 0206 Gottschalk LA Buchsbaum MS Gillin JC Wu J Reynolds C Herrera DB Anxiety levels in dreams Relation to localized cerebral glucose metabolic rate Brain Research 1991 538 107 110 Gottschalk LA Buchsbaum MS Gillin JC Wu J Reynolds C Herrera DB Positron emission tomographic studies of the re
62. es The special character sequence is ten or more equal signs in a row at the start of a line for example The program starts reading a sample file assuming that there is only scorable content in the file It scores all of the input as a single sample until it encounters the end of the file or a line of equal signs as described above When the scoring program sees a line of equal signs it stops scoring assumes that the current sample if any is completed and produces a summary report about that sample It further assumes that the input is now identifying material which should be copied to the output record file but which should not be scored The program reads from the input copying to the output until it either encounters the end of the file or a second line of equal signs as described earlier In addition to simply copying the inter sample information to the output record file if any PCAD 2000 also watches for the occurrence of special keywords that indicate the presence of useful information about the subject who provided the next upcoming sample This information is used to guide the selection of norms for score comparisons Each keyword is immediately followed by the value of that attribute for the next subject The currently defined keywords and their expected following values are Value Name of subject or study Age Subject age in years Female or Male Ethnicity White African American Native American Hispanic
63. esults Perceptual and Motor Skills 1983 57 427 444 Shapiro DH Bates DE The measurement of control and self control Background rationale and description of a control content analysis scale Psychologia An International Journal of Psychology in the Orient 1990 X XXIII 147 162 Shapiro DH Bates DE Greenzang TR Carrere S A content analysis scale applied to verbal samples of psychiatric outpatients Correlation with anxiety and hostility scales Psychologia An International Journal of Psychology in the Orient 1991 XXXIV 86 97 Silbergeld S Manderscheid RW O Neill PH Free association anxiety and hostility View from a junior high school Psychological Reports 1975 37 495 094 Stone WN Gleser GC Gottschalk LA Iacono JM Stimulus affect and plasma free fatty acids Psychosomatic Medicine 1969 21 331 341 TenHouten WD Hoppe KD Bogen JE Walter DO Alexithymia and the split brain IV Gottschalk Gleser Content Analysis an overview Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 1985 44 113 121 TenHouten WD Hoppe KD Bogen JE Walter DO Alexithymia An experimental study of cerebral commissurotomy patients and normal control subjects American Journal of Psychiatry 1986 143 312 316 79 PCAD 2000 Manual Terrill TR Friedman DG Gottschalk LA Haaga DAF Construct validity of the Life Orientation Test Journal of Personality Assessment In press 2002 Uliana R Measurement of black children s affective states an
64. f psychological states prior to petit mal EEG paroxysms Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1975 160 282 298 Maguire GA Gottschalk LA Riley GD Franklin DL Bechtel RJ Ashurst J Stuttering Neuropsychiatric features measured by content analysis of speech and the effect of risperidone on stuttering severity Comprehensive Psychiatry 40 308 314 1999 Maguire GA Riley GD Franklin DL Gottschalk LA Risperidone and its effect on stuttering Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 20 479 482 2000 Malla AK Kazarian SS Barnes S et al Validation of the five minute speech sample in measuring expressed emotion Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 1991 376 297 299 Malt EA Berle J Olafsson S Lund A Ursin H Fibromyalgia is associated with panic disorder and functional dyspepsia with mood disorders A study of women with random sample population controls Journal of Psychosomatic Research 49 285 289 2000 Malt EA Ursin H Mutilation anxiety differs between females with fibromyalgia functional dyspepsia and healthy controls Journal of Psychosomatic Research In press 2002 Muthuny FA Gottschalk Gleser auswertung von probandenauberungen im rahmen psychophysiologisher aktivierungsforschung In Sprachinhaltsanalyse in der psychosomatischen und psychiatrischen Forschung Grundlagen und Anwendungsstudien mit den Affekstalen von Gottschalk und Gleser Edited by U Schofer and G Schofer Beltz Weinheim Germany 1986 pp
65. fx ABC FlowCharter 7 Microsoft Word amp Settings gt EX Microsoft Excel cy p E Microsoft PowerPoint DR Micrografx Designer amp Microsoft Photo Editor Microsoft Access GJ Windows Explorer Art Explosion A DVD Player Fa Aureal Vortex AStat Ewa on RE 7 35PM yv v v Figure 1 Starting PCAD2000 PCAD2000 will be loaded from the disk and executed Depending on the speed of your system this could take several seconds When ready for use the main PCAD2000 screen will appear see Figure 2 Release 0206 PCAD 2000 Manual Copyright Information Asen O SDK Bywev000c Meot E goeha MAPartshwore HBS Figure 2 Main screen with copyright notice Start PCAD2000 and acknowledge the credits by clicking on OK PCAD2000 has been designed with a guided tour through the scoring process This feature is intended to enable users to perform the most common scoring processes by simply responding to scoring system prompts rather than having to remember menu and command options This option is available after acknowledging the credits as shown in Figure 3 Release 0206 PCAD 2000 Manual GBSoft Guide Figure 3 Automatic Guide Available If you select No Thanks the guided execution will stop and you may use the regular user interface as described later in the section titled Running PCAD 2000 If you choose Guide Me PCAD2000 will offer step by step directions to lead you
66. grams then locate the PCAD2000 folder under whatever name you gave it Selecting this folder should offer a submenu with Scoring as one of the choices Click on Scoring to launch the program After PCAD2000 has started you will need to acknowledge the copyright and credit box by clicking on its OK button Copyright Information T 20 Release 0206 PCAD 2000 Manual Selecting the Scales to Use There is a top level menu item titled Scales Each of the available scales is listed on this menu and there are two additional choices Set All Scales and Clear All Scales Gottschalk Gleser Content Analysis Computerized Scoring System el x File Scales View v Anxiety Hostility Qutward v Hostility Inward v Ambivalent Hostility Schizophrenic v Cognitive Impairment v Hope v Depression v Human Relations v Achievement Strivings v Dependency Strivings v Health Sickness v Quality of Life Clear all scales Set all scales Astar E m2000 D0C Microsoft w E Paint Shop Pro F2 Gottschatk Gleser Co K 741 PM e Clicking on a scale name without a check next to it inserts a check mark and that scale to the list of scales that will be scored Clicking on the name of a scale with a check mark will remove the mark and delete the scale from the list of scales to be scored e Clicking on Clear All Scales turns off all scoring e Clicking on Set All Scales turns on all scales for
67. h more widely applied to typescripts of verbal communications than to archival textual or handwritten language Some work has been done and reported in the literature such as analysis of suicide notes Gottschalk amp Gleser 1960 and the writings of the Unabomber Gottschalk amp Gottschalk 1999 Users need to design their collection protocols carefully especially when using found materials not produced in response to a specific request We anticipate that this method will be used more widely by historians journalists and social scientists since its introduction at an interdisciplinary workshop recently at Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh Pennsylvania August 28 29 1993 from which a book was published Carl W Roberts Ed Text Analysis for the Social Sciences 1997 43 Release 0206 PCAD 2000 Manual Preparing Samples for Scoring Historically most samples to be scored using the Gottschalk Gleser method have been written transcriptions of spoken verbal behavior captured originally on audio recording tape Over the years a number of standard practices have developed to ensure that the transcription process is accurate and complete With the introduction of computerized scoring techniques additional requirements have been placed on the input format to avoid incorrect interpretation by the computer software The suggestions and requirements provided in this section apply to the machine readable text provided as input to PCA
68. he emotional effects of physical or mental injury on Hispanic people living in the U S A as adjudged from the content of their speech Journal of Clinical Psychology 1990 46 9 15 922 Gottschalk LA Selin C Comparative neurobiological and neuropsychological deficits in adolescent and adult schizophrenic and nonschizophrenic patients Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 1991 55 32 41 Gottschalk LA Springer KJ Gleser GC Experiments with a method of assessing the variations in intensity of certain psychological states occurring during two psychotherapeutic interviews Ch 7 In Comparative Psycholinguistic Analysis of Two Psychotherapeutic Interviews Edited by Gottschalk LA International Universities Press New York 1961 pp 115 138 Gottschalk LA Stone WN Gleser GC Peripheral versus central mechanisms accounting for anti anxiety effect of propranolol Psychosomatic Medicine 1974 36 47 56 Gottschalk LA Stone WN Gleser GC Iacono JM Anxiety levels in dreams relation to changes in plasma free fatty acids Science 1966 153 654 657 Gottschalk LA Swanson JM Hoigaard Martin J Gilbert R Fiore C Hyperactive children A study of the content analysis of their speech Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 1984 41 125 135 Gottschalk LA Uliana RL A study of the relationship of non verbal to verbal behavior Effect of lip caressing on hope and oral references 76 PCAD 2000 Manual as expressed in the content of
69. her und Aggressiver Affekte Weinheim Germany Beltz 1980 Schofer G Balck F Koch U Possible applications of the Gottshalk Gleser content analysis of speech in psychotherapy research In The Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior Further Studies Chapter 48 Edited by LA Gottschalk Spectrum Publications New York 1979 pp 857 870 Schofer G Koch U Balck F The Gottschalk Gleser content analysis of speech A normative study The relationship of hostile and anxious affects to sex sex of the interviewer socioeconomic class and age In The Content Analysis of Verbal Behaivor Further Studies Edited by LA Gottschalk Spectrum Publications New York 1979a pp 95 118 Schofer G Koch U Balck F Test criteria of the Gottschalk Gleser content analysis of speech Objectivity reliability validity in German studies In The Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior Release 0206 Further Studies Edited by LA Gottschalk Spectrum Publications New York 1979 pp 119 146 Schofer G Muller L Von Kerekjarto M Die differenzierung psychosomatischer krankheitsgruppen mit der Gottschalk Gleser sprachinhaltsanalyse Medizinische Psychologie 1979 5 24 30 Sciolla C Cumsille F and Lolas F Analisis de contenido verbal Una comparacion entre dos metodos Revista Chilenea de Neuropsiquiatria 1986 24 20 30 Selin CI Gottschalk LA Schizophrenia conduct disorder and depressive disorder Neuropsychological speech sample and EEG r
70. ing or receiving help advice support sustenance confidence esteem a from others b from self 3 References to feelings of hopelessness losing hope despair lack of confidence lack of ambition lack of interest feelings of pessimism discouragement a others b self Il Self accusation A Guilt depression References to adverse criticism abuse condemnation moral disapproval guilt or threat of such experienced by a Self b Others c Denial Shame depression References to ridicule inadequacy shame embarrassment humiliation overexposure of deficiencies or private details or threat of such experienced by a Self b Others c Denial Hostility directed inward la References to self attempting or threatening to kill self with or without conscious intent lb References to self wanting to die needing or deserving to die 2a References to injuring mutilating disfiguring self or threats to do so with or without conscious intent 2b Self blaming expressing anger or hatred to self considering self worthless or of no value causing oneself grief or trouble or threatening to do so 3a References to self needing or deserving punishment paying for one s sins needing to atone or do penance 3b Adversely criticizing depreciating self references to regretting being sorry or ashamed for what one says or does references to self mistaken or in error 3c References to feelings of depriv
71. ion References to injury tissue or physical damage or anxiety about injury or threat of such experienced by or occurring to a Self b Animate others c Inanimate objects destroyed d Denial Separation depression References to desertion abandonment ostracism loss of support falling loss of love or love object or threat of such experienced by or occurring to a Self b Animate others c _Inanimate objects d Denial Hostility outward A Hostility outward overt la Self killing fighting injuring other individuals or threatening to do so 1b Self robbing or abandoning other individuals causing suffering or anguish to others or threatening to do so lc Self adversely criticizing depreciating blaming expressing anger dislike of other human beings 2a Self killing injuring or destroying domestic animals pets or threatening to do so 2b Self abandoning robbing domestic animals pets or threatening to do so 2c Self criticizing or depreciating others in a vague or mild manner 2d Self depriving or disappointing other human beings 3a Self killing injuring destroying robbing wildlife flora inanimate objects or threatening to do so 3b Self adversely criticizing depreciating blaming expressing anger or dislike of subhuman inanimate objects places situations 3c Self using hostile words cursing mention of anger or rage without referent 64 Release 0206 Weights
72. ion Button at the upper right of the File Open window This will open the file for scoring In guided execution mode samples are scored on all scales see Figure 4 This sample will be scored on all scales Figure 4 Scoring on All Scales Selecting the Output Format All output goes to the screen In addition the user may choose to send outputs to other destinations as well After selecting the sample and confirming the scales the user is presented with a list of possible output destinations see Figure 5 2 Multi Sample Output Options x Output from all samples in this file will be sent to the screen Please indicate any other destinations for outputs I Copy output to printer I Copy output to file I Copy summary output to spreadsheet Figure 5 Specifying Outputs There are three optional destinations The user may choose none one two or all three options by clicking in the check boxes next to the options The options and their effect are described in the following paragraphs formatted name which is available in PCAD Usually this name will include the first six characters of the file name followed by a tilde and a number Release 0206 PCAD 2000 Manual Copy Output to Printer By choosing this option the user requests that all output generated by the scoring process will be sent to the default printer Printing will occur in parallel with output to the screen subject to the following note
73. ive Impairment CogImp scales The currently recognized hints and their assigned scores are Hint SAPD Score CogImp Score UNINTELLIGIBLE IMAI none MISSING MA1 none INCOMPLETE IMA2 IMA2 BIZARRE MA3 none ILLOGICAL MA3 none Case is not significant in hints Additional text may appear within the square brackets following the hint word For example missing 4 words 47 Release 0206 PCAD 2000 Manual Other Details Involving Preparation of the Verbal Sample Partial words and stutters Words such as um and er and ah are counted by the program but then ignored for scoring Non verbal sounds It is not necessary to type for example laughs or cries in samples to indicate non verbal sounds Such entries are not scorable and can bias the system If you wish to include them please set them off with braces as indicated in the preceding section Pauses It is not necessary to type pause or long pause to indicate gaps in verbal production As with non verbal sounds please enclose them in braces if present Unclear words See the preceding section Special Material within Samples if the material is completely unintelligible Word count It is not necessary to count the number of words per verbal sample The scoring program counts words and reports that count in the output record Ellipses As described earlier PCAD 2000 identifies clause and sentence boundaries by looking for punctuation charac
74. l the basis of the action verb in a clause in conjunction with noun phrases that function as actors and recipients of this action a technique was developed for assigning meaning to each of these constituents Verbs were assigned semantic features called verb types based on the thematic categories and their weights on the Gottschalk Gleser Hostility Outward scale In initial testing of this automated method on 100 sentences taken at random from the Manual of Instructions for Using the Gottschalk Gleser Content Analysis Scale 60 were correctly recognized parsed and scored The typescripts of six five minute speech samples were also scored for hostility outward by expert human content analysis technicians and these scores correlated 0 80 by a Spearman rank difference method with the scores obtained by the computerized method This result was considered equal to the lowest level criterion for acceptable human intercoder reliability in scoring the Gottschalk Cleser Content Analysis scales But the computer scoring missed many codable categories readily recognized by human scoring In 1982 Gottschalk and Bechtel reported research in which they developed a computerized method of scoring the Gottschalk Gleser Anxiety scale The computer software used was again written in UCI LISP running on a mainframe class computer Whereas the average computer derived anxiety score from 25 five minute speech samples was significantly lower than the average anxiety
75. lationship of cerebral glucose metabolism and the magnitude of anxiety and hostility experienced during dreaming and waking Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 1991 3 131 142 Gottschalk LA Buchsbaum MS Gillin JC Wu J Reynolds C Herrera DB The effect of anxiety and hostility in silent mentation on cerebral glucose metabolic rate Comprehensive Psychiatry 1992 33 52 59 Gottschalk LA Cleghorn JM Gleser GC Iacono JM Studies of relationships of emotions to plasma lipids Psychosomatic Medicine 1965 27 102 111 Gottschalk LA Cohn J Studies of cognitive functions as influenced by administration of haliperidol or diazepam in detoxification of acute alcoholics Psychopharmacology Bulletin 1980 16 55 56 Gottschalk LA Covi L Uliana R Bates DE Effects of diphenylhydantoin on anxiety and hostility in institutionalized prisoners Comprehensive Psychiatry 1973 14 503 511 Gottschalk LA DeFrancisco D Bechtel RJ Computerized content analysis of some adolescent writings of Napoleon Bonaparte A test of the validity of the method Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease In press 2002 Gottschalk LA Dinovo E Biener R Birch H Syben M Noble EP Plasma levels of mesoridazine and its metabolites and clinical response in acute schizophrenia after a single intramuscular drug dose Psychopharmacology Bulletin 1975 11 33 34 Gottschalk LA Eckardt MJ Pautler CP Wolf RJ Terman SA Cognitive impairment
76. le Summaries If you chose to Show More the system will open a window and place the summary sheets for each of the currently active scales in that window The results will look something like Figure 19 3 Gottschalk Gleser Content Analysis Computerized Scoring System ca SISSIES cif EE File Scales View Summaries for C PROGRAM FILES PCAD 2000 testgb sam OF x TABULATION OF VERBAL SAMPLE CODED FOR ANXIETY a Word Count 107 Correction Factor C F 0 935 Subcategory Total Weight Raw Score Subscale Score Human Score W W x C F SqRt RS 1 2CF Death 000 0 684 0 789 Mutilation 0 0 000 0 684 0 626 Separation 0 0 000 0 684 0 554 Guilt o a ee a oa aa 0 0 000 0 684 0 742 Shame 6 5 607 2 465 2 385 Sa3 X 2 DiffUSS gt oor e we 0 0 000 0 684 0 671 TOTAL o cio ca t 6 5 607 5 607 1 2 C F 6 075 Square Root 2 465 Human Equivalent 2 489 Based on norms for white male adults the score is slightly high for the Anxiety scale It is between one and two standard deviations above the mean TABULATION OF VERBAL SAMPLE CODED FOR HOSTILITY DIRECTED OUTWARD Word Count 107 Correction Factor C F 0 935 OVERT Subcategory Total Weight Finished scoring C PROGRAM FILES PCAD 2000 testgb sam A Start Gottschalk Gleser Co E Paint Shop Pro E 14AM Figure 19 Example of scale summaries After the summaries have been presented the system will again offer to stop skipping the r
77. ling verbal behavior in Australia The Gottschalk Gleser Content Analysis Scales Australian Journal of Psychology 1973 25 45 55 Viney LL Tych AM Content analysis scales Measuring psychosocial maturity A new set of Release 0206 tools for the clinical assessment of the elderly Journal of Personality Assessment 1985 49 311 317 Viney LL Wang W Psychosocial maturity of children in Australia and the Peoples Republic of China University of Wollongong New South Wales Australia Unpublished paper 1987 Viney LL Westbrook MT Cognitive anxiety A method of content analysis for verbal samples Journal of Personality Assessment 1976 40 140 150 Viney LL Westbrook MT Sociality a content analysis scale for verbalizations Social and Behavioral Personality 1979 7 129 137 Viney LL Westbrook MT Measuring patients experienced quality of life The application of content analysis scales in health care Community Health Studies 1981 5 43 52 Viney LL Westbrook MT Psychological reactions to chronic illnesss related disability as a function of its severity and type Journal of Psychosomatic Research 1981 25 513 523 Viney LL Westbrook MT Patients psychological reactions to chronic illness do they predict rehabilitation Journal of Applied Rehabilitation and Counseling 1982 13 38 44 Viney LL Westbrook MT Patterns of anxiety in the chronically ill British Journal of Medical Psychology 1982 55 87 95 Vine
78. lyzed and have difficulty covering up even if they have some notions about such matters Furthermore the unstructured approach customarily used to elicit speech avoids the questionnaire or prosecuting attorney method and allows the subject to elaborate and use free will to the extent desired by the self on choice of topics to verbalize Emotions self reflections doubts and defensive maneuvers are recorded and these all contribute to the content analysis scores eventually calculated The content analysis approach to the measurement of psychological dimensions includes the strengths of both the self report approach and the observer rating scale approach and minimizes the weaknesses of both in terms of measurement errors Development of the Scales The development of an objective and reliable method of measuring the magnitude of various psychological dimensions from natural language was motivated by the recognition that diagnosticians and therapists use speech as the major source of information In doing so they assess how and what is said in an impressionistic manner that allows for a relatively high likelihood of distortion and or error from potentially incorrect empathic responses and inferences during the process of evaluating the subject s talk How to minimize such error variance and how to maximize the uniformity and consistency of the inferential evaluations concerning the speaker s subjective experience 37 Release 0206 PCAD 2000
79. motional changes during a psychiatric interview A working model toward quantifying the psychoanalytic concept of affect In Methods of Research in Psychotherapy Edited by Gottschalk LA Auerbach AH New York Appleton Century Crofts 1966 Kaplan SM Gottschalk LA Fleming DE Modifications of oropharyngeal bacteria with changes in the psychodynamic state A preliminary study Archives of Neurology and Psychiatryt 1957 48 656 664 Release 0206 Gottschalk LA Keating C Influence of patient caregivers on course of patient illness Expressed emotion and alternative measures Journal of Clinical Psychology 43 898 912 1994 Heszen Nejodek I Gottschalk LA Januszek M Anxiety and hope during the course of three different medical illnesses A longitudinal study Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 68 304 312 1999 Kinney DK Jacobsen B Bechgaard B Jansson L Faber B Kasell E Uliana RL Content analysis of speech of schizophrenic and control adoptees and their relatives Preliminary results In Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior Significance in Clinical Medicine and Psychiatry Edited by LA Gottschalk F Lolas LL Viney Heidelberg Germany Springer Verlag 1986 pp 197 205 Koch U Schofer G hrsg Sprachinhaltsanalyse in der psychosomatischen und psychiatrischen Forschung Grundlagen und Anwendungsstudien mit den Affektskalen von Gottshalk und Gleser Weinheim und Munchen Psychologie Verlags Union 1986 Kordy H L
80. named README 1ST on the first diskette or on the CD ROM If there isa README IST file please review it before doing the installation in case there are changes to the procedure The PCAD2000 installation process is automated but does require that you either confirm choices that the installation program makes or provide alternative choices The installation program will place things in a directory named PCAD 2000 under the Program Files directory on your main drive Check for Available Space As with the storage location the installation process will attempt to check for adequate space However it is usually a good idea to check by yourself before running Release 0206 PCAD 2000 Manual the installation program since there are rare conditions that can fool the installation program Also even if the installation program does properly detect that there is insufficient space the installation must halt for you to remedy the problem and then must be restarted The installation simply goes more smoothly if you ensure that there is sufficient free space on the drive you wish to use Run Installation Program From Diskette Place the diskette marked 1 of 3 in a 34 inch diskette drive From the Start menu select Run and type x SETUP EXE in the Open box where x is the drive letter for the 3 inch drive you are using Click on the OK button to start the installation program Follow the instructions on the screen i y Th
81. nd proceeding GBSoft Guide x Q Do you wish to score other sample files no If you choose not to score another file you will be asked if you wish to exit from the scoring system Q Do you really wish to exit the scoring system no 15 Release 0206 PCAD 2000 Manual Selecting Yes will return you to the Windows desktop while selecting No will leave you at the top level unguided of PCAD2000 Actions after Leaving Guided Mode After returning to the top level of the system the system halts awaiting the user s next command At this point the user may use the View menu to revisit any of the output categories see Figure 12 If the user chose to skip one or more of the output categories the corresponding screen will be blank 3 Gottschalk Gleser Content Analysis Computerized Scoring System B 3 A x File Scales YER Summaries m Analysis Diagnosis A Start Ea Gottschalk Gleser Co 4 Paint Shop Pro t 05AM Figure 12 View menu for revisiting output on screen 16 Release 0206 PCAD 2000 Manual If the user tries to select an output window from the View menu before any file has been scored an error message will pop up and must be acknowledged by clicking on the OK button See Figure 13 for an example of such an error notification No Clauses x AN No scored clauses to view Figure 13 Error output requested with no input Exiting from PCAD 20
82. nformation concerning patients with mental disorders who are being evaluated It may not be entirely reliable in individuals who are functioning for the most part in a healthy way mentally and physically It is important also to realize that mentally ill individuals often behave in ways that are indistinguishable from people who are mentally well And people who enjoy good mental health are able to express their fear anger and sadness appropriately Hence the assessment of emotions from verbal samples may reveal an individual s reactions to distressing current events What distinguishes mental health from mental disorders is not merely the intensity of emotional reactions but also the timeliness and appropriateness of these emotions as well as the defenses and coping mechanisms the person has available These are matters about which the clinician has to make the major judgments These evaluations from verbal samples are capable of detecting signs of minor and major mental disorders as well as signs of early cognitive impairment and cerebral organic malfunctioning The diagnostic classifications conforming to the DSM IV criteria that are offered for consideration here to the clinician do not include all the conditions that may be legitimate areas of treatment or research efforts Also the clinician should be reminded that the diagnostic classifications suggested are based solely on the content analysis of single verbal samples produced
83. obtained from the same individual will provide a trait like measure The Hostility Directed Outward Scale measures the intensity of adversely critical angry assaultive asocial impulses and drives towards objects outside oneself The Hostility Directed Inward Scale measures degrees of self hate and self criticisms and to some extent feelings of anxious depression and masochism The Ambivalent Hostility Scale though derived from verbal communications suggesting destructive and critical thoughts or actions of others to the self also measures not only some aspects of hostility directed inward but at the same time some features of hostility directed outwards 34 Release 0206 PCAD 2000 Manual All three hostility scales assign higher weights to scorable verbal statements communicating hostility that by inference is more likely to be strongly experienced by the speaker whereas completely repressed hostility is not scored Social Alienation Personal Disorganization Scale This Scale was originally designed to measure the relative degree of personal disorganization social alienation and isolation of schizophrenic patients The common denominators of the schizophrenic syndrome are considered to be disturbances in the coherence and logicality of thinking processes and disturbances in human relationships especially in the form of withdrawal avoidance and antagonism Another principal characteristic of this concept of the schizophrenic s
84. olas F Wagner G Zur stabilitat der inhaltsanalytischen erfassung von affekten nach Gottschalk und Gleser Z Klin Psychol Psychother 1982 30 202 213 Lavid N Gottschalk LA Grayden T Bechtel RJ Computerized content analysis of involuntary hospitalized psychiatric patients requests to refuse hospitalization and medication A preliminary study American Journal of Forensic Psychiatry In press 2002 Lebell MB Marder SR Mintz J et al Predicting schizophrenic relapse by a speech sample of family emotional climate In Psychiatry A World Perspective Vol 3 Edited by CN Stefanis AD Rabavilas CR Soldatos Excerpta Medica Amsterdam 1990 pp 802 807 Lebovits AH Holland JC Use of the Gottschalk Gleser Verbal content analysis scales with medically ill patients Psychosomatic Medicine 1983 45 305 320 Lewis HB Using content analysis to explore shame and guilt in neurosis In The Content of Analysis of Verbal Behavior Further Studies 77 PCAD 2000 Manual Edited by LA Gottschalk Spectrum Publications New York 1979 pp 831 856 Lolas F El estudio de la conducta verbal en clinica Revista Medica de Chile 1986 114 247 251 Lolas F Gottschalk LA Et metodo de analisis de contenido de Gottschalk y Gleser en la investigacion psiquiatrica Acta Psiquaiat Psicol Amer Lat 1978 24 247 256 Lolas F Heerleen A Verbal measures of anxiety and hostility under monological and dialogical conditions Psychopathology
85. ometimes become more easily distinguishable at a lower or higher volume Use a second person to listen 4 When all else fails do not guess Try to determine how many words are being omitted Indicate the approximate number of words omitted in parentheses at the appropriate point in the transcript 5 Ask the person who took the verbal sample for assistance Especially if the word or phrase is difficult to perceive because of the use of unusual names or words or odd sentence construction the person who obtained the verbal sample can frequently be helpful Ww 45 Release 0206 PCAD 2000 Manual 6 While in rough draft form the verbal sample may be relistened to by an independent observer to check its accuracy This step is especially crucial for those verbal samples where many nonverbal vocalizations have been used or where there has been difficulty with indistinct words The Coding Unit The unit to be coded is the clause whether independent or dependent Subordinate or dependent clauses are ordinarily those related to the primary clauses by such words as because since when which who or that GB Software has found inaccurate clausing to be the primary cause of user problem reports For this reason the current version of PCAD2000 will determine clause boundaries automatically without requiring special preparation by the user Dependent clauses may be scored whether they are classified as adv
86. ory and have set a proper Current Sample Name you should see the name of your sample file in the File List It may be necessary to scroll through the list if there are more files than will fit in the File List window Click once on the name of your sample file to highlight it then click on the Open Action Button at the upper right of the File Open window This will open the file for scoring Clicking the Cancel button will close the file selection dialog without changing the currently selected file Start the Scoring Process To start the scoring process simply select Score from the File menu If no sample file has been selected an error message will pop up and you will have to acknowledge the error by clicking on the OK button before continuing 4 Gottschalk Gleser Content Analysis Computerized Scoring System x File Scales View a After confirming that the selected sample file exists PCAD 2000 next offers the user an ability to specify where outputs should be sent 23 Release 0206 PCAD 2000 Manual Selecting the Output Format All output from scoring goes to the screen In addition the user may choose to send outputs to other destinations as well After selecting the sample and confirming the scales the user is presented with a list of possible output destinations see Figure 16 3 Multi Sample Output Options xi Output from all samples in this file will be sent to the screen Please indicate any other des
87. ositioning which may be of assistance to the person preparing the sample are ignored by the program and will not usually be reflected in the output report Funny characters Personal computers and word processing software are often capable of producing glyphs outside the normal range of text and punctuation e g smiley faces musical notes line drawing characters In general the scoring program ignores such characters if they are present However unexpected and unusual combinations of such funny characters can cause problems including unexpected program termination Whenever possible do not use characters outside the normal text number and punctuation range Spell checking Since the scoring program assumes correct spelling in the sample file incorrect results may occur if words in the sample are misspelled Most word 48 Release 0206 PCAD 2000 Manual processing programs come with a spell checking option and we advise that you use it to minimize problems with unknown and misspelled words Providing Information about the Subject In addition to the verbal sample transcripts themselves the sample file may contain identifying data such as the name or other identification of the speaker the date that the sample was obtained and by whom The computer program looks at a certain character sequence in the file to determine sample boundaries and to distinguish between sample content and information which identifies the sampl
88. oyment in a range of areas with literature citations for further detail where desired Installation and operation of the software is described as is preparation of samples for processing by the program Finally in recognition that no software that is complex enough to be useful is likely to be free of all errors we describe what errors may look like and how to react if they occur For those who cannot resist the installation process follows the default standard Insert the installation medium CD ROM or diskette 1 as appropriate into a drive then select Start Run drivename setup exe and follow the prompts Installation should add PCAD2000 to your list of Programs on the Start menu Once you start the program there is a guide to take you through the scoring process step by step and two examples of sample files are included in the distribution for practice and demonstration Release 0206 PCAD 2000 Manual Installing the Software System Requirements PCAD2000 is designed to run under Microsoft Windows 95 or Windows 98 original and SE It was developed under Windows 95 and has been most extensively tested under Windows 98 PCAD2000 has been successfully installed and executed on Windows 3 1 3 11 and Windows for Workgroups provided that the WIN32s extensions have been properly installed prior to installation of PCAD2000 PCAD2000 has also been successfully used on Windows NT 4 0 Workstation Windows ME and Windows 2000 Professional
89. phine and heroin at higher dosages produce sedative effects that slow down cognition Although the psychomotor stimulants such as the amphetamines and cocaine may have a temporary initial stimulating effect on intellectual function the withdrawal effect from such drugs is often associated with impairment of cognitive function c All of the legal psychoactive drugs such as antianxiety agents antidepressants and major tranquilizers do have effects on their so called target symptoms for example the emotional states of anxiety and hostility depressed mood social alienation personal disorganization and or psychotic manifestations Hence patients taking such drugs are likely to have reduced manifestations of these target symptoms Astan Ea Gottschalk Gleser Co Figure 22 Example diagnostic output After returning to the top level of the system the system halts awaiting the user s next command At this point the user may use the View menu to revisit any of the output categories see Figure 23 If the user chose to skip one or more of the output categories the corresponding screen will be blank 30 Release 0206 PCAD 2000 Manual Gottschalk Gleser Content Analysis Computerized Scoring System FIXES BEE File Scales YER Summaries m Analysis Diagnosis AStart Gottschalk Gleser Co E Paint Shop Pro t 9 05AM Figure 23 View menu for revisiting output on screen If the user tries to select an outp
90. port backward compatibility with samples prepared for earlier versions of PCAD To indicate clause boundaries that do not fall at the end of a sentence insert a forward slash in the transcript For example I lived with my mother father and this brother before we moved sort of in the country where we had a large plot of land that our house was on Because PCAD 2000 already recognizes sentence ending punctuation it is not necessary to add a forward slash at the end of a sentence Special Material within Samples Sometimes material within a sample needs to be treated specially There are currently two such special situations a material which should be ignored and b material which provides hints to the scoring system 46 Release 0206 PCAD 2000 Manual a Material to ignore The original sample collection protocol was built around uninterrupted verbal samples with a target length of about five minutes Since those early days the Scales have been used with a variety of collection techniques including interviews dialogs and group discussions Scoring the utterances of a single speaker from a literal transcription of such multiple speaker activities can be difficult because the non relevant material must be deleted or otherwise ignored To make these types of investigations easier the computerized system permits portions of samples to be marked as invisible The material is then read and copied to any
91. r threatening to do so Others human abandoning robbing self causing suffering anguish or threatening to do so Others human depriving disappointing misunderstanding self or threatening to do so Self threatened with death from subhuman or inanimate object or death dealing situation Others subhuman inanimate or situation injuring abandoning robbing self causing suffering anguish Denial of blame 58 Release 0206 PCAD 2000 Manual Content Analysis Scale of Schizophrenic Social Alienation and Personal Disorganization Scores Weights 2 1 I Categories and Scoring Symbols Interpersonal references including fauna and flora A To thoughts feelings or reported actions of avoidance leaving deserting spurning not understanding of others 1 Self avoiding others 2 Others avoiding self To unfriendly hostile destructive thoughts feelings or actions 1 Self unfriendly to others 2 Others unfriendly to self To congenial and constructive thoughts feelings or actions 1 Others helping being friendly toward others 2 Self helping being friendly toward others 3 Others helping being friendly towards self To others including fauna flora things and places 1 Bad dangerous low value or worth strange ill malfunctioning 2 Intact satisfied healthy well Intrapersonal references A To disorientation orientation past present or future Do not incl
92. r can respond to this in a noncommittal fashion by saying he does not have to be concerned about what might be interesting or dramatic to the interviewer but only what he finds interesting or dramatic Although speakers on the average produce around 500 words in five minutes some speakers are unable to produce this quantity As mentioned earlier a verbal sample of 85 90 words has been demonstrated to be a reliable sample Users should note that since this neutral probe and five minute sample protocol was used to elicit the samples that form the basis for the scoring norms comparisons to the norms may not be valid for samples collected using a different collection protocol 42 Release 0206 PCAD 2000 Manual Transcriptions not Using Standard Procedure Any form of English language verbal that can be transcribed can be scored by PCAD 2000 Caution should be taken in interpreting the results especially in relying on comparisons to norms However research has been reported on material gathered from such diverse sources as psychotherapeutic interviews and presidential debates Gottschalk Uliana amp Gilbert 1988 Written Text PCAD 2000 can be applied equally readily to written as well as spoken verbalizations In the seminal book on the Gottschalk Gleser method of measuring psychological states and traits mention was made of this broad applicability Gottschalk and Gleser 1969 pp 256 257 although the method has been muc
93. rbal categories should be looked for and how much the occurrence of each one is to be weighted Following initial coding of content in this way the content analysis technician then follows prescribed mathematical calculations leading up to a final score for the magnitude of any one psychological dimension or another Many individuals mostly researchers have achieved an acceptable level of proficiency coding the content and form analysis of verbal behavior specifically scoring content analysis scales based on the Gottschalk Gleser content analysis method and they have published excellent work involving them Some investigators or clinicians however have not wanted to take the time or acquire the expertise to use these content analysis scales reliably Digest of Known Uses The Gottschalk Gleser content analysis method provides a means of making many kinds of measurements in psychology and neuropsychiatry including the measurement of psychological changes making initial diagnostic formulations providing suggestions for further evaluations if necessary and serving as guidelines for possible therapeutic interventions It has been used in psychotherapy research to measure changes occurring in adults and children during the process of therapy to predict psychotherapeutic outcome to evaluate psychotherapeutic outcome to assess the importance of defense mechanisms such as displacement and denial in different diagnostic groups of clients
94. re a number of potentially relevant subcategories of the construct of depression which have significant statistical relationships with different underlying pathogenic processes Thus in addition to providing a total score it has a broad range of phenomenological subscales These are I Hopelessness II Self Accusation II Psychomotor Retardation IV Somatic Concerns V Death and Mutilation Depression 35 Release 0206 PCAD 2000 Manual VI Separation Depression VIL Hostility Outward Human Relations Scale This scale provides a quantitative estimate of an individual s degree of interest in and his capacity for constructive mutually productive or satisfying human relationships The impetus for developing this scale has stemmed from the clinical impression that the relative magnitude of such a capacity or need has often seemed to be an important factor in how a patient responds to brief psychotherapy or how successfully a person is advancing in a career involving mutual collaboration and dependence on other people or even how successfully one learns at school from other people Achievement Strivings Scale The purpose of this scale is to provide a means to assess both the transient swings and typical levels of motivation toward achievement and also the relative magnitude of reactions of frustration in this drive We have not found content categories which can cover achievement strivings and accomplishments relevant to all po
95. reat detail For example a therapist might elicit a verbal sample from a client at each meeting scoring each sample as it is collected and using the analytical and diagnostic results to confirm and cross check the professional judgments being made based on other criteria Scoring single samples from a single subject over time can also be helpful in monitoring the efficacy of a particular therapeutic regime A clinician could use a single sample from a new client as a fast and inexpensive screening test for cognitive impairment with more extensive testing scheduled if PCAD2000 indicates an elevated score Forensic uses also tend to collect a very small set of samples and utilize PCAD2000 to provide very fine grained analyses specific to particular cases Research uses on the other hand tend to involve large numbers of samples and generally do not use the analytic and diagnostic features of PCAD2000 Instead they usually rely on scale summaries to allow statistical characterization of the phenomenon under study For example in a drug study verbal samples may be obtained from all subjects and the summary scale data used to determine whether or not the drug under study reduces anxiety To support this type of use PCAD2000 supports output of scale summary information in a format that is acceptable for input to the Excel spreadsheet program 19 Release 0206 PCAD 2000 Manual Starting the Scoring System Click on the Start button select Pro
96. rent ways depending on the research purposes and design of the study The content of psychotherapeutic interviews can be analyzed an individual can be asked to report their feelings and attitudes towards another person or person Keating amp Gottschalk 1994 the speaker may be asked to relate their angry or anxious experiences or the speaker may be asked to report dreams Standard Procedure One of the most useful ways of eliciting speech samples involves a procedure that enables the clinician or researcher to compare the content analysis scores obtained from the same individual at different times or across persons This method also has available norms for children and adults males and females This approach elicits speech samples by using purposely ambiguous standardized instructions simulating a projective test situations as follows This is a study of speaking and conversation habits I would like you to talk for five minutes about any personal interesting or dramatic life experiences you have ever had If you finish telling about one life event you can continue on telling about another one until the five minutes is over While you are talking I would prefer not to reply to any questions you have until the five minutes is over If you have any questions now I will be happy to response to them now The subject may possibly respond that he does not know what will be interesting or dramatic to the interviewer and the interviewe
97. rtinent information They fail to identify who did or felt what about whom They throw away the meaningful classification of referents such as it that which those these and so forth They ignore the scoring of emotionally charged words that out of context cannot be properly classified such as get as in T ll get you or bucket as in He kicked the bucket They entirely miss the meaning of idiomatic or colloquial expressions as in the latter examples The goal we set was to develop computer software that was able to understand grammar and syntax that could parse natural language and that could be taught to understand idioms and slang Collaborating with two computer scientists Gottschalk joined Hausmann and Brown and using a PDP 10 computer demonstrated that the Gottschalk Gleser Hostility Outward scale could be successfully machine scored from typescripts of speech Gottschalk Hausmann amp Brown 1975 They used a parser namely Wood s Augmented Transition Network parser that was translated into UCI LISP and they modified this software to run on a PDP 10 They changed its grammar to cover certain linguistic constructions that frequently occur in spoken discourse In addition a small dictionary of several hundred entries was created which could be maintained in the computer core Since the Gottschalk Gleser content analysis method derives a score on 40 Release 0206 PCAD 2000 Manua
98. s NOTE Be aware that there are usually many pages of output generated by PCAD 2000 Your computer may be unavailable until the print job finishes which could be a considerable time depending on the speed of your printer your computer and the size of the output Generally speaking GB Software recommends that you Save output to a file then print that file when your computer and printer are not being heavily used NOTE Printing output does not make a copy on disk The only lasting record of the scoring session will be the hardcopy created by the printer Copy Output to File By choosing this option the user requests that all output generated by scoring process be saved in an output file on disk An output file is created with the same name as the input sample file and with an extension of OUT For example the output from SAMPLE01 SAM or SAMPLEO1 TXT will be saved in SAMPLEO1 OUT If there is already a file of the same name as the output file in the selected folder on the output disk the existing file will be replaced with the new output file Once the output has been saved to a file that file can be printed edited viewed on screen or otherwise manipulated in any fashion appropriate to a pure ASCII text file Copy Summary Output to Spreadsheet By selecting this option the user chooses to save the scale summary output generated by the scoring process to a file in a format appropriate for input to a spreadsheet program An outp
99. s Methods and Findings in Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology 21 133 138 1999 Gottschalk LA The application of computerized content analysis of natural language to psychotherapy now and in the future American Journal of Psychotherapy 54 305 311 2000 Gottschalk LA Aronow WS Prakash R Effect of marihuana and placebo marihuana smoking on psychological state and on psychophysiological cardiovascular function in anginal patients Biological Psychiatry 1977 12 255 266 Gottschalk LA Bates DE Waskow IE Katz MM and Olson J Effect of amphetamine or chlorpromazine on achievement strivings scores derived from the content analysis of speech Comprehensive Psychiatry 1972 12 430 435 12 PCAD 2000 Manual Gottschalk LA Bechtel RJ The measurement of anxiety through the computer analysis of verbal samples Comprehensive Psychiatry 23 364 369 1982 Gottschalk LA Bechtel RJ Artificial intelligence and the computerization of the content analysis of natural language Artificial Intelligence in Medicine 1 131 137 1989 Gottschalk LA Bechtel RJ Computerized measurement of the content analysis of language Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 47 123 130 1995 Gottschalk LA Bechtel RJ Buchman TG A computerized measure of quality of life derived from the content analysis of natural language BMC Psychiatry Submitted 2002 Gottschalk LA Bechtel RJ Buchman TG Computerized content analysis of conv
100. s of activating autonomic nervous system and central nervous system signs of arousal On the basis of clinical observation the Anxiety Scale is classified into six subtypes death mutilation separation guilt shame and diffuse or non specific anxiety Fear of death is assessed by those content items dealing directly with death and destruction Mutilation anxiety is synonymous with castration anxiety and the descriptive items in the Scale pertaining to this subtype of anxiety are derived from clinical psychoanalytic psychology The concept of separation anxiety and the descriptive items designating what references in speech are to be included under this heading are also derived from psychoanalytic psychology The descriptive items differentiating shame from guilt anxiety distinguish shame through verbal references to ridicule inadequacy embarrassment humiliation exposure of shortcomings or details of a person s private life and distinguish guilt through verbal references to adverse criticism abuse condemnation or moral disapproval especially based on internalized attitudes or values Diffuse or non specific anxiety is the category of anxiety in the Scale where it is impossible to distinguish the type of anxiety fear which is being verbalized Hostility Scales The Hostility Scales are designed to measure three types of hostility of a transient rather than sustained affect The hostility scores derived from several verbal samples
101. samples to be scored in a single session To illustrate this concept here is a very brief example of a multi sample file The file text runs down the left side of the page with comments which are NOT part of the file to the right Flag end of sample Subject Adolfo Non scorable material Age 25 describing following Gender Femal sample Switch back to new I don t know what to say I m happy to help sample with this study but I don t know what to Sample 1 text talk about Thank you for the chance Flag end of sample Subject Adolfo Non scorable Age 42 descriptive Gender Male material Start second sample I enjoy doing this I m a willing volunteer Sample 2 text though I ve run out of interesting things to talk about I told you about my divorce and suicide attempts but that s all behind me now End sample 2 There is a limit to the number of samples that PCAD 2000 will handle in a single file This limit is determined by the total number of words in the file and so will vary with the size of the samples We currently recommend that multiple sample files contain no more than ten separate samples though we have successfully handled files with up to twenty five separate samples If an error is received because a multiple sample file is too long try removing samples to shorten it 50 Release 0206 PCAD 2000 Manual Major Errors Recognizing Errors Although GB Softwar
102. scales derived from verbal samples Comprehensive Psychiatry 1983 24 6 19 73 PCAD 2000 Manual Gottschalk LA Eckardt MJ Cohn JB Terman SA Wolf RJ A cognitive impairment scale applicable to verbal samples and its possible use in clinical trials in patients with dementia Psychopharmacology Bulletin 1980 16 25 27 Gottschalk LA Eckardt MJ Feldman DJ Further validation studies of a _ cognitive intellectual impairment scale applicable to verbal samples In The Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior Further Studies Edited by LA Gottschalk Spectrum Publications New York 1979 pp 9 40 Gottschalk LA Eckardt MJ Hoigaard Martin JC Gilbert RL Wolf RJ Johnson W Neuropsychological deficit in chronic alcoholism Early detection and prediction by analysis of verbal samples Substance and Alcohol Action Misuse 1983 4 45 58 Gottschalk LA Eckardt MJ Pautler CP Wolf RJ Terman SA Cognitive impairment scales derived from verbal samples Comprehensive Psychiatry 1983 24 6 19 Gottschalk LA Elliott HW Effects of triazolam and flurazepam on emotions and intellectual function Research Communications in Psychology Psychiatry and Behavior 1976 1 575 595 Gottschalk LA Elliott HW Bates DE and Cable C Content analysis of speech samples to determine effect of lorazepam on anxiety Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 1972 13 323 328 Gottschalk LA Fox RA and Bates DE A study of prediction and outcome in a Mental
103. score obtained by human scoring the intercorrelations between the two sets of anxiety scores was highly significant for total anxiety scores r 0 85 p lt 0001 The intercorrelations for the six anxiety subscale scores ranged from 0 58 for shame anxiety to 0 92 for mutilation anxiety A more recent report by Gottschalk and Bechtel 1989 applying an improved PC based program to the problem demonstrated much improved results with respect to the computer s ability to recognize scorable clauses applicable to both the Gottschalk Gleser Anxiety and three Hostility scales Interscorer reliability between automated and human scoring was in the range of 0 80 and above for total scores and most subscale scores Further research by Gottschalk and Bechtel 1995 has resulted in the development of PCAD 2000 a commercial version of the content analysis scoring software PCAD 2000 has demonstrated significant improvement in precision speed of scoring and the capacity to code serially long sequences of speech samples from computer files Not only can the PCAD 2000 do a reliable job of scoring the Gottschalk Gleser Anxiety and Hostility scales but it also derives scores on the Social Alienation Personal Disorganization Cognitive Impairment Depression and Hope Scales Using PCAD 2000 a user can obtain a printout of the scores for each clause a count of the total number of words spoken in the verbal sample raw and corrected scores for every scale an
104. scoring Whenever an item in this menu is selected a message appears in the message area at the bottom of the PCAD 2000 window showing what scales are currently enabled Selecting a Sample File to Score To select a sample file to be scored click on File in the menu bar at the top of the screen then on Open This will cause a file selection dialog box to open 21 Release 0206 PCAD 2000 Manual Filename ftestgb sam Directory c pcad 2000 Cancel Files Directories Select a file to score Selecting a sample file may require some interaction with the Sample File dialog box There are several components to this box as shown below Current Sample Name Sample File Filename testgb sam Current p gt Directory c pcad 2000 Directory Files Directories File List Cancel elect a file to score When you first begin to open a file the Current Directory will probably be shown as c pcad2000 Unless you have stored sample files in this directory the only samples shown in the File List will be the examples included with PCAD 2000 The Current Sample Name will probably be SAM and the directory list will probably look as it does in the figure above To move to the directory where you saved your sample you will need to maneuver through the directory tree You do this by using the Directory List For example if you save your samples in the directory C My Documents you could mo
105. scoring log without being scored To have the system ignore material within a sample enclose the material to be ignored within braces For example I don t know what to say Tell me about some interesting experience you have had Well I went hang gliding once In this example the first and third sentences would be scored and the second would be ignored The capability to flag material as invisible to scoring also provides a means for investigators to place notes or comments into transcripts to draw attention to specific clauses or areas of the sample or to record relevant non verbal information that needs to be correlated with the verbal sample b Hints to the system Some scoring categories are extremely difficult to automate For example determining that an utterance is bizarre or nonsensical as required by the IIIA subscale of the Social Alienation Personal Disorganization scale is beyond the capabilities of the automated system People however are generally good at making such determinations even if they have not been formally trained as scorers To exploit this role reversal the system understands a limited set of annotations in samples and will translate those annotations directly into scores that it is unlikely to assign on its own All scoring hints are enclosed in square brackets Currently scoring hints are used only on the Social Alienation Personal Disorganization SAPD and Cognit
106. scriptions not Using Standard Procedure 00 000 43 Written Text iiis soana scene ep iier A aaa Eaa aurea Aien 43 Preparing Samples for Scoring scecessseeees 44 Machine Readability cccccccssseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeseneees 44 PIG FORM AU vas esson adden engi IE 44 Storing Sample S reei E EE A Ei 45 Naming Sample Seer tise er eaa E AA LEERE EA EA 45 Transcription ISSUCS sassssssnnnnssnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn nenna 45 Listening to and Typing the Tape Recorded Speech Sample 45 THE Coding Unitesi raa i rea O T h 46 Special Material within Samples cceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 46 Other Details Involving Preparation of the Verbal Sample 48 Providing Information about the Subject c csssseeeeeeeeeees 49 Multiple Samples in a Single File ccceeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 50 Maj r EEG GONS sieccsectesreeeetevicsancs S 51 ill Recognizing Errors R AERLE AE steer AA A ease 51 Reporting Errors esisiini piana npani iaaah ataata aia 51 Initial EXecution s sasnnsnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn nnna 52 Publications Referenced in this Manual 53 Appendix A Scales Available in PCAD 2000 55 Appendix B Bibliography cccsceseeeeeeeeeees 71 Release 0206 PCAD 2000 Manual PCAD 2000 Psychiatric Content Analysis and Diagnosis Quick Overview PCAD 2000
107. sing it to assess the relative degree of cognitive impairment manifested by presidential candidates during their campaign debates Computerizing the Scoring Process One of the first hurdles in developing an automatic system of speech content analysis has been that a person instead of a machine has had to label each word in a speech transcript with the appropriate syntactical tag indicating how the word is used in a sentence Without the use of an automated parser several early and interesting attempts have been made to apply computer techniques to content analysis Philip Stone and his colleagues have pioneered a large group of these studies and have developed computer programs capable of classifying content the General Inquirer System and of ordering these content categories with one another in interesting ways Benjamin Colby has also successfully used a computer to perform content analysis of primitive folk tales from Eskimo Japanese and Ixilmaya cultures In the field of psychiatry and psychoanalysis the attempts to use computerized methods to analyze content have been limited mostly to the analysis of various classes of words that manifestly denote certain psychological categories such as love anxiety hostility intellectual processes and so forth Most of the automated content analysis projects have been based on single word or single phrase tag schemes The shortcomings of these systems are mainly that they discard too much highly pe
108. sment 1980 44 157 166 Westbrook MT Viney LL Psychological reactions to the onset of chronic illness Social Science and Medicine 1982 16 899 965 Winget C Kapp F The relationship of the manifest content of dreams to duration of childbirth in primiparae Psychosomatic Medicine 1972 324 3 13 320 Winget C Seligman R Rauh JL Gleser GC Social alienation personal disorganization assessment in disturbed and normal adolescents Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1979 167 282 287
109. speech Comprehensive Psychiatry 1976 17 135 152 Gottschalk LA Uliana RL Further studies on the relationship of nonverbal to verbal behavior Effect of lip caressing on shame hostility and other variables as expressed in the content of speech In Communicative Structures and Psychic Structures A Psychoanalytic Interpretation of Communication Edited by Freedman N and Grand S New York Plenum Press 1977 pp 311 330 Gottschalk LA Uliana RL Profiles of children s psychological states derived from the Gottschalk Gleser content analysis of speech Journal of Youth and Adolescence 1979 8 269 282 Gottschalk LA Uliana RL Gilbert R Presidential candidates and cognitive impairment measured from behavior in campaign debates Public Administration Review 1988 48 613 619 Gottschalk LA Uliana RL Hoigaard JC Preliminary validation of a set of content analysis scales applicable to verbal samples for measuring the magnitude of psychological states in children Psychiatry Research 1979 1 71 82 Gottschalk LA Winget CN Gleser GC Manual of Instructions for Using the Gottschalk Gleser Content Analysis Scales Anxiety Hostility Social Alienation Personal Disorganization Los Angeles Berkeley University of California Press 1969 Gottschalk LA Winget CN Gleser GC Lolas F Analisis de la Conducta Verbal Editorial Universitaria Santiago Chile 1984 Gottschalk LA Winget CN Gleser GC Springer KJ The measurement of e
110. ss Exit PCAD will be installed in the directory Program Files Pcad Files will be copied from the distribution CD ROM to your hard drive The install program will set up shortcuts and place the program on your Start menu When the installation is concluded remove the CD ROM from the drive and put it in a safe place In some cases a narrow notification box may pop up when items have been added to the Start menu before the success notification If this happens click on the OK button area of the narrow notification box to acknowledge the message and conclude the installation Release 0206 PCAD 2000 Manual Running PCAD 2000 Guided Execution Mode Windows 95 98 NT Start Menu Click on the Start button select Programs then locate the PCAD2000 folder under whatever name you gave it Selecting this folder should offer a submenu with Scoring as one of the choices see Figure 1 Click on Scoring to launch the program Fa Accessories Allegro CL 3 0 2 for Windows A Paint Shop Pro Carbon Copy 32 A Microsoft Visual Studio 6 0 A Adobe Acrobat Carbon Copy Netscape Communicator Rational Rose 98 Professional C Edition 53 SoftQuad Applications StartUp Stutttt A winzip New Office Document x BY Wndons Upas op Programs d fa GS Tools Open Office Document E a a S A a E a A a a o a a at D g g z gt MS DOS Prompt Desens ES Microgra
111. ssible fields of endeavor since vocational and avocational strivings may be differentially pertinent and since one person s vocation may be another person s avocation It may be necessary to specify the achievement goals of the subjects studied to assess them meaning of any findings Dependency Strivings Scale The purpose of this scale is to provide a means to assess both the transient swings and typical levels of motivation toward dependency and also the relative magnitude of reactions of frustration in this drive Health Sickness Scale This Scale distinguishes references to good and bad health and reports each separately together with a combined measure of total references to health issues Quality of Life Scale This Scale is a composite of several other scales and attempts to represent a measure of the overall quality positive or negative of the subject s life as revealed in the sample 36 Release 0206 PCAD 2000 Manual Rationale A clinician has several options in obtaining objective and valid clinical evaluations For example precision and accuracy may be avoided and impressionistic reactions and gut feelings can be relied on some clinicians feel they are able to do competent clinical work with this approach Or a clinician can spend considerable time and care in the diagnostic and therapeutic evaluation of children and adults with the goal of assessing accurately and precisely the magnitude of diverse psychopathologi
112. stic animals pets or threatening to do so Others human criticizing or depreciating other individuals in a vague or mild manner Others human depriving or disappointing other human beings Others human or domestic animals dying or killed violently in death dealing situation or threatened with such Bodies human or domestic animals mutilated depreciated defiled Wildlife flora inanimate objects injured broken robbed destroyed or threatened with such with or without mention of agent Others human adversely criticizing depreciating blaming expressing anger or dislike of subhuman inanimate objects places situations Others angry cursing without reference to cause or direction of anger also instruments of destruction not used threateningly Others human domestic animals injured robbed dead abandoned or threatened with such from any source including subhuman and inanimate objects situations storms floods etc Subhumans killing fighting injuring robbing destroying each other or threatening to do so Denial of anger dislike hatred cruelty and intent to harm Release 0206 PCAD 2000 Manual Hostility Directed Inward Scale Self Destructive Self Critical Thoughts and Actions I Hostility Inward a4 b4 a3 b3 c3 a2 b2 c2 al bl cl Thematic Categories References to self speaker attempting or threatening to kill self with or without conscious intent Ref
113. tates 3 and the linguistic principally syntactic cues conveying intensity for example the word very in the proper context be specified 4 Next differential weights were assigned to these semantic and linguistic cues conveying the magnitude of a subjective experience whenever appropriate 5 Furthermore a systematic means had to be arrived at for correcting for the number of words spoken per unit of time so that one individual could be compared to himself on different occasions or to others with regards to the magnitude of any particular psychological state 6 A series of weighted thematic categories had to be specified for every psychological dimension to be measured and 7 research technicians were trained to score these typescripts of human speech according any one scale an at inter scorer reliability of 0 80 or above 8 Moreover a set of construct validation studies had to be carried out to recheck exactly what each content analysis scale measured and these validation studies have included the use of four kinds of criterion measures psychological physiological pharmacological and biochemical 9 On the basis of these construct validation studies changes have been made in the content categories and their assigned weights of each specific scale in the direction of maximizing the correlations between the content analysis scores with these various independent criterion measures The theoretical framework from which this me
114. ters including period question mark exclamation mark and forward slash for intra sentence clause boundaries Because these characters have special meaning the use of ellipses can confuse the program and should be avoided Similarly marking an end of sentence clause boundary with both a sentential punctuation mark and a slash as in or should be avoided Abbreviations For the same punctuation recognition reasons occasional inaccuracies in recognizing abbreviations can occur While these are usually minor they can be avoided altogether by spelling out all abbreviated material The number 1 For historical reasons many typists are accustomed to using a lower case letter I to indicate the numeral 1 as for example in 1990 The scoring program distinguishes clearly between the two characters and will not interpret a lower case I as the numeral 1 Since the scoring program converts all numerals to text word equivalents the use of I in place of 1 should be avoided if possible Whitespace Whitespace is a term used to refer to blank characters sequences of blanks tabs carriage returns and page breaks all of which affect the positioning of text on a page or screen but which are not themselves visible In general the scoring program treats all whitespace identically Thus multiple spaces are the same as a single space Indentation page boundaries and similar p
115. the directory tree The contents of the Current Directory part of the window will change and it is likely that the contents of the File List and the Directory List will also change If you see MYDOCU 1 shorthand for My Documents in the Directory List you can double click on it to The implementation language for PCAD2000 does not recognize file names with more than 8 characters in the file name or 3 characters in the extension For files with longer names Windows creates an 8 3 Release 0206 PCAD 2000 Manual make that the current directory If it is not in the Directory List double click on the item again to continue moving up If you gave your sample file a name that did not end in SAM you may change the Current Sample Name to show the ending you selected For example if your sample file is called SAMPLE TXT you should change the Current Sample Name to be TXT so that the File List will contain all files ending in TXT If you have several different endings for sample files you can change the Current Sample Name to and see all of the files in the current directory Once you are in the proper Current Directory and have set a proper Current Sample Name you should see the name of your sample file in the File List It may be necessary to scroll through the list if there are more files than will fit in the File List window Click once on the name of your sample file to highlight it then click on the Open Act
116. through the scoring process Selecting a Sample The first step is sample file selection as shown in the next two screen shots GBSoft Guide Release 0206 PCAD 2000 Manual Filename F SAM Directory c program files pcad Cancel Files Directories multest sam testgb sam Select a file to score Selecting a sample file may require some interaction with the Sample File dialog box There are several components to this box as shown below Current Sample Name Sample File Filename testgb sam Current gt Directory c4 pcad 2000 Cancel Directory Files Directories 7 x Action Buttons Directory List File List Et elect a file to score When you first begin to open a file the Current Directory will probably be shown as c Pcad Unless you have stored sample files in this directory the only samples shown in the File List will be the examples included with PCAD 2000 The Current Sample Name will probably be SAM and the directory list will probably look as it does in the figure above To move to the directory where you saved your sample you will need to maneuver through the directory tree You do this by using the Directory List For example if you save your samples in the directory C My Documents you could move to that directory by first double clicking on the entry at the top of the Directory List This tells PCAD 2000 to move up one level in
117. tinations for outputs I Copy output to printer I Copy output to file I Copy summary output to spreadsheet Figure 16 Specifying Outputs There are three optional destinations The user may choose none one two or all three options by clicking in the check boxes next to the options The options and their effect are described in the following paragraphs Copy Output to Printer By choosing this option the user requests that all output generated by the scoring process will be sent to the default printer Printing will occur in parallel with output to the screen subject to the following notes NOTE Be aware that there are usually many pages of output generated by PCAD 2000 Your computer may be unavailable until the print job finishes which could be a considerable time depending on the speed of your printer your computer and the size of the output Generally speaking GB Software recommends that you Save output to a file then print that file when your computer and printer are not being heavily used NOTE Printing output does not make a copy on disk The only lasting record of the scoring session will be the hardcopy created by the printer Copy Output to File By choosing this option the user requests that all output generated by scoring process be saved in an output file on disk An output file is created with the same name as the input sample file and with an extension of OUT For example the output from SAMPLE01
118. ubstances or surroundings involving no discernible human beings 67 Release 0206 PCAD 2000 Manual Achievement Strivings Scale Weights Content Categories and Scoring Symbols 1 I Achievement A Vocational Reference to work occupation job including naming and identification a Self or self and others b Others B Avocational Reference to hobby leisure activity recreation including naming and identification a Self or self and others b Others 1 II Deterrents to Achievement A External dangers or problems or fear of loss of control or limit setting on part of others References to lack control by others references to errors or misjudgments by others that might injure the self a Self or self and others b Others B Internal obstacles references to difficulties in setting limits on oneself or problems in disciplining the self references to error or misjudgments by self that might harm the self a Self or self and others b Others C Other deterrents which cannot be distinguished as to cause a Self or self and others b Others 68 Release 0206 PCAD 2000 Manual P 5 Dependency Strivings and Frustrated Dependency Scales Scale of Dependency Strivings Types of Reference about Dependency Strivings Statements referring to having getting wanting or needing help support protection care approval love doctoring and divine assistance References to oral activities food etc Inclu
119. ude all references to time place or person but only those in which it is reasonably clear the subject is trying to orient himself or is expressing disorientation with respect to these Also do not score more than one item per clause under this category 1 Indicating disorientation for time place or person or other distortion of reality 2 Indicating orientation in time place person 3 Indicating attempts to identify time place or person without clearly revealing orientation or disorientation To self la Physical illness malfunctioning references to illness or symptoms due primarily to cellular or tissue damage 1b Psychological malfunctioning references to illness or symptoms due primarily to emotions or psychological reactions not secondary to cellular or tissue damage lc Malfunctioning of indeterminate origin references to illness or symptoms not definitely attributable either to emotions or cellular damage 2 Getting better 3a Intact satisfied healthy well definite positive affect or valence indicated 3b Intact satisfied healthy well flat factual or neutral attitudes expressed 4 Not being prepared or able to produce perform act not knowing not sure 5 To being controlled feeling controlled wanting control asking for control or permission being obliged or having to do think or experience something Denial of feelings attitudes or mental state of the self To food 1 Bad d
120. unknown 42 Bw M 26 3 846 1 436 1 034 0 878 1 382 1 4 se aah imu i Ido m Outputs from the Scoring Process Scored Clauses The initial output from every sample scoring session is a listing of clauses and the scores they are assigned Each clause is printed on a line followed by one or more line s of scores depending on what scales have been selected The scored clauses will look something like those in Figure 17 26 Release 0206 PCAD 2000 Manual Gottschal Gleses Content Analysis Computerized Scoring System AAPEEE of EE File Scales View SUBJECT Test1 AGE 35 SEX H EDUCATION 5 ETHNICITY W DATE 27 Apr 97 What do you vant me to talk about Doc AX No Score HO No Score HI No Score AH No Score S I B C No Score H No Score DEP No Score I don t know 7 AX 5a3 HO No Score HI No Score AH No Score S IIB4 C No Score H No Score DEP IIBA what to say AX No Score HO No Score HI No Score AH No Score S No Score C No Score H No Score DEP No Score I have been working here for a long time AX No Score HO No Score HI No Score AH No Score S No Score C No Score H No Score DEP No Score They treat me pretty vell AX No Score HO No Score HI No Score AH No Score S 1IC1 ID2 C 1C1 H H2 H1 DEP No Score I don t make a lot of money 7 AX No Score HO No Score HI No Score AH
121. ut file is created with the same name as the input sample file and with an extension of CSV for Comma Separated Values For example the output from SAMPLEO1 SAM will be saved in SAMPLEO1 CSV Ifa CSV file of the same name already exists then the output summary from this sample will be appended to the end of that file The spreadsheet file is in what is called comma separated value format For each item of interest a label is put into the file in quotations followed by a comma and the value of that item Each item is on a separate line An example generated by the TESTGB SAM file is shown below Name Age Education Ethnicity Sex Word Count Correction Factor Death Anxiety Mutilation Anxiety Separation Anxiety Guilt Anxiety Shame Anxiety Diffuse Anxiety Total Anxiety Hostility Out Overt Hostility Out Covert Total Hostility Out Hostility Inward Ambivalent Hostility Schizophrenic Cognitive Impairment Hope Hopelessness Self 10 Release 0206 PCAD 2000 Manual Accusation Psychomotor Retardation Somatic Concerns Death and Mutilation Depression Separation Depression Hostility Directed Outward Total Depression Death nxiety Mutilation Anxiety Separation nxiety Guilt Anxiety Shame Anxiety Diffuse nxiety Total Anxiety Hostility Out vert Hostility Out Covert Total Hostility ut Hostility
122. ut window from the View menu before any file has been scored an error message will pop up and must be acknowledged by clicking on the OK button See Figure 24 for an example of such an error notification No Clauses x A No scored clauses to view ata Figure 24 Error output requested with no input 31 Release 0206 PCAD 2000 Manual Exiting from PCAD 2000 To exit from PCAD 2000 select Exit from the File menu see Figure 25 Gottschalk Gleser Content Analysis Computerized Scoring System Figure 25 File Exit option This will cause a confirmation window to appear Figure 26 Figure 26 Exit confirmation To complete your exit click on the Yes button Click on the No button if you wish to return to PCAD 2000 32 Release 0206 PCAD 2000 Manual Theoretical Background and Development Introduction The Gottschalk Gleser Content Analysis Method for measuring the magnitude of various psychobiological states and traits from the content analysis of verbal behavior has been successfully applied to many different neuropsychiatric dimensions Extensive empirical research has established the validity and reliability of Scales measuring a variety of emotional and psychobiological states including Anxiety including Death Mutilation Separation Guilt Shame and Diffuse Anxiety subscales Hostility Outward including Overt Hostility Covert Hostility and Total Hostility Outward subscales Hostility Inward
123. ve to that directory by first double clicking on the entry at the top of the Directory List This tells PCAD 2000 to move up one level in the directory tree The contents of the Current Directory part of the window will change and it is likely that the contents of the File List and the Directory List will also change If you see MYDOCU 1 shorthand for My Documents in the Directory List you can double click on it to make that the current directory If it is not in the Directory List double click on the item again to continue moving up The implementation language for PCAD2000 does not recognize file names with more than 8 characters in the file name or 3 characters in the extension For files with longer names Windows creates an 8 3 formatted name which is available in PCAD Usually this name will include the first six characters of the file name followed by a tilde and a number 22 Release 0206 PCAD 2000 Manual If you gave your sample file a name that did not end in SAM you may change the Current Sample Name to show the ending you selected For example if your sample file is called SAMPLE TXT you should change the Current Sample Name to be TXT so that the File List will contain all files ending in TXT If you have several different endings for sample files you can change the Current Sample Name to and see all of the files in the current directory Once you are in the proper Current Direct
124. y LL Westbrook MT Psychological states in patients with diabetes mellitus In Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior Significance in Clinical Medicine and Psychiatry Edited by LA Gottschalk F Lolas LL Viney Heidelberg Springer Verlag 1986 pp 157 170 Viney LL Westbrook MT Preston C Some sources of alienation for drug addicts In Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior Significance in Clinical Analysis of Verbal Behavior Edited by LA Gottschalk F Lolas LL Viney Heidelberg Springer Verlag 1986 pp 189 196 Von Rad M Drucke M Knauss W Lolas F Alexithymia a comparative study of verbal behavior in psychosomatic and psychoneurotic patients In The Content Analysis of Verbal 80 PCAD 2000 Manual Behavior Further Studies Edited by LA Gottschalk New York Spectrum Publications Inc 1979 pp 641 676 Wang W Viney LL A cross cultural comparison of Eriksonian psychosocial development Chinese and Australian children School Psychology International 17 33 48 1996 Wang W Viney LL The psychosocial development of children and adolescents in the People s Republic of China An Eriksonian approach International Journal of Psychology 32 139 153 Westbrook MT Positive affect a method of content analysis for verbal samples Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1976 44 715 719 Westbrook MT Viney LL Scales measuring people s perception of themselves as origins and pawns Journal of Personality Asses
125. y when using timed testing procedures Lithium especially at higher dosages may interfere with cognitive competence The major tranquilizers and antidepressant psychoactive pharmacological agents can have adverse effects on cognitive and intellectual function b Illegal drugs can inhibit the quality of cognition Current use of marihuana impairs cognitive performance So do the psychotomimetic drugs for example LSD Morphine and heroin at higher dosages produce sedative effects that slow down cognition Although the psychomotor stimulants such as the amphetamines and cocaine may have a temporary initial stimulating effect on intellectual function the withdrawal effect from such drugs is often associated with impairment of cognitive function c All of the legal psychoactive drugs such as antianxiety agents antidepressants and major tranquilizers do have effects on their so called target symptoms for example the emotional states of anxiety and hostility depressed mood social alienation personal disorganization and or psychotic manifestations Hence patients taking such drugs are likely ta have reduced manifestations of these target symptoms Finished scoring C PROGRAM FILES PCAD 2000 testgb sam AStart Goutschalk Gleser Co k 15AM Figure 11 Example diagnostic output After Scoring After finishing with the sample and any additional outputs guided execution offers the option of selecting another sample file a
126. yndrome is that it is a phenomenon quantitatively describable that is there are relative degrees of severity of schizophrenia and in some schizophrenic individuals severity can fluctuate considerably from day to day This concept of the schizophrenic syndrome in fact holds that these principal and characteristic features of schizophrenia social alienation and personal disorganization are present to a varying extent in non schizophrenic individuals but not in such a continuous and or extreme fashion as in schizophrenia Cognitive and Intellectual Impairment Scale The Cognitive and Intellectual Impairment Scale is designed to measure transient and reversible changes in cognitive and intellectual functions as well as permanent and irreversible changes all due principally to brain dysfunction and minimally to transient emotional changes in the individual Hope Scale The Hope Scale is designed to measure the intensity of the optimism that a favorable outcome is likely to occur not only in one s personal earthly activities but also to cosmic phenomena and even in spiritual or imaginary events The favorable outcome is intended to denote one which might lead to human survival the preservation or enhancement of health the welfare or constructive achievement of the self or any part of mankind Depression Scale This Depression Scale derived from verbal samples provides measurement dimensions compatible with the concept that there a

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