Internet of Things through Motes
Contents
1. from any remote location Thus we can have control over our garden even without being physically present This spares us from all worries regarding gardening and water scarcity This paper describes the hardware and software architecture of a fully automated gardening system which uses motes for data acquisition aggregation and communication The paper also discusses the detailed inplementation of the system supported by both hardware and software description Finally the paper concludes with the performance analysis of system with the previously existing gardening system Keywords Wireless Sensor Networks IOT Motes MICAz TinyOS Sensors I INTRODUCTION India is a country in which a good majority of the population depends upon agricultural revenues The main challenges in the sector are to maintain a good productive despite of the environmental and human challenges The environmental challenges include the different climatic conditions proper irrigation maintaining the acidity or alkalinity of the soil Another major challenge is the shortage of labor resources Humanity depends on water and agriculture for survival so optimal sustainable and profitable use of our land and water resource are critical Technology is growing up and today s technology is capable of automating the whole agricultural systems Wireless Sensor Networks WSN play a key role in it By using the WSN we can devise a cost effective and reliable micro sensors which c2. Relay Light Fan Tabular representation of all hardwares used in our work is shown in Table 1 IV SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE The implementation is done in TinyOS TinyOS is an open source lightweight operating system designed by U C 8 Berkeley specifically for embedded systems with low power and very limited resources It differs from other operating systems in that its design focuses on ultra low power operation It provides a set of important services and abstractions such as sensing radio communication storage and timers It defines a concurrent execution model TinyOS applications and systems are written in nesC language nesC is an enhanced version of C with features to reduce RAM and code size TinyOS provides a component model a concurrent model and an Application programming interface API The component model is grounded in nesC which allows us to write a piece of reusable code which explicitly declare their dependencies The concurrent model enables TinyOS to support many components Every I O operation in TinyOS is split phase rather than block until completion a request returns immediately and the caller gets a callback when the I O completes TinyOS has a set of APIs for common functionality such as reading sensors sending packets and responding to events We have to write two programs One is the main program and another is the wiring program V Web Interface The web backend is powered by PHP and Java 9 The data is stored
3. 20 As the liquid level rises the measured resistance decreases and when the liquid level falls measured resistance increases Fig 4 represents an eTape water level indicator 2013 IJARCSSE All Rights Reserved Page 1700 Gandhiraj etal International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering 3 6 June 2013 pp 1698 1705 Fig 4 eTape 2 Soil Moisture and pH tester Soil moisture and pH tester are manufactured by Takemura Electric Works LTD 7 for garden and home use It can be used either as a moisture sensor or pH sensor by using the switch DM 15 When Dm 15 is pressed it act as a pH sensor and when depresses it acts as a soil moisture sensor Meters metallic electrode surface Before using for gardening purpose usefulness of the soil should be tested It is necessary to neutralize the soil which make it absorb manures effectively This is done by adding lime to it But when the amount of lime content in soil increases manganese will be depleted So before gardening it is very necessary to measure the pH content of the soil which shows the hydrogen ion content Soil moisture is also very important Each plant requires a different amount of water So watering should be done by according to water requirement Fig 5 represents the soil moisture and pH sensor Moisture sensor connected to a potted plant is shown in Fig 9 Fig 5 Soil Moisture and pH Sensor E Control devices AC motor Valve
4. Sensor Board MDA1L00CB Sensors Light state OFF Sensors Temprature Sensors Moisture Connecting to neethu duzzale com Fig 6 Web interface developed for TinyOS application O root neethu inspiron N4030 fhome neethu neethuGneethu Inspiron N4030 su Password Setting up for TinyOS 2 1 1 Repository Version Setting up for TinyOS 2 1 1 Repository Version rooteneethu Inspiron N4030 home neethu java net tinyos tools Listen comm seri al dev ttyUSB1 57600 serial dev ttyUSB1 57600 resynchronising 00 00 02 02 22 06 00 00 62 O02 22 O06 00 00 62 92 22 606 00 00 82 02 22 9H Fig 7 showing the light values received using Java Listen tool VI RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Based on the study we were able to plot the distribution of temperature of the ecosystem soil moisture pH of the soil water level and Light intensity over a period of time We are collecting the data so that we can develop a Yield Factor which could help to utilize the resources effectively to improve the productivity Based on our research we have found that the essential factors needed for the growth of a plant are Good Lighting and Watering The plant needs to be watered at regular intervals of time We have grown the same plant in external conditions and found that the yield of the plants cultivated by our technology are high when compared to the reference plant If proper and regular manures and minerals are supplied the plant can deliver good results B
5. Volume 3 Issue 6 June 2013 ISSN 2277 128X International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering Research Paper Available online at www ijarcsse com Internet of Things through Motes Neethu Prasannan Akhil Manikkoth Gandhiraj R Soman K P Center for Excellence in Computational Engineering amp Networking Department of ECE Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham India www ijarcsse com Abstract In this hectic life schedule of mankind finding time to refresh has turned out to be an infeasible task But it is vital for maintaining our productivity not just in professional life but also in social life Gardening is surely a leisure time activity which involves both the physical and psychological aspects On the other hand it shows justice to our environmental obligation of keeping the planet green However the practice of gardening needs some sincere investment of our time and care But we may not always be available to our garden In this paper we present a smart low cost wireless digital gardening technique The technique uses an automated system which intimates us about the whole related parameters for keeping our garden nourished This paper also describes the integration of WSNs with IOT technology and also determining a yield factor which can be used for increasing productivity in similar environments We can also monitor the soil moisture temperature light pH and water level through a web interface
6. actured by crossbow is connected to MICAz via the standard 51 pin expansion connector The MDA100 series sensor boards have a light sensor photocell a precision thermistor and general prototyping area that supports connection to all eight channels of the Mote s analog to digital converter ADCO 7 both USART serial ports and the I2C digital communications bus The prototyping area also consists of 45 unconnected holes which can be used for connecting external sensors and control devices The MDA100CB sensor board used in our system is shown in Fig 3 C Interface Board For connecting MICAz mote to the PC we used MIB520 interface board provides a serial USB interface for both programming and data communications MICAz Mote Fig 3 MDAI00CB Sensor Board D Sensors The sensor board MDAI100CB which we are using has an inbuilt light and temperature sensors which consist of an internal circuitry in which the resistance varies depending upon the sensing values External sensors we used for our studies are soil moisture sensor soil pH sensor and a water level indicator 1 eTape eTape is a Continuous Fluid Level Sensor manufactured by Milone Technologies Limited 6 The eTape s envelope is compressed by the hydrostatic pressure of the fluid in which it is immersed resulting in a change in resistance which corresponds to the distance from the top of the sensor to the fluid surface The eTape is modeled as a variable resistor 60 550 Q
7. an be used in a large scale to monitor and control the parameters that control the plant yields 1 Wireless sensor networks can revolutionize soil ecology The general availability and reduction in the cost of micro sensors and low power wireless communications has enabled the deployment of densely distributed sensor networks for numerous environmental monitoring applications 2 This system is self configuring communication is multi hop and nodes can be used to actuate switches which can be utilized for automated monitoring and controlling functions This paper presents a smart and low cost gardening system which finds an ultimate solution for the problems regarding water scarcity and agricultural productivity Being centered around WSN the system can bring in considerable changes to the agricultural system WSN is a collection of small low cost low power short range nodes which will work collaboratively to sense and process various physical permits and distribute the data effectively over a network Wireless sensor device that we have used in our gardening system is motes Its small size enables its deployment in large areas easily and can be effectively utilized to measure and monitor various environmental parameters like light temperature pH moisture etc The basic structure of a mote consist of a computational device a communication platform a sensing platform and a power source Various sensors can be connected to these motes and each will a
8. ct as independent sensor nodes and will sense the physical parameters and process them and can communicate to a central base station Thus the various gardening and environmental parameters can be accessed from Base station A structured study of the parameters over a period of time can help us to derive an optimal value of the environmental parameters required for a garden and by making use of these factors we can increase the yield to a good extend This paper also presents the integration of WSN with IOT IOT Internet of Things is a network of internet enabled objects 3 The smart gardening system we present here can be accessed remotely As we are all well connected to the Internet we designed this project in such a way that the parameters can be accessed worldwide The online part is a high performance server which is capable of processing all the values received from the base station process store and can visualize the factors in a real time graphical web interface 2013 IJARCSSE All Rights Reserved Page 1698 Gandhiraj etal International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering 3 6 June 2013 pp 1698 1705 Il SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE Our system architecture basically consists of a group of small sensing devices powered by a limited source of power which collects the information about the physical parameters such as light temperature moisture pH of the soil and the level of reserve water storage F
9. ect We are planning to incorporate solar cells for the power source The motes can be made more energy efficient by making them work in the low power mode and utilizing the maximum of the technology to implement localization and clustering with the motes We are also aiming at developing the web interface to a next level so that the whole system can be controlled and monitored simultaneously with the help of an Internet connected PDA We are planning to develop an Android application which can help to send alert messages when certain level of parameters fall behind the threshold value Acknowledgment We thank Mr Premanand Mr Sachin Kumar and Mr Nidhin Prabhakar T V Research Associates in CEN Amrita School of Engineering Coimbatore for their assistance in our experimental work We also express sincere gratitude to Mr Vinod C K for his support in laboratory set up References 1 Constantinos Marios Angelopoulos Sotiris Nikoletseas Georgios Constantinos A Smart System for Garden Watering using Wireless Sensor Networks MobiWac 11 October 31 November 4 2011 2 Kazem Sohraby Daniel Minoli Taieb Znati A John Wiley amp Sons INC Publication Wireless Sensor Networks Technology Protocols and Applications 3 Ji Chun Zhao Jun Feng Zhang Yu Feng and Jian xin Guo The Study and Application of IOT Technologies in Agriculture 3rd IEEE International Conference on Computer Science and Information Technolo
10. gy ICCSIT 2010 Vol 2 pp 462 465 July 2010 4 MICAz data sheet by Cross bow Technology http www openautomation net uploadsproductos micaz_datasheet pdf 5 Crossbow MTS MDA Sensor Board User s Manual Revision A June 2007 6 MILONE Tecghnologies etape Continuous Fluid Level Sensor Operating Instructions and Application Notes 7 Manual for Soil pH and moisture sensor by Takemura Electric Works LTD 8 Philip Levis David Gay TinyOS Programming Cambridge University Press oc ECOC 00 2000 paper 11 3 4 p 109 9 http www neethu duzzale com 10 Aitor Hernandez Communication Between PC and Motes in TinyOS 25 July 2011 11 David Kohanbash Anhinav Valada George Kantor Basestation Design and Architecture for Wireless Sensor Networks CIGR Ageng July 2012 12 Jayavardhana Gubbi Rajkumar Buyya Slaven Marusic Marimuthu Palaniswamia Internet of Things IoT A Vision Architectural Elements and Future Directions coRR July 2012 13 http www tinyos net visited on April 2013 2013 IJARCSSE All Rights Reserved Page 1704 Gandhiraj etal International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering 3 6 June 2013 pp 1698 1705 Table 1 Hardware components Ss eo 8 inch 34 99 oil Moisture and pH Sensor Rs 3000 poe 2013 IJARCSSE All Rights Reserved Page 1705
11. ig 1 represents the system architecture Each node will send the collected data to a central base station or sink node over a wireless channel The base station is the main mote to which all child nodes report to and is connected to a PC The mote PC communication is made possible by the usage of a powerful Java framework designed by our team The application is capable of extracting each and every data packets received at the base station categorize them and store them in a local server which will be updated in real time to an online web server powered by the Internet Cloud We have designed the system in such a way that the human effort can be minimized to a great extent The base station mote network itself acts as an intelligent system which will make sure that the environmental factors are within the optimum limits No human interference is needed to correct a variation in any of the parameters monitored If any abnormalities or deficiencies are found the system initiates the repair mechanism which will eliminate the threats with the help of electro mechanical devices Our system can be accessed remotely and thus the user can monitor the garden parameters at any place at any time can monitor the devices through a web connected PC laptop tablet or a Smartphone For the case study we used Aquaponics and gardening system which was set up in our department premisis Fig 8 For testing the soil pH and moisture we used a potted hibiscus plant which requ
12. in a Mysql database and is synced with the base station at regular intervals or in real time The web interface is a powerful script which can decrypt the messages coming from each sensor node and can interpret the data and display it as per our needs The data are plotted as a graph and is displayed on the main page It also displays the real time status of all the sensor nodes connected to the base station It is capable of recording the values of temperature the pH of soil water level and other parameters The web interface is built in such a way that the value gets updated on each and every second A typical snapshot of our web interface designed for TinyOS application is shown in Fig 6 2013 IJARCSSE All Rights Reserved Page 1701 Gandhiraj etal International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering 3 6 June 2013 pp 1698 1705 TINY OS real time Data Monitor by neethu prasannan Mozilla Firefox cn es ee D 3 29PM neethu gt Connecting http neethu duzzale com Realtime Monitor This page demonstrates a tinyos based sensor network and its values Light Sensor Temprature Sensor Moisture sensor Light Intensity Temprature Value Moisture Intensity External Light External FAN Drip Setting PH sqy6or Water Level PH Level Water Level Neutralization Pump Temprature graph vs Time MOTE Status Platform MICAZ Developer CrossBow TOS Version 2 1 1 TOS Path opvtinyos 2 1 1
13. ires regular watering Based on the moisture level watering is done automatically through a mote driven ac motor and thereby minimizing wastage of water Environmental parametrs like light and temperature is measured around the aquaponics system The light values are controlled by using a mote based external plant light source When the light intensity falls beyond the optimum threshold the lights are powered on The temperature is regulated using an external fan Water required for our gardening system is supplied from a tank in which the water level is controlled by a water level indicator Thus the user can be aware of availabilty of water resources for the gardening system In short our system consists of 4 sensor nodes 3 control systems and a web interface The Web interface records the values for each day and stores it in its database the data is extracted and is analysed over a period of one month The data values lead us to the different patterns in which the resources are being used by the plants From the resultant data we are trying to develop a yield factor if developed can be used in a great extent to revolutionize the agricultural sector 1 Light Sensor 2 Temperature Sensor 3 Soil moisture and pH sensor 4 Water level indicator CONTROL CENTRAL BASE MODULES STATION VISUALIZATION CONTROL MODULE WEB INTERFACE Fig 1 System Architecture M HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE For our implementation wireless sens
14. or platform we used is MICAz Data acquisition is done by using the MDA100CB sensor board which has a thermistor light sensor and general prototyping area This prototyping area is used for connecting external sensors relays and motor A Sensor Platform MICAz is a low power mote module manufactured by crossbow technologies limited which operates at 2 4 GH 4 It basically consist of an IEEE 802 15 4 compliant RF transceiver and a direct sequence spread spectrum radio which is 2013 IJARCSSE All Rights Reserved Page 1699 Gandhiraj etal International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering 3 6 June 2013 pp 1698 1705 resistant to RF interference and provides inherent data security It has a data rate 250kbps Processor amp Radio Platform used is MPR2400CA The MPR2400 is based on the Atmel ATmegal28L This single processor board can do sensing processing and communication simultaneously MICAz consist of a 51 pin expansion connector which supports Digital I O Analog Inputs Inter Integrated Circuit I2C SPI and Universal Asynchronous Receive Transmit UART interfaces Using these interfaces MICAz can be easily connected to a wide variety of external peripherals Fig 2 represents a MICAz mote with the MIB520 interface board B Sensor Board For connecting the various sensors and control devices to MICAz interface board used is MDA100CB 5 which provides a serial USB interface MDA100CB manuf
15. y utilizing the technology of WSN with motes and TinyOS we have found that if automated the human labor can be decreased to a greater extent and productivity can be increased by a considerable amount The test gave us a good opportunity to make use of the technology that can be used for improvising the agricultural community Typical light values obtained are shown in Fig 7 Relay board connected to a mote is shown in Fig 10 Fig 8 Aquaponics and gardening system set up in our department premises 2013 IJARCSSE All Rights Reserved Page 1702 Gandhiraj etal International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering 3 6 June 2013 pp 1698 1705 Fig 9 Moisture sensor connected to potted plant Fig 10 Mote connected to relay board Temprature graph vs Time 20 15 10 0 a state OFF Light Intensity graph vs Time 20 15 10 fy f 4 0 state ON PH graph vs Time 7 30 7 25 7 20 7 15 7 05 state ON 2013 IJARCSSE All Rights Reserved Page 1703 Gandhiraj etal International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering 3 6 June 2013 pp 1698 1705 Moisture graph vs Time LO o i i 2 state ON Water Level graph vs Time 100 20 l i i F state ON Fig 7 Readings obtained through web interface VI Future Works We are aiming to extend the project to be an energy efficient proj
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