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Craft (Note p31 is after p35)

1. 144 80 Comment Null terminated 224 36 padding Not used 260 The Preferences Structure Here is some interesting information on the AmigaDOS 1 2 preferences structure Page 59 Offs Size Explanation O 1 The height of the default system font topaz 8 or 9 36 64 The pointer sprite data 2 planes 16 words 100 1 The pointer hot spot X 101 1 102 2 The pointer colour for the colour register 17 104 2 18 106 2 19 108 2 The pointer sensitivity 1 fast 2 mediocre or 4 slow 110 2 The Workbench colour 0 1122 1 1142 2 1162 3 118 1 The X position of the Workbench and all the other screens 119 1 164 2 Printer left margin in characters 166 2 Printer right margin in characters 176 2 Printer paper size 0 US Letter 16 US Legal 32 Narrow tractor 48 Wide tractor 64 Custom 178 2 Paper length in lines 180 2 Continuous 0 or single sheet 80 185 1 Workbench interlace 1 or not 0 226 2 Override default workbench width 228 2 Override default workbench height 230 1 Override default workbench depth Page 60 INSTRUCTION INDEX Use this chapter if you want to find out the syntax of an instruction After an instruction there is a short definition on it If a parameter is enclosed by square brackets its optional If there is a slash between parameters you have to use either parameter list at a time AMOS BASE returns the address of the internal data zone of AMOS 54 AMOS PR
2. No fractal position defined You have forgotten to use FR POSITION instruction before drawing fractals Add a FR POSITION instruction in your programme NoiractaLsten_spesifieil Your programme doesn t set any fractal step rate but it tries to draw a fractal Add a FR STEP instruction to your programme No fractal window defined You have tried to draw a fractal without defining the fractal window first See the FR WINDOW instruction for more details Not a palette hank You have tried to use PAL FROM BANK or PAL SWAP BANK instructions with a bank which doesn t contain palette data Check the bank and its number You should also know that CRAFT uses the name of the bank to find out what kind of a bank it is So you should never change the name of a palette bank Turtlenrrorladsyntax There is a typing mistake or an unknown instruction in your TCL string Check your string carefully and remember that the instructions should be in capital letters Another reason for this error is that you have forgot to use separators between instructions Turtle error illegal function call A parameter in your TCL string is outside the allowed range Check the string there might be some typing errors in the numbers Turtle error illegal number of parameters You have forgotten some parameters or used too many parameters for a TCL instruction If you omit a parameter you still have to use the comma Page 56 APPENDIX B INTERNAL MEMORY STRUCTURE
3. Page 4 checks whether the disc is blank or not but the installer destroys all the previous data on the disc After formatting is finished the installer starts to copy files to the disc If you have only one disc drive the programme asks you to swap discs but if you do have another drive you can put the CRAFT_Extras volume into it and the CRAFT disc into the internal drive or vice versa 03 COPYRIGHT NOTICE Please keep in mind that it s illegal to copy this product Everyone who has CRAFT without the originally supplied discs and manuals has committed a crime You should also know that it s illegal to copy this manual in any form If you have an illegal copy of this manual it is also an offence against the law CRAFT Copyright 1993 Black Legend UK Ltd and Solaris CRAFT Manual Copyright 1993 Black Legend UK Ltd and Solaris If you make programmes which are passed on to other people in any way you have to compile them It s illegal to spread this extension in any form The only exception to these rulings is if you put the AMOS code only into Public Domain e g give it to the AMOS Public Domain Library In these cases you don t have to compile the programme as the extension is not being spread We don t mind if you use a few of the CRAFT instructions and don t mention anything in the programme But if you use more instructions fractals turtle directory reading etc your programme has to inform the user that there are some CRAFT inst
4. sinx x x 3 3 2 1 05 5 4 3 2 1 x 7 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 cosx 1 x 2 2 1 304 4 3 2 1 x 6 6 5 4 3 2 1 asinx x x 3 2 3 1 3 05 2 4 5 1 3 5 07 2 4 6 7 If these formulas look a little bit messy you should see the notes written by the coder of the extension Hannu Rummukainen We found these formulas in a book which all the students who study in Finnish college lukio use when they don t remember the exact form of an formula But there was a typing mistake in the Arc sin formula and he had to correct the formula with the help of a calculator a pencil and a few sheets of paper In fact these formulas are endless but those forms are accurate enough for the turtle The difference between these forms and the forms with the next cycle is very small but the next cycle takes a lot of time to calculate The extension also uses Newton s algorithm when calculating the square root in TR DISTANCE and TR TOWARDS routines The algorithm is a little bit too complex to be shown here But now it s time to introduce the turtle instructions and functions Page 25 Moving the Turtle TR FORWARD FORW Tr Forward d Tr Forwd moves the turtle forward by the number of units given in d measured in pixels The distance may be from 65535 to 65535 inclusive The TR FORW is simply a shortened form of TR FORWARD Note that if you have used the TR PEN UP instruction the turtle won t draw while moving This applies to all the instructions except T
5. It uses a turtle which draws a line when it moves and the user can control the turtle and move it forward and backward or turn it left or right Page 67
6. 21 FR X Y STEP returns the step between two pixels 21 GR BACK returns the colour index assigned to the background colour 12 GR BORDER returns the colour assigned to the border colour 12 Page 62 GR CENTRE y t centres the graphical text t The parameter y is the position of the text calculated from the top of the display 52 GR INK returns the current value of the ink colour 12 GURU ALERT01 42 43 44 45 1 creates red alert box containing strings tl t5 16 GURU MEDITATION nl n2 causes a GURU which contains numbers n1 and n2 53 HARD RESET resets Amiga completely 52 HEX DUMMadd len sep dumps memory in hexadecimal from add to add len The sep gives you the frequency of spaces 34 HW MOUSE KEY returns the states of the mouse buttons whether AMOS is displayed or not 51 LEFT TRIM s trim removes all the leading characters trim from the string s If the parameter trim is not specified all the spaces are removed 33 LO CASE a converts all the characters of the string a to upper case 32 L SWAP 1 swaps the upper and lower parts of the long word 1 33 MEM STR COUNT start To end s counts how many times s occurs in the memory area from start to end 38 MEM COPY start finish To destination copies memory from start to finish to destination Addresses can be non devidable by four 38 MEM SCRAMBLE UNSCRAMBLE start To finish password scrambles or unscrambles a memory area 38 MEM S
7. complete fractal picture may be quite slow to draw If you want to perform some other operations simultaneously while drawing a fractal you can use this instruction to draw only some horizontal lines of the fractal picture at once The startline parameter specifies the number of the first line to be drawn The numbering begins from the top line of the fractal window which is line number zero If you want to draw more than one line you can specify any number of lines up to 16383 Only the lines inside the fractal window will be drawn whatever lines you had specified It s possible that nothing is drawn to the screen With the CLIP instruction you can restrict the area to be drawn horizontally too The FR SCAN ALL instruction is used to cancel any FR SCAN settings done It is identical to the instruction FR SCAN 0 16383 The scan area is always reset after a fractal drawing instruction FR JULIA or FR MANDELBROT Drawing a Fractal FR JULIA Fr Julia cr ci iterations This instruction draws a Julia set The set is different for every complex number C cr and ci value The real and imaginary parts of the complex number C are specified in the same way as the fractal co ordinates e g by multiplying their real values by 8192 They are valid in the range from 32768 to 32767 You must also specify the maximum number of iterations used The more iterations you use the longer the calculations may take The number of the iterations also determ
8. graphics But if you don t know anything about LOGO a brief explanation is needed When you use the turtle graphics you control an invisible turtle LOGO showed it but due to the structure of BASIC it can t be displayed in AMOS You can move it forward and backward and turn it clockwise right and anti clockwise left This is the main point where the turtle graphics differs from the normal graphics When you draw with the turtle always remember that it points somewhere and moves either towards it or away from it The turtle draws a line with the current INK colour when it moves Of course you can change this with a special instruction When the turtle draws its pen is down and when it doesn t the pen is up Simple isn t it If you are uncertain how to use the turtle after reading this manual you should take a look at the example programmes supplied When you have looked at them all you ll find out that the turtle is a very good way to draw some geometric shapes which are very hard to draw with normal AMOS instructions The CRAFT turtle is more than compatible with LOGO turtle it s very fast and precise This is achieved by using very sophisticated fixed point fraction arithmetics The extension doesn t use any trigonometric functions available in Amiga math libraries but we use the trigonometric formulas with floating point numbers scaled to integers This system gives the extra speed and no rounding errors occur The formulas used are
9. it again we can t be sure what your current version of CRAFT is and we may send you a wrong version So always keep the latest update of CRAFT on your update disc If we change a lot of things add dozens of instructions and functions improve some systems etc the update may probably be more expensive but it s worth of it especially if we include an extension to the manual You should request a new update once or twice a year Inform us of the version number of your CRAFT disc and if the latest version is higher we will send you a copy of it But if you already have the latest version we will keep your disc until we ve made a new version of CRAFT So don t panic if the return of your disc is delayed Remember that all Page 6 future updates are not Public Domain like the AMOS updates We want to cut down the illegal copying of this product and if you re a registered user you will surely benefit from this system Well make updating packages if people buy our product and you get better and bug free extension So spread neither the updates nor the extensions 06 HOW TO READ THE SYNTAX OF THE INSTRUCTIONS The bare name of the instruction function is written first and it s centered like this RESERVE AS PALETTE If the new name is a function it has a before its name Next there is the full name names of the instruction in the left Reserve As Palette bank number amount Every first letter of the words of the instructions is in u
10. other music systems anymore In fact you can t use them while the CRAFT Music System is playing a module Note that these instructions and functions are included in another extension not with the other CRAFT instructions We did it because otherwise the compiler would have added the module playing system over four kilobytes to the compiled program whether the Audio instructions were used or not Playing a Module ST LOAD St Load file bank number Loads a Sound Noise Protracker module file to a bank This module can be played with the ST PLAY instruction Note that currently this system supports new commands presented in Protracker 2 1 and the modules which are composed with earlier versions of Sound Noisetracker may not work with these instructions Another thing that you should know is that the music played with the ST instructions aren t compatible with older AMOS music and sample instructions If you want to use the sample instructions you have to switch some channels off or pause the music This may sound like a disadvantage but it s not you can manually select the delays when stopping music and playing samples Note that these instructions can t handle modules which are packed in some way If you use Protracker and pack your modules to save disc space unpack them before trying to play them with CRAFT music instructions If you want to you may use the AMOS instruction TRACK LOAD instead of this instruction We induced this instr
11. screen Note that the co Page 20 ordinates are equal to 160 100 128 100 where 100 is the step value see FR STEP 160 is half the width and 128 half the height of the screen This way the origin is in the centre of the screen Fr Position 16000 12800 Fr Step 100 FR X Y POSITION Fr X Position Fr Y Position These functions return the X Y co ordinates of the upper lefthand corner of the fractal window Have a look at the previous instruction FR STEP Fr Step xystep Fr Step xstep ystep This instruction specifies the scale of the picture or the fractal co ordinate step between two pixels The unit used is 1 8192 as in the FR POSITION instruction The bigger the step value is the bigger the area of the fractal co ordinate system the picture drawn covers and the smaller the details get A different step can be specified for both x and y co ordinates which allows you to change the proportions of the picture This is very handy in Hires and Interlace modes If you specify too big a step value you might get lots of little fractal sets as the co ordinate variables overflow Legal step values are in the range 1 1024 FR X Y STEP Fr X Step Fr Y Step These functions return the fractal step between two pixels See the previous instruction for details FR WINDOW Fr Window screen Fr Window Iscre en Jx y width height With this instruction you can specify any AMOS screen area to be used for fractal pictures The
12. special chips containing e g graphics and sound data CLI stands for Command Line Interface and is the programme that takes the instructions given by the user and tells AmigaDOS what to do Comment see File comment CRAFT stands for Colours Requester Audio Fractals and Turtle Disc block is the smallest unit that can be handled when writing or reading data from disc If you use normal AMOS instructions you don t have to worry about blocks Electron beam is a beam of electrons which draws the picture to TV and monitor FAST memory is the part of the memory which can be accessed only by the processor FIB File Info Block is an area of memory which contains information on a file File comment is a string which is installed to a file and works like a note The file comment can be seen with List command in CLI Fractal is a mathematical creature which has got an infinite number of details Please refer to the chapter Fractals Iteration is an operation that consists of several mathematical calculations when drawing a fractal Page 66 Logo is a programming language designed for young programmers Nowadays it has disappeared almost completely and the only thing left is the indigenous turtle graphics although it had a very flexible list handling system similar to that available in the LISP language used by AI researchers Mandelbrot Benoit The man who invented the fractal mathematics among other things the Mandelbrot set yo
13. the turtle 26 UP CASE a converts all the characters of the string a to upper case 32 WARM RESET does the same thing as Crr1 4 Amiga Amiga 52 WB DEF PREFS add len copies the default system preferences to the address add Len specifies the length of the block to be copied 49 WB PREFS add len copies the current system preferences to the address add Len specifies the length of the block to be copied 49 WB TO FRONT BACK moves the WB screen to front or back This instruction has nothing to do with AMOS TO FRONT BACK instructions 1 48 W SWAP w swaps the upper and lower parts of the word w 53 Y BEAM returns the current y position of the electron beam 53 Page 65 GLOSSARY Here are some terms we have used and that may be a bit difficult to understand without a proper explanation Accessory is a programme that can be launched when editing another programme When using AMOS Pro an accessory can affect the current programme and is displayed over it Alert is the fancy red yellow box which usually appears when something has gone wrong If you use an older Amiga version 1 2 or 1 3 an alert is always the final thing before reset but the newer Amigas can handle some alerts correctly AmigaDOS Disk Operating System is the low level system which handles all the operations concerning files and discs Block see Disc block Bug is an error in a programme CHIP MEMORY is the part of memory which can be accessed by the Amiga s
14. to create pictures of Mandelbrot and Julia fractal sets easily and fast It also has a good selection of turtle drawing instructions Why did we select the name CRAFT among thousands of possibilities There are two main reasons Craft means skill profession and shrewdness which are needed when programming commercial or PD programmes on the Amiga Another reason is that CRAFT stands for Colours Requester Audio Fractals and Turtle 02 INSTALLING CRAFT Before doing anything else you should insert the CRAFT disc into the drive DFO and turn your Amiga on When the programme asks you for your name enter your first name in the upper box and your surname in the lower one Remember that the disc in the drive should be write enabled otherwise an error will occur When you have done this the installer shows your personalized registration number on the screen Enter it into the box you will find on the first page of the handbook Now reset your Amiga and make a copy of your CRAFT disc If you use Workbench s diskcopy you have to rename the disc because our installer doesn t understand disc named Copy of CRAFT So get rid of Copy of Now reset the machine again and insert the copy in drive DFO Keep the original in a safe place far away from magnets and direct sunlight You have to have one blank disc before you start the installing process Attach the CRAFT Extras disc label to this blank disc If you don t want to lose your second label suppli
15. 2 Swaps the values of the colour registers colourl and colour2 If colourl was black and colour2 was blue after this instruction colourl would be blue and colour2 black Please remember that colours which flash cause unexpected results when used in conjunction with this instruction Try this in the Direct Mode Pal Swap 0 1 PAL SPREAD Pal Spread colourl To colour2 This instruction does the same trick as the button Spread in the art packages The colour next to colourl is transformed so that it looks a little bit like colour2 as in the Deluxe Paint spread function The next colour is transformed and it looks a little bit more like colour2 than the previous colour etc When using this instruction please keep in mind that flashing colours will cause some funny effects Example Curs Off Flash Off Cls 0 Rem Set up the display Colour 15 FOF For I 1 To 15 Ink I Bar 20 1 0 To 20 I 20 20 Rem Draw some boxes to see the effect Next Wait Key Pal Spread 0 To 15 Rem Spread the palette GR INK BACK BORDER Gr Ink Gr Back Gr Border Page 12 These functions return the value of the current ink back border colour set with the INK instruction Try the next example Print Gr Ink Gr Back Gr Border Ink 1 2 3 Print Gr Ink Gr Back Gr Border CRAFT Palette Accessory The CRAFT Palette accessory is a very good example of using these instructions in action Because it is an accessory it is not commented but th
16. CRAMBLE UNSCRAMBLE bank password scrambles or unscrambles an AMOS bank 38 MEM TYPE add b tells what kind of memory is located in address add or bank b 37 bit description 0 PUBLIC memory 1 CHIP memory 2 FAST memory MULTI ON OFF enables disables multitasking 50 OPEN WORKBENCH opens Workbench 48 PAL BLUE c returns the blue component of the colour c 11 PAL COUNT b_nro returns the number of palettes located in the bank b_nro 10 PAL COPY coil To col2 copies colour coll to colour col2 12 PAL FROM BANK b n mask gets palette n out of the bank b Mask defines the colours to be transferred 9 PAL GREEN c returns the green component of the colour c 11 PAL RED c returns the red component of the colour c 11 PAL SPREAD cl To c2 spreads the palette from cl to c2 12 PAL SWAP cl c2 swaps the values of the colour registers cl and c2 12 PAL SWAP BANK b n maks swaps the current palette and palette in position n in bank b Mask defines the colours which are altered 10 PAL TO BANK D n mask puts the current palette into memory bank b in position n Mask defines the colours which are transferred 8 RESERVE AS PALETTE b n reserves a palette bank b for n palettes 8 RIGHT TRIM s trim removes all the trailing characters trim from the string s If the parameter trim is not specified all the spaces are removed 33 SET AMOS PRI x sets the priority of AMOS to x 50 SET BANK COLOUR b n in
17. Changing Bits B W L SWAP B S wap number W S wap number L S wap number These functions swap the upper and lower parts of a specified segment Byte Word or Long word Only the bits which are specified with the first letter of the function are swapped the others are reset to zero It s better not to use these functions if you are not familiar with hexadecimals logical operations and bit rolling Examples Page 53 Print Hex B Swap 12345678 8 Result 00000087 Print Hex W Swap 12345678 8 Result 00007856 Print Hex L Swap 12345678 8 Result 56781234 System Information AMOS BASE Amos Base returns the address of the internal data zone of AMOS This function is designed only for experienced programmers If you want to learn something about the internal data zone of AMOS please consult the machine code sources included with AMOS AMOS PRO Amos Pro returns a value of 1 if the current programme is running under AMOS Professional The same answer is returned if the programme is compiled with the AMOS Professional Compiler CRAFT VERSION Craft Version This function returns the current version of CRAFT If there are bugs or we add some new instructions or functions to CRAFT and your programme needs the newest version you can always check the version with this function Note that the version has to be divided by 100 before it can tell the truth e g if this function returns 100 the real versi
18. EM DATA STRUCTURES This Appendix consists of two structure definitions The first the FIB should be left untouched if you don t know what you re doing And if you do know you aren t allowed to poke in the FIB it may crash the computer The Preferences structure is a little bit different As we have supplied you instructions to read and set the preferences you may both peek and poke into the structure Note that before you can do that you have to reserve some memory for it with instruction RESERVE AS DATA WORK The File Info Block This is the structure of the AmigaDOS File Info Block as returned by the DOS functions Examine and ExNext The FIB of a file may be examined with the CRAFT functions DR NAMES DR NEXT and DR FIB The DateStamp and NumBlocks fields are not yet implemented as CRAFT functions but if you want to use them write a line or two onto the registration card and if we get enough requests we ll code them into the next version of CRAFT Offs Size Explanation O 4 DiskKey 4 4 DirEntryType If lt 0 then a plain file If gt 0 a directory 8 108 FileName Null terminated Max 30 chars used for now 116 Protection The protection bits 4 120 4 EntryType 124 4 Size Number of bytes in a file 128 4 NumB locks Number of blocks in a file 132 12 DateStamp The date of last change 132 4 Days Number of days since Jan 1 1978 136 4 Minute Number of minutes past midnight 140 4 Tick Number of ticks past minute 0 49
19. Hex Dump address length sep This function dumps memory in hexadecimal from address to address length The parameter sep tells the function how many bytes to read before adding a space The default value is four If the sep is zero the function adds no spaces at all Examples Page 34 Print Hex Dump Amos Base 80 Print Hex Dump Amos Base 80 2 Print Hex Dump Amos Base 80 8 CHR DUMP Chr Dump address length This function dumps memory from address to address length in ASCII All the characters that can t be printed 0 31 and 128 159 are converted to full stops Chr 46 Try this Print Chr Dump Amos Base 80 If you want to see the dump functions in action please load the accessory CRAFT_Dumper AMOS When you start the programme it shows you the standard file selector where you have to choose the file to be dumped When the file has been loaded to memory you can go to the next or previous page with the buttons Next and Prey The button Go To displays a requester asking you to type a new page number When you have typed it and pressed the button OK the programme jumps to that page Note that the number of pages can be seen in the vertical bar on the upper part of the screen The number before the slash is the curfent page and the number after the slash is the number of pages When you want to quit the programme simply press the button X in the upper left corner in AMOS Pro or the button Quit in AMOS Stri
20. I reads the priority of AMOS 51 AMOS PRO returns 1 if the programme is run or compiled under AMOS Professional 54 BANK COLOUR b n index returns the colour index located in position n in bank b___10 BEAM WAIT y waits until the beam reaches the position y 53 B SWAP b swaps the upper and lower parts of the byte b 53 BW INSTR s f p searches for the string f from the end to the beginning of the string s The parameter p specifies the starting point 34 CHIP MAX BLOCK returns the length of the biggest continous chip memory block 37 CHR CONV a chrl To chr2 converts all the characters chrl to character chr2 in the string a 32 CHR DUMP add len dumps memory from add to add len in ASCII 35 CLI EXECUTE com executes a DOS command installed in the string com 48 CLI HERE returns a value of 1 if the user can print text to the CLI 49 CLI PRINT a prints a string a to the CLI window where AMOS was started from__49 CRAFT VERSION returns the current version of CRAFT multiplied by 100 54 DB FREE drive returns the amount of free disc space on drive drive 42 DB SIZE drive returns the size of a block of the drive drive 42 DB USED drive returns the amount of free disc space of the drive given 42 DEL BANK COLOUR b n index deletes the colour index located in position n in bank b 10 DISC ERROR returns the latest AmigaDOS error number 45 DISC STATE drive returns the state of a disc drive 42 value discription 1 no DOS d
21. R MOVE and TR DRAW The unit which is used when moving the turtle is a pixel You don t have to use any special functions to convert the turtle co ordinates to graphic co ordinates and vice versa TR BACK Tr Back d This instruction moves the turtle d units back TR BACK is the opposite of the TR FORW instruction TR X Y POS Tr X Pos Tr Y Pos returns the co ordinates of the turtle These co ordinates are not the same ones as the graphic coordinates returned by functions X GR and Y GR TR MOVE REL Tr Move x y Tr Move Rel dx dy moves the turtle to the point x y without altering the angle Another version of this instruction moves the turtle dx pixels to the right and dy pixels to down Either the parameter may be omitted just remember to write the comma Page 26 TR DRAW REL Tr Draw x y Tr Draw Rel x y These instructions are almost the same as above but the turtle draws a line while moving Try the next example which draws the letter V Tr Back 25 Tr Draw Rel 12 25 Tr Draw Re 12 25 Tr Forw 25 Changing the Angle of the Twtle TR ANGLE Tr Angle angle Sets the absolute angle of the turtle When the turtle points up the angle is zero and when it points down the angle is 180 Remember that all the angles are measured in degrees The angle can be any AMOS integer but there is no difference between using 180 or 540 360 180 If you want to use radians you have to convert them to
22. S If you are familiar with the machine code language you ll find some interesting information in this Appendix But beware if you don t know what you re doing it s better not to try it TheTurtleNatiable_Area We have made the address of the internal turtle variable area available by providing the function TR BASE The purpose of this seemingly irrational action was not to increase the amount of instructions and functions in the extension but to give the advanced user a possibility to get information which otherwise could not be accessed The AMOS AMOS Pro extension system had some problems with floating point numbers until the release of AMOS Pro 2 00 Of course it would have been nice to be able to use floating point parameters with the fractal and turtle instructions but you should bear in mind that integer parameters enable a drastically faster execution speed However some floating point information can be acquired by converting the fixed point variables in the turtle variable area into floating point numbers This way you can get the exact position and direction angle of the turtle The variable area contains some less useful items of information too Please do not poke anything unconsidered into these addresses Offs Size Explanation O 1 Flags Bit 0 1 if the angle is OK Bit 1 1 if the angle coefficients are OK Bit 2 1 if the pen is up no drawing Bit 3 1 if the turtle is positioned somewhere Bit 4 1 if a turtle string i
23. Study your AmigaDOS manual for more details 4 a Archive if 1 the file is archived after the last change This flag is used by backup programmes If you are making one you can check this flag to see if the file has been archived earlier or not 3 r Read if 1 the file is not allowed to be read 2 w Write if 1 it is not allowed to write to the file l1 e Execute if 1 the file is not executable but it s a data file od Delete if 1 the file is not allowed to be deleted If you have very important files you can set this flag to 1 to ensure that AmigaDOS won t delete them if you made a typing mistake etc Use this instruction with care If you play with it you may damage some extremely important protection bits of the system files If you aren t familiar with the protection bits you should read an AmigaDOS manual before using this instruction FILE PROTECT File Protect file returns the settings of the protection bits of the file given The default value of all the bits is 0 Not all the bits are normally used though See the previous command to see the meanings of the bits If you don t want to play with binary mathematics use the next procedure which shows you the letters of the bits of a file Procedure PROTECT_LETTERS FILE If Exist FILE X File Protect FILE For A 7 To 0 Step 1 If Btst A X AS AS Mid apsh A 1 1 Else A A Mid dewr A 1 1 End If Next A End If End Proc A The proc
24. This function gives you the address of the FileInfoBlock FIB of the current file The FileInfoBlock contains more information about the file This info can be accessed with the special functions Because they are used very rarely we haven t implemented them as functions If you want to know more about the FIB you d better read Appendix C Quiting Directory Reading DR FORGET Dr Forget This instruction erases all the data concerning the directory reading from memory This instruction is not needed if you read the whole directory until DR NEXT returns an empty string But Page 41 if you don t read the whole directory and you want to start to read another you have to use this instruction before proceeding This instruction is automatically executed when an AMOS programme is run or a DEFAULT instruction is used Note that if you are reading a directory you cannot delete it before you use this instruction Disc Snare DB FREE USED Db Free drive Db Used drive These functions return the free used amount of disc space in the drive given Drive is a standard Amiga discname like DFO AMOS sys etc You should keep in mind that these functions return the free used space in blocks usually 1 block equals 488 bytes The Info command of the CLI shows the same numbers If there is no disc in the drive these functions return a value of 1 If you are using standard floppy drives DB FREE DB USED is always 1758 On ha
25. WARNING BEFORE PROCEEDING ANY FURTHER WITH THE INSTALLATION READ THE CHAPTER INSTALLING CRAFT When the installer has given you your personalized registration number note it in this box Programmed by Hannu Rummukainen Installer and accessories by Janne Kalliola Example programmes by Hannu Rummukainen amp Janne Kalliola Manual by Janne Kalliola amp Hannu Rummukainen Graphics by Ari Seppii Example module by Janne Leinonen Additional graphics by Jussi Lkif AMOS The Creator Copyright Europress Software Ltd AMOS Professional Copyright Europress Software Ltd Page 1 CONTENTS Chapter 01 CRAFT 4 Chapter 02 Installing CRAFT 4 Chapter 03 Copyright Notice 5 Chapter 04 Bugs 6 Chapter 05 Updating CRAFT 6 Chapter 06 How to Read the Syntax of the Instructions 7 Chapter 07 Colours 8 Palette Banks 8 Colours in Banks 10 Colour Handling 11 CRAFT Palette Accessory 13 Chapter 08 Requesters 15 Chapter 09 Audio 17 Playing a Module 17 Switching Channels On and Off 18 Creating Your Own Equalizers 19 System Information 19 Chapter 10 Fractals 20 Fractal Definitions 20 Advanced Instructions 22 Drawing a Fractal 23 Chapter 11 Turtle 25 Moving the Turtle 26 Changing the Angle of the Turtle 27 Advanced Instructions 28 Remember and Memorize 28 The Home of the Turtle 29 Turtle Control Language 30 S
26. able You can change the current palette with the large buttons and To add palettes press button Insert and the programme inserts a palette AFTER the current palette If you want to get rid of a palette press button Delete and the programme destroys the current palettes if there are more palettes available Palettes can be swapped or copied Simply click button P Swap or P Copy and select the another palette number with the requester The accessory copies the current palette to the palette selected or swaps the palettes So if you want to insert a palette BEFORE the current palette first insert a palette after the current palette and then swap the palettes You can spread colours by selecting the first colour pressing the button Spread and then selecting the other colour The same technique is used when you want to swap or copy colours You can delete colours too by doing the same as when spreading but pressing Delete instead of Spread All the deleted colours are displayed with a mask If you d make a mistake the latest version of the palette can be returned by a simple call of Undo Note that the undo buffer is updated only when you press buttons Swap Copy Spread Undo or change a colour with the sliders Note that the button Delete which alters the the current palette is the lower Delete button The number of colours 2 64 can be changed by pressing the little or When the accessory is in the EHB Ext
27. any bugs please tell us your machine s configuration the versions of AMOS and CRAFT you are using the conditions where the bug was found and send them in a letter to us Black Legend UK Ltd CRAFT Bug report 20 Guilford Road St Albans Herts ALI 5JY United Kingdom 05 UPDATING CRAFT If you have any good ideas for new instructions send them too to Black Legend We are always interested in ideas for improving CRAFT Every owner of CRAFT is entitled to updates Before you can receive any updating packages you have to fill in and send the registration card to Black Legend UK Limited We will inform you about updates in Totally AMOS magazine too If you want to receive our latest update follow these simple steps Send us the disc with the Update disc label supplied in this box for anti piracy reasons a return addressed envelope and an international reply coupon worth 1 Here s the address to send all this to Black Legend Finland Attn Mr Janne Kalliola Museotie 4 FIN 83700 POLVIJARVI Finland Note that any disc which has no update disc label on it can not be returned so take good care of your disc labels It would be best to attach it to a blank disc soon after opening the package Another important point is that if you want to speed up the first updating process format the Updater disc before sending it to us But if you have already updated CRAFT before don t do anything to the Updater disc If you format
28. bank b starting from position pos 18 ST STOP stops the current module 18 ST VERSION returns the version of MusiCRAFT multiplied with 100 19 ST VOICE bit_mask switch channels on and off from the current module 18 ST VUMETER SPEED x sets the decreasing speed of the VUMETER If the parameter x is zero the function VUMETER acts normally 19 STR COUNT s a calculates how many times s occurs in a 33 STR PEEKVaddr len stop returns a string from address add Len is the length of the string to be returned If the optional parameter stop is specified this function cuts the string when it finds a character specified in stop 35 STR POKE add s puts the string s to address add 35 STR SCRAMBLE s p scrambles string s using string p as password 34 STR UNSCRAMBLE 4 s p unscrambles string s using string p as password 34 SYS REQUEST 1 142 43 44 45 ill Pos negS creates a requester containing string tl t5 Pos is the string to be displayed in the leftmost button and neg is displayed in the rightmost button 15 TR ANGLE a sets the absolute angle of the turtle 27 TR BACK d moves the turtle d unit backward 26 TR BASE returns the address of the internal turtle variable area 31 TR DISTANCE y calculates the distance between the current position of the turtle and point X Y 28 TR DRAW x y moves the turtle and draws a line to position x y 27 Page 64 TR DRAW REL x y moves the turtle dx pixel
29. call the CRAFT Help System by pressing SHIFT HELP Don t forget to save your new settings When the Help System has been loaded the main menu or an instruction definition will appear on screen You can choose different topics from the main menu by pressing the left mouse key when the mouse cursor is over a button This is the way to select other buttons too When you want to return to the previous page press button Return Note that this button shows the page from which you came to the current page Try the programme and you ll learn quickly what the button Return does If you press button Prey Menu you ll see the page that was selected from the main menu To see the main menu press button Main Menu When you want to quit press the button in the upper left corner Note that the hypertext reader used in the CRAFT Help System is available on the disc and with it you can create your own hypertexts Detailed instructions how to proceed can be found in the listing of the programme Page 55 APPENDIX A ERRORS When there is an error in a CRAFT instruction the extension returns an error to AMOS There are two types of errors Some of them are default AMOS errors and can be found in your AMOS User Manual The rest of the errors are CRAFT errors They are listed here first there is the name of the error and then there are some reasons why the error has occurred with some helpful instructions what should be done to get rid of the error
30. can also check free or used disc space of a disc without changing your current directory And there are a lot of instructions and functions still not mentioned so start reading Basic Functions for Reading Directories DR NAME Dr Name path This function returns the name of the directory path You may wonder why we made another directory reading function It s true that this function does the same thing as DIR FIRST but with this and some other functions you can get more information about the directory than with DIR FIRST and DIR NEXT Note that you always have to include the parameter path This function doesn t check the current directory of AMOS but it uses the directory from which AMOS was booted default Another important thing is that you can t use special characters like or with these functions Don t worry we have supplied an example programme which can do the trick for you If you use special functions with DR NAME and DR NEXTS you should read the following You can use all the special functions while reading a directory but it s not recommended to use them when you have read only the name of the directory Also remember that all the special functions refer to the file of which the name was read with DR NEXTS If you use DR NEXT again the return values of special functions will be changed DR NEXT Dr Next returns the next filename of the directory set by DR NAMES When all the files in the direc
31. dd effects on the screen so you d better know what you re doing Try the next example which tries to draw a circle Tr Proportions 5 1 Tr Move 16 100 For To 360 Step 10 Tr Angle I Tr Forw 5 Next TR RESET Tr Reset resets the settings of the turtle The angle is set to zero and the pen is set down The turtle is returned to its reset home co ordinates see TR SET HOME instruction at the default position centre of the screen The instruction resets also the positions stored with the TR REMEMBER instructions This instruction is also automatically executed when the DEFAULT instruction is issued or your programme is run TR BASE Tr Base Returns the address of the internal data area of the turtle Please refer to Appendix B Page 31 Get Sprite 1 0 0 To 16 16 Print Str Peek Start 1 8 8 Print Str Peek Start 1 8 8 e The difference between STR PEEK and CHR DUMPS is that the CHR DUMP converts all the characters that can t be printed to full stops Page 36 13 MEMORY In this chapter you find some very useful functions to check the state of the memory a few instructions which have their string equivalents and a couple of improvements to AMOS instructions State of Memory CHIP FAST MAX BLOCK Chip Max Block Fast Max Block These functions return the size of the biggest continuous block of chip fast memory Sometimes there may be plenty of memory left but it can t be used because there are no big block
32. dds the value of the red component by 20 percent Flash Off For I 1 To 15 Ink I Bar 20 1 0 To 20 1I 20 20 Next Wait Key For I 0 To 15 Set Red I Int Pal Red 1 1 2 Rem Change the red component Next PAL RED GREEN BLUE Pal Red colour Pal Green colour Pal Blue colour These functions return the value of red green or blue of the colour given If the colour is positive or zero it refers to a colour register 0 63 But if it s negative the function returns a value which is calculated by taking the current component out of the absolute value of the parameter which is considered a colour value If you re still unsure about the parameters go to the Direct Moa and try the next example Print Pal Red f80 Print Pal Green f80 Print Pal Blue f80 Print Hex Colour 1 Print Pal Red 1 Print Pal Green 1 Print Pal Blue 1 Page 11 PAL COPY Pal Copy colourl To colour2 This instruction copies the value of colourl to colour2 Note that the instruction should not be used with flashing colours When AMOS flashes a colour it changes the value of the colour register frequently slower or faster All the palette instructions and functions of CRAFT read the current value of the colour register and can t store the information given to AMOS by instruction FLASH So when you get a palette out of a bank the colours which were flashing when you saved them in the bank aren t flash anymore PAL SWAP Pal Swap colourl colour
33. degrees before using these instructions Remember that one degree is PI 180 0 radians and one radian is 180 PI about 57 30 degrees TR GET ANGLE Tr Get Angle returns the current absolute angle of the turtle The result is always in the range 179 to 180 inclusive See the previous instruction TR RIGHT LEFT Tr Right angle Tr Left angle turns the turtle to the right left Note that these instruction don t act like TR ANGLE but they are relative to the turtle s current angle If the turtle s current absolute angle is 50 degrees and you use the TR RIGHT instruction with a parameter of 45 the new absolute angle is 95 degrees Page 27 TR TOWARDS Tr Towards x y This instruction turns the turtle to face the point x y If you want to know the distance between the current turtle position and the pixel x y use the following function TR DISTANCE Advanced Instructions TR DISTANCE Tr Distance x y Returns the distance between the current position of the turtle and point x y in pixels Note that it s easier and faster to use TR DRAW see above than TR FORW in conjunction with TR DISTANCE The next example shows how much easier it is to use CRAFT instructions to calculate e g the length of the line from 0 0 to 320 200 CRAFT Tr Move 0 0 Print Tr Distance 320 200 AMOS Print Int Sqr 320 2 200 2 TR PEN UP DOWN Tr Pen Up Tr Pen Down Sets the turtle draw mode on off These instructions are
34. dex c changes the colour index in the place n in the bank b toc 10 Page 63 SET BLUE c val changes the blue component of the colour c to val 10 SET COMMENT f com assigns a comment com to the file f 45 SET GREEN c val changes the green component of the colour c to val SET PROTECT f bits changes the protection bits of file f 43 bit symbol description Hide if 1 the file hidden from a directory listing Script if 1 the file is a CLI Shell batch file Pure if 1 the file can be safely made resident Archive if 1 the file is archived after last change Read if 1 the file is not allowed to be read Write if 1 the file is not allowed to be written to 1 e Execute if 1 the file is not executable O d Delete if 1 the file is not allowed to be deleted N Ww PaA N an eo wan ES SET RED c val changes the red component of the colour c to val lI SET WB PREFS add len flag sets the system preferences Add is the address of the preferences data and len is its length The parameter flag defines whether these preferences are final 1 or not 0 50 ST BASE returns the address of the internal data area of MusiCRAFt 19 ST CHANNEL c returns 1 if the channel c is currently reserved for the CRAFT module playing system 19 ST LOAD f b loads the sound noise protracker module to bank b 17 ST PAUSE ON OFF pauses unpauses the current module F 18 ST PLAY br posi plays the module installed in
35. e functions like these and you don t have to code hours and hours to create the same effect as the function Character Conversions UP LO FLIP CASE Up Case string Lo Case string Flip Case string The functions UP CASES and LO CASES are almost the same as standard AMOS functions t UPPER and LOWER but they can convert all the special characters too These characters include amp ii a o a c n etc Example Print Upper Francois Lionet Result FRANcOIS LIONET Print Up Case Francois Lionet Result FRANCOIS LIONET The function FLIP CASES changes the case of the letters of the string given from upper to lower and vice versa You can try this second example but if you don t live in Germany you may need to use CRAFT ASCII accessory For more details see the function CHR CONVS A Wir miissen die GroBstadter zerstoren Print Upper A Print Up Case A Print Flip Case A CHR CONV Chr Conv string chrl To chr2 This function converts all the characters whose ASCII code is chrl to the character whose ASCII code is chr2 All the other characters are left untouched Example Print Chr Conv AMOS BASIC 65 To 90 Result ZMOS BZSIC If you are unsure about the ASCII code of a character you can always use CRAFT ASCII accessory The accessory shows all the characters and their ASCII codes in hexadecimal The first 32 characters are not shown because there are no visible characters specifi
36. e instruction where to start hunting counted on the left end of the string Note that the function does not accept an occurrence of f if it would extend past the position p Print Bw Instr AMOS CRAFT A Print Bw Instr AMOS CRAFT A 3 Scrambling and I Jnsrrambling STR SCRAMBLES UNSCR A MBLE Str Scramble string password Str Unscramble string password These functions scramble unscramble string using the password given The string password doesn t have to be a single character but can be numbers words a part of a song etc Note that scrambling is by no means a proper protection against professional information thieves but it protects your data and text against friends users of your programmes etc But anyone may be a professional information thief or a good guesser thus we can t take any responsibility whatsoever If you want to maximise your security don t use the same letters in your passwords and use long passwords When you want to access your data use the function STR UNSCRAMBLES with the same password as with STR SCRAMBLES Example Print SIT Scramble CRAFT is powerful STR Print Str Scramble Str Unscramble CRAFT is powerful STR STR Note that these functions are case selective so you have to use exactly the same password when scrambling and unscrambling Print Str Scramble Str Unscramble CRAFT is powerful STR str Memory Dumping HEX DUMP Hex Dump address length
37. e main idea of these instructions should become very clear if you have a little bit of patience You can also feel free to alter the programme if you wish to Note that this programme can be used only with AMOS Pro If you want to resize your banks or delete and insert palettes you can use appropriate programs supplied with the disc CRAFT_Extras Because this programme is an accessory you can put it to the User menu and start it with a simple click of the mouse button If you don t know how to install a new programme to the menu you should refer to the page 04 01 25 of the AMOS Pro User Manual There is no check of command line so there is no need to put something to it either Select only Fl F2 and F3 should be left unticked When you start the programme it creates a display with a lot of buttons and three sliders There are colours which can be selected in the lower part of the screen The three sliders are used to change the colours The values of the sliders can be seen in the right hand side of the slider There are two numbers just below these the first is the current colour register 0 31 and the second is the maximum number of colours Note that the current colour is counted from zero to max 31 and the maximum is counted from 2 to max 64 The programme can handle multiple palette banks too In the upper right corner there are two numbers the first one represents the current palette and the second one the maximum numbers of palettes avail
38. ed There are two versions of the programme for both AMOS and AMOS Professional Page 32 The AMOS version of the programme is extremely easy to use simply load it look for the codes you need and press the mouse button The AMOS Pro version is more sophisticated You can put it in the User Menu or simply load it from disc with Open amp Load If you have started the programme as an accessory you can add special characters to your programme Simply select a character with the mouse and then press the button Put char The highlighted character will be placed in your programme in the current place of the cursor If you want to move the cursor you can only use the keyboard as marks and mouse are totally ignored Remember that you shouldn t add characters which have ASCII codes lower than 32 to your programme If you need them in a string use function CHR instead We have included another useful accessory in the packet It has nothing to do with ASCII codes but it shows all the raw codes assigned to various keys If you don t know what the raw codes are please refer to AMOS function SCANCODE The programme is very easy to use Simply load it from disc and run it If you use AMOS Pro you can put it in the User Menu When you start the programme it shows a table full of raw codes Simply find out the needed ones and then get rid of the programme by pressing the closing button in the upper left corner in AMOS Pro version or mouse button in AMOS v
39. ed you should attach it to another blank disc This disc isn t needed when installing but you need it when you want to get future updates See chapter Updating CRAFT Put the disc in a safe place and start the installer again Now there will be no boxes asking for your name but the programme shows the main installation screen Select the version you want to install currently AMOS 1 3x AMOS Pro 1 0 and AMOS Pro 1 11 or above CRAFT designed for AMOS 1 34 differs from CRAFT designed for AMOS Pro but there are no differences between versions for AMOS Pro 1 0 and AMOS Pros with higher version numbers but the configuration files are a bit different Note that if you have AMOS Pro Compiler and AMOS Pro version 2 0 you may use the AMOS Pro v1 11 installing process as the extensions and configuration files don t differ from each other When you have selected the version the programme will take over control Just do what it tells you to do Remember when the programme asks for AMOS or AMOSPRO _ System use the COPY of it The original is for safe keeping The programme copies CRAFT to the disc and alters the configuration files meaning you have to keep the disc unprotected If you haven t already made backup copies of your AMOS or AMOSPro discs do it now When the installer has installed CRAFT on disc it asks you to put a blank disc in the internal drive The installer formats the disc and gives it a name of CRAFT_Extras Note that there are no
40. edure gives the result in the PARAM and it s similar to the system used in AmigaDOS command List Page 44 File Comments SET COMMENT Set Comment file comment assigns a comment to a file This comment can be read with the function FILE COMMENTS You should notice that the maximum length of the comment is 79 characters and the comment will not be copied while copying file If you want to get rid of the comment simply use empty string instead of comment FILE COMMENT File Comment file This function returns the comment installed in a file The same comment can be seen with the command List in CLI Additional features FILE LENGTH File Length file returns the length of the file given in bytes You can always open the file use the LOF function but it s more complicated and somewhat slower than the FILE LENGTH function The length of a directory is always zero For example Print File Length c Print File Length c Run FILE TYPE File Type filespec returns the type of the filespec string If it s a directory a positive value is returned and if it s a file a negative value will be given DISC ERROR Disc Error Page 45 When a disc error occurs AMOS generates an error Sometimes its very clear and the programme knows immediately what s wrong But sometimes AMOS returns an I O error This error message caters all the errors which usually don t pop up while programming with Bas
41. ersion LEFT RIGHT TRIM Left Trim string ktrim D Right Trim string trim These functions remove leading or trailing spaces from the string given The functions are surprisingly similar to the functions LTRIM and RTRIM found in the notorious MicroSoft R TM etc Quick Basic Examples Print Left Trim CRAFT is powerful Print Right Trim CRAFT is powerful If you want to you can use these functions to remove any characters for spaces simply by adding another parameter trim which defines which characters are to be removed For example Print Left Trim AMOS AM Print Left Trim MAGIC AM As you see the functions remove all the characters without paying attention to their order until they encounter a character which is not defined in the parameter trim Character Counting STR COUNT Str Count search string This function counts how many times does the search occur in the string Note that when this function finds a search it jumps to the next character after the occurrence This means that the function doesn t count any occurrences which starts inside another occurrence For example Print Str Count ABA ABABABA Result 2 Page 33 BW INSTR Bw Instr s f p This function works like the standard function INSTR s f p except that this function searches backwards bw from the end towards the beginning of the string s The optional parameter p tells th
42. etting up the Turtle System 31 Chapter 12 Strings 32 Character Conversions 32 Character Counting 33 Scrambling and Unscrambling 34 Memory Dumping 34 Strings and Memory 35 Chapter 13 Memory 37 State of Memory 37 Data in Memory 38 Chapter 14 Disc and Files 39 Basic Functions for Reading Directories 39 Special Directory Reading Functions 41 Quiting Directory Reading 41 Disc Space 42 Examining the Disc Structure 42 Protection Bits 43 Page 2 File Comments Additional Features Chapter 15 Amiga System Controlling Workbench Controlling CL1 Preferences AMOS and Multitasking Testing the Mouse Buttons Chapter 16 Miscellaneous Resetting the Machine Electron Bearti Changing Bits System Information Chapter 17 Help Appendix A Errors Appendix B Internal Memory Structures The Turtle Variable Area The Palette Bank Structure Appendix c Useful System Data Structures The File Info Block The Preferences Structure Instruction Index Glossary Page 3 01 CRAFT CRAFT is an extension for AMOS The Creator and AMOS Professional It adds almost 160 new instructions and functions to your AMOS configuration It contains a very good colour handling system including multi palette banks and colour spreading You can play with two requesters too CRAFT has a flexible audio system to be used with Soundtracker or Protracker modules CRAFT enables you
43. he ram disc run the CRAFT Palette accessory modify the bank save it again to the ram disc go back to the previous programme load the bank and get the new palette out of it and and We didn t include any fade instructions because you can if you want to fade colours from a bank to a screen with a simple programme You may if you wish make a procedure out of the fade routine Flash Off Curs Off Pal To Bank 1 Rem Save the colours For I 0 To 15 Colour I 0 Rem Set all the colours to black Next Cls 0 Screen Open 1 20 20 16 Lowres Rem Open another screen and hide it Screen Hide 1 Flash Off Pal From Bank 1 Rem Get the bank Screen 0 For 1 1 To 15 Ink I Bar I 20 0 To I 20 20 20 Rem Draw some boxes to see the fading Next Wait Key Fade 1 To 1 Rem Fade the palette Wait 15 Page 9 PAL SWAP BANK Pal Swap Bank bank numberkplaceLmaskll This instruction swaps the current palette and the palette in a bank The optional mask limits the colours transferred Please have a look in your AMOS User Manual for details on masking If the bank doesn t exist an error will occur This instruction can be used to create an Undo buffer to palette handling systems PAL COUNT Pal Count bank number Returns the number of the palettes located in the bank If the bank is empty a value of zero is returned This function is very useful if your programme handles somebody else s palette banks If you load a bank like that first check
44. hing to this bank that you can do to other AMOS banks You can also load it to the CRAFT Palette accessory manipulate it and save it again to disc As a palette bank can hold a lot of palette definitions the parameter place informs the programme which to alter The place can t be higher than the number of palettes in the bank defined with instruction RESERVE AS PALE ITE If you don t use the optional parameter place the instruction will create a new bank consisting of one palette definition only If you want to create banks with multiple palettes please use the RESERVE AS PALETTE instruction The optional parameter mask limits the colours transferred to the bank Have a look in your AMOS User Manual for details Page 8 This instruction is almost identical to the following code but it also can reserve the bank if needed Procedure PAL_TO_BANK B N MASKI If Length B gt 0 For 140 To 31 If Btst MASK Doke Start B N 64 1 2 Colour 1 End If Next End If End Proc PAL FROM BANK Pal From Bank bank numbettplacekmask I I gets a palette out of a bank Note that if there is no bank or there are not enough palettes in said bank an error will be given Please have a look at the instruction PAL TO BANK for more details about the parameter mask PAL TO BANK and PAL FROM BANK are very handy instructions when changing colours of an IFF or sparked screen You don t have to do anything but put the current palette in a bank save it to t
45. ic But when it occurs the programme can t be sure about the real error This situation can be got rid of by simply using the DISC ERROR function It returns the number of the latest AmigaDOS error The next list defines the AmigaDOS 1 2 error numbers and messages if the message isn t clear enough there is another explanation in the brackets Nro Definition 103 Insufficient free store Out of memory 104 Task table full Too many CLIs running 120 Argument line invalid or too long 121 File is not an object module File is not runnable 122 Invalid resident library during load 202 Object in use 203 Object already exists 204 Directory not found 205 Object not found 206 Invalid window 209 Packet request type unknown AmigaDOS can t carry out a task requested by a programme very rare error 210 Invalid stream name File name is too long or invalid 211 Invalid object lock 212 Object not of required type 213 Disk not validated See DISC STATE 214 Disk write protected 215 Rename across devices attempted You can t rename from a drive to another drive 216 Directory not empty 218 Device not mounted 219 Seek error 220 Comment too big See FILE COMMENTS 221 Disk full 222 File is protected against deletion See FILE PROTECT 223 File is protected against writing See FILE PROTECT 224 File is protected against reading See FILE PROTECT 225 Not a DOS disk See DISC TYPE 226 No disk in drive 232 No more en
46. in the requester If the requester gets messy alter the strings and try again Another important point is that the Request Lib for AMOS 1 3 has a bug and this function displays the requester on the WB screen when using Kickstart 2 0 surely also with KS 3 0 To avoid some problems use instruction AMOS TO BACK before calling this function and after the user has pressed a button call AMOS TO FRONT If you are using AMOS Professional there are no problems The function returns 1 if the user has pressed the positive button or RETURN or 0 if the user pressed the negative button or ESC Please don t swap the buttons so that the positive button becomes the negative button and vice versa This would only confuse the user and nobody wants that eh Input Input your name A B I m your own system request C Feel free to call me when D ever you want to A Sys Request Hello A B C D BYE BYE BYE Cls IfA Print BYE Else Print BYE BYE End If Note that the text in a line in the requester can t be very long and if you want to make the request look a little bit better add spaces to both ends of strings pos and neg Page 15 GURU ALERT Guru Alert t1 32 43 t4S 45 1 This function creates a red alert box The strings tl t2 t3 t4 and t5 t2 to t5 are optional are displayed in the alert box Note that the alert box is a requester if the user presses the right mouse button the functi
47. ines the maximum number of the colours possible which is one more than the iteration count You can change the colour settings with the FR COLOUR instruction Note that if the drawing of an image is very slow and you don t like the image you can always stop the drawing by pressing CTRL C This also applies to the FR MANDELBROT instruction Try the next example to produce random fractals Random fractals don t usually look very good but sometimes you may find a real masterpiece of the psychedelic art Randomize Timer Screen Open 0 320 200 32 Lowres Curs Off Flash Off Cls 0 Fr Position 16000 12800 Fr Step 100 Fr Window 0 Fr Julia Rnd 65535 32768 Rnd 65535 32768 100 Page 23 FR MANDELBROT Fr Mandelbrot iterations This instruction draws the Mandelbrot set You cannot affect the shape of the set but otherwise the instruction is identical to the FR JULIA instruction If you think that the Mandelbrot fractal looks very boring you should zoom to the edge of the picture If you try different values and you are patient you ll see some fantastic pictures FR RESET Fr Reset resets a fractal s settings and frees the memory occupied by the fractal colour table This instruction is automatically executed when an AMOS programme is run or when a DEFAULT instruction is issued Page 24 11 TURTLE If somebody still remembers the good old programming language LOGO he will definitely also remember the fancy turtle
48. isc in drive 0 disc is write protected 1 disc is not validated 2 disc is fully accessible DISC TYPE drive returns the identification code of the disc ina drive _ SS 43 code description DOS a normal AmigaDOS disc OFS If you use FFS the function returns DOS Chr 1 NDOS not an AmigaDOS disc BAD disc structure is corrupted KICK a kickstart disc Page 61 DR COMMENTS returns the comment installed to the current file 41 DR FIB returns the address of the FileInfoBlock 41 DR FORGET erases all the directory reading data 41 DR LENGTH returns the length of the current file 40 DR NAME path returns the name of the directory path and initializes the directory reading process 39 DR NEXT returns the next name of the directory If there are no more entries an empty string is returned 39 DR PROTECT returns the protection bits of the current file Please see the following instruction FILE PROTECT 41 DR TYPE returns the type of the current object gt 0 directory lt 0 file 40 FAST MAX BLOCK returns the length of the biggest continous fast memory block 37 FILE COMMENT f returns the comment of file f 45 FILE LENGTH f returns the length of file f 45 FILE PROTECT f returns the settings of the protection bits of file f 44 bit symbol description 7 h Hide if 1 the file hidden from a directory listing 6 s Script if 1 the file is a CLI S hell batch file 5 p P
49. isc is formatted with the Fast File System FFS the function returns DOS Chr 1 All you need to do is check the three leftmost letters of the string to see whether the disc is OK or not NDOS Not an AmigaDOS disc BAD Disc structure is corrupted or abnormal for example a game disc KICK A Kickstart disc for Amiga 1000 Note that Amiga 1000 is not the only Amiga that uses Kickstart discs E g the early versions of Amiga 3000 need a Kickstart 2 0 disc If the disc drive is empty the function returns an empty string If you want to check the disc ina drive use function DISC STATE first If it returns 1 use this function to check the type of the disc and inform the user that there s something wrong on the disc or there is no disc in the drive Protection Bits SET PROTECT Set Protect file bits Changes the protection bits of the file The orders and meanings of the bits are shown below If you are not sure about logical operations and binary arithmetic you can always use the instruction BSET and the function BTST Currently there are eight bits if you use WB 1 2 there are only four bits 0 3 available bit Symbol Description 7 h Hide used by hard discs normally 0 If the flag is set to zero the file won t be shown in directory listings 6 s Script if 1 the file is a CLI Shell batch file AmigaDOS can execute this file without the command Execute 5p Pure if 1 the file can be safely made resident Page 43
50. it s been closed earlier You should notice that the Workbench screen needs quite a bit of CHIP memory If the Workbench screen has 4 colours its width is 640 and its height is 256 the consumption of memory will be over 40 kbytes So before using this instruction use function CHIP MAX BLOCK to check whether there is enough memory or not WB TO FRONT BACK Wb To Front Wb To Back These instructions have nothing to do with AMOS TO FRONT BACK If you have Workbench and a Workbench application which uses its own screen simultaneously in memory you can flick those screens with these instructions If you use the following instructions you should always put WB TO FRONT instruction at the beginning of your programme so that your WB messages will be visible Controlling CI d CLI EXECUTE Cli Execute command This instruction executes a DOS command installed in the string command The command can be a CLI command or a normal programme If your AMOS has closed the CLI in which it was started you should not execute programmes which tend to write information on the CLI window or try to get some information from the user through the CLI The execution of the current AMOS programme is frozen until the programme that started with this instruction has completed its job Remember to check that all the files needed by the programme hat are executed do also exist Page 48 CLI PRINT Cli Print text This instruction prints text to the CLI windo
51. ith this instruction you can set the colours used The index is the number of the iteration for which you are going to set the colour Valid index numbers are 0 1024 As the iteration count starts from one the index number zero has a special meaning It specifies the colour used when a point appears to belong to the fractal set The colour parameter specifies the colour number to be used It is valid in the range 0 255 but AMOS can only use up to 64 of them in EHB mode The colour numbers may be bigger than the screen mode would allow because in such cases only the lower bits of the numbers are used However if you specify an iteration count that s lower than the number of colours in the screen not all the screen colours can be used at a time but you can freely define the colours used with this instruction When you use this instruction for the first time 1025 bytes of memory is allocated for a fractal colour table The table is also allocated if you use the fractal drawing instructions without specifying any colours At the time of the allocation the fractal colour table is filled with the default settings which can be restored with the following lines of AMOS code too For A 0 To 1024 Fr Colour A A and 255 Next A FR GET COLOUR Fr Get Colour index Returns the colour assigned to the index given See the previous instruction for a deeper explanation and details Page 22 FR SCAN Fr Scan startline heightl Fr Scan All A
52. ls read this chapter It s by no means a thorough explanation so you might want to acquire some further information which can be found in a number of articles and textbooks There are both very mathematical and very practical books to choose from What is a fractal To put it simple it s a mathematical creature which has got an infinite number of details The classic example is a coastline the more exactly its length is measured the bigger the result is because the smaller and smaller details are measured eventually even grains of sand could be rounded Fractals can be used for example to model trees and bushes on virtual reality systems running in very very fast machines But because these kinds of fractals are not very beautiful and because they are hard to create the extension can calculate two basic fractals Julia and Mandelbrot sets They both lie near the origin of a geometric system of coordinates To draw the sets you have to apply some complex calculations to each pair of co ordinates to determine whether a particular point belongs to the fractal set or not Then the number of calculation cycles iterations needed to make the decision is converted to a colour number and plotted onto the screen So an iteration is an operation that consists of several mathematical calculations By repeating iterations some interesting results can be achieved The difference between the Julia and Mandelbrot sets is that the shape of the Julia set depends o
53. mes you have used the MULTI OFF instruction and create a loop which returns the state of the machine with continuous calls of instruction MULTI ON SET AMOS PRI Set Amos Pri number Sets the priority of AMOS The priority tells the system how much processor CPU time to give AMOS in relation to the other programmes running on your Amiga simultaniously Parameter number may be any integer between 128 and 127 The bigger the number the more time will be given and the faster your programme will run This is a more sophisticated way to speed up the execution of your programme than the MULTI OFF instruction When using this instruction you should not use very big or very small parameter values If your priority of AMOS is bigger than for example the priority of the disk drive or keyboard some nasty things may happen And if you set the priority of AMOS too low another programme may take over the control and AMOS is jammed Page 50 AMOS PRI Amos Pri returns the current priority setting See the previous instruction Testing the Mouse Buttons I W MOUSE KEY Hw Mouse Key This function is an extended version of the MOUSE KEY function It works whether the AMOS screen is displayed or not This is a very good thing for those programmers who want to get information from the user when the programme is displaying something in the WorkBench screen Letters HW stand for HardWare which is used directly with this function Tr
54. n a constant value which is used in the calculations So there is an infinite number of Julia sets although most of the Julia sets are very similar The Mandelbrot set is always the same but nevertheless there s a great variety of details to be found especially if zoomed in the edge of the fractal Fractal calculations are like 3D calculations they would as such take several hours CRAFT uses sonic sophisticated and very optimized machine language routines to do the necessary calculations Unfortunately some possible shortcuts had to be sacrificed to make the system more flexible but nevertheless it is one of the fastest Julia amp Mandelbrot programmes ever made on Amiga Fractal Definitions FR POSITION Fr Position x y This instruction specifies the geometric co ordinates of the upper lefthand corner of the fractal window To get the fractal system working faster and more efficiently the co ordinates are multiplied by 8192 This co ordinate system has been invented by fellow Finn Risto Paasivirta The Mandelbrot set lies in the area 2 0 lt x lt 1 1 ll lt y lt l l The Julia sets lie approximately in the same area but the co ordinate origin is always in the middle of the shape So you can get an acceptable overview of a set by positioning the origin in the middle of the screen and specifying an area large enough to display the whole set The following line sets the display area to acceptably cover any set in a 320 256 pixel sized
55. ngs and Memory STR POKE Str Poke addiess string This instruction puts the string given to the memory starting from address Never use this instruction to alter strings where addresses can be attained with VARPTR function For example Reserve as work 1 100 Su Poke Start 1 CRAFT means shrewdness Print Chr Dump Start 1 22 STR PEEK Str Peek address length stop returns a string which is fetched from the address given The length parameter defines the length of the string The stop tells the function which character is considered as the end of the string Note that upper and lower cases aren t considered as equals If you use the second form the length of the string returned may be smaller than the parameter length Example Page 35 Tr Exec F 100 R 90 F 100 RA 10 Print Tr Error The turtle errors can be found in Appendix A in the end of this manual Setting Up the Turtle System TR PROPORTIONS Tr Proportions xy Tr Proportions x y The parameters x and y specify coefficients for the turtle co ordinates The limits of the parameters are 16 to 16 inclusive and zero is not allowed Negative parameters may be used to create a mirror effect If there are only one parameter it ll be used for the both co ordinates Note that this instruction affects the TR FORW TR BACK TR MOVE REL and TR DRAW REL instructions and their TCL counterparts Note that improper use of this instruction may cause some o
56. of an 1 FF picture too Simply press the button Get IFF and select the picture with the file selector You can save or load the bank by pressing the appropriate button When the standard file selector appears just type or select the name of the file which you want to save or load If you press button Merge the palette accessory loads the file selected and merges it to the current bank after the current place All the palettes after the current place are relocated and can be found following the merged palettes The button Erase destroys all the palettes and sets the maximum number of palettes to one If you want to quit the programme press the button X in the upper left corner or the button Quit Page 14 08 REQUESTERS SYS REQUEST Sys Request t1R t2 43 t4 45 pos neg This function creates a requester which requests as a good requester should do something from the user The variables tl to t5 contain the text to be displayed in the requester The contents of pos is displayed in the leftmost button the positive button and neg in the rightmost button the negative button If you replace pos and neg with empty strings the requester routine uses default buttons Retry and Cancel If you replace only the neg with empty string the requester will have only one button Note that this function uses the standard AMOS requester and it may have some difficulties when there is a lot of text to be displayed
57. on is 1 00 Page 54 17 HELP You have three alternatives how to proceed if you don t know the syntax of an instruction or you don t know what a function does You can check the syntax in this manual either from the instruction definition or from the Instruction Index the next chapter But if you want the definition now and you don t have time to search through your manual you can always use the CRAFT Help System Note that the Help System is only available for AMOS Professional Before you can use it you have to put it into the User Menu First select the Add Option from the User Menu When the requester asks you to enter the name of the new option write CRAFT Help Then choose CRAFT Help from the menu and select the CRAFT Help System programme from your disc If you have a hard disc you should put the programme on it Note that this programme doesn t need any specific files but it contains all the information needed by itself When the Program To Menu window appears select Fl Load as hidden program and if you have enough memory you may select F3 Keep after run You don t have to put anything in the command line Finally press Ok and cancel the Program To Menu window by pressing a key Next you have to choose Set Key Shortcut from the Config menu When AMOS Pro asks you to choose an option choose CRAFT Help from the User Menu and when AMOS Pro asks you to press a key combination press SHIFT HELP Now you can always
58. on returns a zero False but if the user presses the left button the function returns a value of 1 True So you have to tell the user that he has to press the left or the right mouse button depending on his choice Always remember that the alert system is a very drastic action It stops multitasking and Amiga doesn t do anything before the user presses a mouse button The alerts are to be used only in emergency situations a fatal error has occurred or the system is about to crash and the user is required to do something immediately after the request Page 16 09 AUDIO This chapter contains the definitions of the instructions how to control the Sound Noise Protracker music modules You may be asking yourself why we have implemented these instructions as AMOS and AMOS Pro have their own music systems and they can play these modules as well Because there is no converter available in any AMOS package nowadays you can t use AMOS music system but you have to use the Tracker instructions instead But you can t pause the music with them or you can t use them on games as samples can t be played simultaneously with music With these instructions you don t need any converters and you can switch channels off and pause the music when you want to This may sound difficult but when you have become familiar with these instructions you ll notice that it s quite simple after all Once you have used these instructions you surely won t be using any
59. pper case and all the others are in lower case After the definition of an instruction the parameters of the instruction are listed They are in lower case and separated by comma or To If there are several instructions or parameter definitions listed you can choose any of them The text following the instruction definition tells you what the differences between the various definitions are If a word of an instruction is enclosed in brackets it s optional but it also changes the work done by the instruction Please refer to the text following the instruction definition If a parameter is enclosed in square brackets it s optional If there is another pair of square brackets inside a pair of them the second parameter is optional but can be used only when the parameter before it is used etc If parameters or words in instruction definitions are separated by a slash I they re selectable If they aren t enclosed by square brackets you have to use one of of them Slashes in the text following the definitions the explanations are in the same order as the parameters in the instruction definitions This also applies to the bare name of an instruction If you aren t sure how to use an instruction or function try it until you find the syntax that you were looking at But before trying an instruction read the text very carefully following the definition Some instructions if used improperly can have rather drastic consequences for your s
60. ra Half Brite mode the colours from 32 to 63 are shown under the colours from 0 to 31 If you try to select one of them the programme will automatically select the brighter version of it If you are not familiar with the EHB mode you should consult your original AMOS User Manual Page 13 We have not mentioned the best thing in this programme yet You can move the cursor up and down in the current programme window and by pressing button Command you can insert a PALETTE instruction which includes all the colours which are displayed in the lower part of the screen to the current programme This will help you to transfer palettes from spacked screens to e g FADE instruction Note that this works only when the accessory is run when another programme is being edited You can move the cursor using the keyboard but mouse and marks are fully ignored All the procedures can be opened by pressing the Unfold button When you are running the programme as an accessory you can also grab a bank from the current program by pressing the button Grab and typing the number of the appropriate bank Note that this bank is not merged but it replaces the previous bank When you want to quit the programme it asks you wether the grabbed bank should be updated or not If you press Ok the accessory transfers the current palettes to the grabbed bank but if you press Cancel the grabbed bank will remain as it was before the operation You can grab a palette
61. rameter should be obvious You are advised to read the preferences into an address first and then modify the bytes you want to change before setting the preferences with this instruction This instruction too is for advanced use only and it should be used with extreme care The flag parameter is used to decide whether to inform programmes on the new preferences A non zero value means that the preferences are sent to other programmes A value of zero means the opposite If you are setting new preferences always use a non zero value because the flag parameter for the instruction is used to express whether the preferences set are intermediate for example the user is playing with WB colour gadgets in a preferences type programme AMOS and Multitasking MULTI ON OFF Multi On Multi Off enables disables multitasking If you think that your programme needs all the processor time that your Amiga can give it disable multitasking But remember that you should ALWAYS restore the state of the machine at the end of your programme Otherwise some nasty things may happen the editor doesn t work disc drives are jammed etc Always save your programmes which contain MULTI OFF instructions before trying to run them Another important point is that you have to call MULTI ON as many times as you have called MULTI OFF If there are several instructions which try to disable multitasking in your programme you must use a variable to keep a record how many ti
62. rd discs floptical drives or Ram disc etc the result may vary from that value Example Print Db Free DfO Print Db Used Df0 Print Db Free DfO Db Used DfO DB SIZE Db Size drive This function returns the size of a block on a given drive This is a very useful function if the user has a hard disc where the block size doesn t equal 488 bytes See the previous functions for more details about blocks Note that if there is no disc in the drive the function returns 1 If you want to know the exact amount of the free used space of a drive use the following lines Print Db Free DfO Db Size DfO Print Db Used Df0 Db Size DfO The AMOS functions DFREE returns the same value as the upper line of code but you have to change your directory if you want to use it DISC STATE Disc State drive Page 42 Returns the state of a disc drive A value of 1 means that there is no DOS disc in the drive A value of zero tells you that the disc is write protected If the value is 1 the disc is not yet validated and you d better wait some seconds and use this function again A value of 2 indicates that the disc is validated and can be accessed without risk DISC TYPE Disc Type drive returns the identification code of the disc in a drive The following codes are the most common ones found but there may be other ones too DOS A normal AmigaDOS disc on the Old File System OFS format If the d
63. revious instruction TR SET HOME for details These functions used conjunction with the next instruction gives you another way to move the turtle to its home without altering the angle Tr Move Tr X Home Tr Y Home Page 29 TR EXEC Tr Exec command count This instruction executes a Turtle Control Language TCL string If the count is specified the string is executed several 0 2000 times This stands for the Repeat instruction found in LOGO Only capital letters are necessary in command names and semicolons are used to separate the instructions For example M120 100 A90 PU F20 PD B10 is the same as Move 120 100 Angle 90 PenUp Forward 20 PenDown Back 10 Parameters may be omitted from almost all the instructions having another parameter This applies also to the AMOS TR instructions The following instructions are available in TCL A Angle a Sets the new absolute angle B Backd Moves the turtle d steps backward D Draw x y Draws a line from the current turtle position t o co ordinates x y The angle is left unchanged but the new co ordinates of the turtle are set to x y DR DrawRel x y Draws a line dx pixels right and dy pixels left from the current position F Forward d Moves the turtle d steps forward H Home Moves the turtle to its home I Ink c b This instruction is a synonym to the Pen instruction L Lefta Turns the turtle left a degrees M Move x y Moves the turtle to the point x
64. ructions among the normal AMOS instructions You can place this text after the AMOS credits If you send your source code to the AMOS PD Library you should inform the up keeper of the library that your programme requires CRAFT to function properly If you make commercial products including CRAFT instructions and you don t include any credits in your programme but send a copy of the product to Europress you have to send us a copy too to our Finnish address please see chapter Updating CRAFT for details If Europress decides to publicise that the programme is coded in AMOS we ll also announce that there were some CRAFT instructions among the AMOS instructions But if Europress doesn t say anything we don t say anything either We here at Black Legend and Solaris and probably at Europress would be pleased if you mention yourself that your product was made with AMOS Pro and CRAFT half a year after the release We would like to thank the following people Charlie Heath for the magnificent A68000 assembler Jan Jokivuori for additional ideas Francois Lionet for the excellent AMOS The Creator and for the superb and fantastic AMOS Professional Risto Paasivirta for the efficient fractal coordinate system Page 5 04 BUGS We have tried to find every bug but we can t guarantee that this extension is totally bug free and we cannot be made responsible for any damages done using CRAFT whether it was used improperly or not If you find
65. s available as all the memory may be fragmented in little pieces If your machine is multitasking the values given by these functions may alter very quickly so you have to be careful with the values given MEM TYPE Mem Type address tells what kind of memory is located in the address given The result is a bitmap bit description 0 PUBLIC memory 1 CHIP memory 2 FAST memory This function is mainly used in conjunction with banks You can check the type of memory banks loaded from a disc if you are not sure if they are CHIP or FAST banks Note that you can use the number of a bank instead of the address and the function tells what kind of memory the bank is located there Note that due to the internal structure of the Object and Icon banks the starting point of the bank can be in the fast memory even if the actual data is located in the chip memory The PUBLIC memory refers to the memory which can t be moved to a hard disc when using virtual memory This may sound a little bit weird but you don t have to worry about because there will be no need to use virtual memory with AMOS Please note that the function may return a zero if you peek small addresses because they are not on the Exec memory lists Page 37 Data in Memory MEM COPY Mem Copy start finish To destination This is almost the same instruction as COPY but it allows you to use addresses which are not divided by four This instruction is not as fast as COPY bu
66. s being executed Bit 5 1 if the proportions coefficients are set Bit 6 1 if the rememberers x y are set 2 4 The angle 180 179 9999 degrees 2431 2431 1 6 4 The X coefficient for the angle 104 Y The low 17 bits of a coefficient are the absolute value 0 65536 corresponding to 0 1 Bit 31 is set if the coefficient is to be treated as negative 14 4 The screen X coordinate of the turtle 65536 signed 184 22 4 The screen X coordinate of the turtle home 65536 32768 26 4 Page 57 30 4 The X proportions coefficient 65536 signed 344 38 1 Not used any more maybe in a future update 39 1 40 2 The error position in the TCL string executed is 42 2 the lower word the upper word 44 4 The remembered X position similar to screen X position 48 4 52 4 The remembered angle similar to the current angle A palette bank consists entirely of colour data As you may have noticed the length of a palette bank is exactly 64 n bytes where n is the number of palettes in the bank A colour is stored normally as a word in the form ORGB A colour that has been deleted or masked out in the storing process is stored as ffff 1 All the palettes are stored continuously without any data between them After the AGA version of the AMOS Pro is released the palette bank system will have to be redone completely to allow differently sized palettes 2 to 256 colours and 24 bit colour definitions Page 58 APPENDIX C USEFUL SYST
67. s right and dy pixels down and simultaneously draws a line 27 TR ERROR returns the position of the improper instruction in TCL string 30 TR EXEC command count executes a TCL string as many times as specified by parameter count 30 TR FORWARD d moves the turtle d units forward 26 TR GET ANGLE returns the current angle of the turtle 27 TR HOME returns the turtle to its home 29 TR LEFT r turns the turtle left r degrees 27 TR MEMORIZE X Y A loads a new X Y position or angle saved with the TR 29 TR REMEMBER X Y A instructions 28 TR MOVE x y moves the turtle to the position x y 26 TR MOVE REL dx dy moves the turtle dx pixels right and dy pixels down 26 TR PEN STATE returns a value of 1 if the pen of the turtle is down 28 TR PEN UP DOWN lifts lowers the pen of the turtle 28 TR PROPORTIONS x y specifies the coefficient for the turtle co ordinates The limits of the parameters are 16 to 16 inclusive and if parameter y is not specified x is used for both axis 31 TR REMEMBER X Y A saves the current X Y position or the angle of the turtle 28 TR RESET resets the settings of the turtle 31 TR RIGHT r turns the turtle right r degrees 27 TR SET HOME x y sets a new position for the home of the turtle 29 TR TOWARDS x y turns the turtle to face point x y 28 TR X Y HOME returns the current co ordinates of the home of the turtle 29 TR X Y POS returns the current co ordinates of
68. t DIR PITUUS Val Mid A 30 7 Else A Left AS 28 Print Dr Length Print A End If Locate 30 Loop Print PITUUS End If AS Dir Next Until A The difference should be very clear When using the original AIVIOS functions the user has to use complex string mathematics but when using CRAFT functions the user can get all the information needed without doing any string exercises Note that the AMOS example doesn t tell you the name of the directory and there s no way to get the protection bits or notes of the files listed see the next two functions Page 40 Special Directory Reading Functions DR COMMENT Dr Comment This function returns the comment installed to the current file Please see FILE COMMENTS and SET COMMENT for details DR PROTECT Dr Protect returns the protection bits of the current file Here is a little table which shows what each bit means If you want accurate definitions please see instruction SET PROTECT bit symbol description Hide used by hard discs normally 0 Script if 1 the file is a CLI S hell batch file Pure if 1 the file can be safely made resident Archive if 1 the file is archived after last change Read if 1 the file is not allowed to be read Write if 1 the file is not allowed to be written to Execute if 1 the file is not executable O d Delete if 1 the file is not allowed to be deleted RUD NA sons N oO DR FIB Dr Fib
69. t it will always beat a FOR NEXT loop The instruction copies the memory segment ranging from start to finish to destination Use the instruction with great care because improper use may crash the computer Consult your User Manual for more details but before try the next example Get Sprite 1 0 0 To 16 16 Get Icon 1 0 0 To 16 16 List Bank Mem Copy Start 1 8 Start 1 1 To Start 2 8 Wait Key List Bank MEM STR COUNT Mem Str Count start To end search Mem Str Count bank number search The first version of the function counts how many times does search occur in the memory area from start to end See the function STR COUNT for more details and try this example Reserve As Data 1 100 Print Mem Str Count Start 1 8 To Start 1 a The second version of the function counts the amount of occurrences of the search strings in the bank given MEM SCRAMBLE UNSCRAMBLE Mem Scramble start To finish password Mem Scramble bank number password Mem Unscramble start To finish password Mem Unscramble bank number password These instructions can be used to scramble and unscramble areas of memory or memory banks See the functions STR SCRAMBLE UNSCRAMBLE Page 38 14 DISC amp FILES In this chapter you ll find some very powerful instructions and functions to check the state of disc and files You can for example read directories and gain some extra information that can t be got when using AMOS functions You
70. t won t be restarted after you have turned the channel on The Music System waits until it reaches a new note This is due to the internal structure of the Amiga music hardware Page 18 ST CHANNEL St Chan nel channel The function returns the status whether a channel is in use by CRAFT 1 True or not 0 False Please refer to the instruction ST VOICE Creating Your Own Equalizers ST VUMETER SPEED St Vumeter Speed amount Sets the decreasing speed of the vumeters of the current module The CRAFT Music System uses the default AMOS function VU METER but we have added a new feature to it If the speed is set to zero the function VUMETER works normally This is the default setting When you use a non zero value it ll be subtracted from the current value This process is stopped when the value of the VUMETER reaches zero The instruction affects also the AMAL function VU This means finely dancing graphics equalizers can be achieved without complex mathematical calculations we did them for you System Information ST BASE St Base Returns the address of the internal data zone of the CRAFT module playing system ST VERSION St Version Returns the current version number of the MusiCRAFT extension multiplied with 100 Note that the version may be different than the version of CRAFT as music instructions are in their own extension Page 19 10 FRACTALS If you don t know anything or only little about fracta
71. the number of the palettes in it If you don t check and try to access a palette which doesn t exist an error will occur Colours in Banks SET BANK COLOUR Set Bank Colour bank number place index colour Changes a colour located in a bank to the colour value given Note that if you omit the parameter place the instruction affects the first palette in the bank BANK COLOUR Bank Colour bank number place index Returns the colour located in the bank If there are no colour available a value of 1 is returned please refer to the next instruction DEL BANK COLOUR Del Bank Colour bank number place index Deletes a colour located in the bank bank number If you use PAL FROM BANK or PAL SWAP BANK the colour index won t be changed if it s representative has been deleted Page 10 Colour Handling SET RED GREEN BLUE Set Red colour value Set Green colour value Set Blue colour value Changes the red green blue the infamous RGB trio component of given colour index to the setting in value The instructions are very handy if you re making an image processor with AMOS You don t have to calculate the values of red green blue but can simply use these instructions You can alter the amounts of red green blue in the colour palette of the picture You don t have to worry whether the value is too big or too small because these instructions automatically convert them x gt 15 gt x 15 and x lt 0 gt x4 Try this example which a
72. tory have been read DR NEXTS gives an empty string If you continue reading the directory after getting an empty string you will cause an error REMEMBER This function changes all the information given by special functions Read the instruction above for details The next routine reads the current directory A Dr Name Print Directory of A Print Do A Dr Next Exit If A Rem Special functions will be placed here Print A Loop Page 39 DR LENGTH Dr Length This function returns the length of the current file It does the same trick as the FILE LENGTH function described below The length of a directory is always zero DR TYPE Dr Type returns the type of the current object If the result is bigger than zero the last item examined is a directory but if you get a number smaller than zero the item is a file Replace the REM statement in the example to DR NEXTS above with the next lines of code A A Space 30 Len a If Dr Type gt 0 A A DIR Else A AS StrS Dr Length End If The next two examples show the difference between AMOS and CRAFT directory reading functions The left one is done without CRAFT and the right one is done with CRAFT A Dir First DHO AS Dr Naine dh0 Repeat Do If Left A 1 AS Dr Next Print Right AS Len AS 1 Exit If A Locate 31 Print A Print DIR Locate 31 Else If Dr Type gt 0 A RightS AS Len A 1 Prin
73. tries in directory You have used the DR NEXT after it has returned an empty string Note Some error messages can differ from the error messages in AmigaDOS 2 0 or 3 0 You can use this function to give your programme a nice professional touch Simply copy all the error messages written in the AmigaDOS manual with their numbers to data clauses Read these values into a dimensioned variable and when an error occurs simply use this function to find out its number and print the number with the error message like this Page 46 Error 204 Directory not found Error 222 File is protected from deletion Try the next example to see the function DISC ERROR in use Request Off On Error Goto ERR Open In 1 Wackowoo Just Testing End ERR Print Disc Error Wait Key Resume Next Page 47 15 AMIGA SYSTEM This chapter deals with Workbench and CLI Without CRAFT you only could close Workbench swap the AMOS and Workbench screens and in AMOS Pro execute CLI programmes With CRAFT you can also open Workbench swap it and other intuition screens to and fro print text to a CLI window and read the WB preferences to for instance grab the colours of the Workbench for your programme The best thing is still not mentioned You can speed up your AMOS programmes without compiling them Simply stop multitasking or increase the priority of AMOS Controlling Workbench OPEN WORKBENCH Open Workbench This instruction opens the Workbench if
74. u surely didn t guess that one did you Module is a piece of music created with sound noise protracker It contains all the information needed to play the music and also the samples Multitasking is a term which means that a computer such as the Amiga can run several programmes at the same time This is achieved by flipping the programmes in a very high frequency Noisetracker is the second version of the music editor based on soundtracker Nowadays Noisetrackers are replaced with Protracker Preferences are the data which is used to set up Amiga in a proper way They store the colours the shape of the pointers the printer settings and the various other things that can be changed with the Preferences programmes Priority is a number which specifies how much CPU time is given to various processes Protection bits define the legal actions which can be done to a file Protracker is the latest version of the music editor based on Soundtracker Requester is a box which is used when Amiga needs more information from the user Usually there are two buttons positive and negative but a requester can consist of sliders multiple buttons and text fields Soundtracker is the original music editor from which e g Med Protracker etc have been derived It has been replaced by Protracker TCL is the Turle Command language Please refer to TR EXEC instruction Tick is a 1 50 of a second Turtle graphics js a way to draw simple pictures
75. uction because TRACK LOAD is not available in the earlier AMOS 1 3x versions Page 17 ST PLAY St Play bank number position This instruction plays a module installed in a bank If the optional parameter is included the instructions starts to play the module from the position defined This way you can have several pieces of music in the same module and the advantage is that they can use the same samples ST STOP St Stop Stops the music started with the instruction ST PLAY When you stop the music with this instruction you can t restart it from the position in which you stop it but you have to start it all over again Please refer to the next instruction ST PAUSE ON OFF St Pause On St Pause Off These instructions pause unpause the current module If you want to play some samples in between the music you can pause it play the samples and unpause the music again or use the instruction ST VOICE see below Switching Channels On and Off ST VOICE St Voice bit mask This instruction works like the normal AMOS VOICE instruction it switches the audio channels on and off If a bit is set to 1 in the parameter bit mask the channel is active and if a bit is set to 0 the channel is not active If you use samples with the music system of CRAFT you have to deactivate some channels play the sample with them and then activate them again Note that if you cut an instrument of a module with this instruction the instrumen
76. ure if 1 the file can be safely made resident 4 a Archive if 1 the file is archived after last change 3 r Read if 1 the file is not allowed to be read 2 w Write if 1 the file is not allowed to be written to 1 e Execute if 1 the file is not executable d Delete if 1 the file is not allowed to be deleted FILE TYPE f returns the type of object f gt 0 file lt 0 directory 45 FLIP CASES a flips the cases of the characters of string a 32 FR COLOUR index col sets a colour value in the fractal colour table 22 FR GET COLOUR index returns a colour from the fractal colour table 22 FR JULIA cr ci iter draws a Julia set Cr and ci are real and imaginary parts of the complex number and iter is the maximum number of iterations used 23 FR MANDELBROT iter draws the Mandelbrot set See the previou instruction 24 FR POSITION x y specifies the co ordinates of the upper left hand corner of fractal window_20 FR RESET resets the fractal settings 24 FR SCAN startline height defines the area of the fractal to be drawn 23 FR SCAN ALL cancels any FR SCAN settings done 23 FR STEP xy xstep ystep defines the scale of the picture fractal co ordinate step between two pixels 21 FR WINDOW screen screen x y w h specifies the screen area to be used for fractal pictures Any of x y w or h can be omitted 21 FR X Y POSITION returns co ordinates of the upper left hand corner of the fractal window
77. used in conjunction with the TR FORW and TR BACK instructions The turtle uses the current drawing colour set with instruction INK TR PEN STATE Tr Pen State The function TR PEN STATE returns a value of 1 true if the pen of the turtle is down and zero false if the pen is up Remember amp Memorize TR REMEMBER X Y A Tr Remember X Tr Remember Y Tr Remember A These instructions savt the current X Y position or the angle of the turtle Page 28 TR MEMORIZE X Y A Tr Memorize X Tr Memorize Y Tr Memorize A These instructions set a new X Y position or angle A which are saved with the TR REMEMBER X Y A instructions The Home of the Turtle TR HOME Tr Home returns the turtle to its home This instruction affects the angle of the turtle When a TR RESET instruction is issued the home is reset see the following instruction and the turtle is returned there If you don t want to alter the angle when moving turtle to its home use this instruction conjunction with instruction TR REMEMBER A TR SET HOME Tr Set Home x y Sets a new position of the home of the turtle The co ordinates of the home are in the middle of the screen as default You can use the home of the turtle in conjunction with the instructions TR REMEMBER and TR MEMORIZE to have two points where you can always jump with TCL see TR EXEC TR X Y HOME Tr X Home Tr Y Home returns the co ordinates of the home of the turtle See the p
78. ve thing in this instruction is that viruses won t be killed and they are already active when the first disc is put in Page 52 GURU MEDITATION Guru Meditation numberl number2 This instruction causes a GURU The numbers will be shown in the red alert box There will be no return and there are two alternatives you have with this instruction you can either tell the user about an error or you can just startle him Remember when using this instruction that the new versions of the Workbench and AmigaDOS handle the errors in a different way than the older versions 1 2 and 1 3 Please study the AmigaDOS manual v2 0 or higher before using this instruction on new machines Electron Beam Y BEAM Y Beam gives you the current y position of the electron beam which draws the display on your monitor or TV set The result is given in hardware co ordinates and it ranges from 0 to 311 on PAL systems and from 0 to 261 on NTSC systems This can be used for synchronizing your display to get a smoother and slicker result than the result achieved when using the WAIT VBL instruction BEAM WAIT Beam Wait y waits until the beam reaches the position y Use the lowest hardware co ordinate that contains moving images with BEAM WAIT for the smoothest synchronising possible Note that if the y is bigger than the number returned by DISPLAY HEIGHT an Illegal function call error is given See also the previous function for more details about the beam
79. w AMOS was started from If that window is closed or AMOS has been started from the Workbench there will be no output You should also notice that this instruction doesn t automatically send a RETURN code after the string but you have to add it like this Cli Print CRAFT v1 0 in action Chr 10 CU HERE Cli Here returns a value of 1 if AMOS is started from a CLI and the user can write text to it Example If Cli Here Print This program was started from CLI Else Print This program was started from WB End If Note that if you start AMOS with the CLI command Run the function returns a value of 0 Preferences WB DEF PREFS Wb Def Prefs address length Wb Prefs address length These instructions copy the default or current system preferences to the memory address given Instead of address you may use the number of a bank The length parameter tells how many bytes to copy These instructions are very handy if you want to change your programme to act according to the user s preferences choice If you aren t sure what you re doing don t do it These instructions are for advanced users only We have listed some useful system information that can be attained with these instructions Please refer to Appendix C Page 49 SET WB PREFS Set Wb Prefs address length flag sets the system preferences Address is either a real address or a bank number where the instruction gets the preferences data The length pa
80. x y width and height parameters are not checked until a FR JULIA or FR MANDELBROT instruction is issued You don t have to specify every parameter but the commas must remain An omitted parameter is thought to mean as big as possible with the current screen size If the last four parameters are not specified at all the window is set to cover the whole screen For example FR WINDOW 1 10 is the same as FR WINDOW 1 0 10 320 190 if the screen number 1 happens to be sized 320x200 Page 21 The screen area used for fractal drawing can also be defined with the Clip instruction but there is a big difference between these two methods The fractal position defined FR POSITION is always the point in the upper left hand corner of the fractal window no matter where the clipping rectangle happens to be And of course you can t use the CLIP instruction to make the fractal drawing area bigger than the fractal window You should note that the fractal instructions are not compatible with the AMOS autoback system To draw fractals into several bitmaps you have either to use many fractal drawing instructions which is quite slow or to copy the area drawn to the other bitmaps Advanced Instructions FR COLOUR Fr Colour index colour The colours which you see in a computer generated fractal drawing represent the number of iterations calculation cycles needed to determine whether a particular point belongs to the fractal set or not W
81. y without drawing a line MA MemAngle Loads the angle saved with RA MX MemX Loads the x coordinate saved with RX MY MemY Loads the y coordinate saved with RY MR MoveRel x y Moves the turtle dx pixels right and dy pixels down P Pen c b Sets the ink colour to c and the pattern colour to b You don t have to care about the parameter b unless you play with the SET LINE instruction PD PenDown Lower the pen of the turtle down PU PenUp Lifts the pen of the turtle up R Right a Turns the turtle right a degrees RA RemA Saves the angle of the turtle RX RemX Saves the current x co ordinate of the turtle RY RemY Saves the current y co ordinate of the turtle SH SetHome x y Sets the co ordinates of the home of the turtle TO TOwards x y Turns the turtle to face the point x y TR ERROR Tr Error This function returns the position of the instruction that caused an error in a turtle string If there were no errors a value of zero is given Note that this function is not reset when it s read but you can read the value several times without consequent TR EXEC calls Try the next example in the Direct Mode Page 30 12 STRINGS There are a lot of instruction which are designed to replace a bunch of lines of complex string code in this chapter Some of them are used frequently but there also are some functions which are used seldomly But when you use them you re grateful that there ar
82. y this example Amos Lock Amos To Back Repeat Until Hw Mouse Key 3 Amos To Front Amos Unlock Page 51 16 MISCELLANEOUS In this chapter you can find instructions and functions which cannot be allocated to any headlines presented before This doesn t mean that these instructions aren t handy or that its difficult to use them When you look at the definition of the instructions you ll probably say Why haven t these instructions been in AMOS in the first place GR CENTRE Gr Centre y t This instruction is similar to the instruction TEXT x y t but it centres the text If you re not familiar with graphic font systems please refer to your AMOS manual Try the next example Gr Centre 100 CRAFT rules OK It s equivalent to the next code AWCRAFT rules OK X Text Length A X Screen Width 2 X 2 Text X 100 A Resetting the Machine HARD WARM RESET Hard Reset Warm Reset When your programme encounters the HARD RESET instruction it will stop running and the machine is reset completely in other words this instruction does the same thing to Amiga as toggling the power off and then on again This instruction can be used with virus killers If the programme finds something abnormal in the memory it can force Amiga to do a Hard Reset WARM RESET is a softer way to reset Amiga It is similar to a CTRL AMIGAHAMIGM reset Also the reset proof ram discs don t disappear whereas HARD RESET destroyer everything The only negati
83. ystem so be careful not sorry Page 7 07 COLOURS When you use packed bitmaps or you want to flash or fade the colours of the spacked screen packed screen you have one problem where to store the palette You may use variables but you have to write a lot of text to achieve the desired result No problemo for CRAFT create a bank and duke the values in it But if you don t want to play with instructions DEEK DOKE START etc you can always use CRAFT palette banks The palette banks can store all the 32 colours on the screen with a single instruction You can store many palettes in a single bank the more memory you have the more palettes you can store If you don t want to get all the colours with the single instruction you can always use masks or instructions which load one colour at the time And the best thing is you can save and load these banks normally CRAFT also includes instruction which can modify the current screen palette you can swap colours or spread them You can change a single component at the time and create some fabulous effects Palette Banks RESERVE AS PALETTE Reserve As Palette bank number number of palettes Reserves a palette bank The palettes can be accessed with instructions PAL TO FROM SWAP BANK instructions please see them for details PAL TO BANK Pal To Bank bank number placekmask This instruction puts the current palette in a memory bank in the position place given You can do everyt

Craft (Note p31 is after p35)

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