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2008 vol 10 - Universitatea din Petroşani

1. It becomes necessary to calculate the flow sheet in the following situations to design an installation or a new section in an installation Ph D Associate professor Eng at University of Petrosani Ph D Associate professor Eng at University of Petrosani Ph D Associate professor Eng at University of Petrosani 81 VISUAL BASIC APPLICATION FOR CALCULATING THE FLOATATION FLOWSHEETS to know the products characteristics all along a technological circuit for a certain functioning regime From time to time we must know the characteristics of an installation in order to be able to modify or to correct the existing technological scheme without supplementary investments as well as to improve the technical and economical indexes That may be needed when the raw material quality has been changed or the customers requests are different 2 FLOATATION CIRCUITS DESIGNING VISUAL BASIC APPLICATION Using the balance equations written for different types of monometallic mineral simple B floatation circuits we calculated the quantities and A C valuable metal contents in each point of the circuit GU Dg We expressed these parameters only d FLOATATION vy depending on weight recoveries for each operation read CIRCUIT Ej Vig Voj total weight recovery v feed quantity A Paid G and contents in feed a concentrate c floated di gt b y products of each enriching operation dx and oe fd clean
2. The used controller is a derivative of the C16x Family of full featured single chip CMOS microcontrollers 1 2 It combines high CPU performance with peripheral functionality and enhanced IO capabilities like in fig 2 A lot of features contributes to his performance short execution time per instruction acceptance of many data types like bit byte and word internal on chip integrated RAM Memory interrupt vectors with more Priority Levels Peripheral Event Controller and Intelligent Peripheral Components Port PO fig 1 SAB80C167 right consists of the two 8 bit bidirectional I O ports Both are bit wise programmable via direction bits as input or output For a input configuration the output driver is put into high impedance state Port P1 consists also of the two 8 bit bidirectional I O ports This port is used as the 16 bit address bus A in demultiplexed bus modes and also after switching from a demultiplexed bus mode to a multiplexed bus mode 64 EGRLA TULBURE A SARB V Table 1 XUL e Connection pins of the Port 7 xTAL2 16 Bt E gt Patt P7 0 POUTO PWM model ch 0 out STOUT 4 16 Bt Port 2 P P7 1 POUTI PWM model ch 1 out 16 B ng N Pon 3 O P7 2 POUT2 PWM model ch 2 out S 150 th R P7 3 POUT3 PWM model ch3 out lt feu 4 READY dii T P74 CC28I0 In compare out ch 28 Pot 6 1 s v 8m P7 5 CC29IO In compare out ch 29 Bing P 7 P7 6
3. a Fig 5 URS controller simulation a Simulation model b Simulation result 11 MODELING SIMULATION AND CONTROL FOR AN UNDERGROUND ROOF SUPPORT AS TWO ROBOTIC ARMS 32 THE SOFTWARE CONTROLLER AND GUI Based on the above model there was developed a simple algorithm that was implemented in Visual C programming language as software oriented design having the graphic user interface GUI presented in fig 6 File Edit View Help Direct Model B 5 Inverse Model Initial position Set PB SB pushes TM URS outstreched Move URS amp Fold PB Advance Suppon Fix URS co gu Transporter Y 80 76 70 Fig 6 Graphic User Interface In order to design the software there was used the object oriented paradigm There were defined four dedicated classes as follows e D3Dgraphics class that implements methods to render the roof support to initialize the graphical device and to upload the graphical elements from x files e RoofSuppElem class that does the abstract data type for all the elements of the roof support and has the method to render each of the elements e RoofSupport class that groups all elements which form up the roof support This class also contains the movement constraints e RoofSupplnt class that achieves the link between process and software The GUI has two main parts The first from the left side is used to display a 3D animation The second right side represents a con
4. A4 The computing of the assembling characteristics A5 The computing of the designing fit correction A6 The computing of the roughness fit correction not for the interference fits with hot assemblage A7 The verification of the fit correction by thermal analysis A8 The change of the designed fit from a class to another if is necessary from H to h or vice versa A9 The verification of the fit at the maximum interference and oc the flow limit of the material A10 The typing of the deviations an the drawing In 1 is presented the key expression for computing the interference fit based on the basic bore in 5 is presented the key expression for design the interference fit based on the basic shaft with the afferent examples In 1 is presented the key formula for using the table 39 figure 3 33 by 1 35 SOFTWARE FOR DESIGNING OF THE CLEARANCE AND INTERFERENCE FITS Smin ei ITx MM S p computed value border II value border I value The computed minimum interference is equal with the lower deviation value from the border II of the table 39 which on the vertical corresponds to one letter which represents the symbol letter of the projected fit minus a tolerance zone ITx which can be found in the border I of the table 39 by 1 This is in correspondence on the vertical with a digit This is the symbol digit which represents the precision quality of the projected fit 1 and 5
5. CC30IO In compare out ch i c mn 30 P7 7 CC3IIO In compare out ch 3 Figure 2 Block diagram of the NEM microcontroller Port P2 fig 2 is a 16 bit bidirectional I O port It is also bit wise programmable for input or output via direction bits Port 2 outputs can be configured as push pull or open drain drivers The input threshold of Port 2 is selectable TTL or special Port P3 is a 15 bit P3 14 is missing bidirectional I O port also bit wise programmable The input threshold of Port 3 is selectable TTL or special The Port 3 pins can serve for alternate functions like Timers Transmisions Units Ext memory signals and system clock Port P4 is an 8 bit bidirectional I O port It is bit wiseprogrammable In case of an external bus configuration Port 4 can be used to output the segment address lines Port P5 is a 16 bit input only port with Schmitt Trigger Properties The pins of Port 5 also serve as the up to 16 analog input channels for the A D converter where P5 x equals ANx Analog input channel x or they serve as timer inputs Port P6 is an 8 bit bidirectional I O port Port 6 outputs can be configured as push pull or open drain drivers The Port 6 pins also serve for alternate functions like chip select master hold bus request Port P7 is an 8 bit bidirectional I O port It is bit wisePort 7 outputs can be configured as push pull or open drain drivers The input threshold of Port 7 is selectable TTL or spe
6. K C Whiten W J Morrison R D Jksimfloat as a Practical Tool for Flotation Process Design and Optimisation Proceedings of the SME Mineral Processing Plant Design Practice and Control Conference SME Vancouver 2002 pp 461 478 Annals of the University of Petrosani Electrical Engineering 10 2008 pages 84 89 SOLAR HYDROGEN ENERGY CAMELIA STANOI ALEXANDRU LAUTARU Abstract Paper presents the damages caused by fossil fuels as well as the climate change due to greenhouse gases and shows that solar hydrogen energy system is a clean energy alternative to the present polluting resources Key words fossil fuels hydrogen hydrides fuel cell electrolyzers greenhouse gas renewable power plant I INTRODUCTION Why renewable energy instead of fossil fuels The United Nations Climate Report 2006 shows that the global temperature of the atmosphere will be rising up to 9 K by 2100 melting polar ice and increasing the sea level An average global warming of 2 C threatens millions of people with an increased risk of hunger and malaria Since the 1970 s scientists started to realize that the massive increase of CO in the atmosphere emitted by cars and factories started to harm our environment Another gas caused by the combustion of fossil fuels in the presence of air is NO Unlike CO NO turns into acid inside our lungs when we inhale it This acid will destroy the lung s structure and the lungs will loose their capa
7. THE WIND USE FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY oei t toe ep PRU e ESSERE LONE bee we tUe teks 18 EMIL POP MONICA LEBA PETRE MARIAN VAMVU SINGLE CHIP VGA VIDEO CONTROLLER rt aL Ut eiu aee e est e gang UE 27 ARON POANTA NICOLAE NITESCU DAN DOJCSAR BOGDAN SOCHIRCA SOFTWARE FOR DESIGNING OF THE CLEARANCE AND INTERFERENCE FITS Irene NN a gu et ree iM 33 CAMELIA STANOI NEW MATERIALS FOR WATER ELECTROLYSIS sese 40 ADRIAN MARIUS TOMUS NICOLAE PATRASCOIU VIRTUAL INSTRUMENT TO MEASURE THE ROTATION SPEED cte tr ete eee repe sce o ud 45 TITU NICULESCU THE STUDY OF ELECTRO DYNAMICS FORCES FOR THREE PHASE SHORT CIRCUTTS excita tereti ip siden REM EEPe Ie Se bode On east bak deaad E cope venles 51 VIOLETA VALI CIUCUR APPLICATION CONSIDERATIONS CVT ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS DURING LINEAR AND NONLINEAR LOADING eeen 55 ANGELA EGRI ADRIAN TUL BURE VALI SARB EMBEDDED DEVLOPMENT ENVIROMENT TO CONTROL THE CIM SYSTEMS esses HH Hee 61 LARISA M GHERUSAN A SHORT PRESENTATION OF THE DYE SENSITIZED NANOSTRUCTURES SOLAR CELLS ierse e ear e EE Hee eee enne enne 68 NICOLAE PATRASCOIU ADRIAN TOMUS CECILIA ROSULESCU USING THERMOCOUPLES IN PROGRAMMABLE SYSTEMS FOR MEASURING TEMPERATURE 3 5 9 6p og uguehtetedauidaueee bia eebiuedae en 73 BRANA LILIANA SAMOILA MARIUS DANIEL MARCU ILIE UTU VISUAL BASIC APPLICATION FOR CALCULATING THE FLOATATION FLOWSHEETS sese 80 CAMELIA STANOI ALEXANDRU L
8. The input mode is software conFigureurable and the input range is fixed at 10 V The input channels support three input modes differential DIFF referenced single ended RSE and nonreferenced single ended NRSE The selected input mode applies to all the input channels The converters return data in two s complement format Max sampling rate is 200 kS s e Analog output AO 8 outputs 16 bits Voltage range is fixe dat 10V e Digital input DI and digital output DO 96 bidirectional DIO lines that you can conFigureure individually for input or output e FPGA controls A user reconFigureurable FPGA Field Programmable Gate Array controls the digital I O lines and the digital and analog I O lines The FPGA allows you to define the functionality and timing of the device From all 96 digital channel In this case we use only 2 digital channels DIO and DII of the PCI 7831 card The sensor acquisition board connection Taking into consideration the imposed conditions the HEDS 9100 incremental encoder fulfils the rotation speed and direction information gathering requirements The signals received from this sensor are TTL signals so that their processing in order to extract the information can be done using the PCI 7831 acquisition board The connection between the sensor and the acquisition board implies the construction of the following diagram in Figure 2 in which signal 1 and 2 represent the 2 signals delayed by a quarte
9. UAL asp T 1 A In RE B C n RO 2 f Convert from Mis 1 EC Temperature 1 j Howland Voltage 1 i gt gt i2 E o 001129148 A 0 000234125 B 76741E 8 c Thermistor Resistance Fig 4 Diagram bloc of the virtual instrument The first function used is the NI DAQmx Create Virtual Channel which creates a virtual channel corresponding to two analog inputs and adds it to a task The second function used is the DAQmx Start Task This function explicitly transitions a task to the running state In this application in the running state the function starts the task which performs the specified acquisition The third function used is the DAQmx Read and this function reads samples from the specify task or virtual channels In this application the function reads analog inputs AIO and AII The value of voltage Uao taken by the analog input AIO is displayed as Thermocouple Voltage and is used to determine temperature of the thermocouple To determine the thermocouple temperature is used relationship 3 customized for different thermocouples and specific areas of their temperatures To achieve voltage temperature conversion is used a SubVI V 7T that has like base element a Case structure Value wired to the Case selector terminal that select which case is executed at a time is generated by the user via front panel con
10. V B VAMVU P 27 BADEA A 5 102 BARBU C 18 Z ZBURLEA E 90 C CIUCUR V 55 D DOJCSAR D 33 E EGRLA 61 102 L LAUTARU A 84 LEBA M 5 18 27 M MARCU M 80 MAGHERUSAN L 68 N NICULESCU T 51 NITESCU N 33 P PATRASCOIU N 45 73 POANTA A 33 POP E 5 13 18 27 R ROSULESCU C 73 S SAMOILA B 80 SIRB V 5 61 102 SOCHIRCA B 13 33 STANOI C 40 84 T TOMUS A 45 73 TUL BURE A 61 U UTU L 80
11. accumulator if is properly maintain can be up to 800 17 MINER LAMPS MULTIPLE PARAMETERS MONITORING SOFTWARE Also the software is linked to a access database and for each lamp the serial number of the lamp is the identification key can be stored different date The user have 4 fields the user of the lamp name serial lamp is different of the internal serial this one can be write by each owner an observation field and a special field All those fields can be used by the owner When a lamb reach the 30 cycles it will signalize that the lamp need a deep discharge and will mark it When it is pushed the DEEP DESCGARGE button then all the marked lamp will start automatically start discharging If a lamp that is marked for a deep discharge the operator didn t want to discharge the is enough just to unmark it and the software will not discharge that lamp 3 CONCLUSIONS In the miner process in Valea Jiului and not only there it can be observed an modernization and a retechnologization of work requirements imposed by the existing standards for a better course of the technologic process The classics miner lamps was replaced with success at almost all mines with the new generation of lamps based on the LED technologies controlled by microcontrollers with a weight lower then the old one but with superiors performance The software it is designate for the maintenance of the new generation of miner lamps making the life of exploitation l
12. low distortion load was connected to the CVT output the CVT contributed to the current distortion at its input terminals from the electric service power source particularly during low loading When a nonlinear high distortion load was connected the CVT substantially reduced load current distortion When fully loaded the CVT had relatively small power consumption and an efficiency of 85 to 90 As opposed to most voltage regulators the losses of the CVT decreased as the nonlinear load increased The CVT also significantly affected the power factor of the load 2 PERFORMANCE POWER FACTOR For both linear and nonlinear loads the size of the load affected the input power factor of the CVT While the CVT was loaded at less than 4096 of its output 57 APPLICATION CONSIDERATIONS CVT ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS DURING LINEAR AND NONLINEAR LOADING power rating approximately 3 3 A the power factor ranged from 0 65 to 0 95 While the CVT was loaded at greater than 40 the power factor was greater than 0 95 for the linear load and greater than 0 90 for the nonlinear load For the linear load the power factor crossed from lagging to leading at approximately 60 load approximately 5 A Figure 3 and Figure 4 show the power factors for the linear and nonlinear load without and with the CVT respectively ox Z 090 y 2 0 80 Power Factor Without CVT 9 Es ee Power Factor With CVT S 070 E 0
13. pages 61 67 EMBEDDED DEVLOPMENT ENVIROMENT TO CONTROL THE CIM SYSTEMS ANGELA EGRI ADRIAN TUL BURE VALI SARB Abstaract In this papers is presented the Embedded Development Environment kit EVA167 This contain the software tools and the hardware device for real time evaluation of the C167 microcontroller The board is delivered with two static RAMs which con be extended until 2 Mbytes With the help of open drain circuit on Port7 one can achieve the combination of more PWM outputs through different pull up configuration connections This provides the short circuit for any PWM channel Key words Embedded Development Environment PWM kit EVA167 and CMOS microcontroller 1 SOFTWARE PRESENTATION A classical Program Development Environment DE is used to develop applications for systems with only one target and host system Thereby is possible to run a application directly from the Integrated DE In an Embedded Development Environment EDE this is no longer true To run an application for a embedded system a simulator or target hardware is required The EDE can both compile error free a module and offers a number of simulators and target hardware The used Embedded Development Environment EDE can be divided into three main parts EDIT BUILD and DEBUG like in the fig 1 In the Edit part one can select the toolchain create and maintain a project edit some sources to be used in a project and specify the development options In the B
14. 270 430 700 1100 290 150 95 85 50 32 28 16 10 6 0 E HEIN oji 15 234 6 9 13 fat 33 52 84 130 210 330 520 840 1300 300 160 110 85 65 40 22 20 12 7 0 s z 3040 0 6 j 1 15 254 7 11 16 28 39 62 100 160 250 390 620 1000 1400 m 120 H100 80 50 35 25 15 9 0 S385 0 12 2 3 5 8 13 19 30 46 74 120 190 300 460 740 1200 19004 20 I9U 40 120 100 60 42 30 17 10 0 Sp 3 0 230 I56 m 80 J0 1 15 25 4 6 10 15 22 35 54 87 140 220 350 540 870 1400 2200 EU 220 I70 145 120 72 51 36 21 12 0 Ceum EUDE 3 I127 140 12 2 35 5 8 12 18 25 40 63 100 160 250 400 630 1000 1600 2500 20 260 200 175 145 85 60 43 25 14 0 poe s0 50 A0 Hu E RE RE Ero Tz 3 45 7 iol 14 fat 29 46 72 115 185 290 460 720 1130 1850 2900 20 3U 8 2210 170 100 71 50 27 15 8 20 5 HU 80 250 25 20 20 220 EU B 23D 280 25 4 6 8 12 16 23 32 532 81 130 210 320 520 810 1300 2100 3200 920 amp U 0 245 190 110 78 56 31 17 O A 28 315 DEJEM 315 55 I20 e 60 IEE cou 3 5 7 9 13 18 25 36 57 89 140 230 360 570 90 1400 2300 3600 E Gun 282 210 125 88 62 33 18 0 400 450 4 6 8 10 15 20 27 40 63 97 155 250 400 630 970 15
15. 60 2 0 83 249 4 15 5 81 7 47 Resistive Load Current A Figure 3 Power factor for a linear load S lL a S 0 80 _ Power Factor Without CVT move eH Power Factor With CVT og ree 0 607 ings SFT s e e J rar 0 40 _ 9 40 othe e e e eco 7 0 83 2 49 4 15 5 81 7 47 Rectifier Load Current A Figure 4 Power factor for a nonlinear load The CVT significantly affected the power factor of the load At low loading the nonlinear load without the CVT had a power factor as low as 0 44 With the CVT the total power factor of the nonlinear load ranged from 0 61 to near unity However when loaded at less than 50 the CVT significantly reduced the power factor for the linear resistive load which normally has a unity power factor Note that in most CVT applications the aggregate facility loading is significantly small so it would not be prudent to attempt any power factor correction at individual CVT operating loads Power factorcorrection initiatives should be accomplished at the electric service meter of the facility 58 CIUCUR V V 3 APPLICATION CONSIDERATIONS USING THREE PHASE INPUT One of the drawbacks of using a CVT is its inability to protect equipment from voltage interruptions A traditional CVT can protect equipment down to approximately 4096 of nominal voltage A company in the midwestern U S has introduced a prototype CVT that protects equipment from deep voltag
16. C LAUTARU A For the well being of our health and environment we need to convert to Solar Hydrogen Energy Hydrogen has a unique property and that is of flameless burning also called catalytic combustion By taking advantage of this property wall units for space heating have already been designed In this units air enters the system through the surface of a catalytic plate made of porous ceramic with traces of platinum Hydrogen is taken in through the back of the plate and flameless combustion takes place inside producing heat for the room Estimated hydrogen use in next 70 years according to Sigfusson Stanford 2003 shows that the hydrogen production will reach 80000 tone around 2060 fig 2 But technical developments during the next few years could considerably influence the graph Estimated hydrogen energy use A o e Energy TWh OOH O1 9 OI Co O1 4 oo 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 Fig 2 Estimated hydrogen energy use Hydrogen offers a way to store and regenerate electricity does not produce carbon dioxide is clean can power a vehicle or a house Hydrogen is a form of energy which can be stored for later use The simplest element on the periodic table hydrogen is colorless odorless and tasteless It s the most common element in the galaxy but frustratingly difficult to make on Earth REFERENCES 1 Atkins P W Tratat de chimie fizic
17. Editura Tehnic 1996 2 Angerstein Kozlowska H Sharp W A B Conway E B in M W Breiter ed Proc Of Symposium on Electrocatalysis Electrochem Soc Princeton pag 94 1974 89 SOLAR HYDROGEN ENERGY 3 Avramescu A Cartianu P Energetica mondiala In perspectiva sfarsitului de mileniu Ed Academiei R S R Bucuresti 1985 4 Bockris J O M Srinivasan S Fuel Cells Their Electrochemistry McGraw Hill New York 1969 5 Despre politica de energie a Uniunii Europene 2003 6 Energy conversion and management Nr 47 pag 46 59 2006 7 Geiger S Automotive Hydrogen Infrastructure On the way to a Hydrogen Economy Fuel Cell Today February 2003 8 HyNor The Norwegian Hydrogen Corridor 2006 9 J Lehmann O amp T Luschtinetz C Sponholz A Miege F Gamallo Wind Hydrogen systems 2007 10 CristhianJ Quintanilla Aurich Solar hydrogen energy system 2005 Annals of the University of Petro ani Electrical Engineering 10 2008 pages 90 101 REACTORS ZBURLEA ELENA Abstract Reactors like capacitors are basic to and an integral part of both distribution and transmission power systems Depending on their function reactors are connected either in shunt or in series with the network Reactors are connected either singularly current limiting reactors shunt reactors or in conjunction with other basic components such as power capacitors shunt capacitor switching
18. Light Magnified 1 000 000 x Electron Injection Dye Electrolyte lodide Triiodide TiO nanocrystals Diameter e 20 nanometers lodide li Triiodide Cycle Figure 2 A schematic representation of the DSSC structure 71 A SHORT PRESENTATION OF THE DYE SENSITIZED NANOSTRUCTURES SOLAR CELLS The incident photon is absorbed by the dye molecule attached to the nanocrystalline T1O2 material An electron initially in an So fundamental molecular state is transferred to a energetically higher S state The excited electron is then injected in the conduction band of the TiO2 particle leaving the dye molecule into an oxidized S state The injected electron percolates through the porous nanocrystalline structure towards the transparent conducting electrode anode and eventually passes through the external consumer to the counter electrode cathode Here the electron goes to the triiodide from the electrolyte and facilitates the formation of iodine The cycle is completed by the reduction of the oxidized dye from the electrolyte The chemical reactions taking place during a working cycle are as follows At the Anode So thv gt S light absorption S S e TiO electron injection 2S 317 328 15 dye regeneration At the Cahtode I 2e Pr 2 31 iodine formation For the Cell e Pr hv gt e TiO electron transfer from anode to cathode As one can observe the working process of this cell is regenerative no substan
19. Simulink and the simulation results which as we can see are similar to the theoretical one 26 THE WIND USE FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY X ld TU u 3 sqri u 1 u 2 Fig 5 Mountain valley sea and land breezes 6 CONLUSIONS In this paper are analyzed many problems the wind forming process the atmospheric energetic balance the atmospheric movement the local and regional winds e Also are presented the main winds from Romania e Based on the atmospheric dynamics in the end of the paper are presented the mountain valley sea and land breezes modeling and simulation REFERENCES 1 Donald Ahrens C Essentials of Meteorology An Invitation to the Atmosphere 2000 2 Mukund Patel R Wind and solar power systems CRC Press LLC 1999 3 Burton T Sharpe D s a Wind Energy Handbook John Wiley amp Sons 2001 4 Pop E Tabacaru Barbu I C Neghina F 2007 A new approach on microclimate based integrated sustainable energetic park 11 Conference on Environment and Mineral Processing Part II 31 05 02 06 2007 VSB TU Ostrava Czech Republic pag 307 313 ISBN 978 80 248 1278 6 5 Leba M Pop E Tabacaru Barbu I C Pop M Modeling Simulation and Control of Wind Turbine Vol Control Syst
20. The key conditions are ei z ITx Or ei ITx 4 with condition that the two values are in the nearest B The extreme characteristics of the interference Smax and Smin are required In this case is need to use again the table 39 by 1 and the key formula is Smax ei ITx 5 required value border II value border I value Tabelu 1 TOLERANTEFUNDAMENTALE ITx 07 ABATERI FUNDAMENTALE ALE ARBORILOR Poz camp de ITO ITO ITI IT2 IT3 IT4 IT5 IT6 IT7 ITS IT9 TIO IT 1 ITI 2ITI3 ITI4 ITI5 IT16 didi a b je fea ale ef f fg g h Precizia ojo 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1o 11 12 13 14 15 16 TOATE PRECIZIILE 21 3 o3 os os 122 3 4 6 10 14 2 40 60 106 140 250 400 600 270 140 60 24 20 14 10 6 4 2 9 3 6 0 4 0 6 1 1 5 25 4 gt 8 12 18 30 48 75 120 180 300 480 750 ff 270 140 70 46 30 20 14 10 6 4 o 56 10 d4 o6 i 1323 4 6 9 15 22 36 58 90 150 220 360 580 900 280 150 80 56 40 25 12 13 8 5 0 105 14 o05 o03 12 2 3 5 8 n 18 7 43 70 110 120 270 20 700 1100 290 150 95 69 50 32 23 16 10 6 0 14 18 05 08 12 2 3 5 8 11 183 27 43 70 110 180
21. The standards community together with modern metallurgy has developed special material pairs specifically for use as thermocouples Table 1 displays industries eight popular standard thermocouples and their typical attributes Manufacturers may fabricate thermocouples of a given type with variations in composition however the resultant temperature versus voltage Assoc Prof Eng Ph D University of Petrogani Assist Drd Eng University of Petrogani Prof Grigore Geam nu School 74 P TR SCOIU N TOMUS A ROSULESCU C relationships must conform to the thermoelectric voltage standards associated with the particular thermocouple type Fig 1 Thermocouple Topology Standard mathematical power series models have been developed for each type of thermocouple These eee S power series models use Materials UC o unique sets of coefficients Copper Cu vs Constantan 270 to 400 s nt T jo emus Iron Fe vs Constantan 210 to 1200 segments within a given Chromel vs Alumel 270 to 1370 thermocouple type Unless Chromel vs Constantan 270 to 1000 sitherwise indicated all Pt 10 Rh vs Pt 50 to 1768 Pt 13 Rh vs Pt 6 Rh Oto 1820 standard thermocouple Pt 13 Rh vs Pt 50 to 1768 modele Jand PADIS ae Ni Cr S vs Ni Si Mg 270 to 1300 referenced to zero degrees Centigrade 0 C Equation 1 illustrates the power series model used for all thermocouples except K type which is ill
22. University Politechnica of Bucharest Romania Prof Dr Eng Fot u Ion University of Petro ani Romania Dr Eng Nicoale Dan Dessault Systems Simulia Corp Providence USA Assist Prof Dr Eng Negrut Dan University of Wisconsin Madison USA EDITORIAL BOARD Editor in chief Prof Dr Eng Fot u Ion University of Petrosani Assoc Prof Dr Eng Marcu Marius University of Petro ani Associate Editors Prof Dr Eng Poanta Aron Assoc Prof Dr Eng Utu Ilie Assoc Prof Dr Eng P tr scoiu Nicolae Editor Secretary Assistant Eng PhD Student Sochirca Bogdan University of Petro ani niversity of Petro ani niversity of Petro ani niversity of Petro ani cac Editorial office address University of Petro ani 20 University Street 332006 Petro ani Romania Phone 40 254 54 29 94 54 25 80 54 25 81 54 33 82 Fax 40 254 54 34 91 54 62 38 Telex 72524 univp E mail marcu upet ro This publication is with international distribution It is sending in 28 countries Annals of the University of Petrosani Electrical Engineering 10 2008 3 CONTENTS EMIL POP MONICA LEBA VALI SIRB ALIN BADEA MODELING SIMULATION AND CONTROL FOR AN UNDERGROUND ROOF SUPPORT AS TWO ROBOTIC ARMS I RR eR NT eere tee ete tn trend 3 EMIL POP BOGDAN SOCHIRCA MINER LAMPS MULTIPLE PARAMETERS MONITORING SOFTWARE onten a a a e hee tenet hne tee hene teen nennen enne trennen 13 EMIL POP IOANA CAMELIA TABACARU BARBU MONICA LEBA
23. VISUAL BASIC APPLICATION FOR CALCULATING THE FLOATATION FLOWSHEETS BRANA LILIANA SAMOIL MARIUS DANIEL MARCU ILIE UTU Abstract The paper deals with the simple floatation circuits design which is a problem of great importance in floatation circuit design and optimization We achieved the algorithm determining the recurrent relations and establishing the restriction conditions Using the results of our research we elaborated a Visual Basic Application which allows the calculation of quantities and contents in every point of a floatation circuit for any number of operations It s an easy to use conversational application that allows studying more variants in order to establish the optimum one sparing the researchers and designers time and effort Keywords floatation application design 1 INTRODUCTION These last years have seen significant developments in mineral processing technologies particularly in hydrometallurgy bio hydrometallurgy and mineral liberation Analyzing optimizing and designing flotation circuits using models and simulators have improved significantly over the last 15 years In order to calculate a floatation technological flow sheet we should previously know the following elements the quantities of material in the feed output products and all intermediate points valuable mineral contents in all of the formerly mentioned products water quantities that is dilution for each product
24. and Computer Sience Mircea cel Batran Street No 104 900663 CONSTANTA 91 REACTORS WINDING CLAMP CONCRETE COLUMN OR COMPOSITE BLOCKS ZHA itd ELECTRICAL CONNECTION TERMINAL um 27 HEEL 7 MA Hee LECEEELES e STRUCTURAL BASE SUPPORT INSULATOR Figure 1 Open style reactor design evolution and breakthroughs in construction and materials Dry type air core reactors have traditionally been used for current limiting applications due to their inherent linearity of inductance vs current ELECTRICAL CONNECTION TERMINAL INSULATORS EXTENSION PEDESTAL Figure 2 Modern fully encapsulated reactor 2 2 Current Limiting Reactors Current limiting reactors are now used to control short circuit levels in electrical power systems covering the range from large industrial power complexes to utility distribution networks to HV high voltage and EHV extra high voltage transmission systems 92 ZBURLEA E Current limiting reactors CLR are primarily installed to reduce the short circuit components especially transformers and circuit breakers and to reduce the short circuit voltage drop on bus sections to levels that are consistent with insulation coordination practice In summary current limiting reactors are installed to reduce the magnitude of short circuit currents in order to achieve one or more of the following benefits Reduction of electromechanical loading and thermal stresses
25. atmosphere is a gases mixture In a volume close to Earth surface we have 78 nitrogen and 21 oxygen The water vapors can condense in liquid particles of clouds or can be transformed in delicate ice crystals The water is the only substance from our atmosphere which can be find in three natural states like gas water vapors liquid water and solid ice Both water vapors and carbon dioxide are important greenhouse gases The atmospheric pressure at any level represents the total mass of the air above this level atmospheric pressure is decreasing with height increasing The atmosphere can be divided in levels according to the vertical profile of the temperature the gases compositions and the electrical properties The Earth is spinning around the Sun with 107172 km h medium speed and in the same time is spinning with 16736 km h at the Equator around is own Because of these movements and because of the solar radiation which falk on the oblique planet we have seasons But the solar energy is not uniform distributed across the Earth so Ph D Professor at University of Petrosani Ph D Assistant at University of Petrosani Ph D Associated Professor at University of Petrosani 19 POP E BARBU C LEBA B tropical areas get more energy then polar areas This lack of balance leads our atmosphere through dynamical patterns of wind and weather The atmosphere has internal energy which is the total amount of the stored energy in its m
26. can be interrogated in 2 3 minutes depending of the state of the lamps and number of the lamps figure 3 ELMOL SD 7 Ah CHARGING 100 CHARGED 206 265 T REMAINING TIME 0H 0 M 05 22 T 220 Faia T28 T fl Form2 RACK 4 mimis cg orh r Serial number 45BE 9364 Stare lampa Charging Utilizator Edit Save Production date 1 30 2007 4 11 54 AM Capacitate 100 CHARGED Seria lampii Model ELMO1 SD 7 Ah Tensiune 4440 mV Observati E Nr total de cicluri 58 Ni de cicluri incomplete 5 Camp special Deep descharge Figure 3 The main window For each lamp is allocated an array of controls by example an progress bar witch illustrate graphic the charge level for the accumulator an identification number and a check box witch is used in case that we want to deep discharge the battery operation recommended by the producer to be used after 30 complete cycles for a longer life of the accumulator For each lamp is displayed as we can see in figure 3 the type of the lamp the software can recognized many types of lamps the remaining time until the lamp is fully charged expressed in seconds minutes hours If the lamp is in the charging state the progress bar will be green and if the lamp is in the deep discharge state the progress bar will be blue Also for each lamp is showed the serial number the production date the voltage for the accumulator the total number of cycles the
27. different properties have been developed The mixed oxide of Ir Ta 85 mole Ir was found to exhibit highest voltage efficiency at a current density of 10 kA m or below whereas the mixed oxide of Ir and Ru 60 80 mole Ir was found to give the highest voltage efficiency for current densities of above 10 kA m Ru oxide as cathode catalyst in water electrolysis systems using a polymer electrolyte was not found to be of particular interest due to insufficient electrochemical activity and too low electrical conductivity Electrode coatings for advanced alkaline water electrolysis were produced by applying vacuum plasma spraying VPS Raney nickel and Raney nickel Mo coatings were applied for cathodic hydrogen evolution whereas Co O spinel and Raney nickel Co30 composite layers served as electrocatalytic coatings for anodic oxygen evolution An option for water electrolysis efficiency to grow was iridium oxide based catalysts for use as anode catalysts The claimed composite catalyst materials comprise iridium oxide IrO and optionally ruthenium oxide RuO in combination with a high surface area inorganic oxide for example TiO Al O3 ZrO and mixtures thereof The claimed catalyst materials are characterised by a low oxygen overvoltage and long lifetime in water electrolysis Replacement of plate electrodes in water electrolysis cells by porous nickel electrodes leads to many advantages resulting in reduced specific energy consumpt
28. is a very strong wind blowing in Moldova Dobrogea and in the south and east of Muntenia and is blowing from north east to south west with a speed sometimes bigger then 30 35 m s This wind is associated with snow and determines in the cold season of the year the worst snowstorms of our country His appearance in the warm season is occasional and in three cases is a warm and dry wind and damages the crops from south east Romanian zones Nemirul is a local wind which appears in the Brasov valley The cold air of the Crivat stored in the west part of the Oriental Carpathian penetrates through the mountain valleys and go down to the west versant in valley as a cold wind with a 10 20 m s speed Austrul is a west dry and warm wind in the summer season and very cold and rainless in the winter season Baltaretul is a moist and warmish wind and is good for the agriculture because he carryed out rich rains Oradeanul appear almost all the time on the west versants of Apuseni Mountain and blow from west and north Fagarasul can be meet in Ciucas and Bucegi Mountain and blows from west Ardeleanul blows from east on the Transylvanian versants of Oriental Carpathians 5 MOUNTAIN VALLEY SEA AND LAND BREEZES MODELING AND SIMULATION Based both on theoretical models and on the atmosphere dynamics equations were achieved the mathematical models for the mountain valley sea and land breezes In fig 5 is presented the model realized in MATLAB
29. logic gates for which the wiring is done through a program Those kind of equipment in a chip with programmable structure are the main purpose of VLSI design VLSI design has like main goal the realization of complex equipment in a single silicon chip using a wiring method for the implemented algorithm done through software and a programming method embedded algorithm 2 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF VLSI DESIGN A Field Programmable Gate Array or FPGA represents a semiconductor device which comprises from programmed logical components called logical blocks and programmable interconnections The logical blocks can be programmed to achieve basic logic functions like AND OR operations or can be programmed to achieve complex functions like combinational functions decoding functions or even mathematical functions For most of the FPGA devices the logical blocks include memory elements like simple flip flop s or even complete memory banks Usually a FPGA is much slower then his direct competitor Application Specific Integrated Circuit or ASIC Also there are other disadvantages like FPGA can t implement an even complex design and power consumption is higher then of an ASIC device There are some advantages that put FPGA in front of ASIC The FPGA devices have a much shorter developing time from the project stage to the final product stage Others advantages are that the FPGA is reprogrammable on place and in that way an improvement to th
30. out std_logic chip enable PS 2 interface pin_ps2_data in std_logic pin ps2 clk in std_logic Fig 2 Section of the top level design Fig 3 Dynamic ball movement 32 POP E LEBA M VAMVU P 4 CONCLUSION This paper presents new approaches economically efficient for interactive media area Also industrial area benefits from this technology by dedicated equipments with low costs and fast on service from scratch time The used technology is reconfigurable so new hardware performances can be configured with minimal costs and simple software application Portion of top level design is presented and can be used for a better approach in developing new equipments REFERENCES 1 Pop E Leba M Microcontrollere si automate programabile Editura Didactica si Pedagogica Bucharest 2003 2 Pop E Leba M Egri A Sisteme de conducere a robotilor Editura Didactica si Pedagogica Bucharest 2001 3 Kilts S Advanced FPGA Design John Wiley amp Sons Hoboken New Jersey USA 2007 4 Wilson P Design Recipies for FPGAs Elsevier Burlington Massachussets USA 2007 Annals of the University of Petro ani Electrical Engineering 10 2008 pages 33 39 SOFTWARE FOR DESIGNING OF THE CLEARANCE AND INTERFERENCE FITS ARON POANTA NICOLAE NITESCU DAN DOJCSAR BOGDAN SOCHIRCA Abstract The precision in the processing of the pieces and the fits have a very big importance by the technica
31. reduction in energy consumption by use of the Ru nanorod cathode compared to the planar Ru cathode The improvement to the increased active area is due to the nanostructured electrode which reduces the operating current density of the electrolyzer 8 The intermetallic phases shows a better electrocatalytic activity and a decreased energy consumption when compared with the industrial data 4 5 5 kWh m H3 Another work describes the development of an alternative acetate bath for the electrochemical codeposition of Ni Cu Fe electrodes at low pH that is stable for several weeks and produces electrodes with good performance for chlor alkali electrolysis The Ni Cu Fe electrodes obtained with this bath have shown low overpotentials for the hydrogen evolution reaction HER around 0 150 V at 353 K and good stability under continuous long term operation for 260 hours One positive aspect of this cathode is that the polarization behavior of the material shows only one Tafel slope over the temperature range of 298 353 K Nickel based electrodes are among the most active electrode materials for the HER in alkaline solutions A combination of a large surface area with an enhanced catalytic activity enables codeposits of Ni with other metals such as Co Zn or Fe to operate at overpotentials for the her close to 100 mV well below the value of 400 mV typically observed under industrial conditions Ni Fe codeposits after activation by partial o
32. subsystem that creates the synchronization signals for the device Two synchronization signals are generated at specific and precise time in order to communicate the data to the video device The second file represents the subsystem of which task is to fetch data from memory area and convert them in string of bytes and than one by one send those bytes to the video output rendering them on 640 lines and 480 columns The third file represents the top level design and brings together the two subsystems described before Also deals with the declaration of the external connections used by the FPGA to connect with parallel port Flash RAM memory SDRAM memory PS2 interface and RS232 interface At the same time a restriction file was created that assigned the direction and signals to the pin outs of the FPGA Being an advanced programmable circuit the signals declared by lines of code are assigned through this restriction file to the real pins of the FPGA circuit If some of the pins of the FPGA are unused then is preferable to declare those like not available in the restriction files for better performances and lower power consumption After the creation of those file RTL description and simulation is performed After RTL process is finished this is mapped through producer libraries for obtaining binary file used to program the device entity chipIO is port pin sysclk in std logic External clock declaration pin pushbtn in std logic
33. to interconnected systems can be so severe as to adversely affect the system reliability 2 6 Shunt Reactors Steady State Reactive Compensation High voltage transmission lines particularly long ones generate a substantial amount of leading reactive power when lightly loaded Conversely they absorb a large 96 ZBURLEA E amount of lagging reactive power when heavily loaded As a consequence unless the transmission line is operating under reactive power balance the voltage on the system cannot be maintained at rated values reactive power balance total line charging capacitive VARs line inductive VARs To achieve an acceptable reactive power balance the line must be compensated for a given operational condition Under heavy load the power balance is negative and capacitive compensation voltage support is required This is usually supplied by the use of shunt capacitors Long Lightly Loaded Line Transformer Tertiary Connection Figure 9 Typical shunt reactor connections The large inherent capacitance of lightly loaded transmission systems can cause two types of overvoltage in the system that can be controlled by employing shunt reactors The first type of overvoltage occurs when the leading capacitive charging current of a lightly loaded long transmission line flows through the inductance of the line and the system This is referred to as the Ferranti effect operating voltage increases with distance along the
34. underground works like tunnel or minerals exploitations special machinery is used This machinery may be designed to sustain the roof of the works protect the personal and other equipments and continue to move underground to accomplish its task Today the underground roof support has hydraulic drives with Ph D Prof Eng at University of Petrosani Ph D Assoc Prof Eng at University of Petrosani Ph D Lecturer Eng at University of Petrosani Ph D Student at University of Petrosani LEBA M SIRB V BADEA A different degrees of mobility The most complex ones have five degrees of mobility four on the roof and one on the base Fig l presents an underground roof support URS as real view and its schematic Fig 1 Five grades of mobility underground support a Real view b Schematic representation The support has two arms one on the roof with four joints two of these are prismatic and two are rotation and one at the base with only one prismatic joint For each arm the characteristic point is placed on the terminal element The two characteristic points are called RCP Roof Characteristic Point and FCP Floor Characteristic Point The elements of the first arm are C that is the main hydraulic cylinder C that is the hydraulic cylinder for the main roof beam MRB C that is the hydraulic cylinder for the translation beam TB and C that is the hydraulic cylinder for the peak beam PB The elements of the second
35. we want people to be prosperous we want people who are living in poverty to be able to grow out of poverty We want there to be general prosperity but as economies grow until we change our habits there is going to be more dependency on oil 2 HYDROGEN ENERGY SYSTEM We need Hydrogen Hydrogen could be adopted as a storage and transportation media Hydrogen is one of the most promising energy carriers that can be an alternative to fossil fuels Even not being available in the nature as an elemental gas hydrogen can be obtained from water alcohols ammonia and hydrocarbons 86 STANOL C LAUTARU A Therefore is important to develope the combination of wind parks and hydrogen production via electrolysis Results would be an increased hydrogen production for being used as fuel for combustion engines and fuel cells Some experts think that hydrogen will form the basic energy infrastructure that will power future societies replacing natural gas oil coal and electricity infrastructures However the electrolysis is the only mature technology that would allow converting the harvest of renewable electricity into a fuel able to be used not only for electricity reconvertion but also in the highly demanding transport market Water electrolysis as an industrial procedure was done by the first time in Rjucan Norway in 1929 The most extended electrolysis technology is that of the bypolar alkaline units using an aqueous solutio
36. with EC 60079 27 2 THE PROBLEM In this paper our purpose is to design a system witch respect the intrinsic safety parameters In this case it was considered the case of miner lamp type ELM 01 S D lamp designed for portable individual lightning in environments with explosive potential group 1 special designed for coal mines Is build in conformity with specification of EN 62013 1 and EN 62013 2 standards fig 1 Figure 1 Miner lamps front and side view 15 MINER LAMPS MULTIPLE PARAMETERS MONITORING SOFTWARE This head lamp is designed for portable individual lighting in environments with explosive potential Lamp is classified in GROUP II 2B temperature class T3 200C for working zone 1 with gas and fuel dusts Have 2 distinctive parts battery and head lamp connected by a cable The battery is made by 3 dried cells type R 20 protection degree IP 54 Material for battery case is polycarbonate a very resistant material to working conditions This material is not charging electrostatic At the inside of the head lamp is an electronic equipment based on a micro controller with multi functions generated by a software It use 1 Luxeon Star LED at 1W as main light source The cables have flexible wires and a rope for resistance Lamp is equipped with protection for short circuit over charge and thermal protection All those protections are inside battery case Mining head lamp is an EEx I lamp designed for environments with explosive
37. 0 gt o0 oo 000 2 000 2 TEMPERATURA ALEZAJULUI TD TEMPERATURA ARBORELUI Td FACTORULDE DILATARE FACTORUL DE DILATARE 1 PRELUCF CORECTII 0 00 0 00 2 0 0000000 t 0 0000000 m CALCULEAZA ANULEAZA IESIRI FARA CORECTII ES El es ei AJUSTAJUL CALCULAT ABATERI 0 CORECTIE CORECTIE IESIRI CU CORECTII ES El es ei AJUSTAJUL CALCULAT ABATERI o IESIRE Fig 3 The interface shape If the buttons named TIP AJUSTAJ and ALGORITM DE CALCUL are pressed then will be inactivated the parameters which are not used in the afferent computing procedure figure 4 EB Form1 EE TIP AJUSTAJ ALGORITM DE CALCUL AJUSTAJ CU JOC MEDIU AJUSTAJOU PARAMETRII DE INTRARE CARACTERISTICILE EXTREME DIAMETRU mm TURATIA rot min LUNGIMEA mm FORTA DaN mm VASCOZITATE JOCUL MINIM mm JOCUL MAXIM mm 5 i I Smin POISSON COEFICIENT FRECARE LATIME FORTA DIAM INTERIOR DIAM EXTERIOR 0 106 0 068 00 00000 g 00 2 00 S 000 2 jo TEMPERATURA ALEZAJULUI TD TEMPERATURA ARBORELUI Td FACTORUL DE DILATARE FACTORUL DE DILATARE 1 PRELUCRARE CORECTII ooo gt l 0 00 0 000000 oo Bi 0 0000000 di 0 0000000 a v CALCULEAZA ANULEAZA IESIRI FARA CORECTII Fig 4 The interface with inactive parameters 38 POANTA A NITESCU N DOJCSAR D SOCHIRCA B First all the text boxes and the numerical input boxes seems to be activated but in function of the choices some
38. 19 Feb 3 1984 Annals of the University of Petrosani Electrical Engineering 10 2008 pages 102 107 OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION USING A MULTILAYER PERCEPTRON TYPE NEURAL NETWORK ANGELA EGRI CHIVUTA VALI SARB ALIN BADEA Abstract Our goal was to create an application that uses artificial neural networks for Optical Character Recognition For this purpose we created a multilayer perceptron neural network which is trained using the back propagation algorithm The software application was created using the C programming language In the final section of this paper we present a few screenshots of the running application that show the responses of the net to various input vectors Keywords artificial neural network multilayer perceptron back propagation 1 INTRODUCTION TO NEURAL NETWORKS Through this paper we set out to build a neural network that can be used for Optical Character Recognition The neural network consists of a number of interconnected processing units called neurons and is a distributed parallel processor that has a natural tendency to learn It is similar to the human brain in that it can accumulate knowledge through learning and the knowledge the network gains is not stored in the neurons themselves but in the weights of the neurons The neurons in an artificial neural network are grouped together in layers There are many ways of connecting neurons in a neural network One type of neural network is the feed fo
39. 3 htm October 18 2002 3 EPRI System Compatibility Projects to Characterize Electronic Equipment Performance under Varying Electric Service Supply Conditions EPRI PEAC Knoxville TN May 1993 4 Godfrey Ferroresonance http www physics carleton ca courses 75 364 mp I html node7 htm October 18 2002 5 Cadicorp Ferro Resonance Technical Bulletin 004a www cadicorp com October 18 2002 6 Groupe Schneider Ferroresonance No 190 www schneiderelectric com October 19 2002 7 IEEE Standard for Ferroresonant Voltage Regulators IEEE Std 449 1998 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Piscataway NJ 1998 8 EPRI Sizing Constant Voltage Transformers to Maximize Voltage Regulation for Process Control Devices PQTN Application No 10 EPRI PEAC Knoxville TN October 1997 9 EPRI Ferro Resonant Transformer Output Performance under Varying Supply Conditions PQTN Brief No 13 EPRI PEAC Knoxville TN May 1993 10 EPRI Ferro Resonant Transformer Output Performance under Dynamic Supply Conditions PQTN Brief No 14 EPRI PEAC Knoxville TN January 1994 11 EPRI Ferro Resonant Transformer Input Electrical Characteristics during Linear and Nonlinear Loading PQTN Brief No 16 EPRI PEAC Knoxville TN February 1994 12 EPRI Testing a Prototype Ferro Resonant Transformer EPRI PEAC Knoxville TN unpublished Annals of the University of Petro ani Electrical Engineering 10 2008
40. 30 2500 4000 1200 760 70 326 230 135 96 68 37 20 0 535 500 1550 B40 480 4 7 ae FS ZA nates Guni n ZA 1 T z es Chenar II Fig 1 The values of the tolerance zones in function of the fit type for clearance fits 36 POANTA A NITESCU N DOJCSAR D SOCHIRCA B 2 ALGORTHM FOR COMPUTING THE FITS The assisted design eliminates the routine work simple algebraic computation deviation tables consulting etc end substantially decreases the time afferent to these operations In the beginning is need to introduce the values of the fundamentals tolerances STAS ISO the basic deviations of the shifts in SATS the characteristics of the materials usual used in the devices construction Also is memorized the fits with clearance interference and transition The logic bloc diagram for assisted designing figure 2 relives the conceived algorithm for designing the three types of fits At the clearance fits designing the input parameters are the nominal height of the fit the rotation speed of the fit n the temperature of the two pieces tp and tg and the parameters of the linear thermic dilatation ap and ay At the interference fits designing the input parameters are the assembly diameters d d dz the assembly length 1 the material properties of the two pieces F M the parameters of the linear thermic dilatation ap and ag and the temperatures of the materi
41. A fig typ td o MT 3 4 f 3 4 f 4 f b psf hg ee M E E a 0 4 i i i i i i i i i 20 40 60 suo 100 120 140 160 180 200 Time msec Figure 3 The diagram of force for the central conductor In the second part of the paper is created the model of simulation for explicit function 3 in Figure 4 for the second situation for the force which operate to the lateral conductor 400 ee Dsss Intensitate A Math Function Display Producta 100 y s T T Produit Gain Fick s T l e ul m fe sart Distanta m Producti Products Math Math Function Function To Wotspace u E To Workspace z200 EX P hiath m paces Functionz Ero dust Constanta x timplsec Products 4 834 sin ab Alfa Trigonometrie Constantat 173 Y tt hri Function Trigonometric n Function2 el ie sin Trigonometric Pulsatie Funotion cos rad se c Trigonometrio Functiong Pe sin a Trigonometric Constantaz Functions 173 Figure 4 The model of simulation for the lateral conductor 54 NICULESCU T The explicit diagram were obtained for specific values of the circuit
42. AUTARU SOLAR HYDROGEN ENERGY 84 ELENA ZBURLEA REACTORS eeesssesseseeeeeeeee hene hee ee hhee nennen hhen eren nene 90 ANGELA EGRI CHIVUTA VALI SARB ALIN BADEA OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION USING A MULTILAYER PERCEPTRON TYPE NEURAL NETWORK 102 Annals of the University of Petrosani Electrical Engineering 10 2008 pages 5 12 MODELING SIMULATION AND CONTROL FOR AN UNDERGROUND ROOF SUPPORT AS TWO ROBOTIC ARMS EMIL POP MONICA LEBA VALI SIRB ALIN BADEA Abstract This paper first considers an underground roof support as two robotic arms Based on robotic formalism the cinematic direct and inverse models were developed and simulated Based on the simulation results a software oriented controller for the PC was designed and implemented The underground roof support is hardware interfaced with the PC Using the controller s Graphic User Interface the overall system performances can be tested and evaluated Keywords modeling simulation underground support robotic arms software controller 1 INTRODUCTION In this section the underground roof support will be considered and analyzed in order to transform it into a two legs robot 2 Then using the Denavit Hartenberg D H formalism the homogeneous movement matrix is determined This allows testing the functionality of the support and developing a strategy of control based on direct and inverse cinematic models 11 GENERAL VIEW Nowadays for the
43. Acquisition process is performing by using DAQmx functions The first used function is NI DAQmx Create Channel CI Count Edges which creates a channel to count the numberof rising or falling edges of a digital signal The second used function is DAQmx Start Task This function explicitly transitions a task to the running state In this application in the running state function starts the task which performs the specified acquisition The third used function is DAQmx Read and this function reads samples from the specify task or virtual channels In this application reads a single 32 bit unsigned integer sample from a task that contains a single digital input channel respectively from digital port 49 VIRTUAL INSTRUMENT TO MEASURE THE ROTATION SPEED Another function used is DAQmxStop Task and this function stops task and returns it to the state the task was The last used function is the NI DAQmx Clear Task and that function clears the specified task If the task is currently running the function first stops the task and then releases all of its resources In the Case structure is calculate the period of data acquisition frequency and rotation speed Figure 4 Figure 4 Case structure The front panel of the virtual instrument used for the events acquisition and ordering is represented in the Figure 5 Figure 5 Front Panel of the VI 50 TOMUS A PATRASCOIU N On the front panel are disposed the controls through is
44. B Y A IY A C B arct d Y c A C B f There is determined the roof beam rotation angle 0 arcsin 6 e 71 2 1 2 7 MA ae Jera 2 2 SOFTWARE CONTROLLER DESIGN The software controller must generate five appropriate signals to control the joints These signals can be outputted through a data acquisition card or other hardware interface The control signals are grouped in a five components matrix c h l u Yo Zc This will be generated automatically by a sequential controller based on a preset program This represents a mining dedicated PLC fig 4 10 LEBA M SIRB V BADEA A HLCUV h h j INVERSE 9t SEQUENTIAL l CINEMATIC Yg MODEL 2 LOOK UP TABLE Yg Zg Zg a b Fig 4 Block diagram of the URS controller 3 PROBLEM SOLUTION 3 1 CONTROLLER SIMULINK MODEL Using the equations of inverse model 4 7 there is designed the Simulink model from fig 5 a In fig 5 b are shown the simulation results for the case of URS outstretched position h p va L 2388 L plu a DELE eer aenenaea 2 4 S H 3 182 2 _ PL zap 3322 L 0 5 TT bc n 2 bv U 3 Tetat YT gt eta URS model eH a Tetat move H L pc Tetai outstretoh cth extention i i length cly G Teta2 Eu m height Lot Tete2 Controller Inverse model
45. CALCULATING THE FLOATATION FLOWSHEETS design and the accuracy of the results is improved 3 CONCLUSIONS The simulator offers various powerful tools in response to the increasing demand for a multi criterion and global approach by plant designers It can be used equally by process engineers for floatation circuits design or optimization by researchers for process development as well as by academics for teaching process engineering students Plans are already made to amp extend the program and include liberation data viewing and rice model fitting for a complete d flotation circuit analysis package In addition it is now RUE necessary to take into account the owe environmental impact at each stage of a mining project i i cmm including water and power consumption waste treatment and disposal The software will have to incorporate these modern developments Indeed its Fig 6 Calculation results window structure allows the user to take into account at the same time a wide range of technological economic and environmental aspects REFERENCES 1 Samoila L Introducerea tehnicii de calcul in conducerea procesului de flotatie a substantelor minerale utile Doctoral thesis Petrosani University 1999 2 Samoila L Sistemul tehnologic multivariabil de flotatie Traductoare modelare simulare Universitas Publishung House 2001 189 pp 3 Harris M C Runge
46. IA STANOI Abstract The paper reviews based on the specialized literature the most important reports in the field of water electrolysis Key words hydrogen oxygen electrolysis alkaline water electrodes Ru Ir Magnetic field UV radiation I INTRODUCTION However you obtain it hydrogen is a form of energy which can be stored for later use In the future hydrogen will join electricity as an important energy carrier In order for our society to start thinking about migrating into a different energy system it is really important to understand why the present energy system is not doing a good job Pollution The Greenhouse Effect Acid Rain Ozone Layer Depletion Smog Dirt Radiation and Disease are the most important consequences we have to face due to today s energy system The Solar Hydrogen Energy system is free of all them Making and storing hydrogen and oxygen is not kid s stuff this is rocket fuel Hydrogen can be used as a non toxic energy storage and transport medium Hydrogen that is made from water using solar energy is a sustainable and renewable home energy supply Today hydrogen from electrolysis is ten times as costly as natural gas Hydrogen energy is expected to build up dispersive energy system together with electric power by combining water electrolysis and fuel cell One of the most convenient methods to produce hydrogen is via water electrolysis However overpotential losses at the cell electro
47. ISSN 1454 8518 l t PETROSANI ANNALS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PETROSANI ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING VOL 10 XXXVII UNIVERSITAS PUBLISHING HOUSE PETROSANI ROMANIA 2008 ISSN 1454 8518 EDITOR OF PUBLICATION Prof dr eng Ioan Lucian BOLUNDUT Email ibol upet ro ADVISORY BOARD Prof Dr Eng Pop Emil University of Petrosani Romania Acad Prof Dr Pivnyak Ghenadi National mining uninersity of Ukraine Prof Dr Eng Munteanu Radu Tehnichal University of Cluj Napoca Romania Acad Prof Dr Eng Dasic Predrag High Technological Technical School Krusevac Serbia and Montenegro Prof Dr Eng Cierpisz Stanis aw Silesian University of Technology Poland Prof Dr Eng Bitoleanu Alexandru University of Craiova Romania Prof Dr Eng P sculescu Mihai University of Petrosani Romania Prof Dr Eng Colosi Tiberiu Tehnichal University of Cluj Napoca Romania Prof Dr Eng Szabo Willibald Transilvania University of Brasov Romania Prof Dr Eng Poanta Aron University of Petrosani Romania Prof Dr Eng Manolea Gheorghe University of Craiova Romania Prof Dr Eng Vasilievici Alexandru Politechnical University of Timisoara Romania Assoc Prof Dr Dubois Daniel University of Li ge Belgium Assoc Prof Dr Eng Kov cs Ern University of Moskolc Hungary Prof Dr Eng Klepikov Vladimir Borisovich National Technical University of Kharkov Ukraine Prof Dr Eng Trusc Vasile
48. MS FOR MEASURING TEMPERATURE NICOLAE P TR SCOIU ADRIAN TOMUS CECILIA ROSULESCU Abstract Thermocouples are the most popular temperature sensors They are cheap interchangeable have standard connectors and can measure a wide range of temperatures The main limitation is accuracy system errors of less than 1 C can be difficult to achieve with usual system measurement Using a data acquisition system it can be possible to reduce measurement system errors We propose a temperature system measurement and virtual instrument based on NI USB 6008 data acquisition module Keywords thermocouple data acquisition USB 6008 virtual instrument 1 THERMOCOUPLE Thermocouple is temperature sensor suitable for use with any make of instrument designed or programmed for use with the same type of thermocouple Thermocouple is based on the principle that when two dissimilar metals are joined a predictable voltage will be generated that relates to the difference in temperature between the measuring junction and the reference junction Starting from this observation is obvious that to measure the relative temperature 7 is needed to establish a reference and this is the temperature corresponding freezing point ice point temperature of water Tice That means a new junction is added and held in an ice bath at Tice 0PC 32 F The thermocouple circuit shown in Fig 1 represents the basis upon which thermocouple standard tables have been established
49. UN CLOUDS ANIMALS PLANTS Fig 1 Diagram of the energetic flux in an absolute reference frame In fig 1 is presented the diagram which describes the energetic balance of the atmosphere and the energetic changes through the energetic fluxes Each block defines the source of energy respectively the internal kinetic and gravitational energy The expressions on the arrows between the blocks describe the energy transitions These transitions can have a positive or a negative sign according to the energetic change with the exception of dissipation energy the Rayleigh dissipation function which is a positive one and flows in one direction only The external terms represent the divergence energy from the balance equations If the system is energetically closed then the divergence terms vanish In this case the total amount of energy is conserved 22 THE WIND USE FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY E po pv 2 pe const 14 3 THE ATMOSPHERIC MOVEMENTS AND THE GLOBAL WINDS The non equal absorbed energy by the atmosphere and Earth is the cause of the atmospheric movement The total amount of solar radiation which riches the Earth is almost equal with the transmitted radiation from the Earth But this balance is not maintained at any latitude tropical zones give more heat then polar zones so the atmosphere is transporting the heat to poles and the cold to equator The atmospheric movement is a very complex process and we don t know everyt
50. a is used for training and simulating the network and the right area is used for entering the data for the network to recognise Before the training of the network can begin the number 106 OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION USING A MULTILAYER PERCEPTRON TYPE NEURAL NETWORK of epochs learning rate and the number of digits must be entered To train the network the user presses the Train button When the train button is pressed a dialog window is shown in which the user can select a file that contains the training data Figure 4 After the file has been selected training begins Look in Test NN D My Recent Documents TrainNetwork Number of steps 75 3 Learning rate 04 Desktop num digits 3 My Documents 98 My Computer bin obj Properties My Network File name leam Files of type Training Files dat Figure 4 Open Dialog window After the training is finished a message box is shown telling the user that the network has been trained Figure 5 TrainNetwork Number of steps Learning rate num digits a During training X J E3 OCR 74 8 File TrainNetwork Number of steps Learning rate num digits Train Training done b training finished Figure 5 The main window 107 EGRLA SARB V BADEA A In order to simulate the network a lette
51. al instrument The NI USB 6008 provides connection to 8 analog input AI single ended or 4 differential software selectable channels 2 analog output AO channels 12 digital input output DIO channels and a 32 bit counter with a full speed USB interface For this application we use two differential analog inputs that range can be chosen between 10V 1 V andis chosen the input range 1 V _ VEE One of the inputs AIO is BY used to retrieve the signal from the sensor and the other input AI1 is used to retrieve the signal from a THERMOCOUPLE IR thermistor used for cold junction CJC temperature compensation Considering the field of measurement 0 200 C the EN maximum voltage generated is e c2 obtained for the K thermocouple 1 ape and for the limit about 200 C the 1 voltage is only 20 872 mV In Ww these conditions to use the entire Fig 2 Precision Instrumentation Amplifier dynamic range of the converter that is 2 5 2 5 V is necessary to use an amplifier with a gain of 120 To achieve this gain is used an instrumentation amplifier such as the INA114 which gain G is given by the relation 4 C1 100nF x 1 a 2k K TO_USB6008_A0 HDR1X2 Key A 5 o RG m INA114AP HDR1X2 R a vec 50kQ Pe G G 1 4 yields a value of required resistance Rg by about 1 kQ and is choose a variabl
52. als tp and ta CHOOSE OF THE FIT TYPE C CLEARANCE I INTERFERENCE INPUT PARAMETERS d di dz 1 F M op ca to ta INPUT PARAMETERS EIn op Cd to ta i COMPUTE Jeu f P DISPLAY ADMISSIBLE FITS CHOOSE THE OPTIMUM FIT COMPUTE CHOOSE f E p DEVIATIONS ADJUSTMENTS DISPLAY THE LIMIT DEVIATIONS DEVIATIONS ADJUS ENTS COMPUTE DISPLAY THE LIMIT DEVIATIONS Fig 2 The main algorithm for computer assisted designing of the fits 34 SOFTWARE FOR DESIGNING OF THE CLEARANCE AND INTERFERENCE FITS 3 SOFTWARE FOR THE ASSISTED DESIGN OF THE FITS The software for the choice and design the fits was conceived on the ground of the choice and design the interference fit algorithm It was realized in Microsoft Visual Basic 6 0 using the data base concept and the dynamic mode of programming algorithm On the ground of the choice and design the interference fit algorithm was achieved the visual interface figure 3 EE Form1 EEEa TIP AJUSTAJ ALGORITM DE CALCUL AJUSTAJ CU JOC MEDIU PARAMETRII DE INTRARE CARACTERISTICILE EXTREME DIAMETRU mm TURATIA rot min LUNGIMEA mm FORTA DaN mm VASCOZITATE JOCUL MINIM mm JOCUL MAXIM mm 0 00 3 0 00 t 0 00 2 0 00 a 0000 0 00 S 0 00 3 EA EB POISSON COEFICIENT FRECARE LATIME FORTA DIAM INTERIOR DIAM EXTERIOR 000 po g oo 0000
53. and simulating the net as well as for saving and loading the network s weights The 104 OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION USING A MULTILAYER PERCEPTRON TYPE NEURAL NETWORK constructor of the class takes 3 parameters which are the number of layers an array containing the number of neurons in each layer and an array containing the number of inputs of the neurons in each layer Figure 2 Using these parameters a neural network is created a default learning rate is set and the weights of each neuron are initialised with a random value between 1 0 and 1 0 NeuralNet Class Fields 34 inputsPerMeuron layers learningRate neuronsPerLayer num Layers rndGen ws KS t Properties 7 9 GetNetworkTopology 79 LearningRate T9 NumberOfLayers Methods GethNetvworkWwWeights LoadNet NeuralNet 1 overload SaveNet Sigmoid Simulate Train Update lt t t COO OO OE amp Figure 2 NeuralNet class The NeuralNet class constructor has the following signature public NeuralNet int nrLayers int nrNeuronsPerLayer int nrInputsPerNeuron The private GetNetworkWeights method reads the weights of each neuron from each layer and returns a jagged array containing these weights This method is used by the SaveNet method to save the weights of the network to a file so that they can be loaded later The SaveNet method has the following signature public void SaveNet string filena
54. are connected in series with an HVDC transmission line or inserted in the intermediate dc circuit of a back to back link to reduce the harmonics on the dc side to reduce the current rise caused by faults in the dc system and to improve the dynamic stability of the HVDC transmission system Filter reactors are installed for harmonic filtering on the ac and on the dc side of the converters The ac filters serve two purposes simultaneously the supply of reactive power and the reduction of harmonic currents The ac filter reactors are utilized in three types of filter configurations employing combinations of resistors and capacitors namely single tuned filters double tuned filters and high pass filters The dc filter reactors are installed in shunt with the dc line on the line side of the smoothing reactors The function of these dc filter banks is to further reduce the harmonic currents on the dc line see Figure 13 PLC power line carrier and RI radio interference filter reactors are employed on the ac or dc side of the HVDC converter to reduce high frequency noise propagation in the lines 2 10 Series Reactors for Electric Arc Furnace Application Series reactors can be installed in the medium voltage feeder high voltage side of the furnace transformer of an ac electric arc furnace EAF to improve 100 ZBURLEA E efficiency reduce furnace electrode consumption and limit short circuit current thus reducing mechanical forces o
55. arm are the main floor beam MFB C that is the hydraulic cylinder for the stepping beam SB and the transporter machine TM The link between the two arms is made through the shield mechanism SM This underground roof support operates in six sequences as follows Initial position when the TM is in the face of working having the peak folded and the MRB fixed on the roof The mining combine cut a strip from the face of working in front of the URS and the PB is set to horizontal position The SB pushes the TM in the face of working The URS is outstretched from the roof The URS is moved near the TM and the PB is folded The URS is fixed to the roof MODELING SIMULATION AND CONTROL FOR AN UNDERGROUND ROOF SUPPORT AS TWO ROBOTIC ARMS 1 2 UNDERGROUND ROOF SUPPORT AS FIVE GRADES OF MOBILITY ROBOT In this section we represent the underground roof support as robot with five degrees of mobility three of these are prismatic T and two are rotations R in the sequence TTRTR The schematic diagram of this robot together with the appropriate systems of coordinates for applying the D H method is presented in fig 2 8 l L Ls GO 4 ai di e ie ie Se U V 0 2 Ce u 0 e yo i 4 x 2 Xo y O beac ZO 7 lt 2 P ai Qi di 6j E ea Aaa Re 2 2 0 x 2 0 01 1 2 zo 3 O x 2 L l 0 ol 4 C 0 O 654 n 2 X0 yo b
56. arth atmosphere Because the temperature and the pressure have not the same values across the Earth surface there are air movements The temperature has not constant value and because of that we have unbalanced atmospheric pressure The air is moving from zones with higher atmospheric pressure to zones with lower atmospheric pressure and because of that formed the winds The wind is characterized by two elements extremely variable in time and space the direction of the wind blow appreciated by 16 sectors of the horizon and the speed which is the distance of the air particles in time measured in m s The wind has been separated by the specialists according to the force as follows like this breeze force 2 5 strong winds force 6 8 storms force 9 and hurricane force 12 On the Earth the wind can have theoretically 1193 km h maximum speed speed equals with the sound speed but practically this speed cannot be reached even by the most powerful storm 2 ATMOSPHERIC DYNAMIC EQUATIONS AND ENERGETIC BALANCE Dynamics of the Earth atmosphere represents the description of movement in the absolute reference frame using a Cartesian coordinates system which is a fix one according to fixes stars from galaxy In this frame the second law of mechanics affirms that the change of kinetic momentum K with time of a body is the sum of the real forces acting on the body 20 THE WIND USE FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY In the absolute reference system the
57. as a higher catalytic activity and a larger active surface area than crystalline one The electrode prepared at 380 C showed a low polarization and a high current for O evolution compared to that prepared at 500 C Ir O is not a good catalyst for HER 2 High temperature electrolysis HTE or steam electrolysis uses electricity to produce hydrogen from steam instead of liquid water High temperature electrolysis is 44 STANOL C more efficient than traditional room temperature electrolysis because some of the energy is supplied as heat which is cheaper than electricity and because the electrolysis reaction is more efficient at higher temperatures Recent research indicates strong potential for using thermochemical water splitting processes to produce hydrogen Thermochemical water splitting is made up of a series of chemical reactions that convert water to hydrogen and oxygen using catalysts at high temperatures These processes offer the potential for high efficiency hydrogen production at large scale production rates The photo assisted OER on TiO electrode and HER on Pt electrode seems to require applied voltages but values as low as 0 25 V do allow the photoassisted electrolysis with ultraviolet irradiation 351 364 nm to proceed TiO is a n type semiconductor a single crystal electrode The reaction is catalytic with respect to the TiO in either acid or alkaline water electrolysis The results of prolonged irradiation in
58. assembly variants mounting and installation considerations are selected based on the application requirements REFERENCES 1 NEMA Motors and Generators Part 22 NEMA MG 1 1987 National Electrical Manufacturers Association Rosslyn VA 1987 2 Westinghouse Electric Corp Electrical Transmission and Distribution Reference Book 4th ed Westinghouse Electric Corp East Pittsburgh PA 1964 3 Bonheimer D Lim E Dudley R F and Castanheira A A Modern Alternative for Power Flow Control IEEE PES Transmission and Distribution Conference Sept 22 27 1991 Dallas TX 4 Bonner J A Hurst W Rocamora R G Dudley R F Sharp M R and Twiss J A Selecting Ratings for Capacitors and Reactors in Applications Involving Multiple Single Tuned Filters IEEE Trans Power Delivery 10 1 547 555 January 1995 5 Peelo D F and Ross E M A New IEEE Application Guide for Shunt Reactor Switching IEEE Trans Power Delivery 11 881 887 1996 6 Skeats W F Short Circuit Currents and Circuit Breaker Recovery Voltages Associated with Two Phase to Ground Short Circuits AIEE Trans Power Appar Syst 74 688 693 1955 7 CIGRE Working Group 13 02 Interruption of Small Inductive Currents chap 4 part A Electra 101 13 39 1985 8 Power System Relaying Committee Report prepared by the Shunt Reactor Protection Working Group Shunt Reactor Protection Practices IEEE PES 1984 Meeting Dallas TX Jan
59. attractive potential represents energetic potential of unit mass d do 06 aq 09 7 P aep OME VG 1 For the gravitational attraction we have d aq 09 P Ya V 2 For the kinetic energy K pv 4 2 in the absolute reference system we have dK _ Al o a dt dt V v J J Vv v4 V J 4 V vyp pV v va Vp V pv E We obtain the following balance equation i z J vts J V pv 6 V v4 J V pv E d V p V pE JJ 7 e ies om n Pya Vo pV v J Vv The balance equation for internal energy e is pe v eR e pY v4 1 Yva 8 e J describes the heat flux e Fe is the radiative flux The following equations describe the mathematical model of energetic balance in the absolute reference frame 21 POP E BARBU C LEBA B d get P Vo 9 d pi Jev Gee dtl 2 10 Pya Vo pV v J Vv The energetic balance equations can be written as follows d a PO d P Va Voa 11 t Sigue V v pE J p v di p 2 A P P Va 12 Vo p Vv J Vv d h pe V F p Vv J Vv 13 dt The first equation defines the gravitational energy flux the second defines the kinetical energy flux and the third defines the internal energy flux of Earth p Vv d p v Vo d y i ee 1 d A EE rhon ie din Va A zs J dt 2 i dt V v pE J V u F S
60. ature Uncompensated TC Temperature reference junction temperature CJC Temperature and the thermistor resistance value Thermistor Resistance 79 USING THERMOCOUPLES IN PROGRAMMABLE SYSTEMS FOR MEASURING TEMPERATURE 4 CONCLUSIONS Using the data acquisition system and virtual instrument enables a severe reduction of measuring errors This reduction is possible by choosing appropriate static characteristic of thermocouple depending of type of thermocouple domains and subdomains of the temperature Changes into measurement scheme may be further made because the user has the possibility to select through the controls on the front panel type thermocouple used at a time and area of use thereof REFERENCES 1 Patrascoiu N M ndrescu C Senzori si traductoare Ed Universitas Petro ani 2000 2 Patrascoiu N Sisteme de achizitie si prelucrare a datelor Instrumentatie virtuala Ed Didactica si Pedagogica Bucuresti 2004 3 Ionescu G Traductoare pentru automatizari industriale Ed Tehnica Bucuresti 1985 4 Sinclair J Dunton Practical Electronics Handbook Sixth Edition Newnes London 2007 5 NI USB 6008 6009 User Guide and Specifications 371303K 01 National Instruments Corporation Dec 2007 6 NI DAQmx for USB Devices Getting Started Guide 324147E 01 National Instruments Corporation Dec 2007 Annals of the University of Petro ani Electrical Engineering 10 2008 pages 80 83
61. ause of its porous structure the electrode acts like a network of individual particles through which electrons percolate by hopping from one particle to the next The small size of the particles does not allow the formation of a space charge region and consequently there will be no built in electric field to drift the charge carriers transport and therefore the transport of electrons cannot be drift in an electric field And finally but not less important in DSSCs the opposite sign carriers travel through different regions and so the recombination processes may be significant only at interfaces This way the necessity of a pure semiconductor is not so acute The highest efficiencies for these cells Green 2001 Gr tzel 2000 Nazeeruddin et al 1993 O Regan amp Gr tzel 1991 were obtained in Switzerland by the Gr tzel group who has reported a top efficiency of 1110 5 in 1996 REFERENCES 1 Halme J Dye sensitized nanostructured and organic photovoltaic cells technical review and preliminary tests Helsinki University of Technology 2002 2 Brabec C J V Dyakonov J Parisi and Sariciftci N S Organic Photovoltaics Concepts and Realization Vol 60 Berlin 2003 3 Hoppe H Sariciftci N S Organic Solar Cells An Overview Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells Austria 2004 Annals of the University of Petro ani Electrical Engineering 10 2008 pages 73 79 USING THERMOCOUPLES IN PROGRAMMABLE SYSTE
62. c Fig 2 Five grades of mobility two arms underground robot a URS schematic diagram b URS upper arm c Upper arm D H table d URS lower arm c Lower arm D H table The equations of the robot are 0 0 1 0 cos 0 0 sin 0 0 0 Ccos 0 05 L D cos 0 sin 0 0 cos 0 0 O Csin 0 0 Hc h L Dsin 0 0 0 0 1 0 4 for the upper arm and 100 0 010 0 dore 2 o 0 0 1 U V u a 000 1 for the lower arm LEBA M SIRB V BADEA A We will use the following notations Yr lower arm translation on yo Yq upper arm translation and rotation on yo Za upper arm translation and rotation on zo There are obtained the direct cinematic model equations Y U V u Yo Ccos 0 05 L1 cos0 3 Zo Csin 0 8 L sin Hh These equations are very important for analyzing the URS testing and controller design This approach has many advantages First the representation is simple and natural Second the movement of the URS can be tested very easily Third the equations for positioning and rotations of arms are obtained easily On the other hand by this method it is possible to use the mathematical equations to model simulate and design the controller of URS 1 2 MODELING AND SIMULATION Based on equations above in this section there will be modeled simulated and tested the major performances of the URS In fig 3 are presented the MatLab Simulink model and simulation results
63. ces being either consumed or produced during the cycle TCO layer TiO dye electrolyte S mm s Fermi level under light illumination voltage under load VA LP CE s st energy level Der electrical work Figure 3 Working principle of the DSSC configuration 72 M GHERUSAN L The electrodes of a standard DSSC structure are transparent conducting oxide coated glass substrates between which the cell is assembled The conducting coating of the substrate works as a current collector while the substrate material is as a support structure to the cell and also a sealing layer between the cell and the external environment Fluorine doped tin oxide SnO2 F and indium tin oxide In2O3 Sn or ITO are the most frequently materials used as transparent conducting oxides in thin film photovoltaic cells The dyes most used for sensitization in these cells are the metalo organic ruthenium complexes and for the counter electrode the most suitable material seems to be the platinum used as a catalyst coat for the transparent conducting oxide substrate 3 SOME SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DSSC CONFIGURATIONS Unlike pn semiconductor jonction solar cell in a DSSC structure the light absorption and the carrier transport are taking place in separate materials Much more the charge separation involves different kinetic and energetic mechanisms at the dye semiconductor electrolyte interfaces Bec
64. cial The following Port 7 pins also serve for alternate functions like pwm and CapCom Output Port P8 is an 8 bit bidirectional I O port The input threshold of Port 8 is selectable TTL or special Many Port 8 pins also serve for alternate functions like CapCom Outputs The on chip PWM unit can operate in four differentmodes 3 4 I PWM standard mode 0 EdgeAligned PWM II PWM symmetric mode 1 IIT Burst mode and IV Single shot mode Generally the output signal is set on logic 1 when the counting value is greater or equal than register from PWx 65 EMBEDDED DEVLOPMENT ENVIROMENT TO CONTROL THE CIM SYSTEMS 3 MEASUREMENTS AND CONCLUSIONS The kit EVA167 contain the software tools and the hardware device for real time evaluation of the C167 microcontroller The board is delivered with two static RAMs which con be extended until 2 Mbytes With the help of open drain circuit on Port7 one can achieve the combination of more PWM outputs through different pull up configuration connections 4 5 This provides the short circuit for any PWM channel Fig 3 4 and 5 shows the measurement results by scope at port 7 for different sets of the control registers Tek JL Stop W Pos 251 tens CURSOR tc Cursor 1 251 5ens CH On CHO 30V Ww 2500 CHI 7 Trev Figure 3 PWM signal from microcontroller Measurement by 2 kHz and duty cycle 90 Tek Ji Stop WW Pos 253 6ms Figure 4 PWM signal from microcontrol
65. city to absorb Oxygen from the air The molecular structure of gasoline is made up of Hydrogen H and Carbon C molecules When burning gasoline in an internal combustion engine only the Hydrogen is used for the combustion The Carbon mixes with the Oxygen after the combustion to form one of the most common gases CO also known as the greenhouse gas Coal and Oil also contain Sulphur If we burn Oil and Coal we are generating sulphur at the same time This Sulphur is emitted in the form of Sulphur Dioxide Ph D Phisician at I G Duca School Professor at I G Duca School 85 SOLAR HYDROGEN ENERGY SO SO also causes respiratory problems in humans When this gas gets into the atmosphere it combines with the water on the clouds to form sulphuric acid Coal is the worse fossil fuel source of all due to the release of Sulphur in large quantities along with CO after burning The radiation is absorbed by the CO as a result the atmosphere heats up thus warming the planet But the worse of all is that fossil fuels are not forever For reducing those consequences it will be necessary a strong increase in the use of renewable non polluting sources The faster the costs of renewable energy are reduced the better we can fight global warming The global market for renewable energy is growing dramatically Within the next decade many of the existing power plants in the OECD countries will come to the end of their technical lifet
66. ctor then behaves as an infinitely variable inductance 2 8 Filter Reactors The increasing presence of nonlinear loads and the widespread use of power electronic switching devices in industrial power systems is causing an increase of harmonics in the power system Major sources of harmonics include industrial arcing loads arc furnaces welding devices power converters for variablespeed motor drives distributed arc lighting for roads fluorescent lighting residential sources such as TV sets and home computers etc Time ms Figure 12A TCR current and voltage waveforms Harmonics can have detrimental effects on equipment such as transformers motors switchgear capacitor banks fuses and protective relays Transformers motors and switchgear can experience increased losses and excessive heating Capacitors can 99 REACTORS Inf 96 Alpha Deg Figure 12B TCR harmonic current spectra as a percentage of fundamental current fail prematurely from increased heating and higher dielectric stress If distribution feeders and telephone lines have the same right of way harmonics can also cause telephone interference problems In order to minimize the propagation of harmonics shunt filters are often applied close to the origin of the harmonics 2 9 Reactors for HVDC Application In an HVDC system reactors are used for various functions as shown in principle in Figure 13 The HVDC smoothing reactors
67. cu Al Some Aspects in Regard to the Designing of Fits Annals of the University of Petrosani Mechanical Engineering vol 7 XXXIV pag 75 86 Universitas Publishing House Petrosani Rom nia 2005 4 Nitescu N Stoian A M Unele aspecte privind proiectarea ajustajelor cu joc Lucrarile stiintifice ale Simpozionului Multidisciplinar International UNIVERSITARIA SIMPRO 2006 Tehnologie Mecanisme si Organe de Masini Mecanic si Rezistent pag 62 72 editura Universitas Petrosani Romania 5 Nitescu N Stoian A M Some Aspects in Regard of Interference Fits Annals of the University of Petro ani Mechanical Engineering vol 9 XXXIX part II pag 73 78 Universitas Publishing House Petrosani Rom nia 2007 6 Nitescu N s a Unele aspecte privind alegerea preciyiei grupei si felului de ajustaj tn constructia de masini Simpozionul Durabilitatea si fiabilitatea sistemelor mecanice Universitatea Ct Brincusi Tg Jiu 20 21 iunie 2008 7 Poanta A Nitescu N s a Proiectarea asistata a ajustajelor cu joc Simpozionul Durabilitatea si fiabilitatea sistemelor mecanice Universitatea Constantin Brincugi Tg Jiu 20 21 iunie 2008 8 Zamfir V Nitescu N Toleranfe si control dimensional vol I Tolerante Litografia Universit ii Tehnice din Petro ani 1993 Annals of the University of Petro ani Electrical Engineering 10 2008 pages 40 44 NEW MATERIALS FOR WATER ELECTROLYSIS CAMEL
68. des results in poor efficiency PhD Physician at I G Duca School 41 NEW MATERIALS FOR WATER ELECTROLYSIS 2 ELECTROCATALYSTS Because the cost of hydrogen production is higher than that obtained from fossil fuels there is an interest in finding better electrode materials with electrocatalytic activity A promising group of materials for the HER Hidrogen Evolution Reaction and OER Oxygen Evolution Reaction are amorphous alloys usually prepared by a rapid solidification method The most investigated metallic glasses were those containing Ni Co Fe Si B and P Modification of steel electrodes with electrodeposited electrocatalysts of Ni and Co under UV and IR radiation results in lowering of the potentials needed for water electrolysis in basic media when compared with unmodified steel electrodes We found a lower overpotential on oxygen electrode The decrease of overpotential was of 200 mV at 100 mA cm when compared to the industrial data UV radiation of 254 nm was used 5 Widia with electrodeposited Co or nickel reduces the overpotential for HER or OER in alkaline water electrolysis at room temperature compared to steel or nickel 7 Widia irradiated with 254 nm UV radiation shows lower overpotential for HER and for OER in alkaline media 6 M KOH T2293 K 6 In the studies of water electrolysis experiments with ruthenium Ru nanorod arrays as the cathode was shown up to 25 reduction in overpotential and 20
69. display results in tables In the main window the operator has to introduce the values of the input variables including the number Bud of both kinds of operations figure 2 The data are verified and if they are not properly introduced a message appears to worn the operator figure 3 After introducing the number of enriching operations a window is opening to introduce the values of weight recoveries and contents in the floated outcomes figure 4 A library of flow sheet diagrams is included and that according to the specified number of operations can be visualized in order to see the specific notations After the operator introduces the number of cleaning operations another window opens that allows him to introduce the weight recoveries and floated outcome contents in this kind of operations figure 5 Further development of this application let the data and the results be saved Thus the designer or the researcher can compare different sets of values in order to establish the optimum configuration of the technological line The calculation results are displayed as a table fig 6 ant alert Introduceti datele in unitatile de masura e p E Ferren O Em Fig 3 Warning message Neificse dale Fig 4 Enriching operations window Using such an application time can be spared in the floatation technology 83 VISUAL BASIC APPLICATION FOR
70. e discovery that the sun can produce electricity when its light is passed through two different pieces of silicon joined together like the layers of a sandwich However new advances in photovoltaic cells have made the task of producing electricity from solar power less expensive but it is still not practical due to the amount of terrain it will needed for a solar farm to generate electricity The solar energy converted into electricity by this system must be stored and then transferred to population centers in order to be useful The solar generated electricity is used to split water into hydrogen and oxygen using an electrolyzer This hydrogen could then be pumped through pipes at high pressure When it gets to population centers it can be used directly as fuel or be put through a fuel cell that will convert the hydrogen back into electricity Fuel cell power plants also have longer life expectancies and lower costs than their alternatives 87 SOLAR HYDROGEN ENERGY Most individual fuel cells are small in size and produce between 0 5 and 0 9 volts of electricity Therefore any practical power plants must have a large number of individual fuel cells This modular nature of fuel cells is one of their biggest advantages This eliminates the problems associated with large conventional power plants which can take up to ten years to build and have a fixed capacity Small local power plants in urban areas have a market for their waste heat a
71. e resistance with value of 1 kQ so that is offered a possibility of carrying out an adjustment of the gain Measured thermocouple voltage VTC adapted to cover the dynamic range of the analog digital converter becomes input voltage Uo To achieve the compensation of cold junction temperature is used a thermistor with negative temperature coefficient NTC that has the following parameters Rr 10 76 P TR SCOIU N TOMUS A ROSULESCU C kQ nominal resistance 25 C Steinhart Hart equation parameters A 0 001129148 B 0 000234125 C 8 76741E 8 Thermistors are widely used because of their sensitivity small size ruggedness and low cost Thermistors have an electrical resistance that varies non linearly with temperature The R T characteristics of most thermistors can be described by the Steinhart Hart equation T A B nR C ink P 5 R1 R2 40kO AAA OkQ AM 0 ds I where T is the absolute temperature i in Kelvin and A B and C are constants whose values depend on TO USB6008 A1 4 S the constructive parameters of the gt OPA1013CN8 U m VDD 3 thermistor and which for this im f d ERE application have been presented MARE S3 S above R3 i i nt m As the NI USB 6008 module 9 RT analog input measures only 10ko voltage we will need to provide a current source to convert the resistance to voltage For this is Fi
72. e equipment new functionality or a bug fix can be done by simply installing a new specific file The manufactures that use the FPGA for their products obtained less costs per products and also a great flexibility for their equipments For defining the behavior of FPGA device the users employ a hardware description language or a schematic design for hardware description The most common hardware description languages are VHDL and Verilog Then using an automation tool for the designing process a netlist file for the desired technology is created The netlist file is then implemented in the FPGA with software created by the 29 SINGLE CHIP VGA VIDEO CONTROLLER producer of the FPGA process named place and route The user validates the mapping and the result of place and route process through simulation time analysis or other verification methodologies Once the verification process is complete the binary file for configuration of the FPGA is created 3 DESIGN DESCRIPTION The design is represented by the realization of a standard VGA video controller using VHDL description hardware Xilinx ISE developing environment and a high speed XCS2A FPGA device Fig 1 FPGA and memory devices 30 POP E LEBA M VAMVU P Three files were created in order to complete the design Each of the three files represents a subsystem of the entire project and more important all those subsystems are concurrent First file describes the
73. e high speed logic analogical functions of high frequency and very low power consumption The VLSI design is a new preoccupation who leads to realization in a single chip of electronics circuits or even complex electronic equipments The implications of such techniques produce a number of effects which are favorable from technical and economics perspective We remind here just few like Dimension reduction Increase reliability Ph D Prof Eng at University of Petrosani Ph D Assoc Prof Eng at University of Petrosani Ph D Student Assistant Eng at University of Petrosani 28 POP E LEBA M VAMVU P Hardware flexibility Low price equipments From a system stand of view every equipment for measure control monitoring processes have input signals noted like a vector called u took from the process and generate output signals noted also like a vector called y based on an algorithm There are two classes of equipments if we consider the way of realization of the algorithm Equipments with fix algorithm or wired algorithm and equipments with programmed algorithm There is a third solution the realization of wired algorithm through a program without using printing circuit method or machine work methods This third solution translates like a method that makes inside the circuit the needed routes between stand alone basic components For this purpose are used VLSI integrated circuits with hundred of thousands
74. e sags and brief power DO l Primary Secondary Three Phase A Single Phas Voltage Voltage L5 a4 c Figure 5 Schematic of a ride through transformer As shown in Figure 5 the ride through transformer RTT is designed to protect single phase process controls Unlike traditional CVTs the RTT uses all three phases of supply voltage as its input This enables the RTT to access energy in unsagged phases of the supply voltage during one or two phase voltage sags and interruptions EPRI PEAC tested the prototype 1 kV 480 V RTT 12 to determine its ability to protect process controls during single phase two phase and three phase voltage sags and interruptions The particular prototype acquired for testing was connected to a load bank that consisted of a mixture of 12 industrial control components ice cube relays motor starters contactors a programmable logic controller a linear dc power supply and a switch mode power supply Figure 6 a and Figure 6 b show the response of an RTT to phase to neutral and phase to phase sags 59 APPLICATION CONSIDERATIONS CVT ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS DURING LINEAR AND NONLINEAR LOADING Phase B Time 10 Cycle Voltage Interruption 800 f T 600 400 S 8 200 S o 5 F1 200 400 ce 600 800 Time Figure 6 Performance of a ride through transformer RTT during a ten cycle voltage interruption and voltage sag Voltage regulation of an RTT during a single phase volta
75. eactors installed in series with incoming or outgoing lines or feeders Bus tie reactors used to tie together two otherwise independent buses Duplex reactors installed between a single source and two buses 93 REACTORS Figure 4 Dry type iron core reactor water cooled HV Bus Circuit Breaker Normally Closed Circuit Breaker LV Bus Feeder Circuits Figure 5 Typical phase reactor connection Neutral grounding reactors installed between the neutral of a transformer and ground 2 3 Capacitor Inrush Outrush Reactors Capacitor switching can cause significant transients at both the switched capacitor and remote locations The most common transients are Overvoltage on the switched capacitor during energization Voltage magnification at lower voltage capacitors Transformer phase to phase overvoltages at line termination Inrush current from another capacitor during back to back switching Current outrush from a capacitor into a nearby fault Dynamic overvoltage when switching a capacitor and transformer simultaneously Capacitor inrush outrush reactors Figure 6 are used to reduce the severity of 94 ZBURLEA E Circuit Breaker Reactor Shunt Capacitor Bank Figure 6 Typical capacitor inrush outrush reactor connection some of the transients listed above in order to minimize dielectric stresses on breakers capacitors transformers surge arresters and ass
76. ems Proceedings of the 4 WSEAS IASME International Conference on DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS and CONTROL Corfu GREECE October 26 28 2008 ISBN 978 960 474 014 7 ISSN 1790 2769 pp 97 102 2008 Annals of the University of Petro ani Electrical Engineering 10 2008 pages 27 32 SINGLE CHIP VGA VIDEO CONTROLLER EMIL POP MONICA LEBA PETRE MARIAN VAMVU Abstract Due to increasing demand of media electronics dedicated for the publicity market who assure an immediate impact and a great flexibility a productive approach of designing system on chip capable to sustain media implementation at very low princess is viable This task is only achievable by using specific VLSI technology for designing System on Chip products Keywords VLSI CMOS technology VGA controller 1 INTRODUCTION Large Scale Integrated silicon circuits have greatly progressed for the last 25 years In particularly the CMOS technology Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor has played a major part in the progress of LSI circuits Through decreasing the size of field effect MOS transistors the number of transistors included in one single chip was greatly improved which conducted to an increased functionality of the LSI circuits On the other hand the system on chip technology has become very wide used and like a result the VLSI systems integrate now functions like logic functions memory functions and even analogical functions More than that the VLSI systems hav
77. es mixing graphite and polytetrafluorethylene powders pressing the mixture on a net of fine metal cloth sintering the pressed mixture under an argon atmosphere at 340 400 C i ersing said sintered mixture into an alcoholic solution of platinum metal chlorides drying the resulting mixture and oxidizing the mixture in air at 340 400 C is characterized by a high chemical resistance and a favorable electrolytic voltage The most stable mixture has been found to be of 20 by weight RuO and 80 by weight IrO A solid polymer electrolyte water electrolysis cell with film electrodes having high energy conversion efficiency has been developed to provide the large scale cell for strong demands by market The film electrode was prepared by fabrication of a mixture sheet of Ir salt Pt salt and Nafion following by chemical reduction of both salts And the new water electrolysis cell was prepared by laminating a thin ion exchange membrane and film electrodes by the hot press method The new cell showed lower overpotential because of the three dimensional reaction sites based on the highly dispersed mixture of Ir Pt and Nafion in film electrodes and lower internal resistance due to usage of the thin ion exchange membrane These features of the new cell resulted in high energy conversion efficiency and the value was 79 4 for 2A cm2 at 40 C of 1596 1 IrO is better than platinum on the electrocatalysis for O evolution and amorphous IrO h
78. es Atmosfere explozive Part 7 Equipment protection by increased safety e SR EN 60079 11 2007 Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres Part 11 661 Equipment protection by intrinsic safety i The intrinsic safety i it s a technique to prevent the explosion in the environment potentially explosive A circuit with intrinsic safety is a circuit where any spark or thermo effect witch it s product in this specified product standard witch involved a normal condition or fault condition is not capable to ignite an explosive gas atmosphere vapors or dust with air if this is present The intrinsic safety i is a low power technique forced in practice at IW used usual at the industrial measure circuit It can not be used at high power equipments as motors or illuminations but can be used at the circuits witch controls this For a device used in a potentially explosive area to be certified as a device with intrinsic safety it is necessary as some parameters as voltage current or power not to pass some values this can be achieved by interposition between the safe and the explosive area a certified interface The simple devices witch where is not necessary anti explosive protections are passives components contacts resistors diodes good defined source witch hold safe energy source witch generate energy not bigger then 1 5V and 100 mA FIELDBUS system witch have their own intrinsic standards according
79. fact that they are photoelectrochemical solar cells meaning that they use a liquid electrolyte or other ion conducting phase as a charge transport medium which seems to lead to high efficiencies and good long term stability As a result many research groups took a great interest in studying this kind of cells especially in terms of finding new materials that could improve the manufacture aspects and costs PhD Student Physician 69 A SHORT PRESENTATION OF THE DYE SENSITIZED NANOSTRUCTURES SOLAR CELLS Before explaining the basic operating principle of the dye sensitized nanostructured cell I need to remind that the process of converting light into electric current in an organic photovoltaic cell is performed in four stages 1 Light absorption followed by the formation of excitons 2 Exciton diffusion towards an electric field region 3 Charge separation in the electric field region 4 Charge transport towards electrodes in order to give rise to a direct current passing through a consumer load The dye sensitized solar cells DSSC belong to a group of thin layer cells where the absorption process occurs inside the dye molecules adsorbed on a very porous transparent surface of TiO nanoparticles The dye excitation is followed by the electron injection in TiO and the dye regeneration by the use of a reduction oxidation couple such as I I5 The porous nanocrystalline T1O2 electrode structure has a specific role to increase the
80. for a practical case UM Poostul hua D SeuG sutSiPeoeturz gt C Ys UEURI ESUP USPE Teatre e L 95 521 zu Machine for model sustinere Vali D ee S R A AY BPD Glick On Object To Display Information Fig 3 Direct cinematic model a Simulation diagram b Simulation results MODELING SIMULATION AND CONTROL FOR AN UNDERGROUND ROOF SUPPORT AS TWO ROBOTIC ARMS 2 PROBLEM FORMULATION In this section we determine the cinematic inverse model and design the software controller for URS based on this model 2 1 THE CINEMATIC INVERSE MODEL In order to control the URS it is necessary to determine the extremity position of the two robot arms Based on equations 3 of the direct cinematic model there is determined the inverse cinematic model as the following algorithm a There are known the geometrical and technological data of the URS H L U V C h 1 u b There are given the RCP and FPC coordinates Yo Zo Yr c There is determined the peak rotation angle 2 2 2 do canoe ie ASEDA s ok mi Sb 2C L 1 d There are determined the intermediary means A Z Hh 5 B L 1 e There is determined the intermediary angle JC
81. g 3 Thermistor used to CJC compensation used Howland mounting fig 3 like a constant current source The amount of current through thermistor does not depend on the resistance Ry and it is given by the relationship 1 R R 1 I 2 5 U U U 6 R R R R Applied tension to the analog input AIl U4 is proportional to the amount thermistor resistance as the relationship R R R 1 R 2 Uy BE n o Bey R ESSE R go Us 7 3 2 1 wherefrom R Rra y 8 PU mUS A i The two tensions Ugo and Ua are applied to the data acquisition module NI USB 6008 at the analog inputs AIO respectively AII 11 USING THERMOCOUPLES IN PROGRAMMABLE SYSTEMS FOR MEASURING TEMPERATURE 3 VIRTUAL INSTRUMENT Virtual instrument VI which is the acquisition process administration has two major components the diagram bloc that represents the properly program and the front panel that represents the user interface The main programming structure from the diagram bloc of virtual instrument for this application shown in Fig 4 is a While Loop and acquisition process is performing by using DAQmx functions timeout s 10 Analog 2D DBL i Thermocouple Voltage E NChan NSamp pfiz3 Uncompensated TC Temperature 4 TEMPERATURE Temperature Ur I E BN z xs Howland Resistence Rt 2 R U2
82. ge interruption top input bottom output To get the most out of a CVT with a three phase input the most trouble free voltage phases of the electric service supply will have to be determined For example if most voltage sags occur on phase A or B then the center tap on the transformer primary should be connected to phase C Although this prototype transformer promises to retail at a price substantially higher than the price of a traditional single phase CVT the price differential can be greatly reduced by a reduction in size Because the performance of a traditional CVT greatly depends upon loading CVTs are often oversized for the connected load A smaller but more loaded RTT should be able to perform as well as the derated traditional CVT 60 CIUCUR V V 4 CONCLUSIONS The test results revealed that the prototype RTT protected the connected process controls from most of the applied voltage sags and interruptions Besides it was observed that RTT performance greatly depended on the phase configuration that is single two or three phase of the voltage sags or interruption and to a much lesser extent on the loading of the RTT output It was observed that the RTT performed like a typical CVT during three phase voltage sags REFERENCES 1 Sola Hevi Duty Corp About Sola Hevi Duty www sola hevi duty com about solahist html October 18 2002 2 Advance Galatrek CVT Background Data http www aelgroup co uk hb hb00
83. hing about it The analysis of phenomena is based on few simplification models which eliminate few complex processes of atmospheric movement These representations are the medium representations of the air from the Earth atmosphere The winds may considerably vary from this value at local level So we can tell how and why the wind blows across the Earth For example we can see how in Petrosani the wind blows from north west and in New York from west We can observe how the heat is transported from the equator to poles keeping the tolerable climate at medium latitude We present in the following figure the three cells model Polar cell b Polar high Polar front Ferrel a 22 of ry p N Horse Hadley 60 latitudes Polar easterlies 7 60 cell a M o asc lhe EEEEEEEE m Y a7 NE tradewinds 47 o n EN oars d Equatorial A mri H m TN SE trade winds N 30 NS e i gt Westerlies w a t e NN E i Polar easterlies a b Fig 2 Three cell model Based on the existence of Earth areas can be formed three cells as shown in fig The equatorial and tropical zones receive a heat in excess and polar zones have lack of heat A surface with high pressure is at poles and a surface with low pressure is at equator 23 POP E BARBU C LEBA B Over the equatorial waters the air is worm the horizontally slope is low and the winds have low power This area is equatorial calm Here the air is ris
84. ighboring utility or customer Desired Power Flow Figure 8 Typical high voltage power flow control reactor connections 2 5 Power Flow Control Reactors A more recent application of series reactors in transmission systems is that of power flow control Figure 8 or its variant overload mitigation The flow of power through a transmission system is a function of the path impedance and the complex voltage magnitude and phase at the ends of the line In interconnected systems the control of power flow is a major concern for the utilities because unscheduled power flow can give rise to a number of problems such as e Overloading of lines e Increased system losses e Reduction in security margins e Contractual violations concerning power import export e Increase in fault levels beyond equipment rating Typical power flow inefficiencies and limitations encountered in modern power systems may be the result of one or more of the following e Nonoptimized parallel line impedances resulting in one line reaching its thermal limit well before the other line thereby limiting peak power transfer e Parallel lines having different X R ratios where a significant reactive component flows in the opposite direction to that of the active power flow e High loss line more heavily loaded than lower loss parallel line resulting in higher power transfer losses e Loop flow the difference between scheduled and actual power flow although inherent
85. iinta Cluj Napoca 2002 2 T Colosi S Codreanu Numerical Modeling and Simulation of Dynamical Systems Casa Cartii de Stiinta Cluj Napoca 1995 3 M Leba E Pop P Stoian HIL simulation and software control of robotic arm International Symposium CSCS15 Bucuresti Romania ISBN 973 8449 89 8 ISBN 973 8449 90 1 pp 495 500 May 2005 4 E Pop Automatizari in industria miniera Editura Didactica si Pedagogica Bucuresti 1983 5 E Pop M Leba and M Pop Sisteme de conducere a robotilor Structura modelarea simularea si conducerea robotilor ficsi si mobili Editura Didactica si Pedagogica Bucuresti 2007 6 E Pop M Pop M Leba Graphic Simulation and Digital Control for Drilling Robot Proceedings of Q amp A R 2000 International Conference Cluj Napoca Romania ISBN 973 686 056 6 ISBN 973 686 058 2 pg 191 196 May 2000 7 K Watson C Nagel J H Pedersen J Reid M Skinner E White Beginning Visual C 2005 Wrox ISBN 978 0 7645 7847 2 November 2005 1104 pg Annals of the University of Petro ani Electrical Engineering 10 2008 pages 13 17 MINER LAMPS MULTIPLE PARAMETERS MONITORING SOFTWARE EMIL POP BOGDAN SOCHIRCA Abstract In this paper we propose a solution for monitoring miner lamps parameters for a better management and to help the human factor With the new technology that is introduced in all aspects of life the human factor has to be more careful to maintain those to best parameters This s
86. ime and will need to be replaced By contrast the reserves of renewable energy that are technically accessible globally are large enough to provide about six times more energy than the world currently consumes forever The available primary sources such as sun radiation wind and hydro are characterised by unfavourable characteristics as time variability and low conversion power density The recent development of wind turbines and power electronics make possible the harvest of the solar energy and the wind energy with acceptable costs We must include a much larger share of indigenous renewable resources so we can develop our economies on the basis of known and predictable cost of electricity Research is vital for the development of new cheaper and more efficient technologies Says Oliver Schafer Policy Director of EREC We therefore welcome the respective European Wind Solar Bioenergy and smart grids Initiatives aimed at mobilizing the critical mass of activities and actors in the renewable energy sector There are money for renewables but there is a total absence of policy to encourage major investment in renewable energy President Bush said at Washington International Renewable Energy Conference 2008 Let me start first by telling you that America has got to change its habits We ve got to get off oil Dependency on oil presents a real challenge to our economy As economies grow and we want all our economies to grow
87. in the later morning is maximum in the later afternoon when there is the biggest difference of temperature and is finished at the sunset when the air temperature and air pressure above the sea and land are equals amp Fig 3 Sea and land breezes At the sunset the land surface doesn t receive anymore soar radiation In the night the land loses heat faster then the sea surface After few hours the atmospheric temperature and pressure differences between those surfaces become significant The land surface become colder then the sea surface and the air circulation is made from sea to land This movement is called the land breeze Mountain and valley breezes The valley breeze is made in the day in mountain areas because of the warm air heated by the solar radiation which is rising to the mountain top as we can see in the fig 4 a During the night the air beging to rise because of fast loss of long wave length solar radiation The air is denser and begins to go down to valley producing mountain breeze as we can see in the fig 4 b 25 POP E BARBU C LEBA B Fig 4 Mountain and valley breezes Winds in Romania In Romania the wind regime is determined both by the atmospheric general particularities and by the active surface particularities obviously is the Carpathian orographic barrage which determines by orientation and altitude the wind regional particularities The local winds from Romania are the following Crivatul
88. ing operation gj Ley From our point of view a floatation circuit can be represented as in figure 1 where the notation Fig 1 Simple floatation significance is circuit diagram k enriching operation number j cleaning operation number xy vector of enriching operation parameters yj vector of cleaning operation parameters It must be said that the pee operations were numbered from P Mr the circuit end to the beginning in order to express the relations in a more simple form Using X Visual basic programming tools we developed an application that allows the calculation of any Operatiile se numeroteaza de la iesire catre flotatia primara floatation circuit This is a powerful process simulation software package a user friendly steady state simulator that allows mineral processing engineers and scientists to model floatation operations with available experimental data and determine optimal configuration that Verc date UU MECEN MEETS Fig 2 Main window 82 SAMOILA B L MARCU M D UTU I meets production targets The simulator can also assist plant designers with sizing unit operations required to achieve given circuit objectives The software package contains functions that can manipulate experimental data calculate coherent material balances sizes and settings of unit operations physical properties of the processed materials simulate plant operation and
89. ing up often condensing in big clouds and making storms which release an important amount of heat This heat is carrying the air and provides energy to the Hadley cell The rising air is moving through poles and is becoming constantly cold and in the same time begin to converge especially when is closed to middle latitude This convergence makes the air more dens and the air pressure is increasing For the same reason at 30 latitude appear high pressure zones high subtropical Because of this convergence the relatively dry air from up begin to slowly drop down and to warm This air produces generally a blue cloudless sky and warms the surface temperature Here we find usually the main deserts from Earth like Sahara From Cancer latitude the air surface go back to the equator They don t go back directly because of Coriolis force acting on them The Coriolis force causes an air movement from north east to west in north hemisphere These winds provide an oceanic route to America and are called the commercial routes Near to the equator the commercial winds from north east converge with the winds from south east and make a frontier which is called the intertropical convergent zone ITCZ In this zone the air is rising and moves to tropics At 30 latitude not all the air is coming back to the equator A part of it is moving to poles and is deviated to east resulting west winds in both hemispheres In reality the west winds don t blo
90. internal surface area of the electrode in order to allow a large enough amount of dye to be contacted both by the TiO2 electrode and the electrolyte The injected electrons are then transported to the front contact electrode a transparent conducting oxide Figure 1 Nanostructured titan dioxide material The size of the particles is about 20 nm 2 OPERATING PRINCIPLE In its simpliest configuration the DSSC cell consists of a transparent conducting electrode covered by porous nanocrystalline titan dioxide nc T1O2 dye molecules attached to TiO2 surface an electrolyte containing a reduction oxidation couple such as T I5 and a catalyst coated counter electrode Under illumination the cell gives rise to a voltage between the two electrodes and also to an electric current through an external load The TiO2 electrode has a thickness of 10 Lm with an average size of the particles and also of the pores of about 20 nm Its internal surface area is thousand times larger than the geometrical surface of the electrode The most important thing regarding the titan oxide is the fact that it is a semiconducting material having an enough large band gap in order to absorb radiation only below 400 nm In this way the dye molecules may absorb most of the radiation from the solar spectrum 70 M GHERUSAN L Counter Electrode Transparent conducting coating Magnified 1 000 x Transparent conducting coating and catalyst
91. ion for hydrogen production Cell polarization studies at different temperatures were carried out in 6N KOH solution for different electrode samples prepared by alloy electrodeposition and powder metallurgy methods Electrodes from these two methods were compared with respect to their electrochemical performance 43 NEW MATERIALS FOR WATER ELECTROLYSIS The current carrying capacity at a given overvoltage was evaluated for different electrode thicknesses Use of porous electrodes in electrolysis modules permits high current density operation at reduced cell voltages because the specific surface area in porous electrodes increases manifold due to fine pores and large pore densities The increased current densities cause high heat and gas generation fluxes within a small cell space with the gases being released in the form of very fine bubbles 4 Catalytic activity of steel electrodes for the hydrogen evolution reaction HER in different electrolytes increases by co deposition of metal hydride LaNis particles with electrolytic nickel Ni LaNis with high real surface have a very high activity for the HER due to the high active surface determining the electrocatalytic activity of the investigated alloys 6 NiFe nanoparticles coat the electrodes in an electrolyzer and can have the same surface area as a football field This increase in surface area facilitates an efficiency of 85 An electrode manufactured by a process which compris
92. l functional and economic point of view The choice of the fit precision can be done by the recommendations from the technical literature which presumes algebraic computation deviations tables consulting tolerances etc For the purpose to eliminate the routine work and for the time reducing of these operations in this paper was establish an algorithm and the afferent software for the achievement of the computer assisted design for the clearance and interference fits Keywords assisted designing clearance and interference fits interdisciplinary work visual interface 1 INTRODUCTION The precision in the pieces processing and the fits have a very big importance by the technical functional and economic point of view These are established according to the processing possibilities the processing and assemblage economy the parameters required by the functional conditions operation and other factors The first choosing modality of the precision and the fits is that is need to be in according to the recommendations from the technical literature papers instructions standards 8 When is required to achieve an optimum type of fit the precision and the fit choice is not a simple problem any more because in this case it is a lot computing work and many correlations Ph D Prof Eng at University of Petrosani Ph D Prof Eng at University of Petrosani gt Ph D Student Lecturer Eng at University of Petrosani Ph D Student Assista
93. ler Measurement by 1 kHz and duty cycle 90 Figure 5 PWM signal from microcontroller Measurement by kHz and duty cycle 50 66 EGRLA TULBURE A SARB V The measured signals are used to control the CIM System of figure 5 The results of ghrafical simulation was presented in figures 7 8 9 10 This control task needs semnale rapide and high resolution signals The achieved results demonstrated the flexibility of the programmable logic compared with the wiring logic By setting some program variables the parameters of the generated signals can be adjusted without modifying the hardware part i pezmitiat Figure 7 Position Figure 8 Voltage Figure 9 Curent Figure 10 Velocity 67 EMBEDDED DEVLOPMENT ENVIROMENT TO CONTROL THE CIM SYSTEMS REFERENCES 1 Siemens C167 Derivatives 6 Bit Microcontrollers User Manual 1996 2 Ertec GmbH Evaluation Board EVA167 Erlangen 1993 3 Mattheis Storadt MC Tools 17 Otmar Feger Hard SoftwareVerlag Traunstein 1999 4 A Tulbure M Erdmann 6 Bit Embedded System to Control the High Power Supply Units SIMPRO 2005 Petrosani 2005 5 A Tulbure A Egri R Joldes Cages Switching at an induction machine using the 16 bit microcontrolle MicroCAD University
94. me This method takes the name of the file as an argument The first thing that this method does is to get the weights of the network using the GetNetworkWeights method and writes on the first line of the file the number of layers the number of neurons on each layer and the number of inputs of the neurons on each layer After the method writes the first line of the file it goes through the weights of each neuron in each layer and writes them in the file Each line of the file will hold the weights of one neuron including the bias The LoadNet method loads the weights from the file to the current NeuralNet object which calls the method This method has the following signature 105 EGRLA SARB V BADEA A public void LoadNet string filename This method reads the first line in the file to make sure that the data saved in it matches the architecture of the current neural network If the architecture matches the method reads the file one line at a time and sets the network weights according to the data in the file The Update method takes an array of floating point numbers as an argument array which represents the inputs of the network and returns an array of floating point numbers The returned array represents the output of the network This method loops through each neuron of each layer starting with the input layer and determines the net input of each neuron wj y 0 This net input is then passed as an argument to the ac
95. n of KOH The average efficiency of the currently available electrolysers is between 65 and 70 96 It is better known that two thirds of the operation costs of the electrolyzers are electricity costs Numerous companies and researchers in the last few years try the cost cutting by increasing efficiency of the process The current offer of industrial scaled electrolysers is low For this reason prices are high and delivery times may often be quite long Another technology as the PEM Proton Exchange Membrane electrolysis could reach even better efficiencies but do not seem to be effectively ready to attain the commercial market Hydrogen is storable in four ways as compressed gas as liquid in form of metal hydrides and in chemical compounds Due to its low density it is not effectiv to store the hydrogen gas at low pressures Liquified hydrogen with a temperature of 253 C is kept in ultra insulated vessels at atmospheric pressure In that case the efficiency is about 0 65 0 70 Very interesting is the storage of hydrogen inside of metals chemically bonded as metal hydrides The main advantage of this method is its very high energy density the disadvantage is the weight of the storage vessel Four different kinds of fuell cells as well as combustion engines or turbines and generator sets can convert the chemical energy of the hydrogen into electricity In 1954 Pearson Chapman and Fuller of the Bell Laboratory made th
96. n the furnace electrodes Figure 13 One line diagram of a typical HVDC bipole link illustrating reactor applications Such reactors can either be built into the furnace transformer or they can be separate stand alone units of oilimmersed or dry type air core construction Usually the reactors are equipped with taps to facilitate optimization of the furnace performance See Figure 14 and Figure 15 ul anus Transformer Electric Arc furnace EAF Series Reactor EAF Transformer Electric Arc Furnace Load W Figure 14 Typical electric arc furnace series reactor connection EAF Series Reactor Impedance Per Unit os 0 0 1 0 0 9 0 8 07 ENERGY COST ELECTRODE CONSUMPTION Benefit Per Unit Basis TRANSIENT OVERVOLTAGES 1 0 PU Series Reactor impedance corresponding to optimum arc length with respect to furnace refractories Figure 15 Electric arc furnace series reactor benefits reduced energy cost reduced electrode consumption reduced magnitude of transient over voltages 101 REACTORS CONCLUSIONS Reactors are also used in such diverse applications as motor starting current limiting test laboratory circuits current limiting dv dt control di dt control and insertion impedance circuit switchers Design considerations insulation system conductor design cooling method construction concept dry type oil immersed and subcomponent sub
97. nation of a numeric code that depends on the rotation speed code that is received from an absolute encoder The simplest method and also the most used one consists in the counting of impulses that are received from an incremental rotation encoder To determine the rotation speed in this case it is necesary to realize a timebase with the function of establishing a time interval in which the counting of the impulses is done This time interval is necesary to be corelated with the fequency of the impulses received from the incremental encoder frequency that depends on the functional caracteristic of the mobile rotation speed encoder Because the angular speed that represents the fundamental fizical measure caracteristic to the rotation motion is a vector it is necesary to also determine the PhD Student Assist Eng at University of Petrosani PhD Assoc Prof Eng at University of Petrosani 46 TOMUS A P TR SCOIU N rotation direction seeing that only the mobile trajectory is known In order to obtain the information about the motion direction it is necesary to transmit 2 sequences of impulses from the turation incremental encoder to the procesing elements These impulses are usualy delayed by a quarter of a period The declaration of the 2 impulse sequences can be done in 2 ways e Achieving the 2 rows of slots that are phisically delayed by a quarter of a period e Achieving a single row of slots but aranging the readers in s
98. nd Japan the U S A and Canada have all tested demonstration fuel cell power plants attached to electrical grids Fuel cells in vehicles can operate with efficiencies of 40 8096 compared with 25 3596 for state of the art spark ignition engines Ballard Power Systems a Canadian company which has pioneered the development of a solid plastic electrolyte fuel cell is installing a 100 KW demonstration fuel cell on a bus in Vancouver In this scenario photovoltaic cells would convert sunlight into electricity This electricity would be used to split water electrolysis into hydrogen and oxygen in order to store the sun s energy as hydrogen fuel This energy scheme is called the solar hydrogen energy system and its benefit is that the excess of electricity obtained through solar light is not wasted or loss because it is used to electrolize water to obtained hydrogen which will then be stored and used later to produce electricity again fig 1 Hydrogen gas Solar Hydrogen Production Hydrogen gas Hydrogen purifier Solar electric modules Electric power Electrolyzer controller Y Electric utility grid Makeup water purifier Electrolyte tank Figure 1 Solar Hydrogen Production Another benefit and perhaps the most important of all is that solar and hydrogen energy do not pollute Since our sun will still shine solar energy is practically everlasting Thus solar hydrogen energy is a clean and renewable system 88 STANOL
99. nds The commercial winds are from high subtropical to equator the east winds are from high subtropical to polar front and the rise polar wind to polar front We can tell that the African desert Sahara has an influence on the Amazon basin from South America Every year millions of tones of salt and other elements 24 THE WIND USE FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY from Sahara go by the commercial winds over the Atlantic to the Amazon basin These are the main source of nutrients for poor Amazon soil 4 THE SEASONAL REGIONAL AND LOCAL WINDS Sea and land breezes The sea and land breezes are thermal circulation systems which are developed at the interference of land with sea Here the heating and the cooling characteristics are different for sea and land and because of that there are developed atmospheric pressure gradients which produce the air movements During the day the land is heating faster then the water because of the received solar radiation The warm air above the land begins to grow and rise In the same time the air above the water is cold because of the heating capacity of water which is lower then the heating capacity of the land The air begins to move when there is a significant difference between the temperature and pressure of the water and land This pressure difference makes the heavy cold air above the water to go above the land and replace the warm rising air This air circulation system is called sea breeze The circulation begins
100. nds the coil to contain the flux within the reactor tank The steel core that normally provides a magnetic flux path through the primary and secondary windings of a power transformer is replaced by insulating support structures resulting in an inductor that is nearly linear with respect to applied voltage 2 7 Thyristor Controlled Reactors Dynamic Reactive Compensation As the network operating characteristics approach system limits such as dynamic or voltage stability or in the case of large dynamic industrial loads such as arc furnaces the need for dynamic compensation arises Typically static VAR compensators SVC are used to provide dynamic compensation at a receiving end bus through microprocessor control for maintaining a dynamic reserve of capacitive support when there is a sudden need Figure 11 illustrates a typical configuration for an SVC Figure 12A shows the voltage and current in one phase of a TCR when the firing angle a of the thyristor s is not zero Figure 12B depicts the various harmonic current spectra as a percent of fundamental current generated by the TCR for various firing angles a Figure 10 20 kV 20 MVA per phase dry type air core tertiary connection shunt reactors 98 ZBURLEA E i T TCR FC TSC Figure 11 Static VAR compensator By varying the firing angle a of the thyristor controlled reactor TCR the amount of current absorbed by the reactor can be continuously varied The rea
101. neering 10 2008 pages 55 60 APPLICATION CONSIDERATIONS CVT ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS DURING LINEAR AND NONLINEAR LOADING CIUCUR VIOLETA VALI Abstract The objective of this application was to characterize the CVT as a load while the CVT supplied a simple linear load and while it supplied a complex nonlinear load In the following tests the CVT was connected first to a simple linear load and then to a complex nonlinear load An electric service supply source with an average total harmonic distortion in the voltage of 3 supplied power to the CVT during all tests Keywords CVT electrical characteristics linear loading nonlinear loading 1 PERFORMANCE LINE CURRENT DISTORTION A resistive linear load consisting of incandescent lamps was connected to the output of the CVT The load was increased in ten equal increments from 0 to 8 3 A output current rating of the CVT Next a bridge rectifier such as the type that might be used in electric vehicle battery chargers was connected to the CVT The rectifier and its resistive load incandescent lamps were the complex nonlinear load of the CVT By adding lamps this complex load was increased in ten equal increments from approximately 0 4 A rectifier with no lamps connected to 8 3 A Figure 1 and Figure 2 show the line current distortion during these tests compared with the line current distortion for the same loads connected directly to the electric service supply At no load the p
102. nt ThermocoupleType panel is the user Fahrenheit T VUAO 2 508355E 2 UA 7 860106E 8 rz UAO 2 503131E 10 interface of the Ua CESI 10 virtual instrument UAD 1 228034E 17 UAO 9 804036E 22 Ba and it is built with UAD 4 413030E 26 Temperature UAO 1 057734E 30 8 UBD C1 027556 35 322 Temperature units controls and indicators which temperature range 0 C to 500 C 4 error range 0 04 Cto 0 05 C are the interactive The formulas expect voltages in microvolts so we multiply the input voltage by 1 000 000 to convert to mean input and output Fig 5 SubVI Voltage to Temperature V T terminals of the n virtual instrument The TEMPERATURE front panel for this 7 o application Fig 6 ee ec contains controls SELECTION 160 ADDITIONAL VALUES mentioned above plus Sl gt Temperature Units 140 LONGUS controls for setting J Celsius 5 1 E parameters of the ThermocoupleType H Uncompensated TC Temperature s J x 100 900 Howland mounting i e INTENTE 80 Howland Resistance and c CJC Temperature j 10k oo 25 00 Howland Voltage ae 40 Thermistor Resistance Indicators on the 3 25 10k 20 front panel are used to 02 i Dr display the measured temperature Temperature and also to display additional values such as voltage generated by thermocouple Thermocouple Voltage the uncompensated temper
103. nt Eng at University of Petrosani 34 POANTA A NITESCU N DOJCSAR D SOCHIRCA B In 1 is presented the key expression for computing the clearance fits based on the basic bore in the 4 the key expression for design the clearance fits on the ground of the basic shaft with the afferent examples In 6 is presented the key formula for using the table 1 from figure 1 Jmea Jmin ITX 1 computed value esl border II value border I value The computed average clearance is equal with the minimum clearance value from the border II of the table 1 in the form lesl which on the vertical correspond to one letter which represents the symbol letter of the projected fit plus a tolerance zone ITx which can be found in the border I of the table and this is the digit from the afferent column This is the symbol digit which represent the precision quality of the pdesigned fit 1 6 The key conditions 1 and 6 are les ITx Or les gt ITx 2 with condition that the two values are in the nearest In the designing of the interference fits the designer can find two situations A The technical and functional specifications of the assembling are given In this case the interference fits are designed by computing the minimum interference and is necessary to follow these steps A1 The designing of the fit type A2 The designing of the grade of tolerance A3 The computing of the deviations
104. ociated station electrical equipment 2 4 Discharge Current Limiting Reactors High voltage series capacitor banks are utilized in transmission systems to improve stability operating limits Series capacitor banks can be supplied with a number of discrete steps insertion or bypass being achieved using a switching device For contingencies a bypass gap is also provided for fast bypass of the capacitors In both cases bypass switch closed or bypass gap activated a discharge of the capacitor occurs and the energy associated with the discharge must be limited by a damping circuit A discharge current limiting reactor is an integral part of this damping circuit Series Capacitor Varistor Triggered Spark Gap Discharge Reactor Bypass Breaker Figure 7 Typical discharge current limiting reactor connection Therefore the discharge current limiting reactor must be designed to withstand the high frequency discharge current superimposed on the system power frequency current The damping characteristic of this reactor is a critical parameter of the discharge circuit Sufficient damping can be provided as an integral component of the reactor design de Q ing or it can be supplied as a separate element resistor See Figure 7 95 REACTORS A A J Reactor inserted into low impedance line Contingency Overload Fixed Mitigation Scheme Reactor Normally Closed Circuit Breaker Intertie with ne
105. of Miskolc 2007 Annals of the University of Petro ani Electrical Engineering 10 2008 pages 68 72 A SHORT PRESENTATION OF THE DYE SENSITIZED NANOSTRUCTURES SOLAR CELLS LARISA M GHERUSAN Abstract The dye sensitized solar cells DSSC belong to a group of thin layer cells where the absorption process occurs inside the dye molecules adsorbed on a very porous transparent surface of TiO nanoparticles Under illumination the cell gives rise to a voltage between the two electrodes and also to an electric current through an external load Keywords nanoparticles solar cells photoelectrochemical 1 INTRODUCTION Historically speaking the 19 century states the beginning of the dye sensitization procedure along with the invention of photography The first meaningful study of dye sensitization of semiconductors was represented by the work of Vogel in Berlin back in 1873 In his research silver halide emulsions were sensitized by dyes to produce black and white photographic films In the early 1990 s in the Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces Switzerland professor Gr tzel and his co workers used a combination of nanostructured electrodes and some effective charge injecting dyes and managed to develop an efficient energy conversion solar cell 7 in 1991 and 10 in 1993 His device was called the dye sensitized nanostructured solar cell or the Gr tzel cell in his honour What makes these cells apart from the conventional ones is the
106. of them will be inactivated For this reason is necessary to follow an algorithm for input the parameters So that is better to input the fit type first and in function of this type to input the computing algorithm type and in case that we have a afferent the fit type After this is better to introduce the input parameters and the extreme characteristics in the numerical input boxes which are activated Of course in function of the fit type some of them will be inactivated At this point can be start the computing routine for the outputs without corrections If it is necessary the outputs with corrections than is need to fill the numerical input boxes from the corrections area and press the button CORECTIE If is pressed the button named CALCULEAZA then will be started the running of the fit identification program and in the text boxes named IESIRI FARA CORECTII will be displayed the fit and the limits of the deviation figure 5 If is pressed the button named ANULEAZA the calculus is stopped immediately CALCULEAZA ANULEAZA ES El es ei AJUSTAJUL CALCULAT H6 26 ABATERI 19 0 106 87 IESIRI FARA CORECTII Fig 5 The outputs without corrections For start the running the correction algorithm of this first output results is need to press the button named CORECTIE which will displayed in the text boxes named TESIRI CU CORECTIE the corrected fit and the new calculated deviations too figure 6 In many ca
107. oftware comes to help and to provide a better and a faster management for miners lamp Keywords explosive areas miners lamp monitoring software Visual Basic 2005 1 INTRODUCTION The risk area are called dangerous area the usual staff that can create un explosion risk are crude oil mineral oil and all his other products natural gases combustible including bio gases and those from the purifying plant metal powder or organic products from the food industry coal powder fiber and other suspension It was defined a series of standard witch concern what it have to be done by the electric equipment with have as a working area the potentially explosive areas SR EN 60079 0 2005 Electrical apparatus for gas explosive atmospheres Part 0 General requirements SR EN 60079 1 2008 Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres Part 1 Flameproof enclosures d SR EN 60079 2 2008 Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres Part 2 6e 0 Pressurized enclosures p Ph D Prof Eng at University of Petrosani Ph D Student Assistant Eng at University of Petrosani 14 POP E SOCHIRCA B SR EN 60079 5 2008 Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres Part 5 Equipment protection by powder filling q SR EN 60079 6 2007 Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres Part 6 Equipment protection by oil immersion o SR EN 60079 7 2007 Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospher
108. olecules The heat on the other hand is the energy which is transferred from an object to the other because of temperature difference between them After the transfer of heat that heat is stored as internal energy In the atmosphere heat is transferred by conduction convection and radiation The latent heat is an important source for atmospheric energy Once the molecules of vapors are separated at the Earth surface they are scattered by the wind The vapors which arrive at high altitude where the air is cold are transformed in clouds particles ice and water During these processes a huge amount of energy is released in the environment The water vapors from tropical water can be carrying in the polar areas where they can condense and release energy So evaporation transportation condensation is an important mechanism for energy and water rearrangement in the atmosphere The horizontal movement of the air circulation which is the wind carrying out the air properties from a zone to the other For example the wind which is blowing above the water will lead the water vapors from the surface on to the atmosphere If the air is cold the vapors can be condensed in cloud particles and release the latent heat The latent heat is carried out by the water vapors which are carried out by the wind This is the mechanism for energy redistribution in the atmosphere The wind is a physical phenomenon which is manifested as an air leading circulation in the E
109. on transformer windings thus extending the service life of transformers and associated equipment mproved stability of primary bus voltage during a fault event on a feeder Reduction of current interrupting duty of feeder circuit breakers Reduction of line to line fault current to levels below those of line to ground faults or vice versa Protection of distribution transformer and all other downstream power equipment and devices from the propagation of initial fast front voltage transients due to faults and or circuit breaker operations Reduced need for downstream protection devices such as reclosers sectionalizers and current limiting fuses Ability to obtain complete control over the steady state losses by meeting any specified Q factor for any desired frequency a feature that is particularly important for networks where high harmonic currents are to be damped without increasing the fundamental frequency loss ncrease in system reliability Current limiting reactors can be installed at different points in the power network and as such they are normally referred to by a name that reflects their location application The most common nomenclatures are ANTIMAGNETIC TIE ROD UPPER YOKE HV BUSHING PLATE SPRINGS CURRENT TRANSFORME NEUTRAL BUSHING WINDING PRESSURE RING WINDING AIR GAP WITH CERAMIC SPACERS RADIALLY LAMINATED CORE PACKAGE Figure 3 Gapped iron core oil immersed reactor Phase r
110. onger REFERENCES 1 Andrew T Pro VB 2005 and NET 2 0 platform Editura Apress U S A 2006 2 Boehm A Murach s ADO NET 2 0 database programming with VB 2005 Editura Murach U S A 2005 3 Pop E Leba M Microcontrollere si automate programabile Editura Didactic si Pedagogic Bucuresti 2003 4 Pop E Automatiz ri in industria minier Editura Didactic si Pedagogic Bucuresti 1983 5 Pop E Leba M Proiectarea cu VLSI o alternativa pentru realizarea echipamentleor de automatizare antiexplozive cu siguran a intrinsec Proceedings of the international symposium SESAM INSEMEX Rom nia ISBN 973 677 047 8 pp 154 159 2005 Annals of the University of Petro ani Electrical Engineering 10 2008 pages 18 26 THE WIND USE FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY EMIL POP IOANA CAMELIA TABACARU BARBU MONICA LEBA Abstract The knowledge of wind forming process atmospheric dynamic equations and atmospheric movements can be a real help for a better understanding of the wind as a renewable energetic resource The wind is one of the main energetic renewable resources In this paper are analyzed many problems wind forming process energetic balance local and regional winds At the end of paper based on these problems is presented a simplified model of mountain valley sea and land breezes Keywords Renewable energy wind process energetic balance global winds 1 WIND FORMING IN THE ATMOSPHERE Earth
111. ower consumption of the CVT was approximately 120 W core losses only With the full linear load total losses increased to approximately 134 W core losses plus load losses with the full nonlinear load total losses dropped to approximately 110 W Ph D Constantza Maritime University Depart of Electrotechnics Electronics and Computer Sience Mircea cel Batran Street No 104 900663 CONSTANTA 56 CIUCUR V V 50 AE g UL Ing 76 Without CVT E 40 x 2 Cw e aA AN thd Cc With CVT S z 30 7 N ES S 0 E M IBT A 3 93 M3 M M A 0 83 2 49 4 15 5 81 7 47 Resistive Load Current A Figure 1 Line current distortions for a linear load 250 4 E lna Without CVT 200 EA NA E Lina With CVT 150 100 Terminals 50 0 0 83 2 49 4 15 5 81 7 47 Load Current A Current Distortion at Source Figure 2 Line current distortions for a nonlinear load Notice in Figure 1 and Figure 2 that while the y axis current distortion magnitudes are significantly different the absolute current distortion values of the CVT s input current with either linear or nonlinear load is nearly identical Current distortion at the CVT s input terminals was practically independent of the type of load connected to the output approximately 40 at no loading to approximately 5 at full loading When a linear
112. parameter as follows R 100Q L 2H 1 100m a 0 5m Qcp 0 8 I 100A This model generate the next diagram Figure 5 Force N i i i i i i oa 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 Time msec Figure 5 The diagram of force for the lateral conductor The run command of simulation process display the maximal values of these forces The synthesised MATLAB program which generate the same diagram from Figure 3 and Figure 5 is explicit presented below R 100 L 2 1 100 a 0 5 fcd 0 8 I 100 m0 4 pi 10 4 7 lb R L fizsqrt 1 a 1 a 1 C m0 2 pi 1 a fed fi t 0 0001 0 0001 0 08 Fz1 7342 C L 2 exp Ib t sin 100 pi t cos 100 pi t exp Ib t sin 100 pi t cos 100 pi t plot t F b grid xlabel timp sec ylabel forta N pause alfz7 pi 12 t 0 0001 0 0001 0 08 F 1 73 4 C 1 42 sin alf exp Ib t sin 100 pi t alf exp Ib t 1 73 sin alf cos alf 1 73 sin 100 pi t alf cos 100 pi t alf plot t F b grid xlabel timp sec ylabel forta N REFERENCES 1 Ghinea I Firteanu V MATLAB calcul numeric grafic Editura Teora 1994 2 Hortopan Ghe Aparate electrice E D P Bucuresti 1980 3 Simona Halunga Fratu Octavian Fratu Simularea sistemelor de transmisiune analogice si digitale folosind mediul MATLAB SIMULINK Editura MATRIXROM Bucuresti 20 Annals of the University of Petrosani Electrical Engi
113. pin led outstd logic vector 6 downto 0 Flash RAM connection pin flash ce n out std logic chip enable Parallel port connection parport d instd logic vector 7 downto 0 pin parport d in std logic vector 4 downto 0 pin parport s out std logic vector 6 downto 3 VGA port connection pin vga redO _ out std logic pin vga redl out std logic pin vga greenO out std logic pin vga greenl out std_logic pin vga blueO out std logic pin vga bluel out std_logic pin vga hsync n out std logic pin vga vsync n out std logic SDRAM connection pin sdram clkfb in std logic pin sdram clk out std logic clock to RAM pin sdram cke out std_logic clock enable pin sdram cs n out std logic chip select 31 SINGLE CHIP VGA VIDEO CONTROLLER pin sdram ras n out std logic RAS pin sdram cas n out std logic CAS pin_sdram_we_n out std_logic write enable pin sdram ba out unsigned 1 downto 0 bank address pin sdram addr out unsigned 11 downto 0 address bus pin sdram data inout unsigned 16 1 downto 0 data bus pin sdram dqmh out std logic DOMH pin sdram dqml out std logic DOML RS232 port connection pin rs232 rd in std_logic receive data pin rs232 td out std logic transmit data pin rs232 cts instd logic clear to send pin rs232 rts out std logic request to send XStend 2 SRAM connections pin sram ce n
114. potential GROUP I build according with specifications of EN 62013 1 and EN 62013 2 standards The battery type is a NiMh 7Ah capacity and the nominal tension of 3 75V with a life time of 800 cycles 3 THE SOLUTION The software designed is for helping the maintenance of the miners lamps that we described above with the involvement of the life expectation of the battery The communication between the lamp and the computer is made by serial port As soon as you run the program you have the possibility to chose the communication port After the selection of the port we can chose the desired rack that we want to interrogate The maximum number of the rack is 32 and the maximum number of the lamps on the rack is 102 figure 2 a Charging room comunication 10 x Ver 1 3 beta BES EDU dm s 18 1 EZE e LE wa s ms EE LE m LE m LI 3 d DE LE 0 i LE E 1 Figure 2 Selection of the rack 16 POP E SOCHIRCA B After the selection of the rack it will appear a new window where we will see the number of the lamps and a series of important date regarding each lamp Each lamp have an unique identification number obtained after an internal algorithm implemented in the moment when the microcontroller was programmed This code can not be found in two microcontrollers When the START button is pressed the software start with interrogation of the lamps The maximum time allocated for each lamp is 2 second so a rack
115. r of a period and the mass signal represents the reference voltage for all signals PCI 7831 a Signal 2 Incremental g DII rotation sensor Mass D GND Figure 2 Sensor acquisition board conection diagram Signals 1 and 2 are connected to the digital entries DIO and DI1 and the signal index is connected to the clock entry of the 0 counter from the structure of the PCI 77831 acquisition board 48 TOMUS A PATRASCOIU N 2 VIRTUAL INSTRUMENT The software used to control data acquisition process is LabVIEW a graphical programming tool that is used in the lab to interface with hardware and lab equipment but can be used in industrial process data acquisition also The graphical LabVIEW programs are called Virtual Instruments VIs A virtual instrument VI has two major components diagram bloc that represents the properly program and front panel that represent the user interface of the virtual instrument The diagram bloc of the virtual instrument is shown in Figure 3 DB 1000 000 wm OK message warnings CI Cnt Edges Counter U32 1Samp Figure 3 Diagram bloc of the VI The main programming structure is a While Loop that repeats the subdiagram inside it until the conditional terminal receives a particular boolean value or an error is acquired
116. r or a digit must be entered in the white boxes in the right area of the main window After the letter or digit has been entered the Simulate button can be pressed The application will show a message box which displays what number or digit the network thinks the user has entered and the percentage with which the letter or digit was recognised figure 6 File TrainNetwork Number of steps Learning rate num digits 1 20 994696 Figure 6 OCR for character 1 The following images show different responses of the neural net according to user input GF OCR 74 34 File TrainNetwork f OCR 74 34 File TrainNetwork Number of steps 75 Number of steps Learning rate D x num digits 35 Learning rate x Q 20 9580268 num digits Train R 20 9470322 Figure 7 OCR for R and Q characters REFERENCES 1 Draghici S The constraint based decomposition training architecture World Congress on Neural Networks San Diego 1994 volume III pp 545 555 2 Jansen A Smagt P P van der amp Groen F C A 1994 Nested networks for robot control In A F Murray Ed Neural Network Applications Kluwer Academic Publishers 3 James Matthews Back Propagation CBPNet http www generation5 org content 2000 cbpnet asp 108 Annals of the University of Petrosani Electrical Engineering 9 2007 INDEX OF AUTHORS
117. reactors capacitor discharge reactors filter reactors Reactors can be installed at any industrial distribution or transmission voltage level and can be rated for any current duty from a few amperes to tens of thousands of amperes and fault current levels of up to hundreds of thousands of amperes Keywords reactors dry type oil immersed air core 1 BACKGROUND AND HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE Reactors can be either dry type or oil immersed Dry type reactors can be of air core or iron core construction In the past dry type air core reactors were only available in open style construction Figure 1 their windings held in place by a mechanical clamping system and the basic insulation provided by the air space between turns Modern dry type air core reactors Figure 2 feature fully encapsulated windings with the turns insulation provided by film fiber or enamel dielectric Oil immersed reactors can be of gapped iron core Figure 3 or magnetically shielded construction Dry type iron core reactors Figure 4 are usually used at low voltage and indoors for applications such as harmonic filtering and power conditioning di dt smoothing etc 2 APPLICATIONS OF REACTORS 2 1 General Overview Reactors have always been an integral part of power systems The type of technology employed for the various applications has changed over the years based on Assistant Constantza Maritime University Depart of Electrotechnics Electronics
118. rolitic a apei sub ac iunea radia iei Revista Minelor 8 1999 pag 35 36 5 Stanoi C Energetica electrolizei apei ISBN 978 973 741 070 2 Ed Universitas Petrosani 6 St noi C Oxygen evolution on Ni and Co catalysts under IR UV radiation Annals of University of Petro ani Electrical Engineering nr 3 2001 pag 96 100 7 Tansel Karabacak and Toh Ming Lu Water electrolysis activated by Ru nanorod array electrodes Appl Phys Lett 88 263106 2006 8 M Vanags Water Electrolysis under a Magnetic Field J Electrochem Soc Volume 154 Issue 8 pp E112 E115 2007 Annals of the University of Petro ani Electrical Engineering 10 2008 pages 45 50 VIRTUAL INSTRUMENT TO MEASURE THE ROTATION SPEED ADRIAN MARIUS TOMUS NICOLAE P TR SCOIU Abstract The paper describes the procedure how to use a data acquisition card PCI 7831 and a program created in LABVIEW called virtual instrument to determine the rotation speed of an engine Keywords LabVIEW virtual instrument SubVI incremental encoder PCI 1 INTRODUCTION To determine the rotation speed of an motor s axel or of a mobile element that has a rotation movement we can use a few methods e The measurement of a voltage that is dependent upon the rotation speed voltage that can be obtained from a tahogenerator sensor e The counting of impulses in a period of time impulses that are received from an incremental encoder e The determi
119. rward neural network in which the output of a neuron in one layer is tied to the input of a neuron in the next layer Probably the most used type of neural network is the Multilayer Perceptron In this type of network the neurons perform a weighted sum of their inputs and pass this value to the transfer function to produce the output This type of networks can PhD Assoc Prof Eng at University of Petrosani PhD Lecturer Eng at University of Petrosani PhD Student Eng at University of Petrosani 103 EGRLA SARB V BADEA A model functions of almost arbitrary complexity with the number of layers and the number of units in each layer determining the function complexity A multilayer perceptron usually has an input layer a hidden layer and an output layer The procedure used to train a neural network is called a learning algorithm The goal of using this learning algorithm is to systematically adjust the synaptic weights of the net until we get the desired result The most significant property of a neural network is its ability to learn through its environment and by doing this improving its performance 2 SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION The neural network used in this application has a Multilayer Perceptron architecture consisting of an input layer a hidden layer and an output layer The neurons in one layer of the network are connected to every neuron in the previous layer The input layer of the used network has 35 neurons and each of
120. s April 2003 Edition Part Number 320999E 01 5 HEDS 9900 Data Sheet Annals of the University of Petrosani Electrical Engineering 10 2008 pages 51 54 THE STUDY OF ELECTRO DYNAMICS FORCES FOR THREE PHASE SHORT CIRCUITS TITU NICULESCU ABSTRACT The paper present a study of electrodynamics forces using MATLAB SIMULINK software The are presented two situations the force which operate of the central conductor in the three phase short circuit and the force which operate of lateral conductor For every situation is presented the graphical correlation between these forces and time using MATLAB SIMULINK software for transitory phenomena the simulation models and synthesised programs Keywords electrodynamics forces MATLAB SIMULINK three phase short circuit 1 THEORETICAL BASEMENTS These electrodynamics forces result in the distribution and transport of electric energy with three conductors when the short circuit occurs between all three conductors Figureure 1 The electrodinamic force for a the central conductor b the lateral conductor The electrodynamics forces which operate to the central conductor is 1 PhD Assoc Prof at University of Petro ani Romania 22 NICULESCU T E 43 C l sina sin ot aJ cosa cos ot a l 1 i n iet This force is maximal for o i and the expression is Fa B CH e sin Qt cos Qt e cos wt sin wt 2 The electrodynamic
121. s forces which operate to the lateral conductor for 7x the transitory phenomena is maximal for amp 12 and the expression is B F 2 X CP sina e sin ot e WE sin cos J5 sin t a cos t amp In the paper is created the model of simulation for explicit function 2 in Figure 2 for the first situation for the force which operate to the central conductor 2 THE MODELS OF SIMULATION AND THE DIAGRAMS OF FORCES 400 TTE 0 1938 Intenzitate A Math Displaw Function 100 3 e 4 x Lungime m 3 m Product o5 aie sqrt TT Distanta m Froducti Producta Math mathi Scope Function Functiont Product 1 t Constant L F To Workspace F To Workspace Constanta Math timp zec Functionz sin i Trigonometric Function Pulsatie rad sec P cos Trigonometric Funetian1 Figureure 2 The model of simulation for the central conductor 33 THE STUDY OF ELECTRO DYNAMICS FORCES FOR THREE PHASE SHORT CIRCUITS The explicit diagram were obtained for specific values of the circuit parameter as follows R 100Q L 2H 1 100m a 0 5m Qcp 0 8 I 100A This model generate the next diagram Figure 3 Force N BI L i L E3 L 4 IP
122. ses these outputs are optimal CALCULEAZA ANULEAZA ES El es el AJUSTAIULCALCULAT H6 u6 ABATERI 19 0 106 87 IESIRI FARA CORECTII CORECTIE CORECTIE IESIRI CU CORECTII ES El es el AJUSTAJUL CALCULAT H u6 ABATERI 19 0 106 87 Fig 6 The outputs with corrections 29 SOFTWARE FOR DESIGNING OF THE CLEARANCE AND INTERFERENCE FITS The program allows for some mistakes in the input values to cancel the running algorithm by press the button named IESIRE Using this software can be achieved many calculations by introducing some PARAMETRII DE INTRARE like rotation speed length of the shaft shaft diameter viscosity etc figure 4 The exit from the program is possible by pressing the exit button 4 CONCLUSION The achieved software is easy to use because it not presumes much knowledge of programming or computers architecture Also it was eliminated the routine work with calculus tables consulting etc The software can be used both for teaching activities and for technical designing activities REFERENCES 1 Bagiu L Tolerante si ajustaje Editura Helicon Timisoara 1994 2 Nitescu N Stoian A M Unele aspecte privind proiectarea ajustajelor intermediare Lucrarile stiintifice ale Simpozionului Multidisciplinar International UNIVERSITARIA SIMPRO 2005 Tehnologie Mecanisme si Organe de Masini pag 43 48 editura Universitas Petro ani 3 Nitescu N Stoian A M Nites
123. set up the data acquisition card digital channels from where is acquired data from incremental encoder also controls for set up the value for Initial Count Count Direction and Edge There is also three indicators for Period Frequency Rotation Speed and an indicator for graphical representation of the rotation speed acquired 3 CONCLUSIONS Using a virtual instrument like software for general or specific data acquisition or measurement system create applications those provide dialogs and interfaces that can use so that depending on their input specific analysis routines are performed on any given data set In this application for acquire data from the incremental encoder HEDS 9900 is used data acquisition card PCI 7831 but can be used any other data acquisition card connected to slots in the mother board or module that can be connected to the computer s ports parallel serial USB etc with correct conFigureuration that s mean using proper conFigureuration functions Only these functions for conFigureuration of data acquisition device are application specific REFERENCES 1 Patrascoiu N Sisteme de achizitie si prelucrare a datelor Instrumentatie virtuala Ed Didactica si Pedagogica Bucuresti 2004 2 P tr scoiu N M ndrescu C Senzori si traductoare Ed Universitas Petro ani 2000 3 LabVIEW for Measurement and Data Analysis National Instruments Tan 2003 4 LabVIEW User Manual National Instrument
124. support the claim that TiO is a true photo assistance agent for the electrolysis of water 3 The energy efficiency of water electrolysis was considerably improved under a high magnetic field This was proved by measuring the cell voltage the IR drop and the electrode potentials for the electrolysis which was galvanostatically operated in alkaline 4 46 and 0 36 M KOH and acidic 0 05 M H5SO solutions A large reduction in the cell voltage was achieved in a magnetic field especially at a high current density The decrease of the IR drop depended on the concentration of electrolyte solutions In a magnetic field the oxygen overpotential was reduced more than the hydrogen overpotential 9 REFERENCES 1 Hitomi Shuji Yasuda Hideo Yamachi Masanori Solid Polymer Electrolyte Water Electrolysis Cell with Film Electrodes GS News Tech Rep vol 57 No 2 page 28 34 1998 2 Mark S Wrighton David S Ginley Peter T Wolczanski Arthur B Ellis David L Morse and Arthur Linz Photoassisted Electrolysis of Water by Irradiation of a Titanium Dioxide Electrode 1975 3 M Morimitsu C Murakami K Kawaguchi R Otogawa and M Matsunaga Stability of Iridium Oxide Tantalum Oxide Coated Titanium Electrodes for Oxygen evolution in Alkaline Solutions Journal of New Materials for Electrochemical Systems 7 323 327 2004 4 Stanoi C Studiul catalizatorilor de cobalt i nichel pe substrat de o el pentru procesul de descompunere elect
125. ter execute monitor and other commands The attached batch file LD167 BAT is able to load files directly It recognizes automatically the following formats Tasking format out OMF166 format 66 and HEX format H66 By starting the monitor this searches first for the configration file MON167 CFG This file contains parameters which the monitor users to configure the experimental board The following file TERM C shows a clasical program that wants to use the computer as a terminal 2 63 EMBEDDED DEVLOPMENT ENVIROMENT TO CONTROL THE CIM SYSTEMS plotolekokotolootototetotetoleloleleleleleteeteleteloteletetotelejeteleteeteleteleleleletejeteleteleteleteleteloelelejetejeteleteleteleteletetek TERM C Program demonstrativ pentru MON167 include c166 h Declararea bibliotecilor necesare include reg167 h define MAIN_C Parametrii bitilor define BIT15 0x8000 define BIT14 0x4000 Definirea perioadelor PWM in unit i timer i e 400ns bit define PROC FREQ 20000000L Frecvent CPU in Hz define PWM FREQ 1000L Frecvent Timebase in Hz define GPTI FREQ PROC FREQ 8L Frecvent de clock GPT1 define PWM_PERIOD GPTI FREQ PWM FREQ Perioada PWM unit i GPTI define DUTY CYCLE 90L PWM Duty Cycle define HIGH PERIOD PWM PERIOD DUTY CYCLE 100L define LOW PERIOD PWM PERIOD HIGH PERIOD 2 HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
126. these neurons has 35 inputs The hidden layer has 50 neurons each with 35 inputs and the output layer has 36 neurons each with 50 inputs Each neuron in the output layer corresponds to a letter or a digit that the network has to recognize Each neuron in the network uses a sigmoid activation function The software uses two structures Neuron and NeuronLayer and a class NeuralNet Figure 1 The Neuron structure is used to hold each neurons data like the number of inputs the output and the weight for each input The bias of each neuron is included in the array of weights for each neuron Neuron a NeuronLayer Struct Struct zi Fields Fields z num inputs z neurons z output z nr InputsPerNeu 34 weights 34 num Neurons Properties Properties SP NrInputs S Neurons F Output NrInputsPerNeuron 57 Weights SF NrNeurons Methods Methods Neuron Y MeuronLayer a Neuron structure b NeuronLayer structure Figure 1 Neuron and NeuronLayer structure The NeuronLayer structure is used to group more neurons together to form a neuron layer This structure holds the number of neurons that make up the layer the number of inputs for each neuron in the layer and an array of neurons The NeuralNet class is the actual neural network This class holds data about the number of layers in the network the number of neurons in each layer and the number of inputs of each neuron The class also had methods for training
127. tivation function to determine the output of each neuron After execution the method will return an array of numbers which represents the output of the network This method is used by the Train and Simulate methods The Train method is used for training the network using the back propagation algorithm This method takes two arrays as arguments The first array is an array of floating point numbers which represent the input of the network and the second array is an array of floating point numbers which represent the desired output of the network The method uses the Update method in order to get the output of the network for a specific input vector After that it compares the output with the desired output and calculates the errors of the output layer of the network Based on the errors of the output layer it calculates the errors of the hidden layers After the errors have been calculated the weights are updated starting from the output layer and ending with the input layer The Simulate method uses the Update method to return the output of the network based on an input vector 3 DESCRIPTION OF THE REALISED APPLICATION This section presents an example of using the application When the application starts the following form is shown in Figure 3 File TrainNetwork Number of steps E Learning rate 0 4 num digits 3 Train Figure 3 Main window The main window of the application is divided into 2 areas The left are
128. transmission line Lagging reactive current consumed by a shunt reactor reduces the leading capacitive charging current of the line and thus reduces the voltage rise Another type of overvoltage is caused by the interaction of line capacitance with any saturable portion of system inductive reactance or ferroresonance When switching a transformer terminated line the voltage at the end of the line can rise to a sufficient value to saturate the transformer inductance Shunt reactors can be connected to the transmission system through a tertiary winding of a power transformer connected to the transmission line being compensated typically 13 8 34 5 and 69 kV see Figure 10 Tertiary connected shunt reactors Figure 9 may be of dry type air core single phase per unit construction or oil immersed three phase construction or oil immersed single phase per unit construction Alternatively shunt reactors can be connected directly to the transmission line to be compensated Figure 9 Connection can be at the end of a transmission line or at an intermediate point depending on voltage profile considerations For both tertiary and direct connected shunt reactors protection is an important consideration 97 REACTORS Oil immersed shunt reactors are available in two design configurations coreless and iron core and either self cooled or force cooled Coreless oil immersed shunt reactor designs utilize a magnetic circuit or shield which surrou
129. trol Thermocouple type The selection of areas of measurement for each thermocouple is done by comparing the values of these areas limits taken from the static characteristic to the corresponding generated voltage Practically in this way it generated a number of cases equal to the number of subdomains and these cases are properly selected 78 P TR SCOIU N TOMUS A ROSULESCU C The relationship between the temperature difference and the output voltage of a thermocouple is nonlinear and is given by a complex polynomial equation As mentioned above to use relationship 3 is necessary to choose values of D coefficients in agreement with ITS90 standard To achieve this requirement is used subVI VT shown in Fig 5 whose block diagram is exemplified for a thermocouple type K used for the temperature range 0 500 C For type K thermocouple field measurement is 200 1375 C and this area is divided into 3 subdomains such 200 0 C 0 500 C respectively 500 1375 C each subdomain is characterized by different coefficients for the static characteristic defined by relationship 3 The selection of each of the three cases is based on the values of tension Uo generated for 0 C and 500 C ie 0 and respectively 20644 uV Virtual instrument ensure also the selection of units for measuring temperature via control Temperature Units on the front panel by selecting the corresponding relations for conversion The fro
130. trol panel This panel has itself two parts The upper side consists of several buttons that allow the user to control the roof support using the direct cinematic model The lower side is the inverse cinematic model panel This part consists of four preset sequences as follows Initial Position Move Transporter Advance Support Complete Cycle When the user selects one of the above sequences there are sent the appropriate signals to move the elements of the roof support there are displayed in a 12 LEBA M SIRB V BADEA A special window on the GUI the sequence corresponding steps and also displayed the peak and transporter real coordinates 4 CONCLUSION In this paper there is analyzed the problem of an URS control system For this reason there is considered the URS configured as a two arms robot Each of these two arms is analyzed using the Denavit Hartenberg formalism There are determined the direct and inverse cinematic models These models are validated using MatLab Simulink simulation environment The simulation results are conform to the real roof support An important problem is the design of the controller based on the inverse models determined The use of rigorous mathematic models allows the implementation of complex control algorithms The solution can be easily implemented either on a PC or on a dedicated PLC REFERENCES 1 J M Abrudean T Colosi Method for numerical modeling and simulation Casa Cartii de St
131. uch a way that the output signals represent the succession of pulses delayed by one quarter of the period In many applications it is necesary metering the number of rotations which implies the existance on the incremental encoder of an aditional slot which will trigger the generation of a single pulse per rotation Results that this kind of incremental encoder must generate 3 sets of impulses the 2 sets delayed by a quarter of a period and a third one pulse per rotation set named index To determine the rotation speed engineers use a variety of sensors but in this paper we propose an optical encoder HEDS 9100 Figure HEDS 9100 Incremental encoder The incremental encoder HEDS 9100 has the following specifications High Resolution Up to 2048 Cycles per Revolution Up to 8192 Counts per Revolution with 4X Decoding Two Channel Quadrature Output Low Cost No Signal Adjustment Required 40 C to 100 C Operating Temperature TTL Compatible Single 5 V Supply The data acquisiton device can be connect to the computer by variuos communication way like PCI bus RS232 or USB port or other 47 VIRTUAL INSTRUMENT TO MEASURE THE ROTATION SPEED One of this is the PCI 7831 card that is a PCI based data acquisition and control device with analog input and output and digital input and output The main features of PCI 7831 are e Analog input AI 8 inputs 16 bits which can be sampled simultaneously or at different rates
132. uild part a makefile created by the Edit PhD Assoc prof at Eng University of Perosani PhD Lecturer Eng at University 1 Decembrie 1918 of Alba Iulia PhD Lecturer Eng at University of Perosani 62 EGRLA TULBURE A SARB V part is used to invoke the needed toolchain components resulting in an absolute object file In the Debug part one can use this absolute file to debug proposed project Toolchain sel Make Compiler Tools option Missed anon akefile s file Assembler Debbuger Editor Linker Simulator Management Locator Figure 1 Development flow of the EDE The Evaluation Board offers two possibilities for connection to a PC through serial ports COM1 or COM2 and the asynchronous or synchronous device of the SAB80C167 The serial ports of the PC can be set in the configuration file In order to comunicate with the PC the evaluation board EVA167 uses the programm which contains the following files 2 3 MON16X EXE monitor user interface MONI6X OVL overlay file BOOT 167 bootloader file MON 167 loadable monitor MON16X CFG configuration file MON16X SCR start recorder file LD167 BAT loader for microcontroller programs TERM OUT demo to the TERM command TEST REC demo recorder file The monitor program MONI6X uses a memory region which will be downloaded into the board memory MON16X have available several command groups like as memory regis
133. ustrated by equation 2 where the exponential term is added to account for special effects vrc M 7 mv 1 These equations together with the coefficients C and A have been adopted as standards by the American Society for Testing and Materials ASTM and the International Electrotechnical Commission IEC vrc Vc ry 4 et mv 2 i 0 These equations with their different sets of coefficients are difficult to use in directly determining actual temperatures when only a measured thermocouple voltage VTC is known Therefore inverse models have been developed to determine temperatures from measured thermocouple voltages Equation 3 represents this inverse model T Yeo vrcy ec 3 75 USING THERMOCOUPLES IN PROGRAMMABLE SYSTEMS FOR MEASURING TEMPERATURE where VTC is in millivolts 2 TEMPERATURE ACQUISITION SYSTEM When a replacement thermocouple is required it is of the utmost importance that the type of thermocouple type used in the replacement matches that of the measuring instrument Different thermocouple types have very different voltage output curves It is also required that thermocouple or thermocouple extension wire of the proper type be used all the way from the sensing element to the measuring element Large errors can develop if this practice is not followed This acquisition system is based on using the module NI USB 6008 that is controlled by an application developed in LabVIEW and called virtu
134. w constantly because of high and low pressure air which can interrupt sometimes the air flowing surface The wind blows up constantly from west at the middle latitude of south hemisphere where the water surface is bigger The air which goes to poles meets the cold air which goes from poles These two air flows don t mix they are separated by a barrier called polar front a low pressure zone where the air surface converges and raises producing storms A part of this rising air goes back to the Cancer latitude where drop down to surface near the high subtropical zone This cell is called Ferrel cell The Ferrle cell is finished when the air surface is going back to the polar front Behind the polar front the cold air from poles is deviated by the Coriolis force so generally the air direction is from north east In the winter the polar front with its cold air can reach to the middle and subtropical zones and produce a polar behavior The Coriolis force deviate the air in a west wind at a high level The rising air reaches to poles drops down to the surface and flows back to the polar front producing the polar cell We can note that there are two big high pressure zones and two low pressure zones The high pressure zones are near the 30 latitude and at poles and the low pressure zones are near the equator and near 60 latitude close to polar front We know how the wind blows around these systems and we can have a generalized picture of all Earth wi
135. xidation in acid medium present an enhanced activity for the HER in strongly alkaline solutions In those works Ni Fe 42 STANOL C codeposits were electroplated on mild steel using different electrodeposition baths and evaluated for the HER in both water and chlor alkali electrolysers The Ni Fe codeposits were found to have a good performance for the HER for long term operations In order to improve the stability of the plating bath Ni Cu Fe electrodeposits were prepared using plating solutions with different pHs 1 2 2 2 3 2 and 5 2 while all other conditions were maintained the same as reported previously In all cases except for pH 5 2 no evidence of precipitated iron hydroxide just after the electrodepositions were detected from visual analysis of the baths In fact a pH of 5 2 represents the unstable bath condition reported previously for the preparation of Ni Fe electrodeposits Electrochemical tests have shown that the best electrocatalytic activity for the HER was obtained for the material prepared with the bath at pH 3 2 The comparison of the electrochemical behavior of the electrode materials obtained with the baths at pH 3 2 and 5 2 showed that the overpotential at a current density of 210 mA cm for the first electrode was 40 mV above the value obtained for the second one For a bath with pH 3 2 the best conditions found were a current density of 20 mA cm and 60 minutes of electrodeposition time Anode catalysts of

2008 vol 10 - Universitatea din Petroşani

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