User`s Manual - Manual del Usuario
Contents
1. Selecting type of graphic window Fig 7 This window allows us to select the graph type to represent the equilibrium calculation 10 Graphic Fille Edit View Single solution of weak triprotic acid k 0 011 1 57 107 3 60 10 12 Go Molar fractions a of acid derivatives versus pH a IH A C a HA JC a A C 1 0 9 0 8 0 7 Fig 8 Graphic window The graphic window shows the graph for the selected type of equilibrium calculation This window has the following menus and buttons File menu Edit type of graphic Open the Edit type of graphic window Save image as Save the graph as a Bitmap file Print Open the Print window In it we can select the printer destination and specify the number of copies Close Close the window Edit menu Copy Copy the graph to the clipboard 11 View menu Data table Open the Data table window Buttons Edit Open the Edit type of graphic window Data table Open the Data table window Print Open the Print window In it we can select the printer destination and specify the number of copies Copy Copy the graph to the clipboard Close Close the window Data table Single solution of weak triprotic acid k 0 011 1 57 107 k 3 60 10 12 Molar fractions of acid derivatives versus pH eS7 H A C e HA C e A C pH2. C B Z Charge balance H Z A Buffer of weak base and its salt strong base is added BA gt _ o K gt Z k 0 ZOH 0 Mass balance BA C A C Z Charge balance H B 2 24 Acid base titration equilibrium Titration of monoprotic base with strong acid HA gt BA Titration of monoprotic acid with strong base Titration of diprotic acid with strong base H A gt 2H O wan E eg C eql 2 SB Titration of triprotic acid with strong base H A gt 3H O 3C V V 2 y V Via E Lm x 3 3 25 pH vs pH vs pCa pH vs C pH vs pC pH vs Cs pH vs pCs pH vs ka pH vs pka pH vs kp pH vs pk a vs a vs pCa a vs Cb a vs pCb ag VS pH Qo VS pH Qo 2 VS pH Qo Q2 VS pH pH vs Csa pH vs pCsA pH vs Css pH vs pH vs Vsa pH vs Vss ApH ApV vs Vsa ApH ApV vs pH versus acid concentration Ca pH versus acid concentration pC logioCa pH versus base concentration Cp pH versus base concentration pC 0 1005 pH versus salt concentration Cs pH versus salt conc
3. A C B Charge balance H B A Weak acid weak base Ht BOB SB ou x k IH OH Mass balance C A BA Charge balance H OH A 20 Weak diprotic acid strong base HA o Ht HA k PEZI H A 2 HA o H A gt HA gt B k H 0 Mass balance A C B Charge balance H B 2 7 Weak diprotic acid strong base First dissociation is complete ka QO gt k HA o Ht k IM B H OH H A 0 BOH 0 Mass balance HA A C B Charge balance B 2 7 21 Weak triprotic acid strong base HOA ced Ae qup IS H A 2 H A o H k HIHA H A 3 HA PEN H A gt k 1 1 HA OH H OH 0 Mass balance C HA HA HA A C B Charge balance H B OH HA 2 HA 3 A Weak triprotic acid strong base First dissociation is complete ka QO HA gt Ht HA k 2 H A H HA ga PUIS 1 H A 3 HAT gt B
4. k OH H A 0 0 Mass balance C HA HA A C B Charge balance H B OH HA 2 HA 3 A 22 Buffer solution equilibrium Buffer of weak acid and its salt BA gt o A k H OH BA 0 Mass balance C HA A C B Charge balance H B Buffer of weak base and its salt gt B A e B og amp BLOM BOH k H OH BA 40 Mass balance C BOH B Charge balance H OH A Buffer of weak acid and its salt strong acid is added BA gt B H A a HA HX gt H X OH 0 HA 0 Mass balance C HA A C B Ca IX Charge balance H B IX 23 Buffer of weak base and its salt strong acid is added BA gt B _ o B OH K BOH gt H X k OH BA 20 HK 0 Mass balance BA A C X Charge balance H B IX Buffer of weak acid and its salt strong base is added BA B A Ht A p E kA HA ZOH gt Z k 0 ZOH 0 Mass balance C C HA
5. k H BA 20 Mass balance C B A Charge balance H A Salt Anion from strong acid Cation from weak base BA A o 1108 BOH k H 0 Mass balance B A Charge balance H A 18 Salt Anion from weak acid BA B Cation from strong base HA o H A H A HA k H OH BA 20 Mass balance B HA Charge balance H B Salt gt B A Anion from weak acid Cation from weak base o B OH k B OH BOH HA Ht A po HEP HA k H OH BA 0 Mass balance B HA AT Charge balance H OH A Mixture of acid base equilibrium Strong acid strong base gt A BOH OH k H HA 0 BOH 0 Mass balance C C B Charge balance H B 19 Strong acid weak base gt A BOH x Bon TONI BOH k OH HA 0 Mass balance C B Charge balance H B Weak acid strong base H k OH H OH 0 Mass balance C HA
6. Open the Print window In it we can select the printer destination and specify the number of copies Copy Copy the data table to the clipboard Close Close the window 13 The following examples assume that the ionic product of water is pky 14 00 Example 1 Equilibrium of triprotic acid We have a solution of phosphoric acid H3PO with a concentration of 0 2 mol L The dissociation constants are k 1 11072 ko 1 57 10 423 610 a Calculate the pH of this solution b Make the graph of the distribution of molar fractions of species derived from the acid versus pH and its corresponding data table Resolution procedure 1 Select the tab Single acid or base 2 Select the option Weak triprotic acid 3 Enter values C 0 2 k 1 1E 2 1 57 7 3 6 13 4 Press Calculate button 5 We get the value of pH pH 1 38 6 Press Graphic button to show the Edit type of graphic window 7 In this window select the option Molar fractions a of acid derivatives versus pH 8 Then the Graphic window is shown see Fig 8 Recall that in this case the molar fractions are ag HsPO4 Ca de HPO 9 Press Data table button to show the Data table window see Fig 9 14 Example 2 Titration of weak acid We have titrated 30 mL of a solution of acetic acid weak acid with 42 mL of 0 095 mol L of sodium hydroxide solution NaOH strong base The dissocia
7. Ot Qt lt 1 0 9989 1 099 10 1725 101 621 105 0 75 0 998 1 952103 5451 107 3 489 10 0 9965 3 466 10 1417214030 1959 1023 0 9939 6 148 10 5428 107 1 099 10 22 0 9891 0 01088 1 708 10 6 15 10 22 0 9808 0 01919 5 356 10 3 429 10 21 0 9664 0 03362 1 669 10 5 1 90 10 22 0 9417 0 05825 5 143 107 1041 1019 0 9009 0 0991 1 556 107 5 601 10 0 8364 0 1636 4568407 2 924 10 5 0 7419 0 2581 1281402 1 459 10 7 0 6178 0 3822 3 374 102 6 831 10 17 0 4762 0 5238 8 224 107 2961 1016 0 3383 0 6617 1 847 10 1 183 10 15 0 2233 0 7767 3 856 10 5 4 39 10 15 0 1392 0 8608 7 60 10 1 538 10 0 08332 0 9165 1 439 10 5 18 10 0 04862 0 9511 2 655 10 1 70 10 0 02793 0 9716 4 824 10 5 491 10 12 0 0159 0 9832 8 681 10 1757 10 12 8 995 10 2 0 9895 1 553 10 5 592 10 12 Fig 9 Data table window 12 The Data table window displays the data table of the current graphic This window has the following menus and buttons File menu Save data table as Save the data table as text file Note Some formats might get lost Print Open the Print window In it we can select the printer destination and specify the number of copies Close Close the window Edit menu Copy Copy the data table to the clipboard Note Some formats might get lost Print Open the Print window In it we can select the printer destination and specify the number of copies Buttons Print
8. hydrolysis equilibrium a 18 Mixture of acid base equilibrium U U 19 Buffer solution equilibrium kk kk kek kek ka k KA KA KAK A KA A KA A KA RA 23 Acid base titration equilibrium naen anaa a anna NAN Anna anaa au 25 Types of graphies gg Mm 26 SHOrI amp UULK8yS u u uuu an EE Ei ag kaga a A Tg sapna GE ANK ab aa ai Ka aaa wa E a ih 27 HS af re e QN NE na a aaa TTE E S 28 Registered trademarks k ka KK KA kK 29 is a Windows application to solve acid base chemical equilibrium This manual isn t about acid base reactions theory Please read this manual carefully in order to learn all the capabilities of the application In no event shall VaxaSoftware be liable to anyone for direct indirect special collateral incidental or consequential damages by the use or impossibility of use of the software nor by the effects in the operation of other software or the operating system Before the installation we recommended to make backup of your data and create a restoration point You will be able freely to evaluate the software during the time that considers necessary Passed this period of evaluation you would have or to register it or uninstall it To register the software please see the option REGISTER APPLICATION in the help menu of the software After paying t
9. of graphic window Clear Clear all the input output values 8 Output textboxes Shows the output values 9 Formulas Shows the formulas of the current equilibrium 10 Window control buttons These are the classics buttons of the windows of MS Windows Minimize button Minimize the application to an icon on the desktop Maximize Restore button Maximize restore the application s window size Close button Close the application Also we can press Alt F4 keys on our keyboard This application can perform 5 main types of equilibrium calculations We ll do click the appropriate tab to select the desired type of calculation Single acid or base solution equilibrium O Strong acid Weak monoprotic acid O Weak diprotic acid Strong base Weak triprotic acid Weak base First dissociation is complete Fig 2 The following calculations are available Strong acid Weak monoprotic acid Weak diprotic acid Weak triprotic acid Strong base Weak base Note If the acid is diprotic or tripotic and its first dissociation stage is complete then we press the First dissociation is complete checkbox It s mean the first acidity constant is infinity k oo Salt hydrolysis equilibrium Salt from strong acid and strong base Salt from strong acid and weak base Salt from weak acid and strong base Salt from weak acid and weak base Fig 3 The following cal
10. perform equilibriums of salts hydrolysis Mixture acid and base To perform equilibriums of mixtures of acids and bases Buffer solution To perform equilibriums of buffer solutions Titration To perform titrations of acids and bases Setup menu Decimal separator We can select either point or comma as decimal separator The output values are shown using the selected decimal separator Significant digits We can select between 4 and 12 significant digits for the output values lonic product of water Kw Allow us to select the value of the ionic product of water Kw We can select either pKw 14 00 25 C pKw 13 59 37 C Note pKw logioKw therefore Kw 107 thus pKw 214 00 Kw 107 pKw 213 59 gt Kw 2 5710 Help menu User s manual PDF document Show this manual Application registration Show the registration form window to register the application Disabled functions in the unregistered version Show the list of disabled functions when the application is not registered Home www vaxasoftware com Connect to VaxaSoftware home page An active Internet connection and a browser are required About Show the Splash window with the version and description of the application 2 Tab bar Single acid base To perform equilibriums of single solutions of acids or bases Salt hydrolysis To perform equilibriums of salts hydrolysis Mix
11. User s Manual ABEW Version 1 9 0 Chemical software Acid base equilibria for Windows Windows XP Windows Vista Windows 7 Windows8 Windows 109 ZAY TA SOFTWARE Reference ABEW www vaxasoftware com ENGLISH Introduction 3 Terms of USS m E 3 MairiWIIQoW u apaa 4 Types of equilibrium calculations Ek kek kk kk kk k kk 7 Single acid or base solution equilibrium sse 7 hydrolysis t e texere a eod ae dea e xanax qusha 8 Mixture of acid base equilibrium eene 8 Buffer solution equilibrium kk kk kk ek enne 9 Acid base titration equilibrium kek kk kk ek kek kk a kk KA kk KA AWR 9 Edit type of graphic window kk kk kek k kk kk Ke kK KK KA kK KA 10 Graphic ae lel d 11 Data table window ses asune k kk kk kk 12 Examples a _ nr pz g2m2D_oo_Doonmm 14 Example 1 Equilibrium of triprotic acid kk kk kk kk kk kk ke 14 Example 2 Titration of weak acid sse 15 Formulas of acid base equilibriums 1 esses 16 Single acid or base solution equilibrium sese 16 Salt
12. able manner despite its satisfactory resolution is not guaranteed Design products specifications and prices are for information purposes only VaxaSoftware reserves the right to change or modify design products specifications and prices at any time without prior notice 1 VaxaSoftware Acid base equilibriums File Type of calculation Setup Help Single solution of weak diprotic acid Mixture acid and base Buffer solution Titration Strong acid O Weak monoprotic acid Weak diprotic acid O Weak triprotic acid Strong base O Weak base First dissociation is complete Acid conc mol L 0 04 pH 72 517 1st equil constant 2nd equil constant k 2 5 4 k 37 7 Concentration mol L 0 03696 Concentration mol L OH 3 289E 12 Concentration mol L HA 3 039E 3 Concentration mol L H amp wES Concentration mol L A gt 3 699E 7 oe a E TERI P 5 HAT k J OH Mass balance C H A HA Charge balance H OR 2 47 1 Menu bar Fig 1 Main window It contains the menus File Type of calculation Setup and Help File menu Exit Close the application Type of calculation menu Single acid base To perform equilibriums of single solutions of acids or bases Salt hydrolysis To
13. ble window Ctrl F4 Close window F4 Close window Data table window 5 Ctrl P Ctrl C Ctrl F4 Alt F4 Save data table as text file Print data table Copy data table to the clipboard as text Close window Close window 27 Description License Precision Decimal separator for input values Decimal separator for output values lonic product of water Kw Types of graphics Main types of calculations Types of calculations total Range of pH pC and pK in graphics ABEW is a Windows application to solve acid base chemical equilibrium _ Shareware Output between 4 and 12 significant digits Point or comma The same separator that used in the last value entered or the last one selected in the setup menu _ 2 values pKw 14 00 at 25 pKw 13 59 at 37 26 types see the Types of graphics table 5 main types Single acid base Salt hydrolysis Mixture acid and base Buffer solution Titration 34 types Single acid base 8 types Salt hydrolysis 4 types Mixture acid and base 8 types Buffer solution 6 types Titration 8 types Minimum 1 Maximum 15 28 VaxaSoftware and VaxaSoftware logo are trademarks of VaxaSoftware Microsoft Windows Windows XP Windows Vista Windows 7 Windows 8 Windows 10 and logos are registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States
14. culations are available Salt from strong acid and strong base Salt from strong acid and weak base Salt from weak acid and strong base Salt from weak acid and weak base Mixture of acid base equilibrium O Strong acid strong base Strong acid weak base Weak acid strong base Diprotic acid strong base O Weak acid weak base Triprotic acid strong base First dissociation is complete Fig 4 The following calculations are available Strong acid strong base Strong acid weak base Weak monoprotic acid strong base Weak monoprotic acid weak base Diprotic acid strong base Triprotic acid strong base Note If the acid is diprotic or tripotic and its first dissociation stage is complete then we press the First dissociation is complete checkbox It s mean the first acidity constant is infinity k oo Buffer solution equilibrium Buffer of weak acid and its salt Buffer of weak base and its salt Buffer of weak acid and its salt strong acid is added Buffer of weak base and its salt strong acid is added Buffer of weak acid and its salt strong base is added Buffer of weak base and its salt strong base is added Fig 5 The following calculations are available Buffer of weak acid and its salt Buffer of weak base and its salt Buffer of weak acid and its salt strong acid is added Buffer of weak base an
15. d its salt strong acid is added Buffer of weak acid and its salt strong base is added Buffer of weak base and its salt strong base is added Acid base titration equilibrium Strong acid with strong base O Weak acid with strong base Strong base with strong acid Diprotic acid with strong base O Weak base with strong acid O Triprotic acid with strong base First dissociation is complete Fig 6 The following calculations are available Titration of strong acid with strong base Titration of weak monoprotic acid with strong base Titration of strong base with strong acid Titration of weak base with strong acid Titration of diprotic acid with strong base Titration of triprotic acid with strong base Note If the acid is diprotic or tripotic and its first dissociation stage is complete then we press the First dissociation is complete checkbox It s mean the first acidity constant is infinity k oo Fal Edit ty of graphic pe of g Mixture of weak acid weak base Select a type of graphic O pH vs C pH versus acid concentration O pH vs pC pH versus acid concentration pC log C O pH vs C pH versus base concentration O pH vs pC pH versus base concentration pC log C pH vs k pH versus acidity constant k pH vs k pH versus base dissociation constant k pH vs pH versus base dissociation constant pk log k
16. entration pCs logioCs pH versus acidity constant ka pH versus acidity constant pKa logioka pH versus base dissociation constant ky pH versus base dissociation constant pk 0 Degree of dissociation a versus acid concentration Ca Degree of dissociation versus acid concentration pCa logioCa Degree of dissociation a versus base concentration Degree of dissociation a versus base concentration pC lOg oC e Molar fractions a of acid derivatives versus pH Molar fractions a of base derivatives versus pH fractions a of acid derivatives versus pH fractions a of acid derivatives versus pH pH versus added strong acid concentration Csa pH versus added strong acid concentration pCs4 logioCsA pH versus added strong base concentration Css pH versus added strong base concentration pCss logi9C sp pH versus volume of added strong acid Vsa pH versus volume of added strong base Vss Rate of change of pH with change of volume versus volume of added strong acid Vsa Rate of change of pH with change of volume versus volume of added strong base 26 Main window F4 Alt F4 Fi Graphic window Exit Help Show User s Manual PDF document Ctrl E Open the Edit type of graphic window Ctrl S Save graphic as Bitmap file Ctrl P Print graphic Ctrl C Copy graphic to the clipboard Ctrl T Open the Data ta
17. he registry fee you will receive by email the REGISTRATION KEY of the software Once registered the software it will be able to use the options that were disabled until that moment The REGISTRATION KEY is UNIQUE for EACH COMPUTER You cannot use the same REGISTRATION KEY for multiple computers You can freely distribute unaltered copies of the installation system of the software to other users You cannot decompile the software nor use no type of reverse engineer for its analysis or modification You cannot use part or the totality of the software to create a new software COOKIES VaxaSoftware only uses cookies during the registration process If you want to register the software without using cookies please contact us at info vaxasoftware com Conflicts of shared files VaxaSoftware assumes no liability for conflicts due to the incompatibility of shared files dll ocx and other files VaxaSoftware s software use shared files dll ocx and other files It is possible that the shared file already exists and whether or not previously replaced by a different version during the installation of the VaxaSoftware s software This can cause the installed software may not work and or a third party software that shares the same file does not Also the installation of a third party software can cause the VaxaSoftware s software or third party software may not work correctly VaxaSoftware will try to resolve these conflicts in a reason
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19. se 1 N o B E B k OH IH MI Mass balance B Charge balance H B Weak monoproti id protic prae xe s A HA k H COH A 16 Weak diprotic acid Weak diprotic acid First dissociation is complete k oo o k H A 2 Ps pe E HA k H Mass balance C HA A Charge balance H OH 2 7 HA gt k MAN HAT k H OH H A 0 Mass balance C A Charge balance H OH 2 7 Weak triprotic acid A Boe ae dp S H A 2 H A H pee HA 3 Hier yA zU TN d k H OH Mass balance C BA HA HA7 A Charge balance H OH HA 2 HA 17 Weak triprotic acid First dissociation is complete oo HA gt H HA k 2 H A H TE H A oH A k E l k H OH H A 0 Mass balance HA A Charge balance H HA 2 7 Salt hydrolysis equilibrium Salt Anion from strong acid Cation from strong base gt B A
20. tion constant of acetic acid is ka 1 810 a Calculate the concentration of acetic acid b Find the pH at the equivalence point c Make the graph of the pH versus volume of added strong base Resolution procedure 1 Select the tab Titration 2 Select the option Weak acid with strong base 3 Enter values 30 1 8E 5 Css 0 095 42 4 Press Calculate button 5 We get the value of concentration of acetic acid and pH at the equivalence point 0 133 mol L pH 8 744 6 Press Graphic button to show the Edit type of graphic window 7 In this window select the option pH versus volume of added strong base 8 Then the Graphic window is opened showing the titration curve see Fig 10 Graphic File Edit View Titration of weak acid with strong base pH versus volume of added strong base 0 133 mol L V 30 mL k 1 80 10 5 C 0 095 mol L 32 40 48 56 Volume of added strong base V mL Fig 10 Titration curve of acetic acid with sodium hydroxide 15 Single acid or base solution equilibrium Strong acid v H A k HA 0 Mass balance C Charge balance H A Strong base gt k H 0 Mass balance C B Charge balance H B Mass balance C HA Charge balance H A Weak ba
21. ture acid and base To perform equilibriums of mixtures of acids and bases Buffer solution To perform equilibriums of buffer solutions Titration To perform titrations of acids and bases 3 Current calculation title Shows the title of the current equilibrium calculation 4 Option buttons Allow us to select a more specific calculation 5 First dissociation complete checkbox Allows us indicate when a diprotic or tripotic acid has its first dissociation is complete It s mean the first acidity constant is infinity k oo 6 Input textboxes Allow us to enter the input values The numeric values can be entered in the following formats Standard numbers 0 24 15 23 Percentage 9096 12 Fractions 2 3 5 8 Scientific notation 2E 4 equal to 2x10 0 0002 Note 1 Decimal separator We can use either point or comma as decimal separator The output value is shown using the same decimal separator Note 2 Scientific notation The scientific notation is used to show very big or very small numbers A scientific notation number has a mantissa and a power of 10 ln order to enter a scientific notation number we use letter E to input the exponent of 10 Examples 5 67 x 10 15 entered as 5 67 E 89 1 23 1024 is entered as 1 23 E 34 7 Calculate Graphic and Clear buttons Calculate Calculate output values from input values Graphic Show Edit type
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