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User Manual for IMBA Professional Series

1. 125 Wound Case Thyroid Measurement Thyroid activity pti 3n ku Bn ou 120 120 Tire d wir wound incidint Figure 0 152 Thyroid uptake and retention predicted for rapid release of 25 from the wound site to the blood 150 T50 120 IMBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases 111 The assumed uptake rate of 100 d accounts well for the observed rapid initial uptake of I by the thyroid but not for the apparent retention of I in the thyroid up to 34 d after the incident The calculated total value of the 7 statistic as shown in the Table Tool Figure D 153 is 32 2 This is substantially higher than the expected value 9 which is equal to the number of data points Measurement Measurement Theoretical Pate me ror 7 eos Heinnemeni Time d LE 02 5 000 3 2000E 03 0 00 6 250E 0C 1 5031 66657 02 2 03 Feal 3000E 03 NORM 000 00 4444 H CODEDGOOE 402 000 03 Heal 2 DOE 03 NORM 2291 03 1 320 KC 41063333333 00 1 2000 04 Final 3000E 03 1 6273 04 ee 7TJ083333333 400 1 0000 04 3 LEEM 3 163 0 1305333333 441 1 5000 4 Real 3000E 3 NORM l35b4E O4 156E 4086333333 01 1 6000 04 3000E 03 NORM 3 2471E 03 5 067 0 508 3133
2. feens Bad Elective 5v sem Indicator Blues Annus Comed Doses cd qn ia n Lumen Operation Intake Regime 1 Apphing Splitting Rule to Esophagus The amp already a named cogan so the Splitting nale vall mot apple Equevalent Dose bo remade i 1 B8E 05 Mass wanghbed emander s H 3 We ICRP WT ICRP 68 ICRP HE Model Figure D 111 Dose calculated from the second solution of the tritium routine monitoring example case 2 Effect of using Fewer Sampling Intervals in the Automated Procedure In order to examine the effect of using fewer sampling intervals in the automated analysis we repeated the Automated Tritium Intake Estimation and Dose Calculation using 13 sets of 5 measured values rows of data instead of 6 sets of 10 values plus a residual set of 5 values The resulting calculated doses are shown in Table D 11 They are to be compared with those shown in Table D 9 where the monitoring period was divided into seven parts In both cases it was assumed that intakes occurred at the mid point of the corresponding sampling interval Table D 11 Total committed effective dose calculated for each monitoring period Total Committed Effective Dose Monitoring period d uSv 1 0 35 19 9 2 35 70 4 7 3 70 119 3 6 4 119 161 1 9 5 161 196 1 9 6 196 259 7 4 7 259 301 25 5 8 301 343 40 9 9 343 392 11 3 10 392 427 168 11 42
3. 2 458 01 C Phor Distribution 2 AEM Leg Likekheod 1 aire 1 T2E D1 Probability of intake 147E k 126 0 Cakoulations prm 3 da No Caes 220 TZEN 4 aue Re Calculate Distribution 2456 02 MEN Update Graph D DOE OO 1 00 1 01 1E 02 1 03 1E 04 1 05 1E 06 kiaka fec Figure D 163 Calculated posterior probability distribution for the amount of intake The calculated statistics of the posterior probability distribution are shown in Figure D 164 KEETE Y axiz Thin 1 Intervals 10 Y min 0 00E 00 Intervals 10 semas 1000000 2 4 01 Show Gridines log lin Show Gridlines log ln Format Format f Scientific f Scientific Dec Pl Mo Dec Pl o Llec Fics 0 umeed PRE 2 Mumerical Statistics Median g 5271E 04 Mode 8 52256 04 35 6 6939 04 1 05266 05 Mean A 5200 04 30 07676 03 Figure D 164 Calculated statistics of the posterior probability distribution The calculated statistics of the posterior probability distribution of intake amount are Median value 85 271 pCi Modal most likely value 85 225 pCi Mean value 85 200 pCi Standard Deviation 9 077 pCi e 10 7 of the Mean 95 Confidence Interval 66 939 pCi 105 260 pCi 118 I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases D 11 References Bihl DE Carbaugh EH Sula MJ Aldridge TL Human data
4. Format Format To 1000000 Scientiic Scientiic Gaussian o NoDecPis p oN NoDecPks 2 oN CL Cancel Statistics Alpha Median 9 80508 03 Mode 9805 03 S5XC 9 0 03 1 06513E 04 Mem jas 50 35953602 SEI Figure D 138 Calculating and displaying the statistical parameters of the posterior probability distribution of intake I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases 101 In this example the statistical parameters of the intake distribution are Median 9 805 0 Ba Mean 9 805 1 Ba Mode 9 805 3 Bq Standard Deviation 358 53 Bq 95 Confidence Interval 9 091 10 519 Ba Note 1 This distribution is very close to normal symmetrical Note 2 As expected the calculated median of the posterior probability distribution of intake 9 805 Bq is IDENTICAL to the mean value calculated by least squares but the standard deviation of the intake distribution 358 5 Bq is NOT the same as the standard error of the intake calculated by least squares 978 2 Bq Bayesian Analysis INTAKE GRAPH CALCULA Prior Distribution f r Intake Regime 1 p Select Giaph to Piet 91 Ba 1 00 00 Pra Distrbulion f Fi E Log Funchon of intake Calculations s e E 200 1006403 H M Re Calculate Distribution Update Graph Probability Density IRA Means Y a
5. Annual Committed Doses tool Eff Dose from Effective Hii IM Dose 5v 5 Total 3 33E 05 3 33E 05 4 04 4 04 9 956 06 9 956 06 4 79E 04 4 79E O4 Figure 0 92 Annual committed doses 1986 1987 and 1988 Tip The effective dose committed during the first 70 d period of monitoring can also be calculated easily from the tabulated values of effective dose resulting from each discrete intake Figure D 90 together with the tabulated duration of each intake Table D 7 The required value is the sum of 37 0 uSv from IR1 and 30 110 x 8 1 uSv from IR2 33 2 uSv rounded You can extract the dose committed during any other monitoring period in the same way 0 6 6 Using the Tritium Monitoring Tool The Tritium Routine Monitoring Tool works independently of the standard Bioassay Data to Intake calculation mode for determining the occurrence and amounts of discrete tritium intakes that was described in the previous section Here we will describe how you set up and use the Tritium Routine Monitoring Tool from scratch to calculate intakes and committed doses automatically from the bioassay data in this case the whole body retention of HTO at a series of time points that is derived from the urinalysis samples 0 6 7 Setting Up the Tritium Tool After clicking the New button or opening IMBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition from its desktop icon you first e Selec
6. Bioassay Calculations Save Tritium INTAKES CALCULATION BIOASSAY QUANTITY Ri I2 I C maeeBenw IR3 38116 02 89 9 24 1970 1 000E 00 5000 04 Res Graph C Tabe Hide Uire tool E rss A m E m rud ks Ir Hide gt Figure D 41 Calculated Intakes with corresponding best fit to the data for assumed Type M absorption behavior 24 IMBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases In this example with the selected values of Model Parameters the calculated Intakes are IR1 0 91 Ba e IR2 398 6 IR3 381 1 Figure 0 41 shows that the resulting fit to data points is poor especially 1 in not representing the well defined peak from IR3 in the measured urine data with its subsequent rapid decay at 9 963 2 in predicting zero urinary excretion from IR1 0 prior to the second intake from IR2 on May 8 1971 at 9 464 d To improve the fit to the measured urinary excretion data it is necessary to review and modify appropriately the assumed Model Parameters for each Intake Regime For example since the absorption behavior of the inhaled material is unknown it is reasonable to change this for all 3 IRs and see the effect on the data fit Changing the absorption behavior for All IRs to Type S with the associated value of f 0 00001 and recalculating the
7. 00 ODE 00 DDE 00 TUDE 00 00 RODE pa DUE 00 00 0 008 00 QLOOE 00 00 DDE 00 10 OE 00 D ODE 00 LODE Do 0 0DE 00 00 D OOE 00 D OOE 00 QLODE 00 0 00 00 O 00E 00 0 00 00 D DOE 00 000E 00 CLODE 00 4046 07 0 07 2 06 860 07 1 418 05 2 58 07 1 28E 07 3 45E 07 S amp SE 07 151E 06 5 3E 7 EE 416 2 3 0E 406 3 33E 05 6 156 07 3 7E 07 38E 07 8 7E 08 1 26 07 A amp lE 07 52 17 1 9207 2 EE tb z 15E 06 2 5 08 5 SBE 7 151E 06 5 G36 7 EE 6 230 406 3 33E 15 13 07 3E D 38E 07 NODE 00 CLOOE 00 E 00 LOE 00 00 DOE 00 00 00 CODE 00 00 CLO0E 00 DONE 00 00 ONE 00 DLDOE 0 00 100E 00 200E 00 00 00 LOGE 00 DO DLOOE Do 000E 00 CLODE 00 BOVE 406 26 407 A 1 07 ESEU TE Z REGE UB 5 T5E 06 2 5 Q 5 3BE 09 100E 00 200E 00 D DDE 00 Q DOE 00 0 00E OD DO D OOE Da CLODE 00 QLODE DO D OOE 00 D OOE 00 D DDE 00 MODE 00 0 006 00 000 00 DL OOE 00 DDDE 00 CLODE DO D OOE 00 00 00 Q 00E 00 0 00 00 0 0 00 00 000 00 O ODE 00 00E 00 DLOOE 00 DLOOE 00 00 0E 00 0 00E 00 DOCE 00 Dude 00 ge 00 CODE 00 A 63E 07 1 51E 06 5 53E 0b 7 EE 06 2E 06 05 E 196 07 3U7E 07 8 3 07 17 151E 06 5 3E 06 2 06 3 33E 05 E 1
8. 10 2 assumplien E Pie tal ka 1 800 00 LOGN ORE eganic HET Constanl c pe 1 600 00 LOGOFF I4 2523x406 1 800E 00 LOGN OR 1 B00E 00 LOGNORI 1 800 DO LOGNOR Monitoring Perinde Measurement Data Whole Body Intake Bq 1 800 400 LOGNORE gt AS 35HE 06 Ba Specify the monastaring conesponding bo each measurement IRE Ey LLL Start day End day Ini 1 287 06 Bar IR 1 B 4805E 04 4 DIESE IRS Bg e 2706E 03 p 25225606 S 35710E 06 E TONE DA Wid B iie T PEEM 1 POSSE 06 E 4 5 64536 03 1 3985E 05 Progress Indicar IR 10 1 36436 04 Deposition o ___BefautMontorng Periode EdkMeammement Data Tis launches the Table Tool Binarzap Cade Opeiahan H3 fil Figure D 94 Opening the Tritium Routine Monitoring Tool with Whole Body data already in the Table Tool from Case22 HTO MP ix If you open the Tritium Routine Monitoring Tool when the Table Tool already contains bioassay data in this case Whole Body data the first 10 rows of Time day and Value Bq data will be displayed automatically in the tritium tool Figure D 94 under the heading Measurement Data whole Body The tritium tool will also display the last calculated values of intake amounts R7 through 10 under the heading Inta
9. Gpe HoDecPis n Pru MoDecPis Legeomal Lince Stahshes Median Mode T H J Ok 56 Calculate Statistics Figure D 133 Bayesian Analysis screen as it appears for a New case with no bioassay data loaded If you have previously calculated the amount of intake e g using the maximum likelihood or least squares method the X axis in the Bayesian Analysis tool will auto range accordingly when the tool is opened Figure D 134 98 I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases Bayesian Analysis INTAKE GRAPH CALCULATION II Log Likelihood Function for Intake Regime 1 Select Graph to Plat IR1 asosp n3 10 Prior Distrbulion 09 Log Likelihood 88 Funchan 07 C Probability of intake Q 05 Hs Calculations ga p NeCaes 200 H n3 02 Re Calculate Distribution 04 Update Graph 0 0 i i200 2000 OO 000 S000 e000 Food BOUC S000 30000 intake Bu AUTO CALC IF1 yards Select Pri Probstebly Distibubion mn 0 Inhervals 10 Yn Ho Interval 10 Uniform P aramater aures 10000 Yaa 1 p ShowGndines bg i in Gidra t kg im F C dress ds Foret Format i 1000000 Scenic Ecwnhc C Gawin To 5 eer NoDecPics 1 a Men Mee A za Calculate Statistics Figure 0 134 Auto ranging of X axis
10. Measurement Enar 2 000 03 NORM S 000E 03 NORM 8 33311 373 02 6 000E 03 Real 2000 03 NORM 40630735 400 1 4000E 04 Real 3000E 03 NORM 7063333333 400 1 0000 04 Real 3000E Q3 NORM 1 308333333 401 1 5000 04 Real 3000E 03 NORM 3408333333 01 T 6000E 04 Real 3000E 03 NORM 7506233350 01 3000E 03 Real 3000E 03 NORM 1 3900232273 402 03 Real 2U00E 3 NORM 10 Figure 0 147 Input data on thyroid uptake of with assumed error distributions D 10 1 Setting Up the Wound Intake Scenario The necessary steps carried out in the Main Screen are 1 Setthe Reference Date i e the Date and Time of the incident 2 Selectthe Indicator Nuclide j e lodine 125 Selectthe Wound radio button to define the Intake Scenario in the Model Parameters panel Figure D 148 Selecting Wound as the Intake Scenario will automatically activate the Wound model button displayed in pink in Figure 0 148 XS Main Screen File Edt Porsmeters Csloulstions Took Advanced D 89 Ge Open Save Quick Save Lows Losd Report Help m 32 5 amp 1125 Wound ix p IMBA Expert OCAS Edition nrpb Intake Scenario Intake Regimes Units indic Y mes Enter Humber of Intake na peenar mu eae hee Tepme Date Select Fadionucde Ha IR 1
11. 61 I Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases D 6 6 USING THE TRITIUM MONITORING TOOL cccccsccececcececcececcececcececescecescecessecssscesuscecescecesceceecs 62 D627 SETTING UP THE FRITIUM TOOL sitet ee etic ice e i ee Gu uqa 62 D 6 8 LOADING TRITIUM DATA ALREADY IN THE TABLE TOOL cceccececcececcececcsceccscececcecescsceceeces 64 D 6 9 LOADING TRITIUM DATA WITH THE IMPORT WIZARD ccceccececcecececcececcsceccscecescecscecsesceceeces 66 D 6 10 AUTOMATED FITTING OF TRITIUM INTAKES cccscceccsccscecceccsccscesceccecescescescscescescscesescescesceses 70 D 6 11 AUTOMATED TRITIUM DOSE CALCULATION ccccccecceccsccscecceccecescscescecescescescscescescescssescesceseuses 73 D 6 12 EFFECT OF ASSUMED HTO INTAKE PATTERN scceccscesceccecceccecsceccecescescescecescescescesescesceseuces 74 D 6 13 AUTOMATED VS MANUAL HTO ANALYSIS cccecceccsccscecceccsccscesceccecescescescscescescescesescesceseuses 75 D 7 LUNG COUNTING FOR 1 PU s spen eUae 79 B ATUM ES hs UMP d HORROR tL 80 D 7 2 ANALYSIS OF AM IN LUNG DATA USING ICRP DEFAULTS ees 83 D 7 3 OPTIMIZING HRTM PARAMETER VALUES TO FIT HAN 1 DATA 87 D 7 4 IMPROVED REPRESENTATION OF THE HAN 1 DATA 89 P 75 DOSE CALCULATI
12. March 15 1968 1 0 9 June 13 1968 1 8 0 9 September 13 1968 0 3 0 9 December 13 1968 4 8 2 March 20 1969 0 0 9 December 18 1969 0 0 9 March 19 1970 0 0 9 June 18 1970 0 5 0 9 September 24 1970 0 5 0 9 March 18 1971 1 2 0 7 June 29 1971 4 1 0 7 September 22 1971 2 2 0 5 September 18 1972 12 9 1 6 December 8 1972 7 5 11 March 15 1973 2 0 4 June 27 1973 0 6 September 17 1973 2 7 0 5 December 21 1973 3 1 0 6 March 21 1974 1 1 0 4 June 17 1974 3 8 0 7 September 16 1974 2 1 0 5 December 18 1974 1 5 0 4 March 17 1975 2 0 4 June 16 1975 1 1 0 4 September 19 1975 0 8 0 4 December 12 1975 1 0 4 March 17 1976 1 2 0 4 July 2 1976 1 4 0 4 September 12 1976 1 4 0 4 December 8 1976 0 5 0 4 June 24 1977 1 0 4 September 15 1977 0 4 0 4 September 1 1978 2 2 0 5 October 20 1978 0 3 0 4 January 18 1979 0 9 0 4 April 20 1979 0 4 0 4 May 28 1979 1 6 0 4 I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases 13 The following steps in the listed order are recommended for making an initial estimate of the amounts of the three separate intakes in this example Select the Indicator Nuclide in the Main Screen Define the Reference Date in the Main Screen Select the Reference Activity Units in the Main Screen Select the Common Model Parameters to be used for all IRs in the Main Screen Select the Number of Intake Regimes IRs
13. resolution setting The minimum recommended screen resolution 1024 X 768 shows lt Tip The number of data rows shown in the Table Tool depends on your screen 35 rows as in Figure D 38 22 IMBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases 0 Table Tool Urine Data EY Li Bioassay Predichons E Measurement Date No Rows m i QK Cancel L Measurement Ft Output Table D 38 Table Tool with 37 rows opened Note For a detailed description of How to Use the Table Tool see the User Manual Section 4 4 under HOW TO USE THE BIOASSAY CALCULATIONS SCREEN D 3 10 Graphing the Data Multiple Intakes IMBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition provides a Graph Tool in the form of an expanded graphical display with full facilities for setting up the type of graph linear or logarithmic ordinate and abscissa scales etc Opening the Graph Tool Select Graph and Urine for display in the second Bioassay Quantity window Then click the tool button to open the Graph Tool Figure D 39 Graph Tool for Urine 20 30 40 50 60 70 90 90 Y xds Plot Toots Xmn 0 No Intervals 10 Yon 0 Select Axes Automatically Xma 100 Yma 100 Emo Bars OutneCicle Clear Plots Show Geidines C log v M Show Gridines C log in Fi Upda Format Format C Scenic C Scenic z No Dec Pics No Dec Pics Numerical 0 Numerical KEY te Predicted Bioassay Quantity
14. 1500 Scientic Scientic s Dev NoDecPks Mumescul MoDecPks 2 Wr Lognomal konca Slahshcs Alpha Medan Mode 5 30256 03 955 1 aggetE n3 1 0076E 04 1 po Figure D 142 Posterior probability distribution of intake calculated for a Gaussian prior In this example the statistical parameters of the intake distribution are e Median 9 383 3 104 IMBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases Mean 9 383 2 Ba Mode 9 382 9 Standard Deviation 348 71 Bq 95 Confidence Interval 8 688 10 076 Ba Note Again this posterior distribution is very close to normal symmetrical as was the case for the uniform prior However in this example the distribution has been shifted to lower values of the median mean and mode The amount of shift depends on BOTH the assumed median mean value AND the standard deviation of the Gaussian prior D 9 4 Probability Distribution of Intake Assuming a Lognormal Prior Dy yesian Analysis Bayesian Analysis INTAKE GRAPH CALCULA Prior Distribution for intake Regime 1 p Select Giaph to Plot 81 s775E 03 89 2298 03 Prior Distribution 2 OSE 03 ee Log Likekheod i 38 03 Function 1 80603 Probability of intake 1378 03 1455 03 Caloulatiors Probability Density um m ih No cae 200 H Fe Calculate Distrbulion Update Graph 2000 eon 10
15. 1125 Wound Case Thyroid Measurement 90 50 3 50 120 152 Time d we r t wound incident as Calculation Complete EI Figure D 159 Calculated mean value of the intake distribution using the Bayesian fitting option D Graph Tool for Thyroid L125 Wound Case Thyroid Measurement 2004 188404 1 amp 04 d i4E 4 Jud intus I I 1 1teM RES 4 Thyroid activity pCi 4003 02 no 180 15i 120 30 50 3 60 50 120 150 3 Time d wor wound incident Figure D 160 Dat fit obtained with derived wound retention function In the Bayesian Analysis Tool Figure D 161 we will select a Uniform prior probability distribution of intake over the range 1 pCi to 1 000 000 pCi 1 Ci 116 IMBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases Bayesian Analysis Bayesian Analysis Tool INTAKE GRAPH CALCULA Prior Distrihuban for Intake Regime 1 Select Graph bo Phot 181 anu Prior Distribution 1708 06 Feed Probability of Intake amp 108 06 E 1 25 06 Lakculsisonis 1408 08 Cales amp 00E 07 Re Calculate Distrbution 50 07 lal TE DO TES 1E 02 TEx 3E 04 1E 05 1E 06 intake pCi AUTO CALC IR Sae Price Probability Disirbul Homin f me Mo Interas Y min 5 0
16. 119 I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases 11 This page intentionally left blank IV I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases D 1 Introduction The following case examples taken from real cases illustrate the main features provided in IMBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition for estimating intake s from bioassay data e Calculation of a single intake e Calculation of multiple intakes e Calculation using multiple bioassay data sets e Uranium isotopic mixtures e Routine tritium urinalysis e Am 241 lung counting for Pu 241 e Calculations using Least Squares fitting e Calculations using Bayesian analysis e Transdermal uptake of l 125 from a wound D 2 Estimating a Single Intake This example is one of the study cases taken from AEA 1999 see their Annex IV Case 3 The data are whole body activity measurements of Co commencing 1 day after an accidental inhalation of a cobalt metal and or oxide aerosol All external body surface contamination was removed by shower bathing A profile scan indicated dominant lung deposition The accident occurred on February 24 1988 The whole body activity measurements are given in Table D 1 Table D 1 whole body measurement results Measurement date Whole body activity Bq February 25 1988 2720 March 1 1988 1150 March 11 1988 1010 March 28 1988 790 May 16 1988 482 August 11 1988 358 November 29 1990 78 February 19 1992
17. 20 This option merges the disintegrations of the initial short lived progeny of these uranium isotopes and represents more closely the actual situation where these short lived progeny are taken into the body in radioactive equilibrium with the parent uranium isotope The Accuracy option assumes that ONLY the parent uranium isotopes are taken into the body which is the case ONLY for ICRP published dose coefficients see Appendix C Dose Quality Assurance for discussion Not only will the Accuracy option give the wrong answers but the dose calculation will take a lot longer to complete because of the wasted time spent calculating progeny in growth The resulting calculated doses are shown in Figure D 83 File Advanced oos Heb 9 Dose Calculations Save Quick Save INTAKE CALCULATION DOSE Indicator Nuckide I 7143601 mo 2 Dose Associated Radionuchdes ores nr ae mE Elf Dose trom Eff Dose trom 3 Dose each Calend Year U 238 ALL AR s Pen paca Effective Dose rem Annual Comentted Doses tro Dose from no Dove from pe Dose from Etfective d beg an Total 507E 01 1666 00 0006 00 82 00 591E 01 507E 01 1688200 0008200 68 400_ 591E 01 Yes 1995 TOTAL Um WR ICRP Defauts WT 10 CFR 835 Not Spectied Figure D 83 Calculated total effective dose together with the year in which it was committed Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Examp
18. Bioassay Function 1 0 333731 388888531 Blood half time K 0 0000001 Select 1 155E 01 1 155E 02 User Defined Mode 8 BB4E 04 1 386E 00 7 1 800E 00 1 000E 00 1 200E 01 Std Co Model Cancel WHOLE BODY LUNGS URINE FECES BLOOD THYROID LIVER USER DEFINED Std Co Model Figure D 7 Standard Co Model for Whole body selected as the Bioassay Model ao co e on 5 colo 7 e I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases 5 Deposition model For the Deposition model select the Light worker Figure D 8 e click the LOAD ICRP DEFAULTS button click OK EX Deposition Model Exposure Light Worker C Heavy Worker Extrathoracic Ainway s 1 ET amp ET Aerosol Parameters Conducting 5 um Airways EA BB amp bb aed 5 Sigma G 24377233 Density g ml Shape factor 5 Deep Lung Select User Defined ICRP Defaults Cancel Figure D 8 Selecting the Deposition Model for a Light worker Particle transport model For the Particle Transport model Figure D 9 click the LOAD ICRP DEFAULTS button click OK EY Particle Transport Model Rate Constants to bb1 Al2 to bb1 Al3 to bb1 Al3 ro LNTH bb1 to BB1 Extrathoracic Environment bb2 to BB1 bbseq to LNTH BB1 to ET2 BB2 to ET2 BBseq to LNTH ET2 to Gl ETseqto LNET ET1 Out ETseq ET2 BBseq BB User Defined bbseq bb 1 TL Al2 4l Al
19. E fest rem 1 Dose hom Indicator 238 2 Doss hom Associated Fiadionachider EIf Dice ER Dose from Elf Dose hem Elf Dose Elf Dose from ER 3 Annual Commibed Doses Pu23H 280 241 242 Am 241 sus sl rem rem nem E lacinve Dons rem j 200 0 I 7 0 OU QUEE 00 Indicatos Annual Commied Doses 1 ial TIT m Curent Operation intake 1 TS NATUR UNTEN ET LL ULL intake Regine otal Formar organs aee Lever Kidneys LLI ULI x Pu238 WReICRPDelauts WT 1 CFR 825 ICRP Pu Model Figure 0 124 Effective doses calculated using Pu as the Indicator Nuclide Dose Calculations Dose Calculations INTAKE CALCULATION DOSE Cont to Eff vt IFi semema ten E Dass hom Indicalor Nuciide Am 241 2 Doss hom Associated Fiadionachider 3 Annual Committed Doses EHactnes kaza rem ni izl TTT LE Curent Operation Intake Regine 1 Remainder organs aie ET Liver E dress L L I Heat Wal intake Foemaindes ongans ang Liver Kidney LLI Heat Wall Amza WReICRP Delade WT 10 CFR 825 ICRP Am Model Figure 0 125 Effective doses calculated using Am as the Indicator Nuclide 92 I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases As expected the calculated
20. K 4083333333 400 1 4000 04 Real 3000E 03 NOAM 1 3114 04 E 1 71063333333 400 T 0000E 04 Real 3000E 03 MOR iaradh 1 SSE 00 1 1 308333333 401 1 5000 04 Real 3 000E 3 NORM l4x3E4D4 4415E 00 3408333333 401 1 5000 04 Asal 3000E 03 NORM 1 2255 404 1318E X T 5083333351 3000E 03 Real 3000E 03 NORM 7252 03 1542bE O TERE FORE 03 Excluded DODE 03 NORM 22242603 QDODE O Figure 0 157 Calculated values of after excluding the data point at 138 d The The total fis now reduced to 8 2 which is a substantially more likely value for 6 residual data points Notice also from Figure D 156 that the intake amounts assigned to each of the 6 hypothetical absorption rates have now changed substantially The new values are e IR1 39 520 pCi IR2 0 0064 pCi 183 0 018 pCi 114 I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases IR4 45 080 pCi IR5 0 pCi IR6 0pCi In other words neglecting both IR2 and IR3 IMBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition calculated a significantly smaller total intake of 84 600 pCi with 46 7 of this assigned an absorption rate of 100 d and 53 3 assigned an absorption rate of 0 05 d The corresponding retention function IS R thyroid t 0 467 exp 100r 0 533exp 0 05t D 1 This function can now be entered directly in the Generic Wound Model window to define the most likely a
21. QuikSave Tritium INTAKE CALCULATION BIOASSAY QUANTITY Hide HART Case Am 241 Built up in te Lungs ii Vesa ae Select which data bo Whole body m 281 activity Lung Uie Feces Time gran inbake d Blood Theod Liver User Defined Progress indicator Figure D 129 Least squares fit of the bioassay data in the HAN 1 case IMBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases 95 It is also of interest to re analyze the HAN 1 case using the east squares method with the inappropriate assumption of all ICRP Default HRTM parameter values and Type S absorption behavior Figure 0 130 Ds Binassay Calculations Pile Advanced Took ki m Bioassay Calculations Save Quick Save Tritium INTAKE CALCULATION BIOASSAY QUANTITY Graph Table Hide 17 m9 tool IR1 a A55E EE HANH Case Am 241 Build up in the Lungs F x Mas 2500 Select which data to ue 1500 Boiss 5 4000 h Lungs soo Um 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 EDO 6500 7000 Time intake d Fes Theod User Defined Progress indicator E gt Figure D 130 Using the east squares method to analyze the HAN 1 case with ICRP default parameter values Again the least squares method calculates the same to the
22. Specify Time d since the Start Date as 9 25 1986 Select 10 Intake Regimes Define All Intake Regimes as Injection ICRP treats inhalation of HTO as injection see Appendix A Assumed Metabolism of Tritiated Water e Click the Load ICRP DEFS button this loads the Std H i bioassay model Figure D 86 defining retention of HTO in the bioassay quantity Whole Body and also the ICRP Default H i biokinetic model Figure D 87 defining HTO retention in the blood bladder and whole body WB for dosimetry 56 I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases Gy Main Screen File Edt Parameters Cskulstions Took Advanced a d D Ees z Mar 2004 e ey ee ees M Senna dis 32 CARASOFTUMBAEXUS saD atat DemolCare22 HTO MP i atti L IMBA Expert OCAS Edition Intake Scenario Units Intake Regi I e Regimes Siem re we Intake IF 10 Indicator Nuclide e gt A Pex AN Intake Regimes seer 0 C Date 13648 Bad Select Radionuctie v Time d unce Humber of Associated F adionuckdes NE Hallie 4806 d pans al Acute ie hora Associated Radionuclides Irkake Start Time d poe ees co r End Time d 530 pem None Selected fe Oy f aem my CO mem Model Parameters These Model Parameters Appl to AB Rig OCAS Offica of Compensation Ed a ee Analysis and Support Backinetics I
23. a NotePad text file ready for importing into the Table Tool of IMBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Note that e Again these are real data e Again the dates have been changed by subtracting from the reported values the same number of yy mm hh as for the urine data in order to preserve confidentiality e The third column of values the actual bioassay quantity is the calculated daily uranium excretion rate in ug d These values are calculated from the reported values of excretion rate in terms of pCi d using the displayed calculated specific activity of the mixture 2 421 9 pCi mg see Figure D 71 e We have assumed a lognormal error distribution with a ogof 3 0 C f 1 8 for the urine data This is a more realistic representation of the variability in fecal excretion rate than the reported measurement uncertainties The raw measurement uncertainties drastically underestimate the sytematic biological variability in fecal excretion Untitled Notepad File Edit Format wiew Help 3 10 1995 3 00 00 1 2506 01 1 220 01 Rea QO0E 00 LOGNORM 3 10 1995 4 30 00 PM 3 6306 01 2 JO0E O1 Real QOO0E 00 LOGNORM 3 10 1995 6 35 00 PM 8 8806 02 1 140 00 Real 3 QOO0E 00 LOGNORM 3 11 1995 4 30 00 PM 9 130E 01 J l 0E 2 Rea 3 QOO0E 00 LOGNORM 3 12 1995 4 30 00 PM 1 000E 00 1 090 02 Rea OO0E 00 LOGNORM Figure D 75 Uranium in feces bioassay data set Tip The reported normal measureme
24. mid interval date 3 21 1972 assumed initially for IR3 To test this interpretation e inthe Main Screen change the assumed Start Date for IR3 to 9 11 72 e back in the Bioassay Calculations screen Bioassay to Intakes option blue arrow click the Start Calculation button INTAKES CALCULATION BIOASSAY QUANTITY in onge 400 Bq Measurement Date hhimm K2 E Bioassay to Intake TARSA VERE 1 4 1971 402 26 P T OODE 00 5713213958 T00OE R3 B 1 8 1971 amp 04 49 AM 1 000E 00 3 13 1958 1 000 ja tg Select which dala ta use 142497 1207144M 1 0006 00 12 13 1968 1 000 1 15 1971 409 38 PM 1 000 00 3 20 1968 1 000 Whole body 1718 1971 8 12 04 1 0006 00 12 8 1869 1004 Lungs 172371971 12 14 29 484 T OO0E DD 3 19 137D T1 DOOE 1 25 1971 4156 53 PM 1 000 00 E 8 1970 1 000 Z Urine 1 30 1971 amp 1918AM 1 000 00 9 24 1970 1 000 Themi User Defined Progress Figure D 47 Calculating new intake amounts for a different assumed date of intake for IR3 With the revised date of intake for IR3 the calculated Intakes are IR1 0Bq e IR2 355 9 Ba IR3 367 7 Ba Figure D 48 shows the enlarged plot in the Graph Tool Uy Graph Tool for Urine Figure D 48 Improved data fit obtained by refining the assumed date of intake for IR To plot the co
25. to an AMAD of 1 um with c 2 47 The resulting improved data fit at least to the earliest 6 data points is shown in Figure D 20 The corresponding better estimate of the Intake amount is 9 805 Bq Tool for Whole bady 1 10 100 1000 1500 Figure 0 20 Improved data fit obtained by changing the value of aerosol Tip As an instructive exercise try varying other Model Parameters within reasonable ranges to examine their effect on the data fit 12 I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases D 3 Estimating Multiple Intakes This example is taken from Miller et al 1999 see their Appendix 2 The data are urinary excretion measurements of 2 in 37 samples taken from March 15 1968 through May 28 1979 The worker concerned had several intakes by inhalation of mixed Pu Pu 1 Inthe mid 1950s and assumed for analysis purposes to have occurred on June 9 1945 2 On May 8 1971 3 At some unknown time between the routine sampling dates of September 22 1971 and September 18 1972 In their analysis Miller et al assigned the date of the third intake as March 21 1972 mid way between the prior and post intake samples No information about the physical properties of the 9Pu 9Pu material or aerosol was presented The urinalysis results are given in Table D 2 Table 0 2 Pu urinalysis results Collection date Excretion rate mBq d 1 SD
26. 0 00 AM on March 10 1995 e Chronic dietary intake natural uranium of 79 2 ug d assumed here to have started at 0 00 AM on March 10 1975 I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases 51 As for all dose calculations for this Uranium Mixture case you calculate the resulting committed doses by clicking the Dose Calculations button in the Main Screen Figure D 81 to open the Dose Calculations screen In this case we are only interested in the occupational dose from the acute intake of LEU IH1 Gy Main Screen Ele Edt Perameters Took Advanced ur m 3 gu Mar 2004 Open Sane Nes Quick Sare Load Load Report Heln Mas 32 C JABASOFTWVIMBAESLISM I ee D otal Case 2 e Expert OCAS Edition nrpb Intake Scenario Intake Regimes Unite g S Speedy Time Intake IR 1 Indicator Nuclide Cleat Al Intake Regime ho ee o hee aec n l c bae una m SS eee r 28019 Humber of Aspociated Fadionuchdes 4 E EZ d Speciy U mature Hallie 1000 08 d Acute Chon Associated Radionuclides Intake WZH 235 u 236 u 238 Sini Date 1710 1995 Ba dpm e mg Dore 2 C Sy f qm C my mem Delete Radonucide Hallie 07 d Model Parameters IRT Tract S i G Bioassay Calculations Office of Compensat
27. 0 0031 0 0065 0 0059 0 0153 0 0131 0 0194 0 0071 0 0181 0 0179 Estimated Error pCi d 0 0038 0 0041 0 0025 0 0043 0 0021 0 0019 0 0018 0 0035 0 0041 0 0058 0 0034 0 0039 0 0025 0 0038 0 0037 D 7 2 Analysis of Am in Lung Data Using ICRP Defaults A E lt C Battelle Figure D 112 Comparison of Carbaugh 2004 Am Lung Burden with Class Y Projection 4000 8000 Days Post Intake 10000 12000 Pacific Northwest National Laboratory U S Department of Energy i data with ICRP30 Class Y prediction from Figure 0 112 shows Gene Carbaugh s updated summary of the Am in lung data from the HAN 1 case compared with the temporal behavior predicted by the ICRP Publication 30 ICRP79 I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases 83 lung model for Class Y plutonium Beyond 6 000 d the measured retention is about 30 fold greater than predicted We have analyzed these data using IMBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition with the current ICRP default assumption of Type S absorption characteristics Figure D 113 The fit is better than for Class Y but still very bad Figure 0 113 also compares the predicted build up of activity in the Liver and Skeleton with the in vivo measurements EX Hir assay Calculations File Advanced Tods Help Bioassay Calculations Save QukkSave Tri
28. 0 4 Sr urine activity measurements Sample date Collection period h Daily excretion rate kBq d November 29 1990 19 56 60 December 1 1990 55 28 December 3 1990 19 14 46 December 4 1990 19 10 81 December 6 1990 18 9 80 December 9 1990 19 5 91 December 11 1990 24 4 44 July 3 1991 24 0 47 August 7 1991 24 0 20 Table 0 5 Sr fecal activity measurements Sample date Collection period h Daily excretion rate kBq d December 1 1990 8 54 December 3 1990 2 56 December 4 1990 10 52 December 6 1990 0 36 December 9 1990 0 12 December 11 1990 2 3 32 I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases No information was available on e particle size of the powder e the chemical form of the powder e the nature of the intake e whether by inhalation or ingestion This case can be solved rapidly with the following steps assume appropriate errors assume ICRP recommended bioassay models test hypothetical intake scenarios evaluate the likely intake evaluate the likely dose eo D 4 1 Error Assumptions No information on the magnitude of measurement errors is available in this example case However in order to give an appropriate weight to each set of bioassay measurements it is important to assign a realistic error value for each type of data Let s assume the following e Whole body activity measurements Relative error with K 0 2 Normal err
29. 00 00 AM 1 250E 01 1 220E 01 Excluded 3 000 00 LOGNORM 3 10 1995 3 00 00 AM 1 250 01 4 330E 01 Real 3 000E 00 LOGNORM 3 10 1995 4 30 00 PM 3 630E 01 2 500 01 Real 3 000E 00 LOGNORM 3 10 1995 6 35 00 PM 8 680E 02 1 140 00 Real 3 000 00 LOGNORM 3 11 1995 4 30 00 PM 9 130E 01 2 170E 02 Excluded 3 000 00 LOGNORM 3 12 1995 4 30 00 PM 1 OO0E 00 1 O90E 02 Excluded 3 000E 00 LOGNORM 3 11 1995 4 30 00 PM 9 130 01 700E 02 Real 3 000 00 LOGNORM 4 30 00 PM 1 000 00 3 8 0E 02 Real 3 000 00 LOGNORM poem Figure 0 78 Adjusting the 1 4 and 5 values of uranium mass excretion rates for the specific activity of natural uranium Uy Bioassay Calculations File Advanced Tools Help kal m Bioassay Calculations Save Quik Save Tritium INTAKES CALCULATION BIOASSAY QUANTITY IR1 7 143E 01 mo 1 Collection Messuremen period d Ratelmg a Type I2 2 mo d Intakes to Bioassay Bioassay to Intake 371071995 123000AM 2080E00 1 830600 Excluded 1 800 00 LOGNORP 3 10 1995 30 00AM 2080 01 5640 04 Real 1 800 00 LOGNOR 3 10 19951215 00PM 2810 01 37706 04 Res 1 800 00 LOGNOR Select which data to use 3 10 1995 11 05 00 4510 01 1 510 04 Real 1 800 00 LOGNOR ids ec 3 11 199561000AM 29506 01 1 380 04 Real 1 600E 00 LOGNOR 3 11 1995 4 20 00 4 240 01 1 070 04 Res 1 800 00 LOGNOR M Lunge 3 11 1995 4 30 00PM amp 340E 03 2620 03 Excluded 1
30. 00 LOGNORE BE 00 LOGHORE 1 BE 00 LOGNORE 1 800 400 LOGN RE 1 808 00 LOGN ORE 1 amp XIE 00 LOGNORE 1 800 00 LOGHORF T 800E 00 LOGN ORE 1 800 400 LOGNORE gt Bioasray bo Intake Intakes ho Dinamay Select which dats to use Whole body Lung Uma IRE amp 181E M Byd IRT IRE WAS ini aE 894 jema Bgd sacs Ba Progress Indicator Deposition Times Birma ades Cunert H 3 Lives User Defined T 615 idi WUS 254 200 JAE Had HIG 4334 2531 Time d Likelihoce fi Figure D 89 Calculated intakes IR1 through IR10 for tritium urinalysis case I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases 59 The best estimates of the 10 discrete intakes that gave rise to the observed HTO retention pattern are Table D 7 Discrete intake calculated from the tritium urinalysis data Intake regime Assumed timing Intake amount rate Bq Bq IR1 chronic 0 20d 84 810 Ba d IR2 chronic 40 150d 4 016 Ba d IR3 chronic 170 280d 6 271 Ba d IR4 acute 280 d 2 530 000 Ba IR5 acute 310d 3 571 000 Ba IR6 chronic 340 357 d 61 810 Ba d IR7 chronic 413 425 d 1 287 000 Ba d IR8 chronic 390 440 d 5 646 Bq d IR9 acute 500 d 139 900 Bq IR10 chronic 502 530 d 13 650 Ba d Tip Try this fitting process yourself from scratch using the raw input data
31. 1 Select Giaph ta Piat 81 3905E 03 Ba 5 01 Prior D4E 02 1 4 02 mu deu f 85E 02 C Probabilitg of intake 2 25E 02 2 02 Calcul 3 30602 a B Na Cales m GATES 2 Fie Calculate Distnbution 4 SES Update Graph 4 02 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 15000 20000 intake Ba IF Yit Select Price Probabebty Distribulian Mmi 0 Nolrteval 79 Wein 455 02 ip w Uniform 20000 Yma amp 35E UI Figure D 136 Calculated Log Likelihood Function 100 I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases Tip Notice here that the Y axis has auto ranged but the X axis range has retained its initial setting Note The Log Likelihood Function P m f is independent of the prior It is the logarithm of the Likelihood Function e the logarithm of the likelihood of observing ALL of the measured values m expressed as a function of intake This depends only on the measurements and the bioassay function To calculate the posterior probability distribution e the Probability of Intake you simply click its radio button and then click AUTO CALC again The result is shown in Figure D 137 D Bayesian Analysis Bayesian Analysis INTAKE GRAPH CALCULA Posterior Probability Distribution for Intake Regime 1 Select Graph to Plot 181 s805E 03 89 1 11 01 C Prior D
32. 12 00 PM 1750 80 I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases 3 28 83 12 00 PM 7 11 83 12 00 PM 9 12 83 12 00 PM 1 13 84 12 00 AM 2 24 84 12 00 AM 5 28 84 12 00 PM 7 27 84 12 00 AM 10 12 84 12 00 AM 11 14 84 12 00 PM 3 11 85 12 00 PM 5 2 85 12 00 AM 5 2 85 12 00 AM 5 2 85 12 00 AM 7 12 85 12 00 AM 9 13 85 12 00 AM 11 25 85 12 00 PM 3 28 86 12 00 AM 5 16 86 12 00 AM 6 27 86 12 00 AM 8 11 86 12 00 PM 10 6 86 12 00 PM 10 17 86 12 00 AM 12 19 86 12 00 AM 2 13 87 12 00 AM 3 27 87 12 00 AM 6 7 87 12 00 AM 8 13 87 12 00 PM 11 12 87 12 00 AM 11 25 87 12 00 AM 3 14 88 12 00 PM 7 11 88 12 00 PM 9 12 88 12 00 PM 10 24 88 12 00 PM 10 24 88 12 00 PM 12 23 88 12 00 AM 2 10 89 12 00 AM 3 10 89 12 00 AM 4 10 89 12 00 PM 5 26 89 12 00 AM 8 4 89 12 00 AM 8 25 89 12 00 AM 10 27 89 12 00 AM 1 26 90 12 00 AM 3 26 90 12 00 PM 5 11 90 12 00 AM 6 11 90 12 00 PM 7 30 90 12 00 PM 9 28 90 12 00 AM 11 12 90 12 00 PM I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases 1950 1900 2250 2650 2800 3000 2950 2150 2400 2500 2350 2450 2300 2100 2450 2500 2350 2450 2375 2515 2350 2445 2300 2480 2600 2630 2315 2975 2725 2500 2335 2275 2335 2335 2240 2445 2060 2510 2740 3375 2510 2310 2840 2635 2695 3130 2825 2565 2760 12 14 90 12 00 1 11 91 12 00 2 8 91 12 00 AM 3 11 91 12 00 PM 4 29 91 12 00 PM 6 14 91 12 00 AM 7 8 91 12 00 PM 8 30 91 12 00 AM 9 27 91 12 00 AM 10 25
33. 3 3 3 3 3 pBpBpPHHPHPHHPHHBPHPHHBHPHHBPHPHHBHPHHBPBHPHHBHPHPHBHPHB Figure D 84 ASCII text file of input data for tritium urinalysis case I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases 55 In this example we will e Use the whole dataset to determine individual intake events and the resulting effective doses This is the way that IMBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition is used for most radionuclides e Use the special routine tritium urinalysis tool to calculate intakes and resulting doses automatically from sub sets of urinalysis data e Compare doses estimated by these two different methods D 6 1 Determine Individual Tritium Intakes and Resulting Doses This is done in IMBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition by e Setting up the required HTO models e Identifying and fitting discrete intake events e Calculating doses from HTO intakes You can also use IMBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition to e Calculate doses committed over several monitoring periods This feature is used in this example to provide benchmark values of committed dose in order to test the values of dose calculated directly from the HTO urinalysis data using the routine tritium urinalysis tool D 6 2 Setting Up the HTO Models Figure 0 85 shows the Main Screen of IMBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition as set up to analyze the input data The setup steps are Select H i 3 as the Indicator Nuclide i e inorganic tritium HTO
34. 343 427 179 6 427 518 43 6 7 518 553 3 5 Total 0 553 317 Note These calculated values assume that intakes occurred at the mid point of the corresponding sampling interval The total committed effective dose 317 uSv is substantially lower than the value 479 Sv calculated earlier by manually fitting discrete intake events to the whole bioassay data set D 6 12 Effect of Assumed HTO Intake Pattern Instead of using the default assumption that all intakes occur at the mid point of the corresponding sampling period the Tritium Routine Monitoring Tool gives you the option of assuming that all intakes occur continuously are uniform chronic over the corresponding sampling interval Figure D 109 shows the effect of making the uniform chronic assumption on the intakes calculated for the first set of monitoring data from 0 to 70 E Bioassay Calculations Bile Advanced Tools um T Bioassay Calculations Save Quick Save Tritium INTAKES CALCULATION BIOASSAY QUANTITY 1 Bad I2 Bad Bgd 184 89 4 Snecily Times d Cal 1 ONE 1 141720E 05 0000 00 i 112330E 405 IRE Byd Stop Time d p j C ZEN C Specily Collection Periods Col 2 IB Bgd B 284E 03 Bad Caloulsts Biasi Quarti Cal 3 10 47336403 Pad Progress Indicaloi Deposition Colairg Times Biosssay Cales Duierit pealio
35. 4 1979 International Commission on Radiological Protection Human respiratory tract model for radiological protection Oxford Elsevier Science Ltd ICRP Publication 66 Ann ICRP 24 1 3 1994a International Commission on Radiological Protection Dose coefficients for intakes radionuclides by workers Oxford Elsevier Science Ltd CHP Publication 68 Ann ICRP 24 4 1994b Karpas Z Halicz L Roiz J Katorza E Lorber A Goldbart Z Inductively coupled plasma mass soectrometry as a simple rapid and inexpensive method for determination of uranium in urine and fresh water comparison with Health Phys 71 879 885 1996 Miller Inkret W C Martz F Internal dosimetry intake estimation using Bayesian methods Radiat Prot Dosim 82 5 17 1999 http www deploymentlink osd mil du library lab assessment lab assessment refs n72en010 2193 018 0000032 htm I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases 119
36. 5000 S500 6000 6500 7000 Tete since intake d Amr Livelihood ft Figure D 122 Improved overall fit to the HAN 1 data obtained by modifying parameter values in the HRTM Important Note The calculated build up of Am activity in the Liver and Skeleton does NOT include in growth from that is also taken up by these organs IMBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition calculates such in growth ONLY for the lungs where it is assumed that Am formed from decay Pu in the particle matrix remains with the plutonium bulk material For the Associated Radionuclides in body organs including Pu progeny in growth is calculated ONLY as part of the Dose Calculation Note Skeletal Retention is NOT one of the 7 explicit Bioassay Quantities in IMBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition However the User Defined quantity can be set up with the appropriate bioassay function to represent skeletal retention Appendix A Technical Basis includes a suitable bioassay function for americium retention in the skeleton This is already implemented in the parameter file HAN 1 Am 244 ix 90 I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases Figure D 123 shows the resulting fit to the Pu excretion rate in urine this is a substantially more credible representation of the measured values than the initial prediction based on ICRP default parameter values Figure D 115 File Advanced Tools l Bioassay Calcu
37. 91 12 00 AM 11 22 91 12 00 AM 12 27 91 12 00 AM 1 31 92 12 00 AM 3 27 92 12 00 AM 4 24 92 12 00 AM 5 29 92 12 00 AM 7 31 92 12 00 AM 8 28 92 12 00 AM 9 28 92 12 00 PM 11 9 92 12 00 PM 12 4 92 12 00 AM 1 8 93 12 00 AM 2 12 93 12 00 AM 3 12 93 12 00 AM 4 12 93 12 00 PM 5 14 93 12 00 AM 6 7 93 12 00 PM 7 5 93 12 00 PM 8 23 93 12 00 PM 10 8 93 12 00 AM 11 24 93 12 00 PM 1 12 94 12 00 PM 2 11 94 12 00 AM 4 1 94 12 00 AM 6 10 94 12 00 AM 7 22 94 12 00 AM 9 29 94 12 00 AM 10 13 94 12 00 AM 11 16 94 12 00 AM 12 30 94 12 00 AM 1 27 95 12 00 AM 2 24 95 12 00 AM 4 21 95 12 00 AM 5 19 95 12 00 AM 6 30 95 12 00 AM 9 22 95 12 00 AM 11 3 95 12 00 AM 4 26 96 12 00 AM 2895 2880 2530 2395 2595 2695 2 25 2345 3160 2 35 2490 1965 3585 3395 3090 3465 3300 3355 2940 3225 3375 3050 2930 2810 3050 3105 3085 2855 3325 3160 3455 3160 3335 2985 3480 3610 3630 3630 3680 3505 3390 3290 3410 3145 2565 4010 3390 3670 81 3 Amin the Liver Table 0 15 In vivo measurements of Am activity in the liver Date of Measured Minimum Detectable Measurement Activity nCi Activity nCi 9 29 1994 0 05 1 27 1995 D 0 05 8 25 1995 0 2 0 05 11 17 1995 0 3 0 06 5 31 1996 0 2 0 05 7 26 1996 0 0 0 06 The activity of Am in the liver was measurable in vivo from September 1994 onwards see Table D 15 To represent these data we have averaged all 6 measured values and taken this average value and
38. DEFAULTS button click OK EX GI Tract Model Use Demed LOAD ICA DEFAULTS ICRP Defaults UF Cancel Figure 0 32 Selecting the ICRP Default Gl Tract Model I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases This completes the definition of ALL Model Parameters required to calculate the 3 Intakes of 59Pu in the Miller at al 1999 example case Key Tip Don t forget that you can short cut the process of loading each of the above Model Parameters individually by clicking the ICRP DEFS LOAD tool button You will then be prompted to choose just the Absorption Model i e type of absorption behavior and the value of f D 3 5 Selecting the Number of Intake Regimes IRs Intake Scenario Intake Regimes Clear All Intake Regimes Enter Number of Intake Regimes 1 10 Inhalation f Acute Chronic Ingestion Injection Start Date 697 345 C Wound Vapor EUN Figure D 33 Selecting 3 separate Intake Regimes IRs In the Intake Scenario panel Intake Regimes sub panel simply enter the required number of individual separate intake events in the dialog box D 3 6 Selecting Independent Model Parameters Main Screen File Edit Parameters Calculations Tools Help all Apply Model Params to All IRs Open Save Mew Quick Savi Enable DOS preview Wer 3 1 No file opened Advanced Dosimetry Options Figure D 34 Un checking Apply Mo
39. Disposition ICAP Defauks 5 Wound Mot Specified Figure D 114 Setting up plutonium isotopes as Associated Radionuclides Figure 0 114 shows the 5 associated plutonium isotopes Pu Pu Pu Pu Note that the Abundance of Pu is very high 16 813 relative to the Am activity The calculated amount of 2 intake was 41 691 pCi on the assumption that the inhaled plutonium oxide particle matrix had Type S absorption behavior The relative abundance of 239 was 621 Table 0 13 Therefore the associated intake of Pu would have been 258 900 pCi 258 9 nCi We can test this estimate of the Pu intake by comparing the predicted excretion rate in urine with that actually measured Table D 17 To do this however we have to set up a second case in IMBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition with Pu as the Indicator Nuclide and the amount of intake set at 258 900 pCi The resulting predicted urinary excretion rate is shown in Figure D 115 The urinary excretion rate for inhaled Type S plutonium is predicted to decrease after about 1 000 d Figure D 115 However the trend in the measured values from about 1 800 through 6 700 is for the actual urinary excretion rate to increase with time Again therefore the fit to the observed temporal behavior of urinary excretion of Pu is not good I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases 85 D Bioassay Calculati
40. Figure D 59 First hypothetical intake regime IR1 set up as Ingestion with f 0 1 To calculate the most likely amounts of intake from each IR in the Bioassay Calculations Screen e check Whole body Urine and Feces in the Bioassay to Intake mode e Click Start Calculation Figure D 60 shows the result Bioassay Calculations CALCULATION BIOASSAY QUANTITY 8 7592001 56500E 04 Res 12 1990 1 000 00 55280 04 Real 1 800 00 LOGNOR 12 31990 7 920 01 1 4460 04 Real 1 800 00 LOGNOR 12 4 1990 7 920 01 1 08106 04 Res 1 800 00 LOGNOR Progress Indicator Deposition Collating Times Bioassay Calcs i 1 000E 00 2560E 03 Res Cunert 12 4 1990 1000E 00 10520 04 Res 4 000 00 LOGNORM Operation Calculation Complete 1000E 00 3600E 02 Real 4 000 00 LOGNORM 1 000 00 1 200 02 Real 4 000 00 LOGNORM 1 000 00 2 300 03 Res 4 000 00 LOGNORM 590 Max Likelhood fit Figure D 60 Calculated amounts of 4 hypothetical intakes I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases 37 The resulting total estimated intake is about 5 92 MBq of which IR1 is assigned about 89 IR2 is assigned about 10 IR3 is assigned about 1 IR4 is assigned 0 001 Figure D 61 shows the resulting overall fits to all 3 sets of bioassay data BIOASSAY QUANTITY Whole body tool Graph Table Hide Urine tool Graph
41. HTO Monitoring Periods The next section Using the Routine Tritium Urinalysis Tool describes how to calculate committed doses directly from the tritium urinalysis data without having first to determine by manual fitting the amounts of each discrete tritium intake The urinalysis tool analyzes up to 70 sequential urinalysis results and calculates automatically the total effective dose committed over this whole monitoring period In this example we can use the special feature provided in IMBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition to calculate the Annual Committed Doses resulting from a series of intakes to generate benchmark values of dose for comparison with the results obtained using the Urinalysis Tool The Tool analyzes a sequence of up to 70 routine monitoring results n this example the first I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases 61 10 monitoring results covered the period from day 0 to day 70 Figure D 84 In this example we can calculate the total dose committed over just this initial 70 day period by simply e Changing the Start Date in the Main Screen to December 31 1986 70 d October 22 1986 e He calculating the Annual Committed Doses Figure D 92 shows the resulting values of committed effective dose for the years 1986 1987 and 1988 The value displayed for 1986 33 3 uSv corresponds to the effective dose committed during the first 70 monitoring period
42. Man Title Show Sobd BE 00 m Title Show LJ LOD dota Y Axis Title Show m Excluded data Figure D 39 Opening the Graph Tool for the Urine bioassay quantity I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases 23 Note For a detailed description of How to Use the Graph Tool see the User Manual Section 4 5 under HOW TO USE THE BIOASSAY CALCULATIONS SCREEN D 3 11 Calculating the Intake Amounts Before you can calculate the amounts of each of the three Intakes you MUST first Se ect which data to use In the CALCULATION sub panel Bioassay to Intake Figure D 40 e check the Urine box If you forget to do this you will be prompted ki U Bioassay Calculatic Save Oukk Save Trium INTAKES CALCULATION 181 ew IR jme Bn bo Bien Binassay In Intake S nay I 89 Select which data to ure whole hady Lungi F bind Feces Blood Thm Lme Usa Dele Figure D 40 Selecting Urine as the Bioassay Quantity to use to estimate the Intakes To calculate the maximum likelihood estimate of the Intake amounts click the Start Calculation button Figure D 40 This will display automatically the Intake amounts for all three Intake Regimes IR1 IR2 and IR3 plot automatically the corresponding fit to the data points see Figure D 41 provided that the Plot Fit box was checked in the Graph Tool
43. OCAS ORAU Edition you MUST define all of the necessary Model Parameters It is most efficient to do this while you are stil in the Main Screen although if you forget to do this it is very easy and quick to switch backwards and forwards between the Bioassay Calculations screen and the Main Screen with a single click To estimate an Intake by inhalation from a measured Bioassay Quantity you must define all the following Model Parameters as indicated by the red buttons in Figure D 6 4 I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases Bioassay model Deposition model Particle Transport model Absorption model GI Tract model If you omit defining any of these models then IMBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition will prompt you for each missing model definition before proceeding with a calculation Model Parameters These Model Parameters Apply to All IRs Respiratory Tract Figure D 6 Bioassay button for selecting the Bioassay Model Bioassay model For the Bioassay model select the Standard Co Model for whole body retention Figure D 7 e select Whole body as the Bioassay Function this will already have been defined if you had previously selected Whole body in the Bioassay Quantity window Bioassay Calculations screen e click the LOAD ICRP DEFAULTS button e Click OK EX Bioassay Model File Edit Function Bioassay Function whole body E Transfer Compartment Systemic Excretion
44. QUANTITY Graph Table C Hide Whole body gt Measurement Date Measuremen Measuremen Error hh mm N A Value Bq Data Type Error Distribution 2 25 1988 2 720 03 Real 2 720 02 NORM 3 1 1988 1 150E 03 Real 1 150E 02 NORM 3 11 1988 1 010E 03 Real 1 010E 02 NORM 3 28 1988 7 900E 02 Real 7 900E 01 NORM 5 16 1988 4 820E 02 Real 4 820E 01 NORM 8 11 1988 3 580 02 Real 3 580 01 NORM 11 29 1990 7 800E 01 Real 7 800E 00 NORM 2 19 1992 3 500 01 Real 3 500 00 NORM lt gt Figure 0 16 Table of Bioassay Data for example case of single intake of Co D 2 8 Graphing the Data IMBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition provides a Graph Tool in the form of an expanded graphical display with full facilities for setting up the type of graph linear or logarithmic ordinate and abscissa scales etc Opening the Graph Tool Select Graph and Whole body for display in the second Bioassay Quantity window Figure D 17 Then click the tool button to open the Graph Tool BIOASSAY QUANTITY Whole body m tool C Graph Table Hide 2 25 1988 2 720E 03 Real 3 1 1988 1 150E 03 Real 3 11 1388 1 010E 03 Real 3 28 1988 7 900 02 Real 5 16 1988 4 820E 02 Real 8 11 1988 3 580E 02 Real 11 29 1990 7 800E 01 Real 2 19 1992 3 500E 01 Real Table Hide Whole body Whole body Lungs Figure D 17 Opening a Graph window for the Whole body bioassay quantity 10 I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU
45. Shape Select Atomaca EZ mae 5788125 fe Emm Bars Creole Plots Show Dades Clg f in Show lg Fit Line 54 Format Formal fe Plot C Scenie i Scenic Sold Mo Dec Fics 1 Ho Dec Pics 1 KEY Baossssp Predechons 3 Pica Line Shae B Predicted Bioassay Quanity Main Tile IDEAS Case 22 ovine Monitoring v Show Said E o EJE Title LI e Show E LDD Ams Title whole Body Activit Bal Z Show Excluded dats Figure 0 88 Routine tritium urinalysis data together with obtained by assuming 10 separate intake events 58 IMBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases Figure D 88 shows the result of an analysis of the variation of whole body retention of HTO at the time of each weekly urine sample carried out for the IDEAS Project personal communication Dr M Puncher NRPB Note that the whole body retention is calculated on the assumption that the concentration of HTO in all body tissues is in equilibrium with e equal to that in urine IMBA Expert V OCAS ORAU Edition allows up to 10 discrete intakes to be defined In this case it was necessary to use all 10 in order to fit the major temporal features of the bioassay data The fitting process is not as complicated as it might appear to be Since HTO is eliminated rather rapidly from the body 9796 with an assumed 10 d half time wi
46. U mixture button Figure D 70 I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases 45 Enterthe Isotopic Abundance values by Activity in this case check the Allow Units mg box Figure D 71 and click OK 4 You will be warned if your Abundance values don t add up to 10096 Figure D 72 ignore the warning for this example 5 Select mg in the Units panel Figure D 73 since in this example most of the measurements urinary excretion rates are reported in mg d Note 1 The calculated specific activity of the defined uranium mixture is automatically displayed in the details of uranium mixture window Figure D 71 Note 2 The individual uranium isotopes 0 U U and U are automatically loaded as Associated Radionuclides This is done in readiness for the Dose Calculation D 5 2 Enter Uranium in Urine Data in mg d Figure 0 74 shows the urine bioassay data as entered in a NotePad text file ready for importing into the Table Tool of IMBA Expert V OCAS ORAU Edition Note that e These are real data e he dates have been changed by subtracting from the reported values a constant number of yy mm hh in order to preserve confidentiality e The third column of values the actual bioassay quantity is the calculated daily uranium excretion rate in ug d e We have assumed a lognormal error distribution with a og of 7 8 This is a more realistic representation of the data variabil
47. Uranium Mixture as the Indicator Nuclide Select Radionuclide NL LN Number of Associated Radionuclides b f Half Life 1 000 09 d Associated Radionuclides None Selected Figure D 70 Specify U mixture button 44 IMBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases m Details of uranium mixture Isotopic Abundance 234 836 U 236 Resulting Specific Activity Select by m Select fe Activity User Defined f Depleted f Natural Low E nniched t High Enriched Mass Clear Allow Units 8 96116 01 Sedes Figure D 71 User Defined details of uranium mixture with resulting specific activity Warning Abundances do not add up to 100 Do vou still wish to leave this Farm Figure D 72 Warning notice Units Specify Time s Date Indicator Nuclide Select Radionuclide fe Time d ae Number of Associated Radionuclides B 17171990 Specify mixture Half Life 1 000 09 d Associated Radionuclides Ins U 234 U 235 U 238 U 238 t Bq f dpm pti f mg pass Select Radionuclide Sy rem Abundance mSv fe mem Delete Radionuclide Half Life 8 924E 07 d Figure D 73 Selected U mix showing Associated Radionuclides and mg Intake Unit To define the isotopic composition and measurement unit for the uranium mixture 1 Select Uranium Mixture as the Indicator Nuclide Figure D 69 2 Clickthe Specify
48. by e Selecting the ICRP Default radiation weighting factors wp e Selecting the ICRP68 tissue weighting factors w7 EX Dose Cabculations Advanced Tools ki B Dose Calculations INTAKE CALCULATION DOSE C Egi z EH x EUN EN pat we ETE as IAT gangs Bod IR IRB IR 3I IRIS IRIE 00 OREO ODED OE DOE OU 00 OE DME OE 6 KE DRE OME DE DE 1 55E 06 4 CAE E 30 47 2Z30 06 3 26E 06 20 06 1 0 amp 25E46 2 1 30 45 poed 000 00 QOOE OD OE DOE OU 17E 4 0E 5 30 417 22 06 SIE ROME DG 1 268498 4HE BE IR2 fame Bad 3 Bgd 14 2523 06 Bq 5 35rig6 Ba 6 Byd IT SATE 406 Bald 3 Annual Committed Doses IAB Bgd Eilecive Dosa 5s IR3 1 3236 405 Bq Laiculsle 4 T9E 04 Hi0 Bard Annual Commited Domes Cument Operation Intake Regime 1 Appling Splitting Rule to Esophagus The i ahead a named cogan so the spitting nde wall nior apple Equivalent Dose bo nemaimder i 3 1 05 Mass weeighbed remamder OF H3 WR Duelaultz WT ICRP ES ICRP Model Figure D 91 Calculating and displaying both the contributions to effective dose from each HTO intake and the effective doses committed each year Note In this example the TOTAL committed effective dose is 4 79 x 10 Sv 479 HSV D 6 5 Dose Committed During
49. by importing the ASCII text data file Install into the Table Tool The solution above is saved in the parameter file Case22 HTO MP ix in the same folder Drv JABASOFT IMBAEXUS UserData1 Demo Case_22 Tritium txt D 6 4 Calculating Doses from HTO Intakes Dose Tool Effective Doses H 3 Cont Wo Elf Dose Cont io Elf Dose Coni ta Ef Dose Cont to ER Dore Conr ba EH Cors Cont te Ell Dos Cont io Elf Dose Cont to Elf Dore Cont ta Ef Gore Cont ta ER Dose Electors Target Organs 5v Sv Sv E x Sv ISv Sv Sv E Sv IR 1 IR Z IF 3 DAL a IRI 7 IR 3 Riit 1 DOE 00 TOJE 00 CLOOE 00 BUDE DO DDE 00 00 O ODE 00 DLODE 00 De 06 4 04E 07 6 30E O7 230 3 26E 1 8 Ene 07 1 41E 05 2 58E D7 1 28E 07 345E 07 2406 6 0 00 00 0 006 00 ODE 00 00 00 of 00 i D D 00 ODE 00 J 4 4 07 EIE 07 2 30E 2 262 06 7 1 41E 05 2 SHE i7 1 2BE 07 343 07 DLOOE 0 Quote 00 00 00 ne o0 OMe 00 DOE 0 CODE on CODE 00 0 0 DLODE 00 00 MODE 00 LOE 00 D ODE 00 DUE CODE 00 QLODE 00 DLOOE 0 200E 00 CLDOE 00 ONE 00 ODE 00 LOE 00 NODE DO ODDE 00 CODE 00 30 07 2 WE 2 2 BOE 07 TE 405 2 SpE OF 1 286 IN 14 07 100E 00 CLODE 00 00 ODE 00 LOC OU DO DLOCE 00 CLODE 00 CLODE 00 D OOE 00
50. do this most easily select 4 Intake Regimes click ICRP DEFS Load un check Apply Model Parameters to All IRs in the Advanced menu set each IR in turn as listed above Figure D 59 shows the resulting Main Screen set to indicate the Model Parameters for IR1 the hypothetical Ingestion Note In this case the actual intake probably occurred on November 24 1990 about five days before the first whole body count and urine sample The Start Date for each hypothetical acute intake is therefore set to 11 24 90 36 I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases file Edt Parameters Calkulstions Took Advanced s un mu E E I Mar 2004 New Quick Save Load Load Report Hep ome 32 CWABASOFTUMBAEXUSAUseDataTDemoVAEA Care 4 905 4 afit NM IMBA Expert OCAS Edition nrpb Intake Scenario Intake Regimes Units Indicator Nuclide pee LRLNE ENM C Time 9 Number of Associated Radionuckdes panam E Hallie 1063404 d Chronic Associated Radionuclides Intake 1 24 990 C dpm None Selected sem Erci _ C mSv mem Model Parameters Calculations 81 m2 14 OCAS Bioassay Calculations Office of Compensation Analysis and Support im In 1 Absesption F Trac ICRP Delauks GI Tract ICRP Defauks f1 0 1 Bickinetics ICRP Sr Model Deposition User Defined Wound Not Specified
51. dominates by number of atoms e Pu dominates by activity e is a minor contaminant of the plutonium particle matrix in terms of both number of atoms mass and activity 2 Am in the Lungs A total of 259 in vivo measurements Am activity in the lungs This exceeds the capacity 200 for any single Bioassay Quantity provided in IMBA Expert V OCAS ORAU Edition Therefore we reduced the data set in a manner that would not introduce bias into the fitting procedure by averaging each successive pair of measurement date and value The last odd numbered data point was discarded Table D 14 gives the reduced data set Table 0 14 Reduced data set of Am 6 29 79 12 00 AM 1700 activity in the lungs 8 13 79 12 00 PM 1600 Mid point Date Time Activity pCi 10 12 79 12 00 AM 1600 5 23 78 12 00 PM 1300 11 30 79 12 00 AM 1600 5 24 78 12 00 PM 1200 1 25 80 12 00 AM 1600 5 26 78 12 00 AM 1350 3 14 80 12 00 AM 1700 5 30 78 12 00 AM 1300 4 11 80 12 00 AM 1950 6 12 78 12 00 PM 1250 6 13 80 12 00 AM 1750 6 27 78 12 00 AM 1200 9 29 80 12 00 PM 1950 7 10 78 12 00 PM 1200 1 2 81 12 00 AM 1850 7 31 78 12 00 PM 1300 3 16 81 12 00 PM 1700 9 16 78 12 00 PM 1300 5 15 81 12 00 AM 1700 10 11 78 12 00 AM 1500 6 26 81 12 00 AM 1800 11 3 78 12 00 AM 1450 9 23 81 12 00 AM 1650 2 13 79 12 00 PM 1250 1 20 82 12 00 AM 1550 3 14 79 12 00 AM 1450 4 26 82 12 00 PM 1500 4 13 79 12 00 AM 1500 8 13 82 12 00 AM 1750 5 10 79 12 00 PM 1550 12 13 82
52. file Test file C WABASOFTMBAEXUSSUSERDATA Demo Case_2 Select type of test file Comma separated f Tab delimited Space delimited Other delimiter Back Next gt Cancel Figure D 99 The ASCII file import wizard In the ASCII file import wizard browse to the folder Install Drv JABASOFT IMBAEXUS USERDATA Demo and select the file Case 22 Tritium txt data file and click View Figure 0 99 This will open the file in NotePad Figure D 100 IMBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases 67 D Case 22 Tritium txt Motepad Ele Ed Format Yew Help P O00E 00 4 98750 05 Real 1 800E 00 LOGNORM 1 400 01 2 33500E 05 Real 1 800E 00 LOGHORM 2 LOWE 01 95562 5E 05 Real 1 0 0 LOW ho RM 2 BO0E 01 5 PARP SE OS Real 1 8O0E 00 L OS NORM 3 S00E 01 1 26000E 05 Real 1 800E 00 LOGNORM 4 2008401 1 12875E405 Real l BO Ee 0 LOG ho Rk 4 9008401 9 4 5008404 Real l B00 00 LOGNORM 3 600E 01 A T250E 04 Real 1 800G 00 LOGNORM JO0E 01 8 662 56404 Real 1 8008400 LOGNORM 7 01 8 4000 4 04 Real 1 800E 00 LOGNORM 7 POOE 01 3 073 QE4 04 Real l 800E 00 LOGNORM 8 400E4 01 2 5250404 Real 1 800E 00 LOGNORM 1 050 02 O87 5E 08 Real 1 800E 00 LOGHORM 1 120 02 3 67590 04 Rea 1 LOGNORM 1 190 02 5 2500 04 Real 1 800E 00 LOGhORM 606402 3 937 5E 04 Real 1 00 LOWS ho Pt D 100 First part of the Case 22 Tritium txt da
53. fourth significant figure value for the intake amount 44 550 pCi as the maximum likelihood method with a calculated standard error of 4 800 pCi c f 44 560 pCi Cautionary Note The standard error calculated by the least squares method is a numerical statistic only It DOES NOT measure the goodness of fit of the underlying model assumptions Hence the relative standard error is the same for the fits shown in Figures D 129 and D 130 whereas in Figure D 130 the model clearly DOES NOT fit the data The overall goodness of fit of the model is measured by the x sum statistic D 9 Using Bayesian Analysis To illustrate the use of the Bayesian inference in the fitting procedure we will again re analyze the first example case IAEA 1999 stored in the parameter file Install Drv JABASOFT IMBAEXUS UserData1 Demo lAEA Case 3 60Co Bayes ix This case involved an accidental inhalation of a cobalt metal and or oxide aerosol with whole body measurements of Co starting at 1 d after the intake The data were given in Table D 1 Note In IMBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Version 3 2 04 extension of Bayesian Analysis to multiple intakes has not yet been fully implemented This is still under development It will be provided as an automatic update to Version 3 2 96 I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases An introduction to Bayesian inference and a description of how this is implemented in I
54. is independent of the prior was shown in Figure D 136 for the uniform prior I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases 103 yesian Analysis Bayesian Analysis INTAKE GRAPH CALCULA Prior Distributian for Intake Regime 1 Select Graph to Plot IR1 3 3836 13 Bq Prior Distnbulion Log Likelihood Funchon C Probably of intakas Calculations 200 H 7 S30 SEH Re Calculale Dinion i SEAN Update Graph 1 358 34 2000 4000 gon a 1000 12000 14000 16000 15000 20000 intake Bar AUTO CALC Figure D 141 Example of a Gaussian prior The calculated posterior probability distribution of intake is shown in Figure D 142 together with the calculated statistical parameters of this distribution Bayesian Analysis Bayesian Analysis INTAKE GRAPH CALCULA Posterior Probability Distribution for Intake Regime 1 Select Graph to Phot IF 1 Ba Proc Disuibution Lag Likekhood Funichon v Probability of intake Calculo Caes 29 H Re Calculate Distribution Updates Graph 2000 4000 8000 io 132000 14000 185000 20000 intake Ba AUTO CALC IR1 aes Select Price Probabilly Distribution Hemin Mo Irbervals fin Ymr Emea Ho Interea fo Unicem Pasarneler Values Wmax 20000 Yma 1 14 01 Show Gri C kg C dn si Cg G in RT Mea 2000 Show log Show log Fomal Ford
55. its standard deviation to represent the amount of Am in the liver on September 20 1995 the average of the measurement dates The resulting point estimate is 0 21 0 09 nCi 4 Am in the Skeleton 241 Table D 16 In vivo measurements of Am activity in the skeleton Date of Measured Minimum Detectable Measurement Activity nCi Activity nCi 7 29 1994 0 0 0 2 12 6 1994 0 4 0 2 5 19 1995 0 2 0 2 3 22 1996 0 2 0 2 The activity of the skeleton as measured in vivo over a similar period to that measured in the liver is shown in Table D 16 To represent these data we have averaged the 4 measured values and taken this average and its standard deviation to represent the amount of Am in the skeleton on April 11 1995 the average of the measurement dates The resulting point estimate is 0 20 0 18 nCi 5 29pu in Urine The rate of excretion of Pu in urine was measurable by ICP mass spectrometry from 1983 onwards The calculated activity excretion rates simulated 24 h urine samples are shown in Table D 17 82 I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases Table 0 17 Measured urinary excretion rate of Date of Measured Excretion Rate pCi d Measurement 4 20 1983 12 21 1983 9 20 1984 7 11 1985 7 9 1986 7 8 1987 7 12 1988 7 13 1989 8 21 1990 7 11 1991 7 22 1992 7 14 1993 7 20 1994 7 18 1995 7 10 1996 0 0071 0 0081 0 0090 0 0207 0 0062 0 0017
56. ix contains a solution to this example case that was obtained by ACJ amp Associates Inc independently of the Case22 HTO MP ix solution This independent solution is shown in Figure D 110 Table D 9 shows the 10 discrete intakes fitted to the bioassay data c f the results of the earlier solution Table D 7 Comparison of the values in Table D 9 with those in Table D 7 shows substantial differences However it is more difficult to detect by eye substantial differences biasses in the graphical displays of the corresponding data fits Figure D 110 vs Figure D 92 respectively I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases 75 Us Graph Tool for Whole body Case22 JA Solution of Example Tritium Case Print 5 BE 06 4 Took Dat xmn 0 Molnewas 2 Ymn o ane Select Axet Automaa Ye 5788125 7 EmaBas Cie gt Clear Plots Show Gidra log in Show iv lg in Fi Update Format Formal Plot Line Style 7 Scenie Scenie Sod Ma Dec Fics No Dec Fics 1 KEY Buca hons EZ Line Style Predicted Bioassay Quantity Man Tile 2 JA Solution of Example Trium Case e Show Soba BE F Show EN LOD dota YVAmTle F Shw Excluded data Figure D 1
57. person green activist penetrated through barriers into an area of low level waste in an abandoned sand mine He found a barrel with a radioactive substances label took out a tin labelled ISOMET Sr opened the tin and found white powder After a few days the person started to worry and sought out a measurement with a dose rate meter This indicated serious external contamination The high reading persisted after the person showered indicating substantial internal contamination Surface contamination was found in his home and on various personal belongings The following bioassay monitoring was performed e Whole body activity 15 measurements from approximately 5 days after the intake over a 21 month period see Table D 3 e Urine sampling 9 measurements from approximately 5 days after the intake over a 9 month period see Table D 4 e Fecal sampling 6 measurements from approximately 6 days after the intake over a 10 day period see Table D 5 No error values were reported Table 0 3 Sr v whole body activity measurements Measurement date Activity kBq Measurement date Activity kBq November 29 1990 692 December 12 1990 215 November 30 1990 400 5 May 27 1991 118 5 December 3 1990 292 June 5 1991 135 December 4 1990 272 July 4 1991 110 5 December 5 1990 256 5 August 8 1991 102 5 December 6 1990 261 5 June 2 1992 96 December 7 1990 248 August 11 1992 79 December 10 1990 218 Table
58. screen From the Main Screen you e Click the Bioassay Calculations button bottom right corner of the Main Screen to open the Bioassay Calculations screen 8 I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases e Inthe top Bioassay Quantity window set as Table by default select Whole body from the drop down list box Figure D 14 This opens the first Bioassay Quantity window to display in that window a Table containing both measured whole body activity data on a blue background and predicted whole body activity data on a green background BIOASSAY QUANTITY Note When it is first opened the data Table in the Bioassay Quantity window has only one row This window is designed to display data values and NOT for data entry Since no data have yet been entered there are no data to display at this stage The tool button opens the Table Tool for your selected Bioassay Quantity This provides the tools that you will use to enter and or edit the bioassay data in the next step Tip Use the scroll bar below the open Bioassay Quantity window to view additional columns to the right that are related to measured bioassay data D 2 7 Entering the Measurement Data I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition provides Table Tool in the form of an expanded data table with various editing and automated data entry functions Opening the Table Tool Once you have selected the bioassay quantity for display in the
59. sum of a series of exponentially decaying terms Figure D 149 You can define up to five exponential terms in the User Defined Mode by clicking the so named button Figure D 150 Ret t a 1 exp Jam 1 t 2 exp dami2 1 User Defined Figure D 150 User Defined Mode for entering a Wound Retention function 110 Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases For all compounds of iodine ICRP Publication 68 ICRP 1994b recommended Type F to represent absorption from the respiratory tract at a characteristic rate of 100 d with a Gl tract absorption fraction of 1 Therefore as a first guess it is reasonable to assume very rapid uptake of the iodination compound from the puncture wound involved in this incident We can represent this simply by entering the following values for the retention parameters as shown in Figure D 151 e 1 1 lam 1 100d Ret t a 1 exp Jam 1 t a 2 expl Hami2 t Select Wound Liew Dade Mode NCAP Default User Defined Figure D 151 Setting the rate constant for retention in a wound as 100 d In the next section we will test how well this assumed rapid elimination rate from the wound site fits the measured time course of I uptake and retention in the thyroid D 10 2 Testing the Default Assumption of Rapid Uptake D Graph Tool for Thyroid
60. supporting a super class Y form of plutonium Health Phys 54 Suppl 1 S4 1988 Carbaugh EH Bihl DE Sula MJ long term follow up of HAN 1 an acute plutonium oxide inhalation case Radit Prot Dosim 38 1 3 99 104 1991 Carbaugh EH The Plutonium Reality Show Super Class Y vs Class W and Class Y A Contest of Bioassay and Internal Dosimetry Slide Presentation PNNL SA 40588 Richland WA Pacific Northwest National Laboratory 2004 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC National report on exposure to environmental chemicals Atlanta GA CDC March 2001 p 23 Dang HS Pallat VR Pillai KC Determining the normal concentration of uranium in urine and application to biokinetics Health Phys 62 562 566 1992 Doerfel H Andrasi A Bailey MR Berkovski V Castellani C M Hurtgen C Jourdain J R Le Guen B Guidance on internal dose assessments from monitoring data Project IDEAS Presented at the Workshop on Internal Dosimetry of Radionuclides Occupational Public and Medical Exposure Oxford 9 12 September 2002 Radiat Prot Dosim 105 1 4 645 647 2003 International Atomic Energy Agency IAEA Intercomparison and biokinetic model validation of radionuclide intake assessment AEA TECDOC 1071 Vienna International Atomic Energy Agency 1999 International Commission on Radiological Protection Limits for intakes of radionuclides by workers Part 1 Oxford Pergamon Press ICRP Publication 30 Ann ICRP 2 3
61. 0 07 No Interval 10 Uniorm Parameter Values mem ipo bia Show Grdines C in Show Gndines C lg i F i ain Foimal Forma f Scenie f Scenic Baussian To H Dec Phos ifr No Dec Fies 2 C Logeomal Leno Sishishes r AUETAN Medan Mode wm Hd M D En 0 totes Figure D 161 Selecting a Uniform prior in the Bayesian Analysis Tool The calculated Log Likelihood Function is shown in Figure D 162 Bayesian Analysis Tool Bayesian Analysis Tool Log Likelihood Function for Intake Regime 1 Select Graph ta Plot IR aaz2E4Q4 p 5 T3E 0H C Frw Distnbulion 5 AGE i 07 03 E Log ahon 58 03 r Probability of intake Af 2 0 03 Caloulstions X sate s p No Cakes 200 3B52E 03 4 1 2 03 Re Calculate Distribution 4 BEKO Update Gr _ Update Graph 1E 00 1E 01 1E 02 1E 03 1 04 1 05 1 06 kiaka pcs Figure 0 162 Calculated Log Likelihood intake distribution for wound case with Uniform prior IMBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases 117 The resulting calculated posterior probability distribution for the intake amount is shown in Figure D 163 Bayesian Analysis Tool Bayesian Analysis T ool INTAKE GRAPH CALCUL Posterior Probabilly Distribution for Intake Regime 1 Select Graph to Plt Ri
62. 0 1963 1000 1 11 181 s 172371971 1214 28 AM 1 3 19 1970 1 000 1 1 Start Date 1 26 1971 4 16 53 PM 6 18 1970 1 000 1 30 1971 8 19 18 AM 9 241970 1000684 v Stop Date 2 11 72 gt lt gt Graph C Table C Hide Urre tol Specily Collection Periods Col 2 1 Calculate Brosssay Quanity Col 3 LP 1 DTA T _ 2 69 0 000 525 8315 8724 9133 9542 9951 10351 10770 11179 11588 11997 12406 Progress Indicator Figure D 43 Setting up a series of times at which to predict the bioassay quantity In this example the measured urinary excretion data exhibited significant peaks in 1971 and 1972 However these bioassay data were taken at routine sampling intervals and NOT in response to intake events known or suspected As a result much of the early urinary excretion of relatively soluble plutonium would have been missed The Intakes to Bioassay option enables this predicted early excretion to be examined on the same graph plot as the measured data For this example Figure D 43 select 200 as the Number of Dates 1 200 select Linear for the time series specify the Start Date as 1 1 71 specify the Stop Date as 12 31 72 click the Send to all open windows button enter T in the Specify Collection Periods Col 2 dialog box click the Send button This will automatically 1 open 200 rows green background in t
63. 000 12000 000 18000 iA 000 Intake Bu AUTO CALC Figure D 143 Example of a Lognormal prior A Lognormal prior probability distribution is shown in Figure D 143 The median mean of this distribution is 2 000 Bq and the geometric standard deviation is 3 With this prior the calculated median value of the intake distribution is 9 775 Bq c f 9 805 Bq for the uniform prior The calculated Log Likelihood Function which is independent of the prior was shown in Figure D 136 for the uniform prior The calculated posterior probability distribution of intake is shown in Figure D 144 together with the calculated statistical parameters of this distribution In this example the statistical parameters of the intake distribution are Median 9 774 7 Ba Mean 9 774 6 Ba Mode 9 774 3 Standard Deviation 358 89 Bq 95 Confidence Interval 9 062 10 489 Ba I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases 105 LU Ha yesian Analysis Bayesian Analysis INTAKE GRAPH CALCULZ Posterior Probability Distribution for Intake Regime 1 Select Graph ba Plot 181 Ba C Pror Distribution Log Likelhood Funchon f Probability of intake 200 24 Re Calculate Graph ELI 4000 Ex io 1200 14000 16000 iama 20000 intake Ba AUTO CALC IF1 Pa Y Select Prix Probability D
64. 0E 02 330E 02 400E 02 540 02 610 02 680E 02 750 02 820 02 890E 02 960E 02 020 02 100 02 310E 02 380E 02 590 02 98750E 05 83500E405 95625 05 74875E 05 26000E 05 12875 05 4500 04 800E 00 LOGNORM 800E 00 LOGNORM 800E 00 LOGNORM 800E 00 LOGNORM 800E 00 LOGNORM 800E 00 LOGNORM 800E 00 LOGNORM 800E 00 LOGNORM 800E 00 LOGNORM 800E 00 LOGNORM 800E 00 LOGNORM 800E 00 LOGNORM 800E 00 LOGNORM 800E 00 LOGNORM 800E 00 LOGNORM 800E 00 LOGNORM 800E 00 LOGNORM 800E 00 LOGNORM 800E 00 LOGNORM 800E 00 LOGNORM 800E 00 LOGNORM 800E 00 LOGNORM 800E 00 LOGNORM 800E 00 LOGNORM 800E 00 LOGNORM 800E 00 LOGNORM 800E 00 LOGNORM 800E 00 LOGNORM 800E 00 LOGNORM 800E 00 LOGNORM 800E 00 LOGNORM 800E 00 LOGNORM 800E 00 LOGNORM 800E 00 LOGNORM 800E 00 LOGNORM 800E 00 LOGNORM 800E 00 LOGNORM 800E 00 LOGNORM 800E 00 LOGNORM 800E 00 LOGNORM 7250 04 6625 04 4000 04 6750E 04 6250E 04 087 5E 04 6750E 04 2500E 04 9375E 04 9375E 04 5125 04 250E 03 4125 04 875E 03 0500 04 2500 04 7250 04 9375 04 05000 05 4000E 04 5125 04 1500 04 05000 05 9750E 04 07625E 05 023750E 06 67500E 05 53875E 05 33625E 05 415125 06 32125 05 04 500 05 52000 05 730 02 800E 02 870E 02 940E 02 010 02 O80E 02 150E 02 220E 02 360E 02 430E 02 2 2 3 4 4 3 6 7 7 8 1 1 d L d l 1 1 1 d L L 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3
65. 10 A second solution of the tritium routine monitoring example case Table D 10 Discrete intake calculated from the tritium urinalysis data Intake regime Assumed timing Intake amount rate Bq Bq d IR1 chronic 0 20d 51 330 Ba d IR2 chronic 40 155d 1 860 Ba d IR3 chronic 180 280d 5 495 Ba d IR4 acute 280 d 1 354 000 Bq IR5 acute 310 d 1 940 000 Bq IR6 chronic 340 357 d 61 810 Ba d IR7 chronic 400 440 d 5 837 Ba d IR8 acute 418 d 4 977 000 Bq IR9 acute 500 d 213 700 Bq IR10 chronic 520 550 d 1 654 Bq d Figure D 111 shows the committed effective doses calculated from the estimates of intake given in Table D 10 i mum Note 1 The total committed effective dose calculated in this second solution 199 uSv is less than half the value 479 uSv calculated in the earlier solution o m Note 2 However the average the two independent estimates of total committed jj effective dose is 339 uSv 198 uSv standard deviation This is within 8 of the average value 315 uSv obtained using the automated fitting procedure 76 I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases File Advanced Tools Help ki Dose Calculations Save Save INTAKE CALCULATION DOSE 1 Bad 2 Byd saxx 03 Bad I4 I5 Sereas Bgd 3 Annual Committed Doses IRB 13745
66. 11 Note 2 However use of case specific HRTM parameter values DOES have a substantial effect on the distribution of effective dose between the Lungs and other body organs The lung dose is calculated to increase by a factor of about 2 5 154 D 8 Using Least Squares Fitting To illustrate the use of the least squares fitting method we will re analyze the first example case IAEA 1999 which IS stored in the parameter file Install Drv JABASOFT IMBAEXUS UserData1 Demo lAEA Case 3 60Co ix This case involved an accidental inhalation of a cobalt metal and or oxide aerosol with whole body measurements of Co starting at 1 d after the intake The data were given in Table D 1 Note The east squares fitting method can be used only in cases involving a single intake with REAL explicit error values on each data point and a single bioassay quantity I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases 93 To use the least squares fitting method you select this option in the Bioassay Calculations screen Figures D 126 and D 127 and click OK E Bioassay Calculations File 727109 8 Tools Help INTAKE Figure D 126 Opening the Fitting Options menu D Bioassay Calculations ki S M Bioassay Calculations Save QuickSave Tritium INTAKE CALCULATION BIOASSAY QUANTITY j Graph Table C Hide hole body tool 1 smmr ns COUR Calas Measuremen
67. 3 3 01 3 U0D0E 03 Real 03 HORN a AIRE 03 2 235E 01 1380833333 402 S 000E 03 Heal 2 UU0E 03 NORM 1434EAO0S 01 Figure 0 153 Calculated Chi Square values for an assumed uptake rate of 100 d However as shown in Figure D 153 the first 2 data points primarily the 1 point contribute a large fraction of the total Y and these points are clearly NOT related to the incident at time t 0 Thus the appropriate value of 7 to consider is that related to the 7 data points obtained oost incident This value is 25 5 We can conclude that the assumption of an uptake rate of 100 d from the wound site is NOT supported by the bioassay thyroid data In the next section we let IMBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition itself select the most likely absorption behavior D 10 3 Deriving the Most Likely Absorption Rates IMBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition allows up to 10 intakes to be analyzed simultaneously In this case and many others for which critical intake scenario parameter values are UNKNOWN this facility for simultaneous analysis provides a direct means of fitting the unknown parameter values This is done by choosing an appropriately broad range of hypothetical values and letting IMBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition rank these values according to the amount of intake that it calculates for each In this example both the observed thyroid retention and the measured retention of contamination on the worker s hand su
68. 3 600 02 Real 4 000E 00 LOGNORM 12 3 1330 12 00 00 AH 1 000E 00 1 200 02 Real 4 000E 00 LOGNORM 1221121990 12 00 00 1 000 00 2 300E 03 Real 4 000 00 LOGNORM Figure 0 54 Fecal data and assumed errors for IAEA Case 4 D 4 2 Select Reference Bioassay Models Once you have defined the Indicator Nuclide Sr and also the Bioassay Quantities in the Bioassay Quantity windows you can specify use of ICRP s currently recommended Bioassay Models in one quick step by clicking the ICRP DEFS Load icon Figure D 55 File Edit Parameters Calculations Tools Advanced Help C s m m Load Open Save Mew Quick Save Load Report Ver 3 1 CWABASOFTIMBARSUSSUSERDATASIAEAHA 905r Data In __ Figure 0 55 The ICRP DEFS Load icon for specifying use of all ICRP default models You will be prompted to select an f1 Value and Absorption Type for the Sr material Figure D 56 Select type NM EN F1 values and absorption Types for Strontium ICAP Source Chemical Form 71 71 Recommended default in the absence of specific information 71 LUnspecified compounds B8 Strontium titanate S rT ID 3 Llrispecilied compounds Strontium titanate Srl iD13 Note only the absorption parameters are entered NOT the default AMAD ar route of intake Cancel Figure D 56 Selecting the f1 value and absorption type for Strontium 34 IMBA Expert OCAS ORAU
69. 35 The following steps in the listed order are recommended for calculating the amount of a single intake by inhalation from a set of whole body measurements where the time of the intake is known and the aerosol and absorption parameters of the inhaled material can be specified with reasonable confidence The additional steps required for a more complicated assessment I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases 1 involving multiple intakes with unknown parameters are described in Section D 3 1 Select the Indicator Nuclide in the Main Screen 2 Define the Reference Date in the Main Screen 3 Select the Reference Activity Units in the Main Screen 4 Select the Bioassay Model and other required Model Parameters in the Main Screen 5 Define the Intake Regime IR1 in the Main Screen 6 Select in the Bioassay Calculations screen the Bioassay Quantity as Whole body for display in the top Bioassay Quantity window 7 Enterthe bioassay data using the data entry tool in the Bioassay Quantity window 8 Graph the bioassay data using the graph set up tool in the Bioassay Quantity window 9 Select which bioassay data to use Whole body and click Start Calculation 10 mprove the data fit using the Graph of the Bioassay Quantity D 2 1 Indicator Nuclide for Single Intake Indicator Nuclide Number of Associated Radionuclides 4 Half Life 1 924 03 d Associated Radionuc
70. 3E 07 3E 0 38E 07 00 00 00 O00 00 DLE 00 00 ODDE 00 QUODE 00 100E 00 DLODE 00 TONE 00 MONE 0 ONE 00 DUDOE 0 00 100E 00 200E DO 00 ODE 00 LOGE OU 00 DLOOE Do 00 00 TODE 00 CLOOE Dr 00 DE 00 OU OME Do TOTE 00 00 00 TODE 00 CODE 00 CODE 00 DDE 00 00 OME DO D OOE Da D ODE 00 000E 00 TOJE 00 DLOOE 00 BUDE 00 DDE 00 00 nn Doo 00 0 0DE 00 D 00 D OOE 00 D ODE 00 0 00 00 0 00 00 0 00 00 00 0 00 00 D ODE 00 000E 00 aE 00 DOE 00 00 00 LO0E Ot B 00 GL OOE 00 CODE 00 ODE 00 4 04E 07 E 3OE 07 2 30E 0b 3 25E 406 07 1 41E 05 2 58E 07 1 2 07 3 07 1 51E 06 252 06 122 06 1 30 415 3 EAE 06 5 EAE 15 1 06 TIE 1 40 06 100E 0 DOE O0 CODE 00 NODE 00 0 00 00 00 DUE 00 OODE 00 CODE 00 4 417 6306 07 2 6 3 26E 406 07 TATE 05 7 T 28E 3 48E 7 Figure D 90 60 S U7E 406 ETE 1 E 2 526 404 2 56 Contributions to total effective dose from each intake IMBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases The contributions to the overall committed effective dose made by each of the 10 intakes Figure D 90 is calculated simply in the Dose Calculations screen in this example Figure D 91
71. 3ZAl Figure D 9 Selecting the ICRP Default Particle Transport Model 6 I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases Absorption model For the Absorption model se ect the Type M ICRP Default model Figure D 10 e click the Type M button e Click OK EX Absorption Model Alternative Representation Standard Representation Spt Initial state Transformed state omo Pr Bound material Initial dissolution rate Sp Transformation rate Spt Fraction to bound state Fb Sie Uptake rate from bound Final dissolution rate 51 poppe 05 si cag ior User Defined Type M OK Cancel Figure D 10 Selecting the Type M Absorption Model To select an appropriate ICRP recommended value of f e click the Help button Figure D 10 e select the Abs row Figure 0 11 e Click OK Fil 71 Recommended default in the absence of specific information 68 LU nspecified compounds B8 des hydroxides halides and nitrates Unspecified compounds B8 Osides hydrasides and inorganic compounds Note only the absorption parameters are entered the default AMAD ar route of intake fone Figure 0 11 Selecting the ICRP recommended value of f4 Gl Tract model For the Gl Tract model select LOAD ICRP DEFAULTS Figure D 12 click the LOAD ICRP DEFAULTS button click OK I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases EX
72. 7 476 37 7 12 476 259 8 2 13 518 518 3 5 Total 0 553 334 I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases 77 Note 1 The total committed effective dose 334 uSv shown in Table D 11 is higher by 596 than the value 317 pSv obtained earlier when we analyzed larger sets 6 x 10 1 x 5 of bioassay data Note 2 This observation is consistent with our earlier Important Note that the analysis of a small series of tritium sample values tends to over estimate the total intake and thus dose If previous intake has occurred within a month or so the value of intake calculated for the first sampling interval of a new set will ALWAYS over estimate the actual intake value assuming no bias in the time of intake model since there will always be some carry over of tritium activity from the previous intake The amount of this un corrected carry over decreases with each subsequent sample Therefore the more sample values included in the set the smaller the resulting over estimate for the set as a whole lt follows that the earlier analysis using the maximum number of sample values in each set should have given a ess biassed estimate of total intake and committed dose than this analysis carried out with only 5 sample values in each set 3 Goodness of Fit Comparison between Automated and Manual Procedures Table 0 12 summarizes the estimates of effective dose committed over the whole 553 0 monitoring
73. 800 00 LOGNOR 3 11 1995 850 00FM 1570 01 2190 04 Real 1 800 00 LOGNOR Unine 3 11 1995 10 50 00PM BINE 3430 04 Real 1 800 00 LOGNORP lt gt lw Feces Ee G Graph C Table C Hide Une xl tod Thwod Liver User Defined Progress Indicator Deposition EE CoaroTme MENNA Bioassay Calcs Calculation Complete Umi Max Likelhood fi Figure D 79 Data fit obtained by optimizing intake and Gl tract model parameter values with adjusted baseline fecal uranium mass excretion rates Figure D 79 shows the result of optimizing the data fit by using the adjusted baseline fecal uranium mass excretion rates Figure D 78 and manually varying the model parameters The changes made to the model parameters were as follows 1 Reducing the f value for the acute inhalation IR1 to 0 0002 from the default value of 0 002 Reducing the f value for the background chronic dietary intake IR2 to 0 002 from the default value of 0 02 3 Doubling the rate of transport through the SI to 12 d from the default value of 6 d 4 Doubling the rate of transport through the ULI to 3 6 d from the default value of 1 8 d 5 Doubling the rate of transport through the LLI to 2 d from the default value of 1 d N Reasons for changes e The first change reflects the high fired ceramic nature of the airborne particles e The second chan
74. 9 00 04 Real 1 9200 04 NORM 5 11 1332 12 00 00 r 000E 04 Real 1 56500E 04 NORM Figure 0 52 Whole body data and assumed errors for IAEA Case 4 I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases 33 p Collection Measurement Measurement Date hh mm penod di Rate Bq d 11 28 1330 12 00 00 12 1 1330 12 00 00 12 3 1330 12 00 00 12 4 1330 12 00 00 12 5 1330 12 00 00 AM 12 3 1330 12 00 00 12 11 1380 12 00 00 2 3 1331 12 00 00 AM g 71331 12 00 00 S20E U1 1 000 00 920 01 920 01 7 JU0E 01 7 32DE 01 1 000 00 1 000 00 1 000 00 5 BB DE 04 n B28 E 04 1 44605 04 1 06706 04 4 5005 03 5 93910E 03 4 440E 03 4 700E 02 2 DOCE 02 Real Real Real Real Real Real Real Real Real Measurement 1 800 00 1 800 00 1 S00E 00 1 800 00 1 85800E 00 1 800 00 1 500 00 1 800 00 1 500 00 Error Distribution LOGNORM LOGNORM LOGNORM LUGNORM LOGNORM LOGNORM LOGNORM LUGNORM Figure D 53 Urine data and assumed errors for IAEA Case 4 Collection Measurement Measurement Error Measurement are ai did Data Type Me Distribution 122121990 12 00 00 1 000 00 40 03 Real 12 3 1990 12 00 00 1 000E 00 2 560E 03 Real 4 000E 00 LOGNORM 12 4 1330 12 00 00 1 000E nn 1 0520 04 Real 4 000E 00 LOGNORM 12 5 1330 12 00 00 1 000E 00
75. 9 IR9 5 S336 04 Calculate Bioassay Quantity Col 3 810 33446404 Progress Indicator Operation Calculation Complete H3 Max Likelihood fi Figure D 106 The amount of intake calculated to have given rise to each successive bioassay measurement is displayed automatically in the Bioassay Calculations screen I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases 71 Tip If you set up a Graph window for the Bioassay Quantity Figure D 106 you can view automatically the result of the fitting process in this example the fitted whole body retention as a function of time together with the input point estimates represented by the measured bioassay values Note The fitted whole body retention shown in Figure D 106 results from assuming that each of the 4 fitted intakes occurred at the mid point of the corresponding sampling interval The effect of the alternative assumption that each intake occurred continuously over the corresponding sampling interval is described in Section D 6 12 Effect of Assumed HTO Intake Pattern Clicking OK in the Bioassay Calculations screen then returns you to the Main Screen Figure D 107 By Main Screen Fie Edt Parameters Calculations Took Advanced 3 B F Mar 2004 Open Sare Pima Quick Save Lows Losd Report Hel 3 2 ECAIABASDFT VIMBAELIS SL Eb D ata Cat IP pu IMBA Expert OCAS Edition nrpb Intake Scenario In
76. 9 11588 11997 12406 Progress Indicator Bin Warning If you are using a slow processor lt 400 MHz you will have to wait several minutes for the calculation of 200 excretion values to finish Tip If your processor is too slow decrease the number of time points D 3 13 Optimizing the Intake Estimates This is done by improving the fit of the predicted bioassay quantity to the bioassay data using the Graph Tool Figure D 45 e click the Select Axes Automatically button Tools sub panel e check the Plot dialog box under Bioassay Predictions Plot sub panel The predicted values of the bioassay quantity will automatically be added to the graph of the data as a green Curve I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases 27 0 010 0 008 0 006 0 004 M N 0 002 T ae TI x L 14 0 000 8315 I 8724 9133 9542 9951 10061 10770 11179 11588 11997 12406 Xai Plot Took Date Xmn 6315 No Intervals 10 Yom 0 No Intervals 7 Shape s 565 rz Select Axes Automatically Xmax 12406 Yema 0014 iv Emo Bars Outline Circle gt Clear Plots Show Gndire C log in Show Gridines C leg Fk Update Format Format fv Piot Line Style Scientific Scenic Sobd gt No Dec Pics No Dec Pics 0 Numencal 3 Numencal KEY Bioassay Pred Line
77. ASSAY QUANTITY 21 D 3 9 DATA ENTRY MULTIPLE INTAKE 22 D 3 10 GRAPHING THE DATA MULTIPLE INTAKES 23 DIL CALCULATING THE INTAKE AMOUNTS u Su siasa k qaa u ayaqa a a netu ipee due cea 24 D 3 12 TESTING THE INTAKE ESTIMATION EXAMINING THE DATA FIT 26 D 3 13 OPTIMIZING THE INTAKE ESTIMATES ccccsccsscssccsccsccsccsscssceccescessessesscsscescessessessesscescescescenss 27 D 4 USING MULTIPLE BIOASSAY QUANTITITIES 32 DAL TE RRORGASSU MIP TIONS REN 33 D4 2 SELECT REFERENCE BIOASSAY MODELS ee Eie G Su ua u US Sa 34 D y HYPOTHETICAL INTAKE SCENARIOS uuu u eoi 35 D 4 4 REFINING THE INTAKE ASSESSMENT wos cscccsveeccevss vscvoocececeseusssescevesevsvesatecsdvsbessvencevecsuscersevssesesecsuess 38 DAS EVALUATING THE DO SE RC T T 42 D 5 URANIUM ISOTOPIC MINTURE 43 D S L SE UP URANMUM MIXTURE uuruuu toe eh Ese att node 44 D 5 2 ENTER URANIUM IN URINE DATA IN MG D nnns nnn enne e enne ener enean 46 D 5 3 ENTER URAN
78. Bioassay Quantity window the tool button in the top right corner is activated see Figure D 15 Click this tool button to open the Table Tool This will enable you to enter and or edit the whole body activity data BIOASSAY GUANTITY Ir Graph of Table Hide whole body Calculated Measurement Date Specified Date hh mm MA ValuelBal Figure D 15 Bioassay Quantity window set to hold Whole body data with active tool button I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases 9 How to use the Table Tool to enter the data is described in the User Manual see Section 4 4 under HOW TO USE THE BIOASSAY CALCULATIONS SCREEN For this example in the Table Tool you need to 1 Enter the eight paired values of Measurement date and Whole body activity Bq given earlier in Table D 1 Section D 2 blue data columns 1 and 3 respectively 2 Enter Real in all eight rows of data column 4 to signify that these are all real reliable measurements 3 Enter a hypothetical Uniform Relative error of 0 1 in all eight rows of data column 5 to signify the assumption of a uniform relative error on all measured values 4 Enter NORM in all eight rows of data to signify that the error in the measured quantity is assumed to be normally distributed The completed Bioassay Quantity table will then be displayed as shown in Figure D 16 BIOASSAY
79. CAP Model Deposition ICAP Defaults HU Wound Mot Specified Abscepl orc F Part Tram ICAP Defaults 3l Teact ICRP Delate Fini Figure D 85 Main Screen setup for analysis of 10 discrete intakes of inorganic tritium vapor HTO C Binassay Model Systemic Retention Blood ha time 0000001 User Defined Mode LOAD ICRP DEFAULTS Std H i Model ax um DLE BODY LUNGS URINE FECES BLOOD THYR OID LIVER USER DEFINED F Sid Hii Model Figure D 86 ICRP s Standard H i Model for HTO bioassay Whole Body retention IMBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases 57 0 Bipkinetic Model Ele Edt Function Source Organs ADRENALS EEOC BREAST 6 80500 HEARTCT KIDNEYS Muscle OVARIES PANCREAS testes THvRoD BONE CORTVOL CORTSURF TRABVOL TRABSURF STOMACH sa uu sT wall SKIN SPLEEN SOFT Tiss By Transter Compartmant Organ Retention Defined Mode LOAD ICRP DEFAULTS ICRP H i Model Figure D 87 Default ICRP H i Model for HTO biokinetics D 6 3 Fitting Discrete HTO Intake Events Us Graph Tool for Whole body IDEAS Case 22 Routine Monitoring H 3 Whole Body Activity Bq EE 4 T 0 116 2 1708 1294 900 3335 39 2 3438 498 4 5930 Time d Y as Plot Took E Dai min Irberzals 10 Yamin 5250 Int ey
80. Edition Example Bioassay Cases How to use the Graph Tool to set up the graph is described the User Manual see Section 4 5 under HOW TO USE THE BIOASSAY CALCULATIONS SCREEN For this example in the Graph Tool you need to 1 Click the Select Axes Automatically button 2 Inthe Plot sub panel check e the Data Plot box e the Data Error Bars box e Fit Plot box At this stage the data and error bars will appear in the Bioassay Quantity graph window as shown in Figure D 18 Graph Table Hide Whole body Warning You CANNOT open the Graph Tool until you have entered or read in from a file a value of Measurement Error for every tabulated Measurement Value If you attempt to do this you will be prompted to complete the data entry D 2 9 Selecting Bioassay Data to Use and Calculating Intake Before you can calculate the amount of Intake you MUST first Select which data to use In the CALCULATION sub panel Bioassay to Intake Figure D 19 e check the Whole body box If you forget to do this you will be prompted To calculate the maximum likelihood estimate of the Intake amount e click the Start Calculation button Figure D 19 This will e display automatically the Intake amount for the single Intake Regime IR1 e plot automatically the corresponding fit to the data points see Figure D 19 provided that the Plot Fit box was checked in
81. Edition Example Bioassay Cases If you then click the Bioassay button in the Model Parameters panel Main Screen you will see that the Std Sr Model bioassay models have been oaded for Whole body Urine and Feces Figure D 57 EX Bioassay Model File Edit Function Bioassay Function User Defined v Transfer Compartment systemic l Excretion Bioassay Function Blood half time r Select User Defined Mode Not Specified OK Cancel WHOLE BODY LUNGS URINE FECES BLOOD THYROID LIVER USER DEFINED Std Sr Model Std Sr Model Std 5r Model Figure D 57 Confirming that the Std Sr Model has been loaded for Whole Body Urine and Feces D 4 3 Hypothetical Intake Scenarios The nature of the intake was unknown in this case IAEA Case 4 so let s try to get IMBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition to indicate the most likely type of intake To do this we simply have to set up several hypothetical intake scenarios to occur simultaneously and let IMBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition use the bioassay data whole body urine and feces simultaneously to choose the most likely scenario Important Note The availability of 3 independent sets of bioassay data plus the ability to analyse these data simultaneously makes it possible to apply IMBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition in this manner to determine the relative weight of several hypothetical intake scenarios when the actual conditions of intake are
82. Funchon Probability of intake Calculations Caes 220 Re Calculate Detrbution Update Graph 1 46E 177 Probably Density 2000 4000 BO 8000 10000 12000 14000 186000 15000 20000 intake Big ALTO CALC IF1 a us Select Price Probababty Distributi seman o Intervals 10 min 1466 177 interesak E C Uniig F aeaneler s aues Fox 20000 Tan 1 E OI Show dines C in Shea adres C in Invera Aha 001 E Formal r Forma T 100000 ven Scientific T Scientific C Gaussian um NoDecPks gt r r Statistics Medan 37505403 Mode 79176403 HXO 9 0779 03 1 0507E 04 2 WEA E C Figure D 146 Posterior probability distribution of intake calculated for an Alpha prior IMBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases 107 In this example the statistical parameters of the intake distribution are Median 9 792 0 Ba Mean 9 791 9 Ba Mode 9 791 7 Standard Deviation 358 78 Bq 95 Confidence Interval 9 078 10 507 Ba Note Again this posterior distribution is very close to normal symmetrical as was the case for the uniform prior However in this example the distribution has been shifted to marginally lower values of the median mean and mode D 10 Transdermal Uptake of I from a Wound In this case a laboratory worker received an accidental needle puncture
83. GI Tract Model Rate constants per day for particulate material Stomach St Small Intestine 51 Upper large intestine LILI Lower large intestine fLLI Clear Select f 0 1 User Defined OK Cancel Figure D 12 Selecting the ICRP Default Gl Tract Model This completes the definition of ALL Model Parameters required to calculate the Intake of Co in the IAEA 1999 example case Key Tip You can short cut the process of loading each of the above Model Parameters individually by clicking the ICRP Defs LOAD tool button You will then be prompted to choose the Absorption Model and value of f 0 2 5 Selecting the Intake Regime IH1 By default IMBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition sets up a Single Intake Regime IR1 as an Acute Inhalation Figure D 13 At this point no value of the Intake has been set or calculated Intake Scenario Intake Regimes Units L S Time Clear Al intake Regimes Enter Number of Intake Regimes 1 10 J zl PIS C 9 Stat Date 2 24 1988 Bq dpm Indicator Nuclide co EN Number of Associsted Radionuchdes 0 Hallie 1 924 03 d Associated Radionuclides None Selected Figure D 13 IR1 defined by default as Acute Inhalation D 2 6 Selecting Whole Body as Bioassay Quantity The previous steps were carried out in the Main Screen You select the Bioassay Quantity in the Bioassay Calculations
84. IMBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Vers 4 0 User Manual Appendix D Example Bioassay Cases August 2005 Prepared by Anthony C James Ph D ACJ amp Associates Inc 129 Patton Street Richland WA 99352 1618 Tel 509 375 7718 FAX 509 375 5190 E mail imba acj associates com Web Site http www acj associates com 2001 2005 amp Associates Inc This Appendix provides worked examples of bioassay calculations performed by MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition The examples will introduce you to the main built in features and functions that are provided for bioassay analysis i e for the assessment of intake s of radionuclides based on bioassay measurements Contents D i INTRODUC TION Mr 1 D 2 ESTIMATING A SINGLE INTAKE 1 D 2 1 INDICATOR NUCLIDE FOR SINGLE INTAKE 2 D 2 2 REFERENCE DATE FOR SINGLE INTAKKE oe eb ree ort 3 D 2 3 REFERENCE ACTIVITY UNITS FOR SINGLE INTAKE 4 D 2 4 SELECTING THE REQUIRED MODEL PARAMETERS 4 D2 SELECTING THE INTAKE REGIMEAIR D Zayn aun o eee dant huy u Su avt phat eei apa ud
85. IUM IN FECES DATA IN MG D aaa se enne enne seen eser nnn 47 D 5 4 INITIAL JOINT ANALYSIS OF URINE FECAL DATA 0 5 5 CORRECT FOR DIETARY URANIUM INTAKE iu l i usu ala unu 48 D 5 6 OPTIMIZE INTAKE MODEL PARAMETERS 49 D 5 7 COMMITTED DOSES FROM U MIXTURE 5 D 5 8 PUBLISHED DATA ON BACKGROUND U IN URINE 54 D 5 9 URANIUM EXAMPLE CASE SUMMARY ccccsscccssccssscsscescccsscesccescceesseesscesscesseesccescesseesscesscenssens 54 D 6 ROUTINE TRITIUM URINALYSIS Loo u w Su epe Lor va echar web ue 55 D 6 1 DETERMINE INDIVIDUAL TRITIUM INTAKES AND RESULTING DOoSsSES 56 13 6 2 SETTING UP THE MODELS uy u l eoa et ese dee d oe ete eret seas 56 1X 6 5 PITTING DISCRETE ATO INTAKE EVENTS totu eet Ioh boe Se EE rt qot EORR eo OE abe bo eto Tr 58 D 6 4 CALCULATING DOSES FROM HTO INTAKES 60 D 6 5 DOSE COMMITTED DURING HTO MONITORING PERIODS
86. MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition is given in the section of Appendix A Technical Basis entitled Using Bayesian Inference distribution that are available in this version of the software That description includes the types of Bayesian Prior probability To use the Bayesian Fitting option you must first select this from the Bioassay Calculation screen s Advanced Fitting Options menu Figure D 131 Bioassay Calculations T Bioassay Calculations Saws Quick Save Tribum INTAKE CALCULATION BIOASSAY QUANTITY lt C Geh G Tabe C Hide Who boa In 8 805E 03 Bq DUCES essei Data Type Mescuremen gt I _ aluet Emai Drintu Ey Advanced Dosimetry UOCE iaj A gt T Aa ie HORM 1 150 03 Real 1150 07 1 010 02 Fel 1 000E 07 These ophons should be used with extreme cane 00 02 Real 7 S00E NOAM d 20E Real 4 3580E 02 Flesl 2500 0 NORM T B00E 0 Real 7 BODE DO 01 Fel 3 500E J WORM hd Telet Fitting Method gt Least Squaces Hide whole body tool J T o 10 100 1000 500 Progress Indicaloi Depadtion ide gt Coating Timet Cade Cunert peratian Figure D 131 Selecting the Bayesian Fitting option This will activate the Bayesian Analysis button in the Bioassay Calculations screen Figure D 132 Clicking the Bayesian Analysis button opens a ne
87. NTAKES CALCULATION kes BIOASSAY QUANTITY 7 BOGE 00 LOGHORE bes of Intake Regimes Rs to use in the calculation 10 21 Intake assumption Sole acule at midpoint of period 1 400 01 18G500E 05 1 800 00 LOGNORE Constant chionic throughout period 2 100 01 i95525E 5 Real 1 800E 00 LOGNDRE 2 900 1 3 74875E 5 Real 1 800 00 LOGNORE 3500 t 1 26000E 05 Real 1 800 00 LOGNORE 4 200 01 L12875E 05 1 800 00 LOGNORI Measurement Data Whole Body Intake Bq 4 300 01 345006 04 Real 1 00 LOGHORE 5 ODE 01 47250E 04 Real 1 800 00 LOGNORE ido peel ol 300 01 B EG2SE 4 Real 1 800 00 LOGNOR v I1 64308 04 gt In 2 4 0164E 03 Graph C Tabla C Hide whole body tool IR3 amp 2706E 03 line Mo gt IR 4 25225 06 IRS 35710606 Cale IR 6 13068 04 IR 1 28686 06 IR B Em IR 3 7 3985 IR 10 ft EEG i 19 Periods Edt Messuemert Data a res ut 3385 3892 44315 4534 5530 g Periods OF Cancel Figure D 96 Excluding the 11 and all further data points from analysis by the tritium tool IMBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases 65 The next step is to Specify the monitoring period corresponding to each measurement If the sampling intervals are contiguous the associated monitoring periods can be specified automatically by simply clicking the Default Monito
88. ON FOR HAN T CASE ce Dope See u ented umu s a een earns 9 D 8 USING LEAST SQUARES FITTING 93 0 9 USING BAYESIAN ANALYSIS m u u u Qu cop aee Ce Fees oa G aS 96 D 9 1 PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION OF INTAKE ASSUMING A UNIFORM PRIOR 99 D 9 2 PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION OF INTAKE ASSUMING AN INVERSE PRIOR 102 D 9 3 PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION OF INTAKE ASSUMING A GAUSSIAN PRIOR 103 D 9 4 PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION OF INTAKE ASSUMING A LOGNORMAL PRIOR 105 D 9 5 PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION OF INTAKE ASSUMING AN ALPHA PRIOR 106 D 10 TRANSDERMAL UPTAKE I FROM A WOUND cccccscsscoccoccoccscsecsscsscssssscesceceacesceacs 108 D 10 1 SETTING UP THE WOUND INTAKE SCENARIO ccceccecescscescscescscecescuccscecescscescscescscesescesencns 109 D 10 2 TESTING THE DEFAULT ASSUMPTION OF RAPID UPTAKE cceccecececececcccecccecescscececesess 111 D 10 3 DERIVING THE MOST LIKELY ABSORPTION RATES cccsceccececcsceccsceccscecescscescsceecscecescecences 112 D 10 4 CALCULATING THE POSTERIOR PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION OF INTAKE 115 DITE ORBEERENC nd gt 5 Se uu i Le
89. ORM 3 500E 0r 1 20000E 05 Real 1 800E 00 LOGHORM 4 200 0 1 12575E 05 Real 1 800E 00 LOGHORM 4 300E 01 9 4500 04 Real 1 800E 00 LOGMORM TEJE 01 4 725DE 4 Real T BOOE DO LOGNORM T 80DE 00 LOGHORM 1 800E 00 LOGHORM B 300E 01 T O00E 01 Figure D 102 10 rows of bioassay whole body data imported into the Table Tool Clicking OK in the Table Tool returns you to the Bioassay Calculations screen with the Tritium Routine Monitoring Tool window still open However the imported data is now visible automatically in this window Figure D 103 68 I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases P Tritium Routine Monitoring Tool File Took Help Chemical Fom intakes ineeganic H HTO H of riska n on fio assumption Singke acube et midpoint of period lumbi of Ir ages Is to use m thee calculation 10 j Intakt acsumption C pugi HCT Corclant chore throughout period Specds the moming period corresponding to cach measurement Monitonng Periods Measurement Data Whole Body Intake Bq Start day End day 1 0000 00 ADi ia 00 000 00 gt ara OO000E O0 Cale Intakes D00008 00 D00008 00 D00008 00 Figure D 103 Tritium Routine Monitoring Tool window showing 10 rows of imported data The next step is to Specify the monitoring period corresponding to each measurement If the sampling intervals are contiguous the associated
90. ORM 2 585 093 2914 X 4092111T3 400 1 2000 08 3 HORM 1423 E404 5 BBE C TGX133333E 00 1 0000E 04 Real 3 00 03 NOAM l4xxE O4 ZORE 1306333333 401 1 5000 04 S000E 03 NOAM L AsME 4 Ee 3408333X33 01 1 5000 04 Asal a 000 03 NORM lX358E404 7 586E 0 7 508 333333E 01 SOE 03 Real 3000E 03 NORM 839 7E 03 45366 00 13908313273 4027 S ODDE 13 2000E 03 NORM d STEM 8S S57 7E O Figure 0 155 Calculated values of Y for 6 hypothetical absorption rates The calculated intake amounts are IR1 46 940 pCi e IR2 0pCi IR3 O0pCi e IRA 0 pCi e IR5 0 pCi e IR6 117 900 pCi In other words IMBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition calculated a total intake of 164 840 pCi with 28 5 of this assigned an absorption rate of 100 d and 71 5 the slowest assumed absorption rate of 0 01 d The total fis now reduced to 17 1 This is significantly lower than the previous value obtained for 100 absorption at a rate of 100 d but it is still significantly higher than the expected value for the 7 residual data points I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases 113 However the largest Y contribution of 5 6 is made by the data point obtained at 138 d after the incident We can examine the effect of treating this point as an outlier by marking it as excluded in the Table Tool as we did for the first 2 data points prior to the
91. RM 1 800 Q0 LOGHORM 1 800 00 LOGHORM 1 800E 00 LOGHORM 1 800E 00 LOGHORM 1 800E 00 LOGHORM 1 800 Q0 LOGHORM 1 800 00 LOGNORM a G ey ty 84 341710E 05 TERED 1 7 O00 05 2 9 2 1 TEZIE 04 355EdE THE 2525E 5 7113E 04 TIEN DUSE 8 SRE a 1 04 SESE 01 4 47 73E 04 1 130 01 7AE 4 24AUE 04 2268 04 9 665 02 A 2142E 04 1 3588E 01 4 TEE 04 1 253E 0 A1S8P3E U4 118T7E E A 1925 4 2 158E Di 2 04 8 230E 4 04 2 055 00 03 1 242E fe LU TGE Q4 23991 Bett 4 4 934 02 5 SESE 04 02 E DTT7E D4 5 01 BASEA 95 AN Gee 22E 4 04 TEE 48 04 67 10E 01 6495E 4 SHED 6 49136 04 7 338E 401 1307700E 06 1 73 amp 5565nE p56 3500 0 3 34550E D5 FIVE O 1 71200 05 2 788E I Z284300406 LEED LIE 307EE 4 1 2 SGETOE 06 7 3ATE 04 3 BB UE 05 1 SINE 11 AJIPTPUE DO SSE 1512E H 7 IK 558 04 5010 0153 OK Cancel Figure D 95 Excluding all data in rows 11 and below in the Table Tool This will change the color of all data entries in row 11 and below to red and also change the color of the corresponding data points plotted in the Bioassay Quantity graph Figure D 96 Bill m E Tritium Bioassay Calculations Seve Quick Save I
92. S 00 89 Select which dats to use I4 Whole body Lungs he he Feces Theod Lie User Defined Progress indicalo Deposition Collating Times Binassanp Calculation Complete 30 30 Likelhood fit Figure D 62 Intake amounts calculated for 4 hypothetical simultaneous intake scenarios The best estimates of each type of intake are IR1 Ingestion 2 480 MBq IR2 Inhalation 5 um AMAD 11 62 IR3 Inhalation 20 um AMAD 6 333 IR4 Inhalation 100 um AMAD 7 491 kBq Clearly the bioassay data in conjunction with ICRP s current respiratory tract model and biokinetic model for strontium indicate intake predominantly by ingestion Figures D 63 through D 65 show the fits obtained for the whole body urine and fecal data respectively I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases 39 EX Graph Tool for Whole body 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 Figure D 63 Graph Tool plot of whole body data E Graph Tool for Urine Figure D 64 Graph Tool plot of urine data EX Graph Tool for Feces View Figure D 65 Graph Tool plot of fecal data Except for the additional retention in the nose and tracheobronchial region inhalation of very large particles has a similar effect to ingesting these particles since most of the inhaled activity not cle
93. Style Predicted Bioassay Quantity Man Tile Show Sold Real Data Fit Title M Show LJ lt LOD data YAvis Title f Show LJ Excluded data Figure D 45 Adding the Bioassay Predictions curve to the data plot The predicted bioassay quantity curve is also added automatically to the Bioassay Quantity window display Figure D 46 f Graph Table Hide Hine 0 014 0 012 0 010 0 008 0 006 0 004 0 002 Cp qh 0 000 dS 1 p 0 J 0315 Br24 33 9542 9951 10361 1 770 11178 11588 11987 12406 T Dd L Po D CL ae AR Figure D 46 Curve of predicted bioassay quantity displayed in Bioassay Quantity window Tip Use the higher resolution provided by the Graph Tool for critical comparisons of predicted curves with the measured values Examine closely the Graph Tool plot Figure D 45 and you will see that 1 the predicted early urinary excretion for the known intake time IR2 is substantially higher than the next measured value at 9 516 d 2 the next two data points at 9 516 and 9 601 d are reasonably well predicted 3 the values of the two highest measured values following IR3 are NOT predicted 28 I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases Clearly from the predicted rapid fall off in urinary excretion the actual date of intake for IR3 must have been much closer to 9 18 1972 9 963 d the date of the next urine sample than the
94. TION BIOASSAY QUANTITY ini 4 EISE Ba sin sense n3 Specified Dale hhmm pepe Date n mama TAT 225 188 11 12 44 3 1988 27 28 1988 3 39 45 3 11 1388 Select which data to ure 2 27 1388 347 53 AM 3 28 1988 2 20 1988 312 32 PM 55 1388 he Whole bod 3 1 1988 70947 PM 8711 1988 3 988 11 23 21 11 23 1380 at 3 9 71948g 313 23 PH 219 1992 Ume 3 16 1928 11 18 35 y Feces Blood User Defined C Hide whole body b Progress Indicator Deposition e c amp Hide ColargTme NESSENESSREREEESSNESEREERRREENEEEERERHEEBEERSEEEREERREREI nein Calculation Complete Qr amp 0 Least Squares fi Figure D 128 Result of least squares fitting for IAEA Case 3 60Co To further illustrate the application of the east squares fitting method we can use the to fit the Am chest counting data from the HAN 1 case Figure 0 129 shows the result for the optimized set of HRTM model parameters The east squares method calculates an intake of 9 875 pCi 114 2 pCi standard error c f the same value 9 875 pCi obtained with maximum likelihood fitting see Section D 7 4 entitled Improved Representation of the HAN 1 Data Us Hinassay Calculations Ele Advanced Took Li S M Bioassay Calculations Save
95. Table Hide Feces m tool Figure D 61 Overall fits to the bioassay data given by a combination of 4 hypothetical acute intakes From the above we can conclude that e the overall fits to all 3 sets of bioassay data are reasonably consistent with the assumed error distributions e inhalation intake of both Types S and M material can be neglected in comparison with that of Type F and that by ingestion We now need to refine our hypothetical intake scenario s accordingly see the next section D 4 4 Refining the Intake Assessment From the initial evaluation of hypothetical intake scenarios it was clear that the actual intake comprised primarily of e ingestion and or e inhalation of Type material 38 I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases In this case we can proceed to test hypothetical combinations of ingestion with f4 0 3 and inhalation Type F with various assumed values of the AMAD as follows e IR1 Ingestion with f 0 3 e IR2 Inhalation Type F absorption with AMAD 5 um ICRP default aerosol e IR3 Inhalation Type F absorption with AMAD 20 um e IR4 Inhalation Type F absorption with AMAD 100 um Figure D 62 shows the result inassay Calculations File Advanced Took ri Bioassay Calculations Save Tritium INTAKES CALCULATION BIOASSAY QUANTITY Bioassay to Intake IA
96. a ANE 8 D 2 6 SELECTING WHOLE BODY AS BIOASSAY QUANTITY ccccsscccccssececesccceesececeusececesccseuseceseueeceseenss 8 D 2 7 ENTERING THE MEASUREMENT DA TAG 9 D2 SA CRAP HUNG THEDAT 10 D 2 9 SELECTING BIOASSAY DATA TO USE AND CALCULATING INTAKE 11 D210 IMPROVING THE DATA FEI an amu E neta Qaqa maa e Dnus a hala 12 D 3 ESTIMATING MULTIPLE INTAKES 13 D 3 1 INDICATOR NUCLIDE FOR MULTIPLE INTAKES 14 D 3 2 REFERENCE DATE FOR MULTIPLE INTAKES cccscccecscceccsccsccscescessesccsccsscescescessescesscuscescescenss 15 D 3 3 REFERENCE ACTIVITY UNITS FOR MULTIPLE INTAKES 16 D 3 4 SELECTING THE COMMON MODEL PARAMETERS FOR ALL RS 16 D 3 5 SELECTING THE NUMBER OF INTAKE REGIMES IRS 20 D 3 6 SELECTING INDEPENDENT MODEL PARAMETERS 20 D 3 7 DEFINING THE DATE OF EACH INTAKE ccssccssccsscvcccsccssccvcccscessccvcccsccsscescccscesscesscesceeseesceecs 21 D338 SELECTING THE BIO
97. acteristics from the available defaults D 7 3 Optimizing HRTM Parameter Values to Fit HAN 1 Data In order to obtain a credible fit to ALL of the HAN 1 data we found it necessay to vary the following parameter values 1 In the HRTM Mechanical Transport Model Figure 0 117 the rates of transport to the bronchioles compartments bb from BOTH compartments Al and Als of the alveolar interstitial region 2 Inthe HRTM Particle Absorption Model Figure D 118 the slow absorption rate 3 Inthe HRTM Particle Deposition Model Figure D 119 the aerosol AMAD Particle Transport Model m ed Rate Constants d AIT to bbl Extrathoracic c cC Al to bbl A312 bbl AI3 ia LNTH bol to BET bbz to BBT bbseq ta LHTH BB1 ta ET BB2 to ETZ BBseq to LNTH ET2 to Gl ET seq to Gut Elseq ET2 nu Select BBseq BB m User Defined bbseq bb LOAD ICRP DEFAULTS AJ27A1 User Defined AISA Figure D 117 User Defined values of the Rate Constants Al1 to bb1 and Al2 to bb2 from their default values of 0 02 d and 0 001 respectively I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases 87 These changes to the transport rates out of compartments Al and Al are equivalent to eliminating the fast and intermediate phases of mechanical particle clearance from the Al region In other words ALL of the material deposited in the Al region
98. ake rate must have been substantially higher than the value of about 8 fitted on the assumption of moderate absorption corresponding to the assumed f value of 0 02 In fact the data shows that the early fecal excretion rates were about an order of magnitude higher than the fitted rates without significantly influencing urinary excretion This can only happen if the chronically ingested material has a substantially lower value of f than we assumed here i e the dietary uranium is significantly less readily absorbed So we can expect to improve the data fit by finding more appropriate parameter values e by optimizing the intake model D 5 6 Optimize Intake Model Parameters In reality the background dietary intake would have been natural uranium and not LEU as assumed in the previous analysis Therefore a different conversion factor to mass should have been applied to the baseline fecal excretion rates measured and reported as pCi d The background uranium mass excretion rates should be higher by a factor of about 3 55 in the ratio of the specific activities of LEU U Nat approximately 2 422 683 Accordingly before optimizing the data fit the input uranium mass excretion rates representing the baseline uranium excretion should be adjusted as shown in Figure D 78 I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases 49 Untitled Notepad File Edit Format View Help 3 10 1995 3
99. ared from the nares by nose blowing is swallowed If we had assumed that ALL of the 40 I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases intake had occurred by inhalation of a 100 um AMAD aerosol the resulting fit to the bioassay data would have been as shown in Figure D 66 In this case the estimated intake would have been 4 438 MBq BIOASSAY QUANTITY Graph Tabl Hide Whole body 1 OE 06 tool 1 OE 05 5 04 100 200 300 400 500 Bu FOO Graph Table Hide Urine tool 1 OE 05 1 OE 04 1 OE 05 1 OE 02 1 0 01 Graph Table Hide Feces tool E 4 5 10 12 14 16 18 20 Figure D 66 Best Fit to the bioassay data obtained when the intake is assumed to be by ingestion By eye it is impossible to distinguish between the fit shown in Figure D 66 assuming intake by inhalation of large particles from that shown in Figure D 62 assuming predominant intake by ingestion However in terms of numerical likelihood IMBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition found the fit in Figure D 62 ingestion substantially better However for radiological protection purposes it is prudent to consider which intake route would give the higher effective dose see the next section IMBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition is designed to make it easy for you to test a range of hypothetical intake scenarios when knowledge of the conditions of intake is sparse as i
100. arged plot in the Graph Tool EX Graph Tool for Urine View 0 014 0 012 0 010 0 008 0 006 0 004 0 002 MANNO 8315 S724 9133 9542 9951 10361 10770 11179 11588 11997 12406 Figure D 51 Improved data fit by refining the assumed absorption rate and AMAD for IR3 Warning The solution of the Miller et al 1999 case illustrated in Figure D 51 is NOT intended to be definitive merely illustrative of the procedures available in IMBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition for estimating multiple intakes Inclusion of additional information about the nature of the three intakes considered here could well lead to a different set of estimates for the intake amounts Important The decision on when the parameter optimization procedure has found an acceptable solution will of course be determined by your Regulatory Guidance e g for regulatory purposes in the U S by the DOE Standard for Internal Dosimetry DOE STD 1121 98 Your intake fitting procedure should include the evaluation and consideration of the resulting committed doses IMBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition enables you to evaluate these doses very easily by switching to the Dose Calculations screen after each stage of the intake fitting procedure I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases 3l D 4 Using Multiple Bioassay Quantities This example is taken from IAEA 1999 see Case 4 in their Appendix 2 A
101. asurement Data Whole Body Intake Bq Start day End day 0 0006 00 7 000 00 IR1 5 94076 05 7 000E 00 1 400 01 VUE IRZ 0 0000E 00 1 400 01 2 100 01 IR 3 4 2787E 05 2 100 01 2 800 01 5 7497 IR 4 2 BOE 01 3500 01 IRS 2 5006 01 4 200 1 1 2008 eer RE 4 200 401 49006 01 Eng 4 300E 01 5 500 01 As IR 8 5 BDOE M E 300E 01 At l IR 3 5 8375E 04 M 01 IR 10 E 3435E 04 Delad Morsbonng Penod Edi Measureenerii Data Clear Pesos Ok Cancel Figure D 105 Result of clicking the Calc Intakes button in the Tritium Routine Monitoring Tool Note For this set of 10 bioassay values the Tritium Routine Monitoring Tool calculated 4 finite values of intake for IR1 IR3 IR9 and IR10 All other potential intakes were calculated to be zero Clicking the OK buttton in the Tritium Routine Monitoring Tool returns you to the Bioassay Calculations screen Figure D 106 Bioassay Calculations File Advarced Tools Help k 9 m Bioassay Calculations Save QukkSave INTAKES CALCULATION BIOASSAY QUANTITY Table Hide Whole body Graph IRI se41 405 IR2 5 oe mee p J IRA Specily Times d Col 1 1 RS Ba IR6 0000 00 Moro Specily Collection Periods Cal 2 IR8 fooooe o0 8
102. bsorption behavior for the single acute intake in this case Figure D 158 Ret t a 1 exp Jam 1 t a 2 expl dHamiZ t Select Wound Fietenition less Crede Moda NCAP Default Cancel Figure 0 158 Derived absorption behavior of 1 needle puncture wound User Defined In the next section we use the integrated Bayesian Analysis tool to calculate the posterior probability distribution of intake for this case D 10 4 Calculating the Posterior Probability Distribution of Intake Having entered the derived retention function in the form of Equation D 1 we can now use Bayesian Inference to calculate the posterior probability distribution of intake and its associated Statistics This is done in the Bioassay Calculations screen by first selecting the Bayesian radio button from the Advance Fitting Options Fitting menu Clicking the Start Calculation button then gives the result calculated intake amount and resulting data ffit shown in Figure D 159 As expected the calculated mean intake value 85 220 pCi is close to the total intake value obtained earlier 84 600 pCi using the maximum likelihood method with non rounded parameter values The resulting fit to the bioassay data is shown in Figure D 160 I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases 115 D Bioassay Calculations m Bioassay Calculations INTAKE CALCULATION BIOASSAY QUANTITY
103. define all of the necessary Model Parameters It is most efficient to do this while you are still in the Main Screen although if you forget to do this it is very easy and quick to switch backwards and forwards between the Bioassay Calculations screen and the Main Screen with a single click You can pre set ALL model parameters to ICRP Default values with a single click of the ICRP DEFS Load button Then aS you open additional Intake Regimes IRs the Default models will be loaded automatically so that you won t have to carry out all of the individual steps listed below for each IR In general it is much quicker to oad first ALL ICRP Default model parameter values for ALL IRs and then change only the relatively few parameters values that are specific to your case 16 I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases To estimate an Intake by inhalation from a measured Bioassay Quantity you must define all the following Model Parameters as indicated by the red buttons in Figure D 26 Bioassay model Deposition model Particle Transport model Absorption model GI Tract model If you omit defining any of these models then IMBA Expert V OCAS ORAU Edition will prompt you for each missing model definition before proceeding with a calculation Model Parameters These Model Parameters Apply to All IRs Respiratory Tract Bioassay Biokinetics Figure D 26 Bioassay button for selecti
104. del Params to All IRs in the Advanced menu By default IMBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition applies all of the defined Model Parameters to All Intake Regimes IRs If you want to specify independently ANY parameter value e g the date time of the Intake for ANY individual IR you MUST first un check the default condition in the Advanced menu Figure D 34 Note When you have selected more than 7 Intake Regime AND you have un checked the default Apply Model Params to All IRs the appropriate number of tabs will appear automatically in the Model Parameters sub panel Figure D 35 You can then proceed to set up or modify ANY model parameter for ANY individual IR 20 I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases Model Parameters R1 2 Respiratory Tract Deposition Vapor Wount Bioassay Particle Absorption i Biokinetics Transport i Figure D 35 Individual IR tabs for setting Model Parameters specific to each IR D 3 7 Defining the Date of Each Intake Intake Regimes Clear All Intake Regimes Enter Number of Intake Regimes 1 10 Inhalation f Acute C Chronic C Ingestion C Injection Start Date 71 C Wound C Vapor Figure D 36 Setting the Date of IR 2 as May 8 1 971 Once you have specified independent model parameters for all IRs you simply click on each IR tab displayed in the Intake Regimes sub panel to spec
105. e Ba AUTO CALC Ri Y i Select Prot Probstelty Distribulion min n Mo Intervals 10 1 4 177 Ho Interval 10 Unicum Parameter Values 20000 Yma FEO ShowGrdines kq in Show dg in v 1 i Format Fors mn T 1000000 f ae E Scienhhic NoDecPics 7 Mamasa NoDecFics 3 Mumerical Legnomal Lancel Alpha Median 3 TxNE 403 Mode HxC 3 07738 03 1 0606 04 Calcite 7 Mean 3783 03 3D Figure D 140 Posterior probability distribution of intake calculated for the inverse prior In this example the statistical parameters of the intake distribution are Median 9 792 0 Ba Mean 9 791 9 Ba Mode 9 791 7 Standard Deviation 358 78 Bq 95 Confidence Interval 9 078 10 506 Ba Note This posterior distribution is very close to normal symmetrical as was the case for the uniform prior However the distribution has been shifted very slightly to lower values of the median mean and mode D 9 3 Probability Distribution of Intake Assuming a Gaussian Prior A Gaussian prior probability distribution is shown in Figure D 141 The median mean of this distribution is 2 000 Bg and the standard deviation 7 500 Bg With this prior the calculated median value of the intake distribution is 9 383 Bq c f 9 805 Bq for the uniform prior The calculated Log Likelihood Function which
106. e d value of 0 Figure D 4 has now automatically switched to display the Start Date as 2 24 1988 the value entered as the Reference Date before the switch of time units Key Tip Always set the Reference Date for each case study in the Time d since dialog box Units sub panel in the Main Screen D 2 3 Reference Activity Units for Single Intake In IMBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition the estimated Intake has the same Unit of activity as the measured or predicted bioassay quantity As with the Unit of Time the Unit of Activity is selected in the Main Screen Figure D 5 For this example case the whole body activity results are tabulated as Bq Therefore the required Unit of Activity is Bq Units Specify Time As t Time d x Intake f Bq dpm pli je Dose fe Sy rem mv C mem Figure D 5 Selecting the Unit of activity Intake and Bioassay Quantity as Bq Warning IMBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition works with the primary bioassay quantity which for urinary or fecal excretion is the average excretion rate over a prescribed collection period and not the amount of activity in each sample So urinary and fecal bioassay measurements must ALWAYS be entered as the amount of activity in the sample in the selected unit divided by the collection period in d D 2 4 Selecting the Required Model Parameters Before you can carry out any calculations with IMBA Expert
107. e unusually low solubility and rather than decreasing over time the activity in the lungs actually built up by a factor of about 2 over 12 years Very recently January 28 2004 Gene Carbaugh PNNL has published an updated slide presentation on this case entitled The Plutonium Reality Show Super Class Y vs Class W and Class Y A Contest of Bioassay and Internal Dosimetry We have taken an exploratory look at this case HAN 1 here The raw data provided in an Excel spreadsheet by Gene Carbaugh PNNL include e Measured isotopic composition of the inhaled material by atom from mass spectrometry e Measured Am in lung activity in vivo from the first through 6 639 day 18 y follow up e Measured Am in liver activity in vivo measurable from about 6 000 d e Measured Am in skeleton activity in vivo also measurable from about 6 000 d e Measured Pu excretion rate in urine measurable from about 1 800 d onwards http bidug pnl gov references Carbaugh PNNL 9e20Plutonium 20Reality 20Show s pdf I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases 79 D 7 1 Input Data 1 Isotopic Composition Table D 13 Isotopic composition of plutonium oxide material inhaled in HAN 1 Radionuclide by Number of atoms By Activity 2lA 0 25 0 56 238 Dy 0 065 0 71 239D Duy 86 4 3 46 240 Dy 11 6 1 71 24 Pu 1 4 93 6 242 Py 0 24 6 x 10 Clearly from Table D 13 e 0Pu
108. ependent of the prior was shown in Figure D 136 for the uniform prior The calculated posterior probability distribution of intake is shown in Figure D 146 together with the calculated statistical parameters of this distribution 106 IMBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases U Bayesian Analysis Bayesian Analysis INTAKE GRAPH CALCUL Prior Distribution for Intake Regime 1 Select Giaph to Plot 181 3805E 03 8928 01 f Por Distnbulion 1006 08 c Doa Lahon C Probabdity of intake p 10060 O Calculsisonis 1 00E 03 i No Cales 2a aL 1 00E 04 Re Calculate D snbution 1 00 05 Update Graph 4 346 06 0 2000 4000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 intake Ba AUTO CALC IFri alati Price Disiribuli Amin fo Intervals 10 min Ho Interval 10 Uniform Paramanta Vi abuses 20000 on 9826 01 nom Show ndies kg in Show Gadines lg C in rm Alpha Lies Formal Forna ee 100000 Scientific oF Scientiic Gaussian 0 ps NoDecPics 2 Stahshes Median Mode D 00006 00 96 01 2 5 00 35041E 01 Mean 338098 50 4 7372 403 Calculate Stalistice Bayesian Analysis GRAPH CALCUL Posterior Probability Distribution for Intake Regime 1 Select Graph bo Plot Ii aapsE u3 141E 01 C Peo Distrbulion Log Liked C
109. first urine sample was obtained from the worker concerned at 30 minutes after the incident e Ten further contiguous samples were collected over the following 3 days e The results were reported as total uranium mass Hg per collection period together with the associated uncertainty measurement error and the total volume of urine collected The following fecal bioassay data were available e The first fecal sample was obtained from the worker concerned at 3 hours after the incident e Fourfurther contiguous samples were collected over the following 3 days I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases 43 e The results were reported as total uranium activity pCi per collection period together with the associated uncertainty measurement error Steps in Case Analysis Follow these steps to analyze this case Set up Uranium Mixture Enter Uranium in Urine Data in mg d Enter Uranium in Feces Data in mg d Initial Joint Analysis of Urine Fecal Data Correct for Dietary Uranium Intake Optimize Intake Model Parameters Calculate Committed Doses Note This case demonstrates how to use IMBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition to detect the assumed constant background contributions to urinary and fecal excretion rates made by an individual s dietary intake of uranium Isotope UraniumMittue Uranium Mixture Uranium 234 Uranium 235 Uranium 236 Uranium 238 Indicator Nuclide Figure D 69 Selecting
110. g assumptions Acute inhalation at f 0 Aerosol characteristics AVMAD MMAD 5 9 og 2 5 particle density o 10 9 cm particle shape factor SF 1 5 Absorption characteristics S Mechanical transport parameters respiratory tract ICRP66 Default GI Tract transport parameters ICRP66 Default Gut uptake fraction f 0 002 ICRP68 highly insoluble uranium compounds UO UsO s Two reported uranium in urine outlier values have been excluded from the fit o the first value from the sample collected 30 minutes after the intake is assumed to result from sample contamination the rate of excretion of uranium in urine following an acute intake requires several hours to build up it does NOT decrease over this eriod O 1 seventh value from the sample collected at about 1 8 d after the intake is also assumed to result from sample contamination Initial findings from plotted data fits The resulting initial data fits Figure D 76 show clearly that e After peaking at about 0 2 day after the intake the predicted urinary excretion rate falls off more rapidly than the measured values After the first day the observed urinary excretion rates are relatively constant The predicted fecal excretion rate peaks at approximately the same time after intake as the measured values e Over the period of the first fecal sample about 0 0 1 d after intake the predicted fecal excretion rate is m
111. ge is necessary to improve the fit the adjusted baseline fecal excretion rate e after the bolus of inhaled LEU material has been excreted 50 I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases e The third fourth and fifth changes see Figure D 80 improve the fit to the observed peak in fecal excretion within the first day and also predict a substantial reduction in fecal excretion over the following two days down towards the adjusted baseline rates EX G Tract Model Hate constants per day for particulate material Stomach St a4 Small Intestine 51 12 Upper large intestine 36 ULI Lower large intestine 2 LLI Clear Select 10 0002 User Defined LOAD ICRF DEFAULTS User Defined Important Note The interpretation of the data developed here in this example case is not intended to be definitive t has NOT been reviewed by USDOE nor any other Regulatory Authority t is intended merely to illustrate the flexibility and power provided in IMBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition which enables YOU to test the effects of reasonable hypotheses about the conditions of intake and other model parameters You are invited to investigate this example further in order to draw your own conclusions D 5 7 Committed Doses from U Mixture Our optimized estimates Figure D 79 of the components of uranium intake by mass in this example are e Acute inhalation of LEU 0 714 mg at
112. ggest that a significant component of the absorption occurs slowly In this example in order to examine the degree of slow uptake we have set up 6 simultaneous acute wound intakes at time t 0 The hypothetical rates tested are e IR1 100d e IR2 02d R3 0 1d e R4 0 05d IR5 0 02d e IR6 0 01d Figure D 154 shows the resulting amounts of intake calculated using the maximum likelihood method for each of these 6 hypothetical intake scenarios and the resulting overall fit to the 112 I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases observed thyroid retention The corresponding calculated values of Y are shown in Figure D 155 as displayed in the Table Tool Us Hinassay Calculations Ele Advanced Tock Help ri Bioassay Calculations PES s mente memet LE INTAKES CALCULATION lt J Hi pci a EG4E RIS in2 000 00 Nr EE 17440151526 2 E pi 1 71219597 02 A BB0G7S7 BRE 02 1 02 s sas si 1 616742424E 02 50 3 Time d we r t wound incident A20 Measurement Data Measurement mone omen Tee Lo V alue pCi Dr stribuitiiar 1 02 5 03 Erida Z ODE 3 1 S051 6666 7E 02 2 09 Excluded 3000E 03 HORM DOE 00 OODDE 0 B8 STE 412 000 03 Final 2 000E 03 N
113. h these modified parameter values together with the HAN 1 test data Tip 2 It is informative to try varying these parameter values so as to understand the effect of each one on the overall fit to these data You will find that the approriate range of parameter values is reasonably tightly defined D 7 4 Improved Representation of the HAN 1 Data Figure D 120 shows the resulting improved fit to the measured build up of Am activity in the lungs Furthermore Figure D 121 shows that the very much improved fit to the observed early constancy of the Am activity in the lungs Graph Tool for Lungs HAN 1 Case Am 241 Build up in the Lungs 4500 1 i 3000 _ 1 Ju sl srl 511 1 _ 1 e IU S gt 2500 49 2 1 gt 2 gt 2 tg Iii 2000 1 a I na lt 1500 4 eee 2 1000 500 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 Time since intake d Figure 0 120 Improved fit to the measured build up of Am activity in the lungs Graph Tool for Lungs HAN 1 Case Am 241 Build up in the Lungs 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 Am 241 activity pCi 1500 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Time since intake d 241 Figure D 121 Resulting fit to constant Am activity in the lungs measured over the first 70 d I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases 89 Yo
114. he Bioassay Quantity table 2 enter in Column 1 the 200 values of date time at linear intervals enter f for the Collection Period Column 2 for each of the 200 sample times 26 I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases To calculate the predicted amount of urinary excretion for all 200 hypothetical samples for the displayed initial estimates of the intake amounts and to display the results in Column 3 of the table e click the Start Calculation button The predicted values are shown in Figure D 44 US Rinassa y Calculations File Advanced Toot lr Bioassay Calculations Sane Quick Save Tribum INTAKES CALCULATION BIOASSAY QUANTITY Ii IR2 23958 02 TST 1 000 14137 4 02 25 PM 1000E 00 52106 07 6 13 1938 1 000 Fale B 1 8 1371 amp 04 43 4M 1 000 00 5 2087E 07 2 13 1968 1 000 IU E AZAS 12071445M T ODOESOD 5 20 73E 07 12 13 1358 1 00 Specily Dates Col 1 1 15 1971 409 38FM 1 000 00 206E 07 3 20 1968 1 000 1 19 1971 BIS AM 1 000600 5 Aabe DT 12 18 1563 1 00084 nnam Li 1 2371971 1214 28 AM 1 000 00 5 2033E D7 3 19 1370 1 0008 1 2519 415 53PM T ODDE QU 5 202E 07 518970 1 000 13x37 IREAMH 1 000 00 5 20GE 17 9 24 1970 1 000 4 V Stop Date fiza Ing P Specily Collectien Dal 2 1 Calculste Biasa Lol 3 BM5 BI W c 1 10351 10770 1117
115. ick the Start Calculation button The result is shown in Figure D 50 INTAKES CALCULATION BIOASSAY QUANTITY l C Geh C Tabe C Mi I faie Collection Cakulated Mexsurement Data Oste aed id Aaea 89 Bioastay lo Intake TAASM 1006 0 3 15 1868 1006 12471971 40225PM TODOE QUI 5713718958 1000 Ro fie 8 a 1 8 1971 BOL4SAM 1 000600 9 1958 10E eee Select which dats to use 1 2 187112714 1 0006 00 12131968 10008 1 5 7197 409 29PM 1 000 400 3 20 1968 100084 Whole body 19 1971 1204 1 0006 00 1218 1969 100 Lung 12371971 12 14 28 44 1 000 QU 3137370 1 000 1025 1971 41659PM 1 000 00 8080970 100E f Urre 1 0971 81918AM 1000 400 9240970 100 V gt Feces E PH Uira k teal E C Tae C Hide Thyeoid 0014 0012 Livet ono M User Defined 0008 0006 0 004 a T LI y JE T aT 1 815 824 5 9542 A 10361 10770 17173 T1558 11997 12406 Progress Indicat Figure D 50 Calculating new intake amounts for an increased absorption rate for IR3 30 I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases Note Improving the data fit for IR3 enables the maximum likelihood method to fit simultaneously a finite intake amount for IR1 With the revised absorption rate and aerosol AMAD for IR3 the calculated Intakes are IR1 441 1 Ba IR2 386 4 IR3 112 3 Ba Figure D 51 shows the enl
116. ify the intake parameter values for that IR Figure D 36 For the initial estimate of the amounts of each acute Intake enterthe Start Date of IR 2 as May 8 1971 e estimated Start Date of IR 3 as March 21 1972 Note In this example all 3 of the intakes are assumed to be acute You can of course specify chronic for ANY intake as appropriate D 3 8 Selecting the Bioassay Quantity BIOASSAY QUANTITY C Graph Table Hide Cole Whole body ollection Lunas Specified Date hh mm period d IPA eces User Defined gt Figure D 37 Drop down Bioassay Quantity list box I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases 21 The previous steps were carried out in the Main Screen You select the Bioassay Quantity in the Bioassay Calculations screen From the Main Screen you e Click the Bioassay Calculations button bottom right corner of the Main Screen to open the Bioassay Calculations screen e Select the Bioassay to Intake direction for the CALCULATION indicated by a blue arrow if you loaded a new blank Parameter File this calculation mode will have been selected already by default e Inthe top Bioassay Quantity window set as Table by default select Urine from the drop down list box Figure D 37 This opens the first Bioassay Quantity window to display in that window a Table containing both measured urinary excretion data on a b
117. in the Main Screen Select the option for Independent Model Parameters for all IRs in the Main Screen Define the Date of Each Intake in the Main Screen Select in the Bioassay Calculations screen the Bioassay Quantity as Urine for display in the top Bioassay Quantity window 9 Enter the bioassay data using the data entry tool in the Bioassay Quantity window 10 Graph the bioassay data using the graph set up tool in Bioassay Quantity window 11 Select which bioassay data to use Urine in the CALCULATION sub panel 12 Click the Start Calculation button SE EE When you have completed these steps and made your initial estimate of the amounts of each intake you will start the iterative process of refining these estimates by comparing the predicted urinary excretion rates with the measured values Tip When you are familiar with the operation of IMBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition you will find that the initial Steps 1 through 10 can be performed in any order to suit your own working style just as long as ALL of the parameter and data values have been defined BEFORE you click the Start Calculation button Important If you have missed a step Expert OCAS ORAU Edition will prompt you to carry this out but only if the required data values are missing null Warning It is your responsibility to check that ALL of the model parameters have been set to your specific requirements E
118. incident The effect of excluding the last data point from the fit is shown in Figure D 156 Us Hinassay Calculations Ele Advanced Toos Help m Bioassay Calculations o de esed _ INTAKES CALCULATION BIOASSAY QUANTITY IR1 35852E 44 pci Spescihed Time d F2 Intakes to Bioassay EER 1 744015152E 02 0O00E 00 1 505916666702 na aem 0 Number of Tines 1 200 100 2 3 600 76700 2 nooo 15m pro rest ca DE ID es CEREN Ws Sit Tinea 775899895556 Ln ipee TES o es 7 Logarithmic 1 521287897902 m Stop Time td Specily Collection Periods Cet 2 eG Calculaia Quanity Col 3 50 1 39 150 50 35 3 Progress Indicator Time d ww r 1 wound incident Figure D 156 Data fit obtained by excluding the data point at 138 d Treating the data point at 138 d as an outlier clearly improved the fit of predicted thyroid retention of I to the remaining 6 measured values The resulting values of are shown in Figure D 157 from the Table Tool Measurement usa Measumement Tone d 1 753155557E 402 2 00 3 NORM 1 508 1656557E 02 2000 03 E 3000E 03 NORM 000 00 8 Xi rre 402 03 Real 2000E 03 NORM 2 1 09 03 3547E
119. intake amounts gives the result shown in Figure D 42 Bile Advanced Took x 22 Bioassay Calculations Save Quick Save Tritium INTAKES CALCULATION BIOASSAY QUANTITY C Graph G Table Hide Uire zj tool In 2 amp smg 03 89 IR3 525 0 89 12 18 1963 1 000 00 0 000 00 Res 9 000 04 NORM 3 19 1970 1 000 00 0000 00 Res S 000E 04 NORM 6 18 1970 1 000E 00 5000E 04 Real 9 000 04 NORM 9 24 1970 1 000 00 5 000 04 Real 900004 NORM gt G Graph C C Hide Use tol Thyrord i vet AR B M 2T D Fy TI 8315 8724 34133 9542 9951 10361 10770 11179 11568 11997 12406 Progress Indicator Deposition Hide E Figure D 42 Calculated Intakes with CO SSBDIGIRH best fit to the data for assumed Type S absorption behavior Clearly the assumption of Type S absorption behavior gives a worse overall fit to the measured urine data than Type M Figure D 41 Type S behavior does predict a step wise increase in urinary excretion at 9 464 d from IR2 and also the presence of finite excretion prior to that date from IR1 However 1 it CANNOT fit the observed sharp increase in the excretion rate following IR3 2 NOR the observed sharp drops in the excretion rate following both IR2 and IR3 Note that changing the assumed absorption behavior also changes significantly the best estimates of the intake amounts
120. ion Deposition Eiosszap Analysis and Support Particle Abgsohon Gl Tract Baokiehcs Cora fA Abowplion Type 5 Pant Tran CRP Delade Gl Track User Defined ef 0002 Bickunetics Hot Specified Denasitior User Defined AMAD 553 om our Hot Saecilied Figure D 81 Dose Calculations button for calculating committed doses for a Uranium Mixture treated as Associated Radionuclides For this example we have Checked mrem as the dose unit Figure D 81 Reduced the number of intake regimes to ONE IH1 also shown in Figure D 81 Selected the ICRP Default values of radiation weighting factor wp in the Dose Calculations screen Selected the 10CFR835 Default values of tissue weighting factor w7 Checked the Dose from Associated Radionuclides box Checked the Dose Committed in Each Calendar Year box Selected the Speed calculation option from the Advanced Advanced Dosimetry Options Dose menu Figure D 82 see also Appendix A Effect of Merging SEEs e Clicked the Calculate button 52 I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases EX Advanced Dosimetry Options Sees These options should be used with extreme care Fg Bioassay Misc Nuclear Recoil Energy Include Exclude Dose Calculation Optimisation Speed Accuracy Note In this case and in all practical cases you should use the Speed option to calculate doses from intakes of U
121. ion of Sr Y aerosol 100 um AMAD Type 42 I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases Table D 6 Comparison of effective doses calculated by assuming intake by ingestion or inhalation Route of Intake Effective Dose from Effective Dose from Total Effective Dose Sr mSv VY mSv mSv Ingestion 68 6 5 64 14 2 Inhalation 66 5 1 96 68 5 Clearly in this case we can conclude that e the total effective dose is about 75 mSv e it makes little difference if the actual intake occurred by ingestion or inhalation Note The Associated Radionuclide Y is included in the dose calculations The ICRP recommended biokinetic models are assumed for both Sr and Y and also the ICRP68 radiation and tissue weighting factors D 5 Uranium Isotopic Mixture The case information was as follows e A release of uranium feed material at a uranium fuel fabrication plant was indicated by an installed continuous air monitor e The material released was sintered LEU of known isotopic composition in the form of highly insoluble oxide e Earlier studies of airborne contamination in this area of the workplace indicated an aerosol AMAD of 5 9 um e Both urine and fecal bioassay was carried out for the worker concerned commencing immediately The isotopic composition of the uranium mixture by activity was e 231 83 6 e SU 3 05 e 281 _ 13 4 The following urine bioassay data were available e The
122. is cleared slowly at the ICRP recommended rate for slow clearance Such clearance behavior has been observed previously in some individuals ICRP 1994a and is not uncommon in cigarette smokers E Absorption Model Ex Ahemalive Flepresentalion Standard Representation Fb FbSs 1 Fb Sr 1 Fb Ss Fraction dissolved rapidly Fr a 3800 04 Sr 1 0010 n2 Fraction to bound slate Fb Uptake rate bound Slow rate Ss 2 0000 05 state Sb Select 0 0001 Type Type Type 5 Fe User Defined User Defined OF Cancel Figure D 118 User Defined value of the Slow absorption rate S from the default value of 0 0001 d for Type S This changed slow absorption rate S represents a five fold reduction from the Type S default values 0 0001 EX Deposition Model Exposure Heavy Worker Extrathoracic ways amp Aerosol Parameters A AMAD x x 05 un Conducting ee AMTD Ainways BB amp bb daa d Sigma 24977233 Density gei Deep Lung Al Shape facto 15 Select Use Defined LOAD ICAP DEFAULTS User Defined Figure D 119 User Defined value of the aerosol AMAD 0 5 88 I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases Tip 1 The parameter files HAN 1 Am 241 ix and HAN 1 Pu 239 ix for Am and as the Indicator Nuclide respectively have been set up wit
123. istribution 9 99 02 Log Likelihood 8 886 02 Function 7 77 02 Probability of Intake 6 6 02 gt 5 556 02 Calculations 4 44E 02 a Cacs 200 lt 333 02 2 2 02 Re Calculate Distribution 1115 02 Update Graph 2 968 177 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 Intake Ba l IT Xais Y axis Select Price Probabalty Distribution o Nolnevele 10 Vmin 2986 177 Nolntervals 10 Unfom Lec AR Xmax 20000 Ymax 111E 01 Figure D 137 Calculated Probability of Intake for a uniform prior To calculate the statistical parameters of this distribution you simply click the Calculate Statistics button bottom right corner of the Bayesian Analysis tool The results are automatically displayed Figure D 138 Oy Bayesian Analysis Bayesian Analysis INTAKE GRAPH CALCULA i Posterior Probability Distribution for Intake Regime 1 Select Graph to Plot 181 9906E 03 89 C Pho Distribution Log Likelihood Funchon Probability of Intake amp t Calculations No Calc 200 amp Re Calculate Distribution 1 Update Graph 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 intake Ba AUTO CALC IT Kais Y axis Select Price Probability Distribution Xmin 0 Nolrtervals 10 Yom 2966 177 Nolntervals 10 s Unicom Parameter Values Xmax 20000 Ymax 1 11601 k ShowGrdines C bg C in Show Gedine C lg in From
124. istribution mn Nolntenals 10 0008200 Nointervats 79 Paraneter Values 20000 Yman 10180 poo M Show kg im C bg dn Median IN ooi Formal Forna 3 d Scenic Gaussian BSD HaDecPis n DO TE MoDecPks 2 i Lognomal Gencel Slatishes Alpha Medan 377476403 Mode a 7743 03 95 01 3 0624F 03 1 04296 04 Hear ak ean 377488 03 50 3580902 Figure D 144 Posterior probability distribution of intake calculated for a Lognormal prior Note Again this posterior distribution is very close to normal symmetrical as was the case for the uniform prior However in this example the distribution has been Shifted to marginally lower values of the median mean and mode The amount of shift depends on BOTH the assumed median mean value AND the geometric standard deviation of the Lognormal prior D 9 5 Probability Distribution of Intake Assuming an Alpha Prior An Alpha prior probability distribution is shown in Figure D 145 This example is defined by an Alpha value of 0 001 and an Imax value of 100 000 The calculated median of this distribution is 50 79 Bq with a very large standard deviation of 4 737 2 Bg With this prior the calculated median value of the intake distribution is 9 805 Bq which is identical to the value for the uniform prior The calculated Log Likelihood Function which is ind
125. ition automatically calculated the in growth of Am activity in the respiratory tract that resulted from the decay of Pu However in order to do this it was first necessary to define the Isotopic Composition of the inhaled plutonium material This was done by treating all of the isotopes of plutonium that are present in the particle matrix as Associated Radionuclides of Am the Indicator Nuclide see Figure D 114 84 I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases Gy Main Screen Elle Edt Perameters Csloulations Took Advanced awe m E ES FE T Mah Open Save New Quick Save Load Lowd Report Ves 3 2 CAJABASDFTVIMBAELISN I ses Deme HAH T Ama p IMBA Expert OCAS Edition rrpb Intake Scenario Intake Regi ER imak Hm ntake Regimes FS c Tee he Intake IR 1 Indicator Nuclide E l a Number of Associsted Radionuchdes 5 ZE Hallie 15788405 d f Acute Chornic Associated Radionuclides Pu 238 Pu 238 240 Pu 241 242 pi Model Parameters These Model Parameters Apply to All Fis OCAS Office of Compensation Analysis and Support Particle z Abporphan Gl Tract Bsokanehics ADRs Type S Part Tiar Delade Gl Tract ICRP Defauks 1 0 0006 Bickinatice Am Model
126. ity than the reported measurement uncertainties The measurement uncertainties do NOT represent the sytematic biological variability in urinary excretion which is substantially greater Untitled Notepad File Edit Format view Help 3 10 1995 12 30 00 2 080E O02 1 6306 02 Real 1 8 LOGNORM 3 10 1995 5 30 00 2 O80E O01 3 5406 04 Rea 1 8 LOGNORM 3 10 1995 12 15 00 PM 2 10 01 3 0 04 Rea 1 8 LOGNORM 3 10 1995 11 05 00 PM 4 510 01 l 510 04 Real 1 3 LOGNORM 3 11 1995 6 10 00 AM 2 B850E 01 l s8 E 04 Real 1 8 LOGNORM 3 11 1995 4 20 00 PM 4 240 01 1 0 0 04 Rea 1 8 LOGNORM 3 11 1995 4 30 00 9406 03 2 03 Real 1 8 LOGNORM 3 11 1995 8 50 00 PM 1 6 0 01 2 180 04 Real 1 8 LOGNORM 3 11 1995 10 50 00 PM 8 33 0E 02 3 43 E U04 Real 1 8 LOGNORM 3 12 1995 2 30 00 AM 1 6 0 01 2 180 04 Real TL 8 LOGNORM 3 12 1995 4 30 00 3 430E 01 7 S90E 05 Real 1 8 LOGNORM Figure D 74 Uranium in urine bioassay data set Tip The reported normal measurement errors are given in the data file IU URINE 2 txt which iS included in the Install Drv JABASOFT IMBAEXUS UserData1 Demo folder at installation It is instructive to re analyze this case using these reported errors instead of the realistic lognormal errors 46 I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases D 5 3 Enter Uranium in Feces Data in mg d Figure 0 75 shows the fecal bioassay data as entered
127. ke The Tritium Routine Monitoring Tool analyzes the bioassay data a maximum of 10 rows i e 10 data points at a time Therefore you need to select up to 10 rows of data from the Table Tool exclude all other rows Figure D 95 shows how you do this for rows 11 and below by highlighting the corresponding Real entries in the Data Type column right clicking anywhere in the highlighted column and clicking Excluded 64 I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases C Table Tool Whole body Data ET 1 488442211 07 1 751 256281 E 01 1 0181 30653E 02 1 0424 1206E 02 1 05 8B S345 7E 02 1 094974974 02 1 121 255207 E D 1 147597 600 02 1 1738153085E 02 1 2000 00503 02 Bioassay Predictions L Measurement Dots Measurement Output Labeulated LETT Measurement I ame d No Riowt zo 24 sl Measurement Data Type Mearurement Enar Distribution 1 800E 00 LOGHORM T 800E 00 LOGHORM 1 800 00 LOGHORM 1 800E 00 LOGHORM 1 800E 00 LOGHMORM 1 800 00 LOGHORM 1 800 00 LOGHORM 1 DSHTIRLM 1 800E 00 LOGHORM 1 800E 00 LOGHORM 1 800E 00 LOGHORM 1 800E 00 LOGHORM 1 800 Q0 LOGHORM 200 00 LOGHORM 1 800E 00 LOGHORM 1 200 00 LOGHORM 1 800E 00 LOGHORM 1 800 00 LOGHORM 1 800E 00 LOGHORM 1 800E 00 LOGHORM 1 800E Q0 LOGHO
128. lations Save QuikSave Tritium INTAKE CALCULATION BIOASSAY QUANTITY p Humber of Times 1 200 l Speck Times dl Fail 180 d9 Lines 3 03 n 3 I 1 B00E 03 HORM Start T ime d u ODE 3500E 03 NORM f Loganthmc 4 DE 43 1 410002 NORM C 1 25 mode Specily Collection Peneds Cal 2 Bass en Quantity Dal 3 Progress Indicar m 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 2500 6000 6500 7000 Tere since intake d Pu 233 fit Figure 0 123 Predicted Pu urinary excretion rate and lung retention Note As with the other example cases solved in this User Manual the solutions offered are NOT intended to be scientifically definitive They are presented ONLY to demonstrate the scope and flexibility of the IMBA Expert V OCAS ORAU Edition More thorough review of the specific health physics information relating to each case may well indicate revised modeling assumptions D 7 5 Dose Calculation for HAN 1 Case We can use EITHER the HAN 1 Pu 239 ix OR the HAN 1 Am 241 ix parameter file to calculate the resulting committed effective doses so we will use BOTH with the 10CFR835 tissue weighting factors I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases 91 Dose Calculations Dose Calculations INTAKE CALCULATION DOSE Cort to Eff Dosa rem IR 1
129. le Hide Ure eI Ea ise In 3568E 01 mo 2 mod 3710 1395 1230004M 2080602 1 830602 Exchded 1 800 00 LOGNOR 3710 1995 5 30 00 2080 01 5640 4 Res 1 800 00 LOGNOR 3 10 1995 121500FM 2810 01 3770 04 Res 1 800 00 LOGNOR 3 10 1995 11 05 00 4510 01 1 510 04 Real 1 800 00 LOGNOR 3 11 199561000AM 295001 1 380 04 Real 1 800 00 LOGNOR 3 11 1995 42000PM 4240 01 1070 04 Real 1 800 00 LOGNOR 3 11 1995 4 30 00PM 6940 03 2620E 03 Excluded 1 800E 00 LOGNORH 3 11 199585000PM 167001 2190 4 Real 1 800 00 LOGNOR 3 11 1995 105000PM 8330 02 3430 04 Real 1 800 00 LOGNOR v G Guph Tabe C Hide Uire td Progress Indicator Deposition CoaroTme PosspCa Cunert perahon Calculation Complete Figure D 77 Data fit for assumed combination of acute inhalation with background chronic ingestion Findings from plotted data fits The resulting data fits Figure D 77 show clearly that e The assumption of chronic background intake by ingestion significantly improves the fit to the urinary excretion data e The peak values of fecal excretion rate within a day of the inhalation intake substantially under predicted and the fecal excretion rates measured over the following 2 days are substantially over predicted These observations indicate that the chronic mass int
130. le Bioassay Cases 53 Figure D 83 shows that e The committed effective dose from the estimated acute intake of LEU IR1 0 714 mg is 59 1 mrem D 5 8 Published Data on Background U in Urine In this case the average of the measured background uranium mass excretion rates in urine was 0 19 with a standard deviation of 0 11 ug d see the 6 8 through 11 values in the data tabulation Figure D 74 The reported ranges of the background urinary excretion rate for dietary uranium are e 0 01 0 05 ug d Karpas et al 1996 e 0 005 0 5 ug d Dang et al 1992 e 0 035 0 085 ug d CDC 2001 U S Population Note The above data were reported as volumetric concentration ug L They have been converted here to the daily excretion rate assuming the New Reference Man ICRP 2002b value of 1 6 L d urinary output In their 2004 Information Paper the Department of Defense DoD assumed a typical background excretion rate for dietary uranium in urine of 0 05 ug d The value of 0 19 ug d that we have associated in this example with background excretion of dietary uranium is therefore about four fold higher than the DoD s estimate of the typical value for a member of the U S population i e it is double the upper bound value reported by CDC 2001 Therefore the background urinary excretion of uranium in urine measured in this example case may well include a substantial component from past occupational u
131. lides None Selected Figure 0 1 Selecting the Indicator Nuclide Co Select the Indicator Nuclide Co in this example case from the top right corner of the Main Screen Figure D 1 IMBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition will then be able to select automatically the bioassay model s appropriate for cobalt and automatically take into account the radioactive half life of Co Tip In this example case we are using bioassay data to calculate the intake Therefore it is NOT necessary to enter a hypothetical value in the displayed Intake IR 1 dialog box I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition will automatically display the calculated value of Intake in the dialog boxes in both the Main Screen and Bioassay Calculations screen 2 I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases D 2 2 Reference Date for Single Intake IMBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition keeps track of the Intake and all bioassay measurements on a common timescale All events are timed with respect to a single Reference Date and time of day if necessary The Reference Date is defined in the Main Screen Figure D 2 The IMBA System must always have a reference date even if you are working entirely in the Time d mode The default value January 1 1980 is loaded at start up Intake Scenario Intake Regimes Units Specify Time As Clear All Intake Regimes Enter Number of Intake Regimes 1 10 1 E C Date IR 1 Time d since Rou
132. lt cule a Number of Aspocisted P 5 Moje Tasa Hal Life ie d Acute Associated Radionuclides Irkake Start Time d f Bg C dom p cC Dose Hone Sv f gem _ Fat ComplenFegine mY fe mem Model Parameters These Model Parameters Appl to Al Rig OCAS Office of Compensation Analysis and Support ADRs Type F Part Trac CAP Default l Tract ICRP Dalar fie ORF Model Deposition ICAP Defaults eund Mot Specified Figure D 148 Main Screen with activated button to define the Wound model Click the Wound model button to open the Generic Wound Model window Figure D 149 I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases 109 Generic Wound Model A of the HCAP wound model all be placed hate Ret t all expl Jam 1 t a 2 exp dami2 t Select Wound Fietention Dairad NCAP Default Not Specified Figure D 149 The Generic Wound Model window At this time March 2004 the National Council on Radiological Protection NCRP has not yet recommended specific parameter values to represent retention of different types of material in a sub cutaneous wound Therefore IMBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition has incorporated a generic form of wound model in which retention is represented by the
133. lue background and predicted urinary excretion data on a green background Note When it is first opened the data Table in the Bioassay Quantity window has only one row This window is designed to display data values and NOT for data entry Since no data have yet been entered there are no data to display at this stage The tool button opens the Table Tool for your selected Bioassay Quantity This provides the tools that you will use to enter and or edit the bioassay data in the next step Tip Use the scroll bar below the open Bioassay Quantity window to view additional columns to the right that are related to measured bioassay data D 3 9 Data Entry Multiple Intake Example I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition provides a Table Tool in the form of an expanded data table with various editing and automated data entry functions Opening the Table Tool The Table Tool shows all of the data columns without you having to scroll When you open this from a Bioassay Quantity BQ window the Table Tool will display the same number of rows as the BQ window Initially only a default single row is displayed Your first task is to open up enough rows to hold all of the measured bioassay data that you want to analyze in this example 37 values of daily urinary excretion e Enter 37 in the Number of Rows dialog box bottom panel left of center see Figure D 38 e Click the Apply button to the right of the dialog box
134. mg 0 246 mg standard error The corresponding estimate of committed effective dose is 47 6 mrem 20 4 mrem standard error In this case reasonable agreement with the value of 59 1 mrem derived by more exhaustive analysis is fortuitous Note 2 The value of 0 575 mg acute LEU intake obtained using the east squares fitting method in IMBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition is identical to the value given by the software package IMBA URAN for the same model assumptions As expected the identical value is also obtained using the maximum likelihood fitting method in IMBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition D 6 Routine Tritium Urinalysis This case is an example of routine tritium urinalysis for exposure to tritium vapor HTO carried out over a 553 d period on a weekly sampling schedule The case is taken from the European IDEAS project Case 222 see Doerfel et al 2003 also http hikwww2 fzk de hs strahlenschutz IDEAS default htm The urinalysis data ready for importing into IMBA Expert M OCAS ORAU Edition is provide in the ACSII text file Case 22 Tritium txt which is included in the Install Drv JABASOFT IMBAEXUS UserData1 Demo folder at installation The first part of this file is shown in Figure D 84 P Case 22 Tritium txt Notepad File Edit Format View Help 7 000E 00 1 400 01 100 01 800 01 500 01 200E 01 900 01 600 01 300E 01 000 01 700 01 400 01 050 02 120 02 190 02 26
135. monitoring periods can be specified automatically by simply clicking the Default Monitoring Periods button as in Figure D 104 Dy Tritium Routine Monitoring Tool File Tools Heb Chemical Form Intakes ineeganic H HTO Humber of j Q1 Single acute at midpoint of period I eigenes IF to use m tha calculation 10 j Intake assumption 2e C onec Conan chioric thoughout penad Specs the moming period corresponding to cach measurement Monitoring Periods Measurement Data Whole Body Intake Bq Start day 00 T 20DE 11 2 100E 01 4 200E 01 4 900E 01 SEJE 01 5 300E 01 2 800 01 2 800 57487 3500 01 Figure 0 104 Specifying the monitoring periods automatically IMBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases 69 If the monitoring periods are not in fact all contiguous you can edit any Start day value directly in the Tritium Routine Monitoring Tooltable Also clicking the Edit Measurement Data button Figure D 104 will return you to the Table Tool so that you can edit any of the input bioassay data values The functioning of the Tritium Routine Monitoring Tool is integrated with that of the Table Tool Warning By default the Tritium Routine Monitoring Tool assumes a Start day value of 0 since the actual value is not included in the imported data If O is incorrect you will have to enter
136. n ow Ha Max Likelihood R Figure D 109 The amount of intake calculated to have given rise to each successive bioassay measurement on the assumption of constant chronic intake over the corresponding sampling interval 74 I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases The resulting values of committed effective dose calculated for all 7 monitoring periods in this example assuming constant chronic intake over the corresponding sampling interval are shown in Table D 9 Table D 9 Total committed effective doses calculated for each monitoring period Total Committed Effective Dose Monitoring period d uSv 1 0 70 20 0 2 70 161 4 5 3 161 259 8 3 4 259 343 57 0 5 343 427 177 6 427 518 43 1 7 518 553 3 4 Total 0 553 313 Note These calculated values are very close to marginally lower than the values calculated by assuming that the intakes occurred at the mid point of the corresponding sampling interval The total committed effective dose is 313 uSv to be compared with 317 uSv for the mid point assumption Table D 8 D 6 13 Automated vs Manual HTO Analysis In this section we e Test the repeatability of the manual fitting procedure e Examine the effect of using 10 sampling intervals in the automated procedure e Compare the goodness of fit of the manual and automated procedures 1 Repeatability of Manual Fitting The parameter file Case22 HTO JA
137. n effect this method in which a limited sequence of monitoring results maximum of 10 is analyzed does not correct the earliest monitoring results for carry over of tritium activity from previous intakes Thus the first calculated intake amount will always over estimate the actual intake during this monitoring period by the amount of carry over However this effect will become smaller for each subsequent intake calculation i e later intakes will be calculated more accurately Important Note 2 This methodology leads to a somewhat conservative estimate of the effective dose committed over the whole monitoring period although usually not a serious over estimate if the whole monitoring period is greater than a month Figure 0 105 shows the calculated values of intake IR1 through IH10 that result for the first 10 bioassay measurements values of whole body activity in this example In this case we have assumed by default that each potential intake would have occurred at the mid point of each sampling period 70 I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases Cy Tritium Routine Monitoring Tool Took Hep Chemical Form intakes fe irceganic H HTO Humbe of Intake Regimes Rs to use in the calculation 10 Intake assumption le acute st midpoint of period i C Constant cherie period Spec the monitonng period comezponding ta cach measurement Monitoring Periods Me
138. n to select organic HCT from the Tritium Routine Monitoring Tool In that case the bioassay quantity will automatically be set as Measurement Data Urine in the Tritium Routine Monitoring Tool and Urine Data in the Table Tool Note 2 The Tritium Routine Monitoring Tool works independently of the Indicator Nuclide which is selected in the Main Screen None of the options selected in the Tritium Tool affect settings in the Main Screen You can use the Tritium Routine Monitoring Tool in two different ways 1 To work on bioassay data already loaded in the Table Tool 2 To work on bioassay data imported directly from an external ASCII text file I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases 63 The Tritium Routine Monitoring Tool is designed to simplify both ways of working as follows e Using pre loaded bioassay data from the Table Tool e Using the Import Wizard D 6 8 Loading Tritium Data Already in the Table Tool Bioassay Calculations DT Bioassay Calculations Gave GuickSave Trium INTAKES CALCULATION BIOASSAY QUANTITY wa Graph G Table C Hide Whob body T wo Ri Ramee Ba amp 4 amp 1E 4 Us Tritium Routine Monitoring Tool x edel Eno I2 Boj Pe Tess Heb 1 800 00 LOGNORE Chemical Farm Intakes 1 EXE 00 LOGHORE 1 800E 00 LOGNOR H3 BZIP F nogan 2 Humber of Intake IAs bo use inthe calculation
139. ng the Bioassay Model Bioassay model For the Bioassay model selectthe Standard Pu Model for urinary excretion Figure D 27 e select Urine as the Bioassay Function this will already have been defined if you had previously selected Urine in the Bioassay Quantity window Bioassay Calculations screen e click the LOAD ICRP DEFAULTS button click OK Bioassay Function a 1 0 0139864109 Blood half time K 0 0000001 i Select 1 1 200E 01 2 3 553 01 User Defined Mode 3 2 484E 05 4 1 262E 00 5 1 408E 02 6 8 645E 04 2115 04 Std Pu Model 3 10 OK Cancel WHOLE BODY LUNGS URINE FECES BLOOD THYROID LIVER USER DEFINED Std Pu Model Figure D 27 Standard Pu Model for Urine selected as the Bioassay Model Deposition model For the Deposition model select the Light worker Figure D 28 click the LOAD ICRP DEFAULTS button click OK I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases 17 Max Exposure Light Worker C Heavy Worker Aerosol Parameters E C pm Sigma G 24977233 Density g ml Shape factor Iam Select User Defined ICRP Defaults OK Cancel Figure D 28 Selecting the Deposition Model for a Light worker Particle transport model For the Particle Transport model Figure D 29 click the LOAD ICRP DEFAULTS button click OK EX Particle Transport Model Rate Constants d to bb1 E
140. nt errors are given in the data file IU FECES 2 txt which is included in the Install Drv JABASOFT IMBAEXUS UserData1 Demo folder at installation It is instructive to re analyze this case using these reported errors instead of the realistic lognormal errors D 5 4 Initial Joint Analysis of Urine Fecal Data ki 22 Bioassay Calculations Save Quick Save Tritium INTAKE CALCULATION BIOASSAY QUANTITY i 3 10 1935 12 30 004M 2080E 02 1 830 02 Excluded 1 800 00 LOGNOR 3 10 1995 5 30 00 20808 01 5640 04 Real 1 800 00 LOGNOR 3 10 1995 1215 00FM 2810E01 3770E 04 Rea 1 800 00 LOGNOR 3 10 1995 11 05 00 PM 4 510 01 1 510E 04 Res 1 800 400 LOGNOR 3 11 1995610004M 2950 01 1 380 04 Real 1 800 00 LOGNOR 3 11 1885 43000 PM 63403 2620 03 Excluded 1 800E 00 LOGNOR 3 11 199585000 1670601 2 180 04 Res 1 800 00 LOGNOR 3 11 1995 1050 000 833 02 3430E 04 Res 1 800 00 LOGNOR v gt G Gah C Table Ure to Progress Indicator Deposition PTT A CoaroTme PoxspCi EA Teen Calculation Complete Umg Max Likelihood fit Figure D 76 Initial data fit for assumed acute inhalation of Type S uranium at t O I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases 47 Figure D 76 shows the initial result of analysing jointly the measured urinary and fecal excretion rates under the followin
141. ol assumes a Start day value of 0 since the actual value is not included in the imported data If 0 is incorrect you will have to enter the appropriate value yourself This is generally the End day of previous most recent set of monitoring data Note You can select ANY sub set of contiguous data rows up to a maximum of 10 rows from the Table Tool for automatic importation into the Tritium Routine Monitoring Tool D 6 9 Loading Tritium Data with the Import Wizard Clicking the Edit Measurement Data button in the Tritium Routine Monitoring Tool opens the Table Tool You can then import the required bioassay data Figure D 98 In the Table Tool right click on the empty cell under the Measurement Time d heading Figure D 98 From the drop down menu select File Import as in Figure D 98 This will open the ASCII file import wizard Figure D 99 66 I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases Table Tool Whole body Data Lakeulalec alculated memeni ame c fA M men Dada pp JE Duishibubusn Ea S Le rsi E LES TEE KEY C Measurement Data NoFiows fi Anph Measurement Ft Output O Figure D 98 Blank Table Tool ready to import a file of whole body bioassay data EX ASCII file import wizard The amp SLII file import wizard helps you to import data directly from a text
142. ons Pile Advanced Tools k m Bioassay Calculations Save QuikSave Tritium INTAKE CALCULATION BIOASSAY QUANTITY O 000E 00 1 000E 00 0 000 00 1 000 7 070707071E 01 1 000E 00 4 2196 02 20336403 1000 ho 1414141414E 02 1 000E 00 4 1238E 02 23130403 1000 Number of Times 1 200 2121212121E 02 1 000E 00 4 1693 02 2607 03 1000 Specily Times d Col 1 2828282826E 02 1 000 00 4 2519 02 2970403 1 000 3535353535 02 1 000 00 4 3363E 02 3334403 100 Start Time d 0 i 4242424242E 02 1 000 00 4 4109E 02 3704403 1000 4 949494945E 02 1 000 00 44725 02 4 070 03 1000 5656555657E 02 1 000 00 4 5204E 02 44746403 1000 V Stop Time d wm m G Guph C Table C Hide Uwe Specily Collection Periods Col 2 Calculate Bioassay Quantity Col 3 E 5 e Progress Indicator Deposition Colating Times 10000 HAN 1 Case Pu 239 Retention in Lungs 9000 Bioassay Calcs 8000 700 Cunert 6000 Opetation 5000 4000 8 3000 4 2000 amp 1000 QK 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 Time since intake d Pu233 Max Likelhood Figure D 115 Urinary excretion rate and lung retention predicted for Type S plutonium Summary of Observed Departures from ICRP Default Behavior The following observations are NOT consistent with the predictions for a particle matrix consi
143. or distribution e Urinary excretion rate measurements Lognormal error distribution with 1 8 e Fecal excretion rate measurements Lognormal error distribution with og 4 0 Note These assumed errors are meant to reflect the fact that Whole Body measurements of Sr v are reasonably precise whereas the Urinary Excretion Rate is subject to substantial biological variability and the Fecal Excretion Rate to even greater biological variability The resulting tables of input data completed in the Table Tool are shown in Figures D 52 through D 54 for Whole Body Urine and Feces respectively Measurement Measurement Error Error Distribution 11 23 1330 12 00 00 6 32000E 05 Real 1 35400E 05 11 30 1330 12 00 00 4 00500E 05 Real S 0100E 04 NORM 13 37 1330 12 00 00 2 92000E 05 Real 5 85400E 04 NORM 12 4 1330 12 00 00 2 72000E 05 Real 5 4400E 04 NORM 12 5 7590 12 00 00 2 56500E 05 Real 5 1300E 04 NORM 12 5 1330 12 00 00 2 61500E 05 Real 5 22300E 04 NORM 18 77 1330 12 00 00 AM 2 48000E 05 Real 4 39600E 04 NORM 12 10 1330 12 00 00 2 18000E 05 Real 4 3600E 04 NORM 12 12 1330 12 00 00 2 15000E 05 Real 4 S000E 04 NORM 52721991 12 00 00 1 15500E 05 Real 2 3r 00E 04 NORM 5 5 1331 12 00 00 1 35000 05 Real 2 00 04 NORM 72421991 12 00 00 1 10500 05 Real 2 2100 04 NORM 5 85 1331 12 00 00 1 02500E 05 Real 2 0500 04 NORM B 2 1332 12 00 00
144. ore than an order of magnitude lower than the measured rate e After the measured peak in fecal excretion of uranium during the first day the measured excretion rate is about an order of magnitude ower than that predicted The above observations suggest that BOTH the measured urinary AND fecal excretion rates are strongly influenced by a relatively high background excretion of uranium Since in this case continuous workplace air monitoring did NOT indicate the presence of chronic airborne contamination in order to fit the observed excretion values it is necessary to consider another relatively constant source of intake The obvious candidate is dietary intake D 5 5 Correct for Dietary Uranium Intake Figure D 77 shows the result of analysing jointly the measured urinary and fecal excretion rates under the assumption that a single acute inhalation of Type S uranium Figure D 76 is superimposed on a long term uniform chronic intake of uranium in the diet The chronic intake is defined by e A uniform chronic ingestion of uranium with a gut uptake fraction f 0 02 i e an unknown form of uranium commencing 20 y prior to the inhalation intake and continuing beyond the bioassay monitoring period 48 I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases Pile Advanced Took iei m Bioassay Calculations Seve Quik Save Tritium INTAKES CALCULATION BIOASSAY QUANTITY Graph Tab
145. period comparing the results of both manual fitting exercises and both automated fits The table also shows the total value of Y calculated in each case by comparing the predicted and observed values of the bioassay quantity Table 0 12 Comparison of estimated total committed doses and the associated y sum statistic Case Analysis Intake Assumption S live Rose y sum Manual Whole Dataset MP 479 56 9 JA 199 55 7 Automated 6 x 10 1 x 5 Mid point 317 25 2 Continuous 313 25 2 Automated 13 x 5 Mid point 334 24 4 Continuous 331 24 4 The points to note from Table D 12 are e The Manual analyses of the whole dataset differed only marginally in their goodness of fit i e the respective 7 sum statistics were 56 9 and 55 7 for 10 intakes fitted to 65 data points and yet the resulting estimates of total committed dose differed by a arge factor 2 4 e The Automated analyses can and do fit a larger number of discrete intakes to the dataset as a whole thus there are fewer degrees of freedom with the result that the 7 values substantially smaller e With these example data from routine weekly monitoring the assumed time of occurrence of intake mid point or continuous makes very little difference less than 296 to the calculated values of committed dose and no overall difference to the 7 statistic 78 I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases e The 5 lowe
146. r value of total committed dose calculated using bioassay values 10 at a time the maximum number is likely to be more accurate less biassed than value obtained by analyzing bioassay values 5 at a time Note This topic should be studied further using Monte Carlo methods to simulate complex tritium intake patterns and the resulting variability in the bioassay sample values The applicability and performance of the Tritium Tool provided here should thus be examined further D 7 Lung Counting for 2 This case involved an acute inhalation of high fired plutonium oxide It is of particular interest because about 94 of the plutonium activity was Pu at the time of the inhalation The Am progeny of Pu was present in the inhaled material with about 0 9 of the total plutonium activity However this amount of 2 Am contamination enabled the retention of material in the lungs to be measured relatively accurately over many years The case was first reported in the literature by Bihl et al 1988 with a longer term follow up reported by Carbaugh et al 1991 These authors concluded that this case demonstrated very unusual respiratory tract clearance behavior both in terms of low solubility of the plutonium particles evidenced by an undetectable excretion rate in urine and the virtual absence of particle clearance from the respiratory tract In fact Bihl et al coined the term Super Class Y to describe th
147. ranium exposure D 5 9 Uranium Example Case Summary In summary it is instructive to compare the estimates of committed effective dose obtained at each stage of the analysis for this case Assuming single acute inhalation intake of Type S LEU e Joint analysis of the measured urinary and fecal uranium mass excretion rates without correction for background excretion gave an estimated LEU intake of 2 055 mg with a corresponding committed effective dose of 170 mrem Assuming acute inhalation of Type S LEU together with chronic dietary intake f value of 0 02 e Joint analysis of the measured urinary and fecal uranium mass excretion rates gave an estimated acute LEU intake of 0 357 mg with a corresponding committed effective dose of 29 6 mrem http www deploymentlink osd mil du library lab assessment lab assessment s02 htm 54 I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases Optimizing the model parameters e Joint analysis of the measured urinary and adjusted fecal uranium mass excretion rates gave an estimated acute LEU intake of 0 714 mg with a corresponding committed effective dose of 59 7 mrem Note 1 Least squares analysis only of the measured urinary uranium mass excretion rates including the two outlying data points together with the reported normal counting errors as is the common practice gave an estimated LEU intake assuming acute inhalation of Type S uranium of 0 575
148. re D 24 Switching the Units of Time to Date Vapor I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases 15 Notice that the Start Time d value of 0 Figure D 24 has now automatically switched to display the Start Date as 6 9 1945 the value entered as the Reference Date before the switch of time units Key Tip Always set the Reference Date for each case study in the Time d since dialog box Units sub panel in the Main Screen D 3 3 Reference Activity Units for Multiple Intakes In IMBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition the estimated Intake has the same Unit of activity as the measured or predicted bioassay quantity As with the Unit of Time the Unit of Activity is selected in the Main Screen Figure D 25 Units C Time d Intake dpm C pCi Figure D 25 Selecting the Unit of activity Intake and Bioassay Quantity as Bq Warning IMBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition works with the primary bioassay quantity which for urinary or fecal excretion is the average excretion rate over a prescribed collection period and not the amount of activity in each sample So urinary and fecal bioassay measurements must ALWAYS be entered as the amount of activity in the sample in the selected unit divided by the collection period in d D 3 4 Selecting the Common Model Parameters for All IRs Before you can carry out any calculations with IMBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition you MUST
149. re working entirely in the Time d mode so a default value January 1 1980 is loaded at start up Intake Scenario Intake Regimes Units Clear Al intake Regimes Enter Humber of Intake Regimes 110 apa IR1 G Time ld ance Mode 7 G inhalation fz Acute Chionic Associated Radion Ingeston Irtake Start Time dl j f Bq dpm Wound No Dose Sy oem Eteen mv mem Figure D 22 Default since date loaded at start up In this example case the earliest date of interest is June 9 1945 and so this is the appropriate value for the Reference Date This is entered directly in the Time d since dialog box Figure D 23 Units Specity Time As Date Time dj since Figure D 23 Entering the Reference Date Since in this example the bioassay measurements are tabulated with their collection Date it is necessary at this point to switch the Specify Time As Units to Date Figure D 24 This switch from Time to Date will be passed automatically to the Bioassay Calculations screen and data tables Intake Regimes Units Clear All Intake Regimes Enter Number of Intake Regimes 1 10 j Hue Date Time 9 Route Mode a Inhalation Acute Chronic C Ingestion Intake C Injection Start Date 6 9 1945 Bq C dpm C pCi C Wound E Dose Sv C rem EdtComerhegne C mSv C mrem Figu
150. ring Periods button as in Figure D 97 Ds Tritium Routine Monitoring Tool File Tools Help Chemical Form Inlakes f magance H HTO Humber of Intake Regimes Rs to use in the calculation 10 Intake assumption ge acute af midpoint of period C omar C Contant chiorec throughout penod Specs the monitoring period corresponding to each measurement Manitaring Periods Measurement D ata Whole Body Intake Eq Start day End day ce Value Eq T ODDE 00 IR 1 24806 04 7 QO0E 00 14006 01 R2 GER 1 400 01 2 100 01 2 100 01 28006 01 gt IRA 25256406 2 800 01 3500E 01 IRS asn Calc Intakes IRG b 1806e 04 4 200 01 4 9006 01 IR 4 S00 01 5 BUDE 01 IR EAESE 03 5 BDQE 07 5 300 01 R3 6 300 01 7 000 01 I 10 3836804 k d Echt Messureerari Date OF Lancel Figure D 97 Specifying the monitoring periods automatically If the monitoring periods are not in fact all contiguous you can edit any Start day value directly in the Tritium Routine Monitoring Tooltable Also clicking the Edit Measurement Data button Figure D 97 will return you to the Table Tool so that you can edit any of the input bioassay data values The functioning of the Tritium Routine Monitoring Tool is fully integrated with that of the Table Tool Warning By default the Tritium Routine Monitoring To
151. riod 0 to 70 are shown in Figure D 108 By Dose Cabeulations Advanced Took Heb ki Dose Calculations Save Quick Save INTAKE CALCULATION 1 ienes Ba IR2 I3 Ih 89 HS IG foedo 3 Dose in each Calenda Year 89 99 EHactive Dos 5v Progres Inckcator ni id n Curent Diperstion Intake Regime 1 Apoksng Splitting Rule to Esophagus Thi i already a named cogan so the a plitting wil nior ere Desets e IR LOVE g ec ar x Ha WE ICRP Delauitz WT s ICRP ICRP HE Model Figure D 108 Calculating and displaying the resulting committed effective dose In this case the total committed effective dose is 20 2 uSv Repeating this whole process for subsequent sets of 10 tritium monitoring results by importing rows of data 10 at a time from the ASCII text file Case_22_Tritium txt gives the calculated values of committed effective dose shown in Table D 8 i Note There are 65 rows of data imported as 6 sets of 10 values with a residual set g of 5 values I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases 73 Table D 8 Total committed effective dose calculated for each monitoring period Total Committed Effective Dose Monitoring period d uSv 1 0 70 20 2 2 70 161 4 6 3 161 259 8 7 4 259 343 57 6 5
152. rresponding predicted bioassay quantity curve simply e switch to the Intakes to Bioassay option green arrow e click the Start Calculation button I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases 29 The new predicted curve will be displayed automatically in the Bioassay Quantity window Open the Graph Tool Figure D 49 to examine this Graph Tool for Urine 0 014 E315 7 72 2133 3542 9951 10351 10770 11179 11588 1135 12405 Figure D 49 Predicted rapid changes in urinary excretion from IR2 and IR3 Comparison of the predicted green curve early urinary excretion following IR3 with the measured fall off between the samples at 9 963 d and 10 044 d suggests that the actual fall off in urinary excretion is substantially slower than predicted by the assumed Type M absorption behavior To testthis interpretation the assumed absorption rate for IR3 can be changed and the effect on the fitted intake amounts and predicted urinary excretion curve can be examined as follows e Un check Apply Model Params to All IRs in the Advanced menu Main Screen This will enable you to vary the absorption rate for IR3 independently of IR1 and IR2 e Increase the Final dissolution rate St for IR3 from 5 x 10 to 5 x 10 e For consistency with an increased absorption rate decrease the aerosol AMAD to 0 5 um e Back in the Bioassay Calculations screen Bioassay to Intakes option blue arrow cl
153. s often the case It is then just as easy and quick to examine the implications of the most likely scenarios for dose I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases 41 D 4 5 Evaluating the Dose As the final step in this example we will calculate the doses resulting from the two hypothetical intake scenarios that we found to be most consistent with the bioassay data 1 Ingestion of 2 486 MBq of material with an f of 0 3 2 Inhalation of 4 438 MBg of a 100 um AMAD aerosol of Type F material Figures D 67 and D 68 respectively give the resulting values of effective dose Note The Associated Radionuclide Y is included in the dose calculations The ICRP recommended biokinetic models are assumed for both Sr and Y and also the ICRP668 radiation and tissue weighting factors Us Dose Calculations Fie Advarced Took kd Dose Calculations Save Quick Save INTAKE CALCULATION DOSE Indicator Nucide Ri paese 1 Dose from Indicator Nuclide Si S0 2 Dose from Associated Radionuclides 3 Dose m each Calendar Year Ellective Dose Sv 7 42 02 Dose Calculations Bile Advanced Took Help Dose Calculations Save Quick Save INTAKE CALCULATION DOSE IRI 1 Dose from Indicator Nuclide 51 980 2 Dose Associated Radonuchdes 3 Dose m each Calenda Year Elfective Dose Sv 6 85 02 Figure D 68 Effective doses calculated for inhalat
154. sting of Type S plutonium 1 the measured Am activity in the lungs remained essentially constant over the first 70 d Figure D 116 whereas Type S absorption together with ICRP s recommended mechanical transport rates from the alveolar interstitial Al region predicted a marked decrease of activity over this initial period Figure D 116 Note that the effect of in growth of Am activity as a result of Pu decay over this period is negligible 2 Overthe long term 18 y the 241 Am activity in the lungs was observed to increase markedly whereas for Type S plutonium it should have decreased approximately 10 fold Figure D 113 Graph Tool for Lungs HAN 1 Case Am 241 Build up in the Lungs Am 241 activity pCi 0 7 14 21 29 5 43 5 57 54 n 79 85 93 100 Time since intake d Figure 0 116 Comparison of predicted and measured early changes in Am activity in the lungs 86 I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases From the above it appears that BOTH the absorption characteristics of the plutonium particle matrix AND the mechanical elimination rate of particles deposited in the deep lung of this individual worker differ substantially from the standard ICRP default values Note ICRP has recommended that Default parameter values should be used in the absence of better specific information This case is a prime example of significant departure in parameterized char
155. t D she fe ehbcmm Intakes lo Bia Pia P i IIS meee 33342E 0 2 25 1988 ZESBE 03 3 1 1388 ZUZTE 03 3111 1988 These options should be used with extreme care 1 580E 03 3 28 1988 Dates Col 1 1 2784 03 5716571588 4 1 16328 03 8 11 1388 2 26 1 1011E 03 11 23 1380 Stat 1 02659E 03 23 1992 5 07 Stop Date 2 13 gt Hide Whole body gt J _ a Collection Caloulste Hanassa Q i 10 100 DDD 500 Progress indicator Times Baxsseay Figure D 127 Selecting the Least Squares Fitting option Back in the Bioassay Calculations screen you then click the Blue arrow to re calculate the amount of Intake IR1 from the tabulated bioassay data The result is shown in Figure D 128 As expected the calculated value of IR1 is 9 805 Bq the same value as calculated by the maximum likelihood method However the least squares method also calculates the standard error on this estimated intake in this case 978 2 Bq Note More precisely the calculated values of intake differ in the fith significant figure 9 805 1 Bq for the least squares method c f 9 804 8 Bq for the maximum likelihood method This computational difference is trivial 94 I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases Us Hinassay Calculations bd T Bioassay Calculations Saws CuickSave INTAKE CALCULA
156. t H i 3 inorganic tritium HTO as the Indicator Nuclide 62 I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases Click the ICRP DEFS Load button Click the Bioassay Calculations button Select Whole Body as the bioassay data to use Click the Tritium button top left corner of the Bioassay Calculations screen This will open the Tritium Routine Monitoring Tool window Figure D 93 X Calculations Bioassay Calculations Save QuikSave Tritium INTAKE CALCULATION BIOASSAY QUANTITY Fad Hide El 1000 Un Ex Tritium Routine Monitoring Tool Fi Took Heg Chemical Form Intakes Number of Intake Aegmes IAs bo use inthe calculation 1 Iriaka Single acute cs eg n 7 Constant chronic throughout penod Specify the monetoring period conesponding bo each measurement Monitoring Periodi Mearurement Data Whole Body Intake Start day End day Bal IR 1 IR 1 DODOE DO m Progress lndkcalor D epadtien m Default Montong Penods Edit Measurement Disha Me Clear Monitoring Periods Callating Times m Binaszap Cade Cunert H3 Likelihood fit Figure D 93 Opening the Tritium Routine Monitoring Tool Note 1 This example considers only intakes of inorganic H HTO for which the bioassay quantity is automatically set as Measurement Data Whole Body However you also have the optio
157. ta file viewed in NotePad This file is tab delimited and so you need to click the Tab delimited button Figure D 99 before clicking Next The whole file will then be imported into rows and columns in the ASCII file import wizard Figure D 101 EX ASCII file import wizard Please select the data that you wish to import m 9 45006 04 Real 1 800 00 LOGNORM 4 7250E 04 1 80DE 00 LOGNORM B BB25E 04 LOGNORM amp 4000 04 001 LOGNORK 11 3 6750 04 Real 1 800 00 LOGNORM 12 2 250 04 Real 1 800 00 LOGNORM Hm rirmi Md m I mw me d aes Select All Cancel Figure D 101 Selecting the first 10 rows of data The Tritium Routine Monitoring Tool analyzes the bioassay data a maximum of 10 rows i e 10 data points at a time Therefore you should highlight just 10 rows of data in the import wizard before clicking the Next button The highlighted 10 rows are then automatically loaded into the Table Tool Figure D 102 EX Table Tool hole body Dhata Fie Edt Biosesay Measurement Help Specihed Time dj H7A Meacurement i Data Type Value Eq 7 4 33750E 5 Real Laleulated Value Mearurement Eira 1 800E 00 LOGHORM Messurement Time dl fi T O00E 00 1 400E 071 2 E3S00E 5 Real 1 800E 00 LOGMORM 2 100E 01 E 3552SE 5 Heal T BOOE 00 LOGNORM 2 B0DE 01 TAE T 80DE 00 LOGH
158. take Regimes Units sis zm nn oe serre intake IR 10 Indicator Nuclide Ceu Alintake Regimes Date 55376 Ba e NL id 8 26 1566 Number of Acpocisted Fadionuckdes lo Hallis 4506 09 d sj Associated Radionuclides Irkake Stat Time is 555 a GBq dpm fr r Dose 22 Hone Selected fv Sy T gem mY f mem Model Parameters These Model Parameters Apply to All IR OCAS i Bioassay Calculations Office of Compensation A Nu Analysis and Support ee Type F Part Trae ICAP Defaults Gi Teact ICRP Delade Fini Backineties ICRP Modal ICRP Defauks wound Mor Specified Figure D 107 Main Screen after returning from the Tritium Routine Mintoring Tool Note The calculated intake values and the assumed times and durations of the intakes are automatically displayed in the Main Screen so that you can proceed directly to the Dose Calculation 72 I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases D 6 11 Automated Tritium Dose Calculation Clicking the Dose Calculations button in the Main Screen opens the Dose Calculations screen Figure D 108 Then to calculate the resulting values of effective dose you simply click the Calculate button The results for the whole tritium monitoring pe
159. te Distibution 6 50E 07 Update Graph 5 00E 07 2000 4000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 intake Ba Ir Wie Y axis Select Pika Probakslity Distribution Molmevas ip Ymn spp g 10 Parameter Values 20000 Yma 200 06 n Show de kg in C lg in Ire F I Fewest tus rom 1000000 Sienie v Scenic C To Dec Pics 0 iri i 2 dire Legnomal Cancel Statistics Mem Mean Ok 5 EN Calculate Statistics Figure D 135 Prior Distribution calculated and displayed over a suitable X axis range Cautonary Note Before you can use the Bayesian Analysis tool to calculate and display the posterior probability distribution of intake you must FIRST calculate for your selected prior distribution the median value of the intake distribution You do this back in the Bioassay Calculations screen by clicking the Start Calculations button just as you do for maximum likelihood or least squares fitting To calculate and display the Log Likelihood Function you simply click its radio button and click AUTO CALC again The calculated Log Likelihood Function is shown in Figure D 136 US Ha yesian Analysis Bayesian Analysis INTAKE GRAPH CALCULA Log Likelihood Function for Intake Regime
160. te Made DLE E Inhalation f Acute f Chronic Associated Radion C Ingestion mS C Injection Start Time d Bq dpm C Wound pCi Dose e Sy C rem __ Copen Reame C mSv C mrem Figure D 2 Default since date loaded at start up In this example case the intake occurred on February 24 1988 and so this is the appropriate value for the Reference Date The date of the intake is entered directly in the Time d since dialog box Figure D 3 The source data did not give the time of day If no value for the hh mm time of day of the intake is entered IMBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition assigns this as 00 00 midnight Units Specify Time As Date Time dj since 272471 999 This date corresponds ta time Odpciated Radion Figure D 3 Entering the Reference Date Since in this example the bioassay measurements are tabulated with their collection Date it is convenient at this point to switch the Specify Time As Units to Date Figure D 4 This switch from Time to Date will be passed automatically to the Bioassay Calculations screen and data tables Units Enter Number of Intake Regimes 1 10 2 nee eise C Time d Mode Upa s Acute C Chronic Intake Bg dpm pne 2 24 1988 C pCi ie Dose Sv tem 2st _ Figure D 4 Switching the Units of Time to Date C mSv C mem I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases 3 Notice that the Start Tim
161. th 396 retained with a 40 d half time see Appendix A Assumed Metabolism of Tritiated Water there is relatively little carry over of HTO through to monitoring periods several weeks into the future The fitting process is therefore carried out iteratively starting with the earliest monitoring results Once a reasonable fit is obtained to the first temporal pattern of HTO retention by postulating either an acute intake at an assumed time or chronic intake over an assumed time range and leaving all future intakes undefined you can repeat this process for the second temporal pattern In order to fit both patterns you will probably have to refine your assumptions somewhat about the timing of the first intake event Note It is only necessary for you to guess the temporal parameters of each postulated intake IMBA Expert V OCAS ORAU Edition automatically calculates the resulting value s of the intake amount s in the bioassay data to intakes mode of the Bioassay Calculations screen to give the most likely fit to the data This is a surprisingly quick process once you get the hang of it Figure D 89 shows this solution of the progressive fitting task D Bioassay Calculations File Advanced Tools Help J m Bioassay Calculations Save QuickSave Tritium INTAKES BIOASSAY QUANTITY CALCULATION Ini panes Bad I2 Bad jemena Byd 84 25E In5 ineme Bq
162. the Graph Tool In this example with the selected values of Model Parameters the calculated Intake amount is 10 341 Bq I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases 11 Ele Advanced Tools Help tt Bioassay Calculations Save QuikSave Tritium INTAKE CALCULATION BIOASSAY QUANTITY i 1 150 amp D NORM 3711 1988 1 010 03 Real 10 02 NORM 3 28 959 02 Real 7 00 1 NORM 5 16 71 959 4 820 02 Real 46202401 NORM hv Whole bod 811 158 580 02 Real 3580E401 NOAM 7 BDOE DO HORM 3 500E 00 Lungs Ume Feces Blood Thwagd Lis User Demed 150 300 450 600 750 500 1050 1200 1350 1500 Progress Indicalor Figure D 19 Calculated Intake amount with corresponding best fit to the data You will see from the Table and Figure displayed in the Bioassay Quantity windows Figure D 19 that the fit to data points is generally poorer than the assumed measurement errors This fit can be improved quite readily by reviewing and if necessary making reasonable changes to one or more of the assumed Model Parameters see the following sub section D 2 10 Improving the Data Fit In this example case single intake of Co by inhalation the fit to the data is clearly improved by varying the assumed aerosol Activity Median Aerodynamic Diameter AMAD from the 5 um default value recommended by ICRP
163. the appropriate value yourself This is generally the End day of previous most recent set of monitoring data D 6 10 Automated Fitting of Tritium Intakes Once you have loaded a series of up to 10 bioassay results e 10 rows in the Measurement Data table and defined all of the associated Monitoring Periods as in Figure D 104 you can use the Tritium Routine Monitoring Tool to calculate automatically a set of discrete Intakes that fit the measured bioassay values In order to do this you must first assume a value of the time of occurrence of each intake The Tritium Routine Monitoring Tool provides two standard commonly made assumptions that are applied automatically to all potential intakes e Single Acute intake at the mid point of each monitoring period set by default e Constant Chronic intake throughout each monitoring period For the default setting Single Acute the Tritium Routine Monitoring Tool automatically calculates the time value corresponding to each sample mid point For the Constant Chronic option the pre calculated Start day and End day values are used to calculate the associated Intake values n order to fit the monitoring data bioassay values the Tritium Routine Monitoring Tool uses the maximum likelihood method as extended to multiple intakes in IMBA Expert V OCAS ORAU Edition to find the most likely value of the hypothetical intake during each sampling period Important Note 1 I
164. tium INTAKE CALCULATION BIOASSAY QUANTITY Ri p 4500 anon E 3000 Selec which diata to ute 2500 E 2000 A 1500 1000 Z Lungs 50 Uia S00 1000 500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 amp XX 6500 700 Tits Sno intake d Feces Live 1 32 bs 1 500 00 1 200 03 Real 1 200 02 NORM User Defined 3 000 00 1 350 403 Real 1 350602 NOAM 7 O00E 00 1 300 03 ss 1 300 402 NORM 2 U50E 01 1 250E 03 Heal 1 250 D2 NORM 3 500E 1 1 200E 3 Real 1 200 02 4 550E 1 1 200E 3 Real 1 200 402 350E T1 1 300E 3 Real 1 00 02 NOAM 1 165E 02 1 300 03 Real 1 300 02 NORM wv Progress Indicator lt gt Deposition amp Graph Table Hide User Defined lead ColangTees HAN 1 Case Am 241 Build up inthe Skeleton Bicatsa s Cunert em i 200 5 150 T 100 s z 1 i 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 S000 S400 8000 6500 7000 Time ziyca intake d Based Figure 0 113 Most likely fit to HAN 1 lt Am in lung data assuming ICRP default HRTM parameter values Type S Note The predicted monotonic decrease of 2 activity in the lung includes the calculated in growth of Am activity into that of the parent Pu In this example IMBA Expert V OCAS ORAU Ed
165. to IR1 8 424 1 2 6 501 IR3 0 0005 I Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases 25 D 3 12 Testing the Intake Estimation Examining the Data Fit Although the assumption of Type M absorption behavior in the multiple intake example gave a better fit Figure D 41 to the measured data than Type S the fit was still not good In order to improve this IMBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition provides a further powerful tool for optimizing the data fit This is the Intakes to Bioassay option in the CALCULATIONS sub panel This option enables you to predict the bioassay quantity with sufficient time resolution to examine in detail the fit achieved for rapidly changing data significant observed peaks in the data The first step in testing an intake estimation is to switch the CALCULATION mode from Bioassay to Intake blue arrow to Intakes to Bioassay green arrow as shown in Figure D 43 Oy Bioassay Calculations Pile Advarced Took Heb m Bioassay Calculations Save Quick Sav Tribum INTAKES CALCULATION BIOASSAY QUANTITY Graph Table Hide 10 tool Al sc51E 01 Bq In2 335602 11 871 3 15 1968 1 000 1 4 1971 4 02 25 6 13 1968 1 00 ma RID 1 8 1371 8 04 49 AM 9 13 1968 1 000E e 1 12 1971 120714 AM 12 3 1968 1 000 1 19 1971 8 12 04 AM 12 18 1969 1 000 1 1 1 1 Specity Dates Col 1 1 15 1971 4 09 39 PM 1 3 2
166. total effective dose is the same irrespective of whether specific radionuclides are defined as the Indicator Nuclide or as an Associated Radionuclide Table D 18 summarizes the contributions to total effective dose made by each of the 6 radionuclides involved in this example for both of the above calculations and the fraction of effective dose contributed by radionuclide retention in the lungs For comparison the Table also shows the calculated effective dose that would result from the initial assumption of Type S plutonium and all ICRP default parameter values Table D 18 Contributions to effective dose in rem and Optimized Parameter Optimized Parameter ICRP Default Contribution Values with Puas Values with Amas Parameter Values from the Indicator Nuclide the Indicator Nuclide Type S Plutonium 15 1 15 1 0 00256 0 00252 0 00247 Total from All Nuclides 34 9 100 34 9 100 31 5 100 Total from Lungs 27 7 79 27 7 79 10 9 39 Note 1 You will have noticed that the quantity effective dose is remarkably robust at least for highly insoluble plutonium In this case the changes that we had to make to the HRTM input parameter values in order to fit the bioassay data changed the total effective dose only marginally from that calculated using standard ICRP default parameter values Using case specific parameter values increased the calculated effective dose by just
167. u will have noted from Figure D 120 that we have excluded from this fit the last block of data from about 5 000 d onwards There is clearly a discontinuity in the measured values at about 5 000 d By excluding these data we have obtained a better overall fit Tip See for yourself how inclusion exclusion of the last block of data affects the overall fit You will find that the effect is not unduly critical 241 Figure 0 122 includes the predicted build up Am activity in the Liver and Skeleton Hinassay Calculations File Advanced Tools M Bioassay Calculations Save QuickSave Tritium INTAKE CALCULATION BIOASSAY QUANTITY I1 Humber of Times 1 200 100 2 Specily Time d Cal 1 Start Time d Linan ihm 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 open 3 Step Time d 7000 E Time since intake d fe f Hu Peel Specd Collection 2 TAE Cakulsta Brosetay Qusrisly Cal 3 D 700 1400 2100 2800 3500 4200 4900 5500 7000 Progress Indicator Time since intalos d Deposition Graph Table Hide User Defined Times i e HAN 1 Case Am 241 Build up in the Skeleton Cales 5 3n Curent Cal 20 culation Complete 200 150 100 Zz 5 0 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
168. unknown This method is not likely to work if you have data on just one bioassay quantity In this example case we don t know whether the intake occurred by inhalation or ingestion or by a combination of both We also know nothing about the chemical form of the material or I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases 35 the particle size distribution of any airborne material ICRP s recommendations concerning potential chemical forms of strontium are displayed in the F1 values and absorption Types for Strontium window Figure D 58 EX F1 values and absorption Types for Strontium ICAP Source Chemical Form 71 71 Recommended default in the absence of specific information rl Unspecified compounds Strontium titanate Srl il 3 Unspecified compounds B8 Strontium titanate Srl i035 Note only the absorption parameters are entered NOT the default AMAD or route of intake El Figure 0 58 ICRP s currently recommended default values for Strontium gut uptake fraction and absorption Type Let s try setting up 4 hypothetical but possible intake scenarios and seeing if MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition can distinguish between them as follows IR1 Ingestion with f 0 1 IR2 Inhalation ICRP default aerosol Type F absorption f 0 3 IR3 Inhalation ICRP default aerosol Type M absorption f 0 1 IRA Inhalation ICRP default aerosol Type S absorption f 2 0 01 To
169. w screen the Bayesian Analysis tool Figure D 133 Tip Figure D 131 shows the default settings of the Bayesian Analysis tool for the type of prior defaulted to Uniform the X and Y axis ranges and for display of the Log Likelihood Function Other types of prior are selected using radio buttons bottom left corner The other types of function Prior Distribution or Probability of Intake are also selected using radio buttons top right corner I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases 97 e Bioassay Calculations Plo Advanced Toos Help lal Save Quick Save Tritium INTAKE CALCULATION Bioassay Calculations IR 3 BORE 03 Eq Binattay bo Intake Select which daba bo ute he whole body Lung Umea Feces Eked Lie User Defined Figure D 132 Bayesian Analysis button activated Ha yesian Analysis Bayesian Analysis INTAKE GRAPH CALCULATION Log Likelihood Function for intake Regime 1 Select Graph ta Plot 91 noe 89 Pier Disinbulion n8 0 7 Probability of Intake i 05 C a No Caes 2 02 Re Calculate Distribution 01 Update Graph r 1000 000 000 5000 mon TODO Boon E 30000 inlake B AUTO CALC IR Yag Uniform Values 10000 Yma 1 _ Show Gridines C kg Show s dnes C log F nee Tomi EZ S 1000000 Scientific Scene
170. when the intake amount IR1 has already been calculated Note The Y axes also auto ranges when you calculate the other types of probability distribution However the X axis DOES NOT You have to choose the appropriate X axis range to include the whole calculated distribution In the next sections we will show how each type of Prior Distribution affects the calculated Log Likelihood Function and the posterior probability distribution of intake Probability of Intake in the IAEA Case 3 Co whole body monitoring example as follows Uniform prior Inverse prior Gaussian prior Lognormal prior Alpha prior D 9 1 Probability Distribution of Intake Assuming a Uniform Prior Figure D 135 shows the starting point for Bayesian Analysis of the bioassay data in IAEA Case 3 the calculation and display of the Prior Distribution In this case we have selected Uniform as the Prior Probability Distribution type and clicked the AUTO CALC button middle right side of the Bayesian Analysis tool I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases 99 Ha yes ys is File Bayesian Analysis INTAKE GRAPH CALCULA Prior Chistnibution for Intake Regime 1 Select Giaph ha Piet 91 aampsE Q3 Ba 2 00E 06 fe Prin Disinbulion 1 B5E 06 1 70E 06 Miren 1556 06 C Probability of Intake E 1406 06 1 25606 Calculators 106 06 Cales 200 8 5DE 07 00 07 Calcula
171. wound on the thumb while performing iodinations The total amount of used in the procedure was about 2 mCi but only a small fraction of this was still in the syringe at the time of the incident A thyroid measurement was made within a few hours and followed up with 4 further measurements over the next 34 d period Background thyroid measurements were available both prior to the incident and at 75 and 138 d afterwards After washing the wound the estimated retained activity was about 300 nCi At 4 d after the incident the I activity at the wound site had fallen to about 3 5 of the original measurement At 7 d the I activity at the wound site remained at about 3 5 of the original measurement At 13 d the I activity at the wound site had dropped to about 1 8 The thyroid measurements are given in Table D 19 Table 0 19 activity measured in the thyroid Approximate time relative to puncture Thyroid activity standard error wound d pCi 177 5 000 2 000 151 2 000 3 000 0 1 6 000 2 000 4 14 000 3 000 7 10 000 3 000 13 15 000 3 000 34 16 000 3 000 75 3 000 3 000 138 9 000 2 000 Figure D 147 shows the data values as entered from the date time information in the Table Tool of IMBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition 108 I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases D Table Tool Thyroid Data L abculated Measurement Tome d le asurement
172. xis Select Prot Probatebly Distribution wmn Nolnterwal 10 Yen 5006 06 Union P atamater Velues 20000 man 7006 00 Show Gnidines kg in Show Gidra log C in jia Format 1000000 r Scenie fe Scenic Gaussian NoDecPics Mumesical NoDecPics 2 P y Legeomal Cancel Figure D 139 Inverse prior plotted on Log Log axes The Inverse prior probability distribution is shown in Figure D 139 With this prior the calculated median value of the intake distribution is 9 793 Bq c f 9 805 Bq for the uniform prior The calculated Log Likelihood Function which is independent of the prior was shown in Figure D 136 for the uniform prior The calculated posterior probability distribution of intake is shown in Figure D 140 together with the calculated statistical parameters of this distribution 102 I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases Us Ha yesian Analysis Bayesian Analysis INTAKE GRAPH CALCULA Posterior Probability Distribution for Intake Regime 1 Select Graph Plot IF1 9792 03 Ba 1446 04 C Prin Distrbulion 9 gag B Beg c2 FTE f Probability of intakas 6 BEE C02 Cakculsions 4446 02 E Cales ja 2 3 33 02 2238 02 Calculate Distribution 1116 02 Update Graph 146 177 1 zu 00 ani Sir j QOO 12000 14D 46000 15000 20000 intak
173. xpert OCAS ORAU Edition will use whatever values are in memory when you click the Start Calculation button D 3 1 Indicator Nuclide for Multiple Intakes Number of Associated Radionuclides 0 B Half Life 3 203E 04 d Figure 0 21 Selecting the Indicator Nuclide 2 Select the Indicator Nuclide Pu in the example case from the top right corner of the Main Screen Figure D 21 IMBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition will then be able to select automatically the bioassay model s appropriate for plutonium and automatically take into account the radioactive half life of Tip In this example case we are using bioassay data to calculate intake s Therefore it is NOT necessary to enter a hypothetical value in the displayed Intake IR 1 dialog box IMBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition will automatically display the calculated values of Intake s in their respective dialog boxes 14 I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases D 3 2 Reference Date for Multiple Intakes This is a KEY parameter especially for cases where more than one intake is being analyzed I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition keeps track of all Intakes and bioassay measurements timescale All events are timed with respect to a single Reference Date and time of day if necessary The Reference Date is defined in the Main Screen Figure D 22 The I MBA System must always have a reference date even if you a
174. xtrathoracic Al2 to bb1 Environment Al3 to bb1 Al3 ro LNTH bb1 to BB1 bb2 to BB1 bbseq to LNTH BB1 to ET2 BB2 to ET2 BBseq to LNTH ET2 to Gl ETseqto LNET ET1 Qut Select User Defined ICRP Defaults OK Cancel Figure D 29 Selecting the ICRP Default Particle Transport Model ETseq ET2 BBseq BB bbseq bb A 2 Al AI3 Al eT TT 18 I MBA Expert OCAS ORAU Edition Example Bioassay Cases Absorption model For the Absorption model se ect the Type M ICRP Default model Figure D 30 e click the Type M button e Click OK irda tate Sp Transtommation rate Sp 1 7 Fraction to bound stote Fb Feud dessedubon tate 51 rent bound mt Tree Tye m User Detred 2 m Type M an farce Figure D 30 Selecting the Type M Absorption Model To select an appropriate ICRP recommended value of f e Clickthe Help button Figure D 30 e select the Abs row Figure 0 31 e Click OK E 1 values and absorption Types for Plutonium Tl Recommended def ak the urere o specific infomation n Linspeched compound BS Uncoated compounds Hinges ES Inari reae obs ord the Sbi ppo parameters a entered HOT me dela AHAD oi Haba ol dae Dk Cancel Figure 0 31 Selecting the ICRP recommended value of f4 Gl Tract model For the Gl Tract model select LOAD ICRP DEFAULTS Figure D 32 click the LOAD ICRP

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