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User`s manual for ArcGIS-Groundwater, a finite difference seamless

1. Provide recharge and initial groundwater level Define aquifer permeability Hydraulic conductivity and Aquifer top and bottom elevation fine ri Optional define pumping from groundwater View result in ArcMap Modify the model NO Close the interface Figure 10 The workflow of using BGS GISGroundwater OR 12 063 4 The BGS GISGroundwater interface The interface can be opened by clicking on the BGS GISGroundwater tool icon u Tt has several sections in which model inputs are either entered directly as numeric values or loaded from raster layers Each section has two parts The left one is used to specify model input data and the right one provides help information 4 1 ABOUT This section provides information on the tool the steps for constructing a groundwater flow model and contact details Figure 11 1 BGS GlSGroundwater About BGS GISGroundwater version 1 0 for ArcGIS is an add in for ESRI s ArcMapTM software version 10 0 that can be used to simulate steady groundwater flow in aquifers underground water bearing permeable rocks For the best experience it is recommended that this interface is run after creating a GIS project and adding the appropriate input layers though this isn t a requirement BGS GISGroundwater 1 Define the extent of the aquifer to model I 2 Specify the input data within each subsequent tab of the Version 1 i v tool either by defining numeric val
2. 6l Figure 82 Entering formula in the Grid Calculator App 1 ceeeesssssssseeesessssssseerssssssssseeresssss 61 Figure 83 Viewing the newly created river network layer App 1 ccccceecececeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 62 Figure 84 Exporting layers from SAGA App 1 eese eene eene enne nnns 62 Figure 85 Exporting layers from SAGA selecting a grid system App 1 63 Figure 86 Exporting layers from SAGA selecting a layer App 1 seeeeessssss 63 Figure 87 Exporting layers from SAGA selecting a file format App 1 64 Figure 88 Exporting layers from SAGA saving a file App 1 1 eeseeeeessssss 64 Figure 89 Exporting layers from SAGA saving a file App 1 2 eeeeeeeeeeeesss 64 Figure 90 Converting a river network ASCII file to a raster App 1 uo ecececcccceeeeeeeeeeeeees 65 TABLES Table 1 The formats options of the BGS GISGroundwater input datasets sse 7 OR 12 063 Summary This is a user manual of BGS GISGroundwater that produces the depth to groundwater beneath the land surface BGS GISGroundwater uses standard GIS datasets as inputs and implements data preparation numerical modelling post processing and the visualisation of the modelled results all within the GIS environment It allows non model
3. App 1 3 54 Loading river grid to SAGA App 1 4 sse 59 Loading DEM to SAGA App 1 5 eeessssssseseresssssssssceressssssssccresssssssecceressssssseeeeess 55 Comparing grid systems of the grids in SAGA App 1 1 0 ccccccecceeeeeeeeeees 56 Comparing grid systems of the ASCII files in SAGA App 1 2 56 Accessing Resampling tool from SAGA toolbox App 1 1 ssss 57 Accessing Resampling tool from SAGA toolbox App 1 2 uses 57 111 OR 12 063 Figure 74 Selecting river grid system in the Resampling tool App 1 sssse 58 Figure 75 Selecting aquifer grid system in the Resampling tool App 1 58 Figure 76 Selecting interpolation method in the Resampling tool App 1 58 Figure 77 Comparing grid systems of the ASCII files in SAGA App 1 3 59 Figure 78 Comparing grid systems of the ASCII files in SAGA App 1 4 59 Figure 79 Accessing Grid Calculator from SAGA toolbox App 1 seeeeessssss 60 Figure 80 Selecting grid system in the Grid Calculator App 1 seseeeeeeeeessss 60 Figure 81 Selecting river and dem grids in the Grid Calculator App 1
4. The Information box will show if this was performed Extract Pumping From Shapefile successfully Shapefile Layer Abstraction Select the field which holds the pumping rate m day Information Note This application will SUM the values if there are multiple values in a grid cell Successfully prepared these data pumping data for the model Figure 42 Wells Tutorial 3 Settings This tab allows the user to specify values for the parameters that determine when and how fast the model reaches a solution Solver Convergence Criterion m3 day Solver convergence criterion m 3 day PSOR Solver Factor The solution algorithm will stop when it has produced a solution in which the error in the flow balance at each cell is less than this value There are no limits to the value you specify here but the smaller this number the longer the model will take to run The default value here is 0 00001 Information Use the default values specified or overwrite with your own PSOR solver factor This must be between 1 and 2 The default value is 1 7 For further information about the method that is used to solve for groundwater levels point successive over relaxation PSOR see the user manual Number of transmissivity recalculation cycles This is used when the part of aquifer is specified as being unconfined For confined aquifers it will automatically set to 1 There are no limits to
5. Wang L Mansour M Hughes A 2010 Developing a GIS based finite difference groundwater flow model GlSGroundwater Internal Report IR 10 070 British Geological Survey Keyworth Nottingham UK 67
6. Constant Value 0 001 Information Now using Constant Values Define Initial level m Constant Value 40 Information Initial head value entered Figure 31 Recharge and Initial Level Tutorial 2 Recharge and Initial Level Uniform or spatially distributed groundwater recharge e g infiltration of rainfall rates are specified here Recharge rates must be input in m day either as a single value across the whole aquifer or as a raster layer of spatially varying values Positive values represent infiltration downwards to the water table The Information box will inform you if the recharge data have been entered successfully A single value for the initial groundwater level is specified across the whole aquifer This must be in metres Provide Transmissivity T Calculate T using hydraulic conductivity K aquifer top and aquifer bottom Define T m day T Raster Layer Please select from the below Constant T Value 500 Layer Values Constant Value Information Now using Constant values Define K m day K Raster Layer Please select from the below J Constant Value Constant K Value Layer Values Information Figure 32 Hydraulic Properties Tutorial 2 30 Hydraulic Properties Either of two parameters can be used to describe the ease with which water can flow horizontally through the aquifer i transmissivi
7. 306 L 3 Poline 850681 590 L 10 Polyine 715236 590 11 Fobline 2130686 690 L 12 Polyine 919 241 591 13 Polyine 227 641 616 L 14 Polyine 946 353 617 L 15 Polyine 297 84 714 16 Polyine 1138884 714 L 7 Poline 15 811 734 18 Polyine 113 964 734 18 Poline 250 958 734 L 20 Polyine 695 451 737 L 21 Polyine 887 936 737 L 22 PoMine 67 723 737 23 Poline 826 994 737 L 24 Poline 1565038 738 L 25 Poline 928 879 738 L 26 Polyine 98 818 738 Figure 61 Using Field Calculator to set new values App 1 2 e Use Polyline to Raster tool from ArcMap toolbox to convert river shapefile to a grid Figure 62 Input Features TB all rivers z Value field Elevation Output Raster Dataset E MGIS Groundwater example GISYsample4 Chalk TB GIS final river grid Cell assignment type optional MAXIMUM_LENGTH NONE Cellsize optional E G1S Groundwater example SIS Sample4_Chalk_TB_GIS_final chalk_ord E Figure 62 Using Polyline to Raster tool from ArcMap toolbox App 1 51 OR 12 063 e Select the field holding elevation data and the cellsize that matches the cellsize of the aquifer grid Figure 62 From Input Feature drop down menu select TB_all_rivers from Value field drop down menu select Elevation and from Cellsize drop down menu sele
8. 43 Aquifer Extent The area of the aquifer and the cell size of the model grid are defined by a raster layer defining the aquifer extent An optional non aquifer layer can be used to define sub regions of the aquifer that are impermeable to groundwater flow The aquifer extent is calculated automatically when the appropriate layer is chosen from the drop down menu The calculation might take a few moments If required select a raster that represents the area of non aquifer using the second drop down menu after the model extent has been calculated A message confirming the successful preparation of the layer will appear in the Information box Note Please ensure that all subsequently input raster layers completely cover the aquifer extent layer The other input raster layers can be larger than the aquifer extent raster as they are automatically clipped to the right size However they must not be smaller The cell size will be automatically adjusted to match the cell size of the aquifer extent layer except for the DEM raster which needs to be processed by the user OR 12 063 Constant Value Layer Values Constant Value Information Input has correct extent and cell size Define Initial level m Constant Value 499 Information Figure 49 Recharge and Initial Level Tutorial 4 Recharge and Initial Level Uniform or spatially distributed groundwater recharge e g infiltration
9. Extract River From DEM m DEM Please select from the below River Shapefile Please select from the below Information Input has correct extent and cell size Figure 41 Rivers Tutorial 3 37 Rivers Rivers and other surface water features such as lakes are represented by fixing the groundwater level at user defined locations They can be defined in two ways i as a raster layer containing water surface elevation data where the features exist ii using a shapefile to define the locations of the surface water features and a Digital Elevation Model DEM raster layer to define the associated levels If the second option is used the river information will be automatically extracted and passed to the model Please check the message in the Information box before moving to the next section of the interface OR 12 063 Wells Provide Pumping Raster Extract Pumping From Shapefile The inclusion of rates of pumping m 3 day from wells is PPE g optional They can be input as a raster layer or can be nm extracted from a shapefile Select the method to use by clicking on one of the two options at the top of the form Raster Layer Please select from the below Either specify the appropriate raster layer or select a shapefile containing the point locations of the wells If using a point shapefile subsequently select the field which holds the pumping rate for each well
10. Wells The inclusion of rates of pumping m 3 day from wells is optional They can be input as a raster layer or can be extracted from a shapefile Select the method to use by clicking on one of the two options at the top of the form Either specify the appropriate raster layer or select a shapefile containing the point locations of the wells If using a point shapefile subsequently select the field which holds the pumping rate for each well The Information box will show if this was performed successfully Model Settings Number of Transmissivity Recalculation Cycles 100 Solver Convergence Criterion m3 day 0 00001 PSOR Solver Factor 17 Information Use the default values specified or overwrite with your own Figure 54 Settings Tutorial 4 Settings This tab allows the user to specify values for the parameters that determine when and how fast the model reaches a solution Solver convergence criterion m 3 day The solution algorithm will stop when it has produced a solution in which the error in the flow balance at each cell is less than this value There are no limits to the value you specify here but the smaller this number the longer the model will take to run The default value here is 0 00001 PSOR solver factor This must be between 1 and 2 The default value is 1 7 For further information about the method that is used to solve for groundwater levels point successive over relaxati
11. BOTTOM IV Define Non Aquifer m OPTIONAL Non Aquifer Raster Please select from the below Information ilh Aquifer Extent The area of the aquifer and the cell size of the model grid are defined by a raster layer defining the aquifer extent An optional non aquifer layer can be used to define sub regions of the aquifer that are impermeable to groundwater flow The aquifer extent is calculated automatically when the appropriate layer is chosen from the drop down menu The calculation might take a few moments If required select a raster that represents the area of non aquifer using the second drop down menu after the model extent has been calculated A message confirming the successful preparation of the layer will appear in the Information box Note Please ensure that all subsequently input raster layers completely cover the aquifer extent layer The other input raster layers can be larger than the aquifer extent raster as they are automatically clipped to the right size However they must not be smaller The cell size will be automatically adjusted to match the cell size of the aquifer extent layer except for the DEM raster which needs to be processed by the user Figure 30 Aquifer Extent Tutorial 2 20 RUN OR 12 063 Define Recharge m day Layer Values 9 Constant Value Recharge Layer Please select from the below
12. Figure 88 and 89 gsn C i rt File Modules Map Window m GOAO o ogge N i es 3p Workspace x f amp 4 amp Import Export Grids f Export ESRI Arc Info Grid i Export Grid to XYZ i Export Surfer Grid fi Export True Color Bitmap _ s Export WRF Geogrid Binary Format 8 Import Binary Raw Data 108 Import ESRI Arc Info Grid _ f Import Erdas LAN GIS e Import Grid from Table 8 Import Grid from XYZ _ lige Import MOLA Grid MEGDR lg Import SRTM30 DEM WW Import Surfer Grid _ f Import USGS SRTM Grid _ Ally Import WRF Geogrid Binary Format g ae Import Export Images g Import Export LAS Import Export ODBC OTL d Import Export Shapes z a Ar Modules a Maps 1000 207x 107y 404970x 130799y gt gt Grid 02 Calculation a b E Options m Format ASCII Geo Reference corner ASCII Precision 4 ASCII Decimal Separator point Figure 88 Exporting layers from SAGA saving a file App 1 1 File Modules Map Window iu EEE 6 2 9 5 HIE DER 1000 207x 107y 404970x 130799y LL 02 Calculation a b AM Export WRF Geogrid Binary Format gt Import Binary Raw Data _ lig Import ESRI Arc Info Grid Pu Import Erdas LAN GIS j EM Import Grid from XYZ int liye Import MOLA Grid MEGDR 788 Import SRTM30 DEM 8 Import Surfer Grid j yg Import USGS SRTM Grid Ms Import WRF Geo
13. Recharge and Initial Level Tutorial 4 ooi oet Eoi oo RR rR ego ae eoa irae be tmo e uqtoa 44 Hydraulic Properties Tutorial 4 ionic o ait orte ob oer i one ub ensi eu eau sev a ea 44 AQuiler Lop Bohon TULOLIal 4 oie teilen env tiet Do Rede Ded bene tete t eRe enean 45 River MCL OMI ABD Em 45 Wee TUON 21 2 NERONE TENE NOTE 46 OTe TUN SAS AOL ho dou aded tbt eee ree Nn unt tosta sicco eee REIT 46 Groundwater levels produced by BGS GISGroundwater Tutorial 4 47 Opening river shapefile attribute table App 1 48 Adding new field in the attribute table App 1 1 eeseeeeeeeeeeeseee 49 Adding new field in the attribute table App 1 2 eeseeeeeeeeeeeeeee 49 Opening Field alculator App T usus ietuieid pene o onere Un aduer tbt un a pecu eve am 50 Using Field Calculator to set new values App 1 1 50 Using Field Calculator to set new values App 1 2 51 Using Polyline to Raster tool from ArcMap toolbox App 1 51 Using Raster to ASCII tool from ArcMap toolbox App 1 1 D Using Raster to ASCII tool from ArcMap toolbox App 1 2 53 Loadms Srids to SAGAc Apps T D seen teeseb oet geh a e tel eeu A Mactan Us COUR 53 Loading ESRI Arc Info grid to SAGA App 1 2 eeeeeeeeeenn 54 Loading ESRI Arc Info grid to SAGA
14. Size m The area of the aquifer and the cell size of the model grid are Aquifer Raster No raster layers found v defined by a raster layer defining the aquifer extent An optional non aquifer layer can be used to define sub regions of the aquifer that are impermeable to groundwater flow The aquifer extent is calculated automatically when the appropriate layer is chosen from the drop down menu The calculation might take a few moments Model Cell Size If required select a raster that represents the area of non aquifer using the second drop down menu after the model extent has been calculated A message confirming the successful preparation of the layer will appear in the Information box Note Please ensure that all subsequently input raster layers completely cover the aquifer extent layer The other input raster layers can be larger than the aquifer extent raster as Information they are automatically clipped to the right size However they must not be smaller The cell size will be automatically Please define the aquifer extent before proceeding adjusted to match the cell size of the aquifer extent layer except for the DEM raster which needs to be processed by the user Non Aquifer Raster No raster layers found Figure 12 Aquifer Extent tab 4 3 RECHARGE AND INITIAL GROUNDWATER LEVEL Uniform or spatially distributed groundwater recharge is specified here Groundwater recharge m d
15. Transmissivity Recalculation Cycles 100 Solver Convergence Criterion m3 day 0 00001 PSOR Solver Factor 17 Information Use the default values specified or overwrite with your own Figure 25 Settings Tutorial 1 24 Settings This tab allows the user to specify values for the parameters that determine when and how fast the model reaches a solution Solver convergence criterion m 3 day The solution algorithm will stop when it has produced a solution in which the error in the flow balance at each cell is less than this value There are no limits to the value you specify here but the smaller this number the longer the model will take to run The default value here is 0 00001 PSOR solver factor This must be between 1 and 2 The default value is 1 7 For further information about the method that is used to solve for groundwater levels point successive over relaxation PSOR see the user manual Number of transmissivity recalculation cycles This is used when the part of aquifer is specified as being unconfined For confined aquifers it will automatically set to 1 There are no limits to the value you specify here but the OR 12 063 i Q Untitled ArcMap Arcinfc File Edit View Bookmarks Insert Selection Geoprocessing Customize Windows Help Deued Mir c r pair E m D aas i gt Table Of Contents jg 8 Q w Layers s g GWHEADS es Value m High 26 Fel S
16. West Mains Road Edinburgh EH9 3LA Tel 0131 667 1000 Fax 0131 668 2683 email scotsales bgs ac uk Natural History Museum Cromwell Road London SW7 5BD Tel 020 7589 4090 Fax 020 7584 8270 Tel 020 7942 5344 45 email bgslondon bgs ac uk Columbus House Greenmeadow Springs Tongwynlais Cardiff CF15 7NE Tel 029 2052 1962 Fax 029 2052 1963 Maclean Building Crowmarsh Gifford Wallingford OX10 SBB Tel 01491 838800 Fax 0149 692345 Geological Survey of Northern Ireland Colby House Stranmillis Court Belfast BT9 5BF Tel 028 9038 8462 Fax 028 9038 8461 www bgs ac uk gsni Parent Body Natural Environment Research Council Polaris House North Star Avenue Swindon SN2 1EU Tel 01793 411500 Fax 01793 411501 www nerc ac uk Website www bgs ac uk Shop online at www geologyshop com OR 12 063 Acknowledgements We would like to acknowledge Steven Richardson and James Passmore for their contribution to the development of BGS GISGroundwater Contents Acknowledbements oui REID REIS RARE NINE I E i SUID o EH ION NIME NIE V IL Wh tis BGS GIS Groundwater oss e bea eee gea Ee sianta enean Re e ene ape a eb a esa Re ees 6 LL Advantages of BGG Ss Groundwater icici cetacsata Dodo teach Qu qu Oe aet eec a 6 122 Data TOquimements o5 9g oaiteto Mato N Malta d d M E MEM ed 6 2 How to install BGS GISGround water ccssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssess 8 J Workflow for building a model siscsssssc
17. ao8 u Add Data S EES Lookin Ejsample4 Chak TB GIS final v a gt 3 E v aal Ej G amp JAbstraction Borehole shp 4 chalk bottom grd img 4 chalk grd 24 chalk top grd img 44 DEM 1k Large TB img fa k grd 5 non aquifer img 25 Recharge grd m img TB_all_rivers shp Name TB_all_rivers shp Show of type Datasets and Layers v Cancel Figure 46 Loading layers to ArcMap project Tutorial 4 Once the raster layers are loaded the BGS GISGroundwater interface can be opened by clicking on the BGS GISGroundwater icon in the toolbar e Under Aquifer Extent click on the drop down menu next to Aquifer Raster and select chalk_grd If no raster layers appear in the list click on A the refresh button to the right of the drop down menu Figure 47 41 OR 12 063 e Wait until the model cell size and the modelling extent are calculated and proceed to the next tab It is necessary to check the Information box each time before moving to the next section e Once the modelling extent and the cell size are calculated click on the drop down menu next to Define Non Aquifer and select non aquifer img Figure 48 e Under Recharge and Initial Level select layer values option for the recharge click on the drop down menu and select Recharge_grd m img input 100 for the initial head Figure 49 e Under Hydraulic Properties select Calculate T
18. automatically when the Model Cell Size appropriate layer is chosen from the drop down menu The 10 5 205 calculation might take a few moments If required select a raster that represents the area of non aquifer using the second drop down menu after the model extent has been calculated A message confirming the successful preparation of the layer will appear in the Information box Note Define Non Aquifer m OPTIONAL Please ensure that all subsequently input raster layers completely cover the aquifer extent layer The other input raster layers can be larger than the aquifer extent raster as Information they are automatically clipped to the right size However they must not be smaller The cell size will be automatically adjusted to match the cell size of the aquifer extent layer except for the DEM raster which needs to be processed by the user Non Aquifer Raster No raster layers found RUN Figure 21 Aquifer Extent Tutorial 1 22 OR 12 063 ine itn Rob ane ten tes we sn Define Recharge m day Recharge Layer No raster layers found iii Constant Value 0 001 Layer Values Constant Value Information Now using Constant Values Define Initial level m Constant Value 25 Information Initial head value entered Recharge and Initial Level Uniform or spatially distributed groundwater recharge e g infiltration of rainfall rates are
19. can be calculated by inputting the hydraulic conductivity K m day along with the elevation of the top and bottom of the aquifer Again the hydraulic conductivity can be input either as a constant value or as a raster layer of spatially varying values In this case the top and bottom elevations of the aquifer need to be input on the next tab The Information box will show if this has been performed successfully Figure 23 Using BGS GISGroundwater interface Hydraulic Properties Tutorial 1 23 OR 12 063 9 Provide River Grid C Extract River From DEM Define River Provide River Grid River Grid Extract River From DEM m DEM No raster layers found River Shapefile No layers found Information Input has correct extent and cell size Rivers Rivers and other surface water features such as lakes are represented by fixing the groundwater level at user defined locations They can be defined in two ways i as a raster layer containing water surface elevation data where the features exist ii using a shapefile to define the locations of the surface water features and a Digital Elevation Model DEM raster layer to define the associated levels If the second option is used the river information will be automatically extracted and passed to the model Please check the message in the Information box before moving to the next section of the interface Number of
20. ese die edu E 9 Fis re 5 Loading the Add Ins step eo dob Ga M eal ME bebo ned 9 Feur Loading the Add In Sep 4 o ei TEE URE REA ERAT E d EAM LE UM UM M EUG 10 Pigure o Loadinpthe Add lt 1 06D O3 ndoesest orina eeu teta uo E E 10 Figure 6 boadine the AGd In SE6 DO seii poma cette eueacua Rn RUE Lema EXE te eae uiu eR Lum a Exod 11 Figure 7 Lodno me Add M I6 De irienna ccs eae ae esa EN 11 Figure 8 Enabling the tool via the toolbar menu eeeeeeeesssssssssssssssssseeeereresssssssssssssssseeeeerereeees 12 Figure 9 Interface of adding a GIS layer into an ArcGIS project seeeeeeseese 12 Figure 10 The workflow of using BGS GlISGroundwater eese 14 Lara Prod e NEP Vero do bees 15 Fipure 125 Aguer Extent TD eerie et erbe oia usto vob rd bebe tes 16 Figure 13 Recharge and Initial Groundwater Level tab eeeeeesssseeeeeeeeeeeeeene 16 Preure 14 Tydraulic Properties aD oet et seo e ou eame e educta a 17 Fisure 15 Aguiter TOD Bottom 3D icu in het hee lette iecit 17 PISune Oe Rivers LA s c N E 18 rou TA ci me T 18 Figure 155 Senos COD eto cerns r ted se ea tla lee uud o E e seeaethcantees 19 Figure 19 The sketch map of the problem in tutorial Loo eccccccccccccceesseeeeececeeeeaaaeeseeeeeees 20 Figure 20 Loading layers to ArcMap project Tutorial 1 eeeseeeeseseeeeececeeeceeeeeeeeeaaa
21. from 50 8000 m day in the area There is no flow at the oval boundary of the aquifer and groundwater flows out of the system through a river network which has decreasing water levels eastwards 5 3 2 Data and parameters required Data requirement Aquifer extent a GIS raster layer with the spatial resolution of 100m by 100m Recharge a GIS raster layer with the same spatial resolution as the aquifer extent Initial head a constant value of 40m Hydraulic conductivity a GIS raster layer Aquifer top and bottom elevations constant values River network A GIS raster layer containing water level information Pumping boreholes A GIS shapefile contains the information on borehole locations and pumping rates The GIS datasets or GIS project file Sample3_ArcMAP10 0 mxd needed for this tutorial can be found under the folder of Sample3_OvaleAquifer_GIS The tutorial materials can be downloaded from the BGS GISGroundwater link provided in section 2 and then extracted to a local drive 5 3 3 Using BGS GISGroundwater e Before opening the interface load aquifer aquifer_grd river river_grd img recharge recharge_grd img and hydraulic conductivity K_GRD raster grids and abstraction point shapefile Abstraction shp using the plus button in the ArcMap toolbar Figure 36 Once the raster layers are loaded the BGS GlISGroundwater interface can be opened by clicking on the BGS GISGro
22. of rainfall rates are specified here Recharge rates must be input in m day either as a single value across the whole aquifer or as a raster layer of spatially varying values Positive values represent infiltration downwards to the water table The Information box will inform you if the recharge data have been entered successfully A single value for the initial groundwater level is specified across the whole aquifer This must be in metres Provide Transmissivity T Calculate T using hydraulic conductivity K aquifer top and aquifer bottom Define T m day T Raster Layer Please select from the below Constant T Value 8 Layer Values Constant Value Information Define K m day K Raster Layer Constant K Value Layer Values Constant Value Information The tool has successfully prepared the hydraulic conductivity data for the model Figure 50 Hydraulic Properties Tutorial 4 44 Hydraulic Properties Either of two parameters can be used to describe the ease with which water can flow horizontally through the aquifer i transmissivity T or ii hydraulic conductivity K see the Glossary of Terms in the user manual First select the method to use by clicking on one of the two options provided Transmissivity m 2 day can be input either as a constant value or as a raster layer of spatially varying values The Information box will show if this
23. specified here Recharge rates must be input in m day either as a single value across the whole aquifer or as a raster layer of spatially varying values Positive values represent infiltration downwards to the water table The Information box will inform you if the recharge data have been entered successfully A single value for the initial groundwater level is specified across the whole aquifer This must be in metres i BGS GlSGroundwater 9 Provide Transmissivity T Calculate T using hydraulic conductivity K aquifer top and aquifer bottom Define T m day T Raster Layer No raster layers found Constant T Value 20 Layer Values Constant Value Information Now using Constant values Define K m day K Raster Layer No raster layers found m oO Constant K Value Layer Values Constant Value Information Hydraulic Properties Either of two parameters can be used to describe the ease with which water can flow horizontally through the aquifer i transmissivity T or ii hydraulic conductivity K see the Glossary of Terms in the user manual First select the method to use by clicking on one of the two options provided Transmissivity m 2 day can be input either as a constant value or as a raster layer of spatially varying values The Information box will show if this has been performed successfully Alternatively the transmissivity
24. the drop down menu and select the river grid that you have created e Under Wells select Extract Pumping From Shapefile option click on the drop down menu and select Abstraction shapefile Select the field holding pumping rate information Figure 53 e Under Settings input solver convergence criterion PSOR solver factor and the number of transmissivity recalculation cycles The default values can be used or try different settings Press Run button to run the model Figure 54 Two raster layers are produced GWHEADS and MODELAREA which are added to the ArcMap project and plotted automatically Figure 55 MODELAREA raster define the 42 OR 12 063 modelling extend and GWHEADS raster contains steady state groundwater levels simulated by the model After the simulation the tool interface keeps open allowing users to change parameters and generate new results by re running the model L BGS GlSGroundwater ON About Aquifer Extent Recharge and Initial Level Hydraulic Properties Aquifer Top Bottom Rivers Wells Settings Define Aquifer Extent and Cell Size m Aquifer Raster TOP Model Cell Size 1000 389500 612500 BOTTOM 123500 Define Non Aquifer m OPTIONAL Non Aquifer Raster Please select from the below Information Figure 47 Aquifer Extent Tutorial 4 1 j p T m Aquifer Extent The area of the aquifer and
25. the locations of the surface water features and a Digital Elevation Model DEM raster layer to define the associated levels If the second option is used the river information will be automatically extracted and passed to the model Please check the message in the Information box before moving to the next section of the interface Model Settings Number of Transmissivity Recalculation Cycles 100 Solver Convergence Criterion m3 day 0 00001 PSOR Solver Factor 17 Information Use the default values specified or overwrite with your own Figure 34 Settings Tutorial 2 3l Settings This tab allows the user to specify values for the parameters that determine when and how fast the model reaches a solution Solver convergence criterion m 3 day The solution algorithm will stop when it has produced a solution in which the error in the flow balance at each cell is less than this value There are no limits to the value you specify here but the smaller this number the longer the model will take to run The default value here is 0 00001 PSOR solver factor This must be between 1 and 2 The default value is 1 7 For further information about the method that is used to solve for groundwater levels point successive over relaxation PSOR see the user manual Number of transmissivity recalculation cycles This is used when the part of aquifer is specified as being unconfined For confined a
26. unit time under a unit hydraulic gradient through a unit area measured at right angles to the direction of flow Commonly though imprecisely taken to be synonymous with permeability Hydraulic gradient Slope of the water table or potentiometric surface The change in static head per unit of distance in a given direction If not specified the direction generally is understood to be that of the maximum rate of decrease in head Recharge The quantity of water per unit of time that is added to a groundwater reservoir from spatially distributed sources such as the direct infiltration of rainfall or leakage from an adjacent formation or from a watercourse crossing the aquifer Transmissivity A measure of the capability of the entire thickness of an aquifer to transmit water It is the integral of the hydraulic conductivity of an aquifer over its saturated thickness Unconfined Aquifer A partially saturated aquifer which contains a water table which is free to fluctuate vertically under atmospheric pressure in response to discharge or recharge Water Table The top surface of an unconfined aquifer at which the pressure is equal to that of the atmosphere The static water level in a well in an unconfined aquifer Well A bored drilled or driven shaft or a dug hole whose depth is greater than the largest surface dimension and whose purpose is to reach underground water supplies to inject extract or monitor water 66 OR 12 063 7 References
27. using hydraulic conductivity K aquifer top and aquifer bottom option note that Define T subsection is no longer active Select layer values option for hydraulic conductivity click on the drop down menu and select k grd Figure 50 e Under Aquifer Top Bottom select layer values option for both elevations Click on the first drop down menu and select chalk_top_grd img Click on the second drop down menu and select chalk_bottom_grd img Figure 51 River raster grid can be generated using the river network shapefile and the DEM raster layer supplied If ArcMap package comes with the Spatial Analyst licence the river grid will be created automatically by BGS GISGroundwater tool e In Rivers select Extract River From DEM option Select DEM_1k_Large_TB img layer from the drop down menu next to DEM and wait until it is processed then select IB_all_rivers shapefile from the drop down menu next to River Shapefile Figure 52 Note that if the cell size of the Digital Elevation Model raster layer does not match the cell size of the aquifer grid it needs to be resampled to match the cell size of the aquifer layer before it is loaded to BGS GISGroundwater If a Spatial Analyst license for ArcGIS does not exist the steps in the Appendix 1 can be followed to manually create a river grid using a free GIS SAGA Then in Rivers select Provide River Grid option click on
28. 0m Hydraulic conductivity a GIS raster layer Aquifer top and bottom elevations constant values River network A GIS shape file without water level information DEM A GIS raster layer containing water level data 40 OR 12 063 e Pumping boreholes A GIS shapefile contains the information on borehole locations and pumping rates The GIS datasets or GIS project file Sample4_ArcMAP10 0 mxd needed for this tutorial can be found under the folder of Sample4 Chalk TB GIS The tutorial materials can be downloaded from the BGS GISGroundwater link provided in section 2 and then extracted to a local drive 5 4 3 Using BGS GISGroundwater e Before opening the interface load all the required layers using the plus button in the ArcMap toolbar i e aquifer grid chalk grd aquifer top grid chalk top grd img aquifer bottom grid chalk bottom grd img hydraulic conductivity raster layer k_grd recharge raster layer Recharge grd m img DEM raster layer DEM Ik Large TB img non aquifer grid non aquifer img river network shapefile TB all rivers shp and point shapefile representing locations of the pumping wells Abstraction_Borehole shp Figure 46 Leds e e Z E Dd Ce y O pe 8 i 3D Analyst Laye File Edit View Bookmarks Insert Selection Geoprocessing Customize Windows Help BE tayr QANG G AreaMenu SelectMenu OtherMenu fE HE Table Of Contents
29. 92549 808431x 126904 138156y IRE 1000 223x 137y 390000x 124000y Em 10 Calculation a b b E 1000 232x 140y 388500 546876x 122500 33y Figure 83 Viewing the newly created river network layer App 1 e To export the newly created layer to ArcMap go to Modules gt Import Export Grids gt Export ESRI Arc Info Grid Figure 84 File Modules Map Window a ED Oe 2 OO 8 8 9R xran ssp ih Workspace x B 3 8 Import GPS Data A Import Export DXF c Import Export GDAL OGR Import Export GRIB Files E j Import Export Grids MES J Export ESRI Arc Info Grid is m Export Grid to XYZ E m Export Surfer Grid Ri Export True Color Bitmap Mg Export WRF Geogrid Binary Format sud hes Import Binary Raw Data in he Import ESRI Arc Info Grid Y a Import Erdas LAN GIS Mis Import Grid from Table Figure 84 Exporting layers from SAGA App 1 e Select grid system from the drop down menu Figure 85 62 OR 12 063 Ee File Modules Map Window oo 08 Export True Color Bitmap LAM Export WRF Geogrid Binary Format 1000 222x m 390284 147169x E ERSTER o Import Binary Raw Data not set Aly Import ESRI Arc Info Grid v Import Erdas LAN GIS R Import Grid from Table 9 Import MOLA Grid MEGDR _ v Import SRTM30 DEM H5 Import Surfer Grid R Import USGS SRTM Grid Mtt Import WRF Geogrid Binary Format cr ae Import Export Images Import
30. BLS 12 Peine 919 241 597 L 73 Foinse 221 647 616 E He rio UNI CEU LC EI 16 Polyine 1138994 714 17 Pobine B ae Clie pone T3384 0 19 Polyiine 250958 734 20 Polyiine 695451 737 21 Polvine 887336 737 22j PeMime 67723 737 23j PeMine 826 994 737 24 PeMine 1565 038 738 FR Dah dima O70 O70 720 Figure 58 Adding new field in the attribute table App 1 2 e Highlight the newly created field and open Field Calculator Figure 59 49 OR 12 063 Sort Ascending L Peine 2113 635 170 gt Sort Descending L 2 Poyine 1174282 177 ee L 3 Pine 281 164 vase 4 Poline 619 908 178 L 5 Peline 637119300 L 6 Polline 1750724 301 7 PeMine 1215005305 8 Poline 2156478306 L 3 Poline 850 681 590 10 Polyine 715 236 590 11 Polyine 2130 666 590 12 Polyine 919 24 591 13 Polyine 221 641 616 14 Polyine 946353617 15 Poine 23184714 L 16 Poline 1138384714 17 Polines 15 811 ETT CI Peine i3964 74 250958 734 695 451 737 887336 737 Summarize E Statistics Field Calculator Calculate Geometry Turn Field Off Freeze Unfreeze Column X Delete Field Properties L 19 Polyline i Eene L 21 Pol
31. British Geological Survey NATURAL ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH COUNCIL User s manual for BGS GISGroundwater a numerical model to simulate groundwater levels for ArcGIS 10 0 Environmental Modelling Programme Open Report OR 12 063 British Geological Survey BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY ENVIRONMENTAL MODELLING PROGRAMME OPEN REPORT OR 12 063 User s manual for BGS GISGroundwater a numerical model to simulate groundwater levels for ArcGIS 10 0 The National Grid and other Ordnance Survey data O Crown Copyright and database rights 2014 Ordnance Survey Licence No 100021290 Keywords Groundwater flow model finite difference Arc GIS GIS raster layer Front cover The interface of BGS GISGroundwater Add In for ArcGIS Bibliographical reference WANG L PACHOCKA M JACKSON C R 2014 User s manual for BGS GlSGroundwater a numerical model to simulate groundwater levels for ArcGIS 10 0 British Geological Survey Open Report OR 12 063 71pp Copyright in materials derived from the British Geological Survey s work is owned by the Natural Environment Research Council NERC and or the authority that commissioned the work You may not copy or adapt this publication without first obtaining permission Contact the BGS Intellectual Property Rights Section British Geological Survey Keyworth e mail ipr bgs ac uk You may quote extracts of a reasonable length without prior permission provided a full a
32. DEM 1k Large TB img supplied SAGA GIS software System for Automated Geoscientific Analyses which can be downloaded free of charge from http www saga gis org website is used in this section e Open the river shapefile attribute table Figure 56 and add a new field of type short integer Figure 57 and 58 S Copy X Remove Ed Open Attribute Table Joins and Relates e Zoom To Layer Visible Scale Range Use Symbol Levels Selection Label Features Edit Features Sq Convert Features to Graphics Convert Symbology to Representation Data C Save As Layer File e Create Layer Package ff Properties Figure 56 Opening river shapefile attribute table App 1 48 OR 12 063 Find amp Replace Select By Attributes r Selection Switch Selection Select All Turn All Fields On Show Field Aliases Arrange Tables Restore Default Colurnn Widths Restore Default Field Order Joins and Relates Related Tables Create Graph Add Table to Layout Reload Cache Print Reports Export Appearance Figure 57 Adding new field in the attribute table App 1 1 Table FD Shape LENGTH 1D 0 Pobine S056 762 1 Fobine 2119 635 vro a paie meas L a Foin Coo Bi CI 4 Fone 618508 7 ee 18908 zn E Type Ce eem aw mete S Peine 850681 590 Precision OC 10 Polvine 715236 590
33. Defined NoData Value 99999 Figure 67 Loading ESRI Arc Info grid to SAGA App 1 3 54 OR 12 063 E TE T File Modules Window 4 Import Export Grids 1 Export ESRI Arc Info Grid fg Export Grid to XYZ 88 Export Surfer Grid 8t Export True Color Bitmap 8 Export WRF Geogrid Binary Fo 178 Import Binary Raw Data _ 08 Import ESRI Arc Info Grid _ 8 Import Erdas LAN GIS _ Rt Import Grid from Table _ 178 Import MOLA Grid MEGDR 7 Import SRTM30 DEM 8 Import Surfer Grid _ 8 Import USGS SRTM Grid e Import WRF Geogrid Binary Fc EGIS Groundwater example GIS Sample4 Chalk TB GIS river gri Target Grid Type Floating Point 4 byte NoData Value Input File s NoData Value User Defined NoData Value 99999 cien Images 6 Import Export LAS amp amp Import Export ODBC OTL Import Export Shapes a gt damea hi Modules ay Maps Figure 68 Loading river grid to SAGA App 1 4 8 amp TE EE E LL S36 File Modules Window ius GENES 8b Import Export GRIB Files E GIS Groundwater example GIS Sample4_Chalk_TB_GIS dem asc Target Grid Type Floating Point 4 byte NoData Value Input File s NoData Value User Defined NoData Value 99999 Hee EER Aye Modules i Figure 69 Loading DEM to SAGA App 1 5 The loaded grids are now in the Data section of t
34. Export LAS Import Export ODBC OTL Figure 85 Exporting layers from SAGA selecting a grid system App 1 e Under Grid select Calculation a b Figure 86 i Modules Map Window um EIEIO DBA Io REA UL TT Import Export GRIB Files 8 Bs Import Export Grids Rt Export ESRI Arc Info Grid R Export Grid to XYZ 8 Export Surfer Grid 8 Export True Color Bitmap lg Export WRF Geogrid Binary Format lig Import Binary Raw Data 0 Aig Import ESRI Arc Info Grid 8 Import Erdas LAN GIS Ri Import Grid from Table _ 8 Import Grid from XYZ Figure 86 Exporting layers from SAGA selecting a layer App 1 e Select ASCII file format Figure 87 Go O NTT File Modules Map Window SE ES SET 8 Export Grid to XYZ _ Li Export Surfer Grid ly Export True Color Bitmap 8 Export WRF Geogrid Binary Format f Import Binary Raw Data f Import ESRI Arc Info Grid Rt Import Erdas LAN GIS Pantin 1000 207x 107y 404970x 130799y Grid 02 Calculation a b ME EM Import WRF Geogrid Binary Format g Import Export Images E Import Export LAS Import Export ODBC OTL s Import Export Shapes z Nic Modules Maps 63 OR 12 063 Figure 87 Exporting layers from SAGA selecting a file format App 1 e Save the file in the project folder
35. FLOAT Low 81766e 005 cts To Collada DE To Coverage O DEM 1k Large TB img 5 To dBASE Wakar ct To Geodatabase High 321 308 i To KML 24 To Raster Low 0 577552 ga A ASCI to Raster Gl To Shapefile DE Data Interoperability T a9 Data Management Toc a Geocoding Tools ch A Genctatictical Anahect 1 Figure 90 Converting a river network ASCII file to a raster App 1 65 OR 12 063 6 Glossary Aquifer An underground geological formation such as rock and sand and gravel is sufficiently porous and permeable to yield a significant quantity of water to a borehole well or spring The aquifer may be unconfined beneath a standing water table or confined by an impermeable or weakly permeable horizon Confined Aquifer An aquifer whose upper and lower boundaries are low permeability layers which confine the groundwater under greater than atmospheric pressure These aquifers are sometimes called artesian aquifers the term first being used where the pressure surface was above ground level resulting in overflow under artesian pressure Head The height above a datum plane such as sea level of the column of water that can be supported by the hydraulic pressure at a given point in a ground water system For a well the hydraulic head 1s equal to the distance between the water level in the well and the datum plane Hydraulic conductivity For an isotropic porous medium and homogenous fluid the volume of water that moves in
36. Low 25 3 a Value High 1 Low 1 Bg river grd m5 m Bg aquifer grd mo 13 823 9 539 Unknown Units Figure 26 Groundwater levels produced by BGS GISGroundwater Tutorial 1 After the simulation the tool interface keeps open allowing users to change parameters and generate new results by re running the model The problem in the tutorial 1 can also be solved using an analytical solution in the x direction The analytical solution for this example can be expressed as Lx X H H R R Equation 2 T 2T where H is the GWL L H is the fixed head L R is groundwater recharge L T ly L 1s the length of aquifer L in the x direction T is the transmissivity L T x is location in the x direction L Substituting by H 25 m R 0 001 m day T 20 m day the results of Equation 2 should be the same as that simulated using GISGroundwater 25 OR 12 063 5 2 TUTORIAL 2 Tutorial 2 demonstrates how to construct a groundwater flow model for an aquifer with irregular boundary and the fixed groundwater head in the middle of the aquifer After this you should be able to use a GIS point shapefile to represent fixed heads 5 2 1 Problem description An unconfined aquifer with an irregular shape has the extent of 10km by 10km The aquifer has a homogenous hydraulic transmissivity value of 500 m day the recharge across the aquifer 1s 0 001 m day the aquifer has a 20m fixed head at its centre there is n
37. Recharge rates must be input in m day either as a single value across the whole aquifer or as a raster layer of spatially varying values Positive values represent infiltration downwards to the water table The Information box will inform you if the recharge data have been entered successfully A single value for the initial groundwater level is specified across the whole aquifer This must be in metres Provide Transmissivity T Calculate T using hydraulic conductivity K aquifer top and aquifer bottom Define T m day T Raster Layer Please select from the below Constant T Value 8 Layer Values Constant Value Information Define K m day K Raster Layer K_GRD it Constant K Value Layer Values Constant Value Information Input has correct extent and cell size Figure 39 Hydraulic Properties Tutorial 3 36 Hydraulic Properties Either of two parameters can be used to describe the ease with which water can flow horizontally through the aquifer i transmissivity T or ii hydraulic conductivity K see the Glossary of Terms in the user manual First select the method to use by clicking on one of the two options provided Transmissivity m 2 day can be input either as a constant value or as a raster layer of spatially varying values The Information box will show if this has been performed successfully Alternatively the transmissivi
38. SGroundwater icon is not shown it can be added to the toolbar by going to Customize gt Toolbars gt BGS Groundwater Flow Model tools Figure 8 11 OR 12 063 O 3D Analyst bd Z FA Advanced Editing Animation Toolbars ArcScan Extensions BGS GDI Tools COGO Data Driven Pages Data Frame Tools Distributed Geodatabase Customize Mode Style Manager ArcMap Options Draw Edit Vertices Editor Effects Feature Cache Feature Construction GPS Geocoding Figure Enabling the tool via the toolbar menu It 1s advisable that all relevant GIS layers are loaded into an ArcMap project before the BGS GISGroundwater tool is used The layers can be added using the plus button in the ArcMap toolbar Figure 9 ODe e lt a8 x gt BFL 3 ESB plr Lo aD Analyst kaye File Edit View Bookmarks Insert Selection Geoprocessing Customize Windows Help E we i At IA AM OI SS E oh is wu x ou JM Es 1 4 R k3 Table Of Contents 3 egi layers lookin E sampean 7 amp al GGG river_grd Figure 9 Interface of adding a GIS layer into an ArcGIS project 12 OR 12 063 3 Workflow for building a model Figure 10 shows the procedures of constructing a groundwater flow model using BGS GISGroundwater 1 Define spatial extent and cell size at the first step by choosing an aquifer extent layer an existing GIS layer representing the mod
39. Under Hydraulic Properties select Provide Transmissivity option note that Define K subsection is no longer active Select constant value option for transmissivity and enter 20 Figure 23 e Since transmissivity is provided by a user Aquifer Top Bottom section is not active e Under Rivers select Provide River Grid option Click on the drop down menu and select river_grd Figure 24 e Under Settings input solver convergence criterion PSOR solver factor and the number of transmissivity recalculation cycles The default values can be used if considered appropriate Press Run button to run the model Figure 25 e Two raster layers are produced GWHEADS and MODELAREA which are added to the ArcMap project and plotted automatically MODELAREA raster define the modelling extend and GWHEADS raster contains steady state groundwater levels simulated by the model Figure 26 pe O UE ET M Or ee About Aquifer Extent Recharge and Initial Level Hydraulic Properties Aquifer Top Bottom Rivers Wells Settings Aquifer Extent Define Aquifer Btent and Cel Size m The area of the aquifer and the cell size of the model grid are Aquifer Raster v defined by a raster layer defining the aquifer extent An optional non aquifer layer can be used to define sub regions of the aquifer that are impermeable to groundwater flow The aquifer extent is calculated
40. alues A GIS raster layer 9 Option 2 Non spatial distribution A single value Having a raster layer containing Rivers leaking points Option 1 Ld E and A GIS raster layer fixed heads d Option 2 Having vector data and DEM data A shapefile and DEM Having a raster layer representing Abstraction optional OPON 1 abstraction locations and rates A GIS raster layer Option 2 Having abstraction vector data A shapefile OR 12 063 2 How to install BGS GISGroundwater BGS GlSGroundwater BGSGISGroundwater esriAddIn and its tutorial files BGS GISGroundwater tutorial files zip can be downloaded using the following link http www bgs ac uk GISGroundwater An ArcMap 10 0 environment is needed to install and run BGS GISGroundwater There are two ways to install BGS GISGroundwater i e running Add In directly or installing through ArcMap 10 0 Add In Manager Option 1 Running Add In e Locate the BGS GISGroundwater Add In file and double click it to install Option 2 Through Add In Manager Run ArcMap 10 0 and open a new blank map Go to Customize gt Add In Manager Figure 1 In Add In Manager select Customize Figure 2 Select Add from file Figure 3 and 4 Confirm Add In file installation by clicking Install Add In Figure 5 and OK in the next window Figure 6 e The available toolbars should be shown in the following window Check the box next to BGS Groundwater Flow Model tools Figu
41. ay can be entered into the model either as a single value across the whole aquifer or as a raster layer of spatially varying values The radio buttons of Layer values and Constant Value change accordingly A single value for the initial groundwater level is specified across the whole aquifer with the unit of metres Figure 13 4j BGS GiSGroundwater alll E About Aquifer Extent Recharge and Initial Level Hydraulic Properties Aquifer Top Bottom Rivers Well Settings Recharge and Initial Level Uniform or spatially distributed groundwater recharge e g Recharge Layer No raster layers found Q infiltration of rainfall rates are specified here Recharge rates must be input in m day either as a single value across the whole aquifer or as a raster layer of spatially varying values Constant Value Layer Values Constant Value Positive values represent infiltration downwards to the water table The Information box will inform you if the recharge data have been entered successfully Information A single value for the initial groundwater level is specified Please define the aquifer extent before proceeding across the whole aquifer This must be in metres Constant Value Information Please enter a value for initial head SENE cell Figure 13 Recharge and Initial Groundwater Level tab 4 4 HYDRAULIC PROPERTIES Either transmissivity T m7 day or hydraulic condu
42. cknowledgement is given of the source of the extract Maps and diagrams in this book use topography based on Ordnance Survey mapping NERC 2014 All rights reserved Keyworth Nottingham Wang L Pachocka M Jackson C R British Geological Survey 2014 BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY The full range of our publications is available from BGS shops at Nottingham Edinburgh London and Cardiff Welsh publications only see contact details below or shop online at www geologyshop com The London Information Office also maintains a reference collection of BGS publications including maps for consultation We publish an annual catalogue of our maps and other publications this catalogue is available online or from any of the BGS shops The British Geological Survey carries out the geological survey of Great Britain and Northern Ireland the latter as an agency service for the government of Northern Ireland and of the surrounding continental shelf as well as basic research projects It also undertakes programmes of technical aid in geology in developing countries The British Geological Survey is a component body of the Natural Environment Research Council British Geological Survey offices BGS Central Enquiries Desk Tel 0115 936 3143 email enquiries bgs ac uk Fax 0115 936 3276 Environmental Science Centre Keyworth Nottingham NG12 5GG Tel 0115 936 3241 email sales bgs ac uk Fax 0115 936 3488 Murchison House
43. ct chalk_grd Click on folder icon next to Output Raster Dataset specify the name of the raster layer and save it in the project folder e Convert river grid to ASCII file using Raster to ASCII tool from ArcMap toolbox Figure 63 e Convert DEM raster to ASCII file using Raster to ASCII tool from ArcMap toolbox Figure 64 Raster to ASCI E jme Input raster river grid v Output ASCII raster file EN E MaIS Groundwater example GIS 5ample4 Chalk TB GIS final river ard ASC ER Ps Cancel Environments Show Help gt gt Figure 63 Using Raster to ASCII tool from ArcMap toolbox App 1 1 52 OR 12 063 Input raster DEM 1k Large TB img El a Output ASCII raster file E GIS Groundwater example GIS Sample4_Chalk TB GIS finalldem ASC Figure 64 Using Raster to ASCIP tool from ArcMap toolbox App 1 2 Once the river grid and DEM ASCII files are created they can be processed in SAGA to extract elevations from DEM e Open SAGA and load river and DEM data by clicking on Modules and selecting Import Export Grids and Import ESRI Arc Info Grid Figure 65 66 67 68 and 69 c Impor Figure 65 Loading grids to SAGA App 1 1 53 OR 12 063 hy Modules a Maps Figure 66 Loading ESRI Arc Info grid to SAGA App 1 2 Target Grid Type Floating Point 4 byte NoData Value Input File s NoData Value User
44. ctivity K m day can be used here to describe the hydraulic properties of the aquifer Transmissivity can be input either as a constant value or as a raster layer of spatially varying values Alternatively the transmissivity can be 16 OR 12 063 calculated by inputting the hydraulic conductivity along with the elevation of the top and bottom of the aquifer Hydraulic conductivity can be input either as a constant value or as a raster layer of spatially varying values The top and bottom elevations of the aquifer are entered on the next tab Figure 14 Provide Transmissivity T Calculate T using hydraulic conductivity K aquifer top and aquifer bottom Define T m T Raster Layer No raster layers found Constant T Value Layer Values Constant Value Information Please define the aquifer extent before proceeding Define K m K Raster Layer No raster layers found Constant K Value Layer Values Constant Value Information Please define the aquifer extent before proceeding e e Figure 14 Hydraulic Properties tab 4 5 AQUIFER TOP BOTTOM ajl BGS GlSGroundwater J till lini 7755 Mil Hydraulic Properties Either of two parameters can be used to describe the ease with which water can flow horizontally through the aquifer i transmissivity T or ii hydraulic conductivity K see the Glossary of Terms in the user manual First select the method to use by clicking on one of th
45. discretising the aquifer domain into a raster of 10m square cells Recharge 1mm day 25m 200 m Fixed piezometric head 25 m 200 m lt 200 m gt nd X Z Figure 19 The sketch map of the problem in tutorial 1 5 1 2 Data and parameters required Data requirement Aquifer extent a GIS raster layer with the spatial resolution of 10m by 10m Recharge a constant value of 0 001 m day Initial piezometric head a constant value of 25m Transmissivity a constant value of 20 m day A GIS raster layer representing a constant river level of 25m The GIS datasets or GIS project file Samplel_ArcMAP10 0 mxd needed for this tutorial can be found under the folder of Samplel Analytical GIS The tutorial materials can be downloaded from the BGS GISGroundwater link provided in section 2 and then extracted to a local drive 20 OR 12 063 Modelling nodes are located at the centres of GIS grids In the aquifer extent section of this tutorial the LEFT 5m and BOTTOM 5m are the left corner of the aquifer GIS layer while the TOP 205m and RIGHT 205m are the top right corner of this aquifer layer Therefore the centres of the lower left grid and the top right grid of the aquifer are 0m 0m and 200m 200m respectively representing an aquifer of 200m by 200m 5 1 3 Using BGS GISGroundwater e Before opening the interface load aquifer and river grid layer
46. e a few moments If required select a raster that represents the area of non aquifer using the second drop down menu after the model extent has been calculated A message confirming the successful preparation of the layer will appear in the Information box Note Define Non Aquifer m OPTIONAL Please ensure that all subsequently input raster layers completely cover the aquifer extent layer The other input raster layers can be larger than the aquifer extent raster as Information they are automatically clipped to the right size However they must not be smaller The cell size will be automatically adjusted to match the cell size of the aquifer extent layer except for the DEM raster which needs to be processed by the user Non Aquifer Raster Please select from the below Figure 37 Aquifer Extent Tutorial 3 35 OR 12 063 Define Recharge m day Recharge Layer recharge grd Constant Value Layer Values Constant Value Information The Recharge grid has invalid extent You MUST provide a grid whose extents are greater than or equal to the selected aquifer grid Define Initial level m Constant Value 40 Information Initial head value entered Figure 38 Recharge and Initial Level Tutorial 3 Recharge and Initial Level Uniform or spatially distributed groundwater recharge e g infiltration of rainfall rates are specified here
47. e two options provided Transmissivity m 2 day can be input either as a constant value or as a raster layer of spatially varying values The Information box will show if this has been performed successfully Alternatively the transmissivity can be calculated by inputting the hydraulic conductivity K m day along with the elevation of the top and bottom of the aquifer Again the hydraulic conductivity can be input either as a constant value or as a raster layer of spatially varying values In this case the top and bottom elevations of the aquifer need to be input on the next tab The Information box will show if this has been performed successfully This section of the tool will only be active if the option to calculate transmissivity was selected on the previous tab In this case the aquifer top and bottom elevations need to be provided to calculate the aquifer thickness which will then be used to calculate the transmissivity The top and bottom elevations can be input either as constant values or as raster layers of spatially varying values both need to be provided in metres Figure 15 Raster Layer No raster layers found Constant Value Layer Values Constant Value Information Please define the aquifer extent before proceeding rie tion im Raster Layer No raster layers found Constant Value Constant Value Layer Values Information Please define the aquifer extent before proceed
48. eas 21 Figure 2 ls A quiter Extent Ptr all ss het trecentos deu oboe tus egal tatum d ue iet nu Desi Sacer 22 Fig re 22 Recharge and Initial Level Tutorial 155 dante ie atip d aet UB eei tat od ab a dbdins 23 Figure 23 Using BGS GISGroundwater interface Hydraulic Properties Tutorial 1 23 Lioune 2A vers Tutorial Mics sists ots on ME tso detras iba cre a oa boRde n s Ra deri te b den 24 Picure 25 Seines Mt Oral T ome ee eee voee ERR wae edt meer UNE OU A 24 Figure 26 Groundwater levels produced by BGS GISGroundwater Tutorial 1 25 Figure 27 Loading layers to ArcMap project Tutorial 2 eese 26 Figure 28 ArcMap Point to Raster tool window cccceeccccccccccceeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeceeceeeeeeeeeaaaaeas 27 Figure 29 ArcMap Point to Raster tool window changing Processing Extent 28 Ficure 30 Aquiter Extent Tutorial 2 5 bier ette puero aab eur esed e Eae eed ea buo eee ausus 20 Figure 31 Recharse and Initial Level Tutorial 2 aor t E eia ore bene eta oed 30 Figure 52 Hydraulic Properties Putortal 2 2 uen pieta oe reet ene io vt aet wee cta ce aet redebe te ree ten ERU 30 Fiure Rivers LUGO all CE mm 3 Piou 94 Se pss LUEFOEI EZ sersttsei e ub E ere Rid nu eese tet a 3 Figure 35 Groundwater levels produced by BGS GISGroundwater Tutorial 2 32 Figure 36 Loading
49. elling area and 2 Specify the input data within each subsequent tab of the tool either by defining numeric values or by selecting GIS layers It is worth noting that the modelling nodes are located at the centres of GIS grids therefore the actual modelling area is smaller half cell size than the aquifer extent layer Other mandatory inputs include recharge initial groundwater level aquifer permeability and river It is required that the extents of all GIS raster layers used in the construction a model to be equal or larger than that of the aquifer extent layer It is permissible that the layer extent is larger than the aquifer extent as it will be automatically clipped to the right size but it can never be smaller Additionally it is important to make sure that the cell size of all the GIS layers is the same as the cell size of the aquifer layer It is required that the extents of all GIS raster layers used in the construction of a model to be equal or larger than that of the aquifer layer It is permissible that the layer extent is larger than the aquifer extent as it will be automatically clipped to the right size but it can never be smaller Additionally it is important to make sure that the cell size of all the grids is the same as the cell size of the aquifer layer 13 OR 12 063 Run BGS GISGroundwater from ArcMap Define spatial extent and cell size using an existing GIS layer Optional define non aquifer areas
50. grid Binary Format Import Export Images ge s Import Export LAS Organize v New folder amp Q amp Import Export ODBC OTL m Import Export Shapes a Lat a eae W Recent Places li int info Recharge jm i Pictures n chalk grd 1 Dropbox B kor Libraries Eg Documents a Music i Pictures B Videos jM Computer amp OS C 4 Tm File name river grid 2 asc nins Hide Folders Figure 89 Exporting layers from SAGA saving a file App 1 2 e n ArcMap use ASCII to Raster tool to convert the newly created asc file to river raster Remember to change the Output data type to float Figure 90 64 OR 12 063 Q Untitled ArcMap Ar Deuda 58x JL EBENE de M j 3D Analyst Layer R ersid File Edit View Bookmarks Insert Selection Geoprocessing Customize Windows Help E Layer Prvergid A AJA MOET eS H ORO s G AreaMenu SelectMenu OtherMenu i M BH B u SA E oo RUE X rms OBE A X ArcToolbox nx fiy ArcToolbox H 3D Analyst Tools DE Analysis Tools DE Cartography Tools aol Layers g Lr NX o pe rid EE Conversion Tools Input ASCII raster file j mi DE From KML E VGIS Groundwater example GISlSample4 Chalk TB GIS finalyiver grid 2 asc O chalk grd H From Raster Output raster Value H From WFS E GIS Groundwater example GIS Sample4_Chalk_TB_GIS_finalyiver_grd_2 High 200 444 oS Metadata RI EE xp To CAD
51. has been performed successfully Alternatively the transmissivity can be calculated by inputting the hydraulic conductivity K m day along with the elevation of the top and bottom of the aquifer Again the hydraulic conductivity can be input either as a constant value or as a raster layer of spatially varying values In this case the top and bottom elevations of the aquifer need to be input on the next tab The Information box will show if this has been performed successfully OR 12 063 tastu Terron e nin ome Define Aquifer Top Elevation m Raster Layer chalk top grd img v Constant Value Layer Values Constant Value Information Input has correct extent and cell size Define Aquifer Bottom Elevation m Raster Layer chalk_bottom_grd img Constant Value 9 Layer Values Constant Value Information Input has correct extent and cell size Figure 51 Aquifer Top Bottom Tutorial 4 Aquifer Top Bottom This section of the tool will only be active if the option to calculate transmissivity was selected on the previous tab The aquifer thickness used to calculate the transmissivity is determined by the program based on the aquifer top and bottom elevations m These can be input either as constant values or as raster layers of spatially varying values Please check if these entries are successful in the Information box Provide River Grid Extract Rive
52. he SAGA interface Note that they are in two different grid systems Figure 70 23 OR 12 063 See SW File Modules Window EID Be Workspace E Data EE Grids amp B8 1000 219x 133y 392549 808431x 126904 138156y NE EB pi river ard EE 1000 232x 140y 388500 546876x 122500 33y Figure 70 Comparing grid systems of the grids in SAGA App 1 1 Before producing the river grid with elevations extracted from DEM the grid systems of both layers need to be changed to match the grid system of the aquifer the cell size and the extents need to be the same e Load the aquifer grid asc file into SAGA first convert the aquifer grid raster layer to asc file using ArcMap Raster to ASCII tool Figure 71 amp wo eee File Modules Window S EE E 2 Workspace Az Data ER Grids iM 1000 219x 133y 382549 808431x 126904 138156y AES ER 01 river ard EM 1000 223x 137y 390000x 124000y BH oi chalk aq ETE 1000 232x 140y 388500 546876x 122500 33y m 01 dem Figure 71 Comparing grid systems of the ASCII files in SAGA App 1 2 e To change the grid systems of river and dem layers go to Modules gt Grid Tools gt Resampling Figure 72 and 73 56 OR 12 063 ore File idaier Window S BA ne Workspace j jd h amp Aggregate Li Change Cell Values interactive hi Change Grid Values fitt Change Grid Values Flood Fill interac
53. he optional non aquifer layer can be used when modelling an aquifer overlain by an aquitard the aquifer permeability can be entered into the model using transmissivity or hydraulic conductivity in OR 12 063 conjunction with the GIS layers representing aquifer top and bottom groundwater recharge with or without spatial distribution can be used in building up a groundwater flow model the river data required can be a GIS raster layer or a shapefile that needs a DEM layer to derive river stage values the fixed head boundary condition such as lake 1s represented in the model using the same format as the river dataset abstraction data are optional and can be entered into the code in a GIS raster layer or a shapefile Table 1 shows the different options by which input datasets can be input to the model Table 1 The formats options of the BGS GISGroundwater input datasets Input datasets Format options Option 1 Aquifer layer A GIS raster layer VOCE EIEN Option 2 Extents of aquifer and non aquifer A GIS raster layer Option 1 A GIS raster layer AGUNGI OP Option 2 A single value Option 1 A GIS raster layer p Option 1 Aquifer Bottom Option 2 A single value Aquifer permeability Onion 1 A GIS i Hydraulic conductivity pion basal iaye Option 2 A single value l E Option 1 A GIS raster layer Option 2 Transmissivity Option 2 A single value Sroindnaertechare Option 1 Spatially distributed v
54. ids H Geostatistics Kriging E not set S ranas e H Geostatistics Regression Result 1000 232x 140y 388500 546876x 122500 33y E Grid Analysis gt Grids from different Systems 1000 223x 137y 390000x 124000y E Grid Calculus Er 01 92 81 92 o Fuzzify hi Fuzzy Intersection AND hs Fuzzy Union OR fi Geometric Figures hg Gradient Vector from ft Gradient Vector from z h Grid Calculator Pe Wg Grid Difference z se Grid Division z hi Grid Normalisation z Grid Standardisation 4g Grid Volume Figure 80 Selecting grid system in the Grid Calculator App 1 e Select both grids rivers and DEM from Grids drop down menu Figure 81 60 OR 12 063 SAGE File Modules Window S Gn Oe 2 Workspace BVA Module Libraries H Contributions A Perego Garden 3D Shapes Viewer scs abiectis Qf Garden Web Service Data Eee H Geostatistics Grids E Geostatistics Kriging E Grid system 1000 223x 137y 390000x 124000y He Geostatistics Points gt gt Grids No objects H Geostatistics Regression lt lt Result create i Grid Analysis gt Grids from different Systems No objects Grid Calculus hi Function Din l iam Hy TTUES aii Po 0 Grid Calculator i s Ri Fuzzy Intersection AND t Fuzzy Union OR vs Geometric Figures hi Gradient Vec
55. ine the locations of the surface water features and a Digital Elevation Model DEM raster layer to define the associated levels No raster layers found If the second option is used the river information will be automatically extracted and passed to the model Please check the message in the Information box before moving to River Shapefile No layers found the next section of the interface Information Please define the aquifer extent before proceeding Figure 16 Rivers tab 47 WELLS The inclusion of rates of pumping from wells is optional They can be input either as a raster layer which contains pumping rates at specific locations or can be extracted from a shapefile If a point shapefile is used its attribute table must contain a field that holds the pumping rates at the points Figure 17 aj BGS GISGroundweter ail lll ills cai i sti About Aquifer Extent Recharge and Initial Level Hydraulic Properties Aquifer Top Bottom Rivers Wells Wells Provide Pumping Raster Extract Pumping From Shapefile The inclusion of rates of pumping m 3 day from wells is optional They can be input as a raster layer or can be extracted from a shapefile Select the method to use by clicking on one of the two options at the top of the form Raster Layer No raster layers found Either specify the appropriate raster layer or select a shapefile containing the point locations of the wells If usi
56. information Figure 42 Under Settings input solver convergence criterion PSOR solver factor and the number of transmissivity recalculation cycles The default values can be used or try different settings Press Run button to run the model Figure 43 Two raster layers are produced GWHEADS and MODELAREA which are added to the ArcMap project and plotted automatically MODELAREA raster define the modelling extend and GWHEADS raster contains steady state groundwater levels simulated by the model Figure 44 After the simulation the tool interface keeps open allowing users to change parameters and generate new results by re running the model 34 OR 12 063 O Untied ArcMap aco TPs O E OBES OB x n eM JL EG BD de A h i aDAnalyst Laye File Edit View Bookmarks Insert Selection Geoprocessing Customize Windows Help aye A lk BIA AMOR Gait he eSEN FR2ab Table Of Contents 2 x a k SS E Figure 36 Loading layers to ArcMap project Tutorial 3 Aquifer Extent The area of the aquifer and the cell size of the model grid are defined by a raster layer defining the aquifer extent An optional non aquifer layer can be used to define sub regions of the aquifer that are impermeable to groundwater flow The aquifer extent is calculated automatically when the Model Cell Size appropriate layer is chosen from the drop down menu The 100 calculation might tak
57. ing e e ee eee Figure 15 Aquifer Top Bottom tab 17 Aquifer Top Bottom This section of the tool will only be active if the option to calculate transmissivity was selected on the previous tab The aquifer thickness used to calculate the transmissivity is determined by the program based on the aquifer top and bottom elevations m These can be input either as constant values or as raster layers of spatially varying values Please check if these entries are successful in the Information box OR 12 063 4 6 RIVERS Rivers and other surface water features are represented by a grid which can be defined either by a raster layer containing water surface elevation data or a shapefile that specifies the locations of the surface water features and a DEM raster layer that specifies the associated water levels Figure 16 Leaking points or fixed head boundary conditions can be represented as rivers to provide the information on elevations of the specific locations See tutorial 1 in section 5 1 and tutorial 2 in section 5 2 aji BGS GisGroundwater mu OP 22 E Rivers Rivers and other surface water features such as lakes are represented by fixing the groundwater level at user defined locations They can be defined in two ways i as a raster layer containing water surface elevation data River Grid No raster layers found where the features exist ii using a shapefile to def
58. layers to ArcMap project Tutorial 3 essen 35 ll OR 12 063 Figure 37 Figure 38 Figure 39 Figure 40 Figure 41 Figure 42 Figure 43 Figure 44 Figure 45 Figure 46 Figure 47 Figure 48 Figure 49 Figure 50 Figure 51 Figure 52 Figure 53 Figure 54 Figure 55 Figure 56 Figure 57 Figure 58 Figure 59 Figure 60 Figure 61 Figure 62 Figure 63 Figure 64 Figure 65 Figure 66 Figure 67 Figure 68 Figure 69 Figure 70 Figure 71 Figure 72 Figure 73 Aguer Extent Tuona 9 sitae Edi ed met uite ie anmelden uei tetioemu bone 35 Recharse and initial evel Tutorial 95 abdo iab oet feria cables dese 36 Hydraulic Properties Mito ald eicit petu Dono ped pia oc ee russa a ia Rost u Do Ropedpia eat kei ute 36 Aquiter Lop Bonom T totital sistance sanyo triacs io tI ERO isto HEU eim Rt Ep UR DC iUUE 37 Rve OG eaaa a a a a A ae ee M E 37 WW Kemal OOA a E M pM M 38 PG MIMO s Tuton kar a UM MEM MM IMEEM QM M IUD 38 Groundwater levels produced by BGS GISGroundwater Tutorial 3 39 The sketch map of the conceptual hydrogeological model for tutorial 4 40 Loading layers to ArcMap project Tutorial 4 ccccccccssccccceeeeeeseseeeceeeeeeeeeeeeees 4 Aquifer Extent Tutoriale CD ioi eso tutes U rdiet doo pe atanteias Sa edades rd ac gs 43 Adur Extent Tutorial d 2 acsi nee tdei QU Dei Sosu Pru Ra Deut bdpu eq deese bct temo eH 43
59. lers such as scientists and students to easily and efficiently build up groundwater flow models in ArcMap using GIS layers For example only few hours are needed to construct a numerical regional groundwater flow model using it with great flexibility Therefore it is useful for carrying out preliminary groundwater flow modelling or evaluating hydrogeological conceptual models before carrying out detailed costly groundwater modelling using one of traditional groundwater flow models This manual firstly introduces BGS GISGroundwater and then explains its installation process and interface The step by step tutorial materials are also provided to guide users to learn quickly how to use this tool OR 12 063 1 What is BGS GISGroundwater BGS GlSGroundwater allows users to develop preliminary regional groundwater models quickly and visualise the modelled piezometric surfaces in the ArcMap It represents variably unconfined confined and heterogeneous aquifers distributed recharge river aquifer interaction and groundwater abstraction and these datasets can be flexibly entered into model using one of multiple options such as a constant value GIS raster layer and automatically extracting river information using river shapefile and Digital Elevation Model DEM layer BGS GISGroundwater allows end users who can use ArcMap to easily and efficiently construct groundwater flow models to simulate the groundwater flow and produce the long term elevatio
60. mation PSOR solver factor This must be between 1 and 2 The default value is 1 7 For further information about the method that is used to solve for groundwater levels point successive over relaxation PSOR see the user manual Number of transmissivity recalculation cycles This is used when the part of aquifer is specified as being unconfined For confined aquifers it will automatically set to 1 There are no limits to the value you specify here but the Figure 18 Settings tab The interface could be hidden behind the ArcMap window sometimes and it can be found through the taskbar 19 OR 12 063 5 Tutorials for BGS GlSGroundwater 5 1 TUTORIAL 1 Tutorial 1 shows how to use an analytical solution for a benchmark problem After this you should be able to construct a simple groundwater flow model using GIS raster layers representing aquifer extent and river and constant values for recharge initial head and transmissivity 5 1 1 Problem description An aquifer 200m by 200m has a homogenous hydraulic transmissivity value of 20 m day a 25m fixed piezometric head a measurement of liquid pressure above a geodetic datum boundary is specified at the western side of the aquifer and no flow boundaries are specified at its north east and south sides The groundwater recharge for the aquifer has a constant value 0 001 m day Figure 19 This problem can be solved using BGS GISGroundwater by
61. missivity option Note that Define K subsection is no longer active Select constant value option for transmissivity and enter 500 28 OR 12 063 e Since transmissivity is provided by a user Aquifer Top Bottom tab is not active e Under Rivers select Provide River Grid option Click on the drop down menu and select the river grid that was created when preparing the datasets at the beginning of this tutorial Figure 33 e Under Settings input solver convergence criterion PSOR solver factor and the number of transmissivity recalculation cycles The default values can be used or try different settings Press Run button to run the model Figure 34 Two raster layers are produced GWHEADS and MODELAREA which are added to the ArcMap project and plotted automatically MODELAREA raster define the modelling extend and GWHEADS raster contains steady state groundwater levels simulated by the model Figure 35 After the simulation the tool interface keeps open allowing users to change parameters and generate new results by re running the model L BGS GlSGroundwater About Aquifer Extent Recharge and Initial Level Hydraulic Properties Aquifer Top Bottom Rivers Wells Settings Define Aquifer Extent and Cell Size m Aquifer Raster 354000 Model Cell Size LEFT RIGHT 1000 457000 468000
62. ng a point shapefile subsequently select the field which holds the pumping rate for each well Pumping Raster The Information box will show if this was performed successfully Shapefile Layer No layers found Select the field which holds the pumping rate m day Information Note This application will SUM the values if there are multiple values in a grid cell Figure 17 Wells tab 18 OR 12 063 4 8 SETTINGS This tab allows the user to specify values for the parameters that determine when and how fast the model reaches a solution The default values are provided but they can be overwritten by users Figure 18 aj BGS GISGround r lil lll t ssi ili secccceccccccccscceerecee ry About Aquifer Extent Recharge and Initial Level Hydraulic Properties Aquifer Top Bottom Rivers Wells Settings Settings This tab allows the user to specify values for the parameters that determi h d how fast th del h Number of Transmissivity Recalculation Cycles 100 are ages nee E ee ee Solver Convergence Criterion m3 day 0 00001 Solver convergence criterion m 3 day PSOR Solver Factor EJ The solution algorithm will stop when it has produced a solution in which the error in the flow balance at each cell is less than this value There are no limits to the value you specify here but the smaller this number the longer the model will take to run The default value here is 0 00001 Infor
63. ns of water table groundwater levels in porous medium BGS GISGroundwater solves the governing two dimensional groundwater flow equation of the form fr Az T em Q Q R Equation 1 Ox ax Oy Oy where h is the groundwater head L T and T are the aquifer transmissivity in the x and y direction respectively LT Q is groundwater abstraction rate L T Q is leakage to from rivers L T1 and R is the amount of groundwater recharge L T Wang et al 2010 provided technical details of the tool 11 ADVANTAGES OF BGS GISGROUNDWATER e t is a seamless GIS groundwater flow model which can be deemed as one of GIS spatial analysis functions e All groundwater modelling processes of data preparation running model and post processing including visualisation of modelled groundwater levels can be carried out in the GIS environment e It uses the standard GIS data formats this means that there is no extra work for data exchanging and no extra costs for purchasing coupling interface programs e tis a valuable tool for hydrogeologists or non groundwater modellers to quickly build up preliminary groundwater flow models or evaluate hydrogeological conceptual models before constructing detailed and costly groundwater flow models 12 DATA REQUIREMENTS Table 1 lists the datasets and their formats required by BGS GISGroundwater The extent of modelling area is defined by an aquifer layer in the format of GIS raster and t
64. o flow along the outside boundaries this means that the aquifer centre is the only groundwater flow outlet for this system The groundwater flow in this problem can be simulated using BGS GISGroundwater by discretising the aquifer domain by square grids 1km by Ikm 5 2 2 Data and parameters required Data requirement Aquifer extent a GIS raster layer with the spatial resolution of Ikm by Ikm Recharge a constant value of 0 001 m day Initial head a constant value of 40m Transmissivity a constant value of 500 m day A GIS shapefile containing a river point with a water level of 20m The GIS datasets or GIS project file Sample2_ArcMAP10 0 mxd needed for this tutorial can be found under the folder of Sample2 IrreqularShape GIS The tutorial materials can be downloaded from the BGS GISGroundwater link provided in section 2 and then extracted to a local drive 5 2 3 Using BGS GISGroundwater e Before opening the interface load the aquifer grid layer and the point shapefile representing the surface water feature into the project using the plus button in the ArcMap toolbar Figure 27 Untitled ArcMap ArcInfo 3g d amp B be T dpa a 3D Analyst Layer pm File Edit View Bookmarks Insert Selection Geoprocessing Customize Windows Help we ae CDA ts TAA MOLES 100 am D Table Of Contents E EJ o Name aquifer 1 Show of type patasets and Layers Figure 27 Loading layers to ArcMap pr
65. odel tools F coco F Context Menus E Data Driven Pages F Data Frame Tools F Distributed Geodatabase 7 Draw F Edit Vertices gm m File name FlowModelAddin esriAddin Flesoftype Componertlbveres dilemAddn tb Figure 4 Loading the Add In step 4 Esri ArcGIS Add In Installation Utility Please confirm Add in file installation Active content such as Macros and Add In files can contain viruses or other security hazards Do not install this content unless you trust the source of this file BGS Arc roundwater 1 0 British Geological Survey BGS finite difference seamless GIS groundwater flow model for ArcGIS Digital Signature s This Add in file is not digitially signed Signed By Signed date Show Certificate Source is trusted _ Signature is valid Figure 5 Loading the Add In step 5 10 OR 12 063 Add In Controls Model Inputs BGS Groundwater Flow Model tools Rename BGS GDI Tools Delete BGS Groundwater Flow Model toals Context Menus Data Driven Pages Data Frame Tools Distributed Geodatabase 7 Draw 7 Edit Vertices Figure 7 Loading the Add In step 7 BGS GISGroundwater Add In is now installed The BGS GlISGroundwater interface can be opened by clicking on a slightly transparent blue cube in the ArcMap toolbar menu If the BGS GI
66. oject Tutorial 2 26 OR 12 063 The river point shapefile needs to be converted to a GIS raster layer and then entered as a river grid in the River section of the interface The conversion can be done using Point to Raster tool from the ArcMap toolbox Figure 28 In the tool s window select Fixed_head layer from Input Feature drop down menu To choose field holding elevation data select Fixed_head from Value field drop down menu To make sure the output layer has the same cell size of the aquifer grid select aquifer from Cellsize drop down menu Figure 28 i Point to Raster lal ES Input Features Fixed head Value field Fixed head Output Raster Dataset E G15 Groundwater example G15 Sample IrreqularShape GISlfixed head Cell assignment type optional Priority field optional NONE Cellsize optional E WGIS Groundwater example GIS amp ample2 IrreqularShape GISlaquifer 1 Figure 28 ArcMap Point to Raster tool window Since the extent of the river grid has to be the same as the extent of the aquifer grid it is necessary to use the Environments option Figure 28 to define the extent of the output layer From the drop down menu under Processing Extent select Same as layer aquiferl Figure 29 and then click OK button 27 OR 12 063 Workspace Output Coordinates A Processing Extent m Union of Inputs Inter
67. on PSOR see the user manual Number of transmissivity recalculation cycles This is used when the part of aquifer is specified as being unconfined For confined aquifers it will automatically set to 1 There are no limits to the value you specify here but the OR 12 063 Untitled ArcMap Arcinfo N CNN o0 0 NN Uoc CONNESSO mew File Edit View Bookmarks Insert Selection Geoprocessing Customize Windows Help OBES 8B x9 eS _ ESI Ir Ip pa pn y D QANA K em N EO cm EEAO x E 8 ess E w 3 amp layers ES sls E Abstraction Borehole e p O TB all rivers fol D Bg GWHEADS EJ Value High 241 524 Low 0 577524 E MODELAREA Value High 1 E O Rivers Value High 299 489 Low 1 Low 0 577552 Ej E DEM 1k Large TB Res Value High 311 627 Low 0 577552 Value T Bien 472682 984 235751 613 Unknown Units ix High 200 444 4 b Figure 55 Groundwater levels produced by BGS GISGroundwater Tutorial 4 47 OR 12 063 Appendix 1 Extracting water levels using a free GIS This section describes how to extract water level information from DEM data using free GISs when users do not have a Spatial Analyst licence for ArcGIS Otherwise this can be automatically finished by BGS GISGroundwater Tutorial 4 In tutorial 4 a river grid is not provided but it can be generated using the river network shapefile TB all rivers shp and the DEM data
68. quifers it will automatically set to 1 There are no limits to the value you specify here but the OR 12 063 Q Untitled ArcMap Arcnfo ee CD mee File Edit View Bookmarks Insert Selection Geoprocessing Customize Windows Help OBES Y FB x19 o BBR BO e g DE iQamQginiesim hi8 BISIADSIVG Table Of Contents ax gt aesa Q t tj Layers 8 Bg Fixed head amp M GWHEADS tel Value S High 75 9964 S Low 20 0006 Bg MODELAREA Value i Low 1 Bg Surface water Value Adi Low 20 Bg aquiferl m a 467310 726 344108 871 Unknown Units Figure 35 Groundwater levels produced by BGS GISGroundwater Tutorial 2 32 OR 12 063 5 3 TUTORIAL 3 This tutorial shows how to add more complexities into a groundwater flow model using a problem closer to reality You will learn how to introduce distributed recharge into a eroundwater flow model and use hydraulic conductivity and aquifer geometry to calculate permeability and how to represent pumping boreholes using a GIS point shapefile 5 3 1 Problem description An oval shape unconfined aquifer has spatial distributed recharge and hydraulic conductivity Recharge decreases from 0 002 m day to 0 00125 m day while the hydraulic conductivity increases from 12 5 m day to 15 m day from west to east The top and bottom elevations of this aquifer are Om and 35m respectively There are three pumping boreholes ranges
69. r From DEM Define River Provide River Grid River Grid Please select from the below v D Extract River From DEM m DEM DEM_1k_Large_TB img River Shapefile TB_all_rivers Information The tool has successfully prepared the river data for the model Figure 52 Rivers Tutorial 4 2 45 Rivers Rivers and other surface water features such as lakes are represented by fixing the groundwater level at user defined locations They can be defined in two ways i as a raster layer containing water surface elevation data where the features exist ii using a shapefile to define the locations of the surface water features and a Digital Elevation Model DEM raster layer to define the associated levels If the second option is used the river information will be automatically extracted and passed to the model Please check the message in the Information box before moving to the next section of the interface OR 12 063 Provide Pumping Raster 9 Extract Pumping From Shapefile Provide Pumping Raster Raster Layer Please select from the below Extract Pumping From Shapefile Shapefile Layer Abstraction Borehole Select the field which holds the pumping rate m day Information Note This application will SUM the values if there are multiple values in a grid cell Successfully prepared these data pumping data for the model Figure 53 Wells Tutorial 4
70. re 7 e Close the window Q Untitled ArcMap Arra CDe I x E il Fg ig O p O i 3D Analyst Laye File Edt View Bookmarks Insert Selection Geoprocessing Customize Windows Help Im Toolbars DI a g Q Extensions Table Of Contents 1X Add In Manager amp P T Customize Mode 8 o5 Layers Style Manager ArcMap Options Figure 1 Loading the Add In step 1 OR 12 063 Shared Add Ins ESRI MapCenter amm s 12 16 2009 Created by ESRI Version 1 3 Digital Signature Authenticated Creates a view into ArcGIS Online Creates a view into ArcGIS Online paS GDI Tools Em Created by British Geological Survey Types Delete this Add In To install Add Ins and configure the user interface with Add In components use the customize dialog EGER the Customize dialc Figure 2 Loading the Add In step 2 Rename Delete Reset Figure 3 Loading the Add In step 3 OR 12 063 Untitled ArcMap E OSES LAaBxoe d vaL ES Gal Fg i be j 3D Analyst Layer e5eis im 90 File Edit View Bookmarks Insert Selection Geoprocessing Customize Windows Help E aye fhg amp amQiiesE TR OSS MSS OMe 88 e Be eB e FR D Bep ES E Table Of Contents n Name Date modified Type f l FlowModelAddIn esriAddin 04 09 2012 11 00 ESRI Addli Recent Places F BGS GDI Tools V BGS Groundwater Flow M
71. s Regression amp Q amp Grid Analysis E Grid Calculus H Grid Calculus BSL E Grid Filter amp Q amp Grid Gridding 4 Grid Spline Interpolation H Grid Tools oly Aggregate i 1000 223x 137y 390000x 124000y _ i Change Cell Values inte i create i Create Grid System LR Cran ta Nata Figure 75 Selecting aquifer grid system in the Resampling tool App 1 e In the third window select Nearest Neighbor interpolation method Figure 76 le Create Constant Grid D Me ewe M Figure 76 Selecting interpolation method in the Resampling tool App 1 Note that the river grid system changed and is now the same as the aquifer grid system Figure 77 58 OR 12 063 Filcomidicsduesmm Wired om EE E Be Workspace Data 5f Grids El TE 1000 219x 133y 392549 808431x 126904 138156y B 1000 ei 380000x 124000y am 1000 232x 140y 388500 546876x 122500 33y Figure 77 Comparing grid systems of the ASCII files in SAGA App 1 3 e Repeat the steps described above to change the grid systems of the DEM layer Figure 78 File Modules Window a ED Oe Aa Data EIR Grids Er TE 1000 219x 133y 392549 808431x 126904 138156y B a 1000 223x 137y 390000x 124000y B d 1000 232x 140y 388500 546876x 122500 33y Figure 78 Comparing grid systems of the ASCII files in SAGA App 1 4 e Once the grid sys
72. s into the project using the plus button in the ArcMap toolbar Figure 20 Q Untitled ArcMap Arcinfo ANA Deg B e e ES Cal plr 3D Analyst Layer K aqui File Edit View Bookmarks Insert Selection Geoprocessing Customize Windows Help uU E Layer K aquifer grd B ls QANOT Table Of Contents TIIE amp Layers mO Show of pe Figure 20 Loading layers to ArcMap project Tutorial 1 Since ArcMap 10 0 has difficulties in handling very long file path names it is a good practice to extract tutorial files to the root of one of your local drives to keep the file path names short such as E BGS GISGroundwater tutorial fileSamplel Analytical GIS Once the raster layers are loaded the BGS GlISGroundwater interface can be opened by clicking on the BGS GISGroundwater icon in the toolbar e Under Aquifer Extent click on the drop down menu next to Aquifer Raster and select aquifer_grd If no raster layers appear in the list click on C the refresh button to the right of the drop down menu Figure 21 21 OR 12 063 e Wait until the model cell size and the modelling extent are calculated and proceed to the next tab It is necessary to check the Information box each time before moving to the next section e Under Recharge and Initial Level select constant value option for the recharge and input 0 001 Input 25 for the initial head Figure 22 e
73. section of Inputs As Specified Below Same as Display Same as layer Fixed head Same as layer aquifer 1 snap Raster z XY Resolution and Tolerance M Values Z Values Figure 29 ArcMap Point to Raster tool window changing Processing Extent Click on the folder icon next to Output Raster Dataset in Figure 28 specify the name of the new raster layer and save it in the project folder Make sure to select different name for the raster layer than the name of the point shapefile gt The names of any layers used by the tool either raster layer or shapefile must not be repeated This will result in an error Once all the layers are loaded the BGS GISGroundwater interface can be opened by clicking on the BGS GISGroundwater icon in the toolbar e Under Aquifer Extent click on the drop down menu next to Aquifer Raster and select aquiferl If no raster layers appear in the list click on A the refresh button to the right of the drop down menu Figure 30 e Wait until the model cell size and the modelling extent are calculated and proceed to the next tab It is necessary to check the Information box each time before moving to the next section e Under Recharge and Initial Level Figure 31 select constant value option for the recharge and input 0 001 Input 40 for the initial head e Under Hydraulic Properties Figure 32 select Provide Trans
74. sscccacevacessctsccesaassesesetesessseeveessessesaccscsonecosaresavessedeecsssee 13 4 The BGS GlISGroundwater interface csssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssess 15 MEM UOI UTEM 15 2 7 dXQUIICE EU TIU s netta E aca des dtup eese Es diesdsendu esca unde pud 15 4 3 Recharge and Initial Groundwater Level eeeeeeeeeessseeeeeeernnnnnneeeennnnn 16 dA Hydran Proper S ene rete Ue nn uet ET eam Dese ul usd Cobre etu cd one wy RT e 16 45 sXguttet Top BOMOM ix deiode text Eh decr Raesent raesent ordei tab a tete obest eines 17 AO RIVETS GSeenesese siete posineanteantawacue des eio dbetttdbsu i easiidte du utetoti miele iem eae id ise daisies 18 E Wel eeterdccectie te A E at ieasee teh Ch cut can sir ht aes cea 18 m li 1 1 1 SA een ee eee MET T eee aaa one yy EE 19 5 Tutorials for BGS GISGroundwater 4 ccce eee Lecce e eee eee eee eee ee eee eee eee e ee eeee 20 F MOT e nrc Imc bu M RM M M nn ates 20 PME LUIOULITC 26 Be PUO b gt ko jeer meee ts ere ane ebd Dm Nd bm M Mb M 33 Ie SOIT Al re Um 40 Appendix 1 Extracting water levels using a free GIS sssssssssssccccccccsssssssssccccsscsssesscsees 48 m GOSSA E mE 66 E Size TET 67 OR 12 063 FIGURES Figure T Eoadine the Adon step sisisoie tieniti Doe tute Poetae ba etu utei ilu Maio 8 Figure 2 Loading the Add St D Z seio etum eti tipos tede tuin etum bat im ie apattoun
75. ted from other major aquifers by low permeability horizons within the Gault and Upper Greensand Formations in the Thames Basin UK It is therefore proper to model the groundwater flow in the Chalk separately The Chalk is partially overlain by low permeability Palaeogene deposits and the system consists of unconfined and confined aquifers The groundwater system within the Chalk outcrops is unconfined whist the part underneath the Palaeogene deposits could be unconfined or confined depending on the groundwater heads and the top elevation of the Chalk The Palaeogene deposits disconnect rivers from the Chalk Figure 45 The spatial distributed recharge ranges from 3 14 x 10 0 0024 m day and the low permeability Palaeogene deposits stops recharge reaching water table Three abstraction boreholes in the area are included in the model Their pumping rates range from 3 550 m day to 60 000 m day Recharge Recharge 5 Distributed lransmissivit Figure 45 The sketch map of the conceptual hydrogeological model for tutorial 4 5 4 3 Data and parameters required Data requirement e The Chalk aquifer layer a GIS raster layer with the spatial resolution of Ikm by Ikm representing the extent of the Chalk e Non aquifer layer A GIS raster layer representing the extent of the Palaeogene deposits Recharge a GIS raster layer with the same spatial resolution as the aquifer extent Initial head a constant value of 10
76. tems of the three layers aquifer chalk and dem are the same the river elevations can be extracted from DEM by going to Modules gt Grid Calculus gt Grid Calculator Figure 79 59 OR 12 063 SAGA File Modules Window S oe Workspace Bi Module Libraries H Contributions A Perego aE Garden 30 Shapes Viewer 5 8 Garden Web Service Data Access H Geostatistics Grids Af Geostatistics Kriging mk Geostatistics Points 5A Grid Analysis EE Grid Calculus hi Function hes Fuzzify hi Fuzzy Intersection AND Age Fuzzy Union OR d hi Geometric Figures hi Gradient Vector from Cartesian to Polar Coordinates hi Gradient Vector from Polar to Cartesian Coordinates EM hi Grid Difference id hi Grid Division os he Grid Normalisation hi Grid Standardisation bad iy Grid Volume hi Grids Product es hes Grids Sum hi Metric Conversions hi Polynomial Trend from Grids Ai Random Field illite Random Terrain Generation pA Grid Calculus BSL mA Grid Filter mA Grid Gridding Figure 79 Accessing Grid Calculator from SAGA toolbox App 1 n e In Grid Calculator select the adopted grid system from Grid system drop down menu Figure 80 File Modules Window S Oaa Workspace R Module Libraries E Contributions A Perego E Garden 3D Shapes Viewer H Garden Web Service Data Al E Geostatistics Grids El Data Objects El Gr
77. the cell size of the model grid are defined by a raster layer defining the aquifer extent An optional non aquifer layer can be used to define sub regions of the aquifer that are impermeable to groundwater flow The aquifer extent is calculated automatically when the appropriate layer is chosen from the drop down menu The calculation might take a few moments If required select a raster that represents the area of non aquifer using the second drop down menu after the model extent has been calculated A message confirming the successful preparation of the layer will appear in the Information box Note Please ensure that all subsequently input raster layers completely cover the aquifer extent layer The other input raster layers can be larger than the aquifer extent raster as they are automatically clipped to the right size However they must not be smaller The cell size will be automatically adjusted to match the cell size of the aquifer extent layer except for the DEM raster which needs to be processed by the user About Aquifer Extent Recharge and Initial Level Hydraulic Properties Aquifer Top Bottom Rivers Wells Settings Define Aquifer Extent and Cell Size m Aquifer Raster chalk grd Model Cell Size 1000 389500 BOTTOM 123500 Define Non Aquifer m OPTIONAL Non Aquifer Raster Information Input has correct extent and cell size Figure 48 Aquifer Extent Tutorial 4 2
78. the value you specify here but the Figure 43 Settings Tutorial 3 38 OR 12 063 Q Untitled ArcMap Ardn o oe nL rE File Edit View Bookmarks Insert Selection Geoprocessing Customize Windows Help De asis amp xiooc ie JL amag y g rI QANA H gt H TROSBISIADSITIA B18 Sig amp Layers Bg Abstraction bojeje 5 amp E M GWHEADS c Value ES High 75 5312 S Low 20 0542 Bg MODELAREA Value High 1 Low 1 g rivers_grd img Value High 40 Low 20 0541 E recharge grid img Value High 0 002 Low 0 00125 Bg K GRD img Value High 15 Low 12 5 a mealen 464776 304 343778 928 Unknown Units Figure 44 Groundwater levels produced by BGS GISGroundwater Tutorial 3 39 OR 12 063 5 4 TUTORIAL 4 This tutorial is an application of the tool to simulate groundwater flow in the Chalk Thames Basin UK You will learn how to model groundwater flow in an aquifer that is partial overlain by low permeability formations Non aquifer represented using a GIS raster layer This system consists of unconfined and confined aquifers low permeable formations stop recharge reaching the aquifer beneath and make rivers disconnected from the aquifer This tutorial also covers the usage of a river shapefile in constructing a groundwater flow model 5 4 1 Problem description The Chalk aquifer a fractured microporous limestone is isola
79. tive Bh Close Gaps Modules Window File m EE Ee 2 Workspace Grid Gridding E Grid Spline Interpolation B Grid Tools 7h Change Cell Values interactive _ 88 Change Grid Values Flood Fill interactive 4 r r r 1788 Grid Value Request interactive t Grids from dassified grid and table 6 Imagery Classification amp Q Imagery Fast Region Growing Algorithm amp amp Imagery OpenCV H Imagery Segmentation 1 8 Imaaerv Tools Figure 73 Accessing Resampling tool from SAGA toolbox App 1 2 e Select the grid system of the river layer 1000 219x 133y Figure 74 57 OR 12 063 E SAGA File Modules Window Iu e a E Pe Geostatistics Regression 4 4 Grid Analysis x Grid Calculus Resampling H Grid Calculus BSL E Grid Filter amp Q amp Grid Gridding H Grid Spline Interpolation B Grid Tools 769 Aggregate 1000 219x 133y 392549 808431x 126904 138156y gt gt Grid 01 river grd No objects O grid _ Mr Create Constant Grid Mir Create Grid System Lf Cutting interactive Figure 74 Selecting river grid system in the Resampling tool App 1 e In the second window of the resampling tool select the aquifer grid system 1000 223x 137y Figure 75 puc E ES File Modules Window S EE ae Workspace Geostatistic
80. tor from Cart it Gradient Vector from Pola hi Grid Calculator f Grid Difference _ ct Grid Standardisation e Grid Volume hte Grids Product o Rs Metric Conversions _ fs Polynomial Trend from Grif hi Random Field HII dd Figure 81 Selecting river and dem grids in the Grid Calculator App 1 e Inthe Formula cell enter a b Figure 82 CAL SAGA File Modules Window o gt EE 6 Workspace BA Module Libraries x Contributions A Perego Gid Calculator 4 Garden 3D Shapes Viewer Object G Garden Web Service Data AJ agen H Geostatistics Grids H Geostatistics Krigng E Grid system 1000 223x 137y 390000x 124000y H Geostatistics Points gt gt Grids 2 objects river_grd dem H Geostatistics Regression lt lt Result create 9 8 Grid Analysis gt Grids from different Systems No objects H Grid Calculus E Options Ce Function r a iui A AND Name fen e Geometric Figures Use NoData L i Gradient Vector from Ca Mt Gradient Vector from Pola is Grid Calculator s Grid Difference Figure 82 Entering formula in the Grid Calculator App 1 Note that a new raster layer called Calculation a b was created in the Data section of the SAGA interface Figure 83 61 OR 12 063 File Modules Map Window u EJEI Be S 8 g E t8 s 3p i x Az Data Ef Grids B E 1000 219x 133y 3
81. ty T or ii hydraulic conductivity K see the Glossary of Terms in the user manual First select the method to use by clicking on one of the two options provided Transmissivity m 2 day can be input either as a constant value or as a raster layer of spatially varying values The Information box will show if this has been performed successfully Alternatively the transmissivity can be calculated by inputting the hydraulic conductivity K m day along with the elevation of the top and bottom of the aquifer Again the hydraulic conductivity can be input either as a constant value or as a raster layer of spatially varying values In this case the top and bottom elevations of the aquifer need to be input on the next tab The Information box will show if this has been performed successfully OR 12 063 Provide River Grid Extract River From DEM Define River Provide River Grid River Grid Extract River From DEM m DEM Please select from the below River Shapefile Please select from the below Information Input has correct extent and cell size Figure 33 Rivers Tutorial 2 Rivers Rivers and other surface water features such as lakes are represented by fixing the groundwater level at user defined locations They can be defined in two ways i as a raster layer containing water surface elevation data where the features exist ii using a shapefile to define
82. ty can be calculated by inputting the hydraulic conductivity K m day along with the elevation of the top and bottom of the aquifer Again the hydraulic conductivity can be input either as a constant value or as a raster layer of spatially varying values In this case the top and bottom elevations of the aquifer need to be input on the next tab The Information box will show if this has been performed successfully OR 12 063 stent e crap tn II Define Aquifer Top Elevation m Raster Layer Please select from the below 2 se Constant Value 35 Layer Values Constant Value Information Now using Constant values Define Aquifer Bottom Elevation m Raster Laye Pleaseselectfromthebelow V Constant Value Qo Layer Values Constant Value Information Now using Constant values Figure 40 Aquifer Top Bottom Tutorial 3 Aquifer Top Bottom This section of the tool will only be active if the option to calculate transmissivity was selected on the previous tab The aquifer thickness used to calculate the transmissivity is determined by the program based on the aquifer top and bottom elevations m These can be input either as constant values or as raster layers of spatially varying values Please check if these entries are successful in the Information box Provide River Grid Extract River From DEM Define River Provide River Grid River Grid
83. ues or by selecting GIS layers Further information about BGS GlSGroundwater and a user manual are available on the BGS website http www bgs ac uk GISGroundwater html If you have any questions about BGS GISGroundwater please email GISGroundwater bgs ac uk ee British EGS Geological Survey NATURAL ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH COUNCIL Figure 11 About tab 4 2 AQUIFER EXTENT In this section aquifer and optionally non aquifer raster layers are selected The area of the aquifer and the cell size of the model grid are defined by a raster layer defining the aquifer extent An optional non aquifer layer can be used to define sub regions of the aquifer that are impermeable The Model Cell Size LEFT TOP RIGHT and BOTTOM Figure 12 are updated automatically when the aquifer extent layer is chosen from the drop down box The calculation might take a few moments The unit for both layers is metre The Information box shows successful or error messages when preparing data for groundwater flow modelling and it is necessary to check these messages before moving to the next section It is necessary to check the Information box each time before moving to the next section 15 OR 12 063 aji BGS GiSGroundwater illl ity About Aquifer Extent Recharge and Initial Level Hydraulic Properties Aquifer Top Bottom Rivers Wal Settings Aquifer Extent Define Aquifer Extent and Cell
84. undwater icon in the toolbar e Under Aquifer Extent click on the drop down menu next to Aquifer Raster and select aquifer_grd If no raster layers appear in the list click on the refresh button sj to the right of the drop down menu Figure 37 e Wait until the model cell size and the modelling extent are calculated and proceed to the next tab It is necessary to check the Information box each time before moving to the next section 33 OR 12 063 Under Recharge and Initial Level select layer values option for the recharge click on the drop down menu and select recharge_grid Input 40 for the initial head Figure 38 Under Hydraulic Properties select Calculate T using hydraulic conductivity K aquifer top and aquifer bottom option note that Define T subsection is no longer active Select layer values option for hydraulic conductivity click on the drop down menu and select K_GRD img Figure 39 Under Aquifer Top Bottom select constant value option for both elevations and enter 35 for the top of and 0 for the bottom of the aquifer Figure 40 Under Rivers select Provide River Grid option click on the drop down menu and select river_grd img Figure 41 Under Wells select Extract Pumping From Shapefile option click on the drop down menu and select Abstraction shapefile Select the field holding pumping rate
85. yline E Ree erm pnr Pahdina TJE QQA TIF Figure 59 Opening Field Calculator App 1 e Using the calculator set values in the Elevation field equal to 1 Figure 60 and 61 Table EBE e f eB x FID Shape LENGTH ID Hevation j L 0 Polyine 965 096 162 L Poline 2119 635 170 L 2j Poyine 1174232 177 3 Poline 261 164 177 L 4 Poyine 619 908 178 L 5j Poyine 697 119 300 6 Poline 1750 724 301 L 7 Poyine 1215 005 305 CELL HE JE I 213066 590 Pone S241 581 Eis reis zzi sar fare L 14 Polyine 946 353 617 L 15 Polyine 291 84 714 16 Polyine 1138994 714 L 7 Poyine 15 811 734 18 Poyine 113964 734 L 19 Polyine 250 958 734 L 20 Poyine 695 451 737 21 Poyine 887936 737 L 22 Poyine 67723 737 L 28 Polyii L 29 Poline 857242 738 iJ 4 8 bs iam 9 3N Paine I4 4 81043 738 0 M Bs 0 out of 1162 Figure 60 Using Field Calculator to set new values App 1 1 50 OR 12 063 Raby oe x FID Shape LENGTH IDE Elevation L UjPoline 965096 162 L l Peline 2119635 170 L 2 PoMine 1174282 177 L 3 PeMine 261164 17 4 Poline 619308 178 L 5j Poline 697 119 300 L S Poline 1750 724 301 L 7 Poline 1215005 305 L 8 PeMine 2156478

User`s manual for ArcGIS-Groundwater, a finite difference seamless

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