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AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APA)

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1. AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP October 1 2013 Summary APA American Psychological Association is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences This resource revised according to the 6th edition second printing of the APA manual offers examples for the general format of APA research papers in text citations endnotes footnotes and the reference page For more information please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association 6th edition second printing About this document Please use the example at the bottom of this page to cite the Purdue OWL in APA To see a side by side comparison of the three most widely used citation styles including a chart of all APA citation guidelines see the Citation Style Chart You can also watch our APA vidcast series on the Purdue OWL YouTube Channel General APA Guidelines Your essay should be typed double spaced on standard sized paper 8 5 x 11 with 1 margins on all sides You should use a clear font that is highly readable APA recommends using 12 pt Times New Roman font Include a page header also known as the running head at the top of every page To create a page header running head insert page numbers flush right Then type TITLE OF YOUR PAPER in the header flush left using all capital letters The running head is a shortened version of your paper s title and cannot exceed 50 characters inc
2. APA American Psychological Association is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences This resource revised according to the 6th edition second printing of the APA manual offers examples for the general format of APA research papers in text citations endnotes footnotes and the reference page For more information please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association 6th edition second printing APA Stylistics Avoiding Bias Researchers who use APA often work with a variety of populations some of whom tend to be stereotyped by the use of labels and other biased forms of language Therefore APA offers specific recommendations for eliminating bias in language concerning race disability and sexuality Make Adjustments to Labels Although you should avoid labeling whenever possible it is sometimes difficult to accurately account for the identity of your research population or individual participants without using language that can be read as biased Making adjustments in how you use identifiers and other linguistic categories can improve the clarity of your writing and minimize the likelihood of offending your readers In general you should call people what they prefer to be called especially when dealing with race and ethnicity But sometimes the common conventions of language inadvertently contain biases towards certain populations e g using normal in contrast to someone identified
3. Springfield MA Merriam Webster What do do if the source type that I m using doesn t appear in any APA reference style guides The APA manual models several different templates for references but the forms given may not apply to all documents In this case the APA manual states that you should format the entry as best you can in accordance with their models Occasionally however you may need to use a reference for a source for which this chapter does not provide specific guidance In such a case choose the example that is most like your source and follow that format When in doubt provide more information rather than less American Psychological Association 2009 p 193 Copyright 1995 2013 by The Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced broadcast rewritten or redistributed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use 64 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP What do do if a website is missing information required for an APA style citation The APA Style Blog is a helpful source when it comes to citing websites with missing information For example if your website has no author you can use the following example as a template for the citation for your reference page All 33 Chile miners freed in flawless rescue 2010 October 13
4. We examined the literature Use first person to discuss research steps rather than anthropomorphising the work For example a study cannot control or interpret you and your co authors however can In general you should foreground the research and not the researchers The results indicate Avoid using the editorial we if you use we in your writing be sure that we refers to you and your fellow researchers It is a common misconception that foregrounding the research requires using the passive voice Experiments have been conducted This is inaccurate Rather you would use pronouns in place of experiments We conducted experiments APA Style encourages using the active voice We interpreted the results The active voice is particularly important in experimental reports where the subject performing the action should be clearly identified e g We interviewed vs The participants responded Consult the OWL handout for more on the distinction between passive and active voice Clarity and Conciseness Clarity and conciseness in writing are important when conveying research in APA Style You don t want to misrepresent the details of a study or confuse your readers with wordiness or unnecessarily complex sentences Copyright 1995 2013 by The Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced broadcast rewr
5. if the review is freely available to anyone If the review comes from a subscription service or database write Available from and provide the information where the review can be purchased Zacharek S 2008 April 27 Natural women Review of the book Girls like us The New York Times Retrieved from http www nytimes com 2008 04 27 books review Zachareck t html pagewanted 2 Castle G 2007 New millennial Joyce Review of the books Twenty first Joyce Joyce s critics Transitions in reading and culture and Joyce s messianism Dante negative existence and the messianic self Modern Fiction Studies 50 1 163 173 Available from Project MUSE Web site http muse jhu edu journals modern_fiction_studies toc mfs52 1 html Dissertation Thesis from a Database Biswas S 2008 Dopamine D3 receptor A neuroprotective treatment target in Parkinson s disease Retrieved from ProQuest Digital Dissertations AAT 3295214 Online Encyclopedias and Dictionaries Often encyclopedias and dictionaries do not provide bylines authors names When no byline is present move the entry name to the front of the citation Provide publication dates if present or specify n d if no date is present in the entry Feminism n d In Encyclop dia Britannica online Retrieved from http www britannica com EBchecked topic 724633 feminism Online Bibliographies and Annotated Bibliographies Jurgens R 2005 HIV AIDS and HCV in Prisons A Sele
6. second printing of the APA manual offers examples for the general format of APA research papers in text citations endnotes footnotes and the reference page For more information please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association 6th edition second printing Types of APA Papers There are two common types of papers written in fields using APA Style the literature review and the experimental report Each has unique requirements concerning the sections that must be included in the paper Literature Review A literature review is a critical summary of what the scientific literature says about your specific topic or question Often student research in APA fields falls into this category Your professor might ask you to write this kind of paper to demonstrate your familiarity with work in the field pertinent to the research you hope to conduct A literature review typically contains the following sections e title page e introduction section e list of references Some instructors may also want you to write an abstract for a literature review so be sure to check with them when given an assignment Also the length of a literature review and the required number of sources will vary based on course and instructor preferences NOTE A literature review and an annotated bibliography are not synonymous If you are asked to write an annotated bibliography you should consult the Publication Manual for the APA For
7. Johnson 1998 Two or More Works by the Same Author in the Same Year If you have two sources by the same author in the same year use lower case letters a b c with the year to order the entries in the reference list Use the lower case letters with the year in the in text citation Research by Berndt 1981a illustrated that Introductions Prefaces Forewords and Afterwords When citing an Introduction Preface Foreword or Afterwords in text cite the appropriate author and year as usual Funk amp Kolln 1992 Personal Communication For interviews letters e mails and other person to person communication cite the communicator s name the fact that it was personal communication and the date of the communication Do not include personal communication in the reference list E Robbins personal communication January 4 2001 A P Smith also claimed that many of her students had difficulties with APA style personal communication November 3 2002 Citing Indirect Sources Copyright 1995 2013 by The Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced broadcast rewritten or redistributed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use 10 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP If you use a source that was cited in another source name the origin
8. Mind over Matter section para 6 Note Never use the page numbers of Web pages you print out different computers print Web pages with different pagination Summary APA American Psychological Association is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences This resource revised according to the 6th edition second printing of the APA manual offers examples for the general format of APA research papers in text citations Copyright 1995 2013 by The Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced broadcast rewritten or redistributed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use 11 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP endnotes footnotes and the reference page For more information please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association 6th edition second printing Footnotes and Endnotes APA does not recommend the use of footnotes and endnotes because they are often expensive for publishers to reproduce However if explanatory notes still prove necessary to your document APA details the use of two types of footnotes content and copyright When using either type of footnote insert a number formatted in superscript following almost any punctuation mark Footnote numbers should not follow dashes and if the
9. Retrieved from http www If you can t find who the rightsholder is i e the company or person who made the software you can start the citation with the name of the program Here s another example from the manual Comprehensive Meta Analysis Version 2 Computer software Englewood NJ Biostat The date may be excluded if it is not available If you are citing a piece of software for a smartphone of a video game console would use the most descriptive term for the kind of software you re using i e iPhone application How do I cite my professor s classroom PowerPoint presentations in APA Your first choice is to follow the format for online PowerPoint presentation slides exemplified on this page of the Purdue OWL and to simply not include the url You would reference this source in text as you normally would by the author s last name and date Your second choice is to refer to the lecture as personal communication For an example please see this resource on the Purdue OWL Please note personal communication is only cited in text and not within your References list How do cite lecture notes in my APA style research paper The citation on the Reference page for the lecture notes would look like the following in APA Author year In italics write the name or title of the lecture Personal Collection of the lecturer s name school or organization they teach for city state Berliner A 195
10. Retrieved from http www msnbc msn com id 39625809 ns world_news americas As you can see the title of the document is moved up to where the author s name would be If your website has no date you can put n d instead For example The College of William and Mary n d College mission statement Retrieved from http www wm edu about administration provost mission index php If co author a paper how should the author s names appear in an APA style title page According to the 6 edition of the APA manual The names of the authors should appear in the order of their contributions centered between the side margins For names with suffixes e g Jr and Ill separate the suffix from the rest of the name with a space instead of a comma The institutional affiliation should be centered under the author s name on the next line p 24 Some examples include the following Two authors one affiliation John Q Foster Il and Roy R Davis Jr Educational Testing Service Princeton New Jersey Three authors one affiliation Juanita Fuentes Paul Dykes and Susan Watanabe University of Colorado at Boulder Two authors two affiliations Copyright 1995 2013 by The Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced broadcast rewritten or redistributed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair
11. Unpublished Lastname F N Year Title of dissertation Unpublished doctoral dissertation Name of Institution Location Government Document National Institute of Mental Health 1990 Clinical training in serious mental illness DHHS Publication No ADM 90 1679 Washington DC U S Government Printing Office For information about citing legal sources in your reference list see the Westfield State College page on Citing Legal Materials in APA Style Report From a Private Organization American Psychiatric Association 2000 Practice guidelines for the treatment of patients with eating disorders 2nd ed Washington DC Author Conference Proceedings Schnase J L amp Cunnius E L Eds 1995 Proceedings from CSCL 95 The First International Conference on Computer Support for Collaborative Learning Mahwah NJ Erlbaum Summary Copyright 1995 2013 by The Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced broadcast rewritten or redistributed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use 21 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP APA American Psychological Association is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences This resource revised according to the 6th edition second printing of the APA manual offers exampl
12. Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced broadcast rewritten or redistributed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use 47 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP Is the figure simple clean and free of extraneous detail Are the data plotted accurately Is the grid scale correctly proportioned Is the lettering large and dark enough to read Is the lettering compatible in size with the rest of the figure Are parallel figures or equally important figures prepared according to the same scale Are terms spelled correctly Are all abbreviations and symbols explained in a figure legend or figure caption Are the symbols abbreviations and terminology in the figure consistent with those in the figure caption In other figures In the text Are the figures numbered consecutively with Arabic numerals Are all figures mentioned in the text As tables supplement the text so should each figure Types of Figures Graphs are good at quickly conveying relationships like comparison and distribution The most common forms of graphs are scatter plots line graphs bar graphs pictorial graphs and pie graphs For more details and specifics on what kind of information relations and meaning can be expressed with the different types of graphs consult your textbook
13. as disabled Therefore you should be aware of how your choice of terminology may come across to your reader particularly if they identify with the population in question You can find an in depth discussion of this issue and specific recommendations for how to appropriately represent people in your text on the APA website on the following pages e Removing Bias in Language Disabilities e Removing Bias in Language Race amp Ethnicity e Removing Bias in Language Sexuality Avoid Gendered Pronouns While you should always be clear about the sex identity of your participants if you conducted an experiment so that gender differences are obvious you should not use gender terms when Copyright 1995 2013 by The Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced broadcast rewritten or redistributed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use 35 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP they aren t necessary In other words you should not use he his or men as generic terms applying to both sexes APA does not recommend replacing he with he or she she or he he she s he s he or alternating between he and she because these substitutions are awkward and can distract the reader from the point you are trying to make The pronouns he or she
14. broadcast rewritten or redistributed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use 27 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP http www somesite com somepage htm and somepage htm doesn t have the information you re looking for move up the URL to http www somesite com Author A A amp Author B B Date of publication Title of document Retrieved from http Web address Angeli E Wagner J Lawrick E Moore K Anderson M Soderland L amp Brizee A 2010 May 5 General format Retrieved from http owl english purdue edu owl resource 560 01 NOTE When an Internet document is more than one Web page provide a URL that links to the home page or entry page for the document Also if there isn t a date available for the document use n d for no date Computer Software Downloaded Software Do not cite standard office software e g Word Excel or programming languages Provide references only for specialized software Ludwig T 2002 PsychInquiry computer software New York Worth Software that is downloaded from a Web site should provide the software s version and year when available Hayes B Tesar B amp Zuraw K 2003 OTSoft Optimality Theory Software Version 2 1 Software Available from http www linguistics ucla edu people hayes otsoft E mail E mails are not included in the li
15. change such as Wikis For more about citing articles retrieved from electronic databases see pages 187 192 of the Publication Manual Author A A amp Author B B Date of publication Title of article Title of Journal volume number page range Retrieved from http www someaddress com full url Smyth A M Parker A L amp Pease D L 2002 A study of enjoyment of peas Journal of Abnormal Eating 8 3 120 125 Retrieved from http www articlehomepage com full url Abstract If you only cite an abstract but the full text of the article is also available cite the online abstract as any other online citations adding Abstract after the article or source name However if the full text is not available you may use an abstract that is available through an abstracts database as a secondary source Paterson P 2008 How well do young offenders with Asperger Syndrome cope in custody Two prison case studies Abstract British Journal of Learning Disabilities 36 1 54 58 Hendricks J Applebaum R amp Kunkel S 2010 A world apart Briding the gap between theory and applied social gerontology Gerontologist 50 3 284 293 Abstract retrieved from Abstracts in Social Gerontology databast Accession No 50360869 Newspaper Article Copyright 1995 2013 by The Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced broadcast rewritte
16. edition p 211 Unpublished manuscripts with a university cited Blackwell E amp Conrod P J 2003 A five dimensional measure of drinking motives Unpublished manuscript Department of Psychology University of British Columbia Vancouver Canada Manuscript in progress or submitted for publication Ting J Y Florsheim P amp Huang W 2008 Mental health help seeking in ethnic minority populations A theoretical perspective Manuscript submitted for publication or Manuscript in preparation Along with the format for the latter work you can add the university where the author works if indeed they are doing research as part of their position with a university or college m writing a paper about computer aided writing instruction How do cite pieces of software in APA According to the 6 edition of the APA manual here is the general format for citing software Rightsholder A A Year Title of program Version number Description Copyright 1995 2013 by The Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced broadcast rewritten or redistributed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use 67 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP of form Location Name of producer Alternatively instead of using Location you can use
17. efficiently to present a large amount of information to an audience but visuals must be used to assist communication not to use up space or disguise marginally significant results behind a screen of complicated statistics Ask yourself this question first is the table or figure necessary For example it is better to present simple descriptive statistics in the text not in a table Relation of Tables or Figures and Text Because tables and figures supplement the text refer in the text to all tables and figures used and explain what the reader should look for when using the table or figure Focus only on the important point the reader should draw from them and leave the details for the reader to examine on her own Documentation If you are using figures tables and or data from other sources be sure to gather all the information you will need to properly document your sources Integrity and Independence Each table and figure must be intelligible without reference to the text so be sure to include an explanation of every abbreviation except the standard statistical symbols and abbreviations Organization Consistency and Coherence Number all tables sequentially as you refer to them in the text Table 1 Table 2 etc likewise for figures Figure 1 Figure 2 etc Abbreviations terminology probability level values must be consistent across tables and figures in the same article Likewise formats titles and headings must be consis
18. inevitably cause the reader to think of only that gender which may not be what you intend To avoid the bias of using gendered pronouns e Rephrase the sentence e Use plural nouns or plural pronouns this way you can use they or their e Replace the pronoun with an article instead of his use the e Drop the pronoun many sentences sound fine if you just omit the troublesome his from the sentence e Replace the pronoun with a noun such as person individual child researcher etc For more about addressing gender in academic writing visit the OWL s handout on non sexist language use Find Alternative Descriptors To avoid unintentional biases in your language look to the parameters of your research itself When writing up an experimental report describe your participants by the measures you used to classify them in the experiment as long as the labels are not offensive Example If you had people take a test measuring their reaction times and you were interested in looking at the differences between people who had fast reaction times and those with slow reaction times you could call the first group the fast reaction time group and the second the slow reaction time group Also use adjectives to serve as descriptors rather than labels When you use terms such as the elderly or the amnesiacs the people lose their individuality One way to avoid this is to insert an adjective e g elderly people amne
19. mirror Web log comment Retrieved from http www spring org uk the1sttransport Psychology Video Blog 3 Video file Retrieved from http www youtube com watch v lqM90eQi5 M Wikis Please note that the APA Style Guide to Electronic References warns writers that wikis like Wikipedia for example are collaborative projects that cannot guarantee the verifiability or expertise of their entries OLPC Peru Arahuay n d Retrieved April 29 2011 from the OLPC Wiki http wiki laptop org go OLPC_Peru Arahuay Audio Podcast For all podcasts provide as much information as possible not all of the following information will be available Possible addition identifiers may include Producer Director etc Bell T amp Phillips T 2008 May 6 A solar flare Science NASA Podcast Podcast retrieved from http science nasa gov podcast htm Video Podcasts For all podcasts provide as much information as possible not all of the following information will be available Possible addition identifiers may include Producer Director etc Scott D Producer 2007 January 5 The community college classroom Episode 7 Adventures in Education Podcast retrieved from http www adveeducation com For more help with citing electronic sources please use these links e Documenting Electronic Sources e APA style web site s coverage of electronic references Copyright 1995 2013 by The Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdu
20. more complex information than a simple bar graph e g monthly expenditures divided into categories housing food transportation etc In sliding bar graphs the bars are divided by a horizontal line which serves as the baseline enabling the representation of data above and below a specific reference point e g high and low temperatures v average temperature Copyright 1995 2013 by The Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced broadcast rewritten or redistributed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use 49 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP January February March January February March Transportation food Housing Image Caption Bar Graph by Type Copyright 1995 2013 by The Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced broadcast rewritten or redistributed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use 50 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP Pictorial graphs can be used to show quantitative differences between groups Pictorial graphs can be very deceptive if the height of an image is doubled its area is quadrupled Therefore
21. s All other sources simply appear in the reference list Copyright 1995 2013 by The Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced broadcast rewritten or redistributed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use 12 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP Follow the same formatting rules as with Content Notes for noting copyright permissions Then attach a copy of the permission letter to the document If you are reproducing a graphic chart or table from some other source you must provide a special note at the bottom of the item that includes copyright information You should also submit written permission along with your work Begin the citation with Note Note From Title of the article by W Jones and R Smith 2007 Journal Title 21 p 122 Copyright 2007 by Copyright Holder Reprinted with permission Summary APA American Psychological Association is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences This resource revised according to the 6th edition second printing of the APA manual offers examples for the general format of APA research papers in text citations endnotes footnotes and the reference page For more information please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association 6th edition
22. you do not cite it in the same way you cite other materials Instead in your paper you describe your survey and make it clear that the data you re referring to is from the survey usually by saying so in introductory sentences In your paper you should include a short overview of your survey method whom the survey was administered to how it was administered how many responses you got and what kind of questions you asked You should include a copy of the survey instrument the full set of questions asked as an appendix to your paper You do not need to include your survey in your works cited list How does one cite government documents in APA The University of Nebraska Kearney offers an excellent demonstration of how to cite federal and state documents in APA style You may access that information by clicking here How does one cite state bills in APA APA follows the guidelines for legal citations in the United States as outlined in The Bluebook You can access a version of The Bluebook by clicking here Copyright 1995 2013 by The Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced broadcast rewritten or redistributed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use 69 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP However guidelines for references to legal materials can
23. 1686108 0 Chapter Section of a Web Document or Online Book Chapter Author A A amp Author B B Date of publication Title of article In Title of book or larger document chapter or section number Retrieved from http www someaddress com full url Engelshcall R S 1997 Module mod_rewrite URL Rewriting Engine In Apache HTTP Server Version 1 3 Documentation Apache modules Retrieved from http httpd apache org docs 1 3 mod mod_rewrite html Peckinpaugh J 2003 Change in the Nineties In J S Bough and G B DuBois Eds A century of growth in America Retrieved from GoldStar database NOTE Use a chapter or section identifier and provide a URL that links directly to the chapter section not the home page of the Web site Copyright 1995 2013 by The Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced broadcast rewritten or redistributed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use 25 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP Online Book Reviews Cite the information as you normally would for the work you are quoting The first example below is from a newspaper article the second is from a scholarly journal In brackets write Review of the book and give the title of the reviewed work Provide the web address after the words Retrieved from
24. 9 Lecture on Reminiscences of Wundt and Leipsig Personal Collection of A Berliner University of Akron Akron OH Copyright 1995 2013 by The Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced broadcast rewritten or redistributed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use 68 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP How do I cite a work of art like Salvador Dali s The Ecumenical Coucil in APA There is no official APA citation style for paintings or other works of art but the APA Style Blog recently addressed this question with the in a recent post You can access that post by clicking here As they say There are no guidelines for paintings sculptures or more complicated installations e g a chair a photo of a chair and a definition of chair So let s use the Franken reference concept to model a few ways to handle art in your reference list The basic format they suggest is below using Wyeth s painting Christina s world as an example Wyeth A 1948 Christina s world Painting Retrieved from http www moma org explore collection index created and administered my own survey for a project How would cite this survey in an APA style paper Since a survey you conducted yourself is not published elsewhere by someone else
25. 995 2013 by The Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced broadcast rewritten or redistributed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use 5 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP Reference page sample Contributors names Last edited date Title of resource Retrieved from http Web address for OWL resource Angeli E Wagner J Lawrick E Moore K Anderson M Soderlund L amp Brizee A 2010 May 5 General format Retrieved from http owl english purdue edu owl resource 560 01 Contributors Joshua M Paiz Elizabeth Angeli Jodi Wagner Elena Lawrick Kristen Moore Michael Anderson Lars Soderlund Allen Brizee Russell Keck Summary APA American Psychological Association is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences This resource revised according to the 6th edition second printing of the APA manual offers examples for the general format of APA research papers in text citations endnotes footnotes and the reference page For more information please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association 6th edition second printing In Text Citations The Basics Reference citations in text are covered on pages 169 179 of the Publication Manual What follows are some general guideline
26. A 2A Note Because of issues with html coding the listings below using brackets contain spaces that are not to be used with your listings Use a space as normal before the brackets but do not include a space following the bracket Letter to the Editor Moller G 2002 August Ripples versus rumbles Letter to the editor Scientific American 28 2 12 Review Baumeister R F 1993 Exposing the self knowledge myth Review of the book The self knower A hero under control by R A Wicklund amp M Eckert Contemporary Psychology 38 466 467 Summary APA American Psychological Association is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences This resource revised according to the 6th edition second printing of the APA Copyright 1995 2013 by The Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced broadcast rewritten or redistributed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use 18 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP manual offers examples for the general format of APA research papers in text citations endnotes footnotes and the reference page For more information please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association 6th edition second printing Reference List Books Basic Format for Books A
27. ENCE HELP Abstract Begin a new page Your abstract page should already include the page header described above On the first line of the abstract page center the word Abstract no bold formatting italics underlining or quotation marks Beginning with the next line write a concise summary of the key points of your research Do not indent Your abstract should contain at least your research topic research questions participants methods results data analysis and conclusions You may also include possible implications of your research and future work you see connected with your findings Your abstract should be a single paragraph double spaced Your abstract should be between 150 and 250 words You may also want to list keywords from your paper in your abstract To do this indent as you would if you were starting a new paragraph type Keywords italicized and then list your keywords Listing your keywords will help researchers find your work in databases Copyright 1995 2013 by The Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced broadcast rewritten or redistributed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use 4 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP N PURDUE ONLINE WRITING LAB SAMPLE TITLE PAGE Abstract Lorem ipsam dolor sit amet consecic
28. Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced broadcast rewritten or redistributed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use 71
29. Level 3 Teachers with experience Level 4 Teachers in training Level 4 Test two Level 3 Kinesthetic Ability Level 2 In APA Style the Introduction section never gets a heading and headings are not indicated by letters or numbers Levels of headings will depend upon the length and organization of your paper Regardless always begin with level one headings and proceed to level two etc Seriation APA also allows for seriation in the body text to help authors organize and present key ideas For numbered seriation do the following Copyright 1995 2013 by The Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced broadcast rewritten or redistributed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use 40 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP Based on the four generations of usability testing on the Purdue OWL the Purdue OWL Usability Team recommended the following 1 Move the navigation bar from the right to the left side of the OWL pages 2 Integrate branded graphics the Writing Lab and OWL logos into the text on the OWL homepage 3 Add a search box to every page of the OWL Develop an OWL site map 5 Develop a three tiered navigation system gt For lists that do not communicate hierarchical order or chronology use bullets In general partici
30. R E 1994 Mood management across affective states The hedonic contingency hypothesis Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 66 1034 1048 Three to Seven Authors List by last names and initials commas separate author names while the last author name is preceded again by ampersand Kernis M H Cornell D P Sun C R Berry A Harlow T amp Bach J S 1993 There s more to self esteem than whether it is high or low The importance of stability of self esteem Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65 1190 1204 More Than Seven Authors List by last names and initials commas separate author names After the sixth author s name use an ellipses in place of the author names Then provide the final author name There should be no more than seven names Miller F H Choi M J Angeli L L Harland A A Stamos J A Thomas S T Rubin L H 2009 Web site usability for the blind and low vision user Technical Communication 57 323 335 Organization as Author American Psychological Association 2003 Unknown Author Merriam Webster s collegiate dictionary 10th ed 1993 Springfield MA Merriam Webster NOTE When your essay includes parenthetical citations of sources with no author named use a shortened version of the source s title instead of an author s name Use quotation marks and italics as appropriate For example parenthetical citations of the source above would appear as f
31. The poster is best viewed in Firefox Summary APA American Psychological Association is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences This resource revised according to the 6th edition second printing of the APA manual offers examples for the general format of APA research papers in text citations Copyright 1995 2013 by The Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced broadcast rewritten or redistributed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use 57 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP endnotes footnotes and the reference page For more information please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association 6th edition second printing APA Changes 6th Edition The American Psychological Association APA updated its style manual in the summer of 2009 This resource presents the changes made between the fifth and sixth editions Please note that the first printing of the APA sixth edition contained misprints if you are using the APA manual make sure you are using at least the second printing of the sixth edition Traditionally psychologists were the main users of APA but recently students and writers in other fields began using APA style Therefore the sixth edition was written with a broader audience in min
32. a Vol 26 pp 501 508 Chicago IL Encyclopedia Britannica Work Discussed in a Secondary Source List the source the work was discussed in Coltheart M Curtis B Atkins P amp Haller M 1993 Models of reading aloud Dual route and parallel distributed processing approaches Psychological Review 100 589 608 Copyright 1995 2013 by The Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced broadcast rewritten or redistributed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use 20 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP NOTE Give the secondary source in the references list in the text name the original work and give a citation for the secondary source For example if Seidenberg and McClelland s work is cited in Coltheart et al and you did not read the original work list the Coltheart et al reference in the References In the text use the following citation In Seidenberg and McClelland s study as cited in Coltheart Curtis Atkins amp Haller 1993 Dissertation Abstract Yoshida Y 2001 Essays in urban transportation Dissertation Abstracts International 62 7741A Dissertation Published Lastname F N Year Title of dissertation Doctoral dissertation Retrieved from Name of database Accession or Order Number Dissertation
33. abases change over time p 192 However the OWL still includes information about databases for those users who need database information Copyright 1995 2013 by The Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced broadcast rewritten or redistributed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use 23 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP When referencing a print article obtained from an online database such as a database in the library provide appropriate print citation information formatted just like a normal print citation would be for that type of work By providing this information you allow people to retrieve the print version if they do not have access to the database from which you retrieved the article You can also include the item number or accession number or database URL at the end but the APA manual says that this is not required If you are citing an article from a database that is available in other places such as a journal or magazine include the homepage s URL You may have to do a web search of the article s title author etc to find the URL For articles that are easily located do not provide database information If the article is difficult to locate then you can provide database information Only use retrieval dates if the source could
34. abic numerals sequentially Do not use suffix letters e g Table 3a 3b 3c instead combine the related tables If the manuscript includes an appendix with tables identify them with capital letters and Arabic numerals e g Table A1 Table B2 Titles Like the title of the paper itself each table must have a clear and concise title When appropriate you may use the title to explain an abbreviation parenthetically Example Comparison of Median Income of Adopted Children AC v Foster Children FC Headings Keep headings clear and brief The heading should not be much wider than the widest entry in the column Use of standard abbreviations can aid in achieving that goal All columns must have headings even the stub column see example structure which customarily lists the major independent variables Body In reporting the data consistency is key Numerals should be expressed to a consistent number of decimal places that is determined by the precision of measurement Never change the unit of measurement or the number of decimal places in the same column Specific Types of Tables Analysis of Variance ANOVA Tables The conventional format for an ANOVA table is to list the source in the stub column then the degrees of freedom df and the F ratios Give the between subject variables and error first then within subject and any error Mean square errors must be enclosed in parentheses Provide a general note to the table to explain wh
35. al More than likely though your data will serve either a communication purpose to show you have discovered meaning in data and you want to show communicate to others this meaning Figures Figures include graphs charts maps drawings and photographs As a general rule only include figures when they add to the value of the paper If the figure merely repeats what is written in the paper do not include it as it does not add any new information to the paper The sixth edition also emphasizes the importance of clearly labeling electrophysiological radiological and genetic data References Direct Quotations 6 01 21 The sixth edition provides explicit rules for direct quotations and states that you must credit the source when paraphrasing quoting an author directly or describing an idea that influenced your work p 170 If the quotation is less than 40 words incorporate the quotation into the text and place quotation marks round the quotation Cite the source immediately after the quotation and continue with the sentence Porter 1998 has stated that The internetworked classroom has the potential not yet realized to empower students p 5 and this research project examines this potential Copyright 1995 2013 by The Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced broadcast rewritten or redistributed without permission Use of thi
36. al source in your signal phrase List the secondary source in your reference list and include the secondary source in the parentheses Johnson argued that as cited in Smith 2003 p 102 Note When citing material in parentheses set off the citation with a comma as above Also try to locate the original material and cite the original source Electronic Sources If possible cite an electronic document the same as any other document by using the author date style Kenneth 2000 explained Unknown Author and Unknown Date If no author or date is given use the title in your signal phrase or the first word or two of the title in the parentheses and use the abbreviation n d for no date Another study of students and research decisions discovered that students succeeded with tutoring Tutoring and APA n d Sources Without Page Numbers When an electronic source lacks page numbers you should try to include information that will help readers find the passage being cited When an electronic document has numbered paragraphs use the abbreviation para followed by the paragraph number Hall 2001 para 5 If the paragraphs are not numbered and the document includes headings provide the appropriate heading and specify the paragraph under that heading Note that in some electronic sources like Web pages people can use the Find function in their browser to locate any passages you cite According to Smith 1997
37. also be found on pages 216 224 in the 6 of the Publication Manual of the APA The following sample reference to a statute in a state code and its explanation can be found on page 220 Mental Care and Treatment Act 4 Kan Stat Ann 59 2901 2941 1983 amp Supp 1992 Explanation This Kansas act can be found in codified version between sections 2901 and 2941 in Chapter 59 of volume 4 of the 1983 edition of Kansas Statutes Annotated Two amendments to the act and additional references are provided in the 1992 supplement for the Kansas Statutes Annotated How do cite artifacts in an APA style paper Artifacts may fall under Archival Documents and Collections An extensive explanation of this can be found in the 6 edition of the APA publication manual The general format for this reference is as follows Author A A Year Month Day Title of material Description of material Name of Collection Call number Box number File name or number etc Name of Repository Location This general format may be modified for collections requiring more or less specific information to locate materials for different types of collections or for additional descriptive information If the artifact you are referencing is not accessible by others nor is it reproducible it may not need to be cited How do cite a products instructional guide e g the Apple iPad user s manual in APA While the APA publication manual lists many diff
38. at those values mean see example Use asterisks to identify statistically significant F ratios and provide a probability footnote Table 3 Sample ANOVA Table Note This is where authors provide extra information important to the data such as findings that approach statistical significance depending on the p value Signicant at the p lt 0 05 level Image Caption Table 3 ANOVA Table Copyright 1995 2013 by The Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced broadcast rewritten or redistributed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use 45 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP Regression Conventional reporting of regression analysis follows two formats If the study is purely applied list only the raw or unstandardized coefficients B If the study is purely theoretical list only the standardized coefficients If the study was neither purely applied nor theoretical then list both standardized and unstandardized coeifficents Specify the type of analysis either hierarchical or simultaneous and provide the increments of change if you used hierarchical regression Table 4 Sample Regression Table ee N aM ol a a ain IY le i i pe E E l Notes R1 34 ps lt 05 Image Caption Table 4 Regression Table Notes in Tabl
39. ation Title of episode Television series episode In P Producer Producer Series title City state of origin Studio or distributor Wendy S W Writer amp Martian R Director 1986 The rising angel and the falling ape Television series episode In D Dude Producer Creatures and monsters Los Angeles CA Belarus Studios Television Broadcast Important I M Producer 1990 November 1 The nightly news hour Television broadcast New York NY Central Broadcasting Service A Television Series Bellisario D L Producer 1992 Exciting action show Television series Hollywood American Broadcasting Company Music Recording Songwriter W W Date of copyright Title of song Recorded by artist if different from song writer On Title of album Medium of recording Location Label Recording date if different from copyright date Taupin B 1975 Someone saved my life tonight Recorded by Elton John On Captain fantastic and the brown dirt cowboy CD London England Big Pig Music Limited For more about citing audiovisual media see pages 209 210 of the APA Publication Manual 6th Edition second printing For information about citing legal sources in your reference list see the Westfield State College page on Citing Legal Materials in APA Style Copyright 1995 2013 by The Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University All rights reserved This material may not be publishe
40. ation on APA style and citation can be found at the Purdue OWL s APA Style and Formatting resource I m writing an APA style paper but can t get the header on the first page to be different than the subsequent pages How do set a different header on the first page If you are using Word 2007 you can make the header of the first page different from the header on the second and following pages To do this please follow these steps 1 After opening Word 2007 click on Insert at the top of the page 2 Click on Header and choose the Header template you wish to use Type in the text you would like for the first page 3 When you type in your text in the header you will see the Design tab is highlighted There you can click on Different first page This will allow you to type in Copyright 1995 2013 by The Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced broadcast rewritten or redistributed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use 63 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP different text within your header beginning with page two If you do not have a version of Word which allows you to do this you can simply type Running Head SHORTENED TITLE OF YOUR PAPER at the upper most line on the first page without typing it inside the header Then t
41. close statistical values proved to be statistically significant p 42 with all variables Use parentheses to enclose degrees of freedom t 45 4 35 F 3 87 2 11 Use brackets to enclose limits of confidence intervals 89 Cls 3 45 2 7 6 0 3 89 and 7 23 1 89 Use standard typeface no bolding or italicization when writing Greek letters subscripts that function as identifiers and abbreviations that are not variables Use boldface for vectors and matrices V 2 Use italics for statistical symbols other than vectors and matrices EFEN Use an italicized uppercase N in reference to number of subjects or participants in the total sample N 328 Use an italicized lowercase n in reference to only a portion of the sample Copyright 1995 2013 by The Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced broadcast rewritten or redistributed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use 56 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP n 42 Summary APA American Psychological Association is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences This resource revised according to the 6th edition second printing of the APA manual offers examples for the general format of APA research papers in text citations endnotes footnotes and
42. ct Annotated Bibliography Retrieved from http www hc sc gc ca ahc asc alt_formats hpb dgps pdf intactiv hiv vih aids sida prison carceral_e pdf Data Sets Copyright 1995 2013 by The Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced broadcast rewritten or redistributed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use 26 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP Point readers to raw data by providing a Web address use Retrieved from or a general place that houses data sets on the site use Available from United States Department of Housing and Urban Development 2008 Indiana income limits Data file Retrieved from http www huduser org Datasets IL ILO8 in_fy2008 pdf Graphic Data e g Interactive Maps and Other Graphic Representations of Data Give the name of the researching organization followed by the date In brackets provide a brief explanation of what type of data is there and in what form it appears Finally provide the project name and retrieval information Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment 2007 Graph illustration the SORCE Spectral Plot May 8 2008 Solar Spectral Data Access from the SIM SOLSTICE and XPS Instruments Retrieved from http lasp colorado edu cgi bin ion p page input_data_for_ spectra ion Qualitative Data and Onl
43. d The changes made to the sixth edition reflect this broader audience This resource was created following the APA manual s What s New in APA is organized according to the APA manual chapters and highlights updates to the sixth edition that most concern student writers instead of those interested in publishing manuscripts For a more complete discussion of the changes please visit this site Levels of Heading Headings are used to help guide the reader through a document The levels are organized by levels of subordination and each section of the paper should start with the highest level of heading Fifth Edition Section 3 31 in the APA manual APA Headings Level Format 5 CENTERED UPPERCASE HEADINGS ao Centered Uppercase and Lowercase Headings 2 Centered Italicized Uppercase and Lowercase Headings 3 Left aligned Italicized Uppercase and Lowercase Side Heading A Indented italicized lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period Sixth Edition 3 03 Copyright 1995 2013 by The Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced broadcast rewritten or redistributed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use 58 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP APA Headings Level Format 1 Centered Boldface Uppercase and Lowe
44. d reproduced broadcast rewritten or redistributed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use 31 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP Summary APA American Psychological Association is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences This resource revised according to the 6th edition second printing of the APA manual offers examples for the general format of APA research papers in text citations endnotes footnotes and the reference page For more information please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association 6th edition second printing Additional Resources It s always best to consult the Publication Manual first for any APA question If you are using APA style for a class assignment it s a good idea to consult your professor advisor TA or other campus resources for help with using APA style they re the ones who can tell you how the style should apply in your particular case For extraordinary questions that aren t covered clearly in the style manual or haven t been answered by your teacher or advisor contact us via email by using our OWL tutor email form Print Resources Here are some print resources for using APA style Click The Purdue OWL does not make any profit from nor does it endorse these agencies links are merely offered for information Most of these books are probab
45. de citation on a document presented via the Microsoft program for stock images that a specific to that software package However if the clip art is presented in a separate medium like a handout and you want to be very thorough about citation or if your presentation is specifically about clip art and the point is to discuss clip art from different sources then you should cite the source Here is the format you should follow Title of Program Version number Description of format Location Name Copyright 1995 2013 by The Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced broadcast rewritten or redistributed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use 66 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP of producer Here s the example in the 6 Edition of the APA manual Comprehensive Meta Analysis Version 2 Computer Software Englwood NJ Biostat For the clip art from on line sources because these are texts that are relocated from an outside source you should probably cite them regardless of the situation Here s the format Name of image creator A A Year images was made Title of image in italics medium of image i e file type Retrieved from http How do cite unpublished works in APA Here is the relevant format from the APA manual gt
46. e For the sake of readability and simplicity line drawings should be used and photographs should have the highest possible contrast between the background and focal point Cropping cutting out extraneous detail can be very beneficial for a photograph Use software like GraphicConverter or Photoshop to convert color photographs to black and white before printing on a laser printer Otherwise most printers will produce an image with poor contrast Image Caption Photograph Preparing Figures In preparing figures communication and readability must be the ultimate criteria Avoid the temptation to use the special effects available in most advanced software packages While three dimensional effects shading and layered text may look interesting to the author overuse inconsistent use and misuse may distort the data and distract or even annoy readers Design properly done is inconspicuous almost invisible because it supports communication Design improperly or amateurishly done draws the reader s attention from the data and makes him or her question the author s credibility The APA has determined specifications for the size of figures and the fonts used in them Figures of one column must be between 2 and 3 25 inches wide 5 to 8 45 cm Two column figures must be between 4 25 and 6 875 inches wide 10 6 to 17 5 cm The height of figures should not exceed the top and bottom margins The text in a figure should be in a san serif font
47. e This research project explores how to discuss palliative care with patients Approximations 4 31 32 Use words to express approximations of days months and year started spelunking about four years ago Reporting statistics 4 35 44 and 10 Use a zero before the decimal point with numbers less than one when the statistic can be greater than one 0 56 kg Do not use a zero before the decimal point when the number cannot be greater than one Copyright 1995 2013 by The Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced broadcast rewritten or redistributed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use 60 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP r 015 Include effect sizes and confidence intervals with statistics This will allow the reader to more fully understand the conducted analyses Use brackets to group together confidence interval limits in both the body text and tables 5 15 95 Cls 7 2 4 3 9 2 12 4 and 1 2 0 5 p 94 Displaying Results The sixth edition includes a section 5 01 on the purpose of displaying data This section can help you decide when and how to display your data For example your data might show that you are exploring data and information or your data may serve a storage purpose for later retriev
48. e especially when it was their first time citing sources This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many students failed to purchase a style manual or to ask their teacher for help p 199 Summary or Paraphrase If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication in your in text reference but APA guidelines encourage you to also provide the page number although it is not required According to Jones 1998 APA style is a difficult citation format for first time learners APA style is a difficult citation format for first time learners Jones 1998 p 199 Summary APA American Psychological Association is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences This resource revised according to the 6th edition second printing of the APA manual offers examples for the general format of APA research papers in text citations endnotes footnotes and the reference page For more information please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association 6th edition second printing In Text Citations Author Authors APA style has a series of important rules on using author names as part of the author date system There are additional rules for citing indirect sources electronic sources and sources without page numbers Citing an Author or Authors Copyright 1995 2013 by The Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdue Un
49. e f you refer to the title of a source within your paper capitalize all words that are four letters long or greater within the title of a source Permanence and Change Exceptions apply to short words that are verbs nouns pronouns adjectives and adverbs Writing New Media There Is Nothing Left to Lose Note in your References list only the first word of a title will be capitalized Writing new media e When capitalizing titles capitalize both words in a hyphenated compound word Natural Born Cyborgs e Capitalize the first word after a dash or colon Defining Film Rhetoric The Case of Hitchcock s Vertigo e italicize or underline the titles of longer works such as books edited collections movies television series documentaries or albums The Closing of the American Mind The Wizard of Oz Friends e Put quotation marks around the titles of shorter works such as journal articles articles from edited collections television series episodes and song titles Multimedia Narration Constructing Possible Worlds The One Where Chandler Can t Cry Short Quotations If you are directly quoting from a work you will need to include the author year of publication and the page number for the reference preceded by p Introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author s last name followed by the date of publication in parentheses According to Jones 1998 Students often had difficulty using APA style es
50. e University All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced broadcast rewritten or redistributed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use 29 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP e APA Frequently Asked Questions Summary APA American Psychological Association is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences This resource revised according to the 6th edition second printing of the APA manual offers examples for the general format of APA research papers in text citations endnotes footnotes and the reference page For more information please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association 6th edition second printing Reference List Other Non Print Sources Interviews Email and Other Personal Communication No personal communication is included in your reference list instead parenthetically cite the communicator s name the phrase personal communication and the date of the communication in your main text only E Robbins personal communication January 4 2001 A P Smith also claimed that many of her students had difficulties with APA style personal communication November 3 2002 Motion Picture Basic reference list format Producer P P Producer amp Director D D Director Date of publication Title of motion picture Motion picture Coun
51. e and Purdue University All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced broadcast rewritten or redistributed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use 13 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP e Present the journal title in full e Maintain the punctuation and capitalization that is used by the journal in its title o For example ReCALL not RECALLor Knowledge Management Research amp Practice not Knowledge Management Research and Practice e Capitalize all major words in journal titles e When referring to books chapters articles or Web pages capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a title and subtitle the first word after a colon or a dash in the title and proper nouns Do not capitalize the first letter of the second word in a hyphenated compound word e Italicize titles of longer works such as books and journals e Do not italicize underline or put quotes around the titles of shorter works such as journal articles or essays in edited collections e Please note While the APA manual provides many examples of how to cite common types of sources it does not provide rules on how to cite all types of sources Therefore if you have a source that APA does not include APA suggests that you find the example that is most similar to your source and use that format For more information see page 193 of t
52. e consistent with those used in the text and in other figures The lettering in the legend should be of the same type and size as that used in the figure Summary APA American Psychological Association is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences This resource revised according to the 6th edition second printing of the APA manual offers examples for the general format of APA research papers in text citations endnotes footnotes and the reference page For more information please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association 6th edition second printing APA Abbreviations In APA abbreviations should be limited to instances when a the abbreviation is standard and will not interfere with the reader s understanding and b if space and repetition can be greatly avoided through abbreviation There are a few common trends in abbreviating that you should follow when using APA though there are always exceptions to these rules When abbreviating a term use the full term the first time you use it followed immediately by the abbreviation in parentheses According to the American Psychological Association APA abbreviations are best used only when they allow for clear communication with the audience Copyright 1995 2013 by The Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced broadcast rewritten or redistribut
53. ed for clarity which can require unpacking information and the need for conciseness which requires condensing information is a challenge Study published articles and reports in your field for examples of how to achieve this balance Word Choice You should even be careful in selecting certain words or terms Within the social sciences commonly used words take on different meanings and can have a significant effect on how your readers interpret your reported findings or claims To increase clarity avoid bias and control how your readers will receive your information you should make certain substitutions e Use terms like participants or respondents rather than subjects to indicate how individuals were involved in your research e Use terms like children or community members to provide more detail about who was participating in the study e Use phrases like The evidence suggests or Our study indicates rather than referring to proof or proves because no single study can prove a theory or hypothesis Copyright 1995 2013 by The Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced broadcast rewritten or redistributed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use 38 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP As with the other stylistic suggestions h
54. ed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use 53 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP Exceptions Standard abbreviations like units of measurement and states do not need to be written out APA also allows abbreviations that appear as words in Meriam Webster s Collegiate Dictionary to be used without explanation IQ REM AIDS HIV Do not use periods or spaces in abbreviations of all capital letters unless it is a proper name or refers to participants using identity concealing labels MA CD HTML APA P D James J R R Tolkien E B White or F I M S W F Exceptions Use a period when abbreviating the United States as an adjective U S Marines or U S Senator Use a period if the abbreviation is Latin abbreviation or a reference abbreviation etc e g a m or Vol 7 p 12 4th ed Do not use periods when abbreviated measurements cd ft Ib mi min Exceptions Use a period when abbreviated inch in to avoid confusion Units of measurement and statistical abbreviations should only be abbreviated when accompanied by numerical values 7 mg 12 mi M 7 5 measured in milligrams several miles after the exit the means were determined Only certain units of time should be abbreviated Do not abbreviate day week month year Do abbreviate hr min ms ns s To form the plural of abbreviations add s alone witho
55. ere you should study the discourse of your field to see what terminology is most often used Avoiding Poetic Language Writing papers in APA Style is unlike writing in more creative or literary styles that draw on poetic expressions and figurative language Such linguistic devices can detract from conveying your information clearly and may come across to readers as forced when it is inappropriately used to explain an issue or your findings Therefore you should e minimize the amount of figurative language used in an APA paper such as metaphors and analogies unless they are helpful in conveying a complex idea e avoid rhyming schemes alliteration or other poetic devices typically found in verse e use simple descriptive adjectives and plain language that does not risk confusing your meaning Summary APA American Psychological Association is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences This resource revised according to the 6th edition second printing of the APA manual offers examples for the general format of APA research papers in text citations endnotes footnotes and the reference page For more information please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association 6th edition second printing APA Headings and Seriation Headings APA Style uses a unique headings system to separate and classify paper sections There are 5 heading levels in APA The 6th edition of the APA manual revise
56. erent references product instructions are not something that has a specific reference example Since there is not a specific reference guideline for instructions would adapt another similar reference for your uses For example Title of the Instructions Year Name of the product Company Name City State Current Location of the Product Note If the product is maintained at a business list the name of the business and city state for Copyright 1995 2013 by The Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced broadcast rewritten or redistributed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use 70 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP the current location of product If you own the product you are referencing list Copy in possession of author How do cite genealogies in APA The APA does not seem to specifically address this issue probably because it is very particular Here s what we ve been able to find from other sources Genealogy com offers a method of citing birth death certificates which can be found by clicking here and scrolling down to the Official Records section of the page Archive gov also offers suggestions on how to cite birth death certificates which can be accessed by clicking here Copyright 1995 2013 by The Writing
57. es There are three types of notes for tables general specific and probability notes All of them must be placed below the table in that order General notes explain qualify or provide information about the table as a whole Put explanations of abbreviations symbols etc here Example Note The racial categories used by the US Census African American Asian American Latinos as Native American and Pacific Islander have been collapsed into the category non White E excludes respondents who self identified as White and at least one other non White race Specific notes explain qualify or provide information about a particular column row or individual entry To indicate specific notes use superscript lowercase letters e g e and order the superscripts from left to right top to bottom Each table s first footnote must be the superscript a Copyright 1995 2013 by The Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced broadcast rewritten or redistributed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use 46 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP Example n 823 P One participant in this group was diagnosed with schizophrenia during the survey Probability notes provide the reader with the results of the texts for statistical s
58. es for the general format of APA research papers in text citations endnotes footnotes and the reference page For more information please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association 6th edition second printing Reference List Electronic Sources Web Publications Please note There are no spaces used with brackets in APA When possible include the year month and date in references If the month and date are not available use the year of publication Please note too that the OWL still includes information about print sources and databases for those still working with these sources Article From an Online Periodical Online articles follow the same guidelines for printed articles Include all information the online host makes available including an issue number in parentheses Author A A amp Author B B Date of publication Title of article Title of Online Periodical volume number issue number if available Retrieved from http www someaddress com full url Bernstein M 2002 10 tips on writing the living Web A List Apart For People Who Make Websites 149 Retrieved from http www alistapart com articles writeliving Online Scholarly Journal Article Citing DOIs Please note In August of 2011 the formatting recommendations for DOls changed DOls are now rendered as an alpha numeric string which acts as an active link According to The APA Style Guide to Electronic References 6 edit
59. essary e tables and or figures if necessary Make sure to check the guidelines for your assignment or any guidelines that have been given to you by an editor of a journal before you submit a manuscript containing the sections listed above As with the literature review the length of this report may vary by course or by journal but most often it will be determined by the scope of the research conducted Other Papers If you are writing a paper that fits neither of these categories follow the guidelines about General Format consult your instructor or look up advice in the Publication Manual When submitting a manuscript to a journal make sure you follow the guidelines described in the submission policies of that publication and include as many sections as you think are applicable to presenting your material Remember to keep your audience in mind as you are making this decision If certain information is particularly pertinent for conveying your research then ensure that there is a section of your paper that adequately addresses that information Copyright 1995 2013 by The Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced broadcast rewritten or redistributed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use 34 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP Summary
60. for quantitative data to be presented clearly and efficiently it must be arranged logically e g data to be compared must be presented next to one another before after young old male female etc and statistical information means standard deviations N values must be presented in separate parts of the table If possible use canonical forms such as ANOVA regression or correlation to communicate your data effectively Table 1 Dogs Scoring Above Average on Intelligence by Breed and Gender Breed Dachshund Terrier Siberian Husky Totals N 3060 Note Average score 150 No animals were harmed during testing Three huskies one male two female escaped before testing was completed and are therefore not included in the table Image Caption Table 1 Table Structure The following image illustrates the basic structure of tables Table 2 Title Header Subhead Column Head Column Head Column Head Row 1 123 234 17 6 Row 2 456 567 311 Row 3 789 891 513 Row 4 1368 1692 Image Caption Table 2 Copyright 1995 2013 by The Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced broadcast rewritten or redistributed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use 44 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP Numbers Number all tables with ar
61. great care should be taken that images representing the same values must be the same size Circle pie graphs are used to represent percentages and proportions For the sake of readability no more than five variables should be compared in a single pie graph The segments should be ordered very strictly beginning at twelve o clock order them from the largest to the smallest and shade the segments from dark to light i e the largest segment should be the darkest Lines and dots can be used for shading in black and white documents Sample Population E Seniors E Juniors Sophomores Freshmen Image Caption Circle or Pie Graph Charts are used to represent the components of larger objects or groups e g a tribal hierarchy the steps in a process as in a flow chart or the schematics of an object the components of a cell phone Discourse Sender Message L Modum Receiver eee Copyright 1995 2013 by The Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced broadcast rewritten or redistributed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use 51 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP Image Caption Chart Drawings and photographs can be used to communicate very specific information about a subject Thanks to software both are now highly manipulabl
62. gth and that it should not contain abbreviations or words that serve no purpose Your title may take up one or two lines All text on the title page and throughout your paper should be double spaced Beneath the title type the author s name first name middle initial s and last name Do not use titles Dr or degrees Ph D Beneath the author s name type the institutional affiliation which should indicate the location where the author s conducted the research Copyright 1995 2013 by The Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced broadcast rewritten or redistributed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use 2 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP Ranning bead PURDUE ONLINE WRITING LAB SAMPLE TITLE PAGE I The Pardue Online Wrinng Lab s Sample Title Page Following the American Psychological Associations Guidelines Punbse Pete Parduc Unrversity Image Caption APA Title Page Copyright 1995 2013 by The Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced broadcast rewritten or redistributed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use 3 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFER
63. he Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association sixth edition Summary APA American Psychological Association is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences This resource revised according to the 6th edition second printing of the APA manual offers examples for the general format of APA research papers in text citations endnotes footnotes and the reference page For more information please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association 6th edition second printing Reference List Author Authors The following rules for handling works by a single author or multiple authors apply to all APA style references in your reference list regardless of the type of work book article electronic resource etc Single Author Last name first followed by author initials Berndt T J 2002 Friendship quality and social development Current Directions in Psychological Science 11 7 10 Copyright 1995 2013 by The Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced broadcast rewritten or redistributed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use 14 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP Two Authors List by their last names and initials Use the ampersand instead of and Wegener D T amp Petty
64. hile citing from a webpage you may not be able to find a page number to refer to i e there is no pagination Instead refer to the paragraph number from which you are citing where you would usually insert a page number by using para instead of p Be sure to include the author s s name s and year too if applicable The Purdue University Writing Lab and Purdue Online Writing Lab OWL assist clients in their development as writers no matter what their skill level with on campus consultations online participation and community engagement Purdue OWL 2010 Mission para 1 Mission is used here to refer to the section in which this quote was found Summary APA American Psychological Association is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences This resource revised according to the 6th edition second printing of the APA manual offers examples for the general format of APA research papers in text citations endnotes footnotes and the reference page For more information please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association 6th edition second printing OWL Mail APA FAQs The following FAQs address issues in APA citation and or formatting The entries in this section are based on frequently asked questions received by our OWL Mail Tutors We encourage you to scan through these before you send your APA related questions into OWL Mail Also Further inform
65. ignificance Asterisks indicate the values for which the null hypothesis is rejected with the probability p value specified in the probability note Such notes are required only when relevant to the data in the table Consistently use the same number of asterisks for a given alpha level throughout your paper Example p lt 05 p lt 01 p lt 001 Image Caption Sample Table Notes If you need to distinguish between two tailed and one tailed tests in the same table use asterisks for two tailed p values and an alternate symbol such as daggers for one tailed p values Example p lt 05 two tailed p lt 01 two tailed tp lt 05 one tailed ttp lt 01 one tailed Image Caption More Table Notes Tables from Other Sources If using tables from a source copy the structure of the original exactly and cite the source in accordance with APA style Summary APA American Psychological Association is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences This resource revised according to the 6th edition second printing of the APA manual offers examples for the general format of APA research papers in text citations endnotes footnotes and the reference page For more information please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association 6th edition second printing APA Tables and Figures 2 Figures Figure Checklist e Is the figure necessary Copyright 1995 2013 by The
66. improvements should render themselves duly entitled to them p 92 The Reference List References that appear in the text must appear in the references list in alphabetical order by the author s last name with the exception of personal communication only cite personal communication in the text not in the reference list Electronic sources 6 31 Because electronic publishing has become a standard in research the sixth edition provides an overview of electronic sources and how to reference them specifically with URLs and DOls URLs more commonly known as a web address locate information housed on the Internet The fifth edition specified that references to electronic sources should refer to the article s or document s URL However they are prone to breaking or deleting and to resolve issues associated with the unstable nature of URLs publishers have started using DOls with articles Copyright 1995 2013 by The Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced broadcast rewritten or redistributed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use 62 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP For more details on how to cite electronic sources with following the sixth edition consult your APA manual or the OWL s resource on citing electronic sources W
67. ine Interviews If an interview is not retrievable in audio or print form cite the interview only in the text not in the reference list and provide the month day and year in the text If an audio file or transcript is available online use the following model specifying the medium in brackets e g Interview transcript Interview audio file Butler C Interviewer amp Stevenson R Interviewee 1999 Oral History 2 Interview transcript Retrieved from Johnson Space Center Oral Histories Project Web site http www11 jsc nasa gov history oral_histories oral_histories htm Online Lecture Notes and Presentation Slides When citing online lecture notes be sure to provide the file format in brackets after the lecture title e g PowerPoint slides Word document Hallam A Duality in consumer theory PDF document Retrieved from Lecture Notes Online Web site http www econ iastate edu classes econ501 Hallam index html Roberts K F 1998 Federal regulations of chemicals in the environment PowerPoint slides Retrieved from http siri uvm edu ppt 40hrenv index html Nonperiodical Web Document Web Page or Report List as much of the following information as possible you sometimes have to hunt around to find the information don t be lazy If there is a page like Copyright 1995 2013 by The Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced
68. ion second printing APA Sample Paper Click on the link above in the Media box to download the pdf handout APA Sample Paper Summary APA American Psychological Association is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences This resource revised according to the 6th edition second printing of the APA manual offers examples for the general format of APA research papers in text citations endnotes footnotes and the reference page For more information please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association 6th edition second printing APA Tables and Figures 1 The purpose of tables and figures in documents is to enhance your readers understanding of the information in the document Most word processing software available today will allow you to create your own tables and figures and even the most basic of word processors permit the embedding of images thus enabling you to include tables and figures in almost any document General Guidelines Copyright 1995 2013 by The Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced broadcast rewritten or redistributed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use 42 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP Necessity Visual material such as tables and figures can be used quickly and
69. ion you should use the DOI format which the article appears with So if it is using the older numeric string use that as the DOI If however it is presented as the newer alpha numeric string use that as the DOI The Purdue OWL maintains examples of citations using both DOI styles Because online materials can potentially change URLs APA recommends providing a Digital Object Identifier DOI when it is available as opposed to the URL DOls are an attempt to provide stable long lasting links for online articles They are unique to their documents and consist of a long alphanumeric code Many but not all publishers will provide an article s DOI on the first page of the document Copyright 1995 2013 by The Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced broadcast rewritten or redistributed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use 22 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP Note that some online bibliographies provide an article s DOI but may hide the code under a button which may read Article or may be an abbreviation of a vendor s name like CrossRef or PubMed This button will usually lead the user to the full article which will include the DOI Find DOI s from print publications or ones that go to dead links with CrossRef org s DOI Resolver which is d
70. isplayed in a central location on their home page Article from an Online Periodical with DOI Assigned Author A A amp Author B B Date of publication Title of article Title of Journal volume number page range doi 0000000 000000000000 or http dx doi org 10 0000 0000 Brownlie D 2007 Toward effective poster presentations An annotated bibliography European Journal of Marketing 41 1245 1283 doi 10 1108 03090560710821161 Wooldridge M B amp Shapka J 2012 Playing with technology Mother toddler interaction scores lower during play with electronic toys Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 33 5 211 218 http dx doi org 10 1016 j appdev 2012 05 005 Article From an Online Periodical with no DOI Assigned Online scholarly journal articles without a DOI require the URL of the journal home page Remember that one goal of citations is to provide your readers with enough information to find the article providing the journal home page aids readers in this process Author A A amp Author B B Date of publication Title of article Title of Journal volume number Retrieved from http www journalhomepage com full url Kenneth A 2000 A Buddhist response to the nature of human rights Journal of Buddhist Ethics 8 Retrieved from http www cac psu edu jbe twocont html Article From a Database Please note APA states that including database information in citations is not necessary because dat
71. itten or redistributed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use 37 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP For clarity be specific rather than vague in descriptions and explanations Unpack details accurately to provide adequate information to your readers so they can follow the development of your study Example It was predicted that marital conflict would predict behavior problems in school aged children To clarify this vague hypothesis use parallel structure to outline specific ideas The first hypothesis stated that marital conflict would predict behavior problems in school aged children The second hypothesis stated that the effect would be stronger for girls than for boys The third hypothesis stated that older girls would be more affected by marital conflict than younger girls To be more concise particularly in introductory material or abstracts you should pare out unnecessary words and condense information when you can see the OWL handout on Conciseness in academic writing for suggestions Example The above list of hypotheses might be rephrased concisely as The authors wanted to investigate whether marital conflict would predict behavior problems in children and they wanted to know if the effect was greater for girls than for boys particularly when they examined two different age groups of girls Balancing the ne
72. iversity All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced broadcast rewritten or redistributed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use 8 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP A Work by Two Authors Name both authors in the signal phrase or in the parentheses each time you cite the work Use the word and between the authors names within the text and use the ampersand in the parentheses Research by Wegener and Petty 1994 supports Wegener amp Petty 1994 A Work by Three to Five Authors List all the authors in the signal phrase or in parentheses the first time you cite the source Kernis Cornell Sun Berry amp Harlow 1993 In subsequent citations only use the first author s last name followed by et al in the signal phrase or in parentheses Kernis et al 1993 In et al et should not be followed by a period Six or More Authors Use the first author s name followed by et al in the signal phrase or in parentheses Harris et al 2001 argued Harris et al 2001 Unknown Author If the work does not have an author cite the source by its title in the signal phrase or use the first word or two in the parentheses Titles of books and reports are italicized or underlined titles of articles chapters and web pages are in quotation marks A similar study was done of students learning to f
73. luding spacing and punctuation Major Paper Sections Your essay should include four major sections the Title Page Abstract Main Body and References Copyright 1995 2013 by The Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced broadcast rewritten or redistributed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use 1 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP Title Page The title page should contain the title of the paper the author s name and the institutional affiliation Include the page header described above flush left with the page number flush right at the top of the page Please note that on the title page your page header running head should look like this Running head TITLE OF YOUR PAPER Pages after the title page should have a running head that looks like this TITLE OF YOUR PAPER After consulting with publication specialists at the APA OWL staff learned that the APA 6th edition first printing sample papers have incorrect examples of Running heads on pages after the title page This link will take you to the APA site where you can find a complete list of all the errors in the APA s 6th edition style guide Type your title in upper and lowercase letters centered in the upper half of the page APA recommends that your title be no more than 12 words in len
74. ly available in your local library From the American Psychological Association e Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association 6th edition ISBN 13 978 1 4338 0561 5 ISBN 10 1 4338 0561 8 e Mastering APA Style Instructor s Resource Guide ISBN 1557988900 e Mastering APA Style Student s Workbook and Training Guide ISBN 143380557X e Presenting Your Findings A Practical Guide for Creating Tables ISBN 143380705X e Displaying Your Findings A Practical Guide for Creating Figures Posters and Presentations ISBN 1433807076X From other publishers e Writing With Style APA Style Made Easy ISBN 084003167X e Writing With Style APA Style for Social Work ISBN 084003198X Online Resources from the APA e APA Style Website e APA Style Blog Copyright 1995 2013 by The Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced broadcast rewritten or redistributed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use 32 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP Other Online Resources Documenting and Referencing Sources e Citing Legal Materials in APA Style Westfield State College Summary APA American Psychological Association is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences This resource revised according to the 6th edition
75. mat for Annotated Bibliographies Experimental Report Copyright 1995 2013 by The Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced broadcast rewritten or redistributed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use 33 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP In many of the social sciences you will be asked to design and conduct your own experimental research If so you will need to write up your paper using a structure that is more complex than that used for just a literature review We have a complete resource devoted to writing an experimental report in the field of psychology here This structure follows the scientific method but it also makes your paper easier to follow by providing those familiar cues that help your reader efficiently scan your information for e why the topic is important covered in your introduction e what the problem is also covered in your introduction e what you did to try to solve the problem covered in your methods section e what you found covered in your results section e what you think your findings mean covered in your discussion section Thus an experimental report typically includes the following sections e title page e abstract e introduction e method e results e discussion e references e appendices if nec
76. n or redistributed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use 24 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP Author A A Year Month Day Title of article Title of Newspaper Retrieved from http www someaddress com full url Parker Pope T 2008 May 6 Psychiatry handbook linked to drug industry The New York Times Retrieved from http well blogs nytimes com Electronic Books Electronic books may include books found on personal websites databases or even in audio form Use the following format if the book you are using is only provided in a digital format or is difficult to find in print If the work is not directly available online or must be purchased use Available from rather than Retrieved from and point readers to where they can find it For books available in print form and electronic form include the publish date in parentheses after the author s name For references to e book editions be sure to include the type and version of e book you are references e g Kindle DX version If DOls are available provide them at the end of the reference De Huff E W n d Taytay s tales Traditional Pueblo Indian tales Retrieved from http digital library upenn edu women dehuff taytay taytay html Davis J n d Familiar birdsongs of the Northwest Available from http www powells com cgi bin biblio inkey 1 9 78093
77. oject Refer to participants at the appropriate level of specificity The manual provides the example of using women and men to refer to all human beings instead of only using man Man is appropriate to use when referring to one man but not when referring to a population that includes men and women Refer to participants how they wish to be called Try to avoid labels if possible but if this is not avoidable be respectful Focus on the people and not the label For example instead of labeling a group the elderly or the arthritic labels in which individuals are lost try older adults or a woman with arthritis Acknowledge participants participation while still following the rules in your field For example a cognitive psychology student might use the term subjects in her research report but a nursing student might use the term patients to refer to those who participated in his research Whatever term you choose to use be sure you are consistent throughout your paper and with your field s guidelines The Mechanics of Style Spacing 4 01 Regarding punctuation in manuscript drafts APA suggests using two spaces after periods ending sentences to aid readability One space Previous research shows that patients are interested in palliative care This research project explores how to discuss palliative care with patients Two spaces Previous research shows that patients are interested in palliative car
78. ollows Merriam Webster s 1993 Two or More Works by the Same Author Copyright 1995 2013 by The Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced broadcast rewritten or redistributed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use 15 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP Use the author s name for all entries and list the entries by the year earliest comes first Berndt T J 1981 Berndt T J 1999 When an author appears both as a sole author and in another citation as the first author of a group list the one author entries first Berndt T J 1999 Friends influence on students adjustment to school Educational Psychologist 34 15 28 Berndt T J amp Keefe K 1995 Friends influence on adolescents adjustment to school Child Development 66 1312 1329 References that have the same first author and different second and or third authors are arranged alphabetically by the last name of the second author or the last name of the third if the first and second authors are the same Wegener D T Kerr N L Fleming M A amp Petty R E 2000 Flexible corrections of juror judgments Implications for jury instructions Psychology Public Policy and Law 6 629 654 Wegener D T Petty R E amp Klein D J 1994 Effec
79. on Copyright 1995 2013 by The Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced broadcast rewritten or redistributed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use 41 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP Summary APA American Psychological Association is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences This resource revised according to the 6th edition second printing of the APA manual offers examples for the general format of APA research papers in text citations endnotes footnotes and the reference page For more information please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association 6th edition second printing APA PowerPoint Slide Presentation Select the APA PowerPoint Presentation link in the Media box above to download slides that provide a detailed review of the APA citation style Summary APA American Psychological Association is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences This resource revised according to the 6th edition second printing of the APA manual offers examples for the general format of APA research papers in text citations endnotes footnotes and the reference page For more information please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association 6th edit
80. on quantitative analysis Spreadsheet programs such as Microsoft Excel can generate the graphs for you Scatter plots are composed of individual dots that represent the value of a specific event on the scale established by the two variables plotted on the x and y axes When the dots cluster together a correlation is implied On the other hand when the dots are scattered randomly no correlation is seen Copyright 1995 2013 by The Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced broadcast rewritten or redistributed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use 48 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP 95 8 s 7 ba 6 S 5 4 v 3 2 1 0 1 r r r 1 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Image Caption Scatter Plot Graph Line graphs depict the relationship between quantitative variables Customarily the independent variable is plotted along the x axis horizontally and the dependent variable is plotted along the y axis vertically See example Figure 1 Bar graphs come in three main types 1 solid vertical or horizontal bars 2 multiple bar graphs and 3 sliding bars In solid bar graphs the independent variable is categorical and each bar represents one kind of datum e g a bar graph of monthly expenditures A multiple bar graph can show
81. ormat research papers Using APA 2001 Note In the rare case the Anonymous is used for the author treat it as the author s name Anonymous 2001 In the reference list use the name Anonymous as the author Organization as an Author If the author is an organization or a government agency mention the organization in the signal phrase or in the parenthetical citation the first time you cite the source Copyright 1995 2013 by The Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced broadcast rewritten or redistributed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use 9 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP According to the American Psychological Association 2000 If the organization has a well known abbreviation include the abbreviation in brackets the first time the source is cited and then use only the abbreviation in later citations First citation Mothers Against Drunk Driving MADD 2000 Second citation MADD 2000 Two or More Works in the Same Parentheses When your parenthetical citation includes two or more works order them the same way they appear in the reference list separated by a semi colon Berndt 2002 Harlow 1983 Authors With the Same Last Name To prevent confusion use first initials with the last names E Johnson 2001 L
82. pants found user centered OWL mock up to be easier to use What follows are samples of participants responses e This version is easier to use e Version two seems better organized e It took me a few minutes to learn how to use this version but after that felt more comfortable with it Authors may also use seriation for paragraph length text For seriation within sentences authors may use letters Based on the research conducted by the usability team OWL staff have completed a the OWL site map b integrating graphics with text on the OWL homepage c search boxes on all OWL pages except the orange OWL resources that is pending we do have a search page d moving the navigation bar to the left side of pages on all OWL resources except in the orange area that is pending e piloting the first phase of the three tiered navigation system as illustrated in the new Engagement section Authors may also separate points with bullet lists Based on the research conducted by the usability team OWL staff have completed e the OWLsite map e integrating graphics with text on the OWL homepage e search boxes on all OWL pages except the orange OWL resources that is pending we do have a search page e moving the navigation bar to the left side of pages on all OWL resources except in the orange area that is pending e piloting the first phase of the three tiered navigation system as illustrated in the new Engagement secti
83. pecially when it was their first time p 199 Jones 1998 found students often had difficulty using APA style p 199 what implications does this have for teachers If the author is not named in a signal phrase place the author s last name the year of publication and the page number in parentheses after the quotation She stated Students often had difficulty using APA style Jones 1998 p 199 but she did not offer an explanation as to why Copyright 1995 2013 by The Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced broadcast rewritten or redistributed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use 7 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP Long Quotations Place direct quotations that are 40 words or longer in a free standing block of typewritten lines and omit quotation marks Start the quotation on a new line indented 1 2 inch from the left margin i e in the same place you would begin a new paragraph Type the entire quotation on the new margin and indent the first line of any subsequent paragraph within the quotation 1 2 inch from the new margin Maintain double spacing throughout The parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark Jones s 1998 study found the following Students often had difficulty using APA styl
84. rcase Headings gt Left aligned Boldface Uppercase and Lowercase Heading 3 Indented boldface lowercase heading with a period with a period 5 Indented italicized lowercase heading with a period For example in a scientific report following APA style a report contains three sections Method Results and Discussion Each of these sections start with level 1 headings 4 Indented boldface italicized lowercase heading Methods Level 1 Site of Study Level 2 Participant Population Level 2 Teachers Level 3 Students Level 3 Results Level 1 Spatial Ability Level 2 Test one level 3 Teachers with experience Level 4 Teachers in training Level 4 Test two Level 3 Kinesthetic Ability Level 2 Copyright 1995 2013 by The Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced broadcast rewritten or redistributed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use 59 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP Reducing Bias in Language 3 11 Using precise language is expected in scientific writing and the sixth edition offers new ways in which to talk about research participants note that subjects is still an acceptable term to use but participants is more representative of the individuals roles in the research pr
85. s and simplifies previous heading guidelines Regardless of the number of levels always use the headings in order beginning with level 1 The format of each level is illustrated below Level Format 1 Centered Boldface Uppercase and Lowercase Headings 2 Left aligned Boldface Uppercase and Lowercase Heading 3 Indented boldface lowercase heading with a period Begin body text after the period Copyright 1995 2013 by The Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced broadcast rewritten or redistributed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use 39 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP 4 Indented boldface italicized lowercase heading with a period Begin body text after the period 5 Indented italicized lowercase heading with a period Begin body text after the period Thus if the article has four sections some of which have subsection and some of which don t use headings depending on the level of subordination Section headings receive level one format Subsections receive level two format Subsections of subsections receive level three format For example Method Level 1 Site of Study Level 2 Participant Population Level 2 Teachers Level 3 Students Level 3 Results Level 1 Spatial Ability Level 2 Test one
86. s for referring to the works of others in your essay Note APA style requires authors to use the past tense or present perfect tense when using signal phrases to describe earlier research for example Jones 1998 found or Jones 1998 has found APA Citation Basics When using APA format follow the author date method of in text citation This means that the author s last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text for example Jones 1998 and a complete reference should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper If you are referring to an idea from another work but NOT directly quoting the material or making reference to an entire book article or other work you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication and not the page number in your in text reference All sources that are cited in the text must appear in the reference list at the end of the paper Copyright 1995 2013 by The Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced broadcast rewritten or redistributed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use 6 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP In Text Citation Capitalization Quotes and Italics Underlining e Always capitalize proper nouns including author names and initials D Jones
87. s of fair use 19 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP Author A A amp Author B B Year of publication Title of chapter In A Editor amp B Editor Eds Title of book pages of chapter Location Publisher Note When you list the pages of the chapter or essay in parentheses after the book title use pp before the numbers pp 1 21 This abbreviation however does not appear before the page numbers in periodical references except for newspapers O Neil J M amp Egan J 1992 Men s and women s gender role journeys A metaphor for healing transition and transformation In B R Wainrib Ed Gender issues across the life cycle pp 107 123 New York NY Springer Multivolume Work Wiener P Ed 1973 Dictionary of the history of ideas Vols 1 4 New York NY Scribner s Summary APA American Psychological Association is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences This resource revised according to the 6th edition second printing of the APA manual offers examples for the general format of APA research papers in text citations endnotes footnotes and the reference page For more information please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association 6th edition second printing Reference List Other Print Sources An Entry in an Encyclopedia Bergmann P G 1993 Relativity In The New E ncyclopedia Britannic
88. s site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use 61 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP If the quotation you are using falls at the end of the sentence enclose the quotation with quotation marks without including the quotation s original punctuation Here s a sentence as it appears in the original text Semantic frames domains represent one of the two major organizing principles for conceptual structure Croft amp Cruse 2004 p 32 Here s what the sentence looks like when quoted within a text In arguing for frame semantics Croft and Cruse 2004 asserted Semantic frames domains represent one of the two major organizing principles for conceptual structure p 32 If the quotation has more than 40 words use a block quotation Begin the quotation on a new line and indent a half inch from the left margin Double space the entire quotation and at the end of the quotation provide citation information after the final punctuation mark John Nicholson 1820 anticipated this effect when discussion farming methods in the nineteenth century Perhaps it would be well if some institution were devised and supported at the expense of the State which would be so organized as would tend most effectually to produce a due degree of emulation among Farmers by rewards and honorary distinctions conferred by those who by their successful experimetnal efforts and
89. second printing Reference List Basic Rules Your reference list should appear at the end of your paper It provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any source you cite in the body of the paper Each source you cite in the paper must appear in your reference list likewise each entry in the reference list must be cited in your text Your references should begin on a new page separate from the text of the essay label this page References centered at the top of the page do NOT bold underline or use quotation marks for the title All text should be double spaced just like the rest of your essay Basic Rules e All lines after the first line of each entry in your reference list should be indented one half inch from the left margin This is called hanging indentation e Authors names are inverted last name first give the last name and initials for all authors of a particular work for up to and including seven authors If the work has more than seven authors list the first six authors and then use ellipses after the sixth author s name After the ellipses list the last author s name of the work e Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last name of the first author of each work e For multiple articles by the same author or authors listed in the same order list the entries in chronological order from earliest to most recent Copyright 1995 2013 by The Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdu
90. sic patients Another way is to mention the person first and follow this with a descriptive phrase e g people diagnosed with amnesia although it can be cumbersome to keep repeating phrases like this Copyright 1995 2013 by The Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced broadcast rewritten or redistributed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use 36 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP Summary APA American Psychological Association is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences This resource revised according to the 6th edition second printing of the APA manual offers examples for the general format of APA research papers in text citations endnotes footnotes and the reference page For more information please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association 6th edition second printing APA Stylistics Basics Writing in APA is more than simply learning the formula for citations or following a certain page layout APA also includes the stylistics of your writing from point of view to word choice Point of View and Voice When writing in APA Style you can use the first person point of view when discussing your research steps I studied and when referring to yourself and your co authors
91. st of references though you parenthetically cite them in your main text E Robbins personal communication January 4 2001 Online Forum or Discussion Board Posting Include the title of the message and the URL of the newsgroup or discussion board Please note that titles for items in online communities e g blogs newsgroups forums are not italicized If the author s name is not available provide the screen name Place identifiers like post or message numbers if available in brackets If available provide the URL where the message is archived e g Message posted to archived at Frook B D 1999 July 23 New inventions in the cyberworld of toylandia Msg 25 Message posted to http groups earthlink com forum messages 00025 html Copyright 1995 2013 by The Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced broadcast rewritten or redistributed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use 28 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP Blog Weblog and Video Blog Post Include the title of the message and the URL Please note that titles for items in online communities e g blogs newsgroups forums are not italicized If the author s name is not available provide the screen name J Dean 2008 May 7 When the self emerges Is that me in the
92. such as Helvetica Arial or Futura The font size must be between eight and fourteen point Copyright 1995 2013 by The Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced broadcast rewritten or redistributed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use 52 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP Use circles and squares to distinguish curves on a line graph at the same font size as the other labels See examples above Captions and Legends For figures make sure to include the figure number and a title with a legend and caption These elements appear below the visual display For the figure number type Figure X Then type the title of the figure in sentence case Follow the title with a legend that explains the symbols in the figure and a caption that explains the figure Figure 1 How to create figures in APA style This figure illustrates effective elements in APA style figures Captions serve as a brief but complete explanation and as a title For example Figure 4 Population is insufficient whereas Figure 4 Population of Grand Rapids MI by race 1980 is better If the figure has a title in the image crop it Graphs should always include a legend that explains the symbols abbreviations and terminology used in the figure These terms must b
93. tent Do not repeat the same data in different tables Tables Table Checklist e Is the table necessary e ls the entire table single or double spaced including the title headings and notes e Are all comparable tables presented consistently e ls the title brief but explanatory e Does every column have a column heading e Are all abbreviations special use of italics parentheses and dashes and special symbols explained e Are all probability level values correctly identified and are asterisks attached to the appropriate table entries Is a probability level assigned the same number of asterisks in all the tables in the same document e Are the notes organized according to the convention of general specific probability e Are all vertical rules eliminated e If the table or its data are from another source is the source properly cited e Is the table referred to in the text Copyright 1995 2013 by The Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced broadcast rewritten or redistributed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use 43 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP Tables Data in a table that would require only two or fewer columns and rows should be presented in the text More complex data is better presented in tabular format In order
94. the reference page For more information please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association 6th edition second printing APA Classroom Poster The APA poster at the link below is a printable jpg file you may download and print out at different sizes for use in classrooms writing centers or as a pocket reference Please keep in mind that the file size as a print quality resource 120 dpi is large so it may take a while to download You may adjust the print size of the poster from your print menu As is the poster is 27 x 36 inches Because the poster is quite large standard printers cannot print the poster If you do not have access to a printer that can print large documents contact a local print shop to print the poster The Purdue OWL cannot grant requests to print and mail posters If you do not have access to a print shop to print the poster please use the resources we have available here for printing on standard 8 5 x 11 inch paper Go to resource you would like to print scroll down to the bottom of the page and click Full Resource for Printing Also please note that the poster only contains basic APA guidelines For detailed instructions please see the complete OWL APA resources here The Purdue OWL APA Classroom Poster was developed by Kate Bouwens for the Purdue Professional Writing Purdue OWL Internship class English 490 in spring 2009 Purdue OWL APA Classroom Poster Please note
95. to the 6th edition second printing of the APA manual offers examples for the general format of APA research papers in text citations endnotes footnotes and the reference page For more information please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association 6th edition second printing Statistics in APA Copyright 1995 2013 by The Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced broadcast rewritten or redistributed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use 55 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP When including statistics in written text be sure to include enough information for the reader to understand the study Although the amount of explanation and data included depends upon the study APA Style has guidelines for the representation of statistical information e Do not give references for statistics unless the statistic is uncommon used unconventionally or is the focus of the article e Do not give formulas for common statistics i e mean t test e Donot repeat descriptive statistics in the text if they re represented in a table or figure e Use terms like respectively and in order when enumerating a series of statistics this illustrates the relationship between the numbers in the series Punctuating Statistics Use parentheses to en
96. try of origin Studio or distributor Note If a movie or video tape is not available in wide distribution add the following to your citation after the country of origin Available from Distributor name full address and zip code A Motion Picture or Video Tape with International or National Availability Smith J D Producer amp Smithee A F Director 2001 Really big disaster movie Motion picture United States Paramount Pictures A Motion Picture or Video Tape with Limited Availability Harris M Producer amp Turley M J Director 2002 Writing labs A history Motion picture Available from Purdue University Pictures 500 Oval Drive West Lafayette IN 47907 Copyright 1995 2013 by The Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced broadcast rewritten or redistributed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use 30 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP Television Broadcast or Series Episode Writer W W Writer amp Director D D Director Date of broadcast or copyright Title of broadcast Television broadcast or Television series In P Producer Producer City state of origin Studio or distributor Single Episode of a Television Series Writer W W Writer amp Director D D Director Date of public
97. ts of mood on high elaboration attitude change The mediating role of likelihood judgments European Journal of Social Psychology 24 25 43 Two or More Works by the Same Author in the Same Year If you are using more than one reference by the same author or the same group of authors listed in the same order published in the same year organize them in the reference list alphabetically by the title of the article or chapter Then assign letter suffixes to the year Refer to these sources in your essay as they appear in your reference list e g Berdnt 1981a makes similar claims Berndt T J 1981a Age changes and changes over time in prosocial intentions and behavior between friends Developmental Psychology 17 408 416 Berndt T J 1981b Effects of friendship on prosocial intentions and behavior Child Development 52 636 643 Copyright 1995 2013 by The Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced broadcast rewritten or redistributed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use 16 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP Introductions Prefaces Forewords and Afterwords Cite the publishing information about a book as usual but cite Introduction Preface Foreword or Afterword whatever title is applicable as the chapter of the book F
98. tur adipiscing cla Dooc non protiwm ante Phascites tincidunt wistiqne est vitac tempor Curabnur cros orci socumman vel porttitor vel digmessam ac sem Class aptent taciti soctosqu ad litora torquent per comubia nosira per inceptos hiencnaces Vivamus sagittis mauris opct auguc bibendum iacules Maccenas rutrum diam mom cendienentean comvalles arcu dolor suscipit justo ultrices tencidumt enim turp s vel felis Nallam fingilla fereentuen occi at ewismod mibb blandit faecibus Nam ultricies adipiscing orci vitae adipiscing Cras pretium ipsums vitae oeci tincideant dapibus ct poc diam Nullam in tellus vel panpis saginis posuere Nam pelicnicuguc laoreet magna sit amot adipiscing Pellentesque antic arcu porta cect dignissim ut rhoncus eget est Sod cu ismod quam cu viverra preterm magna velet dignissim lectus sed dictum nisi maaris a arcu Cerab tur sit anset ost aliquet turpis interdiem ocnarc in placerat vestebuleen commodo Nulla vitae arcu risus Dwis vel urna ut dolor pulvinar placerat Alequam sagittis pulwinar aloes Keywords borem ipsum nulla vitac Image Caption APA Abstract Page Please see our Sample APA Paper resource to see an example of an APA paper You may also visit our Additional Resources page for more examples of APA papers How to Cite the Purdue OWL in APA Individual Resources Contributors names and the last edited date can be found in the orange boxes at the top of every page on the OWL Copyright 1
99. unk R amp Kolln M 1998 Introduction In E W Ludlow Ed Understanding English grammar pp 1 2 Needham MA Allyn and Bacon Summary APA American Psychological Association is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences This resource revised according to the 6th edition second printing of the APA manual offers examples for the general format of APA research papers in text citations endnotes footnotes and the reference page For more information please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association 6th edition second printing Reference List Articles in Periodicals Basic Form APA style dictates that authors are named last name followed by initials publication year goes between parentheses followed by a period The title of the article is in sentence case meaning only the first word and proper nouns in the title are capitalized The periodical title is run in title case and is followed by the volume number which with the title is also italicized If a DOI has been assigned to the article that you are using you should include this after the page numbers for the article If no DOI has been assigned and you are accessing the periodical online use the URL of the website from which you are retrieving the periodical Author A A Author B B amp Author C C Year Title of article Title of Periodical volume number issue number pages doi http dx doi org xx xxx
100. use 65 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP David Wolf University of California Berkeley Amanda Blue Brandon University Three authors two affiliations Mariah Meade and Sylvia Earleywine Georgetown University I ve been reading books on my Kindle or Kindle enabled device How do cite Kindle books in APA To cite Kindle or other e book formats you must include the following information The author date of publication title e book version and either the Digital Object Identifer DOI number or the place where you downloaded the book Please note that the DOI place of download is used in place of publisher information Here s an example Stoker B 1897 Dracula Kindle DX version Retrieved from Amazon com How do you cite YouTube videos in APA According to current APA citation guidelines a YouTube video should be cited as a web document For specific citation guidelines please refer to the subheading Nonperiodical Web Document Web Page or Report by clicking here to visit the Purdue OWL s APA citation reference guide I m including clip art in my APA style PowerPoint presentation How do properly cite the clip art that I m going to use If you are using the clip art simply to adorn your PowerPoint presentation you don t need to cite it The 6 Edition of the APA manual does not offer a specific discussion of this issue but it seems unnecessary to provi
101. ut apostrophe or italicization vols IQs Eds Copyright 1995 2013 by The Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced broadcast rewritten or redistributed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use 54 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP Exception Do not add s to pluralize units of measurement 12 m not 12 ms Abbreviations in Citations Citations should be as condensed as possible so you should know the basic rules of abbreviation endorsed by the APA to provide your readers with reference information Always abbreviate the first and middle names of authors editors etc Shakespeare W Chomsky N Use the following abbreviations within citations take note of capitalization APA Citation Abbreviations edition ed revised edition Rev ed Second Edition 2 ed Editor s Ed or Eds Translator s Trans No date n d Page s p or pp Volume s Vol or Vols Number No Part Pt Technical Report Tech Rep Supplement Suppl Contributors Joshua M Paiz Elizabeth Angeli Jodi Wagner Elena Lawrick Kristen Moore Michael Anderson Lars Soderlund Allen Brizee Russell Keck Summary APA American Psychological Association is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences This resource revised according
102. uthor A A Year of publication Title of work Capital letter also for subtitle Location Publisher Note For Location you should always list the city and the state using the two letter postal abbreviation without periods New York NY Calfee R C amp Valencia R R 1991 APA guide to preparing manuscripts for journal publication Washington DC American Psychological Association Edited Book No Author Duncan G J amp Brooks Gunn J Eds 1997 Consequences of growing up poor New York NY Russell Sage Foundation Edited Book with an Author or Authors Plath S 2000 The unabridged journals K V Kukil Ed New York NY Anchor A Translation Laplace P S 1951 A philosophical essay on probabilities F W Truscott amp F L Emory Trans New York NY Dover Original work published 1814 Note When you cite a republished work like the one above in your text it should appear with both dates Laplace 1814 1951 Edition Other Than the First Helfer M E Kempe R S amp Krugman R D 1997 The battered child Sth ed Chicago IL University of Chicago Press Article or Chapter in an Edited Book Copyright 1995 2013 by The Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced broadcast rewritten or redistributed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and condition
103. y appear in a sentence in parentheses the footnote number should be inserted within the parentheses Scientists examined over several years the fossilized remains of the wooly wooly yak These have now been transferred to the Chauan Museum When using the footnote function in a word processing program like Microsoft Word place all footnotes at the bottom of the page on which they appear Footnotes may also appear on the final page of your document usually this is after the References page Center the word Footnotes at the top of the page Indent five spaces on the first line of each footnote Then follow normal paragraph spacing rules Double space throughout 1 While the method of examination for the wooly wooly yak provides important insights to this research this document does not focus on this particular species Content Notes Content Notes provide supplemental information to your readers When providing Content Notes be brief and focus on only one subject Try to limit your comments to one small paragraph Content Notes can also point readers to information that is available in more detail elsewhere See Blackmur 1995 especially chapters three and four for an insightful analysis of this extraordinary animal Copyright Permission Notes If you quote more than 500 words of published material or think you may be in violation of Fair Use copyright laws you must get the formal permission of the author
104. ype the shortened title inside the header as you wish it to appear throughout your document Using APA how do cite an author if their work is referenced more than once in a single paragraph Here s what the 6 edition of the APA manual says Within a paragraph when the name of the author is part of the narrative you need not include the year in subsequent nonparenthetical references to a study as long as the study cannot be confused with other studies cited in the article Do include the year in all parenthetical citations pg 174 In other words every time you bring up the author in a new paragraph you should use the year but you don t have to within a paragraph as long as it s clear from your wording that you are discussing the same author If you were giving a direct quotation that needed a parenthetical reference for the page number then you d include the year as well How do cite a work that has no listed author in an APA style paper According to the OWL website s resource on APA style citations When your essay includes parenthetical citations of sources with no author named use a shortened version of the source s title instead of an author s name Use quotation marks and italics as appropriate For example parenthetical citations of the source above would appear as follows Merriam Webster s 1993 The bibliographical citation is as follows Merriam Webster s collegiate dictionary 10 ed 1993
105. yyyyy Article in Journal Paginated by Volume Journals that are paginated by volume begin with page one in issue one and continue numbering issue two where issue one ended etc Harlow H F 1983 Fundamentals for preparing psychology journal articles Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 55 893 896 Copyright 1995 2013 by The Writing Lab amp The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University All rights reserved This material may not be published reproduced broadcast rewritten or redistributed without permission Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use 17 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION APA CITATION AND REFERENCE HELP Article in Journal Paginated by Issue Journals paginated by issue begin with page one every issue therefore the issue number gets indicated in parentheses after the volume The parentheses and issue number are not italicized or underlined Scruton R 1996 The eclipse of listening The New Criterion 15 3 5 13 Article in a Magazine Henry W A Ill 1990 April 9 Making the grade in today s schools Time 135 28 31 Article in a Newspaper Unlike other periodicals p or pp precedes page numbers for a newspaper reference in APA style Single pages take p e g p B2 multiple pages take pp e g pp B2 B4 or pp C1 C3 C4 Schultz S 2005 December 28 Calls made to strengthen state energy policies The Country Today pp 1

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