Concept Star 2.0 software user manual.
Contents
1. Concept Star Decision Making Tool for Professionals Version 2 0 User Manual SORACH www sorach com Copyright 1999 Sorach Inc All rights reserved Information in this document is subject to change without notice Companies names and data used in examples are fictitious unless otherwise noted No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical for any purpose without the express written permission of Sorach Inc Printed in Canada ISBN 0 9684914 0 5 For current product and pricing information send request to E mail sales sorach com FAX 1 613 228 9712 Mail Sorach Inc Suite 354 1568 Merivale Road Nepean Ontario CANADA K2G 5Y7 Or visit our Internet site http www sorach com Contents 1 Introduction rss E E E tr detre dede 1 1 1 Interpretive Structural Modeling ISM 0sssnnnnnnnenn 1 1 2 Hardware and Software Requirements 3 1 3 echnical SUppOlhiac a eee eee eee 3 1 4 ADoutthis Manuals saa a aaa aa aaea 3 1 5 Note O New USES a a aaa 4 2 Installation and Startup aessaae ne iia 5 2 1 Inst lllng Goncept Stal isisisi aaa 5 2 2 Registering with Sorach sssssssssseeessssssssrrrrrstsssrrrirnnnsssstnnnrnnenssnt 5 2 3 starting Concept Star eeaeee dean ant 6 2 4 J OVGWIOW urana oe a 7 241 DeEfiniti nss sras82 ur a Risa ne 8 2 4 2 Produc2. gt 2 is YES and the relationship 2 gt 3 is YES figure 25 Voted Yes Implied Yes Figure 3 25 Implied Yes Vote 27 The relationship 2 gt 4 is an implied NO because the relationship 1 gt 2 is YES and the relationship 1 gt 4 is NO figure 26 If 2 gt 4 was YES then 1 gt 4 would be YES 4 Voted Yes Implied No x ER 5 Figure 3 26 Implied No Vote Using similar logic the relationships 3 gt 4 2 gt 5 3 gt 5 and 5 gt 3 are implied NO In this simple 5 element example we discussed and voted on only 14 of possible 20 relationships for a time saving of about 30 In a more typical 20 element ISM you may need to vote on only 40 of the relationships the rest being implied using transitive logic This results in a timesaving of about 60 28 3 2 3 The ISM Model To display the ISM model you have just created pull down the ISM menu and click ISM Model figure 3 27 or use the ISM Model toolbar button ISISH Model lel ES Property Value Enhancement Action Plans Model Completed Figure 3 27 Example Unformatted ISM Model view An ISM model is a simplified relationship diagram Arrows represent relationships that exist were voted YES The ISM model does not display arrows for relationships that can be implied by transitive logic For example the relationship 1 gt 3 was voted YES
3. or WordPerfect Readers new to Windows 95 or later operating system can refer to the Windows manual to Windows online help click Start and choose Help or to one of several books available on Windows operating systems This manual is organized as follows Chapter 1 provides general introduction Chapter 2 contains the software installation procedure an overview of using Concept Star and a brief definition of ISM terminology Chapter 3 provides a small example for learning the use Concept Star and the Interpretive Structural Modeling method of problem solving Trademark Microsoft Corporation 3 Trademark Corel Corp Chapter 4 provides details on how to use Concept Star This manual concentrates on teaching the use of Concept Star software It does not attempt to teach ISM fundamentals such as methods for generating ideas or determining the control phrases Context and Relation 1 5 Note to New Users Concept Star software is easy to master However it is also very important to understand and practice the determination of the ISM control phrases Relation and Context which are needed to construct an effective ISM Correct selection of these control phrases is vital to unlocking the power of Concept Star or any other ISM tool The reader can learn this from published literature on the subject or the book that may be included in this software package depending on the product purchased 2 Installation and Startup
4. model and displays it as shown by the example in figure 4 7 Formatting the model described below makes it easier to understand and discuss figure 4 8 ISM Model Torx ducation System Overhaul Model Completed Figure 4 7 ISM model before formatting 40 35 1SM Model _ToIx ducation System Overhaul 1 10 3 Dont alter curriculum B Pay teachers based on ery frequently performance 0 Reduce administrative 9 Emphasize undamental skills 7 F Provide extra funding o specific schools for 2 Add a special specific programs ourse for those 5 13 students requiring B Increase the 3 Regulate and ollow pass fail riteria 2 Increase funding or special needs 5 6 Identify critical areas for improvement 6 Institute a uniform easurement method that an identify schools that eed extra help Model Completed Figure 4 8 ISM model after formatting The ISM Model shows the links or relationships between the ideas Most ideas are displayed in an individual box However ideas that are linked ina circular fashion are displayed in the same box For example the votes for ideas 1 amp 10 in the above example indicate that Idea 1 Idea 10 and Idea 10 Idea 1 Similarly the votes for ideas 2 amp 12 indicate that Idea 2 Idea 12 and Idea 12 Idea 2 4 2 2 1 Moving Boxes To move a box drag the center of the box to the new location The ISM model is easier to understand if the boxes are posi
5. 36 deleting Votes 43 diagram 9 display 10 Edit box 35 Edit Ideas 16 35 editing idea text 36 Editing Ideas 42 Element List 7 18 47 48 elements 7 8 10 Enter Text button v 35 36 Entering Text 15 31 entering text information 31 example 7 13 font 42 formatting 40 Help 6 INDEX Idea List 35 ideas 8 10 14 16 35 implied votes 27 28 38 43 45 Insert button 36 insert idea 36 Installing Software 5 instructions 6 9 Interpretive Structural Modeling 1 ISM method 13 ISM Model 7 9 10 29 40 41 47 48 ISM Title 31 link ideas 10 modifying model 10 order of ideas 37 Overview 7 Pen Width 42 printing 47 qualification 8 16 36 Qualifications button 35 References 49 Registering with Sorach 5 Relation 7 8 10 15 17 34 relation between elements 9 relationship diagram 29 Remove button 36 saving 11 18 39 42 Software Requirements 3 Starting Concept Star 6 text input 9 title 8 14 15 31 toolbar buttons 9 10 transitive logic 9 15 27 28 29 38 43 45 trigger question 8 14 16 32 view 18 26 29 views 7 10 Vote List 7 26 47 48 Voting 9 10 19 31 38 Warfield 1 9 windows 7
6. Formatting the ISM Model If discussion and further analysis indicate that a relationship vote needs re evaluation it can be done by deleting the vote see Deleting a Vote and then re voting 37 4 2 1 Voting Voting constructs the ISM model Concept Star presents a series of statements on whether or not the relationship exists between pairs of ideas For each statement the group discusses the issue and decides on either a Yes or No answer The answer or vote is entered into the computer The computer then presents the next pair of ideas As the relationship information is entered into the computer it makes logical inferences about the existence of the relationship for other pairs of ideas transitive logical inferences This allows the ISM model to be constructed in much less time than if all relationships were required to be entered A time saving of 60 or better for a 20 element ISM model is typical To start voting pull down the ISM menu and select Voting This opens the Voting dialog box figure 4 6 In order to improve the below national average performance of students in the province a number of initiatives will be undertaken based on their expected impact on academic performance 1 Don t alter curriculum very frequently Will significantly help in the implementation of 2 Add a special course for those students requiring extra help in specific subjects Figure 4 6 Voting dialog box
7. funding for special needs students 13 Regulate and follow pass fail criteria Figure 4 5 Edit Ideas dialog box The Edit Ideas dialog box contains the following parts Edit box Idea list Enter Text button v Cancel Text button x Qualifications button Enter text for an idea here Lists all the ideas entered The selected idea is highlighted Ideas are numbered automatically A symbol displayed immediately before the idea number means that this idea has qualifications see idea 4 above Adds the idea to end of the list or changes text of the selected idea This button is available only when the text in the Edit box has changed Cancels changes made to idea text This button is available only when the text in the Edit box has changed Opens the Idea Qualification dialog box This is used to enter view and edit qualifications for the currently selected idea The Idea Qualification dialog box is similar to the Edit ISM Title dialog 35 box This button is not available when the text in the Edit box has changed Insert button Inserts a new idea before the selected idea Remove button Deletes selected idea and all votes involving this idea This button is not available when the text in the Edit box has changed Close button Closes this dialog box and updates all ISM views This button is not available when the text in the Edit box has changed 4 1 5 1 Entering and Editing Idea Text To enter a new id
8. the Close button To enter the Context pull down the ISM menu and select Context or click the Edit Context toolbar button In the Edit Context dialog box type In order to maximize the property value given its current poor condition and click OK figure 3 6 Edit Context In order to maximize the property value given its current poor condition f Cancel The context phrase is displayed on the Voting screen to help quide discussion and decision making and to keep participants focussed on the issue Figure 3 6 Example ISM Context To enter the Relation pull down the ISM menu and select Relation or click the Edit Relation toolbar button In the Edit Relation dialog box type will significantly help to and click OK figure 3 7 17 Edit Relation Ea will significantly help to Cancel The relation phrase is displayed on the Yoting screen to guide the comparison of ideas Figure 3 7 Example ISM Relation The text has now been entered Figure 3 8 shows the Element List view Element List Iof x Property Value Enhancement Action Plans What actions can we take to maximize the value of our investment In order to maximize the property value given it current poor condition will significantly help to 1 Do repairs Decide rental value Find tenants Sever property This involves a private street front entrance for each unit Plan approval by city Figure 3 8 Example Element
9. title is displayed at the top of each view and on printouts The trigger question is used during the idea generation session to help produce the list of ideas Concept Star does not require that the trigger question be entered to create an ISM model It is recorded and displayed on the Element List view for reference only The Context is an important control phrase that guides discussion and decision making during construction of the ISM model It is displayed during the ISM voting activity to remind participants of the situation and what they are hoping to accomplish Although Context is not required for operation of the software it is very important for practical use during the voting activity The Relation is an important control phrase that determines the meaning and structure of the ISM model It is displayed during the ISM voting activity and used by participants to analyze the relationship between the idea pairs This is the set of ideas to be structured during the ISM session to form the Model Ideas are also called ISM elements Ideas are generally obtained from an idea generation session The idea qualification refers to supplementary information that may be recorded about an idea This information is not a requirement for the operation of the software For more information see the references listed at the back of this manual Voting ISM Model Transitive Logic This activity takes place during the
10. to transform a complex issue or problem involving a lot of ideas into a structured model that is easier to understand The resulting model is used to formulate ideas and solutions to deal with the complex problem at hand ISM is frequently used in a group environment to understand and resolve complex issues because a wider knowledge base is available to address the problem ISM helps to extract the group s knowledge by focussing discussion on only one pair of issues at a time The process of constructing an ISM creates clarity and common understanding for the group Almost always a 1 Christakis A N 1985 High Technology Participative Design The Space Based Laser Proceedings of the1985 International Conference of the Society for General Systems Research Vol Il pp 925 933 Seaside CA Intersystems Publications great deal of communication and analysis takes place during an ISM session and a common language emerges as a result Concept Star performs equally well as a personal desktop tool or ina professional group decision making session Here are a few examples of how it can be of benefit both personally and professionally Understanding and solving complex issues related to work Planning establishing your career path Personal visioning and goal setting Organizational mission statement and goal setting Formulating corporate strategy Creating a manageable set of actions to solve a complex organizational problem Select
11. 2 1 Installing Concept Star To install Concept Star you will need e The Concept Star installation CD e The serial number from the sticker on your CD liner or CD sleeve e The registration card from the back of this manual To install Concept Star 1 Insert the Concept Star CD into your CD ROM drive 2 Click Start in Windows 95 and select Run 3 Type DASETUP replace D with the drive letter corresponding to the CD drive you are using and click OK This will start the Concept Star setup program Follow the instructions on the screen The Concept Star serial number must be entered exactly as shown on the sticker 2 2 Registering with Sorach Please take a moment to complete and mail the enclosed Registration Card Registered users have access to limited technical support and will receive advance information about new products and special upgrade offers available from Sorach from time to time 2 3 Starting Concept Star To start Concept Star click the Windows Start button point to Programs and click Concept Star The program starts with a blank ISM document and displays the screen shown in figure 2 1 Concept Star Concept File Edit View ISM Format Window Help HRI BLE x H Element List To build an Interpretive Structural Model ISM 1 Use the 4 blue text input buttons to enter Ideas Relation phrase Context phrase and Title 2 Then use the Voting button yellow when active to link the ideas The Voti
12. 3 1 2 Printing Votes To print the Vote List set the Vote List view as the active window pull down the View menu and select Vote List then pull down the File menu and select Print Select Print Preview to see how the Vote List would be printed 4 3 1 3 Printing ISM Model To print the ISM model set the ISM Model view as the active window pull down the View menu and select ISM Model then pull down the File menu and select Print Select Print Preview to see how the ISM model would be printed 4 3 2 Exporting to Other Applications For presentation and documentation purposes the ISM model element list and vote list can be transferred from Concept Star to other applications such 47 as MS Word PowerPoint Corel WordPerfect or Presentations This is done using the Windows clipboard The Edit menu Copy command is used to copy information from the active view Element List Vote List or ISM Model in Concept Star to the Windows Clipboard In the other application its Paste command is used to paste information from the Clipboard 4 3 2 1 Transferring Element List To transfer the Element List make the Element List view the active window pull down the View menu and select Element List then pull down the Edit menu and select Copy All information displayed in the Element List view is copied to the Windows clipboard This information can then be pasted into other applications that accept text data such as Word Excel Word
13. ISM session The software asks the user to answer a series of Yes No questions to specify whether the relationship exists between the presented pairs of ideas The software collects the user s response vote and uses it to construct the ISM model The Voting activity forces participants to discuss and exercise critical thinking and decision making on the issue at hand thus it provides significant value in its own right Please note that the term Voting is used loosely because it is frequently done as a group activity This is a simplified diagram showing the relationships between the ideas The simplification developed by J Warfield is based on transitive logic Transitive logic states that for any group of ideas A B C 1 If we know A contributes to B and we know B contributes to C then it is implied that A contributes to C This is written A gt B gt C 2 If we know A contributes to B and we know A does not contribute to C then it is implied that B does not contribute to C Concept Star uses transitive logic to reduce the number of votes required to construct the ISM and to simplify display of the model 2 4 2 Producing an ISM Model To construct an Interpretive Structural Model first start Concept Star with a blank document click the Start button point to Programs and click Concept Star Then complete the following 3 steps in order 1 Use the 4 text input buttons located on the toolbar to enter Ideas Rel
14. List view Save the ISM information entered so far pull down the File menu and select Save In the next section you will enter the relationship votes to construct the Action Plans ISM 18 3 2 2 Voting Activity Entering the Relationships This is the step that actually constructs the ISM It is usually done in a group session with participants discussing and voting on the relationship between pairs of ideas as they are presented Pull down the ISM menu and select Voting or click the Voting toolbar button The Voting dialog box for the first pair of ideas will be displayed figure 3 9 To enter the votes relationships for the Action Plans ISM follow figures 3 9 to 3 22 and the associated instructions If you enter the votes exactly as described you will be asked to vote on the element pairs in the order shown below and you will produce the ISM model shown in figure 3 1 If you enter a different vote for any pair of elements the element pairs presented may be different from those shown below and the ISM model will be different In order to maximize the property value given its current poor condition 1 Do repairs Click Yes then will significantly help to 2 Decide rental value Next Vote No Next Vote Figure 3 9 Voting dialog box 19 In order to maximize the property value given its current poor condition 2 Decide rental value Click No then will significantly help to 1 Do repairs Next
15. Next Vote The Voting dialog box displays the statement used to determine the relationship between a pair of ideas The relationship is entered by clicking either the Yes or No button or pressing lt y gt or lt n gt on the keyboard When the group is satisfied with the decided relationship for this pair of ideas click the Next Vote button or press lt v gt to display the next pair of ideas that require voting 38 Tip When answering the relationship question remember e The indicated relationship is in the forward direction only The other direction is not to be considered or discussed at this time The relationship should be significant for it to deserve a Yes response The program always queries the idea relationships starting with the lowest numbered ideas Thus the relationships between lower numbered ideas are more likely to be determined by actual votes than the relationships between higher numbered ideas The relationships between the high numbered ideas are more likely to be implied using transitive logic When the relationship between all pairs of ideas has been determined either by direct vote or implied from other votes the ISM model is complete and the Voting dialog box will be closed 4 2 1 1 Continue Voting at a Later Time To quit the voting activity before the ISM model is complete close the Voting dialog box by clicking the close button E in the top right corner of the dialog box Whenever the Voti
16. Perfect WordPad or NotePad 4 3 2 2 Transferring Votes To transfer the Vote List make the Vote List view the active window pull down the View menu and select Vote List then pull down the Edit menu and select Copy All information displayed in the Vote List view is copied to the Windows clipboard This information can then be pasted into other applications that accept text data such as Word Excel WordPerfect WordPad or NotePad 4 3 2 3 Transferring ISM Model To transfer the ISM model make the ISM Model view the active window pull down the View menu and select ISM Model then pull down the Edit menu and select Copy All information displayed in the ISM Model view is copied to the Windows clipboard This information can then be pasted into other applications that accept picture data such as Word PowerPoint Excel WordPerfect Corel Presentations WordPad or Paint 8 Trademark Microsoft Corporation Trademark Corel Corporation 48 5 References 5 1 Interpretive Structural Modeling Lee D M 1999 Structured Decision Making with Interpretive Structural Modeling ISM Sorach Inc Moore C M 1994 Group Techniques for Idea Building 2 ed Applied Social Research Methods Series Vol 9 Sage Publications Inc Warfield J N 1994 A Handbook of Interactive Management 2nd ed lowa State University Press9 Janes F R 1988 Interpretive Structural Modeling a Methodology
17. Vote Yes No Figure 3 10 Voting dialog box The discussion for the relationship shown in figure 3 11 was quite heated Most of us felt that finding tenants would generate money needed to do repairs However it was pointed out that in the current condition of the building finding tenants would be extremely difficult We decided that some repair work needed to be done first In order to maximize the property value given its current poor condition 1 Do repairs will significantly help to Click Yes then 3 Find tenants Next Vote Yes No Figure 3 11 Voting dialog box 20 In order to maximize the property value given its current poor condition 3 Find tenants will significantly help to Click No then 1 Do repairs Next Vote zz Yes No Figure 3 12 Voting dialog box Voting x In order to maximize the property value given its current poor condition 2 Decide rental value Click Yes then Next Vote will significantly help to 3 Find tenants e Figure 3 13 Voting dialog box 21 22 In order to maximize the property value given its current poor condition 3 Find tenants will significantly help to Click No then 2 Decide rental value Next Vote oil Yes No Figure 3 14 Voting dialog box Voting x In order to maximize the property value given its current poor condition 1 Do repairs will significantly help to Click No then 4 Sever pro
18. actions number 1 required further investigation One owner and my contractor friend were assigned to identify needed repairs before our second meeting These 5 action ideas were used to construct the ISM model The Context and Relation phrases used during construction of the Action Plans ISM to help focus discussion of the displayed pairs of ideas were Context In order to maximize the property value given its current poor condition Relation will significantly help to For more information on brainstorming and other methods of generating ideas see the references listed at the back of this manual This is a very small example for learning purposes Typically a brainstorming session will produce over 100 elements and ISM sessions are done using 10 to 30 elements In practical problem solving the choice of appropriate Context and Relation phrases is very important For more information see the references listed at the back of this manual 14 The Context reminded us of the current situation and what we are hoping to accomplish The Relation phrase was chosen to make comparison of the actions ideas easier given that our goal for the ISM was to produce possible action plans We ensured that this Relation phrase was consistent with the rules of Transitive Logic In our second meeting we would discuss and vote on the relationship between pairs of ideas to construct the Action Plans ISM After it was completed we would use it
19. ation phrase Context phrase and Title BB EE Edit Ideas Edit Relation Edit Context Edit Title 2 Then use the Voting button to link the ideas The Voting button only becomes active when ideas have been entered al Voting 3 Display the results using the 3 display buttons gt ISM Model E Element List w Vote List NOTES 1 The ideas or Elements are used to construct the Interpretive Structural Model At least two ideas are required to construct an ISM In most practical situations 5 to 30 ideas are used 2 The Voting activity is where information to link the ideas is entered into the computer The computer uses the Context and Relation to question you on whether or not the relationship exists between pairs of Ideas The program then uses this information to construct the ISM The computer will inform you when all of the votes required to complete the ISM model have been entered The term Voting is used loosely because in most practical situations this step is done in a group with discussion to clarify logic 3 In the ISM Model view the boxes can be repositioned by dragging them by the center The boxes can be resized by dragging them by the corners Boxes contain the associated idea text which will be displayed when the box is large enough Generally the model is easier to understand when the boxes are positioned to minimize the number of arrows that cross and all the arrows point in the same directi
20. but is not shown as a direct arrow This is because there is an indirect path showing the relationship exists 1 gt 2 and 2 gt 3 Ideas that are related in a circular fashion ex 4 gt 5 and 5 gt 4 are displayed in the same box These two simplifications make the model easier to understand Enlarging the boxes so that each idea is fully displayed and positioning boxes appropriately also make an ISM model easier to understand figure 3 28 To change the size of a box drag the corner of the box To move a box to a new position drag the center of the box 29 SF 1SM Model LO x Model Completed Figure 3 28 Example Formatted ISM Model view 3 3 Discussion of ISM After we created and displayed our Property Value Enhancement Action Plans model the group needed a chance to look at it and think about it before discussing it So we took a coffee break After coffee we decided that our most important goal was to find tenants Since this required doing repair work we would hire a contractor to do the minimum required repairs to first get one of three apartments ready to rent Once this was rented we would fix the remaining apartments one at a time We also decided that once the apartments were rented we would use the income generated to complete the repairs of a less critical natural We also decided that repair work should be an ongoing process and was best done while the building was occupied and we were receiving renta
21. e Next Vote zz Yes No Figure 3 20 Voting dialog box Voting x In order to maximize the property value given its current poor condition 4 Sever property will significantly help to Click Yes then 5 Plan approval by city Next Vote Yes No Figure 3 21 Voting dialog box 25 In order to maximize the property value given its current poor condition 5 Plan approval by city will significantly help to 4 Sever property Click Yes then Next Vote ves Ne _Neavoe Figure 3 22 Voting dialog box These are all the votes required to complete the ISM Concept Star displays a panel similar to figure 3 23 Concept Star a The ISM Model is complete Figure 3 23 ISM Complete To see the votes that have been entered pull down the ISM menu and select Vote List or click the Vote List toolbar button figure 3 24 26 Eh Vote List iof x Property Value Enhancement Action Plans 1 gt 2 Y 2 gt 1 N 1 gt 3 Y 3 gt 1 N 2 gt 3 Y 3 gt 2 N 1 gt 4 N 4 gt 1 N 4 gt 2 Y 1 gt 5 N 5 gt 1 N 5 gt 2 Y 4 gt 5 Y 5 gt 4 Y Figure 3 24 Example Vote List view Note that not all relationships need to be entered The Concept Star uses Transitive Logic to imply some of the relationships For example the relationships 4 gt 3 and 2 gt 4 were not entered The relationship 4 gt 3 is an implied YES because the relationship 4
22. ea at the end of the Idea List select the blank line at the end of the Idea List as shown in figure 4 5 Then type the text for the idea in the edit box You can use the right mouse button to access the Edit menu commands Undo Cut Copy and Paste Press lt Enter gt or click the Enter Text button to add the idea to the end of the list The ideas are numbered automatically Note that once you change the contents of the edit box only the Enter Text button Cancel Text button x and Insert buttons are valid To select an idea click it in the Idea List To edit a previously entered idea select it from the Idea List and make the changes in the Edit box Press lt Enter gt or click the Enter Text button v to modify the idea Press the Cancel Text button to not change the idea To add or edit a qualification for the selected idea click the Qualifications button This opens the Idea Qualification dialog box This dialog box is similar to the Edit ISM Title dialog box To insert a new idea before the selected idea click the Insert button The new idea will contain the text in the Edit box and the current qualifications To delete the selected idea click the Remove button Deleting an idea will also cause all votes associated with this idea to be deleted When you are finished entering ideas click the Close button All ideas and qualifications are displayed in the Element List View The ideas are also shown in
23. for discussion and decision making In preparation for that meeting I was assigned the task of entering the Title Ideas Context and Relation into Concept Star We are now ready to use Concept Star to re create the Action Plans ISM 3 2 Using Concept Star to Create the Action Plans Using Concept Star to construct an ISM involves 2 steps 1 Entering text information into the Concept Star 2 Entering the relationship votes into Concept Star to construct the ISM This section will take you through using Concept Star to produce the ISM Start Concept Star on your computer click the Start button point to Programs and click Concept Star Concept Star starts with a new empty ISM model figure 2 1 You are now ready to enter the text information and the relationship votes to produce the Action Plans ISM 3 2 1 Entering Text Information In this section the ISM title trigger question ideas action items Context and Relation will be entered into the computer To enter the title pull down the ISM menu and select ISM Title or click the Edit Title toolbar button In the Edit ISM Title dialog box type Property Value Enhancement Action Plans and click OK figure 3 2 Edit ISM Title x Property Yalue Enhancement Action Plans Cancel Figure 3 2 Example ISM Title 15 To enter the trigger question pull down the ISM menu and select Trigger Question In the Edit Trigger Question dialog box type W
24. for structuring Complex Issues Trans Institute of Measurement amp Control Vol 10 3 pp 145 154 Warfield J N 1973 On Arranging Elements of a Hierarchy in Graphic Form and Intent Structures IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Vol SMC 3 2 pp 121 140 Warfield J N 1973 Binary Matrices in System Modeling IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Vol SMC 3 5 pp 441 449 5 2 Brainstorming and Other Techniques for Generating Ideas Lee D M 1999 Structured Decision Making with Interpretive Structural Modeling ISM Sorach Inc Moore C M 1994 Group Techniques for Idea Building 2 ed Applied Social Research Methods Series Vol 9 Sage Publications Inc Grossman S T Rodgers B E Moore B R 1988 Innovation Inc Unlocking Creativity in to Workplace Wordware Publishing Inc Rico G L 1983 Writing the Natural Way G P Putnam s Sons Brassard M Ritter D 1994 Memory Jogger Il GOAL QPC DeBono E 1971 Lateral Thinking for Management McGraw Hill Book Company UK Limited Higgins J M 1994 101 Creative Problem Solving Techniques New Management Publishing Company Inc Winter Park Florida USA 49 arrows 29 boxes 10 moving 41 size 41 Cancel Text button x 35 36 change a vote 40 42 close button 36 39 Context 8 10 15 17 33 control phrase 4 8 control phrases 31 copying model 47 creating the model 31 37 delete idea
25. hange affects the meaning of the idea If the text or qualifications of an idea are changed after the idea has votes associated with it Concept Star displays the panel shown in figure 4 9 If the meaning of the idea has not changed click No and the votes associated with this idea will be kept If the meaning of the idea has changed click Yes and all votes associated with this idea will be deleted In this case the relationships involving this idea will need to be re voted on in order to complete the ISM model 42 Concept Star Ea C2 Idea is being changed Do you wish to re vote on this idea Yes 8 i Cancel Figure 4 9 Idea is being changed When an idea is removed from the idea list all votes attached to this idea are deleted permanently If the ISM model was not saved before removing the idea the only way to recover the deleted votes is to re vote on them If you move an idea from one location in the idea list to another any votes that involve this idea are deleted permanently Votes not involving this idea are not affected Adding a new idea to the end of the idea list or inserting a new idea within the list does not change the integrity of the ISM model produced so far Inserting an idea only re numbers the ideas If you have chosen to delete an idea move an idea or re vote on an idea some relationships for other ideas may now require voting This would happen for relationships that were previously implied f
26. hat actions can we take to maximize the value of our investment and click OK figure 3 3 Edit Trigger Question Eg Cancel what actions can we take to maximize the value of our investment Figure 3 3 Example Trigger Question To enter the ideas pull down the ISM menu and select Ideas or click the Edit Ideas toolbar button This will open the Edit Ideas dialog box To enter the 5 ideas Type Do repairs and press lt Enter gt Type Decide rental value and press lt Enter gt Type Find tenants and press lt Enter gt Type Sever property and press lt Enter gt Type Plan approval by city and press lt Enter gt To enter the qualification to idea 4 Sever property click on element 4 then on the Qualifications button Type This involves a private street front entrance for each unit in the Element Qualification dialog box figure 3 4 Idea Qualification xi This involves a private street front entrance for each unit Cancel Figure 3 4 Example Element Qualification When all 5 ideas and the qualification have been entered the Edit Ideas dialog box will look as shown in figure 3 5 16 Edit Ideas x Quaiifications 1 Do repairs 2 Decide rental value 3 Find tenants 4 Sever property 5 Plan approval by cit Insert Bemove Figure 3 5 Example Edit Ideas dialog box Close the Edit Ideas dialog box by clicking
27. ing an ISM Model 9 2 4 3 Saving the Model aeaaeae aiae 11 3 Example Interpretive Structural Model uussnnssnnnnnnennennnnnn 13 3 1 Background iia A RAR AR ARE RE 13 3 2 Using Concept Star to Create the Action Plans 15 8 2 1 Entering Text Information 15 3 2 2 Voting Activity Entering the Relationships 19 32 93 The ISM Modelinas aaa 29 3 3 Discussion of ISM rrsan a RNA ANR NES a A 30 4 Using Concept Star 31 4 1 Entering Text Information 31 4 1 1 Entering and Editing ISM Title usssnsssssnnneeneeennnnnnnnnnnn 31 4 1 2 Entering and Editing Trigger Question 32 4 1 3 Entering and Editing Context 33 5 4 1 4 Entering and Editing Relation 34 4 1 5 Entering and Editing Ideas 35 4 2 Greatingthe M deln u u e na nn 37 421 A o A E A mn RSR Res 38 4 2 2 Viewing and Formatting the ISM Model 40 4 2 3 Editing Ideas after Voting has Started 42 424 Deleting Votes es sd ttes 43 4 3 Incorporating the ISM Information into Other Documents 47 4 3 1 Printing 47 4 3 2 Exporting to Other Applications 47 References au Me ee cette a Mattes He 49 5 1 Interpretive Structural Modeling 444444040en nn 49 5 2 Brainstorming and Other Techniques for Generating Ideas 49 1 Introduction Welcome to Sorach s Concept Star the most advanced Interpretive Structural Modeli
28. ion of technologies for investment Scenario Planning Creating a common understanding of the situation involving technical staff and marketing Feature prioritization for a complex product Defining new strategic planning process Creating marketing plan in a chaotic market Defining software features for the next product release Designing the user interface logic Designing a training course Writing a poem essay or story We thank you for purchasing Concept Star and hope that you will use it frequently to further your personal and professional goals 1 2 Hardware and Software Requirements The minimum hardware and software requirements for Concept Star are A personal computer with a 486DX or higher processor Microsoft Windows 95 or compatible operating system 8MB of RAM Hard disk drive with at least 10 MB available A CD ROM drive VGA or higher resolution monitor A mouse or compatible pointing device Optionally a sound card and speakers are required to play the audio track of the Concept Star CD through your computer The audio track can also be played on audio CD players 1 3 Technical Support Technical support details are included on the reference card 1 4 About this Manual This manual has been designed to allow the reader to learn to use Concept Star quickly and easily It assumes that the reader is familiar with the operating system example Windows 95 and knows how to use a word processor for example Word
29. k the Edit Context toolbar button This opens the Edit Context dialog box figure 4 3 In the edit box type the Context in which the idea relationships are to be determined and click OK Click Cancel to close this dialog box without changing the Context In the edit box you can use the right mouse button to access the Edit menu commands Undo Cut Copy and Paste Unless formatting changes were made the Element List view displays the Context The ISM Model view and Vote List view do not display the Context The Context is displayed on the voting screen to help guide discussion and decision making and to keep participants focussed on the problem Edit Context Ea In order to improve the below national average performance of students in the province a number of initiatives will be undertaken based on their expected impact on academic performance Cancel The context phrase is displayed on the Voting screen to help guide discussion and decision making and to keep participants focussed on the issue Figure 4 3 Edit ISM Context dialog box 33 4 1 4 Entering and Editing Relation Pull down the ISM menu and select Relation or click the Edit Relation toolbar button This opens the Edit Relation dialog box figure 4 4 In the edit box type the Relation phrase to be used for comparing ideas and click OK Click Cancel to close this dialog box without changing the Relation In the edit box you can use the right mouse button t
30. l money The other option sever property was decided to be too expensive at this point in time 30 4 Using Concept Star Figure 4 1 illustrates the basic process of constructing an ISM using Concept Star Ideas Control phrases relation amp context ISM Concept Star Figure 4 1 Constructing an ISM using Concept Star There are 2 main activities involved 1 Entering text information This information is the set of Ideas used to construct the model the control phrases Context and Relation used to guide discussion and voting and optional information Title and Trigger Question See section 4 1 2 Creating the Model This involves voting on the relationship between pairs of ideas to produce the model The model is then displayed and formatted for discussion and changed if necessary See section 4 2 After the model has been completed it can be printed and transferred to other applications for presentation and documentation purposes See Section 4 3 for further information 4 1 Entering Text Information 4 1 1 Entering and Editing ISM Title Pull down the ISM menu and select ISM Title or click the Edit Title toolbar button This opens the Edit ISM Title dialog box figure 4 1 Type the title of this ISM in the edit box and click OK Click Cancel to close this dialog box without changing the title In the edit box you can use the right mouse button to access the Edit menu commands Undo Cut Co
31. lect OK the vote will be deleted and the panel shown in either figure 4 12 or figure 4 13 will be displayed Figure 13 is displayed if deleting the vote means that this relationship needs to be re voted on Figure 14 is displayed when the relationship whose vote was deleted is also implied by other votes using transitive logical inferences Deleting this vote does not change the ISM model and re voting is not required Concept Star Vote was deleted Re vote is required Figure 4 12 Vote was deleted 45 Concept Star r Yote was deleted ey Due to implied relations changing this vote will not change the model Figure 4 13 Vote was deleted If you wish to change a relationship vote that is implied by other votes using transitive logical inferences you will need select and delete one or more votes so that the relationship is no longer implied When this relationship is no longer implied you would be able to vote on it To determine which votes cause relationship to be implied you will need to examine the ISM model and the vote list As you delete votes the ISM model is updated automatically When you are finished click the Close button on the Delete Votes dialog box If the model is incomplete pull down the ISM menu and select Voting to complete it 4 2 4 2 Deleting All Votes If you wish to delete all the votes and completely re construct the ISM model click the Delete All button on the Delete Votes dial
32. n or Education ISM on the Concept Star CD Concept Star Education ISM Mim E Fie Edit View ISM Format Window Help Jman El SEE CI x TO GEI 325 1SM Mode LILI Education System Overhaul ducation System Overhaul 7 1 10 3 m Dont atter curriculum Pay teachers be ery frequently erformance B Emphasize 0 Reduce administrative In order to improve the below national average undertaken to improve the situation In your opit improve the academic performance of our stude fundamental skills in curriculum Provic to speci In order to improve the below national average undertaken based on their expected impact on 2 12 2 Add a special ourse for those students requiring extra help in specific Subjects 2 Increase funding jor special needs will significantly help in the implementation of 8 Increase the eacher student atio 13 3 Regulate and ollow pass fail 14 Dont alter curriculum very frequently 2 Add a special course for those students r 3 Pay teachers based on performance 4 CREATE a task force to identity ritical areas for improvement 11 P 1 Buy more computers Model Completed 4 CREATE a task force to identify critical are The group discussion revealed that thi added a new idea that covers the crit 5 Identity critical areas for improvement 6 Insti
33. ng ISM software available for Windows It is based on many years of practical consulting experience in the area of executive decision making and organizational problem solving We are confident that you will find Concept Star invaluable in your day to day understanding of complex issues Concept Star can be used either as a personal tool or by consulting professionals who wish to use the ISM method to help their clients Organizations pay thousands of dollars a day to consultants who offer ISM This powerful tool is now in your hands to use at any time Concept Star is easy to use Most people are able to master it in 1 2 hours If you are already familiar with ISM you may proceed to use Concept Star with the help of this manual For readers interested in learning more about the ISM technique a list of references is provided at the back of this manual 1 1 Interpretive Structural Modeling ISM In 1973 J Warfield proposed Interpretive Structural Modeling ISM as an effective method for understanding complex situations and finding solutions to complex problems ISM is a method for creating a road map of complex situations where there are many issues or options to consider It is often used to provide fundamental understanding of complex situations as well as to put together a course of action for solving a problem ISM has been used worldwide by many prestigious organizations including NASA ISM uses pair wise analysis of ideas
34. ng button becomes active only when ideas have been entered 3 Display the results using the 3 black display buttons In the ISM Model view the idea boxes can be moved and re sized These instructions are also shown in General Help ISM is a powerful analysis and decision making tool However to use it effectively correct selection of the relation phrase and context is vital If you are new to the ISM technique please refer to the manuals For Help press F1 NUM 03 00 PM 4 Figure 2 1 Concept Star startup screen The Element List window of a blank document displays brief instructions on how to use Concept Star Once you enter information into the program these instructions are replaced by the text you entered To display these instructions again pull down the Help menu and choose General Help Help is also available for most Concept Star screens by using the lt F1 gt key Concept Star is designed to work with only one ISM document open at a time If you do not want to work with the ISM document currently displayed you must close it and then open the file containing the document you want pull down the File menu and select Close then pull down the File menu and select Open or New You can also open an existing Concept Star document file by double clicking on the file 2 4 Overview Figure 2 2 shows the Concept Star screen with an example ISM model open To display this model double click the file named Educatio
35. ng dialog box is closed the ISM model is computed using the entered votes and displayed in the ISM Model view pull down the View menu and select ISM Model or click the ISM Model button on the toolbar To resume voting pull down the ISM menu and select Voting Voting will resume with the same pair of ideas that was presented when voting was paused unless you deleted a vote 4 2 1 2 Saving the Model during Voting To save the partially constructed ISM model close the voting dialog box click the close button x in the top right corner then save the model pull down the File menu and select Save or Save As Tip It is recommended that the model be saved often during an important ISM session in case of power failure or other unforeseen event 39 4 2 1 3 Changing a Vote To change a vote after you have gone to the next pair of ideas close the voting dialog box then from the menu bar select ISM then Delete Vote Delete the vote you wish to change close the Delete Vote dialog box and re select Voting 4 2 2 Viewing and Formatting the ISM Model The ISM model can be viewed at any time while it is being constructed Just close the Voting dialog box by clicking the Close x button in to upper right corner of the dialog box Then display the ISM Model view by pulling down the View menu and selecting ISM Model or by clicking the ISM Model button on the Toolbar Using the relationship votes Concept Star computes the ISM
36. o access the Edit menu commands Undo Cut Copy and Paste Unless formatting changes were made the Element List view displays the Relation The ISM Model view and Vote List view do not display the Relation The Relation is displayed on the voting screen to guide analysis and decision making Proper choice of the Relation phrase is important since it determines the meaning of the ISM constructed Edit Relation Ed Will significantly help in the implementation of Cancel The relation phrase is displayed on the Voting screen to guide the comparison of ideas Figure 4 4 Edit ISM Relation dialog box 34 4 1 5 Entering and Editing Ideas Pull down the ISM menu and select Ideas or click the Edit Ideas toolbar button This opens the Edit Ideas dialog box figure 4 5 Edit Ideas x 1 Don t alter curriculum very frequently 2 Add a special course for those students requiring extra help in specific subjects 4 CREATE a task force to identify critical areas for improvement 5 ldentify critical areas for improvement 6 Institute a uniform measurement method that can identify schools that need extra help Edit box 3 Pay teachers based on performance 7 Provide extra funding to specific schools for specific programs 8 Increase the teacher student ratio 2 10 Reduce administrative expenses 11 Buy more computers Le 9 Emphasize fundamental skills in curriculum Qualifications ir IE 12 Increase
37. og box figure 4 10 This will open a confirmation dialog box figure 4 14 Delete All Votes Ea r WARNING If you proceed ALL VOTES WILL BE ERASED PERMANENTLY Delete All Votes Now Figure 4 34 Confirmation dialog box for Delete All Votes If you choose the Delete All Votes Now button all of the votes used to construct the ISM model will be deleted permanently No Undo function is available Click the Cancel button if you do not wish to erase all votes It is a good practice to make a backup copy of the current ISM model before deleting all votes 46 To make a backup copy of the model before deleting all votes 1 Click Cancel to exit the Delete All Votes panel without deleting votes 2 Click Close on the Delete Votes panel 3 Pull down the File menu and select Save to save the current model 4 Pull down the File menu and select Save As 5 Enter a different file name such as newmodel ism 6 Click Save This procedure causes Concept Star to work with the ISM model stored in the new file name The original model is stored in the previous file name 4 3 Incorporating the ISM Information into Other Documents 4 3 1 Printing 4 3 1 1 Printing Element List To print the Element List set the Element List view as the active window pull down the View menu and select Element List then pull down the File menu and select Print Select Print Preview to see how the Element List would be printed 4
38. on 4 If further analysis discussion or clarification of the ideas indicates that the model should be refined this is done as follows e To modify an idea see Editing Ideas after Voting has Started e To change a vote you delete the vote and then re vote See Deleting Votes 10 2 4 3 Saving the Model It is recommended that the ISM model under construction be saved often so that most of the data is preserved in case of power failure or other unforeseen problems To save the ISM model pull down the File menu and select Save or Save As To save the ISM model during the Voting activity close the Voting dialog box click the Close button E in the top right corner then save the model pull down the File menu and select Save or Save As 11 12 3 Example Interpretive Structural Model The best way to learn to construct an ISM is by doing it This chapter provides an overview of the Interpretive Structural Modeling method and a walk through of Concept Star ISM software using a small example This example will produce the Interpretive Structural Model shown in figure 3 1 Property Value Enhancement Action Plans 1 3 Find tenants 4 5 4 Sever property 5 Plan approval by city Model Completed Figure 3 1 Example Interpretive Structural Model 3 1 Background I am a co owner of a 3 unit apartment building that had been allowed to deteriorate It is in an excellent location However
39. perty Next Vote Yes No Figure 3 15 Voting dialog box In order to maximize the property value given its current poor condition 4 Sever property will significantly help to Click No then 1 Do repairs Next Vote zz Yes No Figure 3 16 Voting dialog box Voting x In order to maximize the property value given its current poor condition 4 Sever property will significantly help to Click Yes then 2 Decide rental value Next Vote Yes No Figure 3 17 Voting dialog box 23 In order to maximize the property value given its current poor condition 1 Do repairs will significantly help to Click No then 5 Plan approval by city Next Vote Yes No Figure 3 18 Voting dialog box During our discussion of the relationships shown in figures 3 18 and 3 19 we realized that we did not know what type of repair work required city approval and what did not Before deciding on the relationship we phoned a friend who had recently done some major renovations on his house to clarify the requirements In order to maximize the property value given its current poor condition 5 Plan approval by city will significantly help to Click No then 1 Do repairs Next Vote Yes No Figure 3 19 Voting dialog box 24 In order to maximize the property value given its current poor condition 5 Plan approval by city will significantly help to Click Yes then 2 Decide rental valu
40. py and Paste 31 Unless formatting changes were made the ISM title is shown on the Element List view Vote List view and ISM Model view Edit ISM Title x Cancel Education System Overhaul Figure 4 2 Edit ISM Title dialog box 4 1 2 Entering and Editing Trigger Question Pull down the ISM menu and select Trigger Question This opens the Edit Trigger Question dialog box figure 4 2 Type the trigger question used to generate ideas in the edit box and click OK Click Cancel to close this dialog box without changing the trigger question In the edit box you can use the right mouse button to access the Edit menu commands Undo Cut Copy and Paste Unless formatting changes were made the Element List view displays the trigger question The ISM Model view and Vote List view do not display the trigger question The Trigger Question is not actively used by Concept Star but is saved for reference and documentation after the ISM process is complete Edit Trigger Question x In order to improve the below national average performance of students in the province a number of initiatives will be undertaken to improve the situation In your opinion what actions are needed over the next year that Dane will significantly improve the academic performance of our students Figure 4 2 Edit Trigger Question dialog box 32 4 1 3 Entering and Editing Context Pull down the ISM menu and select Context or clic
41. rom the deleted votes using transitive logic When you have finished editing the ideas click the Close button The ISM model will be updated automatically If the model is incomplete pull down the ISM menu and select Voting to complete it 4 2 4 Deleting Votes To delete one or more votes pull down the ISM menu and select Delete Vote This opens the Delete Votes dialog box figure 4 10 43 Delete Votes x Delete Vote Delete All YVYVYVYVYNNNN i a a i a NN NN W wN 4 4 O7 O9 O9 O O7 ON ON 4 OM C9 Fe 4 Be C9 4 C9 2 PJ ZZZZ lt lt z lt z lt z lt z lt zzzzzz lt zz TON H a OD GT GO BO GO RD GT Es NO fe BO GO NO Figure 4 10 Delete Votes dialog box 4 2 4 1 Deleting a Vote To delete a vote select the vote you wish to delete and click the Delete Vote button This will open a confirmation dialog box figure 4 11 44 Delete This Yote EX In order to improve the below national average performance of students in the province a number of initiatives will be undertaken based on their expected impact on academic 3 Pay teacher based on performance Will significantly help in the implementation of 5 Identify critical areas for improvement Vote NO Will be deleted Cancel Figure 4 11 Confirmation dialog box for deleting a vote If this is not the vote you wish to delete select Cancel and you will be returned to the Delete Vote dialog box If you se
42. the ISM Model View At anytime you can add insert edit or delete ideas using the Edit ISM Elements dialog box 36 Tip It is good practice to enter the most important ideas at the top of the idea list as explained in the voting section 4 1 5 2 Changing order of ideas after they have been entered To change the order of ideas in the list do the following 1 Insert a new blank idea at the desired position 2 Copy lt Ctrl gt C text from the idea to be moved and paste lt Ctrl gt V it in the new idea position If the idea has qualifications copy that also The right mouse button can also be used to access the Copy and Paste commands 3 Delete the copied idea Note When you move an idea any votes that involve this idea will be lost Votes not involving this idea are preserved 4 2 Creating the Model The ISM model is constructed during the Voting activity This is frequently done in a group with participants discussing and voting on the relationship between the pairs of ideas as they are presented The discussions can be quite energetic and lead to increased group understanding and buy in of proposed solutions Occasionally the discussion during this phase may indicate that an idea is not well defined or contains more than one idea and needs to be modified see Editing Ideas after Voting has Started When the Voting activity is complete the resulting ISM model is displayed for discussion see Viewing and
43. the building was vacant and required major repair work We were losing money due to ongoing mortgage payments and unless we did something the losses would continue We needed a plan of action to remedy the situation To decide on the best possible plan we e First produced a list of all possible actions we could take e Selected the most important actions then e Structured these actions into possible plans of action and e Used the insights gained to decide our course of action The first 2 steps were done in a group meeting that did not involve the use of a computer Structuring the important actions and deciding our course of action was done in a second meeting of the same group using Concept Star see Using Concept Star to Create the Action Plans 13 The title for our Interpretive Structural Model Action Plans was Property Value Enhancement Action Plans The list of possible actions was generated during a brainstorming session We invited all the building owners and also a friend who is knowledgeable in renovation and construction The trigger question used was What actions can we take to maximize the value of our investment Out of the 23 identified possible actions the following 5 were determined to be the most important Do repairs Decide rental value Find tenants Sever property This involves a private street front entrance for each unit 5 Plan approval by city Po GOI Of these possible
44. tioned such that the arrows showing the links between the ideas do not cross excessively 4 2 2 2 Resizing Boxes To change the size of a box drag a corner ofthe box When a box is large enougn it will display the text of the ideas contained in the box To display the re size handles for a box click inside the box 41 4 2 2 3 Changing Font To change the font of the text pull down the Format menu and select Font The font will be changed for the Element List view and Vote List view as well as the ISM Model view 4 2 2 4 Change Line Thickness To change the width of the lines arrows and box sides pull down the Format menu and select Pen Width 4 2 2 5 Change Links Between Boxes To change a link in the ISM Model you need to change 1 or more votes To do this you first delete the required votes and then re vote see Deleting Votes 4 2 3 Editing Ideas after Voting has Started The process of editing ideas after voting has started is the same as entering and editing ideas before voting see Entering and Editing Ideas However since votes are associated with ideas care must be taken such that e Ifthe meaning of an idea is altered it probably should be re voted on e Votes are not accidentally deleted It is recommended that the ISM model be saved before editing the ideas Pull down the File menu and select Save or Save As When changing the text or qualifications of an idea you need to know whether the c
45. tute a uniform measurement method th z RES 2 For Help press F1 je 2 fa 3 2 1 dE Pie 4 1 5 2 35 4 2 6 pen au 5 6 1 5 Ti 2 3 4 NUM 11 28 AMZ Figure 2 2 Concept Star displaying various views of an example ISM Concept Star uses 3 views or windows to display the data the Element List the Vote List and the ISM Model To see the Vote List pull down the View menu and select Vote List or click the Vote List toolbar button By default the Element List view displays the ISM Title Trigger Question Context Relation and a list of the Ideas with their Qualifications Ideas are also called ISM elements since they are used to construct the model The Vote List view displays the ISM Title and the list of Votes used to link ideas In the example list of votes 1 gt 2 N means that the vote was NO for the following statement Don t alter curriculum very frequently dea 1 Will significantly help in the implementation of Relation Add a special course for those students requiring extra help in specific subjects dea 2 This relationship does not exist The ISM Model view displays the ISM Title and a diagram showing the relationships between the ideas as specified by the votes 2 4 1 Definitions ISM Title Trigger Question Context Relation Ideas Idea Qualification The ISM title is a name suitable for the problem being studied The
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