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HUM-xxx-PRO Data Guide
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1. golosa mm D E Ni GOi opt SUTTON PETT an en prs Eroe o dc Rash Wite es gaa d Figure 4 Electrical Specifications Typical Performance Graphs 11 0 E 10 5 5 40 C 10 0 O a 25 C B ul es A R AW E A A E mi e ee Sa Se E qa E a a a 2 95 p y O x lt z 9 0 e ee e eoeeeeeeeeeeoeeeoeeeeeeoeeoeoeoeoeeoeoeeodeoeo odeoeoeeeeeeeeoooeoeoeo eoeoe eeo eoeoeo eoeeeeeeee 85 C 8 5 2 5 3 3 3 6 Supply Voltage V Figure 5 HumPRO Series Transceiver Max Output Power vs Supply Voltage HUM 900 PRO 5 DA o I o Supply Current mA N I 20 15 TX Output Power dBm Figure 6 HumPRO Series Transceiver Average Current vs Transmitter Output Power at 2 5V HUM 900 PRO TX Output Power dBm Figure 7 HumPRO Series Transceiver Average TX Current vs Transmitter Output Power at 3 3V HUM 900 PRO 40 00 40 C R I nnn 39 00 S 38 50 S E e gt gt 25 C E 2 ee gaad g S eo o Gn e 31 00 ene 36 50 2V 2 5V 3 3V 3 6V Supply Voltage V Figure 9 HumPRO Series Transceiver TX Current vs Supply Voltage at Max Power HUM 900 PRO 23 40 23 20 23 00 mA N M o S 22 60 Supply Current ke et T 2V 2 5V 3 3V 3 6V Supply Voltage V Figure 8 HumPRO Series Transc
2. 11 Pre Certified Module Pin Assignments The pre certified version of the module has mostly the same pin assignments as the standard version The antenna connection is routed to either a castellation CAS or a u FL connector UFL depending on the part number ordered E z 3 a E E a al z lt ooo dlo o ml2 zx l 6 E Z BIG Or Or 70 ENE 2 lt G SFT R 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 MODE_IND 5 30 19 18 BE 5 31 NC 5 32 NC 5 4 NC 5 2 O NC 5 3 NC 5 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Yi lAL LAI li LLIN I oOo Ta x O O GI IG 2 2j 2 2 2 8 ba oO 10 a jam Ww e a Figure 16 HumPRO Series Transceiver Pre certified Version Pin Assignments Castellation Connection Top View E z 2 lt a E E D a g O O 0 aa ol SES SIB 8 o 3 a lO 00 0 n la gt Zz 0 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 MODE_IND 5 30 19 18 BE 5 31 NC 5 32 NC 3 1 NC 5 2 O NC 5 3 NC 9 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 ALALA ALAA O IB x D O O Iz a 2 2j 322 2 5 ba O 6 lo Q o jam Ww G a Figure 17 HumPRO Series Transceiver Pre certified Version Pin
3. The Clear Input Buffer command discards all RF received bytes and clears the EX_RXWAIT flag The Join Process Control command allows the software to initiate or stop the secure JOIN process It has the following subcommands HumPRO Series JOINCTL Subcommand Values Subcommand Value Operation 0 Halt JOIN operation Generate a random network key and address This sets the module as the network administrator SECOPT KEYRCV 0 2 Perform the JOIN operation with another module 4 Figure 92 HumPRO Series JOINCTL Subcommand Values These operations are equivalent to the push button initiated operation If a JOIN operation is started by the serial command CMD JOINCTL 2 push button operation is ignored until the JOIN operation finishes Register write operations are inhibited when a JOIN process is active except that a Halt JOIN command is never inhibited A Halt JOIN operation completes before the ACK is sent When the JOIN operation is started the KEYRCV flag in the SECOPT register determines whether the module is an administrator or node and whether a key can be sent or changed The JOIN process uses and modifies the non volatile address registers After a successful JOIN the modified non volatile registers are copied to the corresponding volatile registers The Write Key command writes a 16 byte AES key to the selected key register As with most of the registers the encryption key has both volatile and non volatile reg
4. HumPRO Series Extended Exception Mask Registers Name C Description LASTNETAD3 Ox8C MSB of the last network address assigned LASTNETAD2 Ox8D Byte 2 of the last network address assigned LASTNETAD1 Ox8E Byte 1 of the last network address assigned LASTNETADO Ox8F LSB of the last network address assigned Figure 106 HumPRO Series Transceiver Extended Exception Mask Registers Typical Applications Figure 107 shows a typical circuit using the HumPRO Series transceiver MODE_IND CMD_DATA_IN BE CMD_DATA_OUT NC NC NC NC NC POWER_DOWN Figure 107 HumPRO Series Transceiver Basic Application Circuit An external microcontroller provides data and configuration commands Its UART TXD RXD is connected to the module s UART CMD_DATA_IN CMD_DATA_OUT The CTS line is monitored for flow control GPIOs on the microcontroller are connected to lines on the module It monitors the CRESP line to know when the data coming out of the module is transmitted data or a response to a command It monitors the EX line to know if there is an error This line may be connected to an interrupt line for faster response It controls the POWER_DOWN line to place the module into a low power state It controls the CMD line to toggle between configuration commands and data to be transmitted over the air The MODE_IND line is connected to an LED for visual indication that the module is active The PB line i
5. Read Command Read Response Header Size Escape Address ACK Address Value 0x58 0x58 OxFF 0x02 OxFE 0x0D 0x06 0x0D V Write Command Header Size Address Value 0x58 OxFF 0x02 0x0D V Figure 61 HumPRO Series Idle Mode Command and Response HumPRO Series Idle Mode Register Settings V Mode 0x00 Awake 0x01 Sleep Figure 62 HumPRO Series Idle Mode Register Settings WAKEACK ACK on Wake Volatile Address 0x59 Non Volatile Address 0x0E When UART Acknowledge on Wake is enabled the module sends an ACK 0x06 character out of the CMD DATA OUT line after the module resets or wakes from sleep If the SHOWVER register is 1 the ACK is sent after the firmware version This indicates that the module is ready to accept data and commands A value of 0x01 enables this feature OxOO disables it The default value is 0x01 Figure 63 shows examples of the commands and Figure 64 shows the available values HumPRO Series ACK on Wake Read Command Read Response Header Size Escape Address ACK Address Value 0x59 0x59 OxFF 0x02 OxFE OxOE 0x06 OxOE V Write Command Header Size Address Value 0x59 Ox0E OxFF 0x02 Figure 63 HumPRO Series ACK on Wake Command and Response HumPRO Series ACK on Wake Register Settings Vv Mode 0x00 Disable ACK 0x01 Enable ACK Figure 64 HumPRO Series ACK on Wake Register Settings UDESTID User Destination Address Volatile
6. 1 mm mm mm 0 090 0 420 a 0 050 o s Tonnie Figure 114 HUM PRO UFL CAS Recommended PCB Layout 104 Microstrip Details A transmission line is a medium whereby RF energy is transferred from one place to another with minimal loss This is a critical factor especially in high frequency products like Linx RF modules because the trace leading to the module s antenna can effectively contribute to the length of the antenna changing its resonant bandwidth In order to minimize loss and detuning some form of transmission line between the antenna and the module should be used unless the antenna can be placed very close lt in to the module One common form of transmission line is a coax cable and another is the microstrip This term refers to a PCB trace running over a ground plane that is designed to serve as a transmission line between the module and the antenna The width is based on the desired characteristic impedance of the line the thickness of the PCB and the dielectric constant of the board material For standard 0 062in thick FR 4 board material the trace width would be 111 mils The correct trace width can be calculated for other widths and materials using the information in Figure 115 and examples are provided in Figure 116 Software for calculating microstrip lines is also available on the Linx website Board Ground plane Ee 2 2 v1 12d W 60 A F W 1 m WT or lt vV E
7. Figure 21 HumPRO Series Transceiver Address Register Use Acknowledgements and Assured Delivery When a module transmits with assured delivery enabled the receiving module returns an acknowledgement packet The transmitting module waits for this acknowledgement for a preset amount of time based on the data rate If an acknowledgement is not received it retransmits the packet If the receiver receives more than one of the same packet it discards the duplicate packet contents but sends an acknowledgment This way duplicate data is not output by the module If the received destination address matches the local address the receiving module immediately sends an acknowledgement This packet lets the sending module know that the message has been received An acknowledgement packet is sent immediately following reception CSMA delay is not applied to these packets since permission belongs to the interacting modules When the sending module receives the acknowledgement packet it marks the current block of data as completed If this is the last message in the queue the sending module takes the BE line high to indicate that all outgoing data has been sent Assured delivery should only be used when addressing a specific module in a point to point link It should not be used when multiple receivers are enabled When address masking is used only the receiver with an exact match to the address in the transmitted packet responds If none of the e
8. If the module is not synchronized it hops to the next channel and again checks for interference When no activity is detected it starts transmitting Using the Command Response CRESP Line The CRESP line is high when sending data bytes and low when sending command response bytes This indicates to an external host microcontroller that the data on the CMD_DATA_OUT line is a response to acommand and not data received over the air CRESP is held in the correct state at least one byte time after the last byte for the indicated source command response or data although it normally stays in the same state until a change is required If a data packet is received when the module is processing a command it sends the command response raises CRESP and then sends the received data bytes When reading or writing the module s register settings it is possible for incoming RF data to intermix with the module s response to a configuration command This can make it difficult to determine if commands were successfully processed as well as to capture the received RF data Setting the CMDHOLD register to 0x01 causes the module to store incoming RF traffic up to the RF buffer capacity while the CMD line is low When the CMD line is returned high the module outputs the buffered data on the UART This allows the external host microcontroller to have separate configuration times and data times instead of potentially having to handle both at o
9. TECHNOLOGIES HumPRO Series RF Transceiver Module Data Guide Wireless made simple A Warning Some customers may want Linx radio frequency RF products to control machinery or devices remotely including machinery or devices that can cause death bodily injuries and or property damage if improperly or inadvertently triggered particularly in industrial settings or other applications implicating life safety concerns Life and Property Safety Situations NO OEM LINX REMOTE CONTROL OR FUNCTION MODULE SHOULD EVER BE USED IN LIFE AND PROPERTY SAFETY SITUATIONS No OEM Linx Remote Control or Function Module should be modified for Life and Property Safety Situations Such modification cannot provide sufficient safety and will void the product s regulatory certification and warranty Customers may use our non Function Modules Antenna and Connectors as part of other systems in Life Safety Situations but only with necessary and industry appropriate redundancies and in compliance with applicable safety standards including without limitation ANSI and NFPA standards It is solely the responsibility of any Linx customer who uses one or more of these products to incorporate appropriate redundancies and safety standards for the Life and Property Safety Situation application Do not use this or any Linx product to trigger an action directly from the data line or RSSI lines without a protocol or encoder decoder to validat
10. HumPRO Series Configuration Registers 48 49 CRCERRS CRC Error Count Volatile Address 0x40 The value in the CRCERRS register is incremented each time a packet with a valid header is received that fails the CRC check on the payload This check applies only to unencrypted packets Overflows are ignored Writing Ox00 to this register initializes the count Figure 39 shows the command and response HumPRO Series CRC Error Count Read Command Read Response Header Size Escape Address ACK Address Value OxFF 0x02 OxFE 0x40 Ox06 0x40 V Write Command Header Size Address Value OxFF 0x02 0x40 V Figure 39 HumPRO Series CRC Error Count Command and Response HOPTABLE Channel Hop Table 2 31211 251211211211211211211211211 e6 Volatile Address 0x4B Non Volatile Address 0x00 The module supports 6 different hop sequences with minimal correlation The sequence is set by the value in the HOPTABLE register Changing the hop sequence changes the band utilization much the same way that a channel does for a non hopping transmitter The hop table selection must match between the transmitter and receiver Valid values are 0 5 Figure 40 shows the command and response HumPRO Series Channel Hop Table Read Command Read Response Header Size Escape Address ACK Address Value 0x4B 0x4B OxFF 0x02 OxFE 0x00 0x06 0x00 V Write Command Header Size Address Value 0x4B OxFF 0x02 0x00 V Figure 40 HumPRO Serie
11. PKTOPT register bit 2 1 received data is output on the CMD_DATA_OUT line one packet at a time after a GETPH GETPD or GETPHD command is written to the CMD register Writing one of these commands begins the received packet transfer cycle Two lines are used as flow control and indicators during the transfer cycle The CMD line is controlled by the host microcontroller The module uses either the CTS line or the CRESP line as a status line depending on the state of the RXP_CTS option in the PKOPT register When a valid packet is received the EX_RXWAIT exception flag is set in the EEXFLAG1 register If the corresponding bit in the EEXMASK1 register is set then the EX line goes high The host microcontroller can monitor the EX line or periodically check the EEXFLAG or LSTATUS registers to determine if data is ready to be read The transfer cycle is begun by writing a Get Packet Header GETPH Get Packet Data GETPD or Get Packet Header and Data GETPHD command to the CMD register The module sends the command ACK byte and sets the selected status line high Once the status line goes high the host microcontroller sets the CMD line high and the module outputs the received data The command sent determines whether the bytes sent are the header data or header followed by data When all packet bytes have been sent the control line goes low When the host microcontroller detects that the line is low it sets CMD low completing
12. information to the host processor while using fewer GPIO lines HumPRO Series Output Line Status Read Command Read Response Header Size Escape Escape Address ACK Address Value OxFF 0x03 OxFE OxFE 0x46 Ox06 OxC6 LSTATUS Figure 88 HumPRO Series Transceiver Output Line Status Command and Response Each bit in the byte that is returned by the read represents the logic state of one of the output indicator lines Figure 89 shows which line each bit represents HumPRO Series Output Line Status LSTATUS Values LSTATUS Bit Line Status 0 EX Exception 1 exception has occurred 1 PA_EN PA Enable 1 the transmitter is active LNA_EN LNA Enable 1 the receiver is active CTS Clear To Send 1 incoming data buffer near full MODE_IND Mode Indicator 1 RF data transfer is active TX or RX BE Buffer Empty 1 UART buffer is empty Reserved N O gt Reserved Figure 89 HumPRO Series Output Line Status LSTATUS Values CMD Command Register Volatile Address 0xC7 This volatile write only register is used to issue special commands HumPRO Series Command Register Write Command Header Size Escape Address Value OxFF 0x03 OxFE 0x47 V Figure 90 HumPRO Series Transceiver Command Register Command and Response Value V is chosen from among the options in Figure 91 HumPRO Series CMD Values CMD Value Operation Ox1 SENDP Send Packet Ox2 GETPH Get Packet Header 0x3 GETP
13. l1 6 9 SEE ESA ee T E 00 COC 2 COO A O o WEA A 2 4 aa 8 amp 8 6 3 OEA O T ee ee 2 8B 4 eC gt 3 1 4 4 0 8 1Q 02 4 4 61 O a o 2 4 5 28 344 9 4 60D 55 HPA A EA ee A 238 24 3 39 4 6 HE O E A O ee EA A 27 A A 4 2 600 1 16 40 O 9 35 se 2 23 14 50 35 8 5 13 60 Figure 42 HumPRO Series Hop Sequences for UART rate of 9 600bps 52 HumPRO Series Hop Sequences by Channel Number for 38 400bps and Above 32 so 6 8 4 18 _ a FP e 46 4 Figure 43 HumPRO Series Hop Sequences for UART rates of 19 200bps and above TXPWR Transmitter Output Power Volatile Address 0x4D Non Volatile Address 0x02 The value in the TXPWR register sets the module s output power Figure 44 shows the command and response and Figure 45 available power settings and typical power outputs for the module The default setting is 0x03 HumPRO Series Transmitter Output Power Mode Read Command Read Response Header Size Escape Address ACK Address Value 0x4D 0x4D OxFF 0x02 OxFE 0x02 0x06 0x02 PWR Write Command Header Size Address Value 0x4D OxFF 0x02 0x02 PWR Figure 44 HumPRO Series Transmitter Output Power Mode Command and Response HumPRO Series Transmitter Output Power Mode Register Settings PWR Typical Output Power
14. 0xCD 0xCF These volatile registers contain flags for various events Similar to the EXCEPT register they provide a separate bit for each exception HumPRO Series Extended Exception Flags Registers Volatile ae Name E Description EEXMASK2 OxCD Byte 2 of the extended exception flags EEXMASK1 OxCE Byte 1 of the extended exception flags EEXMASKO OxCF LSB of the extended exception flags Figure 99 HumPRO Series Transceiver Extended Exception Code Registers When an exception occurs the associated bit is set in this register If the corresponding bit in the EEXMASK is set and EXMASK is zero the EX status line is set Reading an EEXFLAG register does not clear the register Writing to an EEXFLAG register causes the register to be set to the BIT_AND current_value new_value This provides a way of clearing bits that have been serviced without clearing a bit that has been set since the flag register was read This prevents a loss of notification of an exception Register bits can only be cleared not set from the write command though some flags are also cleared internally Flag EX_TXDONE is set when a data packet has been transmitted If the packet was sent with acknowledgement enabled this flag indicates that the acknowledgment has also been received It is cleared by writing a zero bit to EX_TXDONE in the register Flag EX_RXWAIT is 1 when there are buffered incoming data bytes which have not been sent to the UART It is cle
15. Address 0x5A 0x5D Non Volatile Address 0x0F 0X12 These registers contain the address of the destination module when User Addressing mode or Extended User Addressing mode are enabled User Addressing mode uses bytes 0 and 1 to determine the destination address Extended User Addressing mode uses all four bytes These registers are automatically filled with the source address from a received message if the received message address type matches the value in AUTOADDR Please see the Addressing Modes section for more details Each register byte is read and written separately Figure 65 shows the User Destination ID registers HumPRO Series User Destination Address Registers Volatile Non Volatile Name Address Address Description UDESTIDS Ox5A OxOF MSB of the extended destination address UDESTID2 Ox5B 0x10 Byte 2 of the extended destination address Byte 1 of the extended destination address nh l i 0x5 Oxi MSB of the short destination address LSB of the extended destination address and K Tiel SD Olie short destination address Figure 65 HumPRO Series User Destination Address Registers USACIO User Source Address Volatile Address 0x5E 0x61 Non Volatile Address 0x13 0x16 These registers contain the address of the module when User Addressing mode or Extended User Addressing mode are enabled User Addressing mode uses bytes O and 1 to determine the source address for both transmitted messages and matching received mes
16. Encryption is implemented on modules with FWVERS 2 and higher NVCYCLE Non Volatile Refresh Cycles Non Volatile Address 0xC4 0xC5 These read only non volatile registers contain the number of lifetime refresh cycles performed for the non volatile memory The minimum lifetine refreshes is 2 000 refresh cycles Beyond this the refreshes may not be complete and the module s operation can become unpredictable HumPRO Series Non Volatile Refresh Cycles Registers Non Volatile Bat Name T Description NVCYCLE1 OxC4 MSB of the number of refresh cycles NVCYCLEO OxC5 LSB of the number of refresh cycles Figure 87 HumPRO Series Non Volatile Refresh Cycles Registers Between 8 and 150 non volatile write operations can be made before a refresh cycle is necessary Writing the registers from lowest to highest address maximizes the number of write operations It is recommended to write the desired default values to non volatile memory and use the volatile registers for values that change frequently These registers show the total number of refresh cycles that have occurred This gives an indication of the remaining life expectancy of the memory Figure 87 shows the Non Volatile Refresh Cycles registers LSTATUS Output Line Status Volatile Address 0xC6 This register contains the logic states of the output indicator lines providing
17. These are shorter and simpler than AT commands that are popular with many modules These commands control the configuration of the module as well as allow feedback on the operation and status of the module Carrier Sense Multiple Access CSMAI The module implements a Carrier Sense Multiple Access method It listens to the channel and makes sure that it is clear before it transmits If the channel is in use the module either waits for it to clear or hops to the next channel depending on its current state This reduces the overall potential for interference and improves the robustness of the link 17 Addressing Modes The module has very flexible addressing methods selected with the ADDMODE register It can be changed during operation The transmitting module addresses packets according to the addressing mode configuration The receiving module processes all addressing types regardless of the ADDMODE configuration If the received message matches the addressing criteria it is output on the UART Otherwise it is discarded The ADDMODE configuration also enables assured delivery There are three addressing modes DSN User and Extended User Each mode offers different communications methods but all use source and destination addressing The source address is for the transmitting unit the destination address is the intended receiver Each mode uses different registers for the source and des
18. a 3 second hold of a button connected to the PB input When PSHARE is 1 the Share Network Key function is enabled during the JOIN process This allows an administrator to share the encryption key it created When 0 a JOIN process sends the network address but no key When PGKEY is 1 the JOIN process is allowed to change or clear the network key The key can always be changed through serial commands When CHGADDR is 1 the JOIN process is allowed to generate a random network address if the module is an administrator If the module is a node it is allowed to accept an address assignment from the administrator When KEYRCV is 1 the module is set to receive a network key from an administrator and act as a node When it is O the module is set as an administrator and sends a network key and assigns an address to the node In order for this bit to change from 1 to O both volatile and non volatile copies of the network key must be cleared preventing nodes from being manipulated to transmit the key This bit is cleared by the GENERATE_KEY push button function When EN_UNENC is 1 the module accepts unencrypted packets If this bit is 0 unencrypted received packets are ignored When EN_CHANGE is 1 changes are permitted to the SECOPT register except as noted for KEYRCV changes Clearing this bit prohibits the following SECOPT changes to enhance security 1 changing PSHARE from 0 to 1 2 changing EN CHANGE from 0 to 1 3 changing EN_UN
19. an ACK 0x06 If the ACK is not received the C ommand should be resent The module responds with a NACK 0x15 if a write is attempted to a read only or invalid register As an example to write 01 to register Ox83 send FF 03 FE 03 01 Note The non volatile memory has a life expectancy of at least 18 000 write operations 44 Command Length Optimization Some commands may be shortened by applying the following rules 1 Escape sequences are not required for byte values Ox00 to OxEF besides OxFE and OxFF bytes OxFO OxFD are reserved for future use 2 An escape byte inverts bit 7 of the following data byte 8 The OxFE as the first byte of the Read Register Command field is an escape byte 4 Two consecutive escape bytes cancel unless the following data byte is OxfO Oxff Examples e FF 02 FE 02 read nv TXPWR is equivalent to FF 01 82 e FF 03 FE FE 53 read v PKOPT is equivalent to FF 01 53 e FF 03 1A FE 7F write FF to nv UMASKO cannot be shortened e FF 03 1A FE 40 write CO to nv UMASKO is equivalent to FF 02 1A CO These rules are implemented in the sample code file EncodeProCmd c which can be downloaded from the Linx website 45 Example Code for Encoding Read Write Commands This software example is provided as a courtesy in as is condition Linx Technologies makes no guarantee representation or warranty whether express implied or statutory regarding the suitability of the
20. configuration The SECOPT register is used to configure options related to the JOIN D Factory Default TT process This allows the OEM to set desired values at the factory and allow A Network Administrator USRCID 76 54 30 00 final network configuration in the field This includes disabling the ability to N Network Node UDESTID 76 54 3F EF ng P OEM Preset Unit Network Key change the address change the key and share the key The built in security prohibits changing a node to an administrator without changing the key Figure 31 HumPRO Series JOIN Process 36 37 Using the MODE_IND Line The MODE_IND line is designed to be connected to an LED to provide visual indication of the module s status and current actions The pattern of blinks indicates the particular feedback from the module Figure 32 shows the different blink patterns and their meanings MODE_IND Line Timing Display on off time in seconds HOGI Seius Join Operation Administrator Join The administrator is looking for a node Two quick blinks to join with Node Join The node is looking for an administrator to join One quick blink with Key Transfer Active Key transfer is taking place Cule lling administrator and node Key Transfer Complete The module has completed a key Slow Blink v transfer administrator and node Temporary On On when the PB line is high Two quick blinks one time Join Canceled Failure For Share Key or Get K
21. resets the module when pulled low It should be high for normal operation This line has an internal 10k resistor to supply so leave it unconnected if not used Low Noise Amplifier Enable This line is driven high when receiving It is intended to activate an optional external LNA Power Amplifier Enable This line is driven high when transmitting It is intended to activate an optional external power amplifier Command Data Out Output line for data and serial commands Command Data In Input line for data CMD is high and serial commands CMD is low UART Clear To Send active low This line indicates to the host microcontroller when the module is ready to accept data When _ CTS is high the module is busy When CTS is low the module is ready for data Push Button input This line can be connected to Vcc through a normally open push button Button sequences can reset configurations to default and join modules into a network Mode Indicator This line indicates module activity It can source enough current to drive a small LED causing it to flash The duration of the flashes indicates the module s current state Buffer Empty This line is high when the UART input buffer is empty indicating that all data has been transmitted If acknowledgment is active it also indicates that the receiving module has acknowledged the data or a retry exception has occurred Figure 15 HumPRO Series Transceiver Pin Descriptions
22. 0 seconds for lead free alloys Reflow Oven 255 C max see Figure 120 Figure 119 Absolute Maximum Solder Times Automated Assembly For high volume assembly the modules are generally auto placed The modules have been designed to maintain compatibility with reflow processing techniques however due to their hybrid nature certain aspects of the assembly process are far more critical than for other component types Following are brief discussions of the three primary areas where caution must be observed 108 Reflow Temperature Profile The single most critical stage in the automated assembly process is the reflow stage The reflow profile in Figure 120 should not be exceeded because excessive temperatures or transport times during reflow will irreparably damage the modules Assembly personnel need to pay careful attention to the oven s profile to ensure that it meets the requirements necessary to successfully reflow all components while still remaining within the limits mandated by the modules The figure below shows the recommended reflow oven profile for the modules 300 Recommended RoHS Profile Recommended Non RoHS Profile q Max RoHS Profile 2507 2007 Temperature C 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 Time Seconds Figure 120 Maximum Reflow Temperature Profile S
23. 1 301 344 2050 Email labinfo fcc gov ETSI Secretaria 650 Route des Lucioles 06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex FRANCE Phone 33 0 4 92 94 42 00 Fax 33 0 4 93 65 47 16 International approvals are slightly more complex although Linx modules are designed to allow all international standards to be met If the end product is to be exported to other countries contact Linx to determine the specific suitability of the module to the application All Linx modules are designed with the approval process in mind and thus much of the frustration that is typically experienced with a discrete design is eliminated Approval is still dependent on many factors such as the choice of antennas correct use of the frequency selected and physical packaging While some extra cost and design effort are required to address these issues the additional usefulness and profitability added to a product by RF makes the effort more than worthwhile 115 Linx TECHNOLOGIES Linx Technologies 159 Ort Lane Merlin OR US 97532 Phone 1 541 471 6256 Fax 1 541 471 6251 www linxtechnologies com Disclaimer Linx Technologies is continually striving to improve the quality and function of its products For this reason we reserve the right to make changes to our products without notice The information contained in this Data Guide is believed to be accurate as of the time of publication Specifications are based on representative lot samples Values m
24. 10 HumPRO Series Transceiver Castellation Version Reference Design 100 101 Power Supply Requirements The module does not have an internal Veo TO voltage regulator therefore it requires a clean MODULE well regulated power source The power supply noise should be less than 20mV Power supply vec IN noise can significantly affect the module s performance so providing a clean power supply for the module should be a high priority during design 10 F Figure 111 Supply Filter A 100 resistor in series with the supply followed by a 10uF tantalum capacitor from V to ground helps in cases where the quality of supply power is poor Figure 111 This filter should be placed close to the module s supply lines These values may need to be adjusted depending on the noise present on the supply line Antenna Considerations The choice of antennas is a tran critical and often overlooked V gt design consideration The range N Q performance and legality of an RF N mann U link are critically dependent upon the NS je antenna While adequate antenna X paa performance can often be obtained e j d by trial and error methods antenna design and matching is a complex Figure 112 Linx Antennas task Professionally designed antennas such as those from Linx Figure 112 help ensure maximum performance and FCC and other regulatory compliance Linx transmitter modules typically have an output power that is highe
25. 115kbps required e Low power modes e No production tuning required e FCC and IC Pre certified version s Tiny PLCC 32 footprint e Simple UART interface dla Su Revised 10 20 2015 Electrical Specifications HumPRO Series Transceiver Specifications Ordering Information Ordering Information Part Number Description Parameter Symbol Min Typ Max Units Notes HUM 900 PRO HumPRO Series Data Transceiver Power Supply HUM 900 PRO CAS HumPRO Series Data Transceiver with Castellation Connection Operating Voltage Vog 2 0 3 6 VDC HUM 900 PRO UFL HumPRO Series Data Transceiver with u FL Connector TX Supply Current I EVM 900 PRO HumPRO Series Carrier Board 900MHz at 10dBm 40 5 41 5 mA 1 2 EVM 900 PRO CAS HumPRO Series Carrier Board with Certified module 900MHz at OdBm 22 24 mA 2 AIRIS 0001 T00 RX Supply Current E 235 245 ma 1 23 EVM 900 PRO UFL HumPRO Series Carrier Board with Certified module UFL mambo duren 07 14 uA 12 Connector PDN DEV 900 PRO HumPRO Series Master Development System S Operating Frequency Band Fa MHz Figure 2 Ordering Information HUM 900 PRO xxx 902 928 MHz Number of hop channels 19 2kbps RF Rate 50 64 152 34kbps RF Rate 26 32 Channel spacing Absolute Maximum Ratings 19 2kbps RF Rate 375 9 kHz TH a Supply Voltage Y 0 3 to 3 9 VDC EA Any Input or Output Pin 0 3 to v 03 voc S hs ae RF Input 0 dBm 152 34kbps RF Rate 315 kHz Operating Temperature 40 to 85 C S Stor
26. 6 Many of these styles utilize A A helical elements to reduce the overall antenna size while maintaining reasonable performance A helical antenna s bandwidth is often quite narrow and the antenna can detune in proximity to other objects so care must be exercised in layout and placement Figure 126 Specialty Style Antennas 112 A ee ee re ee A loop or trace style antenna is normally printed directly on a product s PCB Figure 127 This makes it the most cost effective of antenna styles The element can be made self resonant or externally resonated with discrete components but its actual layout is usually product specific Despite the cost advantages loop style antennas are generally inefficient and useful only for short range applications They are also very sensitive to changes in layout and PCB dielectric which can cause consistency issues during production In addition printed styles are difficult to engineer requiring the use of expensive equipment including a network analyzer An improperly designed loop will have a high VSWR at the desired frequency which can cause instability in the RF stage Figure 127 Loop or Trace Antenna Linx offers low cost planar Figure 128 and chip antennas that mount directly to a product s PCB These tiny antennas do not require testing and provide excellent performance despite their small size They offer a preferable alternative to the often problematic printed antenna Figu
27. Assignments UFL Connection Top View Module Dimensions 0 55 h 13 97 1 0 45 11 43 5 0 07 T TT m a7 Figure 18 HumPRO Series Transceiver Dimensions 0 812 20 62 0 45 11 43 0 116 2 95 Figure 19 HumPRO Series Transceiver Pre certified Version Dimensions Theory of Operation The HumPRO Series transceiver is a low cost high performance synthesized FSK MSK transceiver Figure 20 shows the module s block diagram DEMODULATOR ANTENNA O PROCESSOR INTERFACE ORMO Ace SYNTH Figure 20 HumPRO Series Transceiver RF Section Block Diagram The HumPRO Series transceiver operates in the 902 to 928MHz frequency band The transmitter output power is programmable The range varies depending on the antenna implementation and the local RF environment The FF carrier is generated directly by a frequency synthesizer that includes an on chip VCO The received RF signal is amplified by a low noise amplifier LNA and down converted to I Q quadrature signals The I Q signals are digitized by ADCs A low power onboard communications processor performs the radio control and management functions including Automatic Gain Control AGC filtering demodulation and packet synchronization A control processor performs the higher level functions and controls the serial and hardware interfaces A crystal oscillator generates the reference f
28. D Get Packet Data Ox4 GETPHD Get Packet Header and Data Ox5 CLRRXP Clear Received Packet Ox6 CLROB Clear Outbound Buffer 0x07 CLRIB Clear Input Buffer 0x10 JOINCTL Join Process Control 0x11 WRKEY Write Key 0x12 CLRKEY Clear Key 0x13 RLDKEY Reload Key 0x20 OxAA OxBB NVRESET Reset non volatile registers to factory default Figure 91 HumPRO Series Command Register Values The Send Packet command starts data transmission Operation differs depending on whether option TXPKT is set in the PKTOPT register e TXPKT 0 this command operates the same as a data timeout with DATATO All waiting data up to the maximum allowed in the remaining channel time is transmitted e TXPKT 1 this command marks the end of an explicit packet in the outgoing buffer All bytes in the packet are transmitted together Following bytes are sent in the next packet The max packet length is 192 bytes Multiple packets can be queued with this command The Get Packet Header command returns the received packet header using a received packet transfer cycle see the Receiving Packets section The header is discarded after transfer This command is normally issued after receiving an RXWAIT exception The packet data can be read after completion of the header transfer If the data is not read before this command is issued a second time then the data is discarded and the header for the following packet is returned A NAK response is returned if opt
29. DSN2 0x35 R Factory programmed Serial Number TXPWR 0x02 0x4D R W 0x03 Transmit Power MYDSN1 0x36 R Factory programmed Serial Number UARTBAUD 0x03 0x4E R W 0x01 UART data rate MYDSNO 0x37 R Factory programmed Serial Number ADDMODE 0x04 0x4F RAW 0x04 Addressing mode CUSTID1 0x39 R OxFF Factory programmed customer ID DATATO 0x05 0x50 R W 0x10 Data timeout CUSTIDO Ox3A R OxFF Factory programmed customer ID MAXTXRETRY 0x07 0x52 R W Ox1A Maximum Transmit Retries CRSSI Ox3F R W OxBA Carrier Sense minimum RSSI ENCRC 0x08 0x53 R W 0x01 Enable CRC checking RELEASE 0x78 R Release number BCTRIG 0x09 0x54 R W 0x40 Byte Count trigger EXCEPT 0x79 R 0x00 Exception code SHOWVER Ox0A R W 0x01 Show version on startup PRSSI 0x7B R 0x00 Packet RSSI ENCSMA OxOB 0x56 R W 0x01 Enable CSMA ARSSI Ox7C R 0x00 Ambient RSSI IDLE OxOD 0x58 R W 0x00 Idle Mode FWVER3 OxCO R Firmware version major WAKEACK OxOE 0x59 RAW 0x01 UART Acknowledge on Wake FWVER2 OxC1 R Firmware version minor H i D Ei H H UDESTID3 OxOF Ox6A RAN OXFF lid ons for User Packe FWVER1 OxC2 R irmware version increment YRS FWVERO OxC3 R Firmware version suffix j j D UDESTID2 0x10 0x5B R W OxFF a p Cue E NVCYCLE1 0xC4 R NV Refresh Cycles MS T xen pc li te E D ASS NVCYCLEO OxC5 R NV Refresh Cycles LS x 2 Type LSTATUS OxC6 R Output line status aa 5 ist UDESTIDO 0x12 0x5D R W OXFF Destina on Address for User Packe CMD OxC7 W Command register ype SECSTA
30. ENC from O to 1 An attempt to make a prohibited change causes a NACK command response When EN_CHANGE is 0 these restrictions can only be removed by resetting the module configuration to the factory default EEXMASK Extended Exception M sk Volatile Address 0x80 0x82 Non Volatile Address 0xD0 0xD2 These registers contain a mask for the events in EEXFLAG using the same offset and bit number HumPRO Series Extended Exception Mask Registers Volatile Non Volatile Name Address Address Description EEXMASK2 Ox80 OxDO Byte 2 of the extended exception mask EEXMASK1 0x81 OxD1 Byte 1 of the extended exception mask EEXMASKO 0x82 0xD2 LSB of the extended exception mask Figure 105 HumPRO Series Transceiver Extended Exception Mask Registers To use this value register EXMASK must be zero If EXMASK is non zero this register has no effect on the EX line When an exception bit is set in EEXFLAG the corresponding EEXMASK bit is set and EXMASK is zero the EX status line is set otherwise the EX line is reset Mask bits for unassigned flags should be zero for future compatibility Non Volatile Address 0x8C 0x8F These bytes contain the last address assigned using the JOIN process When a new unit joins the network it is assigned the next address and this value is incremented in the administrator It is initially set to the administrator address when a network key is generated
31. FLAGx registers standard operation If EXMASK is non zero the first method is used otherwise the second method is used For legacy operation with the 250 and 25 Series the EX line is set and reset by the Exception EXCEPT register processing It is set when an exception occurs and the exception code ANDed with the current Exception Mask EXMASK register is non zero It is reset when the EXCEPT register is read through a command No other operations affect the state of EX Setting EXMASK non zero does not change the state of EX If an exception code is already present in the register when an error occurs the new exception code overwrites the old value Exception codes are organized by type for ease of masking Figure 27 lists the exception codes and their meanings HumPRO Series Transceiver Exception Codes Exception Code Exception Name Description 0x08 EX_BUFOVFL Incoming UART buffer overflowed 0x09 EX_RFOVFL Outgoing UART buffer overflowed 0x13 EX_WRITEREGFAILED Attempted write to register failed Acknowledgement packet not received oao BX NORRAOK after maximum number of retries 0x40 EX_BADCRC Bad CRC detected on incoming packet 0x42 EX_BADHEADER Bad CRC detected in packet header 0x43 EX_BADSEQID Sequence ID was incorrect in ACK packet Attempted transmit with Invalid setting in 0x44 EX_BADFRAMETYPE reg NETMODE or invalid packet type in received packet header Figure 27 HumPRO Series Transceiver Exception C
32. LED connected to the MODE_IND line provides visual indication of the module s state A module is set as an administrator by pressing and holding the button for A Key Generation and Network Join from Factory Default 30 seconds to start the Generate Key function While the button is held the Generate Key MODE_IND line is on After 30s the MODE_IND line repeats a double blink 0 gt Ca indicating that the function has begun When the button is released the key and address generation are complete and the module is an administrator E e UDESTID FF FF FF FF UDESTID 76 54 32 FF When Generate Key is performed the unit is set as the network No Key Network Key administrator It generates a random 128 bit AES encryption key based on ambient RF noise and scrambled by an encryption operation If UMASK JOIN is the default value OxFFFFFFFF it is set to OXOOOOOOFF supporting 0 LN up to 255 nodes and ADDMODE is set to Extended User Address with encryption 0x27 or without encryption 0x07 if flag PGKEY in the mm mg SECOPT register is 0 UMASK and ADDMODE are not changed if UMASK UDESTID FF FF FF FF UDESTID 76 54 32 00 is not OxFFFFFFFF A random 32 bit address is generated By default the No Key Netw rk Key lower 8 bits are O forming the network base address Other nodes are assigned sequential addresses starting with network base address 1 UDESTID is set to the bitwise OR of USRCID and UMASK which is the network br
33. N Destination Serial Number Volatile Address 0x68 0x6B Non Volatile Address 0x1D 0x20 These registers contain the serial number of the destination module when DSN Addressing Mode is enabled Please see the Addressing Modes section for more details Each register byte is read and written separately Figure 68 shows the Destination DSN registers HumPRO Series Destination DSN Registers Volatile Non Volatile Name Address Address Description DESTDSN3 0x68 0x1D MSB of the destination DSN DESTDSN2 Ox69 Ox1E Byte 2 of the destination DSN DESTDSN1 Ox6A Ox1F Byte 1 of the destination DSN DESTDSNO Ox6B 0x20 LSB of the destination DSN Figure 68 HumPRO Series Destination DSN Registers EXMASK Exception Mask Volatile Address 0x6C Non Volatile Address 0x21 The module has a built in exception engine that can notify the host processor of an unexpected event When an exception occurs this register is ANDed with the exception code A non zero result causes the EX line to go high Reading the EXCEPT register clears the exception and resets the EX line If the ANDed result is zero the EX line is not asserted but the exception code is stored in the EXCEPT register Please see the Exception Engine section for more details Figure 69 shows examples of the commands and Figure 70 shows the available values HumPRO Series Exception Mask Read Command Read Response Header S
34. RO Series Transceiver Join Status Command and Response The command returns a single byte Figure shows the meanings of the returned value byte HumPRO Series Join Status Value Bit Status Last Join Result decimal Last Operation Successful Module unpaired since restart New key generated Successfully sent address to another unit Successfully sent address and key to another unit Successfully obtained key from administrator Successfully obtained address from administrator Successfully obtained key and address from administrator New address generated without key New key generated without address GO JO Gn E GO M G Last Operation Failed 0 5 10 Fail operation canceled timeout Invalid Generate Key and Address request Assignment message didn t contain key Administrator has no key to send when SECOPT PSHARE 1 Administrator has no address to send Inconsistent Network Address Registers USRC UMASK LASTNETAD LASTNETAD overflow GET_KEY key and address change disabled T o T D E ON aa T w Current Operation 32 Detecting PB sequence 33 Waiting for joining unit 34 Another joining unit detected Joining is in progress JOINACT MODE_IND is active with pairing status serial write operations are inhibited Figure 98 HumPRO Series Transceiver Join Status Value EEXFLAG Extended Exception Flags cece Volatile Address
35. Spread Spectrum Compatibility with the 250 Series Networking Transmitting Packets Receiving Packets Using the Buffer Empty BE Line Exception Engine Carrier Sense Multiple Access CSMA Using the Command Response CRESP Line Using the CMD Line External Amplifier Control AES Encryption 38 39 40 40 42 43 44 45 45 48 95 96 96 97 98 98 98 100 102 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 108 108 110 112 114 Using the MODE_IND Line Using the PB Line Restore Factory Defaults Using the Low Power Features The Command Data Interface Reading from Registers Writing to Registers Command Length Optimization Example Code for Encoding Read Write Commands The Command Data Interface Command Set Typical Applications Usage Guidelines for FCC Compliance Additional Testing Requirements Information to the user Product Labeling FCC RF Exposure Statement Antenna Selection Castellation Version Reference Design Power Supply Requirements Antenna Considerations Interference Considerations Pad Layout Microstrip Details Board Layout Guidelines Helpful Application Notes from Linx Production Guidelines Hand Assembly Automated Assembly General Antenna Rules Common Antenna Styles Regulatory Considerations HumPRO Series RF Transceiver Module Data Guide Description 13 97 The HumPRO Series is a frequency hopping spread spectrum FHSS transceiver designed for the reliable transfer of dig
36. T Byte Count Tigger Volatile Address 0x54 Non Volatile Address 0x09 The BCTRIG register determines the UART buffer level that triggers the transmission of a packet The minimum value is decimal 1 and the maximum value is 192 The default value for this register is 64 which provides a good mix of throughput and latency At the maximum data rate a value of 128 optimizes throughput This register does not guarantee a particular transmission unit size rather it specifies the minimum desired size If there is not enough time left in the channel dwell time before the module must hop to the next channel for instance the protocol engine sends as many characters as it can to fill the current channel dwell time and sends the remaining characters on the next channel Figure 56 shows examples of the commands HumPRO Series UART Byte Count Trigger Read Command Read Response Header Size Escape Address ACK Address Value 0x54 0x54 OxFF 0x02 OxFE 0x09 0x06 0x09 V Write Command Header Size Address Value 0x54 0x09 OxFF 0x02 Figure 56 HumPRO Series UART Byte Count Trigger Command and Response This trigger can be overridden by enabling the TXPKT option PKTOPT register bit 0 SHOWVER Show Version ni Non Volatile Address 0x0A Setting the SHOWVER register to Ox00 suppresses the start up message including firmware version which is sent out of the UART when the module is res
37. T OxC9 R Security Status USRCID3 0x13 Ox5E R W OxFF a oe for User Packet Type JOINST OxCA R 0x00 Join Status extende S Add ior User Packer EEXFLAG2 OxCD R W Ox00 Extended exception flags ource ress for User Packe USRCID2 0x14 Ox5F R W OxFF tended di EEXFLAG1 0xCE R W 0x00 Extended exception flags USRCID1 0x15 0x60 R W EE Source Address for User Packet Type Era OxCF RAV 0x00 Extended exception flags USRCIDO 0x16 0x61 R W OxFF Source Address for User Packet Type EEXMASK2 0x80 0xD0 R W 0x00 Extended exception mask T EEXMASK1 0x81 OxD1 R W 0x00 Extended exception mask UMASK3 0x17 0x62 R W OxFF Address Mask for User Packet Type p extended EEXMASKO 0x82 0xD2 R W 0x00 Extended exception mask UMASK2 0x18 0x63 RW OxFF e ad for User Packet Type PKTOPT 0x83 0xD3 R W 0x00 Packet options SECOPT 0x84 OxD4 R W OxFF Security Options UMASK1 0x19 0x64 R W OxFF Address Mask for User Packet Type s LASTNETADI 3 0x8C RAN Ox00 Last Network Address Assigned UMASKO Ox1A 0x65 R W OxFF Address Mask for User Packet Type 5 LASTNETAD 2 0x8D R W 0x00 Last Network Address Assigned DESTDSN3 Ox1D 0x68 R W OxFF Destination Device Serial Number LASTNETAD 1 0x8E R W Ox00 Last Network Address Assigned DESTDSN2 Ox1E 0x69 R W OxFF Destination Device Serial Number 5 LASTNETADI0 0x8F R W 0x00 Last Network Address Assigned DESTDSN1 Ox1F Ox6A R W OxFF Destination Device Serial Number Figure 38
38. Time seconds 0 0 5 1 15 2 25 Figure 34 HumPRO Series MODE_IND Displays Using the PB Line The PB Line is used to trigger functions associated with the JOIN process This line should be connected to a momentary pushbutton that pulls the line to VCC when it is pressed and opens the circuit when it is released There is no internal pull down so a resistor to ground should be used to pull the line down when the button is not pressed A value of 10kQ to 100kQ works well The sequence of presses determines which function is triggered Figure 33 shows the sequences PB Line Operation Function Sequence Join a network 1 short pulse Cancel a Join Process that is in progress 1 short pulse Generate a network key and address Hold PB high for 30 seconds Reset to factory defaults 4 short pulses and hold high for 3 seconds Test key and address 3 short pulses A short pulse is a logic high that is between 100 and 2 000ms in duration Figure 33 HumPRO Series PB Line Operation Restore Factory Defaults The transceiver is reset to factory default by taking the PB line high briefly 4 times then holding PB high for more than 3 seconds Each brief interval must be high 0 1 to 2 seconds and low 0 1 to 2 seconds 1 second nominal high low cycle The sequence helps prevent accidental resets Once the sequence is recognized the MODE_IND line blinks in groups of three until the PB line goes low After PB goes low the non vola
39. Timeout HumPRO Series Acknowledgement Timeout Times Baud Rate Timeout Time 9 600 50ms 19 200 50ms 38 400 30ms 57 600 30ms 115 200 30ms Figure 53 HumPRO Series Acknowledgement Timeout Times ENCRC CRC Enable Volatile Address 0x53 Non Volatile Address 0x08 The protocol includes a Cyclic Redundancy Check CRC on the received unencrypted packets to make sure that there are no errors Encrypted packets use a key based error detection method Any packets with errors are discarded and not output on the UART This feature can be disabled if it is desired to perform error checking outside the module Set the ENCRC register to 0x01 to enable CRC checking or Ox00 to disable it The default CRC mode setting is enabled Figure 54 shows examples of the commands and Figure 55 shows the available values HumPRO Series CRC Enable Read Command Read Response Header Size Escape Address ACK Address Value 0x53 0x53 OxFF 0x02 OxFE 0x08 0x06 0x08 V Write Command Header Size Address Value 0x53 OxFF 0x02 0x08 V Figure 54 HumPRO Series CRC Enable Command and Response HumPRO Series CRC Enable Register Settings Vv Mode 0x00 CRC Disabled 0x01 CRC Enabled Figure 55 HumPRO Series CRC Enable Register Settings Although disabling CRC checking allows receiving packets with errors in the payload errors in the header can still prevent packets from being output by the module BCTRIG UAR
40. Value 0x06 REG V Figure 36 HumPRO Series Read from Configuration Register Command and Response Writing to Registers To allow any byte value to be written values of 128 0x80 or greater can b e encoded into a two byte escape sequence of the format OxFE value 0x80 This includes register addresses as well as values to be written to the registers The result is that there are four possible packet structures D ecause of the possible escape sequences These are shown in Figure 37 HumPRO Series Write to Configuration Register Command Command for a Register and Value less than 128 0x80 Header Size Address Value OxFF 0x02 REG V Command for a Register less than 128 0x80 and a Value greater than 128 0x80 Header Size Address Escape Value OxFF 0x03 REG OxFE V 0x80 Command for a Register greater than 128 0x80 and a Value less than 128 0x80 Header Size Addr Addr2 Value OxFF 0x03 OxFE REG 0x80 V Command for a Register and Value greater than 128 0x80 Header Size Addr Addr2 Escape Value OxFF 0x04 OxFE REG 0x80 OxFE V 0x80 Figure 37 HumPRO Series Write to Configuration Register Command Generally there are three steps to creating the command 1 2 3 Determine the register address and the value to be written Encode the address and value as either the number N or the encoded number OxFE N Ox80 as appropriate Add the header OxFF and the size The module responds with
41. a Sle gt AAA 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 MODE_IND 3 30 20 K GND BE 31 19 C ANT NC gt 32 18 C GND NC gt 1 17 C GND NC 5 2 16 K GND NC 5 3 15 K GND NC 71 4 14 C GND 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 m1nnnnnnnnnA oom x aA O O Iz IO Z Z 0 W Z Z ZIS I ha 0 o lo O G oc Lu O A Figure 14 HumPRO Series Transceiver Pin Assignments Top View Pin Descriptions Pin Descriptions Name I O Description Pin Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 10 11 32 9 14 15 16 17 18 20 25 12 NC CRESP O EX O GND POWER_DOWN No Electrical Connection Do not connect any traces to these lines Command Response This line is low when the data on the CMD_DATA_OUT line is a response to a command and not data received over the air Exception Output A mask can be set to take this line high when an exception occurs Ground Power Down Pulling this line low places the module into a low power state The module is not functional in this state Pull high for normal operation Do not leave floating Pin Descriptions Pin Number 13 19 21 22 23 24 26 27 28 29 30 31 Name CMD ANTENNA VCC RESET LNA_EN PA_EN CMD_DATA_OUT CMD_DATA_IN CTS PB MODE_IND BE 1 0 Description Command Input When this line is low incoming bytes are command data When high incoming bytes are data to be transmitted 50 ohm RF Antenna Port Supply Voltage This line
42. a read command to the specified register address Y unsigned char number of encoded bytes 3 to 4 HumProRead unsigned char cmd out encoded read command length gt 4 unsigned char reg register number to read 0 0xff unsigned char ra read register byte ra reg 0x80 return HumProCommand cmd amp ra 1 Function HumProWrite Description This function encodes a command to write a single byte to be a specified register address a unsigned char number of encoded bytes 4 to 6 HumProWrite unsigned char cmd out encoded read command length gt 6 unsigned char reg register number to write O Oxff unsigned char val value byte 0 Oxff unsigned char cs 2 cs 0 reg cs 1 val return HumProCommand cmd amp cs 2 The Command Data Interface Command Set DESTDSNO 0x20 Ox6B R W OxFF Destination Device Serial Number The following sections describe the registers EXMASK 0x21 0x6C R W 0x00 Exception Mask to activate EX HumPRO Series Configuration Registers CMDHOLD 0x23 Ox6E R W 0x00 Hold RF data when nCMD pin is low aR NV Vol Default S COMPAT 0x25 0x70 R W 0x02 Compatibility Addr Addr Value AUTOADDR 0x26 0x71 R W 0x00 Automatic Reply Address CRCERRS 0x40 RAW 0x00 CRC Error Count MYDSN3 0x34 R Factory programmed Serial Number HOPTABLE Ox00 0x4B R W 0x00 Channel Hop Table MY
43. age Temperature 40 to 85 C 2S US bi Exceeding any of the limits of this section may lead to permanent damage to the device Brie ca Opening 222 Krie Furthermore extended operation at these maximum ratings may reduce the life of this FSK deviation elenge 19 2kbps RF Rate 19 2 kHz 152 34kbps RF Rate 51 kHz Figure 3 Absolute Maximum Ratings Scan time channel avg 19 2kbps RF Rate 12 ms 152 34kbps RF Rate 0835 ms Ea Warning This product incorporates numerous static sensitive 7111 components Always wear an ESD wrist strap and observe proper ESD ASS ee ms handling procedures when working with this device Failure to observe 152 34kbps RF Rate 26 ms this precaution may result in module damage or failure Modulation 2FSK Data Encoding 6 7 RLL Number of Hop Sequences 6 2 iga HumPRO Series Transceiver Specifications Receiver Receiver Sensitivity Tee we nan min rate ee fa a emj s max rate rag prane feras SB CSMA RSSI Thread ouputrovr fe TO T TT homeo s86 os O LHamoneEmsies P a G O amass A 6 eee operating Temp Range ao ae o a aaae hrg Time H lol E vePOWERDOMN e agan 7T 4 7 a Serial Command Response eien Ome wes ms AO xi Channel Dwell Time Dwell Time S O CMD low to trigger TX with option TXnCMD troup UARTDatarete 6800 115200 bs HumPRO Series Transceiver Specifications mwa
44. antenna is remotely located or the antenna is not in close proximity to a circuit board ground plane or grounded metal case a metal plate may be used to maximize the antenna s performance Remove the antenna as far as possible from potential interference sources Any frequency of sufficient amplitude to enter the receiver s front end will reduce system range and can even prevent reception entirely Switching power supplies oscillators or even relays can also be significant sources of potential interference The single best weapon against such problems is attention to placement and layout Filter the module s power supply with a high frequency bypass capacitor Place adequate ground plane under potential sources of noise to shunt noise to ground and prevent it from coupling to the RF stage Shield noisy board areas whenever practical In some applications it is advantageous to place the module and antenna away from the main equipment Figure 123 This can avoid interference problems and allows the antenna to be oriented for optimum performance Always use 500 coax like RG 174 for the remote feed CASE aa GROUND PLANE NUT MAY BE NEEDED Figure 123 Remote Ground Plane 111 Common Antenna Styles There are hundreds of antenna styles and variations that can be employed with Linx RF modules Following is a brief discussion of the styles most commonly utilized Additional antenna information can be found in Lin
45. ared by reading or discarding all data bytes Flag EX_UNENCRYPT is 1 when a received packet is not encrypted This can only occur when SECOPT EN_UNC 1 Flag EX_SEQDEC is 1 when a received encrypted packet has a smaller sequence number than the previously received packet Possible causes are an attempt to replay a previous message by an attacker receiving a message from a different transmitter or restarting the transmitter Flag EX_SEQSKIP is 1 when a received encrypted packet has a sequence number that is more than one higher than the previously received packet Possible causes are an attempt to replay a previous message by an attacker receiving a message from a different transmitter or restarting the transmitter HumPRO Series Transceiver Extended Exception Codes Bit Exception Name Description EEXFLAGO 0xCF 0 EX BUFOVFL Internal UART buffer overflowed 1 EX_RFOVFL Internal RF packet buffer overflowed 2 EX_WRITEREGFAILED Attempted write to register failed TE ee 4 EX_BADCRC Bad CRC detected on incoming packet 5 EX_BADHEADER Bad CRC detected in packet header 6 EX_BADSEQID Sequence ID was incorrect in ACK packet 7 EX_BADFRAMETYPE Unsupported frame type specified EEXFLAG1 0xCE 0 EX_TXDONE A data packet has been transmitted 1 EX_RXWAIT Received data bytes are waiting to be read Received packet was not encrypted This can E EX_UNENCRYPT only occur when SECOPT EN_UNENC 1 3 EX SEQDEC Received encrypted packet s
46. at the expense of additional latency By default CSMA is enabled Figure 59 shows examples of the commands and Figure 60 shows the available values HumPRO Series CSMA Enable Read Command Read Response Header Size Escape Address ACK Address Value 0x56 0x56 OxFF 0x02 OxFE 0x0B 0x06 0x0B V Write Command Header Size Address Value 0x56 OxFF Ox02 0x0B V Figure 59 HumPRO Series CSMA Enable Command and Response HumPRO Series CSMA Enable Register Settings V Mode 0x00 Disable CSMA 0x01 Enable CSMA Figure 60 HumPRO Series CSMA Enable Register Settings See the Carrier Sense Multiple Access section for details IDLE ldle Mode conca Volatile Address 0x58 Non Volatile Address 0x0D The value in the IDLE register sets the operating mode of the transceiver If the module remains properly powered and is awakened from a low power mode properly the volatile registers retain their values If the volatile registers become corrupted during low power a software reset is forced and the module reboots Awake is the normal operating setting This is the only setting in which the RF circuitry is able to receive and transmit RF messages Sleep disables all circuitry on board the module This is the lowest power setting available for the module Please see the Low Power States section for more details Figure 61 shows examples of the commands and Figure 62 shows the available values HumPRO Series Idle Mode
47. ay vary from lot to lot and are not guaranteed Typical parameters can and do vary over lots and application Linx Technologies makes no guarantee warranty or representation regarding the suitability of any product for use in any specific application It is the customer s responsibility to verify the suitability of the part for the intended application NO LINX PRODUCT IS INTENDED FOR USE IN ANY APPLICATION WHERE THE SAFETY OF LIFE OR PROPERTY IS AT RISK Linx Technologies DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE IN NO EVENT SHALL LINX TECHNOLOGIES BE LIABLE FOR ANY OF CUSTOMER S INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING IN ANY WAY FROM ANY DEFECTIVE OR NON CONFORMING PRODUCTS OR FOR ANY OTHER BREACH OF CONTRACT BY LINX TECHNOLOGIES The limitations on Linx Technologies liability are applicable to any and all claims or theories of recovery asserted by Customer including without limitation breach of contract breach of warranty strict liability or negligence Customer assumes all liability including without limitation liability for injury to person or property economic loss or business interruption for all claims including claims from third parties arising from the use of the Products The Customer will indemnify defend protect and hold harmless Linx Technologies and its officers employees subsidiaries affiliates distributors and representatives from and against all claims damages ac
48. bi m me si le brouillage est susceptible d en compromettre le fonctionnement Product Labeling The end product containing the HUM 900 PRO UFL or HUM 900 PRO CAS must be labeled to meet the FCC and IC product label requirements It must have the below or similar text Contains FCC ID OJM900MCA IC 5840A 900MCA The label must be permanently affixed to the product and readily visible to the user Permanently affixed means that the label is etched engraved stamped silkscreened indelibly printed or otherwise permanently marked on a permanently attached part of the equipment or on a nameplate of metal plastic or other material fastened to the equipment by welding riveting or a permanent adhesive The label must be designed to last the expected lifetime of the equipment in the environment in which the equipment may be operated and must not be readily detachable FCC RF Exposure Statement To satisfy RF exposure requirements this device and its antenna must operate with a separation distance of at least 20cm from all persons and must not be co located or operating in conjunction with any other antenna or transmitter Antenna Selection Under FCC and Industry Canada regulations the HUM 900 PRO UFL and HUM 900 PRO CAS radio transmitters may only operate using an antenna of a type and maximum or lesser gain approved for the transmitter by the FCC and Industry Canada To reduce potential radio interference to other u
49. can change on any write to either of these registers that affects the result of ANDing the registers Clearing an EEXFLAG register bit or value can leave EX set if there is another masked condition bit set The state of the EX line can also be read in the LSTATUS register reducing the number of hardware lines that are required Carrier Sense Multiple Access CSMA CSMA is an optional feature It is a best effort delivery system that listens to the channel before transmitting a message If CSMA is enabled and the module detects another transmitter on the same channel it waits until the active transmitter finishes before sending its payload This helps to eliminate RF message corruption and make channel use more efficient When a module has data ready to transmit and CSMA is enabled it listens on the intended transmit channel for activity If no signal is detected transmission is started If a carrier is detected with an RSSI above the CSMA threshold in the CRSSI register transmission is inhibited If a signal below the threshold is detected that has a compatible preamble or packet structure transmission is also inhibited If the module is synchronized from a recent packet transfer it waits for a random interval then checks again for activity If the detected carrier lasts longer than the time allowed for the current channel the module hops to the next channel in the hop sequence and again waits for a clear channel before transmitting
50. d operation This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation This equipment generates uses and can radiate radio frequency energy and if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions may cause harmful interference to radio communications However there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures e Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna e Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver e Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is connected e Consult the dealer or an experienced radio TV technician for help Any modifications could void the user s authority to operate the equipment Le pr sent appareil est conforme aux CNR d Industrie Canada applicables aux appareils radio exempts de licence Lexploitation est autoris e aux deux conditions suivantes 1 appareil ne doit pas produire de brouillage et 2 utilisateur de l appareil doit accepter tout brouillage radio lectrique su
51. dBm 0x00 5 0x01 0 0x02 5 0x03 9 Figure 45 HumPRO Series Transmitter Output Power Mode Settings 54 UARTBAUD UART Baud Rates Volatile Address 0x4E Non Volatile Address 0x03 The value in UARTBAUD sets the data rate of the UART interface Changing the non volatile register changes the data rate on the following power up or reset Changing the volatile register changes the data rate immediately following the command acknowledgement Figure 46 shows the command and response and Figure 47 shows the valid settings HumPRO Series UART Baud Rate Read Command Read Response Header Size Escape Address ACK Address Value Ox4E Ox4E OxFF 0x02 OxFE 0x03 0x06 0x03 V Write Command Header Size Address Value Ox4E OxFF Ox02 0x03 V Figure 46 HumPRO Series UART Baud Rate Command and Response HumPRO Series UART Baud Rate Register Settings V Baud Rate bps RF Data Rate bps 0x01 9 600 19 200 0x02 19 200 19 200 0x03 38 400 153 600 0x04 57 600 153 600 0x05 115 200 153 600 0x06 10 400 153 600 0x07 31 250 153 600 These data rates are not supported by PC serial ports Selection of these rates may cause the module to fail to respond to a PC requiring a reset to factory defaults Figure 47 HumPRO Series UART Baud Rate Settings If the modules UART baud rate is different than the host processor UART baud rate then the module will not communicate correctly If mismatched every rate can be tested until
52. ds Figure 51 shows the minimum timeout values based on baud rate HumPRO Series Transmit Wait Timeout Read Command Read Response Header Size Escape Address ACK Address Value 0x50 0x50 OxFF 0x02 OxFE 0x05 0x06 0x05 V Write Command Header Size Address Value 0x50 OxFF 0x02 0x05 V Figure 50 HumPRO Series Transmit Wait Timeout Command and Response HumPRO Series Minimum DATATO Values Baud Rate Minimum DATATO 9 600 3ms 19 200 2ms 38 400 2ms 57 600 2ms 115 200 2ms Figure 51 HumPRO Series Transmit Wait Timeout Minimum Values MAXTXRETRY Maximum Transmit Retries Volatile Address 0x52 Non Volatile Address 0x07 The value in the MAXTXRETRY register sets the number of transmission retries performed if an acknowledgement is not received If an acknowledgement is not received after the last retry exception EX_ NORFACK is raised Figure 52 shows examples of the command HumPRO Series Maximum Transmit Retries Read Command Read Response Header Size Escape Address ACK Address Value 0x52 0x52 OxFF 0x02 OxFE 0x07 Ox06 0x07 V Write Command Header Size Address Value 0x52 OxFF 0x02 0x07 V Figure 52 HumPRO Series Maximum Transmit Retries Command and Response The time between retries depends on the current baud rate Figure 53 shows the time between retries based on baud rate The elapsed transmit and acknowledgment time is retries 1 x PacketTransmitTime
53. e W 4d d Z 1207 W 21 d For 4E LS 1 393 0 667 LT 1444 E Dielectric constant of PCB material Figure 115 Microstrip Formulas Example Microstrip Calculations Width Height Effective Dielectric Characteristic Dielectric Constant Ratio W d Constant Impedance 0 4 80 1 8 3 59 50 0 4 00 2 0 3 07 51 0 2 55 3 0 2 12 48 8 Figure 116 Example Microstrip Calculations 105 Board Layout Guidelines The module s design makes integration straightforward however it is still critical to exercise care in PCB layout Failure to observe good layout techniques can result in a significant degradation of the module s performance A primary layout goal is to maintain a characteristic 50 ohm impedance throughout the path from the antenna to the module Grounding filtering decoupling routing and PCB stack up are also important considerations for any RF design The following section provides some basic design guidelines During prototyping the module should be soldered to a properly laid out circuit board The use of prototyping or perf boards results in poor performance and is strongly discouraged Likewise the use of sockets can have a negative impact on the performance of the module and is discouraged The module should as much as reasonably possible be isolated from other components on your PCB especially high frequency circuitry such as crystal oscillators switching power supplies and high speed bus
54. e of Federal Regulations CFR Title 47 is made up of numerous volumes however all regulations applicable to this module are contained in Volume 0 19 It is strongly recommended that a copy be obtained from the FCC s website the Government Printing Office in Washington or from your local government bookstore Excerpts of applicable sections are included with Linx evaluation kits or may be obtained from the Linx Technologies website www linxtechnologies com In brief these rules require that any device that intentionally radiates RF energy be approved that is tested for compliance and issued a unique identification number This is a relatively painless process Final compliance testing is performed by one of the many independent testing laboratories across the country Many labs can also provide other certifications that the product may require at the same time such as UL CLASS A B etc Once the completed product has passed an ID number is issued that is to be clearly placed on each product manufactured 114 Questions regarding interpretations of the Part 2 and Part 15 rules or the measurement procedures used to test intentional radiators such as Linx RF modules for compliance with the technical standards of Part 15 should be addressed to Federal Communications Commission Equipment Authorization Division Customer Service Branch MS 1300F2 7435 Oakland Mills Road Columbia MD US 21046 Phone 1 301 725 585 Fax
55. e the data Without validation any signal from another unrelated transmitter in the environment received by the module could inadvertently trigger the action All RF products are susceptible to RF interference that can prevent communication RF products without frequency agility or hopping implemented are more subject to interference This module does have a frequency hopping protocol built in but the developer should still be aware of the risk of interference Do not use any Linx product over the limits in this data guide Excessive voltage or extended operation at the maximum voltage could cause product failure Exceeding the reflow temperature profile could cause product failure which is not immediately evident Do not make any physical or electrical modifications to any Linx product This will void the warranty and regulatory and UL certifications and may cause product failure which is not immediately evident Table of Contents U N N 10 12 13 14 15 16 18 20 20 21 22 23 23 24 25 29 30 32 33 34 34 35 Description Features Ordering Information Absolute Maximum Ratings Electrical Specifications Typical Performance Graphs Pin Assignments Pin Descriptions Pre Certified Module Pin Assignments Module Dimensions Theory of Operation Module Description Overview Addressing Modes Automatic Addressing Address Register Use Acknowledgements and Assured Delivery Frequency Hopping
56. eiver TX Current vs Supply Voltage at 0dBm HUM 900 PRO BG TT 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 3 31 32 33 34 35 36 Supply Voltage V Figure 10 HumPRO Series Transceiver RX Scan Current vs Supply Voltage 9 6kbps HUM 900 PRO Current consumption while the module is scanning for a transmission The current is approximately 0 5mA higher when receiving data at 9 6kbps 23 22 8 22 6 m N M v M M M M AK 21 8 Supply Current 21 T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T 1 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 3 31 32 33 34 35 36 Supply Voltage V Figure 11 HumPRO Series Transceiver RX Scan Current vs Supply Voltage 115 2kbps HUM 900 PRO Current consumption while the module is scanning for a transmission The current is approximately 2mA higher when receiving data at 115 2kbps 1 40 OS eat ee L 25 C Standby Current uA o o o 0 20 0 00 kc 25 3 3 3 6 Supply Voltage V Figure 12 HumPRO Series Transceiver Standby Current Consumption vs Supply Voltage HUM 900 PRO RSSI Reading dBm 100 00 90 00 80 00 70 00 60 00 50 00 40 00 30 00 20 00 10 00 0 00 Input Power dBm Figure 13 HumPRO Series Transceiver RSSI Voltage vs Input Power HUM 900 PRO Pin Assignments z 3 lt lt S lt 0 0 z T qaqa Oss 2a Sia gt olo oo
57. emoves the cost of a cable assembly for the u FL connector However the PCB design and layer stack must follow one of the reference designs for the certification on the HUM 900 PRO CAS to be valid Figure 109 shows the PCB layer stack that should be used Figure 110 shows the layout and routing designs for the different antenna options Please see the antenna data sheets for specific ground plane counterpoise requirements Thickness Top Layer _ 1 4mil Dielectric 1 14 00mil_ FR 4 Er 4 6 Mid Layer1 1 4mil 28 00mil FR 4 Er 4 6 Mid Layer 2 1 4mil Dielectric 3 14 00mil FR 4 Er 4 6 Bottom Layer 1 4mil ANT 916 CW QW ANT 916 CW HW ANT 916 WRT RPS CONREVSMA003 062 24mil ANT 916 PW LP Ground plane on Mid Layer 1 ANT 916 Pw RA ac 2 2 wn ES Units are in mils Figure 109 HumPRO Series Transceiver Castellation Version Reference Design PCB Stack Note The PCB design and layer stack for the HUM 900 RC CAS must follow these reference designs for the pre certification to be valid The HUM 900 RC UFL and the HUM 900 RC CAS must use one of the antennas in Figure 45 in order for the certification to be valid ANT 916 SP The HUM 900 RC and HUM 2 4 RC have not been tested and require full compliance testing in the end product as it will go to market All modules require unintentional radiator compliance testing in the end product as it will go to market Figure 1
58. encryption algorithm on the market This is implemented in a secure mode of operation to ensure the secrecy of the transmitted data It uses a 128 bit key to encrypt the transmitted data The source and destination addresses are sent in the clear Encryption is disabled by default There are two ways to enable encryption and set the key sending serial commands and using the JOIN process The module has no network key when shipped from the factory An encryption key can be written to the module using the CDI The CMD register is used to write or clear a key The key cannot be read The same key must be written to all modules that are to be used together If they do not have the same key then they will not communicate in encrypted mode The JOIN Process dia The JOIN process is a method of generating an encryption key and distributing the key and addresses to associated modules through a series of button presses This makes it very simple to establish an encrypted network in the field or add new nodes to an existing network without any additional equipment It is also possible to trigger the JOIN process through commands on the Command Data Interface The JOIN process configures a star network with the central unit as system administrator Other units are added to the network one at a time The hardware required is a pushbutton that is connected to the PB line This takes the line to VCC when it is pressed and ground when it is released An
59. ependently The general serial command format for the module is FF Length Command The Length byte is the number of bytes in the Command field The Command field contains the register address that is to be accessed and in the case of a write command the value to be written Neither Length nor Command can contain a OxFF byte Byte values of 128 0x80 or greater can be sent as a two byte escape sequence of the format OxFE value 0x80 For example the value 0x83 becomes OxFE 0x03 The Length count includes the added escape bytes A response is returned for all valid commands The first response byte is CMD_ACK 0x06 or CMD_NACK 0x15 Additional bytes may follow as determined by the specific command Reading from Registers A register read command is constructed by placing an escape character OxFE before the register number The module responds by sending an ACK 0x06 followed by the register number and register value The register value is sent unmodified so if the register value is 0x83 0x83 is returned If the register number is invalid the module responds with a NACK 0x15 The command and response are shown in Figure 36 HumPRO Series Read From Configuration Register Command Header Size Escape Address OxFF 0x02 OxFE REG Response ACK Address Value Ox06 REG V Command for an Address greater than 128 0x80 Header Size Escape Addr Addr2 OxFF 0x03 OxFE OxFE REG 80 Response ACK Address
60. eption occurs before the previous exception code is read the previous value is overwritten Please see the Exception Engine section for more details Figure 82 shows examples of the commands and Figure 83 shows the available values HumPRO Series Exception Code Read Command Read Response Header Size Escape Address ACK Address Value OxFF 0x02 OxFE 0x79 0x06 0x79 V Figure 82 HumPRO Series Transceiver Exception Code Command and Response HumPRO Series Transceiver Exception Codes V Exception Name Description 0x08 EX_BUFOVFL Internal UART buffer overflowed 0x09 EX_RFOVFL 0x13 EX_WRITEREGFAILED Attempted write to register failed Internal RF packet buffer overflowed TT ee 0x40 EX BADCRC 0x42 EX BADHEADER Bad CRC detected in packet header 0x43 EX_BADSEQID Sequence ID was incorrect in ACK packet 0x44 EX_BADFRAMETYPE Unsupported frame type specified Bad CRC detected on incoming packet Figure 83 HumPRO Series Transceiver Exception Codes 77 PRSSI Last Good Packet RSS Volatile Address 0x7B This register holds the received signal strength in dBm of the last successfully received packet A successful packet reception is one that causes payload data to be output on the UART interface The value in this register is overwritten each time a new packet is successfully processed The register value is an 8 bit signed integer representing the RSSI in dBm It is accurate to 3dB HumPRO Series Last G
61. equence number is less than previous EX_SEQSKIP Received encrypted sequence number is more than one higher the previous sequence number A JOIN operation has been started which can 5 EX_JOIN i l result in register changes and write lockouts 6 7 Reserved EEXFLAG2 0xCD 0 7 Reserved Figure 100 HumPRO Series Transceiver Extended Exception Codes PKTOPT Packet Options Qua so guusaosees96030 3 003 EH29046 0 4000000 Volatile Address 0xD3 Non Volatile Address 0x83 This register selects options for transferring packet data HumPRO Series Packet Options Read Command Read Response Header Size Escape Address ACK Address Value OxD3 OxD3 OxFF 0x02 OxFE 0x83 0x06 0x83 V Write Command Header Size Address Value OxD3 OxFF Ox02 0x83 V Figure 101 HumPRO Series Transceiver Packet Options Command and Response Each bit in the register sets an option as shown in Figure 102 HumPRO Series Transceiver Packet Option Codes Bit Name Description 0 TXPKT Packet Transmit 1 TXnCMD Transmit when nCMD Lowered 2 RXPKT Packet Receive 3 RXP_CTS Use CTS for RXPKT Transfer 4 7 Reserved Reserved must be 0 Figure 102 HumPRO Series Transceiver Packet Option Codes The TXPKT option allows the module to transmit data in explicit packets e TXPKT 0 default a packet transmission is enabled when the number of waiting bytes reaches BCTRIG bytes the time since the last received byte exceeds DATATO ms the number of
62. er Settings Addressing Mode Meaning 0x04 DSN Addressing Mode 0x06 User Addressing Mode 0x07 Extended User Addressing Mode 0x00 Send normal preamble 0x08 Send long preamble 0x10 Send acknowledgments 0x20 Encrypt packets All other addressing modes are reserved and may cause undesired operation Figure 49 HumPRO Series Addressing Mode Register Settings 57 DATATO Transmit Wait Timeout 2222221211212 Volatile Address 0x50 Non Volatile Address 0x05 When a byte is received from the UART the module starts a timer that counts down every millisecond The timer is restarted when each byte is received The value for the DATATO register is the number of milliseconds to wait before transmitting the data in the UART receive buffer The default setting for this register is Ox10 16ms delay If the timer reaches zero before the next byte is received from the UART the module begins transmitting the data in the buffer This timeout value should be greater than one byte time at the current UART baud rate with a minimum of 0x02 It should not be set any value less than one byte time as unpredictable results could occur If the timeout value is set to Ox00 the transmit wait timeout is deactivated In this case the transceiver waits until a number of bytes equal to the UART Byte Count Trigger BCTRIG have been received by the UART All of the bytes are sent once the trigger has been reached Figure 50 shows examples of the comman
63. escription MYDSNS3 0x34 MSB of the serial number MYDSN2 0x35 Byte 2 of the serial number MYDSN1 0x36 Byte 1 of the serial number MYDSNO 0x37 LSB of the serial number Figure 77 HumPRO Series DSN Registers CUSTID Customer ID Non Volatile Address 0x39 0x3A These registers contain the factory programmed customer ID A unique value is assigned to a specific customer and that value is programmed into that customer s modules The unencrypted User and Extended User Addressing modes use these bytes as part of the addressing The unique value ensures that the custom modules will not communicate with any other systems Contact Linx for details Figure 78 shows the Customer ID registers HumPRO Series Customer ID Registers Non Volatile hoe Name T Description CUSTID1 0x39 MSB of the customer ID CUSTIDO Ox3A LSB of the customer ID Figure 78 HumPRO Series Transceiver Customer ID Registers 74 CRSSI Carrier Sense Minimum RSS Non Volatile Address 0x3F This value is the minimum RSSI that causes the module to wait for a clear channel when CSMA is enabled Figure 79 shows examples of the commands HumPRO Series Carrier Sense Minimum RSSI Read Command Read Response Header Size Escape Address ACK Address Value OxFF 0x02 OxFE Ox3F 0x06 Ox3F V Write Command Header Size Address Value OxFF 0x02 Ox3F V Figure 79 HumPRO Series Transceiver Carrier Sense Minimum RSSI Command and Response The value is a negat
64. esent External interference can manifest itself in a variety of ways Low level interference produces noise and hashing on the output and reduces the link s overall range High level interference is caused by nearby products sharing the same frequency or from near band high power devices It can even come from your own products if more than one transmitter is active in the same area It is important to remember that only one transmitter at a time can occupy a frequency regardless of the coding of the transmitted signal This type of interference is less common than those mentioned previously but in severe cases it can prevent all useful function of the affected device Although technically not interference multipath is also a factor to be understood Multipath is a term used to refer to the signal cancellation effects that occur when RF waves arrive at the receiver in different phase relationships This effect is a particularly significant factor in interior environments where objects provide many different signal reflection paths Multipath cancellation results in lowered signal levels at the receiver and shorter useful distances for the link 108 Pad Layout The pad layout diagrams below are designed to facilitate both hand and automated assembly Figure 113 shows the footprint for the smaller version and Figure 114 shows the footprint for the pre certified version 0 520 0015 IIIIIIIHET EEI 0 02 8 0 420
65. et A value of 0x01 causes the message to be output after reset By default the module start up message is output Figure 57 shows examples of the commands and Figure 58 shows the available values HumPRO Series Show Version Read Command Read Response Header Size Escape Address ACK Address Value OxFF 0x02 OxFE Ox0A 0x06 Ox0A V Write Command Header Size Address Value OxFF 0x02 Ox0A V Figure 57 HumPRO Series Show Version Command and Response HumPRO Series Show Version Register Settings V Meaning 0x00 Startup message is NOT output on reset or power up Startup message is output on reset or power up This is a blocking operation and any incoming UART data is lost during the transmission of this message through the CMD_DATA_OUT line All UART commands must be sent after this message has completed Ox01 Figure 58 HumPRO Series Show Version Register Settings Example HUM 900 PRO v1 2 3 C 2014 Linx Technologies Inc All rights reserved ENCSMA CSMA Enable Volatile Address 0x56 Non Volatile Address 0x0B Carrier Sense Multiple Access CSMA is a best effort transmission protocol that listens to the channel before transmitting a message If another device is already transmitting on the same channel when a message is ready to send the module waits before sending its payload or changes to an unused channel This helps to eliminate RF message corruption
66. ey there are multiple Slow blink repeat 3 times units attempting to pair protocol error or timeout without response Long Hold Acknowledgement The long hold period for Generate Key or Reset Sequence was recognized PB is asserted Slow blink and two quick blinks Key Test Results TTS No Key There is no network key or network address times Two quick blinks Three Key Set node The network key and network address are times set on a node Three quick blinks Three Key Set administrator The network key and network times address are set on an administrator Normal operation Off No activity Temporarily on Transmitting or receiving packet Figure 32 HumPRO Series MODE_IND Line Timing Figure 34 shows the MODE_IND displays in a graphical format Operation MODE_IND Display Comments Master Join mm mm mm Repeats for 30 seconds or until JOIN is complete Slave Join E A Repeats for 30 seconds or until JOIN is complete Key Transfer Active 8888888888888 Repeats for the duration of the transfer Key Transfer Complete MMMM MM MN MN Six blinks total JOIN Cancelled mm ee 9 89 Repeats for as long as the PB line is asserted Long Hold after the long hold period has been recognized Failure a a No Key Set l Repeats three times total Key Set Slave mm m mm Repeats three times total Key Set Master EH HT EE E B Reneats three times total h TTITTTT TTTTTTTPTTPETTTTTITTTTT
67. fault values When the configuration is reset the following message shown in quotes is sent out the UART at the current baud rate then the module is reset similar to a power cycle AnnConfiguration ResetV r This reset can also be done by toggling the PB line as described in the Restore Factory Defaults section SECSTAT Security Status 5 lt ee Volatile Address 0xC9 This volatile read only register provides status of the security features HumPRO Series Security Status Read Command Read Response Header Size Escape Escape Address ACK Address Value OxFF 0x03 OxFE OxFE 0x49 0x06 0xC9 V Figure 95 HumPRO Series Transceiver Security Status Command and Response The command returns a single byte Figure 96 shows the meanings of the bits in the returned value byte HumPRO Series Security Status Value Bit Status 0 Reserved O No volatile key is set 1 A volatile key is set O No non volatile key is set 1 A non volatile key is set Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved NON gt 0 Reserved Figure 96 HumPRO Series Security Status Values dJOINST Join Saus Volatile Address 0xCA This volatile read only register shows the current or previous state of join activity since the module was last reset HumPRO Series Join Status Read Command Read Response Header Size Escape Escape Address ACK Address Value OxFF 0x03 OxFE OxFE Ox4A 0x06 OxCA V Figure 97 HumP
68. figuration commands low or data transmission high The module has a 256 byte buffer for incoming data The module starts transmitting when the buffer reaches a specified limit or when the time since the last received byte on the UART reaches a specified value This allows the designer to optimize the module for fixed length and variable length data If the buffer gets nearly full about 224 bytes the module pulls the CTS line high indicating that the host should not send any more data Data sent by the host while the buffer is full is lost so the CTS line provides a warning and should be monitored When there is outgoing data waiting to be transmitted or acknowledged the BE line is low otherwise BE is high Configuration settings are stored in two types of memory inside the module Volatile memory is quick to access but it is lost when power is removed from the module Non volatile memory has a limited number of write cycles but is retained when power is removed When a configuration parameter has both a non volatile and volatile register the volatile register controls the operation The non volatile register holds the default value that is loaded into the volatile register on power up Configuration settings are read from non volatile memory on power up and saved in volatile memory The volatile and non volatile registers have different address locations but the same read and write commands The two locations can be changed ind
69. g allow for the creation of point to point many to one and one to many wireless links This allows the creation of many network topologies such as star tree and mesh The routing for the network topology is managed outside the module The addressing is the primary configuration when getting started with the modules RG 00105 the HumPRO Addressing Mode Reference Guide has details about configuring the addressing Acknowledgements and Assured Delivery occ The modules support assured delivery in the form of acknowledgements and retries When the acknowledgements are enabled the receiving device sends an acknowledge message to let the sender know that the transmission was received If the sender does not get an acknowledgement it resends the message up to a configurable number of retries If there is still no acknowledgement the module triggers an exception to let the host processor know of the error Command Mode and Data Mode The module has two main interface modes controlled by the state of the CMD line Command mode routes the data coming in on the CMD_DATA_ IN line to the processor for configuring the module Data mode routes the data to the transmitter for transmission over the air The CMD line is normally controlled by an external microcontroller The module supports AES 128 encryption to provide a secure wireless link All of the modules must have encryption enabled and be using the same key in order for communication
70. hock During Reflow Transport Since some internal module components may reflow along with the components placed on the board being assembled it is imperative that the modules not be subjected to shock or vibration during the time solder is liquid Should a shock be applied some internal components could be lifted from their pads causing the module to not function properly Washability ca The modules are wash resistant but are not hermetically sealed Linx recommends wash free manufacturing however the modules can be subjected to a wash cycle provided that a drying time is allowed prior to applying electrical power to the modules The drying time should be sufficient to allow any moisture that may have migrated into the module to evaporate thus eliminating the potential for shorting damage during power up or testing If the wash contains contaminants the performance may be adversely affected even after drying 109 General Antenna Rules The following general rules should help in maximizing antenna performance 1 Proximity to objects such as a user s hand body or metal objects will cause an antenna to detune For this reason the antenna shaft and tip should be positioned as far away from such objects as possible Optimum performance is obtained from a or Y2 wave straight whip mounted at a right angle to the ground plane Figure 121 In many cases this isn
71. ieur au gain maximal indiqu sont strictement interdits pour l exploitation de l metteur Antennas Antennes Linx Part Number Impedance R f rence Linx UNAS can Imp dance AO HE Tested Antennas ANT 916 CW QW 1 4 Wave Whip 1 8dBi 500 CAS ANT 916 CW HW 1 2 Wave Dipole Helical 1 2dBi 500 Both ANT 916 PW LP 1 4 Wave Whip 2 4dBi 500 CAS ANT 916 PW QW UFL 1 4 Wave Whip 1 80Bi 500 UJEIE ANT 916 SP 1 4 Wave Planar 1 4dBi 500 CAS r T n Ye Wave Dipole Helical 0 1dBi 500 TH Antennas of the same type and same or lesser gain ANT 916 CW HD 1 4 Wave Whip 0 3dBi 500 Both ANT 916 PW QW 1 4 Wave Whip 1 8dBi 500 Both ANT 916 CW RCL 1 4 Wave Whip 2 00Bi 500 Both ANT 916 CW RH 1 4 Wave Whip 1 3dBi 500 Both ANT 916 CW HWR RPS Y Wave Dipole Helical 1 2dBi 500 Both ANT 916 PML 1 2 Wave Dipole Helical 0 4dBi 500 Both ANT 916 PW RA 1 4 Wave Whip 0 0dBi 500 CAS ANT 916 USP 1 4 Wave Planar 0 3dBi 500 CAS Cable Assemblies Assemblages de C bles Linx Part Number R f rence Linx CSI RSFB 300 UFFR RP SMA Bulkhead to U FL with 300mm cable CSI RSFE 300 UFFR RP SMA External Mount Bulkhead to U FL with 300mm cable Also available in 100mm and 200mm cable length Description Figure 108 HumPRO Series Transceiver Approved Antennas Castellation Version Reference Design The castellation connection for the antenna on the pre certified version allows the use of embedded antennas as well as r
72. ifications and Operation Figure 117 Helpful Application Note Titles 107 Production Guidelines The module is housed in a hybrid SMD package that supports hand and automated assembly techniques Since the modules contain discrete components internally the assembly procedures are critical to ensuring the reliable function of the modules The following procedures should be reviewed with and practiced by all assembly personnel Hand Assembly Pads located on the bottom of the module are the primary Soldering Iron mounting surface Figure 118 Tip Since these pads are inaccessible during mounting castellations that run up the side of the module Solder have been provided to facilitate PCB Pads solder wicking to the module s underside This allows for very Figure 118 Soldering Technique quick hand soldering for prototyping and small volume production If the recommended pad guidelines have been followed the pads will protrude slightly past the edge of the module Use a fine soldering tip to heat the board pad and the castellation then introduce solder to the pad at the module s edge The solder will wick underneath the module providing reliable attachment Tack one module corner first and then work around the device taking care not to exceed the times in Figure 119 Castellations Warning Pay attention to the absolute maximum solder times Absolute Maximum Solder Times Hand Solder Temperature 427 C for 1
73. igure 72 shows the available values HumPRO Series CMD Halts Traffic Read Command Read Response Header Size Escape Address ACK Address Value Ox6E Ox6E OxFF 0x02 OxFE 0x23 0x06 0x23 V Write Command Header Size Address Value Ox6E OxFF 0x02 0x23 V Figure 71 HumPRO Series Transceiver CMD Halts Traffic Command and Response HumPRO Series CMD Halts Traffic Register Settings V Mode 0x00 Disable Halt received data is sent to the UART immediately 0x01 Enable Halt received data is sent when the CMD line is high Figure 72 HumPRO Series CMD Halts Traffic Register Settings COMPAT Compatibility Mode Volatile Address 0x70 Non Volatile Address 0x25 Compatibility mode allows the HumPRO Series modules to communicate with the 250 Series modules Please see the Compatibility Mode section for more details Figure 73 shows examples of the commands and Figure 74 shows the available values HumPRO Series Compatibility Mode Read Command Read Response Header Size Escape Address ACK Address Value 0x70 0x70 OxFF 0x02 OxFE 0x25 0x06 0x25 V Write Command Header Size Address Value 0x70 OxFF Ox02 0x25 V Figure 73 HumPRO Series Transceiver Compatibility Mode Command and Response HumPRO Series Compatibility Mode Register Settings Vv Mode 0x00 Enable 250 Series Compatibility Mode 0x02 Enable normal Addressing Operation 0x03 Enable Network Masking Operation Figure 74 HumPRO Serie
74. ind of packet was received The values are shown in Figure 24 The Hop ID field is the hop sequence number O 5 The Sequence byte is incremented for each new packet modulo 255 A received packet is discarded if the sequence byte matches the previously received packet to prevent delivering duplicate copies of an automatically retransmitted packet Tag Header Frame Hop ID Sequence Dest DSN Source Data Length Type DSN Length 0x01 1 1 1 4 4 1 User Address Packet Header Tag Header Frame Hop ID Sequencel CustID Dest Addr Source Source Data Length Type Addr DSN Length 0x01 1 1 1 2 2or4 2or4 4 1 Packet Data Tag Data Data Length 0x02 1 Data Length Bytes Figure 23 HumPRO Series Transceiver Unencrypted Packet Header and Data Structure HumPRO Series Transceiver Frame Types Frame Type Packet Type 0x04 DSN Addressing Mode 0x06 User Addressing Mode 0x07 Extended User Addressing Mode 0x10 Acknowledgements Enabled 0x20 Encrypted Packet 0x40 Long Preamble Packet Figure 24 HumPRO Series Transceiver Frame Types The Cust ID field is a number that can be assigned to a specific customer Only modules with the same customer ID respond to transmissions By default Cust ID is Ox7FFF for packets transmitted with COMPAT 2 or OxFFFF for packets transmitted with COMPAT 0 The Dest Addr field has the received destination address This is 2 bytes long with User Addressing Mode and 4 bytes with DSN a
75. ion RXPKT is disabled in the PKTOPT register or the previous GETPx command was not completed The Get Packet Data command returns the received packet data using a received packet transfer cycle If the packet header is not read first then it is discarded The packet data is then discarded after transfer A NAK response is returned if option RXPKT is disabled in the PKTOPT register or the previous GETPx command was not completed The Get Packet Header and Data command returns the received packet header followed by the packet data using a received packet transfer cycle The packet is discarded after transfer A NAK response is returned if option RXPKT is disabled in the PKTOPT register or the previous GETPx command was not completed The Clear Received Packet command removes the next unread packet from the RF incoming queue if RXPKT is enabled in the PKTOPT register If the packet header was read but not the data this command causes the data to be discarded Although not required before reading the next packet s header it frees buffer space for more or longer messages If a previous GETPx command did not deliver all the associated data this command removes the undelivered data and terminates the previous GETPx command If option RXPKT is disabled this command discards all received data which has not been delivered The Clear Outbound Buffer command cancels any transmission in progress and clears the buffer of data to be transmitted
76. isters The volatile register is used during run time but is lost on a power cycle or reset When the module powers up the volatile register is loaded from the non volatile register This makes the non volatile register value the default on power up The key value of all zero bytes is reserved as a no key indication HumPRO Series Write Key Command Write Command Header Size Escape Address Value KeyN KeyO si Key15 OxFF Size OxFE Ox47 0x11 KeyN KeyO sie Key15 Figure 93 HumPRO Series Transceiver Write Key Command Figure 93 shows the command for writing the AES key to the module If KeyN is 0x01 the command writes to the volatile key register If it is 0x02 it writes to the non volatile key register The Clear Key command sets the selected key to all zeros Figure 94 shows the structure of this command HumPRO Series Clear Key Command Write Command Header Size Escape Address Value KeyN OxFF 0x04 OxFE Ox47 0x12 KeyN Figure 94 HumPRO Series Transceiver Clear Key Command If KeyN is 0x01 the command writes to the volatile key registers If it is 0x02 it writes to the non volatile key registers The Reload Key command copies the key in non volatile memory NKN to the volatile location NKV This allows a sophisticated system to change the keys during operation and quickly revert back to the default key The Non volatile Reset command FF 07 FE 47 20 FE 2A FE 3B sets all non volatile registers to their de
77. ital data It has a en M very fast lock time so that it can quickly wake up send data and go back to sleep saving power in battery powered applications The 0 07 module is available in the 915MHz frequency 1 78 band Linx TECHNOLOGIES Laa ad a aa ala a Figure 1 Package Dimensions The module has several features that increase the data transfer reliability It ensures that no other modules are transmitting before it begins transmitting data Automatic acknowledgements ensure that the remote side received valid data Multiple hopping patterns enable several systems to operate in proximity without interference A standard UART interface is used for module configuration and data transfer A few simple serial commands are all that are needed for configuration All modules have a unique 32 bit serial number that can be used as an address Source and destination addressing support point to point and broadcast links Address masking by the receiving module allows for creating subnets Other network topologies can also be implemented Housed in a tiny compact reflow compatible SMD package the transceiver requires no external RF components except an antenna which greatly simplifies integration and lowers assembly costs Versions are available that have obtained FCC and Industry Canada modular certification Features e FHSS Algorithm e No external RF components e Fast Lock lt 30ms at
78. ive number in two s complement from 128 0x80 to 1 Oxff The default value is 70dBm A Warning The CRSSI value can have a significant impact on the performance of the module Setting it too low could prevent the module from ever transmitting Setting it too high can result in transmission collisions Care must be taken if this value is adjusted 75 RELEASE Release Number Non Volatile Address 0x78 This register contains a number designating the firmware series and hardware platform Figure 80 shows examples of the commands and Figure 81 lists current releases to date HumPRO Series Release Number Read Command Read Response Header Size Escape Address ACK Address Value OxFF 0x02 OxFE 0x78 0x06 0x78 V Figure 80 HumPRO Series Transceiver Release Number Command and Response HumPRO Series Release Number Register Settings V Release Number 0x20 HUM 900 PRO 0x22 HUM 868 PRO Figure 81 HumPRO Series Transceiver Release Number Register Settings A more detailed firmware version is available for versions 0x20 and above in the FWVER register EXCEPT Exception Gode Volatile Address 0x79 The module has a built in exception engine that can notify the host processor of an unexpected event If an exception occurs the exception code is stored in this register Reading from this register clears the exception and resets the EX line If an exc
79. ize Escape Address ACK Address Value 0x6C Ox6C OxFF 0x02 OxFE 0x21 0x06 0x21 V Write Command Header Size Address Value Ox6C 0x21 k OxFF 0x02 Figure 69 HumPRO Series Transceiver Exception Mask Command and Response HumPRO Series Example Exception Masks V Exception Name 0x08 Allows only EX_BUFOVFL and EX_RFOVFL to trigger the EX line 0x10 Allows only EX_WRITEREGFAILED to trigger the EX line 0x20 Allows only EX_NORFACK to trigger the EX line Allows only EX_BADCRC EX_BADHEADER EX_BADSEQID and EX_ BADFRAMETYPE exceptions to trigger the EX line Allows EX_BADCRC EX_BADHEADER EX_BADSEQID EX_BADFRAMETYPE and EX_NORFACK exceptions to trigger the EX line 0x40 0x60 OxFF Allows all exceptions to trigger the EX line Figure 70 HumPRO Series Transceiver Example Exception Masks CMDHOLD CMD Halts Traffic 22212211 Volatile Address 0x6E Non Volatile Address 0x23 A CMDHOLD register setting of 0x01 causes the module to store incoming RF traffic up to the RF buffer size while the CMD line is low When the CMD line is returned high the module outputs all buffered data A register value of O allows received bytes to be output on the UART immediately with CRESP high to indicate that the bytes are received data See Using the Command Response CRESP Line section for details This register setting is overridden when PKOPT RXPKT 1 Figure 71 shows examples of the commands and F
80. lines When possible separate RF and digital circuits into different PCB regions Make sure internal wiring is routed away from the module and antenna and is secured to prevent displacement Do not route PCB traces directly under the module There should not be any copper or traces under the module on the same layer as the module just bare PCB The underside of the module has traces and vias that could short or couple to traces on the product s circuit board The Pad Layout section shows a typical PCB footprint for the module A ground plane as large and uninterrupted as possible should be placed on a lower layer of your PC board opposite the module This plane is essential for creating a low impedance return for ground and consistent stripline performance Use care in routing the RF trace between the module and the antenna or connector Keep the trace as short as possible Do not pass it under the module or any other component Do not route the antenna trace on multiple PCB layers as vias add inductance Vias are acceptable for tying together ground layers and component grounds and should be used in multiples The CAS version must follow the layout in Figure 110 106 Each of the module s ground pins should have short traces tying immediately to the ground plane through a via Bypass caps should be low ESR ceramic types and located directly adjacent to the pin they are serving A 50 ohm coax should be used for connection to a
81. med at the factory and cannot be changed These are determined by the factory for specific customers to prevent their systems from operating with any other systems Contact Linx for more details The module s local address is contained in two of the user source ID registers USRCID 1 0 In this mode USRCID 1 0 contain the node address and USRCID 8 2 must be 0 in the receiver In normal operation each module has a user ID mask UMASKT 3 0 that splits the 32 address bits into up to three fields to provide a network address and address fields for sub networks supporting both individual addressing and broadcast addressing within the user s network A detailed explanation and examples are given in Reference Guide RG 00105 The 16 bits in the UDESTID 1 O registers are transmitted The upper 16 bits of USRCIDI3 2 in the receiver must be 0 If acknowledgements are enabled only the module with a user source ID that exactly matches the transmitted user destination ID responds The mask is not used for this determination Extended User Addressing Mode Extended User Addressing mode is the same as User Addressing mode but uses 32 bit addresses The two customer ID bytes are still used CUSTID 1 0 but four bytes are used for the user destination address UDESTID 3 0 user source ID USRCID 8 0 and user ID mask UMASKT 3 0 This provides more addressing capabilities at the expense of more overhead in the packet Network Add
82. n external antenna A 50 ohm transmission line such as a microstrip stripline or coplanar waveguide should be used for routing RF on the PCB The Microstrip Details section provides additional information In some instances a designer may wish to encapsulate or pot the product There are a wide variety of potting compounds with varying dielectric properties Since such compounds can considerably impact RF performance and the ability to rework or service the product it is the responsibility of the designer to evaluate and qualify the impact and suitability of such materials Helpful Application Notes from Linx It is not the intention of this manual to address in depth many of the issues that should be considered to ensure that the modules function correctly and deliver the maximum possible performance We recommend reading the application notes listed in Figure 117 which address in depth key areas of RF design and application of Linx products These applications notes are available online at www linxtechnologies com or by contacting the Linx literature department Helpful Application Note Titles Note Number Note Title AN 00100 RF 101 Information for the RF Challenged AN 00126 Considerations for Operation Within the 902 928MHz Band AN 00130 Modulation Techniques for Low Cost RF Data Links AN 00140 The FCC Road Part 15 from Concept to Approval AN 00500 Antemnas Design Application Performance AN 00501 Understanding Antenna Spec
83. nabled receivers has an exact match then there is no response and the transmitting module continues to re transmit the data until the max number of retries is attempted This causes the transmitting module to appear slow or unresponsive It also impedes valid communications Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum The module uses Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum to allow operation at higher power levels per regulations and to reduce interference with other transmitters The module is configured for operation in one of 6 different hopping sequences Each sequence uses 26 channels for the high RF data rate or 50 channels for the low RF data rate Modules must use the same hopping sequence to communicate Assigning different hopping sequences to multiple networks in the same area minimizes the interference When the module is awake and not transmitting it rapidly scans all channels for a packet preamble When a module starts transmitting at the beginning of a new channel it transmits a packet with a long preamble of alternating O and 1 bits This long preamble is sufficient to allow receiving modules to scan through all of the channels in the hopping sequence and find it Modules that are scanning detect the preamble and pause on that channel waiting for a valid packet If a packet is received with a valid CRC unencrypted or authentication encrypted the header is examined to determine whether the module should synchronize to the transmitter Synch
84. nce The CRESP line stays low for at least ten bit times after the stop bit of the last command response Figure 29 shows the timing CMD_DATA_OUTStart DO X _ D6 XD7 XStop 40 pit times J CRESP Figure 29 HumPRO Series Transceiver CRESP Line Timing Using the CMD Line The CMD line informs the module where incoming UART data should be routed When the line is high all incoming UART data is treated as payload data and is routed to the transmitter to be sent over the air If the CMD line is low the incoming UART data is treated as command bytes and is routed to the controller for processing Since the module s controller looks at UART data one byte at a time the CMD line must be held low for the entire duration of the command plus time for ten bits as margin for processing Leaving the line low for additional time for example until the ACK byte is received by the application does not adversely affect the module If RF packets are received while the CMD line is active they are still processed and output on the module s UART assuming CMDHOLD 0 and PKOPT RXPKT 0 Figure 30 shows this timing CMD_DATA_IN Startt DO X Figure 30 HumPRO Series Transceiver CMD Line Timing Commands can be entered sequentially without having to raise the CMD line after each one The CMD line just needs to be raised to be able to enter data for transmission If the CMDHOLD register is 0x01 then any received data is held
85. nd Extended User Addressing Modes The Source Addr Field is the address of the transmitting module This is 2 bytes long with User Addressing Mode and 4 bytes with DSN and Extended User Addressing Modes The Data Length byte indicates how many bytes of data are in the packet This value is the same in the packet header and the associated data block The header and data structures for explicit encrypted packets are shown in Figure 25 The header and data blocks returned by the module are the decrypted message contents Encrypted DSN Address Packet Header Tag Header Frame Hop Key Sequence Dest DSN Source EBlock Payload Length Type DSN Length Type 1 1 1 1 0x11 1 6 4 4 Encrypted User Address Packet Header Tag Header Frame Length Type 1 1 Hop Key Sequence Dest Addr Source Addr 1 6 2or4 2or4 Source EBlock Payload DSN Length Type 4 1 1 0x11 Encrypted Packet Data Tag Data Data Length 1 0x12 Data Length Bytes Figure 25 HumPRO Series Transceiver Encrypted Packet Header and Data Structure The Tag Header Length and Frame Type fields are the same as for unencrypted packets The Hop Key field uses the first three low order bits to indicate the Hop Sequence number which is the same as unencrypted packets The upper two bits indicate which key is being used Either the factory set key that is used to securely transfer the network key or a network key
86. nd concepts and can create custom designs on a contract basis Contact Linx for more details Transmitting Packets In default operation when transmitting the host microcontroller writes bytes to the CMD_DATA_IN line while the CMD line is held high at the baud rate selected by the UARTBAUD register The incoming bytes are buffered until one of four conditions triggers the packet to be transmitted 1 The number of bytes in the buffer exceeds the value in the Byte Count Trigger BCTRIG register 2 The time since the last received byte exceeds the value in the Data Timeout DATATO register A SENDP command is written to the CMD register The CMD line is taken low with option PKOPT TXNCMD 1 5 The number of buffered bytes exceeds what can be sent before the radio must hop channels The first four conditions can be controlled by the host microcontroller In the last case the module transmits what it can in the remaining time then sends the rest on the next channel This can cause the data to be divided up into multiple packets and is not within the control of the host micro In cases where all data needs to be sent in the same packet or where the microcontroller needs greater control over the radio the HumPRO offers explicit control of packet transmission with options in the PKTOPT register When the TXPKT option is enabled PKTOPT register bit O 1 the data is held until a SENDP command is written to the CMD register Al
87. oadcast address UMASK 00 00 00 FF USRCID 76 54 32 00 UDESTID 76 54 32 FF A module becomes a node by joining with an administrator This is done Newer Key by pressing and releasing the PB button on both units The modules B automatically search for each other using a special protocol When they Becca find each other the administrator sends the node the encryption key UMASK and its network address The UDESTID is set to the address of the C Ca administrator The values are encrypted using a special factory defined key UMASK CO0 O 0E FE LIMASIS 00 O0 UE EE Once the JOIN process is complete the MODE_IND blinks on both units USRCID FF FF FF FF USRCID 76 54 30 00 and they now operate together This is shown in Figure 31 A oe ere Key Generation and Network Join from Preset Mask No Key Network Key If UMASK is pre set when Generate Key is initiated then the JOIN process uses that mask and sets the address accordingly This can allow more JON nodes in the network This is shown in Figure 31 B Likewise the network key can be written to the module with the CDI interface and the JOIN UMASK FF FF FF FF UMASK 00 00 OF FF process used to create an address and associate new modules Or the USRCID FF FF FF FF USRCID 76 54 30 01 administrator can be completely configured through the CDI and the ae IEE REEF ER Veena 54 30 00 JOIN process used to associate nodes in the field This gives the system designer many options for
88. odes The EX line can be asserted to indicate to the host that an error has occurred The EXCEPT register must be read to reset the line Figure 28 lists some example exception masks HumPRO Series Transceiver Example Exception Masks Exception Mask Exception Name 0x08 Allows only EX_BUFOVFL and EX_RFOVFL to trigger the EX line 0x10 Allows only EX_WRITEREGFAILED to trigger the EX line 0x20 AIlows only EX NORFACK to trigger the EX line Allows only EX_BADCRC EX BADHEADER EX_BADSEQID and Bag EX_BADFRAMETYPE exceptions to trigger the EX line Allows EX_BADCRC EX_BADHEADER EX_BADSEQID EX_ Ox60 BADFRAMETYPE and EX_NORFACK exceptions to trigger the EX line OxFF Allows all exceptions to trigger the EX line Figure 28 HumPRO Series Transceiver Example Exception Masks The exception mask has no effect on the exceptions stored in the exception register It only controls which exceptions affect the EX line The extended exception registers offer more functionality with more exceptions and a separate bit for each exception These registers are the default and should be used with new applications When an exception sets an exception code in the EXCEPT register the corresponding flag in the EEXFLAG register is also set The EX line is set and reset by the Extended Exception Flags EEXFLAG and Extended Exception Mask EEXMASK register processing It is set whenever the EEXFLAG value ANDed with the EEXMASK value is non zero EX
89. ood Packet RSSI Read Command Read Response Header Size Escape Address ACK Address Value OxFF 0x02 OxFE 0x7B 0x06 0x7B V Figure 84 HumPRO Series Transceiver Last Good Packet RSSI Command and Response ARSSI Ambient pag Volatile Address 0x7C This register returns the ambient receive signal strength on the current channel in dBm The signal strength is measured as soon as the command is received The register value is an 8 bit signed integer representing the RSSI in dBm It is accurate to 3dB at the high RF data rate and 3 to 20 dB at the low RF data rate The channel being read may be any of the channels in the selected hopping sequence HumPRO Series Ambient RSSI Read Command Read Response Header Size Escape Address ACK Address Value OxFF 0x02 OxFE Ox7C 0x06 Ox7C V Figure 85 HumPRO Series Transceiver Ambient RSSI Command and Response FWVER Firmware Version Non Volatile Address 0xCO 0xC3 These read only registers contain the firmware version number currently on the module Each byte is a hexadecimal value 12 03 01 00 indicates version 18 3 1 0 Each register byte is read separately Figure 86 shows the Firmware Version registers HumPRO Series Firmware Version Registers Name non l Description Address FWVER3 OxCO Major version number FWVER2 OxC1 Minor version number FWVER1 OxC2 Incremental version number FWVERO OxC3 Suffix Figure 86 HumPRO Series Firmware Version Registers Note
90. ormation to the end user on how to install or remove the module from the end product Any changes or modifications not expressly approved by Linx Technologies could void the user s authority to operate the equipment Additional Testing Requirements The HUM 900 PRO UFL and HUM 900 PRO CAS have been tested for compliance as an intentional radiator but the integrator is required to perform unintentional radiator testing on the final product per FCC sections 15 107 and 15 109 and Industry Canada license exempt RSS standards Additional product specific testing might be required Please contact the FCC or Industry Canada regarding regulatory requirements for the application Ultimately is it the integrator s responsibility to show that their product complies with the regulations applicable to their product Versions other than the UFL and CAS have not been tested and require full compliance testing in the end product as it will go to market Information to the user The following information must be included in the product s user manual FCC IC NOTICES This product contains FCC ID OJM900MCA IC 5840A 900MCA This device complies with Part 15 of the FCC rules and Industry Canada license exempt RSS standards Operation of this device is subject to the following two conditions 1 This device may not cause harmful interference and 2 this device must accept any interference received including interference that may cause undesire
91. r The reason for this is that the Payload Type byte is included in the encrypted block but is reported with the header since it is not user data Using the Buffer Empty BE Line The BE line indicates the state of the module s UART buffer It is high to indicate that the UART input buffer is empty indicating that all data has been transmitted When the module receives data on the CMD_DATA_IN line and the CMD line is high the BE line is lowered until all data in the buffer has been processed by the protocol engine If acknowledgement is not enabled the BE line is raised as soon as the module transmits the outgoing packets If acknowledgement is enabled the buffer is not updated until either the data transmissions are acknowledged by the remote end or delivery fails after the maximum number of retries When the BE line returns high the EX line may be sampled or the EXCEPT or EEXFLAG register polled to determine if an error occurred during transmission The state of the BE line can be read in the LSTATUS register reducing the number of hardware connections that are needed Exception Engine The HumPRO is equipped with an internal exception engine to notify the host microcontroller of an unexpected event If errors occur during module operation an exception is raised There are two methods of driving the EX pin when an exception condition exists 1 From the EXMASK and EXCEPT registers legacy operation 2 From the EEXMASKx and EEX
92. r than the legal limits This allows the designer to use an inefficient antenna such as a loop trace or helical to meet size cost or cosmetic requirements and still achieve full legal output power for maximum range If an efficient antenna is used then some attenuation of the output power will likely be needed It is usually best to utilize a basic quarter wave whip until your prototype product is operating satisfactorily Other antennas can then be evaluated based on the cost size and cosmetic requirements of the product Additional details are in Application Note AN 00500 102 Interference Considerations The RF spectrum is crowded and the potential for conflict with unwanted sources of FF is very real While all RF products are at risk from interference its effects can be minimized by better understanding its characteristics Interference may come from internal or external sources The first step is to eliminate interference from noise sources on the board This means paying careful attention to layout grounding filtering and bypassing in order to eliminate all radiated and conducted interference paths For many products this is straightforward however products containing components such as switching power supplies motors crystals and other potential sources of noise must be approached with care Comparing your own design with a Linx evaluation board can help to determine if and at what level design specific interference is pr
93. re 128 SP Series Splatch and uSP MicroSplatch Antennas lt lt 1 2 2 2 22 2C c 41V7 272 s 118 Regulatory Considerations Note Linx RF modules are designed as component devices that require external components to function The purchaser understands that additional approvals may be required prior to the sale or operation of the device and agrees to utilize the component in keeping with all laws governing its use in the country of operation When working with RF a clear distinction must be made between what is technically possible and what is legally acceptable in the country where operation is intended Many manufacturers have avoided incorporating RF into their products as a result of uncertainty and even fear of the approval and certification process Here at Linx our desire is not only to expedite the design process but also to assist you in achieving a clear idea of what is involved in obtaining the necessary approvals to legally market a completed product For information about regulatory approval read AN 00142 on the Linx website or call Linx Linx designs products with worldwide regulatory approval in mind In the United States the approval process is actually quite straightforward The regulations governing RF devices and the enforcement of them are the responsibility of the Federal Communications Commission FCC The regulations are contained in Title 47 of the United States Cod
94. requency for the synthesizer and clocks for the ADCs and the processor 14 Module Description The HumPRO Series module is a completely integrated RF transceiver and processor designed to transmit digital data across a wireless link It employs a fast locking FHSS system for noise immunity and higher transmitter output power as allowed by government regulations When the module does not have data to send it scans all of the channels for incoming data If it finds a valid preamble it pauses and looks for the start of a packet When it receives a valid packet with a matching destination address the module outputs the data through the UART The transmitting module accepts packets through its UART until a configurable number of bytes is reached or a configurable timeout expires between bytes on the UART At this point the module transmits the packet When the module has data to send it goes to the next channel in its hopping pattern It measures the RSSI on that channel to ensure that the channel is clear If the RSSI check passes then it transmits the packets If the RSSI fails then it implements a random wait time and tries again When the channel is clear the module transmits the data The module can stay on one channel for up to 400ms If the module is ready to start transmitting near the end of the channel time it transmits the number of bytes that it can in the remaining time It then hops to the next channel in its hopping pat
95. ress Masking na Network Address Masking is selected by setting COMPAT to 0x03 It allows the receiver to receive all messages sent in User Address or Extended User Address mode with a destination address matching the USRCID group 1 bits continuous high order zero bits in UMASK For example with USRCID 0x12345678 and UMASK OxOOOFFFFF messages with destination address Ox123zzzzz where z is any value is received Automatic Addressing The module supports an automatic addressing mode that reads the Source Address from a valid received packet and uses it to fill the Destination Address register This makes sure that a response is sent to the device that transmitted the original message This also allows the host microcontroller to read out the address of the sending unit The automatic addressing is enabled for the different addressing modes with register AUTOADDR Address Register Use Figure 21 shows the address registers that are used with each addressing mode HumPRO Series Transceiver Address Registers COMPAT 0x00 Relaxed Addressing 0x02 Normal Addressing 0x04 0x06 0x07 0x04 0x06 0x07 DSN User Ex User DSN User Ex User ADDMODE 0x14 0x16 0x17 0x14 0x16 0x17 DSN User ExUser DSN User ExUser ACK ACK ACK ACK ACK ACK UDESTID 3 0 x X UDESTID 1 0 x USRC 3 0 x X X USRC I 0 x UMASK 3 0 x X X UMASK 1 0 x DESTDSNI3 0 X X
96. ronization requires that the hop sequence matches and that the message is addressed to the receiver When synchronized the receiver stays on the current channel to either transmit a packet or to receive an additional packet Additional packets transmitted on the same channel within the time slot use short preambles since the receivers are already listening to the current channel At the end of the time slot for the current channel all modules which locked to the original transmission switch to the next channel in the hop sequence The first transmission on each new channel has a long preamble A receiver that has synchronized to a transmitter continues to stay in synchronism by staying on the received channel until the expiration of the time slot then waiting on the next hop channel for the duration of the time slot If no further packets are received the receiver loses lock and reverts to scanning This allows the receiver to stay synchronized for a short while if a packet is not received correctly The module supports the option to send the long preamble with every packet rather than just the first packet on each channel This can be beneficial for systems that have modules asleep most of the time It gives modules that just woke up the chance to synchronize to any transmitted packet instead of having to wait for the transmitter to complete its time slot and jump to the next channel This can reduce the synchronization time and power con
97. s Channel Hop Table Command and Response Figure 41 shows the RF channels used by the HumPRO Series When the baud rate is set to 9 600 or 19 200 bps the module uses 50 hopping channels Figure 42 shows the hop sequences referenced by channel number When the baud rate is 38 400bps and higher the module uses 26 hopping channels and only even channels are used Figure 43 shows the hop sequences referenced by channel number The default hop sequence is O HumPRO Series RF Channels Channel Number Frequency MHz Channel Number Frequency MHz 0 902 971 32 915 000 1 908 347 33 915 376 2 908 723 34 915 752 3 904 099 35 916 128 4 904 475 36 916 504 5 904 851 37 916 880 6 905 227 38 917 255 if 905 602 39 917 631 8 905 978 40 918 007 9 906 354 41 918 383 10 906 730 42 918 759 11 907 106 43 919 135 12 907 482 44 919 511 13 907 858 45 919 887 14 908 234 46 920 263 15 908 610 47 920 639 16 908 986 48 921 014 ll 909 361 49 921 390 18 909 737 50 921 766 19 910 113 51 922 142 20 910 489 52 922 518 21 910 865 53 922 894 22 911 241 54 923 270 23 911 617 55 923 646 24 911 993 56 924 022 25 912 369 57 924 398 26 912 745 58 924 773 27 913 120 59 925 149 28 913 496 60 925 525 29 913 872 61 925 901 30 914 248 62 926 277 31 914 624 63 926 653 Figure 41 HumPRO Series RF Channels 51 HumPRO Series Hop Sequences by Channel Number for 19 200bps and below AAA A A A NO ee ls 5 o 5 5 4i 20 Z6 a
98. s Compatibility Mode Register Settings 71 AUTOADDR Auto Addressing Volatile Address 0x71 Non Volatile Address 0x26 When the AUTOADDR feature is enabled the module reads the Source Address from a received packet and uses it to fill the Destination Address registers UDESTID or DESTDSN depending on the addressing mode of the received message This ensures that a response is sent to the device that transmitted the original message The response ADDMODE should be the same as ADDMODE used to send the original message The non volatile register only uses the lower 4 bits to configure the automatic addressing The upper 4 bits must be set to 0 The volatile register is split in half with the lower 4 bits configuring the automatic addressing the same as the non volatile register The upper 4 bits indicate the type of the last received packet satisfying the AUTOADDR mask These bits must be written as O This indication is the same as the Addressing Mode register setting These bits are not used by the module and are only written by the module after successfully receiving a packet As an example if AUTOADDR is set to OxOF Any Auto Address and a DSN packet is received from another module then AUTOADDR reads back as Ox4F The lower 4 bits OxF indicate that the module is set to any auto address OxF The upper 4 bits Ox4 indicate that the packet that was just received was a DSN Addres
99. s connected to a pushbutton that takes the line to VCC when it is pressed A resistor pulls the line to ground when the button is not pressed Usage Guidelines for FCC Compliance The pre certified versions of the HumPRO Series module HUM 900 PRO UFL and HUM 900 PRO CAS are provided with an FCC and Industry Canada Modular Certification This certification shows that the module meets the requirements of FCC Part 15 and Industry Canada license exempt RSS standards for an intentional radiator The integrator does not need to conduct any further testing under these rules provided that the following guidelines are met e An approved antenna must be directly coupled to the module s U FL connector through an approved coaxial extension cable or to the module s castellation pad using an approved reference design and PCB layer stack e Alternate antennas can be used but may require the integrator to perform certification testing e The module must not be modified in any way Coupling of external circuitry must not bypass the provided connectors e End product must be externally labeled with Contains FCC ID OJM900MCA IC 5840A 900MCA e The end product s user s manual must contain an FCC statement equivalent to that listed on page 97 of this data guide e The antenna used for this transceiver must not be co located or operating in conjunction with any other antenna or transmitter e The integrator must not provide any inf
100. sages Extended User Addressing mode uses all four bytes When the COMPAT register is 0x02 in User Address mode bytes 3 and 2 must be 0 Please see the Addressing Modes section for more details Each register byte is read and written separately Figure 66 shows the User Source ID registers HumPRO Series User Source Address Registers Volatile Non Volatile Name dress MESS Description USRCID3 Ox5E 0x13 MSB of the extended source address USRCID2 Ox5F 0x14 Byte 2 of the extended source address Byte 1 of the extended source address PROL oe KS MSB of the short source address LSB of the extended source address and short USRCIDO 0x61 0x16 source address Figure 66 HumPRO Series User Source Address Registers UMASK User ID Mask Volatile Address 0x62 0x65 Non Volatile Address 0x17 0x1A These registers contain the user ID mask when User Addressing mode or Extended User Addressing mode are enabled Please see the Addressing Modes section for more details Each register byte is read and written separately Figure 67 shows the User ID Mask registers HumPRO Series User ID Mask Registers Volatile Non Volatile Name Address Address Description UMASK3 0x62 0x17 MSB of the extended mask UMASK2 0x63 0x18 Byte 2 of the extended mask Byte 1 of the extended mask OMASI 0x64 xia MSB of the short mask UMASKO 0x65 Ox1A LSB of the extended mask and short mask Figure 67 HumPRO Series User ID Mask Registers DESTDS
101. sed for the status line SECOPT Security ptions Volatile Address 0xD4 Non Volatile Address 0x84 This register selects options for security features HumPRO Series Security Options Read Command Read Response Header Size Escape Escape Address ACK Address Value 0x54 0xD4 OxFF 0x03 OxFE OxFE 0x04 0x06 0x84 V Write Command Header Size Escape Address Value 0x54 OxFF 0x03 OxFE 0x04 V Figure 103 HumPRO Series Transceiver Packet Options Command and Response Each bit in the register sets an option as shown in Figure 104 Unlike other registers the non volatile register 0x84 affects all Join operations The EN_UNENC bit in the volatile register affects data packet reception HumPRO Series Transceiver Security Option Codes Bit Name Description 0 PB_RESET Permit factory reset from PB input sequence 1 PSHARE Permit key sharing 2 PGKEY Permit clearing key and changing key 3 CHGADDR Permit changing an address 1 Receive key and address during JOIN operation node W Keay 0 Send key and address during JOIN operation admin 5 EN_UNENC Enable receiving unencrypted packets 6 Reserved Reserved must be 1 Y EN_CHANGE Enable changes to security options Figure 104 HumPRO Series Transceiver Security Option Codes When PB_RESET is 1 the Factory Reset function is enabled from the PB input This allows a user to reset the module configurations back to the factory defaults with 4 short presses and
102. sers the antenna type and its gain should be so chosen that the equivalent isotropically radiated power e i r p is not more than that necessary for successful communication The HUM 900 PRO UFL and HUM 900 PRO CAS radio transmitters have been approved by the FCC and Industry Canada to operate with the antenna types listed in Figure 108 with the maximum permissible gain and required antenna impedance for each antenna type indicated Antenna types not included in this list having a gain greater than the maximum gain indicated for that type are strictly prohibited for use with this device Conform ment a la r glementation d Industrie Canada le pr sent metteur radio peut fonctionner avec une antenne d un type et d un gain maximal ou inf rieur approuv pour l metteur par Industrie Canada Dans le but de r duire les risques de brouillage radio lectrique a l intention des autres utilisateurs il faut choisir le type d antenne et son gain de sorte que la puissance isotrope rayonn e quivalente p i r e ne d passe pas l intensit n cessaire a l tablissement d une communication satisfaisante Le pr sent metteur radio HUM 900 PRO UFL HUM 900 PRO CAS a t approuv par Industrie Canada pour fonctionner avec les types d antenne num r s la Figure 108 et ayant un gain admissible maximal et l imp dance requise pour chaque type d antenne Les types d antenne non inclus dans cette liste ou dont le gain est sup r
103. sing Mode packet Figure 75 summarizes the configuration values for the lower 4 bits of the register Figure 76 shows the Addressing Mode values that the module writes to the upper 4 bits after successfully receiving a packet HumPRO Series Auto Addressing Register Settings Auto Address Value Meaning Action 0x00 Auto Addressing disabled Destination Registers not populated 0x04 DSN Auto Address ISSE EES DEN Eeee Destination Register Only 0x06 User Auto Address Mode Auto Popullates User Address Destination Register 0x07 Extended User Auto Address Auto populates Extended User Mode Address Destination Register Auto populates DSN OxOF Any Auto Address Mode Destination or User Address Destination depending on the received message type Figure 75 HumPRO Series Transceiver Auto Addressing Register Settings HumPRO Series Auto Addressing Mode Indicator Addressing Mode Meaning Ox4 DSN Addressing Mode Ox6 User Addressing Mode Ox7 Extended User Addressing Mode Figure 76 HumPRO Series Transceiver Auto Addressing Mode Indicator MYDSN Local Device Serial Number Non Volatile Address 0x34 0x37 These registers contain the factory programmed read only Device Serial Number This address is unique for each module and is included in all packet types as a unique origination address Figure 77 shows the Device Serial Number registers HumPRO Series DSN Registers Name ends D
104. software for use in a specific application The company shall not in any circumstances be liable for special incidental or consequential damages for any reason whatsoever File EncodeProCmd c Sample C code for encoding Hum xxx PRO commands Copyright 2015 Linx Technologies 155 Ort Lane Merlin OR US 97532 www linxtechnologies com License Permission is granted to use and modify this code without royalty for any purpose provided the copyright statement and license are included M2 include EncodeProCmd h Function HumProCommand Description This function encodes a command byte sequence ay If len 1 a read command is generated s3 If len gt 1 a write command is generated ae rema 0 register number b i rema 1 n 1 bytes to write Y unsigned char number of encoded bytes n 2 to 2 n 2 HumProCommand unsigned char ecmd out encoded command length gt 2 n 2 const unsigned char remd in sequence of bytes to encode unsigned char n number of bytes in remd 1 32 unsigned char dx destination index unsigned char sx source index unsigned char v value to be encoded dx 2 sx 0 while n v rcmd sx 4 if v gt 0xfO ecmd dx Oxfe v amp Ox7f ecmd dx v ecmd 0 Oxff ecmd 1 dx 2 return dx Function HumProRead Description This function encodes
105. sumption of the sleeping nodes Compatibility with the 250 Series When DSN mode is used with a specific address the module can communicate with 250 Series modules at UART data rates of 38 400 to 115 200 bps non encrypted For other addressing modes the HumPRO Series modules can be configured to operate with them Setting the COMPAT register to 0x00 enables the compatible operation This allows mixed mode systems and upgrades of legacy products that still maintain backwards compatibility Only the higher baud rates are compatible The main feature of compatibility operation is that it configures the same addressing methods used by the 250 Series These methods are more susceptible to interference from adjacent networks of 250 Series modules which use DSN GUI broadcast messages Please see Reference Guide RG 00105 for more details Networking The HumPRO Series modules can be used to create many types of wireless networks The modules do not provide network routing since the internal memory size of the module would limit the overall network size The HumPRO can work as the MAC PHY layers of a network stack and the memory and processing speed of the external microcontroller can be sized according to the size of the network that is needed for the application This requires more software development but avoids the cost of adding extra memory on the module for applications that don t need it Linx can assist with network frameworks a
106. t desirable for practical or ergonomic reasons thus an alternative antenna style such as a helical loop or patch may be utilized and the corresponding sacrifice in performance accepted OPTIMUM USABLE NOT RECOMMENDED Figure 121 Ground Plane Orientation If an internal antenna is to be used keep it away from other metal components particularly large items like transformers batteries PCB tracks and ground planes In many cases the space around the antenna is as important as the antenna itself Objects in close proximity to the antenna can cause direct detuning while those farther away will alter the antenna s symmetry In many antenna designs particularly 4 wave whips the ground plane acts as a counterpoise forming in essence VERTICAL 144 GROUNDED a 1 2 wave dipole Figure 122 For this reason ANTENNA MARCONI adequate ground plane area is essential The ground plane can be a metal case or ground fill areas on a circuit board Ideally it should have a surface area less than or equal to the overall length of the 4 wave radiating element This is often not practical due to Pros A DIPOLE ELEMENT M4 GROUND size and configuration constraints In these PLANE A i VIRTUAL 2 4 instances a designer must make the best use DIPOLE of the area available to create as much ground Figure 122 Dipole Antenna 110 plane as possible in proximity to the base of the antenna In cases where the
107. tern to transmit the remaining data The module supports automatic acknowledgements for assured delivery When enabled the receiving module responds to a valid transmission with an acknowledgement to let the transmitting module know that it received the data If an acknowledgement is not received then the transmitting module repeats the transmission for a configurable number of retries If the retry limit is exceeded without an acknowledgement then the transmitting module issues an exception error to let the host micro know of the communication problem A standard UART interface is used to configure the module for operation and for the data input and output This is suitable for direct connection to UARTs on many microcontrollers USB converters and RS 232 converters A simple command set is used for configuration and control Modules can be pre configured for fixed point to point or broadcast topologies allowing streaming data no commands during operation 15 Overview The HumPRO Series RF transceiver module offers a number of features that make it suitable for many data transfer applications This section provides a basic overview of the features while following sections dive into them in more detail The modules have a very powerful addressing method Each module is given a unique 16 or 32 bit address The receiving modules use an address mask that determines how it responds to a received transmission The addressing and maskin
108. ternatively if option TXnCMD is enabled PKTOPT register bit 1 1 then lowering the CMD line triggers the packet transmission reducing the number of UART transactions that are required The BCTRIG and DATATO conditions are ignored when the TXPKT option is enabled Once triggered the transmitted packet contains the bytes in the buffer as of the trigger event even if more data bytes are received before the packet can be sent Multiple outgoing packets can be buffered in this way If the full packet cannot be sent in the time remaining on the current channel then it is held until the module hops to the next channel This option gives the host microcontroller very fine control over when packets are transmitted and what they contain Receiving Packets In default operation when receiving valid packets the module outputs all received bytes as soon as the packet is validated CRC checks pass and if the addressing permits it at the baud rate selected by the UARTBAUD register No command or control bytes are output and no action is required of an external microcontroller The first byte from a packet directly follows the last byte of the previously received packet In cases where the host microcontroller needs more control over the data or where dynamic configuration changes could set up race conditions between incoming data and outgoing commands the module offers explicit control over received packets When the RXPKT option is enabled
109. that has been written or created by the JOIN process This is shown in Figure 26 HumPRO Series HopKey Byte Values HopKey Bit Value 0 3 Hop Sequence Number 1 to 5 4 5 0 Encryption key 6 7 0 factory 1 user network Figure 26 HumPRO Series HopKey Byte Values The Sequence bytes contain a counter that is incremented for each new transmitted message The initial value is randomized when the module is reset The extended sequence becomes part of an initialization vector which is used to vary the encrypted contents of identical packets A received packet is discarded if the sequence byte matches the previously received packet to prevent delivering duplicate copies of an automatically retransmitted packet The Dest DSN Source DSN Dest Addr and Source Adar fields are the source and destination addresses the same as in unencrypted packets The EBlock length field is the total number of bytes of data in the encrypted payload block This length includes the Payload Type byte The Payload Type byte indicates what data is contained in the payload Ox00 indicates that the payload is user data 0x01 indicates that the payload is the 16 byte AES key followed by any user data This is used for transferring the network encryption key during the JOIN process For the Encrypted Packet Data packet the Data Length byte indicates the number of bytes of data payload that follow This value is one less than the EBlock length in the heade
110. the correct one is found or the module can be reset to factory defaults The default baud rate is 9 600bps 0x01 55 ADDMODE Addressing Mode Volatile Address 0x4F Non Volatile Address 0x04 The module supports three addressing modes DSN User and Extended User which are configured using bits O 2 If bit 3 is set the module sends an extended preamble This allows modules that have just awakened or have not yet synchronized to find and temporarily synchronize with the transmitting module This can be useful in systems that require the endpoints to spend most of their time sleeping Endpoints can awaken receive a message from the transmitter and go back to sleep This message could contain scheduling information as to when to wake again for a full bi directional communications session If bit 4 is set then the receiver is instructed to transmit an acknowledgement packet for assured delivery signifying to the transmitter that the message was received If bit 5 is set then the module transmits data in encrypted mode Figure 48 shows the command and response and Figure 49 shows the valid settings HumPRO Series Addressing Mode Read Command Read Response Header Size Escape Address ACK Address Value Ox4F Ox4F OxFF 0x02 OxFE 0x04 0x06 0x04 V Write Command Header Size Address Value 0x4F OxFF Ox02 0x04 V Figure 48 HumPRO Series Addressing Mode Command and Response HumPRO Series Addressing Mode Regist
111. the module but it immediately goes back to sleep Floating inputs should be avoided since they may cause unintended transitions and cause the module to draw additional current Output Line Sleep States Output Line Sleep State EX Unchanged CRESP Low LNA_EN Low PA_EN Low TXD High CTS High MODE_IND Low BE Unchanged Figure 35 HumPRO Series Output Line Sleep States If the volatile registers have been corrupted during sleep a software reset is performed This restarts the module as if power were cycled This can be caused by power surges or brownout among other things After the module wakes up it sets the IDLE register to O active If the WAKEACK register is set to 1 then the module outputs the 0x06 byte on the CMD DATA OUT line The CRESP line is taken high and the module then begins normal operation Pulsing RESET low causes the module to restart rather than continue from sleep 41 The Command Data Interface The HumPRO Series transceiver has a serial Command Data Interface CDI that is used to configure and control the transceiver through software commands This interface consists of a standard UART with a serial command set The CMD_DATA_IN and CMD_DATA_OUT lines are the interface to the module s UART The UART is configured for 1 start bit 1 stop bit 8 data bits no parity and a serial data rate set by register UARTBAUD default 9 600bps The CMD line tells the module if the data on the UART is for con
112. the transfer cycle The cycle is shown in Figure 22 CMD CMD DATA JN CMD DATA OUT CONTROL Any Command Read Packet Command Any Response Packet to UART DSN Address Packet Header EX Exception for unread packet A Packet In Figure 22 HumPRO Series Transceiver Received Packet Transfer Cycle If a GETPH was sent and header data received the following data can then be read by repeating the cycle with the GETPD commana If the next GETPx command is a GETPH or GETPHD the data associated with the header read by GETPH is discarded and the header or header plus data of the following packet is returned If there is RF received data waiting to be sent to the UART and the mask for EX_RXWAIT is set in the EEXMASK register EX is raised if it is low If there is no packet waiting when a GETPx command is sent the control line is still taken high and not reset until after CMD goes high thereby performing a zero byte transfer cycle The header and payload structures differ between encrypted packets and unencrypted packets The header and data structures for explicit unencrypted packets are shown in Figure 23 The Tag field identifies the start of the block and if it is the header information 0x01 or the packet data 0x02 The Header Length field identifies the number of header bytes that follow The Frame Type field identifies what k
113. tile configurations are set to the factory default values and the module is restarted The default UART data rate is 9 600bps If the timing on PB does not match the specified limits the sequence is ignored Another attempt can be made after lowering PB for at least 3 seconds Using the Low Power Features The module supports several low power features to save current in battery powered applications This allows the module to be asleep most of the time but be able to quickly wake up send data and go back to sleep Taking the Power Down POWER_DOWN line low places the module into the lowest power state In this mode the internal voltage regulator and all oscillators are turned off All circuits powered from the voltage regulator are also off The module is not functional while in this mode and current consumption drops to below GUA Taking the line high wakes the module When the POWER DOWN line is high the IDLE register determines sleep operation If IDLE is set to 1 during normal operation the module sends an ACK byte waits for completion of an active transmission then goes into sleep mode Unsent data in the incoming UART data buffer does not inhibit sleep During sleep mode the output lines are in the states in Figure 35 A rising transition on the POWER_DOWN or CMD_DATA_IN lines wakes the module If a negative going pulse is needed to generate a rising edge the pulse width should be greater than 1 us Other lines also wake
114. tination addresses All three addressing modes can be configured to be compatible with the older 250 Series modules The default operation has an additional level of masking on the receiving module that helps prevent interference from adjacent networks The following sections give brief descriptions of the three modes but a detailed explanation and examples are given in RG 00105 the HumPRO Addressing Mode Reference Guide Device Serial Number Addressing mode is the simplest mode and supports point to point communications Each module is programmed at the factory with a unique 4 byte serial number that cannot be changed These bytes are found in the non volatile read only MYDSN registers MYDSN 3 0 DSN Addressing mode uses this serial number as an address The transmitting unit s DSN is used as the source address and the intended receiver s DSN is written into the destination address registers DESTDSNI3S 0 All modules within range hear the transmission but only the module with the serial number that matches the destination address outputs the data on its UART All others ignore the transmission User Addressing Mode User Addressing Mode is a more flexible method than DSN Addressing Mode It uses the customer ID bytes CUSTID 1 0 for unencrypted messages and two of the user destination bytes UDESTID 1 0 as a destination address The customer ID bytes are program
115. tions suits proceedings demands assessments adjustments costs and expenses incurred by Linx Technologies as a result of or arising from any Products sold by Linx Technologies to Customer Under no conditions will Linx Technologies be responsible for losses arising from the use or failure of the device in any application other than the repair replacement or refund limited to the original product purchase price Devices described in this publication may contain proprietary patented or copyrighted techniques components or materials Under no circumstances shall any user be conveyed any license or right to the use or ownership of such items 2015 Linx Technologies All rights reserved The stylized Linx logo Wireless Made Simple WiSE CipherLinx and the stylized CL logo are trademarks of Linx Technologies
116. to be successful There are two ways of entering an encryption key directly by writing the key to registers through the Command Data Interface or through a JOIN process Streaming Data and Explicit Packets The module s default configuration is for streaming data At some UART rates the module sends the data at a higher rate over the air than it is inout on the UART This hides the time required for the protocol transactions and the frequency hopping The result is that the data appears to stream through the module with no breaks in the data apparent to the host processor Alternatively the module can be configured for explicit packet transmission This allows the host processor to control when packets are sent and what data is in each packet Exceptions and Host Processor Interface ll The module has several indicator lines that provide feedback to the host processor on the module s operation and current status This includes an exception line EX that informs the processor when errors occur so that it can take steps to manage the issue gracefully The state of the status lines can also be read through the module s Command Data Interface to reduce the number of hardware connections that are required Command Data Interface The module has a Command Data Interface that consists of a set of serial commands entered through a UART
117. until the CMD line is raised This prevents received data from being intermingled with command responses External Amplifier Control The HumPRO Series transceiver has two output lines that are designed to control external amplifiers The PA_EN line goes high when the module activates the transmitter This can be used to activate an external power amplifier to boost the signal strength of the transmitter The LNA_EN line goes high when the module activates the receiver This can be used to activate an external low noise amplifier to boost the receiver sensitivity These external amplifiers can significantly increase the range of the system at the expense of higher current consumption and system cost The states of the PA_EN and LNA_EN lines can be read in the LSTATUS register This offers a quick way to determine the current state of the radio AES Encryption HumPRO Series modules with firmware version 2 0 and above offer AES encryption Encryption algorithms are complex mathematical calculations that use a large number called a key to scramble data before transmission This is done so that unauthorized persons who may intercept the signal cannot access the data To decrypt the data the receiver must use the same key that was used to encrypt it It performs the same calculations as the transmitter and if the key is the same the data is recovered The HumPRO Series module has the option to use AES encryption arguably the most common
118. waiting bytes exceeds the number that can be sent within the remaining slot time or a Send Packet command is written to the CMD register e TXPKT 1 all bytes written to the module are held until a SENDP command is written to the CMD register or the CMD line is lowered with TXNCMD 1 The DATATO or BCTRIG conditions are ignored with this option The transmitted packet consists of the bytes in the buffer at the time a packet is triggered even if more data bytes are received before the packet can be sent Multiple outgoing packets can be buffered Changing this option clears the incoming buffer losing un transmitted or unacknowledged data When TXnCMD is 1 lowering the CMD line has the same effect as writing the SENDP command to the CMD register triggering buffered data to be transmitted Packet grouping is affected by option TXPKT The minimum low time on the CMD line to terminate the packet is given in the Electrical Specifications When RXPKT is 1 incoming packets are held until a GETPH GETPD or GETPHD command is written to the CMD register Transfer uses a Packet Receive transfer The CMDHOLD setting has no effect When RXPKT is 0 incoming UART data is delivered without headers The data flow is controlled by the CMDHOLD setting When RXP_CTS is 1 the CTS line is used for the status line during a Packet Receive transfer and not for controlling data flow into the module When it is O CTS is used for flow control and CRESP is u
119. x Application Notes AN 00100 AN 00140 AN 00500 and AN 00501 Linx antennas and connectors offer outstanding performance at a low price A whip style antenna Figure 124 provides outstanding overall performance and stability A low cost whip can be easily fabricated from a wire or rod but most designers opt for the consistent performance and cosmetic appeal of a professionally made model To meet this need Linx offers a wide variety of straight and reduced height whip style antennas in permanent and vi connectorized mounting styles Figure 124 Whip Style Antennas The wavelength of the operational frequency determines an antenna s overall length Since a full wavelength foul is often quite long a partial 1 2 or 4 wave antenna F wiz is normally employed Its size and natural radiation Figure 125 resistance make it well matched to Linx modules L length in feet of quarter wave length The proper length for a straight 14 wave can be easily operating frequency determined using the formula in Figure 125 It is also in megahertz possible to reduce the overall height of the antenna by using a helical winding This reduces the antenna s bandwidth but is a great way to minimize the antenna s physical size for compact applications This also means that the physical appearance is not always an indicator of the antenna s frequency Linx offers a wide variety of specialized antenna styles Figure 12
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