(mcu) and triacs on the mains
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1. C The triac is multi pulse driven Therefore inductive loads can be driven without the use of long pulse drives As a result the consumption on the 5V supply can be minimized and the supply circuit becomes very small Before supplying the first drive pulse the triac voltage is tested If no voltage is detected a spurious open load or a supply disconnection is assumed to have occurred and the circuit is stopped After the first driving pulse the triac voltage is monitored If the triac is not ON another pulse is sent The same process can be repeated up to four times Then if the triac is still not ON the circuit is switched off Figure 7 Soft start with lamps HALOGEN LAMP AT THE SECONDARY OF A TRANSFORMER TRIAC ANODE CURRENT 1A div 200ms div i iat nv H if Wi Wi ii va ammm M iit M iri iiil ane apo EEEF O ee ee 240 V INCANDESCENT LAMP TRIAC ANODE CURRENT 1 A div 100 ms div e See SAE SA N es es S a eae eae loaded L i i To i i i a sama ia roa aces ene ren iain tt se annaa i i E ae TTT la uke aa ee fant DAR AARAM AMAN ECLA eh ates E ate PER mS Mates ORNS ae fay SCS THOMSON A Y MICR ELECTAGNICS MCU AND TRIAC ON THE MAINS Hardware The light dimmer board is almost the same as the motor drive board fig 6 The major differences concern the position where the voltage is measured and the triac choice When the board is dimming a resistive load an RF2. interrupts configurations can be chosen by software providing high flexibility The ST6210 has been designed to operate in very disturbed environments Each I O line contains internal diodes which clamp the input voltage between Vdd and Vss These diodes are sized to withstand a continuous current of 1mA typ With EPROM and OTP versions the equipment development and preproduction can be done directly from the design lab providing a fast time to market The SNUBBERLESS triac BTA 16 400CW for 110 V BTA10 600CW for 220V has been specially designed to drive loads which generate very strong dynamic con Figure 3 Motor drive circuit diagram ST62 TRIAC ON THE MAINS 110 240v OPTIONAL USER INTERFACES C TOUCH SENSOR 100p F 820 1 2W 1N4148 6V NEUTRAL 220nF 400V ov VR001705 4 12 SGS THOMSON al STA MICROELECTRONICS Figure 4 Major steps of the software Window for zero crossing mains VR001731 MCU AND TRIAC ON THE MAINS straints such as a vacuum cleaner motor This triac can be triggered in quadrants QI QII or QIII with gate and latching current of 35mA and 80mA respectively In this application it is driven by three I O lines of the ST6210 in parallel This triac has high current switching capability dl dt l gt 8 5A ms and 5 5A ms for BTA10 600CW and high static dv dt dV dt gt 250V us So in this circuit it can operate without a snubber Total consumption of the board is 3mA with
3. I filter should be added in order to the RFI standards i e VDE 875 Ina dimmer because of the resistive load dynamic constraints are lower than ina motor control so a LOGIC LEVEL triac BTA08 400SW or BTA08 600SW is used for safe gate current This triac has been especially designed to operate with a MCU It is a sensitive triac IaT lt 10mA which can be triggered in quadrants I II and Ill This triac has high switching capabilities dl dt gt 3 5A ms dV dt c gt 20V us Thus it can also operate without a snubber in this circuit This board is supplied when the triac is off A minimum off time of the triac 1 7ms 60Hz and 2ms 50 Hz is necessary to ensure its supply The RCD circuit is the same as the one used for the motor drive board Software The light dimmer software is practically the same as with the motor drive The major difference concerns the mains disturbances rejection in order to prevent lamp flicker ing The timing is carried out internally by the MCU timer The period of operation can be modified to follow the variations of the mains frequency but not the spurious disturbances The mains synchronisation signal is received every cycle The corre sponding mains period is measured and compared to the internal timer period If a difference remains after many cycles the timer period is modified to follow the mains This block acts like a low band filter which eliminates external filtering components The user interface c
4. ITI SGS THOMSON AYA iwicnowscrnowics APPLICATION NOTE MICROCONTROLLER AND TRIACS ON THE 110 240V MAINS Philippe RABIER Laurent PERIER INTRODUCTION Today electronics is used in home appliances for purposes as different as the motor regulation of a washing machine the control of a vacuum cleaner the light dimming of alamp orthe heating ina coffee machine This pervasion increases rapidly because appliances require enhanced features easy to built and modify while electronics based solutions become cheaper and more sophisticated Within this evolution the microcontrollers MCU progressively replace analog con trollers and discrete solutions even in low cost applications They are more flexible often needless components and provide faster time to market With an analog IC the designer is limited to a fixed function frozen inside the device With a DIAC control features like sensor feedback or enhanced motor drive can notbe easily implemented With the MCU proposed in this note the ST6210 the designer can include his own ideas and test them directly using EPROM or One Time Programmable OTP versions The triac is the least expensive power switch to operate directly on the 110 240V mains Thus it is the optimal switch for most of the low cost power applications operating on line The LOGIC LEVEL or SNUBBERLESS triacs are a complement to the ST6210 MCU for such appliances These triacs can operate with low gate current and can be dire
5. an 8MHz oscillator The board sup ply comes from the mains through a sim ple RCD circuit The 5V is referred to anode 1 of the triac in order to provide the negative gate current necessary to drive the triac in quadrants QII and QIIl The 5V supply capacitance is mounted as near as possible to the MCU with very short interconnecting traces to maximize RFI immunity The touch sensor is a voltage divider between line and neutral It operates when the 5V supply input of the circuit is connected to the line potential This connection to the mains must be pro vided Software All operating features are contained in a 700 byte program More than 1byte of ROM is available for additional features The architecture of the software is modu lar inorder to provide maximum flexibility A lockup table relating delay time to the power requirement contains 64 different levels The conduction time of the triac can vary from 1 7ms to 6 7ms for a 60Hz application and from 2ms to 8ms to a 50Hz application The user can easily adjust the minimum and maximum power levels because the corresponding delay times are slowly changing at the top and bottom ofthe table The table can fy SGS THOMSON CP Yi o MICROELECTRGNIECS MCU AND TRIAC ON THE MAINS be modified in ROM EPROM to meet different conditions e g 50Hz or 60Hz operation or varying loads One software version covers all four user interface modes without hardware change All inputs are d
6. an be modified to fit other applications such as IR presence detection or alarm remote control etc 10 12 SGS THOMSON STA MICROELECTRONICS MCU AND TRIAC ON THE MAINS PRACTICAL RESULTS Figure 7 presents the soft start operation with a halogen lamp operating from the secondary of alow voltage transformer and with a high voltage tungsten filamentlamp With soft start the peak in rush current is about 3 times the nominal current compared with 10 to 15 times otherwise Therefore the lamp life time is maximized blowing the input fuse is prevented and the size of the triac is minimized The figure 8 presents the current and voltage in a triac driving a universal motor Figure 8 Universal motor drive Current and Voltage in the Triac TRIAC VOLTAGE VAK 200 V div 2ms DIV kay SGS THOMSON Wie Y MICR ELECTAGNICS MCU AND TRIAC ON THE MAINS SUMMARY Microcontrollers MCU are in common use in most areas of electronics They are now set to penetrate the very cost sensitive area of home appliances The applications described in this paper show that enhanced appliance circuits can be designed with fast prototyping using a ST6210 MCU and a SNUBBERLESS or LOGIC LEVEL triac These circuits are low cost and they can provide more features with less components than classical solutions The presented circuits are a universal motor drive a AC switch and a light dimmer operating from the 110 240V mains The light dimmer drives
7. ctly triggered by the MCU while still maintaining a high switching capability This application note describes three different MCU based applications a universal motor drive an AC switch and a light dimmer They all operate with the same user interfaces and almost the same software and hardware ANA3392 09 92 1 12 MCU AND TRIAC ON THE MAINS UNIVERSAL MOTOR DRIVE Basic function Universal motor drives with DIAC or analog controllers are currently used today These circuits have the disadvantage of requiring many external components when controls include sophisticated features such as speed control with torque limiting or when parameters have to be easily changed from one design to an other They are also limited in the choice of user interfaces A universal motor drive circuit supplied directly from the 110V 240V mains has been realized using a MCU ST6210 and a SNUBBERLESS triac The user interface is a touch sensor a push button or a potentiometer The board includes a minimum of components in order to save cost and size The auxiliary supply is derived from the mains voltage Power control The power device is a triac because it is the most economical on line switch The output power and therefore the motor speed are controlled by the phase delay of the triac drive This delay is referred to the zero crossing of the line voltage which is detected by means of a connection to the mains neutral fig 1 Changing operation from 60Hz t
8. er Interfaces There are three different user interfaces a touch control a push button and a potentiometer Four modes can be selected on the board in order to define how the transmitted power is related to the user interface Three modes operate with the touch sensor or the push button Dimming is obtained when the sensor or the button is touched for more than 330ms If the touch duration is between 50ms and 330ms the circuit is switched on or off A contact of less than 50ms causes no action Modes 1 2 3 differ in the way the motor speed is changed by Figure 2 User interfaces Sensor version potentiometer version Mode 4 VRO001812 fy SGS THOMSON SP Yi o MICROELECTRGNIECS MCU AND TRIAC ON THE MAINS sensor or button contact These values are given for the 60Hz version for a 50Hz mains values are respectively 400ms and 50ms Mode 4 directly relates transmitted power to potentiometer position fig 2 All modes include a soft start When operating together the SNUBBERLESS triac and the ST6210 MCU save components on the drive logic power supply mains connection and the power side fig 3 The MCU chosen ST6210 includes an 8 bit accumulator 2k ROM 64 bytes RAM an 8 bit A D converter that can be connected to 8 different inputs 4 I O lines with 10mA sink current capability anda timer Hysteresis protection is included in series with each I O pin The ST6210 is packaged in DIL or SMD packages The ports the timer and
9. ged in series with the line wire like a mechanical switch The synchronization and the auxiliary supply are obtained from the voltage across the triac Fig 6 A light dimmer operating directly on the 110V or 240V mains has been realized using a MCU ST6210 and aLOGICLEVEL triac This circuit drives halogen or incandescent lamps supplied directly from the mains or through a low voltage transformer It includes softstart and protection against transformer saturation and against open load The user interfaces are the same as with the motor drive Power control Power is controlled by the phase delay td of the triac drive In the previous design td is referred to the zero crossing of the line voltage In order to avoid a connection to the mains neutral and connect the circuit directly in series with the load the trigger delay is referred to the previous zero crossing of the current fig 1 When the current in the triac is zero the mains voltage is reapplied across it Synchronization is achieved by measuring this voltage This main voltage is monitored over each halfwave with a network of resistances connected to two I O lines of the ST6210 This allows detection of spurious open load and the retriggering of the triac with multipulse operation if it is not latched after the first gate pulse Operation with a transformer Low power halogen spots use low voltage lamps 12V typ usually supplied through a low voltage transformer Dimming these lamps i
10. igitally filtered so that an input is validated only if it remains constant for 15s or more So passive filter components can be saved The mains supply carries disturbances glitches telecommand signals which could disturb the triac drive For this reason a mains voltage zero crossing is only validated if it occurs during a window of time 1 7ms each 16 6ms for 60Hz operation and 2ms each 200ms for 50Hz operation selected by the internal timer of the MCU This block acts as a filter and again eliminates external components fig 4 This circuit can be used as a basis for development of more sophisticated features such as vacuum regulation in a vacuum cleaner speed control in a food processor speed regulation with torque limiting in a drill unbalance detection in a washing machine or door opener with remote control Figure 5 Delay time in drive of an AC switch Gate pulse 100 us div 1V div 6 12 SGS THOMSON by MICROELECTRONICS MCU AND TRIAC ON THE MAINS AC SWITCH AC switches operate as relays They have to turn on as soon as possible after a mains voltage zero crossing in order to prevent the disturbances induced by a sharp leading edge of current Their operating current has to be small in order to minimize the supply coming from the mains Also they are usually driven through isolated interfaces such as an optocoupler or transformer The motor drive circuit described previously can be used as a basis for such applicat
11. incandescent and halogen lamps supplied either directly from the mains or through a low voltage transformer The motor drive can be adapted for instance to vacuum cleaners food processors drills or washing machines Those circuits include soft start and protection features Different user interfaces can be chosen touch sensor push button or potentiometer Such features are obtained with only few components a ST6210 MCU in 20pin DIL SMD package with a LOGIC LEVEL or SNUBBERLESS triac in T0220 package and some passive components Additional features like motor speed regulation torque limitation vacuum or unbal ance control IR presence detection remote control alarm homebus interface or electronic shortcircuit protection with IGBT Mosfet can be implemented from these circuits Bibliography Thyristors and triacs application manual 1986 SGS THOMSON Microelectronics Universal Motor Speed Control P Rault Y Bahout Thyristors and triacs application manual 1989 SGS THOMSON Microelectronics Microcontroller based universal motor speed control M Queyrol ST62 user manual 1991 SGS THOMSON Microelectronics Power control with ST6210MCU and triac Ph Rabier L Perier Table 1 Triacs and microcontrollers characteristics Information furnished is believed to be accurate and reliable However SGS THOMSON Microelectronics assumes no responsability for the consequences of use of such information nor for any infringement of patents or o
12. ions When the zero crossing of the mains voltage is detected this triac is turned on A SNUBBERLESS triac such as the BTA 16 600BW is suitable for an AC switch Its switching characteristics dl dt gt 14A ms allows it to control various types of resistive and inductive loads The figure 5 shows that a ST6210 can turn on a triac 35us after the mains voltage zero crossing With such phase delay 0 75 60Hz and 0 63 50Hz the voltage reapplied across the load is small V and the leading edge of current is minimal Such an AC switch can include additional features such as voltage and current monitoring or feedback features This AC switch can also be used for instance in a refrigerator with smaller triacs with several compartments where the MCU controls different temperatures The MCU can then interface the sensors solve the priority conflicts and drive the AC switches with the optimal sequence Figure 6 Light dimmer circuit diagram ST62 TRIAC LIGHT DIMMER MDD PAO oar ial BAL 5V 17 FPAZ Ed 16 Peas BTA 08 600 sw 100K VERSION e e 100K 200K ov nieas POTENTIOMETER 820 1 2W 1N4148 tye NEUTRAL 220nF 400V OV VROE1785 fy SGS THOMSON NP Yi o MICROELECTRGNIECS MCU AND TRIAC ON THE MAINS LIGHT DIMMER Basic function The motor drive board can also operate as a light dimmer However the board can be slightly modified such that the neutral connection is no longer necessary Then the board can be plug
13. o 50Hz can be achieved by making simple modifications to the MCU EPROM ROM table defining the triac conduction angle versus power level Automatic selection of the 50Hz 60Hz tables could be done Figure 1 Mains synchronisation R L Vpeak Power IA 2Z i R V line VAK td 10 ms Vsynchro e a Isynchro VR001730 2 12 SGS THOMSON SS STA MICROELECTRONICS MCU AND TRIAC ON THE MAINS A universal motor is an inductive load which may generate very strong dynamic constraints on the circuit at turn off Because of the phase lag of current with respect to voltage the reapplied voltage can be different from zero So the leading edge of the reapplied voltage across the triac can be very sharp because it is limited only by parasitic capacitances fig 8 ASNUBBERLESS triac is well adapted to this kind of loads because fast commutation characteristics can be obtained with low current rating devices Otherwise inrush current at motor startup is limited by the soft start feature included in the control Triac drive The triac is directly driven by the MCU The pulse driving the triac is short 100s in order to minimize the 5V supply circuit size The SNUBBERLESS triac is driven in quadrants QII and QIII with 60 mA gate current provided by three I O bits of the ST6210 in parallel This pulse is sufficiently long to insure the triac is latched at the end of the pulse Pulse length can be modified if another triac or motor is used Us
14. s simple with this circuit thanks to the program features included in the ST6210 At the start the delay time between the first gate pulse and the synchronization instant is greater than 5ms This limits induction in the transformer and the risk of saturation The circuit starts on a positive line halfwave and stops on a negative one Thus it starts with positive induction and stops after negative induction has been applied This helps to minimize the size of the magnetic core material and the current rating of the triac The timer is precisely tuned in order to obtain 8 3ms for 60Hz or 10ms for 50Hz delay between two gate pulses As a result the triac is driven symmetrically in both phases so that continuous voltage in the transformer is avoided and noise in the transformer is reduced Otherwise the voltage across the triac is monitored to detect a spurious open load condition at the secondary of the transformer The inrush current at the turn on of a lamp halogen or incandescent is also reduced due to the soft start feature of the circuit fig 7 8 12 SGS THOMSON by MICROELECTRONICS MCU AND TRIAC ON THE MAINS Triac drive The triac is directly driven by the MCU The pulse driving the triac is 50us long The LOGIC LEVEL triac is driven in quadrants QII and QIII with a gate current of 20mA provided by two I O lines of the ST6210 in parallel The LOGICLEVEL triac has a maximum specified gate triggering current of 10mA at 25
15. ther rights of third parties which may result from its use No license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of SGS THOMSON Microelectronics Specifications mentioned in this publication are subject to change without notice This publication supersedes and replaces all information previously supplied SGS THOMSON Microelectronics products are not authorized for use as critical components in life support devices or systems without the express written approval of SGS THOMSON Microelectronics 1994 SGS THOMSON Microelectronics All rights reserved Purchase of IC Components by SGS THOMSON Microelectronics conveys a license under the Philips C Patent Rights to use these components in an FC system is granted provided that the system conforms to the IFC Standard Specification as defined by Philips SGS THOMSON Microelectronics Group of Companies Australia Brazil France Germany Hong Kong Italy Japan Korea Malaysia Malta Morocco The Netherlands Singapore Spain Sweden Switzerland Taiwan Thailand United Kingdom U S A 12 12 SGS THOMSON lt STA MICROELECTRONICS
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