Builder`s Guide for issue 1 Classic VCA
Contents
1. These connections should be automatically broken when you insert a jack Most 3 5mm sockets with metal bushes have only one NC lug that is these sockets will have just three connections Their NC lug will be connected to the signal lug of the socket when no jack is inserted Pushing a jack plug into an unconnected socket and looking carefully at the various contacts will reveal the actions of the NC lugs Fit the five sockets onto the panel so that the all the socket s tags face left as you look at the rear of the panel ie away from the PCB In this module we are going to common the sockets ground lugs This means that the sockets earth lugs are going to be joined together so we only need one piece of insulated interconnection wire to ground all the sockets I normally do this part of the wiring without the PCB or pots in place on the panel I use thin uninsulated tinned copper wire its just stiff enough so as to retain its shape Solder a length of this solid core wire right across all the tags nearest to the panel These are the earth tag and its corresponding NC tag if you have them on all the sockets Trim off any excess wire that sticks out on either end This single wire will eventually be connected to the printed circuit board via pin 3 of the SKT header If your chosen sockets do not have an earth NC lug this is fine Simply make sure that all your socket grounds are connected together Fit the Classic VCA PCB against2. direction of the ICs in their sockets Assuming everything is OK so far it is time to apply an audio input Use a signal like a triangle output from a VCO Middle A 440Hz is a good note to use Turn down all the pots to their minimum setting and insert your triangle wave signal into INPUT AC Listen to the output signal from the VCA module For the moment you should hear nothing Turn up the INPUT AC pot to full Again you shouldn t hear anything but maybe you will hear a little triangle wave bleedthrough Now slowly turn up the GAIN pot If all is well this should behave like a volume control increasing the level of the triangle wave as it is turned up Ensure that altering the INPUT DC pot should have no effect on the sound but that INPUT AC behaves also like a volume control It should seem that both INPUT AC and GAIN do the same thing They do not of course since INPUT AC is altering the signal level going into the VCA circuit and GAIN is adjusting the amplification within the VCA s core Swap the input signal over to the INPUT DC input It should be quiet again Turning up the INPUT DC pot should bring back the signal There is a very good chance your circuit is working correctly if you have got this far with no problems However we still need to check a few other things and you ll need another signal source to do this Connect a LFO or VC LFO to the LIN CV input Use a sine or triangle wave signal at a lowish frequ
3. the front panel if you haven t done so already For my prototype I used Molex KK headers and housings to connect my module s sockets to the circuit board Use multistrand hook up wire to connect each socket lug to the relevant pin on the header Keep your wires short but not too short and you can use as many different colour wires as you 15 can although I tend to use one colour because I m a minimalist There is absolutely no need to use screened cable for such short runs The connections to the signal and NC lugs of the sockets that go directly to the PCB are summarised in the table below They are given in the order in which I would recommend that they be soldered Socket Name INPUT AC INPUT AC INPUT DC INPUT DC OUTPUT LIN CV LIN CV EXPO CV EXPO CV SKT Pin number NIONDASP YN Lug Type Signal NC Signal NC Signal Signal NC Signal NC With the NC lugs you can simply connect the NC lugs of each pair of sockets together and take just one wire back to the header on the PCB Finally Pin 3 is connected to the single uninsulated wire that joins the socket ground tags Once that is done your module is ready for testing and calibration 16 Testing testing 1 2 3 Apply power to the unit making sure you are applying the power correctly Check that no device is running hot Any sign of smoke or strange smells turn off the power immediately and recheck the polarity of the power supply and the
4. CA module which in itself had replaced an older 4010 VCA module Note the pin out placement to accommodate the smaller 4010 module I later compared this 2600C to an early 2600P fitted with a standard 4019 module and the differences were negligible in all but the increased frequency response of the clone The large red polypropylene capacitor fitted to the underside of the main circuit board is a modification done to provide DC blocking to the VCA on one of its inputs The ARP2600 is predominantly DC coupled but this tends to unbalance the VCA since many of the VCO waveforms are unipolar ie all positive This positive bias of the VCA input leads to thumping at fast attack and release settings The capacitor removes the bias and allows for fast thump free sounds The action of the red capacitor is much the same as the INPUT AC on this module 13 Connections Power This issue 1 3U format module comes with two power supply possibilities 1 Power connection PWR is the standard Oakley 4 way 0 156 MTA socket Friction lock types are recommended This system is backward compatible with MOTM and Blacet systems Power Pin number 15V 1 Module GND 2 Earth panel metal 3 15V 4 Note that the third pin is separate to the main module ground This is the standard Oakley power specification and allows for the front panel to be grounded to earth at the power distribution board rather than locally through the module However other than in Oak
5. Oakley Sound Systems Euro and Frac Rack Series Classic VCA issue 1 Discrete Core Voltage Controlled Amplifier Builder s Guide V1 6 1 Tony Allgood Oakley Sound Systems CARLISLE United Kingdom Introduction This is the Project Builder s Guide for the issue 1 Classic VCA 3U module from Oakley Sound This document contains a basic introduction to the board a full parts list for the components needed to populate the board or boards and a list of the various interconnections For the User Manual which contains an overview of the operation of the unit and the calibration procedure please visit the main project webpage at http www oakleysound com vinvcea htm For general information regarding where to get parts and suggested part numbers please see our useful Parts Guide at the project webpage or http www oakleysound com parts pdf For general information on how to build our modules including circuit board population mounting front panel components and making up board interconnects please see our generic Construction Guide at the project webpage or http www oakleysound com construct pdf The prototype issue 0 PCB behind a 10HP Scheaffer panel Issue 1 boards are very similar Power Supplies This module is designed to run from plus and minus 12V or 15V supplies These should be adequately regulated The current consumption is about 20 mA per rail Power is routed onto the PCB by either 1 A four way 0 156 M
6. TA or Molex type connector This the standard Oakley power supply that is also suitable for MOTM and Fractional rack systems The four pins are positive rail ground panel negative rail The panel connection allows you to connect the metal front panel to the power supply s ground without it sharing the modules ground line This panel connection is normally connected to OV either on the power supply or on the power distribution board 2 A 2 x 5 way 0 1 2 54mm header for compatibility with Euro format modular systems The top pins on the header are connected to the 12V supply The module s electronics can be damaged if the connector is attached incorrectly The Classic VCA issue 1 PCB This is one of our smaller format PCBs We are expecting most builders to be using the smaller 3U Euro Frac sized panel with this module The pots are specified as Alpha ALPS 16mm types The pot spacing on this module is 21mm 0 827 instead of our usual 41 3mm 1 625 The size of the board is 102mm high by 79mm deep The board is fitted to the front panel by either the pots alone or additionally with two of our small pot brackets The input and output sockets are wired to the board via an eight way 0 1 Molex or MTA interconnect This makes removing the board from the panel very easy It also offers the possibility of connection to a socket board like our VCO and other modules However at this moment in time we have no plans to release a socke
7. ans that only the very highest audio frequencies are passed into the non inverting input of the op amp Since they expected the transconductance core to leak a little at high frequencies one could then in theory cancel these leaks out by subtracting the core output with a high pass filtered version of the input It seems it didn t work since the ARP say in their service notes with regards to the trimmer no adjustment necessary However for the sake of accuracy the circuit has been replicated here in full I didn t find it particularly helpful reducing high frequency breakthrough either but there may be some scope for experimenting here Power is supplied via the usual four way MTA or Molex connector and 10 way Euro style power connector As is the custom for Oakley modules I have used ferrite beads to act as high frequency filters on the power lines Decoupling at the point of entry is provided by C10 and C18 for the positive rail and C11 and C9 for the negative rail Additional decoupling is also provided elsewhere on the board by the other capacitors shown at the top of the schematic All these capacitors keep the power supply clean of noise and provide a reservoir for the little bursts of current that the circuit takes in normal operation 12 The idea behind the Oakley Classic VCA module This is very first version of the Oakley Classic VCA fitted to a real ARP2600C This one off clone was built to replace a dead all epoxy 4019 V
8. arlman s previous history in making op amps for the aerospace industry enclosing circuits like this would make them less likely to drift with temperature and not be affected by surrounding humidity However one might also think that they did it to keep out the prying eyes of their competitors Later versions of the 4019 used soft and rubbery silicone to pot the circuitry into its shell with only a thin layer of epoxy on the underside to seal it all in These types are easier to repair since it is now possible with some care to remove the delicate circuitry from its shell and potting compound Various folk have since reverse engineered this circuit and it can be found in various places on the internet Interestingly the very first 2600 synthesisers had the 4010 VCA module installed I have not been able to find out much about this particular module suffice to say that it was physically smaller and probably less reliable than the later version The fact that it was smaller surely meant that it contained less circuitry compared to its successor Purchasers of the Oakley Classic VCA PCB will be able to obtain a copy of the schematic On the schematic it should be noted that the power supplies are shown as 15V but these can also represent 12V The circuit will run from either supply although there is one small resistor value different depending on which supply you are using The circuit itself looks pretty unusual but it can be split up into tw
9. e capacitors the VCA would ring horribly at a very high frequency This is way above human hearing but any ringing is not a good thing Using all the values that ARP used made the circuit very stable ie no ringing but it reduced the overall frequency response so that it had a negative impact on the audio bandwidth of the VCA This raised an interesting question regarding the frequency response of a real ARP2019 since the drop in high frequency audio is audible If you want to stick to the original values make C2 and C4 both 100pF C5 can be 33pF It is these values that are on the schematic If you would like the VCA to have a full bandwidth then reduce the values of C2 and C4 and omit C3 and C5 entirely I have used 18pF for C2 and C4 with excellent results If you have not fitted C3 you can then omit the NULL trimmer and R10 11 R13 provides the op amp with equal resistances on its inputs The inverting input sees only R12 since the resistance of the transimpedance amplifier is so high one can normally ignore it However the TLO71 is very forgiving about imbalances of resistance on its inputs it has very low bias currents because it is a FET amplifier so R13 would normally be unnecessary I have left it in to be faithful to the original ARP module It also allows us to use the NULL trimmer The NULL trimmer is designed to pass back a proportion of the input signal to C3 C3 acts in conjunction with R12 to make a high pass filter This me
10. ency say 1Hz or so Turn the GAIN down to about 50 and the LIN CV up Listen to the resultant sound It should be the triangle wave you can hear again but it will plusate evenly up and down with LFO signal You should hear it go up and down in volume once for every cycle of the LFO Now remove the LFO signal from the LIN CV socket and connect it to the EXPO CV socket Turn up the EXPO CV pot and you should hear the same sort of pulsating sound However it should be slightly different spending more time loud than quiet If all is well then you have a working VCA module 17 Final Comments If you have any problems with the module an excellent source of support is the Oakley Sound Forum at Muffwiggler com Paul Darlow and I are on this group as well as many other users and builders of Oakley modules If you can t get your project to work then Oakley Sound Systems are able to offer a get you working service If you wish to take up this service please e mail me Tony Allgood at my contact e mail address found on the website I can service either fully populated PCBs or whole modules You will be charged for all postage costs any parts used and my time at 25GBP per hour Most faults can be found and fixed within one hour and I normally return modules within a week The minimum charge is 25GBP plus return postage costs If you have a comment about this builder s guide or have a found a mistake in it then please do let me know But
11. er Resistors All 5 carbon 1 4W or better 220R R9 R4 470R R17 1K R11 R7 R5 R24 3K3 R23 4K7 R10 R6 R1 18K R27 33K R18 ATK R21 R14 R16 62K R13 R12 100K R3 R2 R20 180K R19 470K R25 680K R8 1M5 R26 The values of R15 and R22 depend whether you are building your module for 15V Oakley 5U amp Frac Rack or for 12V Euro format For 15V R15 is 150K R22 is 180K For 12V R15 is 120K R22 is 150K Capacitors Components marked with a asterisk see Circuit Description section for alternative values 33pF low K ceramic 100pF low K ceramic 100nF axial multilayer ceramic 470nF 63V polyester 2 2uF 25V electrolytic Discrete Semiconductors 1N4148 signal diode BC550 NPN transistor BC560 PNP transistor Integrated Circuits TLO71 single op amp THAT340P NPN PNP array SSM2220 PNP array Trimmers 100K multiturn trimmer 100K horizontal trimmer 10K horizontal trimmer Potentiometers 50K logarithmic Alpha 16mm pot 50K linear Alpha 16mm pot Oakley small pot brackets C3 C5 C2 C4 C6 C7 C8 C9 C1 C10 C11 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D10 Q5 Q10 Q11 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 U3 U2 U1 OFFSET EXP LIN NULL DC_INPUT AC INPUT GAIN EXPO CV LIN_CV Two off Note that when fitting the three pots without pot brackets a shim washer should be fitted between the pot and the inside of the front panel You can use the washer provided with the pot for this purpose
12. er your wires into the little metal contacts before pushing them into the eight way housing If I were making a lot of Classic VCA modules I would use MTA but if you are building just the one go for Molex KK types and purchase a cheap crimper or solder the wires into the little crimps The other option is to not fit the SKT header at all This way you can solder your connecting wires directly into the PCB There is nothing wrong with doing it this way indeed it could be said that this is more reliable However remember that the solder pads are quite small and could be damaged if overheated when soldering or desoldering Classic VCA issue 1 Parts List For general information regarding where to get parts and suggested part numbers please see our useful Parts Guide at the project web page or http www oakleysound com parts pdf The components are grouped into values the order of the component names is of no particular consequence A quick note on European part descriptions R is shorthand for ohm K is shorthand for kilo ohm R is shorthand for ohm So 22R is 22 ohm 1K5 is 1 500 ohms or 1 5 kilohms For capacitors luF one microfarad 1000nF one thousand nanofarad To prevent loss of the small as the decimal point a convention of inserting the unit in its place is used eg 4R7 is a 4 7 ohm 4K7 is a 4700 ohm resistor 6n8 is a 6 8 nF capacitor For Alpha or ALPS pots A logarithmic or audio taper B Linear tap
13. ley modular systems it is not widely used See comment about the wire link below 2 Power connection PSU is the 10 pin Doepfer style power supply connection This is a 2 x 5 0 1 header and will fit 0 1 Flat ribbon IDC sockets 12V goes to the top two pins of the header that is the ones nearest the legend PSU It is imperative that the power be supplied correctly Damage to the module will result if the power supply is connected up the wrong way For Fractional Rack and Euro sized systems please solder a small wire link into the board where it is labelled LINK This connects the module ground and earth together and will make the module behave the same way as your other modules For assembly into Oakley 5U and 3U complete systems you can omit the wire link Inputs and outputs All audio and CV connections are via a eight way 0 1 header on the PCB called SKT This may be different to other Oakley PCBs you may have built Doing it like this allows you to remove the board from the front panel easily and allows the potential for additional socket boards to be used in any future production run of the board You don t have to use a header in your PCB you can solder your wires directly to the PCB from the various socket lugs if you wish How you wire your input and output sockets up will very much depend on your panel design and choice of sockets I will only go into the details of wiring up the standard 3U high 10HP panel with the fi
14. m the collector of transistor U1 pins 6 7 8 by the CV processing circuit is then replicated by the mirror and provided to 10 the circuitry connected to the collector of Q6 Thus the input transistors of the VCA core are supplied with a current that is directly controlled by the CV signals The two NPN transistors from U2 pins 12 13 14 amp 1 2 3 along with Q5 and D5 act as another current mirror The current drawn down by each NPN transistor in U2 will be the same due to the actions of the mirror However when an input signal is applied to one of the input PNP transistors this equality of current is challenged But the current mirror will do its very best to maintain equilibrium so any excess current is taken away by the op amp U3 This current is the VCA core s output signal and it should be reiterated that it is a current not a voltage Indeed if you were to slap your scope probe on this point you would see very little happening The voltage remains due to the actions of the op amp firmly stuck at around zero volts It should be noted at this point that the current output of the VCA core the transconductance amplifier is directly proportional to the current being supplied by Q6 After all this is where the input transistors get their current from in the first place Remember that no significant current is actually taken from the input signal via the base of the PNP transistors So if the output current is dependant on the curre
15. nt provided by Q6 then controlling this current allows us to control the gain of the whole transconductance amplifier This is why our CV processing circuit is tied to the top current mirror of the core It has direct control over the gain and this is what makes ita VCA The op amp is configured as an inverting transimpedance amplifier which is a current in voltage out device and essentially the opposite of a transconductance amplifier A transconductance amplifier followed by a transimpedance amplifier make an amplifier ie voltage in voltage out The gain of the transimpedance amplifier is primarily set by R12 The output of the op amp passes via R11 to the output socket of the module A standard transimpedance amplifier is just an op amp and a resistor This one looks more complex its has four additional capacitors two extra resistors and also a trimmer C2 C5 and C4 all act to ensure stability of the circuit No real life circuit is perfect and without getting into the maths of it unwanted characteristics of the components and board layout act to sometimes make the circuit unhappy Typically this will mean it will oscillate when it shouldn t or more commonly it will nearly oscillate when it shouldn t The latter is called ringing and it is a resonance effect In other words the circuit has a tendency to bounce around at a particular frequency when excited by an input signal When using a TLO71 for U3 and not fitting any of th
16. o smaller parts to make understanding it a bit easier The first part of the schematic we will look at is the CV processing This takes the two CV inputs processes them and turns them into a small current that will control the gain of the VCA core You can find the CV processing circuit on the left hand side of the schematic The linear and exponential inputs are processed separately The top left hand circuit based around Q9 and Q10 deals with the exponential input The CV input is controlled by its own level pot EXPO_CV and is configured as the usual voltage divider As the wiper moves up and down a proportion of the input voltage is fed into R21 Q9 and Q10 form a standard ARP style exponential convertor The precise actions of this go beyond this simple document but it can be shown that for every 18mV increase in Q9 s base voltage we double the current going through Q10 Q10 draws this current from the VCA core of which we will discuss later EXP is a trimmer a set and forget type of device and allows adjustment of the maximum gain of the VCA from the exponential CV input The linear input is also controlled by a pot this time LIN_CV and it is passed via R14 to a summing node at the junction of R15 R16 and R17 This node is held at around OV by the actions of Q8 and D3 Q8 and Q7 form an old style DC coupled amplifier Q8 does all the amplification while Q7 provides some level shifting and output buffering Negative feedback is p
17. or get another one of similar size so that you can use the provided washer on the outside like you would normally Wire link Fit a small hoop of uninsulated wire eg from a resistor lead clipping into the two holes of LINK This joins the two ground pins of the 4 way 0 156 header Miscellaneous 0 156 MTA 4 way header PWR Fit for Frac Oakley systems only 2x5 0 1 header PSU Fit for Euro systems only 0 1 8 way Molex or MTA header SOCKETS board mounted 0 1 8 way Molex or MTA housing SOCKETS wire harness Leaded ferrite beads L1 L2 Knobs to fit 6mm shafts Five off 3 5 sockets Five off DIL14 pin IC sockets One off DIL 8 pin IC sockets Two off Hook up wire 26awg in several different colours Note If fitting a boxed header for the Euro power supply then please ensure that the notch in the box header faces outward That is it should face towards the back of the modular and away from the front plate of the module Circuit description The Oakley Classic VCA is based around the old ARP module 4019 This module was built on an incredibly tightly cramped circuit board which was then securely potted with a very hard epoxy compound into a small plastic box The various interconnections were made to some thin gold plated legs that stuck out from the hard epoxy on the underside It is almost impossible to remove the circuitry from its hard plastic shell and all encompassing resin I suppose this was mostly down to Alan Pe
18. please do not contact me or Paul Darlow directly with questions about sourcing components or general fault finding Honestly we would love to help but we do not have the time to help everyone individually by e mail Last but not least can I say a big thank you to all of you who helped and inspired me Thanks especially to all those nice people on the Synth diy and Analogue Heaven mailing lists and at Muffwiggler com Tony Allgood at Oakley Sound Cumbria UK May 2009 updated June 2013 No part of this document may be copied by whatever means without my permission 18
19. rovided by the trimmer LIN and R16 LIN therefore provides some adjustment over the gain of the amplifier block and thus sets the sensitivity of the linear CV input Note the GAIN pot this is one of the front panel pots The wiper of this pot can go from 15V or 12V to OV This voltage is turned into a current by R15 and injected into the summing node Thus both the CV input and GAIN pot control the output voltage of the little amplifier circuit R27 and Q11 then turn this output voltage into a current which in tandem with Q10 controls the VCA core Now let us look at the VCA core itself This comprises of the two transistor arrays U1 and U2 and the surrounding circuitry It can be found in the middle of the schematic The basic topology of the VCA core is fairly standard Its a transconductance amplifier built almost entirely from discrete transistors The unusual thing about it at least as far as most synth designs go its upside down The input transistors U2 pins 8 9 10 amp 5 6 7 are PNPs Most designs use NPNs However lets put that aside and see if we can work out how it works The signal enters the VCA via either or both of the two socket connections AC_IN and DC_IN They are both identical except for the addition of a 470nF capacitor C1 on the AC IN This capacitor acts to block steady state voltages DC and very low frequencies In other words it acts like a high pass filter The cut off varies a little with the po
20. sition of the AC_INPUT pot but it is approximately 10Hz R3 and R2 carry their respective signals to attenuate reduce and sum together at R4 The voltage across R4 being a tiny fraction approximately 0 2 of what it was at the socket inputs Both inputs are applied to the right hand input PNP transistor The other input transistor the left hand one is simply connected to a very low voltage that is generated by the OFFSET trimmer R8 and R9 We use this trimmer to manually balance the left and right sides of the VCA core The voltage supply to the transconductance stage is fixed by diodes The series combination of D7 D9 D10 provide a steady 1 8V for the top of the circuit While the series combination of D6 and D8 provide a steady 1 2V for the bottom of the circuit When current passes through a diode it tends to have 0 6V across it 1 8V and 1 2V may appear to be a very small range of supply voltage for a module that can handle nearly 10V input signals But remember the actual input transistors will only be working with that tiny fraction of the input signal to prevent them from distorting the signal U1 pins 6 7 8 amp 1 2 3 and Q6 make a special circuit which engineers call the Wilson current mirror It is a clever little design and is found in many different circuits The Wilson current mirror is a programmable current source Its programmed by the CV processing circuitry which we discussed earlier Any current drawn out fro
21. t advantage in using it Input and output sockets are not board mounted You can choose whichever type of sockets you wish If you are mounting this module in a Frac or Euro sized format then you will need to chose a decent 3 5mm socket to use Normalised sockets are not required in this module However note that many sockets often have NC lugs as standard In this case you can simply buy them but leave the NC lugs unused I will say now that I prefer to use insulated sockets ie plastic ones This stops the module ground being connected to the chassis earth and in theory prevents earth loops and audible hums However a great many of the new Euro modulars makers are using metal sockets and no one has yet complained of any problems This module is entirely suitable for the fitting of 4mm banana sockets I d be tempted to recommend these but for the fact that most Euro systems are exclusively 3 5mm sockets This module uses an eight way 0 1 header SKT to connect the sockets leads to the PCB I have specified Molex KK connectors but you could also use Amp s MTA system instead Both require a special and the in the MTA case an expensive tool to make up the connector ends The MTA is an insulation displacement system where the wires are forced into the housing by the special tool The Molex KK system is based on individual crimped contacts that are inserted into the housing once crimped Alternatively with the Molex system you can simply sold
22. t board for this particular module Buying The Components For general information regarding where to get parts and suggested part numbers please see our useful Parts Guide at the project webpage or http www oakleysound com parts pdf Some specific information for parts used in this module The single multiturn 100K trimmer is the one that has the adjustment on the top of the box Spectrol and Bourns make these Some types are 20 turns while others are 25 turns Either will do They should have three pins that are in a line at 0 1 pitch I generally use the Bourns 3296 series The three trimmers are standard sealed carbon units These are adjusted from the top and as such are called horizontally mounted types Piher and other companies make suitable types Lead spacing is 0 2 for the track ends and the wiper is 0 4 away Rapid Farnell and RS sell these parts at reasonable cost You can use the more expensive cermet types if you wish but stability is not critical for this application The PNP NPN array is the THAT340 from THAT Corp in the US This is normally available from Farnell and other larger distributors The PNP array is the Analog Devices SSM2220 and is now obsolete although there is some talk about revitalising it In the meantime the best place to get them is Bridechamber in the US or Banzai in Europe U3 can be replaced with an OPA134 This is a very high performance part but I didn t actually detect any significan
23. ve 3 5mm sockets to the right of the PCB 14 For my prototype I used Cliffjack sockets I used these because they are relatively cheap and provide insulation between the module panel and the module ground The module panel will be grounded or earthed via the rack casing It is usually a good idea not to allow any local module ground to come into contact with the chassis at multiple points as this has the potential to cause ground loops and hums in your audio outputs Furthermore as far as I can see it most Euro rack systems are wired in such a way as to allow an additional ground pathway to occur whenever a patch cable is plugged from one module to another However since there has not been a chorus of complaints regarding multiple earth loops and hum problems I think we can take it that it is not a major problem The Oakley modular system circumvents this whole complicated issue by using a second ground connection to provide a panel earth on each module Thus panels and local grounds are distinct except for at one point near the power supply If you have used the little Cliff sockets you will see that they have four connections One is the earth lug or ground tag The second is the signal tag which will be connected to the tip of the jack plug when it is inserted The third and fourth tag are the normalised tags or NC normally closed lugs The NC lugs are each internally connected to the ground and signal tags when a jack plug is not inserted
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