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SIR-Spheres - Westernesse

1. TRN US O1 Page 75 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual APPENDIX 7 RADIATION AND TRAINING REQUIREMENTS CHECKLIST Checklist for C Site set up Name of Institution C Routine check Checklist by Name of Sirtex Representative Date dd mm yy Number of Treatments Performed since Last Checklist _ C PART 1 REGULATORY Facility License s Expiry Date of License Currency of Name of License Issued By mm dd yy License Y N Limitations on License Personnel Licenses Expiry Date of Currency of Name of License Name of License License License Required Issued By Holder mm dd yy Y N PART 2 EQUIPMENT Radiation Monitor On Sern Make and Model Last Calibration Date Calibration Current _ Y N mm dd yy Dose Calibrator On A Make and Model Last Yttrium 90 Calibration Date Calibration Current _ Y N mm dd yy General SIR Spheres Equipment Item Number On Site Number Requiring Replacement Number of Extra Required Syringe Shields Delivery Box V vial Holders TRN US O1 Page 76 of 110 PART 3 TRAINING Sirtex Medical Training Manual Position Name Training Date mm dd yy Refresher Required Refresher Requested RSO NMT NMP Radiologist Surgeon Medical Oncology Rad Oncol
2. 4 Remove the sterile Delivery Set from the package and keep sterile Take care not to take the caps off the two needles as this will breach the sterile barrier 5 Firmly place the 3 way stopcock into the bracket on the back wall of Delivery Box so that tube A leads up tube B leads down and tube C leads to the right 3 6 From inside the Delivery Box insert tubes A and B through the corresponding holes in the Delivery Box The holes in the Delivery Box are color coded and marked with A and B Tube C with the needle attached is left in the box 7 From inside the Delivery Box insert tube D through Hole D in the Delivery Box so that the needle stays inside the Delivery Box and the tubing passes outside 8 Push the Stopcock Control Knob in so that the cupped end engages firmly onto the 3 way stopcock Ensure that the Stopcock Control Knob is fully engaged to the handle of the 3 way stopcock so that it is limited to one quarter turn by the small safety bar on the outside shaft of the Stopcock Control Knob This requires the safety bar on the shaft of the stopcock Control Knob to be firmly seated in the limiting notch TRN US O1 Page 37 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual Remove the caps from the end of Flushing Tube B and tube D and attach 20ml syringes filled with water for injection NOT SALINE to the tubes B and D on the outside of the Delivery Box
3. As the emission from yttrium 90 is high energy beta shielding is best provided with a low atomic number material such as acrylic This reduces the amount of Bremsstrahlung radiation produced In addition acrylic is optically clear and permits the physician to continually observe the product and procedure Dedicated accessories have been designed to meet the general principles of radiation safety and to assist with the handling of SIR Spheres microspheres The individual patient dose vial is in its own acrylic v vial holder designed to be seated in the provided acrylic box A shielded syringe must be used when preparing the dose A syringe shield is provided Yttrium 90 has two features that provide inherent safety for staff and patients These are e the minimal penetration depth of emissions through tissue and air and e the relatively short half life TRN US O1 Page 51 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual Further description of the safety accessories is provided later in 8 9 8 of this document 1 40 2 Monitoring for Radiation Monitoring of radiation exposure should occur at two levels The first should include routine monitoring of the environment using an appropriate beta counter Acceptable working limits for radiation are defined for most applications Levels beyond these limits represent contamination and require action as described in Section 8 9 18 Contamination Individual monitoring of staff is generally a requirement in acc
4. British Journal of Cancer vol 74 no 4 pp 513 524 TRN US O1 Page 95 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual Bajetta E Procopio G Ferrari L Catena L Del Vecchio M amp Bombardieri E 2003 Update on the treatment of neuroendocrine tumors Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy vol 3 no 5 pp 631 642 Baldwin J 2002 New treatments target metastatic tumors in liver Journal of the National Cancer Institute vol 94 no 3 pp 164 165 Bayes M Rabasseda X amp Prous J R 2003 Gateways to Clinical Trials October 2003 Methods and Findings in Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology vol 25 no 8 pp 653 682 Binkert C A 2002 Embolization tools and techniques Applied Radiology vol 31 no 8 SUPPL pp 55 64 Bischof Delaloye A amp Delaloye B 1995 Radiolabelled monoclonal antibodies in tumour imaging and therapy Out of fashion European Journal of Nuclear Medicine vol 22 no 6 pp 571 580 Bretagne J F 1991 The non surgical treatment of hepatocellular cancer Revue Francaise de Gastro Enterologie vol 27 no 272 pp 213 216 Burton M A Gray B N Klemp P F Kelleher D K amp Hardy N 1989 Selective internal radiation therapy Distribution of radiation in the liver European Journal of Cancer and Clinical Oncology vol 25 no 10 pp 1487 1491 Burton M A Gray B N Kelleher D K amp Klemp P F 1990 Selective internal radiation th
5. Kuhn J A Williams L E Nourigat C Badger C C Beatty B G amp Beatty J D 1994 A mouse model for calculating cross organ beta doses from yttrium 90 labeled immunoconjugates Cancer vol 73 no SUPPL pp 951 957 Johnson P J 1998 New treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology vol 13 no SUPPL NOV p 311 S314 Johnson P J 2003 Are there indications for chemotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma Surgical Oncology Clinics of North America vol 12 no 1 pp 127 134 Jong M Kwekkeboom D Valkema R amp Krenning E P 2003 Radiolabelled peptides for tumour therapy Current status and future directions Plenary lecture at the EANM 2002 European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging vol 30 no 3 pp 463 469 Juweid M E 2002 Radioimmunotherapy of B cell non Hodgkin s lymphoma From clinical trials to clinical practice Journal of Nuclear Medicine vol 43 no 11 pp 1507 1529 Kaltsas G A Mukherjee J J amp Grossman A B 2001 The value of radiolabelled MIBG and octreotide in the diagnosis and management of neuroendocrine tumours Annals of Oncology vol 12 no SUPPLE 2 p 47 S50 Kaltsas G A Mukherjee J J Foley R Britton K E amp Grossman A B 2003 Treatment of metastatic pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma with 1311 meta iodobenzylguanidine MIBG Endocrinologist vol 13 no 4 pp 321
6. R J W 1983 Treatment of liver tumours with yttrium 90 microspheres Canadian Journal of Surgery vol 26 no 5 pp 442 443 Blanchard R J W Morrow I M amp Sutherland J B 1989 Treatment of liver tumors with yttrium 90 microspheres alone Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal vol 40 no 4 pp 206 210 Burton M A Gray B N Jones C amp Coletti A 1989 Intraoperative dosimetry of 90Y in liver tissue Nuclear Medicine and Biology vol 16 no 5 pp 495 498 Burton M A Gray B N Klemp P F Kelleher D K amp Hardy N 1989 Selective internal radiation therapy Distribution of radiation in the liver European Journal of Cancer and Clinical Oncology vol 25 no 10 pp 1487 1491 Burton M A Gray B N Jones C amp Coletti A 1989 Intraoperative dosimetry of 90Y in liver tissue International Journal Of Radiation Applications And Instrumentation Part B Nuclear Medicine And Biology vol 16 no 5 pp 495 498 Burton M A Gray B N Kelleher D K amp Klemp P F 1990 Selective internal radiation therapy Validation of intraoperative dosimetry Radiology vol 175 no 1 pp 253 255 Campbell A M Bailey I H amp Burton M A 2000 Analysis of the distribution of intra arterial microspheres in human liver following hepatic yttrium 90 microsphere therapy Physics in Medicine and Biology vol 45 no 4 pp 1023 1033 Campbell A M Bailey
7. S C H Lai E C H Liew C Leung T W T 2004 Salvage surgery following downstaging of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma Annals of Surgery vol 20 No 2 pp 299 305 Leung T W T Lau W Y Ho S K W Phil M Ward S C Chow J H S Chan M S Y Metreweli C Johnson P J amp Li A K C 1995 Radiation pneumonitis after selective internal radiation treatment with intraarterial 90Yttrium microspheres for inoperable hepatic tumors International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics vol 33 no 4 pp 919 924 Leung W T Lau W Y Ho S Chan M Leung N Lin J Ho K C Metreweli C Johnson P J Li A K C Novell J R amp Hilson A J W 1994 Selective internal radiation therapy with intra arterial iodine 131 lipiodol in inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma Journal of Nuclear Medicine vol 35 no 8 pp 1313 1320 Lim L Gibbs P Smith D Yip D Dowling R Lichtenstein M Little A Bailey W amp Shapiro JD 2004 Prospective study of Selective Internal Radiation Therapy SIR Spheres in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer previously treated with 5 FU C inical Oncology Society of Australia Abstract P26 Martinez Cuesta A Bilbao J Boan J Rodriguez J Sangro B amp Marti J 2004 Treatment of inoperable primary and secondary malignant liver tumours with SIR Spheres Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology
8. Therapy vol 2 no 8 pp 785 791 Kuzel T M amp Rosen S T 1994 Antibodies in the treatment of human cancer Current Opinion in Oncology vol 6 no 6 pp 622 626 Kwok P C H Lam T W Lam C L Lai A K H Lo H Y amp Chan S C H 2003 Rare pulmonary complications after transarterial chemoembolisation for hepatocellular carcinoma Two case reports Hong Kong Medical Journal vol 9 no 6 pp 457 460 Lai J Quadri S M Borchardt P E Harris L Wucher R Askew E Schweichler L amp Vriesendorp H M 1999 Pharmacokinetics of radiolabeled polyclonal antiferritin in patients with Hodgkin s disease Clinical Cancer Research vol 5 no 10 SUPPL pp 3315s 3323s Lambrecht R M 1995 Therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals Kakuigaku vol 32 no 8 p 869 Langmuir V K 1992 Radioimmunotherapy Clinical results and dosimetric considerations Nuclear Medicine and Biology vol 19 no 2 pp 213 225 Lau W Y Leung W T Ho S Leung N W Y Chan M Lin J Metreweli C Johnson P amp Li A K C 1994 Treatment of inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma with intrahepatic arterial yttrium 90 microspheres A phase I and II study British Journal of Cancer vol 70 no 5 pp 994 999 Lau W Y Ho S Leung T W T Chan M Ho R Johnson P J amp Li A K C 1998 Selective internal radiation therapy for nonresectable hepatocellular carcinoma with intra
9. Vol 27 Sup 1 Poster 147 TRN US O1 Page 94 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual Nutting CW amp Jones B Techniques for minimizing complications during yttrium 90 radioembolization of unresectable hepatic malignancies Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology Vol 27 Sup 1 Abstract 9 4 3 Poepperl G Helmberger T Gildehaus F J amp Tatsch K 2004 Initial experience in the treatment of non resectable liver metastases with intrahepatic Y 90 microspheres European Journal of Nuclear medicine and Molecular Imaging Vol 31 Sup 2 Abstract P956 Rubin D Nutting C Jones B 2004 Metastatic breast cancer in a 54 year ol woman Integrative treatment with yttrium 90 radioembolization Integrative Cancer Therapies Vol 3 pp 262 267 Shepherd F A Rotstein L E Houle S Yip T C K Paul K amp Sniderman K W 1992 A phase I dose escalation trial of yttrium 90 microspheres in the treatment of primary hepatocellular carcinoma Cancer vol 70 no 9 pp 2250 2254 Szeto C C Wong T Y H Leung C B Leung T W T Wang A Y M Lui S F amp Li P K T 2001 Selective internal radiation therapy by yttrium 90 microspheres for hepatocellular carcinoma after renal transplantation C inical Transplantation vol 15 no 4 pp 284 288 van Hazel G Pavlakis N Goldstein D Olver I amp Blackwell A 2004 SIR Spheres plus systemic chemotherapy with i
10. generally address issues such as traceability of all isotopes on the premises including use storage location and movements training and qualification records for personnel involved in handling isotopes contamination monitoring procedures and records personnel monitoring procedures and records procedures for a safe working environment and compliance to regulations Introduction of a new product into a facility will require new procedures or revision of existing procedures New procedures would be directly related to SIR Spheres microspheres but existing procedures may relate to internal training on safety requirements risk analyses decontamination procedures for example Again these procedures must generally be in place to receive a license to handle the new device Guidance on procedural documentation specifically for SIR Spheres microspheres can be found in Appendix 6 of this document 1 36 Equipment Equipment required falls into two major groups e equipment required for measuring radiation and e equipment required to protect staff shielding The equipment requirements will vary with the activities at the facility 1 36 1 Radiation Measurement Two main items of measuring equipment are generally required for SIR Spheres microspheres a beta counter or equivalent for determining environmental radiation from beta sources and an ion chamber or dose calibrator such as a Capintec for determining the activity of the device All
11. primary colorectal cancer with adjuvant intra hepatic artery chemotherapy IHAC of FUDR Floxuridine Surgery is normally the preferred option for suitable patients with resectable disease as this offers the best prognosis SIR Spheres microspheres have been used to shrink large tumors to a stage where they become resectable TRN US 01 Page 17 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual 1 11 2 Technique Most chemotherapeutics are radio sensitisers therefore simultaneous use of SIR Spheres microspheres and the chemotherapeutic is desirable SIR Spheres microspheres are generally implanted during a course of chemotherapy often the second cycle This allows the patient s tolerance to chemotherapy to be established before adding the radiation and for treatment with chemotherapy to commence while the order is placed and the device manufactured Cycles of chemotherapy are generally continued according to clinical need and the patient tumor response The chemotherapies used concurrently with SIR Spheres microspheres are floxuridine FUDR given regionally hepatic artery chemotherapy HAC or 5 fluorouracil 5 FU given systemically together with leucovorin More recently systemic irinotecan has been used with SIR Spheres microspheres either alone or in combination with 5 FU and leucovorin These regimes are still under evaluation Studies on Oxaliplatin with SIR Spheres microspheres as single or combination chemotherapy are underway but have
12. tumors receive a lethal dose of radiation whilst the average dose to normal tissue is well below harmful levels However this approach is clearly not appropriate for treatment planning purposes TRN US 01 Page 23 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual 1 13 2 MIRD and the Partition Model Within the liver it is possible to estimate a priori an absorbed dose for the tumors and the normal liver in patients with distinct tumors that may be effectively considered as separate organs This is achieved using the partition model which is based on a modification of the MIRD theory Discussion of the limitations of standard MIRD theory are given in Appendix 4 of this document and details of the partition model are given in Section 7 1 3 The partition model may be used in treatment planning 1 13 3 Empirical Models for Treatment Planning There are also empirical models for estimating the appropriate activity to administer to a patient prior to treatment These are based on a large amount of clinical experience and can be adjusted to suit individual patient circumstances and characteristics The empirical models can be used to determine the maximum activity that can be safely implanted subject to the limitations imposed by lung shunting and maximum tolerable dose to normal liver However they provide no information about actual dosimetry to tumor and normal liver Details of the empirical models are given in Section 7 1 1 1 14 Radiological Work up Pri
13. vol 11 no 7 pp 979 988 Moadel R M Blaufox M D amp Freeman L M 2002 The role of positron emission tomography in gastrointestinal imaging Gastroenterology Clinics of North America vol 31 no 3 pp 841 861 Moroz P amp Gray B N 2000 Radiotherapy in the treatment of advanced liver cancer Current status and future directions Asian Journal of Surgery vol 23 no 1 pp 32 41 Moroz P Anderson J E M Van Hazel G amp Gray B N 2001 Effect of selective internal radiation therapy and hepatic arterial chemotherapy on normal liver volume and spleen volume Journal of Surgical Oncology vol 78 no 4 pp 248 252 Murphy F Curry W J Heaton N Stangou A Buxton Thomas M amp Ramage J K 2001 Carcinoid and neuroendocrine tumours Are we making any progress CME Journal Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition vol 4 no 2 pp 63 68 Nguyen C Labriolle Vaylet C Sobhani I Lebtahi R Huguet F Haidar M Dumont A Petegnief Y Mignon M Le Guludec D amp Askienazy S 2001 Internal radiotherapy of neuroendocrine tumors with hepatic metastases Medecine Therapeutique Endocrinologie vol 3 no 3 pp 212 216 Nicklas J A Falta M T Hunter T C O Neill J P Jacobson Kram D Williams J R amp Albertini R J 1990 Molecular analysis of in vivo hprt mutations in human T lymphocytes V Effects of total body irradiation secondary to rad
14. 1 week TRN US O1 Page 61 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual 1 41 7 2 Documentation Ward documentation may consist of for example e ward instruction regarding a radioactive patient e a wrist band identifying the patient as radioactive or e notification of discharge or to suspend precautions Additional documentation that may be required if the patient is released under special approval e a letter explaining the treatment that has been given and relevant information for radiation protection or e a wristband that will identify them as being under treatment from a radioactive source This may be the same as the in patient wrist band Examples of these documents are included in Appendix 6 of this document The letter should be such that it may be given to a doctor or any relevant authority to explain the radioactive nature of the patient The content of the letter should be explained to the patient in appropriate terms As a general estimate the patient should wear the wristband until the implanted activity is of the order of 300MBq The wristband may include a contact number in case medical attention is required 1 41 7 3 Travel The patient should proceed directly home When the patient must travel by public transport the traveling time should not exceed that time in which an adjacent passenger would incur a dose of 1 10 MPD i e 100 uSv In practical terms 5 hours after implantation the dose rate at 0 5m from a
15. 20 Reduce amount of SIR Spheres by 40 gt 20 Do not give SIR Spheres microspheres The reduction in the activity implanted should be considered in light of the radiation dose that may be received by the tumor In some patients a reduction in activity of 20 may ensure the safety of the lung but no longer provide sufficient radiation to the tumor This will depend on the bulk of tumor being treated and the tumor to normal ratio of SIR Spheres microspheres deposition This can be determined from the nuclear medicine breakthrough scan in which the amount of MAA in the liver can be quantified into that in the tumor and that in the normal liver This may be difficult TRN US O1 Page 14 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual to determine in some patients with diffuse and or metastatic disease but can be clearly defined in many cases of primary disease Details of these determinations are covered under 7 7 Dose Calculations in the Implant Technique see Chapter 7 of this document 1 9 Normal Routine for Patients Receiving Treatment The following provides a typical outline of the normal routine for patients being considered for treatment with SIR Spheres microspheres Liver metastases are diagnosed either by discovery at surgery or as part of screening in the management of primary cancer at another site typically the bowel other abdominal organs breast or skin Alternatively the cancer is a primary in the liver The patient un
16. 3 no 4 pp 249 257 Gray B Van Hazel G Hope M Burton M Moroz P Anderson J amp Gebski V 2001 Randomised trial of SIR Spheres microspheres registered trademark plus chemotherapy vs chemotherapy alone for treating patients with liver metastases from primary large bowel cancer Annals of Oncology vol 12 no 12 pp 1711 1720 TRN US O1 Page 88 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual Gray B N Anderson J E Burton M A Van Hazel G Codde J Morgan C amp Klemp P 1992 Regression of liver metastases following treatment with yttrium 90 microspheres Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery vol 62 no 2 pp 105 110 Gray B N Burton M A Kelleher D K Anderson J amp Klemp P 1989 Selective internal radiation SIR therapy for treatment of liver metastases Measurement of response rate Journal of Surgical Oncology vol 42 no 3 pp 192 196 Gray B N Burton M A Kelleher D Klemp P amp Matz L 1990 Tolerance of the liver to the effects of Yttrium 90 radiation International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics vol 18 no 3 pp 619 623 Gray B Van Hazel G Blackwell A Anderson J Price D Daunt N Moroz P Bower G amp Cardaci J 2002 Randomised trial of SIR Spheres FU LV versus FU LV alone in advanced colorectal hepatic metastases Gullberg G T Huesman R H amp Malko J A 1985 An attenuated projector
17. 7 Implant Procedure in this document Organs adjacent to the liver may also receive radiation doses if microspheres are lodged on the periphery of the liver This may occur from microspheres scattered throughout the healthy liver or from a surface tumor in which case the radiation dose from the surface of the liver may be substantial The organ most likely affected by radiation from the liver is the GI tract and some radiation gastritis will occur in these patients Refer to the use of H blocking drugs under the Precautions section in this module The main cause of inappropriate radiation of the stomach or duodenum is as a result of inadvertent reflux of SIR Spheres microspheres into arteries supplying these tissues at the time of delivering the SIR Spheres microspheres into the hepatic artery This may occur for two reasons Firstly slowing of blood flow in the hepatic artery may result in embolisation of the capillary bed from the SIR Spheres microspheres and this may cause reflux of SIR Spheres microspheres into the gastro duodenal artery left gastric artery or splenic artery The second reason is because there are frequently small arteries coming from the left or right hepatic arteries that flow from the liver to the stomach and duodenum It is essential that SIR Spheres microspheres not be injected into any of these anomalous vessels as severe inflammation of the GI tract may result More distant organs do not receive radiation do
18. Chan K W Lee W Y Johnson P J amp Li A K C 1997 Tumour to normal uptake ratio of 90Y microspheres in hepatic cancer assessed with 99TCm macroaggregated albumin British Journal of Radiology vol 70 no AUG pp 823 828 Ho S Lau W Y Leung T W T Chan M Johnson P J amp Li A K C 1997 Clinical evaluation of the partition model for estimating radiation doses from yttrium 90 microspheres in the treatment of hepatic cancer European Journal of Nuclear Medicine vol 24 no 3 pp 293 298 Ho S Lau W Y Leung T W T amp Johnson P J 1998 Internal radiation therapy for patients with primary or metastatic hepatic cancer a review Cancer vol 83 no 9 pp 1894 1907 Ho S Johnson P J Leung W T amp Lau W Y 1999 Combating hepatocellular carcinoma with an integrated approach Chinese medical journal vol 112 no 1 pp 80 83 Ho S Lau J W Y Leung T W T Dancey J E amp Goin J 2001 Intrahepatic 90Y microspheres for hepatocellular carcinoma multiple letter Journal of Nuclear Medicine vol 42 no 10 pp 1587 1589 TRN US 01 Page 99 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual Houle S Yip T C K Shepherd F A Rotstein L E Sniderman K W Theis E Cawthorn R H amp Richmond Cox K 1989 Hepatocellular carcinoma Pilot trial of treatment with Y 90 microspheres Radiology vol 172 no 3 pp 857 860 Hui T E Fisher D R
19. F Herzog H Plag C Neumaier B Braun U Muller Gartner H W amp Stocklin G 1996 Radiation doses of yttrium 90 citrate and yttrium 90 EDTMP as determined via analogous yttrium 86 complexes and positron emission tomography European Journal of Nuclear Medicine vol 23 no 8 pp 958 966 Rosler H Triller J Baer H U Geiger L Beer H F Becker C amp Blumegart L H 1994 Superselective radioembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma 5 year results of a prospective study NuklearMedizin vol 33 no 5 pp 206 214 Salem R Lewandowski R Roberts C Goin J Thurston K Abouljoud M amp Courtney A 2004 Use of Yttrium 90 glass microspheres Therasphere for the treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with portal vein thrombosis Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology Vol 15 No 4 pp 335 345 Salem R Thurston K G Carr B I Goin J E amp Geschwind J F H 2002 Yttrium 90 microspheres Radiation therapy for unresectable liver cancer Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology vol 13 no 9 II p 223 S229 TRN US O1 Page 104 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual Sarfaraz M Kennedy A S Cao Z J Sackett G D Yu C X Lodge M A Murthy R Line B R amp Van Echo D A 2003 Physical aspects of yttrium 90 microsphere therapy for nonresectable hepatic tumors Medical Physics vol 30 no 2 pp 1
20. Trial documentation As much detail as possible should be supplied on this form Incidents or Serious Adverse Events may constitute a reportable item under the provisions of medical device reporting vigilance or other reporting legislation and must be reported within short time frames to maintain regulatory compliance All reports should be sent to Sirtex as soon as possible which allows faster corrective and preventive actions if necessary to avoid repetitive TRN US O1 Page 21 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual incidents It will also allow the company to fulfill its reporting obligations to regulatory authorities Incidents or adverse events may also be reported directly to regulatory bodies however if you report directly we do request that you please inform Sirtex simultaneously 1 12 2 General When the patient is treated with the proper technique without excessive radiation to any organ the common adverse events after receiving SIR Spheres microspheres are fever transient decrease in hemoglobin mild to moderate abnormality of liver function tests specifically a mild increase in SGOT alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin abdominal pain nausea vomiting and diarrhea The majority of adverse events are grade 1 and 2 toxicity as assessed by the UICC toxicity grading scale The adverse events experienced by patients receiving combination therapy of SIR Spheres microspheres with chemotherapy are similar to patients receiving che
21. Wharam M D Order S E Wanek P M Poggenburg J K amp Klein J L 1990 Targeting of human glioma xenografts in vivo utilizing radiolabeled antibodies International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics vol 18 no 6 pp 1367 1375 Wong C Y O Salem R Raman S Gates V L amp Dworkin H J 2002 Evaluating 90Y glass microsphere treatment response of unresectable colorectal liver metastases by 18F FDG pet A comparison with CT or MRI European Journal of Nuclear Medicine vol 29 no 6 pp 815 820 Wong J Y C Williams L E Yamauchi D M Odom Maryon T Esteban J M Neumaier M Wu A M Johnson D K Primus F J Shively J E amp Raubitschek A A 1995 Initial experience evaluating 90Yttrium radiolabeled anti carcinoembryonic antigen chimeric T84 66 in a Phase I radioimmunotherapy trial Cancer Research vol 55 no 23 SUPPL pp 5929s 5934s Wong J Y C Chu D Z Yamauchi D M Williams L E Liu A Wilcyzynski S Wu A M Shively J E Doroshow J H amp Raubitschek A A 2000 A phase I radioimmunotherapy trial evaluating 90Yttrium labeled anti carcinoembryonic antigen CEA chimeric T84 66 in patients with metastatic CEA producing malignancies Clinical Cancer Research vol 6 no 10 pp 3855 3863 Wu W Y Guo W J amp Chang G 2003 Effect of CAO released from MS CAO on human hepatoma cell line SMMC 7721 World Chinese Journal of
22. Y Leung W T Ho S Leung N W Y Chan M Lin J Metreweli C Johnson P amp Li A K C 1994 Treatment of inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma with intrahepatic arterial yttrium 90 microspheres A phase I and II study British Journal of Cancer vol 70 no 5 pp 994 999 Lau W Y Leung T W T Leung K L Ho S Leung N Chan M Lin J amp Li A K C 1994 Cytoreductive surgery for hepatocellular carcinoma Surgical Oncology vol 3 no 3 pp 161 166 Lau W Y Leung T W T Ho S Chan M Leung N W Y Lin J Metrewelli C amp Li A K C 1994 Diagnostic pharmaco scintigraphy with hepatic intra arterial technetium 99m macroaggregated albumin in the determination of tumour to non tumour uptake ratio in hepatocellular carcinoma British Journal of Radiology vol 67 no 794 pp 136 139 Lau W Y Ho S Leung T W T Chan M Ho R Johnson P J amp Li A K C 1998 Selective internal radiation therapy for nonresectable hepatocellular carcinoma with intraarterial infusion of 90yttrium microspheres International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics vol 40 no 3 pp 583 592 Lau W Y Ho S Leung W T Chan M Lee W Y amp Johnson P J 2001 What determines survival duration in hepatocellular carcinoma treated with intraarterial yttrium 90 microspheres Hepato Gastroenterology vol 48 no 38 pp 338 340 Lau W Y Ho S K W Yu
23. Yttrium 90 Microspheres SIR Spheres microspheres are radioactive microspheres The intended use of these microspheres is to implant them into malignant hepatic tumors via a catheter placed into the hepatic artery The microspheres lodge preferentially within the vasculature of liver tumors with minimal amounts lodging in the normal liver parenchyma and smaller amounts again distributing to other organs particularly the lung The microspheres when implanted into the liver tumors deliver tumoricidal doses of radiation SIR Spheres microspheres exploit the dominance of hepatic arterial blood flow to tumor tissue Hepatic tissue receives the majority of blood flow from the portal vein with very little from the hepatic artery Conversely flow to tumor tissue is almost exclusively from the hepatic artery By placing the microspheres via the hepatic artery they are preferentially delivered to tumor tissue while sparing healthy tissue The vascularity of small tumors tends to be uniform but as tumor size increases the blood supply predominantly services the actively growing rim of the tumor with the centre becoming a necrotic core of predominantly avascular tissue The microspheres will distribute to the actively growing rim and provide radiation with an average range of 2 5mm This will irradiate the majority of viable cells in the identified tumor and micro infiltrations in the tissue immediately adjacent to the tumor There will be minimal radiati
24. a lead pot this provides shielding The shipping vial should remain in the lead pot at all times except when being transferred to and from the dose calibrator The vial should always be handled with tongs The v vial into which the patient dose is dispensed should be placed into a lead pot in advance of the transfer of microspheres and placed in close proximity to the shipping vial pot to reduce the distance of transfer and maximize the shielding The crimp of the shipping vial may be partially removed so that only sufficient septum to allow piercing with the needle need be exposed and the aluminum crimp provides additional shielding TRN US O1 Page 55 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual A venting needle 25 gauge should be inserted into the side of the dispensing vial to ensure that there is no pressure in the system Once the microspheres have been drawn into the syringe and the needle is clear of the slurry a slight pull back on the plunger to remove slurry from the needle will reduce the chance of a drop of fluid dripping during transfer The transfer should be undertaken as fast as possible commensurate with accuracy and safety A venting needle 25 gauge should be inserted into the side of the dispensing vial to equilibrate pressure Once the microspheres have been transferred into the v vial the needle should be raised above the fluid line to allow the pressure in the vial to equilibrate This reduces the chance of a small dro
25. backprojector for iterative SPECT reconstruction Physics in Medicine and Biology vol 30 no 8 pp 799 816 Halley S Walker T Gray B N Tan L amp Burton M A 2000 Microsphere distribution within a metastatic liver tumour following selective internal radiation therapy GI Cancer vol 3 no 3 pp 193 197 Herba M J Illescas F F Thirlwell M P Boos G J Rosenthall L Atri M amp Bret P M 1988 Hepatic malignancies Improved treatment with intraarterial Y 90 Radiology vol 169 no 2 pp 311 314 Herba M J amp Thirlwell M P 2002 Radioembolization for hepatic metastases Seminars in Oncology vol 29 no 2 pp 152 159 Houle S Yip T C K Shepherd F A Rotstein L E Sniderman K W Theis E Cawthorn R H amp Richmond Cox K 1989 Hepatocellular carcinoma Pilot trial of treatment with Y 90 microspheres Radiology vol 172 no 3 pp 857 860 Kawashita M 2002 In situ therapy of deep seated cancer by radioactive microspheres Nippon Hoshasen Gijutsu Gakkai zasshi vol 58 no 5 pp 585 591 Kennedy A Nutting C Coldwell D Gaiser J Drachenberg C 2004 Pathologic response and microdosimetry of 90Y microspheres in man review of four explanted whole livers International journal of Radiation Oncology Biology and Physics Vol 60 No 5 pp 1552 1563 Lim L Gibbs P Yip D Shapiro J D Dowling R Smith D Little A Ba
26. e Excessive radiation to the normal liver parenchyma may result in radiation hepatitis e Inadvertent delivery of SIR Spheres microspheres to the gall bladder may result in cholecystitis 1 11 5 Precautions There are no studies on the safety and effectiveness of SIR Spheres microspheres in pregnant women nursing mothers or children Due to the radioactivity of this device and the significant consequences of incorrect placement of the microspheres doctors should not implant this product without adequate training in the handling and implantation technique for this device Sirtex Medical recommends a SPECT scan of the upper abdomen be performed immediately after implantation of SIR Spheres microspheres The SPECT scan will detect the Bremsstrahlung radiation from the yttrium 90 to confirm placement of the microspheres in the liver All persons handling dispensing and implanting this device must be familiar with and abide by all Local State and Federal regulatory requirements governing therapeutic radioactive materials Accepted radiation protection techniques should be used to protect staff when handling both the isotope and the patient Some patients may experience gastric problems following treatment with SIR Spheres microspheres but H 2 blocking agents may be used the day before implantation and continued as needed to reduce gastric complications SIR Spheres microspheres demonstrated a mild sensitization potential when tested dermally
27. gloves and swabs for the shipping vial septum These should be considered contaminated and handled according to the facility procedures The syringe shield and pots are recyclable and should be decayed and washed Forceps may also require decay before cleaning Protective clothing should be routinely monitored for contamination and handled appropriately TRN US O1 Page 56 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual 1 40 6 Radiation and the Implantation Procedure 1 40 6 1 Procedures Related to Radiation Safety during Implantation Equipment used to perform the implant should be positioned close to the patient Additional instrument and procedure requirements such as swabs and closures should be as close as necessary Receptacles for contaminated disposable or recoverable items should also be conveniently placed to reduce the risk of spreading contamination Such receptacles should be clearly labeled as radioactive and either recoverable or disposable Standard nursing procedures require reconciliation of all materials used during the procedure and collection of contaminated items must accommodate the reconciliation without unnecessary exposure particularly to the hands of staff Handling of all actual or potentially contaminated materials should be with forceps This includes the transfemoral catheter that is removed after the procedure Double gloving is recommended 1 40 6 2 Equipment Related to Radiation Safety during Implantation Th
28. not described in any of the normal anatomy texts and are easily mistaken for small liver arteries There are specific cases of an accessory right gastric artery originating from the left hepatic artery and passing in the gastro hepatic omentum back to the lesser curvature of the stomach These abnormalities must be fully visualized to ensure that the majority of SIR Spheres microspheres will be reliably delivered to the tumor Furthermore the presence of small arteries leading from the main hepatic arteries to other organs must be identified if present and avoided or blocked during implant to prevent unintentional irradiation of abdominal organs If the implanting physician cannot assure that the vascular anatomy will result in the required placement of microspheres then SIR Spheres microspheres should not be implanted 1 16 Dealing with Abnormalities of Liver Vascular Anatomy If there is a dual arterial supply to the liver then each artery will have to be separately catheterized to implant the SIR Spheres microspheres if there is tumor in both lobes If there is tumor in only one lobe then SIR Spheres microspheres need only be implanted into that side of the liver For example if all the tumors were in the right lobe of the liver and there was an accessory right hepatic artery arising from the superior mesenteric artery then delivering the SIR Spheres microspheres into this accessory right hepatic artery would deliver all the radiation to th
29. nuclear medicine vol 32 no 2 pp 148 155 Von Mehren M amp Weiner L M 1996 Monoclonal antibody based therapy Current Opinion in Oncology vol 8 no 6 pp 493 498 Vriesendorp H M Quadri S M Stinson R L Onyekwere O C Shao S Y Klein J L Leichner P K amp Williams J R 1992 Selection of reagents for human radioimmunotherapy International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics vol 22 no 1 pp 37 45 Vriesendorp H M Shao Y Blum J E Quadri S M amp Williams J R 1993 Fractionated intravenous administration of 90Y labeled B72 3 GYK DTPA immunoconjugate in beagle dogs Nuclear Medicine and Biology vol 20 no 5 pp 571 578 White C A Halpern S E Parker B A Miller R A Hupf H B Shawler D L Collins H A amp Royston I 1996 Radioimmunotherapy of relapsed B cell lymphoma with yttrium 90 anti idiotype monoclonal antibodies B ood vol 87 no 9 pp 3640 3649 Wickremesekera J K Cannan R J amp Stubbs R S 2000 Hepatic artery access ports Recognizing and avoiding the problems Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery vol 70 no 7 pp 496 502 Wilder R B DeNardo G L amp DeNardo S J 1996 Radioimmunotherapy Recent results and future directions Journal of Clinical Oncology vol 14 no 4 pp 1383 1400 TRN US O1 Page 106 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual Williams J A Wessels B W
30. the lungs The Agent used is Technetium 99 labeled MAA Macro Aggregated Albumin at a dose of 150MBq Any large field of view gamma camera can be used In preparation for the scan the patient needs to have a surgically implanted port or trans femoral catheter placed in the hepatic artery After a qualified medical practitioner injects the Technetium 99 labeled MAA into the port or catheter the patient is positioned supine under the gamma camera and the images recorded Analogue Anterior and posterior images of planar abdomen and thorax Measure 700K 1000 K cts for abdomen and same time for thorax Right lateral Abdomen same time acquisition as for Anterior Digital 4 frames 300 frame 64 x 64 matrix Word mode Image anterior and posterior abdomen Image anterior and posterior thorax To analyze the data draw Region Of Interest around whole of liver and whole of lung fields Calculate G mean for liver region and lung region Then calculate Lung Liver ratio If percentage lung shunting is gt 10 then there is need for dose reduction of SIR Spheres microspheres TRN US O1 Page 65 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual APPENDIX 2 TABLE OF TOXICITY FROM PHASE 3 HAC TRIAL Grade 1 and 2 Grade 3 and 4 FUDR SIR FUDR SIR Events FUDR Spheres FUDR Spheres microspheres microspheres Haemoglobin 4 5 l 0 Bilirubin 7 2 0 l AST SGOT 110 109 14 7 Alk Phos 90 188 5
31. the spill pack may be prepared as two standard boxes of materials for the implant procedure TRN US O1 Page 57 of 110 General Box Box 1 Sirtex Medical Training Manual Item Purpose Radiation Monitor Check surfaces equipment and personnel for possible contamination Single use Materials e Plastic bags Receive waste e Absorbent Plastic Backed Pads Place under all equipment or containers to contain any spills e Paper hand towels General use e Disposable cups with lids Received used materials during the procedure transfer to appropriate containers after stock take e Gauze swabs General use e Sterile disposable gloves General use Trefoil Tape and Pens Labeling containers with contaminated materials tape and for labeling disposables and recoverables containers Containers to Collect Waste e Baskets Lined with plastic bags for collection of all used items except instruments and sharps Generally have two one for disposables one for recoverables e Rigid containers For collection of sharps and instruments Generally have a dedicated sharps container and another for recoverable instruments Disposable Plastic Sheet Place on the floor under the trolley with the delivery apparatus on it Allows rapid and safe removal of any spill on the floor during the procedure Decon 1 10 Dilution General cleaner for wiping surfaces during room
32. to the tumor that is associated with protection of normal tissue from radiation damage For this method to be utilized the following must be identified e the main tissue compartments these being tumor normal liver and lung e the amount of implanted activity that partitions to each of the compartments e pre determined acceptable radiation doses to these compartments In clinical practice the Partition Model can only be used where the tumor mass is localized in a discrete area within the liver and the tumor can be drawn as an area of interest on a SPECT camera image This is usually only possible for patients with Primary Hepatocellular Carcinoma HCC where there is often a large single tumor mass In contrast patients with metastatic disease usually have multiple areas of metastatic spread that often precludes drawing areas of interest that define the tumor and normal parenchymal compartments The lung compartment is readily identifiable Identification of the two liver compartments the lung and the amount of implanted activity that partitions into each of them is determined by using a technetium 99m tracer dose injected via the hepatic artery The distribution of the technetium 99m is a reliable clinical predictor of SIR Spheres microspheres distribution and hence radiation dose to each compartment This scan the nuclear medicine break through scan is performed in all patients to determine the percentage of the dose that shu
33. with advanced liver tumors following selective internal radiation therapy SIRT with 90Yttrium microspheres International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics vol 49 no 4 pp 1015 1021 Willmott N Daly J Gray B N 1994 Perspectives in the management of liver metastases in microspheres and regional cancer therapy Willmott N and Daly J Editors CRC Press Inc 1994 pp 229 235 Wollner I Knutsen C Smith P Prieskorn D Chrisp C Andrews J Juni J Warber S Klevering J Crudup J amp Ensminger W 1988 Effects of hepatic arterial yttrium 90 glass microspheres in dogs Cancer vol 61 no 7 pp 1336 1344 Wollner I S Knutsen C A amp Ullrich K A 1987 Effects of hepatic arterial yttrium 90 microsphere administration alone and combined with regional bromodeoxyuridine infusion in dogs Cancer Research vol 47 no 12 pp 3285 3290 Wong C Y 2002 Evaluating 90Y glass microsphere treatment response of unresectable colorectal liver metastases by 18F FDG PET a comparison with CT or MRI Eur J Nuci Med Mol Imaging vol 29 no 6 pp 815 820 Yan Z P Lin G Zhao H Y amp Dong Y H 1993 An experimental study and clinical pilot trials on yttrium 90 glass microspheres through the hepatic artery for treatment of primary liver cancer Cancer vol 72 no 11 pp 3210 3215 Yip D Allen R Ashton C amp Jain S 2004 Radiation induced ulceration of th
34. 0 Sirtex Medical Training Manual 1 31 3 Patient Monitoring 1 31 3 1 Access Ports If an access port has been implanted weekly flushing with heparinized saline is the only maintenance required TRN US O1 Page 44 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual RADIATION 1 32 Radiation Regulation SIR Spheres microspheres are radioactive and hence are subject to regulations regarding receipt storage handling use and disposal SIR Spheres microspheres can only be provided to facilities complying with the relevant regulations The body responsible for regulatory control of radioactive materials varies in each jurisdiction hence it is only possible to provide general guidance on the requirements The relevant local authorities should be consulted to determine the regulatory requirements for handling SIR Spheres microspheres For example in the USA the Nuclear Regulatory Commission NRC is responsible for radiation controls and the regulations are in Title 10 part 35 of the Code of Federal Regulations In the European Union the Euratoms are the series of regulations that pertain to radiation controls required in various settings All persons involved in any aspect of handling storing or disposing of SIR Spheres microspheres must be familiar with and abide by all Local State and Federal regulatory requirements governing therapeutic radioactive materials If any Sirtex general recommendations conflict with local regulations pertaining to hand
35. 0 Sirtex Medical Training Manual 1 7 4 Arteriovenous Shunting A feature of the neoplastic vasculature within tumors is the formation of arteriovenous anastomoses or shunts Such shunts are more common in primary liver tumors than in metastatic disease from large bowel however there will always be a degree of shunting or breakthrough from the arteriolar to the venous circulation Shunts allow microspheres to directly enter the venous return by bypassing the terminal arterioles in the tumor This will deposit the shunted microspheres into the lung resulting in potential radiation damage At low levels the amount of radiation shunted to the lung is clinically benign and acceptable in relation to the potential benefit in any given patient The degree of shunting to the lung must be assessed before considering use of SIR Spheres microspheres The determination of the amount of radiation that will shunt to the lung may require that there be a modification to the radiation implanted and at a certain level precludes use of SIR Spheres microspheres Patients with gt 20 pulmonary shunting should not be treated See Table in Section 4 3 of this document for further information Radiation damage to the lung is cumulative Repeated use of SIR Spheres microspheres may lead to radiation pneumonitis This is particularly likely with large doses of radiation to primary tumors which generally have greater lung shunting than metastatic tumors The percenta
36. 14 Nausea vomiting 5 13 2 1 Diarrhoea 3 0 Total 222 320 23 23 Unpublished source data on file at Sirtex E Gray B Van Hazel G Hope M Burton M Moroz P Anderson J Gebski V Randomised trial of SIR Spheres microspheres plus chemotherapy vs chemotherapy alone for treating patients with liver metastases from primary large bowel cancer Annals of Oncology 2001 12 1711 1720 TRN US 01 Page 66 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual APPENDIX 3 TABLE OF TOXICITY FOR PHASE 2 IV TRIAL Grade 3 and 4 5 Fluorouracil Leucovorin SIR Events 5 Fluorouracil Leucovorin Spheres microspheres Liver Abscess 0 1 Cirrhosis 0 1 Anorexia l 0 Nausea vomiting l 1 Diarrhoea l 2 Granulocytopenia 0 3 Mucositis l 4 Gastritis l 1 Total 5 13 Source ASCO Presentation by Sirtex 2002 TRN US 01 Page 67 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual APPENDIX 4 RADIATION DOSIMETRY AND EFFECTS App 4 1 Point Source Beta Radiation Radiation dosimetry from implanted point source beta radiation is complex because it requires precise knowledge of the distribution of the radiation sources the overall activity implanted and the penetration depth of beta radiation in the various implanted and adjacent tissues The beta radiation dose to a point in tissue at a given distance from a point source of yttrium 90 may be arrived at for example by the application of empirically derived equations propo
37. 1989 Hepatic arterial chemotherapy for primary and metastatic liver cancers Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology vol 23 no SUPPL p S68 S73 Erbe E M amp Day D E 1993 Chemical durability of Y2O3 Al1203 SiO2 glasses for the in vivo delivery of beta radiation Journal Of Biomedical Materials Research vol 27 no 10 pp 1301 1308 Fox R A Klemp P F B Egan G Mina L L Burton M A amp Gray B N 1991 Dose distribution following selective internal radiation therapy International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics vol 21 no 2 pp 463 467 Georgiades C S Ramsey D E Solomon S amp Geschwind J F H 2001 New nonsurgical therapies in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma Techniques in Vascular and Interventional Radiology vol 4 no 3 pp 193 199 Grady E D Auda S P amp Cheek W V 1981 Vasoconstrictors to improve localization of radioactive microspheres in the treatment of liver cancer JOURNAL OF THE MEDICAL ASSOCIATION OF GEORGIA vol 70 no 11 pp 791 795 Grady E D McLaren J Auda S P amp McGinley P H 1983 Combination of internal radiation therapy and hyperthermia to treat liver cancer Southern Medical Journal vol 76 no 9 pp 1101 1105 Gray B Van Hazel G Buck M Paton G Burton M amp Anderson J 2000 Treatment of colorectal liver metastases with SIR Spheres microspheres plus chemotherapy GI Cancer vol
38. 2 no 6 pp 1300 1302 Liu L X Zhang W H amp Jiang H C 2003 Current treatment for liver metastases from colorectal cancer World Journal of Gastroenterology vol 9 no 2 pp 193 200 Liu M D Uaje M B Al Ghazi M S Fields D Herman J Kuo J V Milne N Nguyen T H Ramsinghani N S Tokita K M Tsai F Y Vajert D J amp Imagawa DK 2004 Use of Yttrium 90 Therasphere for the treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma American Surgeon Vol 70 No 11 pp 947 953 Marn C S Andrews J C Francis I R Hollett M D Walker S C amp Ensminger W D 1993 Hepatic parenchymal changes after intraarterial Y 90 therapy CT findings Radiology vol 187 no 1 pp 125 128 McMutrick P J amp Nelson H 1997 Liver directed therapies for gastrointestinal malignancies Current Opinion in Oncology vol 9 no 4 pp 367 372 McStay M K G amp Caplin M E 2002 Carcinoid tumour Minerva Medica vol 93 no 5 pp 389 401 TRN US 01 Page 102 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual Mehta M P Kubsad S S Fowler J F Verma A K Hsieh J T amp Kinsella T J 1990 90Y B72 3 against pancreatic cancer dosimetric and biological analysis International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics vol 19 no 3 pp 627 631 Meredith R F LoBuglio A F amp Spencer E B 1997 Recent progress in radioimmunotherapy for cancer ONCOLOGY
39. 333 Keng G H W Sundram F X Yu S W K Somanesan S Premaraj J Oon C J Kwok R amp Htoo M M 2002 Preliminary experience in radionuclide therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma using hepatic intra arterial radio conjugates Annals of the Academy of Medicine Singapore vol 31 no 3 pp 382 386 Keng G H W amp Sundram F X 2003 Radionuclide therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma Annals of the Academy of Medicine Singapore vol 32 no 4 pp 518 524 Klein J L Nguyen T H Laroque P Kopher K A Williams J R Wessels B W Dillehay L E Frincke J Order S E amp Leichner P K 1989 Yttrium 90 and iodine 131 radioimmunoglobulin therapy of an experimental human hepatoma Cancer Research vol 49 no 22 pp 6383 6389 Klemp P 1989 Aspects of radiation protection during the treatment of liver cancer using yttrium 90 labeled microspheres Radiation Protection in Australia Vol 7 p 70 73 TRN US 01 Page 100 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual Knox S J Goris M L Trisler K Negrin R Davis T Liles T M Grillo Lopez A Varns C Ning S C Fowler S Deb N Becker M Marquez C amp Levy R 1996 Yttrium 90 labeled anti CD20 monoclonal antibody therapy of recurrent B cell lymphoma C nical Cancer Research vol 2 no 3 pp 457 470 Kreitman R J 2002 Recombinant fusion toxins for cancer treatment Expert Opinion on Biological
40. 6 no 3 pp 133 139 Stubbs R S Cannan R J Mitchell A W amp Alwan M H 1999 An initial experience with selective internal radiation therapy SIRT for non resectable colorectal liver metastases GI Cancer vol 3 no 2 pp 135 143 Thamboo T P Tan K B Wang S C amp Salto Tellez M 2003 Extra hepatic embolisation of Y 90 microspheres from selective internal radiation therapy SIRT of the liver 3 Pathology vol 35 no 4 pp 351 353 Tian J H Xu B X Zhang J M Dong B W Liang P amp Wang X D 1996 Ultrasound guided internal radiotherapy using yttrium 90 glass microspheres for liver malignancies see comments Journal of Nuclear Medicine vol 37 no 6 pp 958 963 Van Hazel G Blackwell A Anderson J Price D Moroz P Bower G Cardaci G Gray B 2004 Randomised phase 2 trial of SIR Spheres plus Fluorouracil Leucovorin chemotherapy versus Fluorouracil Leucovorin chemotherapy alone in advanced colorectal cancer Journal of Surgical Oncology vol 88 pp 78 85 Wickremesekera J K Cannan R J amp Stubbs R S 2000 Hepatic artery access ports Recognizing and avoiding the problems Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery vol 70 no 7 pp 496 502 TRN US O1 Page 91 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual Wickremesekera J K Chen W Cannan R J amp Stubbs R S 2001 Serum proinflammatory cytokine response in patients
41. 99 203 R Borchmann P Schulz H amp Engert A 2002 Current strategies of antibody based treatment in Hodgkin s disease Annals of Oncology vol 13 no SUPPL 1 pp 57 66 Shepherd F A Rotstein L E Houle S Yip T C K Paul K amp Sniderman K W 1992 A phase I dose escalation trial of yttrium 90 microspheres in the treatment of primary hepatocellular carcinoma Cancer vol 70 no 9 pp 2250 2254 Stolz B Smith Jones P Albert R Weckbecker G amp Bruns C 1999 New somatostatin analogues for radiotherapy of somatostatin receptor expressing tumours Italian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology vol 31 no SUPPL 2 p 224 S226 Sundram F X Yu S W Jeong J M Somanesan S Premaraj J Saw M M amp Tan B S 2001 188rhenium TDD lipiodol in treatment of inoperable primary hepatocellular carcinoma a case report Annals of the Academy of Medicine Singapore vol 30 no 5 pp 542 545 Szeto C C Wong T Y H Leung C B Leung T W T Wang A Y M Lui S F amp Li P K T 2001 Selective internal radiation therapy by yttrium 90 microspheres for hepatocellular carcinoma after renal transplantation C nical Transplantation vol 15 no 4 pp 284 288 Tempero M Leichner P Baranowska Kortylewicz J Harrison K Augustine S Schlom J Anderson J Wisecarver J amp Colcher D 2000 High dose therapy with 90yttrium labeled monoclon
42. A Van Buskirk M Roberts C A and Goin J E 2004 Yttrium 90 Microspheres for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma Gastroenterology vol 127 No 5 pp194 205 Giannopoulou C 2003 The role of SPET and PET in monitoring tumour response to therapy European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging vol 30 no 8 pp 1173 1200 Gibril F amp Jensen R T 2001 Pancreatic endocrine tumors Recent insights C inical Perspectives in Gastroenterology vol 4 no 1 pp 19 29 Goin J Salem R Carr B I Dancey J E Soulen M C Geschwind J F Goin K Van Buskirk M amp Thurston K 2005 Treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma with intrahepatic yttrium 90 microspheres a risk stratification analysis Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology 2005 Vol 16 No 2 pp 195 203 Goin J Salem R Carr B I Dancey J E Soulen M C Geschwind J F Goin K Van Buskirk M amp Thurston K 2005 Treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma with intrahepatic yttrium 90 microspheres Factors associated with liver toxicities Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology 2005 Vol 16 No 2 pp 205 213 TRN US O1 Page 98 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual Grady E D McLaren J Auda S P amp McGinley P H 1983 Combination of internal radiation therapy and hyperthermia to treat liver cancer Southern Medical Journal vol 76 no 9 p
43. Digestology vol 11 no 3 pp 260 263 Xiao Hai J 1996 Development of the radiopharmaceuticals for interventional tumor therapy in China Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry vol 206 no 1 pp 17 27 Yan Z P Lin G Zhao H Y amp Dong Y H 1993 An experimental study and clinical pilot trials on yttrium 90 glass microspheres through the hepatic artery for treatment of primary liver cancer Cancer vol 72 no 11 pp 3210 3215 Yorke E D Jackson A Fox R A Wessels B W amp Gray B N 1999 Can current models explain the lack of liver complications in Y 90 microsphere therapy Cinical Cancer Research vol 5 no 10 SUPPL pp 3024s 3030s Dosimetry References 1 Radiotherapy Physics in Practice Eds JR Williams and DI Thwaites Oxford Medical Publications Oxford University Press Inc New York 1993 256 257 R Loevinger in Radiation Dosimetry Hike and Brownhill 693 716 3 Stabin MG MIRDOSE Personal computer software for internal dose assessment in nuclear medicine J Nucl Med 1996 37 538 546 4 Yorke ED Jackson A Fox RA Wessels BW Gray BN Can current models explain the lack of liver complications in Y 90 microsphere therapy Clin Cancer Res Suppl 1999 5 3024s 3030s 5 Campbell AM Bailey IH Burton MA Analysis of the distribution of intra arterial microspheres in human liver following hepatic yttrium 90 microsphere therapy Phys Med Biol 2000 45 1023 1033 TR
44. Dosimet ry cscccccscsccssssscecsssccsccccesccesesscssscccsscccsssccsssscessscssesccesescesssssesssseeses 23 4 9 1 Point Source Beta Radiation cccecccsccesecssscesscsesceeeceeeeeeseeeseesseceseceseeneeseeeseeeseeeeaes 23 4 9 2 MIRD and the Partition Modelo ee ecccecscessseeceeeeeeceeeecaecnaecesecnseeseeseeseeeeeneeags 24 4 9 3 Empirical Models for Treatment Planning ceccceccseesseeseeeseeeseeeneecnseseeeeseeseneeaes 24 4 10 Radiological Work up Prior to SIR Spheres Microspheres Implant ccsscccsseseee 24 CHAPTER 5 HEPATIC VASCULAR ANATOMY ssessssessersseseerosseseescsossesoerosoesesossosseseeessossee 25 5 1 Variations in Arterial Blood Supply to the Liver csssssssscssscsccccesccesescerssecseecssesees 25 5 2 Dealing with Abnormalities of Liver Vascular Anatom y scsscssscsssccsssssssreseosseoees 27 CHAPTER 6 DOSE PREPARATION PROCEDURE cscssssssssscssecessssssesscrscssseeneeseseseens 28 6 1 Dose Calibrator Calibration esssessessessosseesoeseesoesosseesoesessoesoessecoosseeeoesessoesosssesoesseesorseseoesee 28 6 2 DoS Preparation siccsccicesssssoncscocccennscoevnssonsecconscaseascoscnscoveseqsusscesaccovbssssnssesacecsuncdsennssonenoseunseses 29 6 3 Preparation of an Individual Patient Radiation Dose ssccscccccscssssecssseesssceseeseesees 29 6 4 Activity Calculations c cccsccsecesssssesssonnnecevsssosessosnnaceasedssssoansaceeeseddessesnascecesssse
45. I H amp Burton M A 2001 Tumour dosimetry in human liver following hepatic yttrium 90 microsphere therapy Physics in Medicine and Biology vol 46 no 2 pp 487 498 TRN US O1 Page 87 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual Cao X He N Sun J Tan J Zhang C Yang J Lu T amp Li J 1999 Hepatic radioembolization with Yttrium 90 glass microspheres for treatment of primary liver cancer Chinese medical journal vol 112 no 5 pp 430 432 Chamberlain M N Gray B N Heggie J C Chmiel R L amp Bennett R C 1983 Hepatic metastases a physiological approach to treatment British Journal of Surgery vol 70 no 10 pp 596 598 Dancey J E Shepherd F A Paul K Sniderman K W Houle S Gabrys J Hendler A L amp Goin J E 2000 Treatment of nonresectable hepatocellular carcinoma with intrahepatic 90Y microspheres Journal of Nuclear Medicine vol 41 no 10 pp 1673 1681 Dong B W Liang P amp Jing X H 1994 Combined treatment of hepatic carcinoma percutaneous intratumoral injection of Y 90 glass treatment microspheres with sonographic guidance Chung Hua I Hsueh Tsa Chih Chinese Medical Journal vol 74 no 8 pp 471 473 517 Ehrhardt G J amp Day D E 1987 Therapeutic use of 90Y microspheres International Journal Of Radiation Applications And Instrumentation Part B Nuclear Medicine And Biology vol 14 no 3 pp 233 242 Ensminger W
46. ION HYGIENE Wrist Band to be worn Patient is permitted to use ensuite shower and toilet The sluice room may be used flush sluice twice Inspect dressing as required If seepage is evident inform Doctor in Charge and Medical Physics NURSING For special nursing instructions consult MOVEMENT Restrict to bed space CONTAMINATION INSTRUCTIONS LINEN VISITORS Patient must be dressed in For psychological reasons it is suggested that Hospital clothes children and pregnant females do not visit The dressing may be Other visitors may be allowed at the discretion of radioactive the Nurse in Charge of the ward Wear gloves when attending EMERGENCY the patient and store for If further monitoring by the Physicist in Charge Keep only patently soiled linen BODY FLUIDS Body fluids are likely to be only slightly radioactive Wear gloves and dispose of as under linen RELAXATION OF PRECAUTIONS Earliest Date for relaxing precautions When notified by the Physicist in Charge intervention becomes necessary the Medical Physicist must be informed immediately at all hours Telephone after hours Earliest date for discharge After this date at the discretion of the Doctor in Charge TRN US O1 Page 73 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual Sample Patient Wrist Band PATIENT UNDER Procedure For information call TREATMENT WITH eee e eee ene RADIOISOTOPE Isotope Sample Notification of Discharge or to Suspend Precauti
47. N US 01 Page 107 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual 6 Kennedy A Nutting C Coldwell D Gaiser J Drachenberg C 2004 Pathologic response and microdosimetry of 90Y microspheres in man review of four explanted whole livers International journal of Radiation Oncology Biology and Physics Vol 60 No 5 pp 1552 1563 Dose Calibrator Reference 1 Salako QA DeNardo SJ Radioassay of yttrium 90 radiation using the radionuclide dose calibrator J Nucl Med 1997 38 5 723 726 TRN US O1 Page 108 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual APPENDIX 16 Use Of Sir Spheres In Patients With Impaired Liver Function Note to U S Physicians The use of SIR Spheres discussed herein has not been approved by the Food and Drug Administration and is provided to U S physicians for educational purposes only Your attention is directed to the U S prescribing information for SIR Spheres which may be obtained from the Sirtex Medical office any member of staff or from the website at www sirtex com Many patients who develop primary hepatocellular carcinoma HCC have pre existing cirrhosis and impaired liver function As treatment of HCC with Selective Internal Radiation Therapy SIRT has been shown to be an effective treatment for non resectable HCC many of these patients are candidates for treatment with SIRT however there are precautions which should be used when using SIR Spheres microspheres in patients with cirrhosis and ot
48. Prime all tubes with water for injection see below This is done with covers left on needles to maintain sterility 10 1 Note that there are one way valves fitted to the tubes B and D to prevent any possibility of SIR Spheres microspheres being injected back into either of the syringes 10 2 To enable flushing of all tubes with water for injection partially disengage the Stopcock Control Knob to allow more than the limited one quarter turn This requires the safety bar on the shaft of the Stopcock Control Knob to be just free of the limiting notch while still being engaged enough to control the 3 way stopcock handle 10 3 In order to prime the tube from the 3 way stopcock to the Long Needle labeled C rotate the Stopcock Control Knob 90 counter clockwise 9 o clock position past the normal limit to allow water to flow through the 3 way stopcock into tube C This is the only time it is recommended to disengage the Stopcock Control Knob by pulling it out slightly to allow full rotation 10 4 Re engage the Stopcock Control Knob fully so that it is limited to one quarter turn Place the V Vial Holder that contains the V Vial with the SIR Spheres microspheres into the Retaining Ring in the Delivery Box Swab the V Vial septum and the sides of the hole in the top of the V Vial Holder with alcohol Care must be taken when inserting needles not to contaminate them If contamination occurs then discard Delivery Se
49. Radiology Conference New Orleans LA Abstract 42 Ho S Lau W Y Leung T W T Chan M Near Y K Johnson P J amp Li A K C 1996 Partition model for estimating radiation doses from yttrium 90 microspheres in treating hepatic tumours European Journal of Nuclear Medicine vol 23 no 8 pp 947 952 Ho S Lau W Y Leung T W T Chan M Chan K W Lee W Y Johnson P J amp Li A K C 1997 Tumour to normal uptake ratio of 90Y microspheres in hepatic cancer assessed with 99TCm macroageregated albumin British Journal of Radiology vol 70 no AUG pp 823 828 Ho S Lau W Y amp Leung W T 1997 Ultrasound guided internal radiotherapy using yttrium 90 glass microspheres for liver malignancies letter comment Journal of Nuclear Medicine vol 38 no 7 pp 1169 1170 Ho S Lau W Y Leung T W T Chan M Johnson P J amp Li A K C 1997 Clinical evaluation of the partition model for estimating radiation doses from yttrium 90 microspheres in the treatment of hepatic cancer European Journal of Nuclear Medicine vol 24 no 3 pp 293 298 Ho S Johnson P J Leung W T amp Lau W Y 1999 Combating hepatocellular carcinoma with an integrated approach Chinese medical journal vol 112 no 1 pp 80 83 Ho S Lau W Y amp Leung W T 2001 Comments on Hepatic radioembolization with yttrium 90 glass microspheres for treatment of primary liver ca
50. Sirtex Medical Training Manual SIRTeX SIR Spheres Training Program Physicians and Institutions SIRTEX MEDICAL LIMITED PO Box 760 North Ryde NSW 1670 Australia Tel 61 2 9936 1400 Fax 61 2 9936 1404 SIRTEX MEDICAL Inc 1401 N Western Ave Lake Forest Illinois 60045 USA Tel 1 847 482 9023 Fax 1 847 234 2115 www sirtex com Email sirtex sirtex com SIR Spheres is a Registered Trademark of Sirtex Medical Limited TRN US 01 Page 1 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW sides ivssssiss succcehensnencesenssscxensessscansnovsoxetenteiin sundesendesdobavanevesuptenevees aveusvtetes 6 CHAPTER 2 FACILITIES ssassckscssausteesicusvavavinrssasaasebscargusvsostousesseasussssekssshinavavesuevssisessensuoesashsnebees 7 CHAPTER 3 SIR SPHERES MICROSPHERES PRODUCT INFORMATION ssc0008 8 3 1 Structure amp FUNCTION ss sessesssrssessssocssesosrsnesssosossesoosssessssosssossossrov svette sos sosse s seres osso tos sr sesos 8 3 1 1 Physical ChatacteristitS miissen i eaa a e E aa a aii 8 BLD Properties secesie nte ne a ai caus E das E e aE 8 3 2 Calibration sss sssosissossiosessssosessesostenes sucs cose sosbinso sues cecoscdsenssecscscessestensseescedessencesdseecdeseacoeneessaceedces 9 3 3 REGULATION wi issessscacctcceastesssonsnesdccseranncovensesdesacesaccsunsedecdecovasedensddcusscestsevsnaddecdacessaesonassecesessensedes 10 3 4 How to Order SIR Spheres Microsphere
51. VERVIEW The purpose of this training program from Sirtex Medical Sirtex is to prepare users for practical training Practical training and assessment is discipline specific This program provides data on e Requirements for personnel and facilities e Product e Clinical properties and use of the device including patient selection and dosimetry e Calculation and preparation of individual radiation doses e Implant procedures potential post op reactions and suggested management e Radiation safety e Product ordering The training program is predicated on the demonstrated expertise of the participants entering the program As such the program is provided for physicians in a position to use or recommend SIR Spheres microspheres clinically appropriately licensed personnel who prepare patient doses of radiation and radiation safety officers responsible for radiation issues in institutions and treatment centers For these practitioners this training program utilizes existing knowledge and experience in radioactive implant therapy and the application of their background to the specifics of this particular device Additional data is provided for nurses and ancillary healthcare workers involved in the process such as e Patient nursing care e Implantation room set up Note to U S Physicians Some of the use of SIR Spheres discussed herein has not been approved by the Food and Drug Administration and is provided to U S physicians for edu
52. Whole Body Effective Dose Limit 20mSv per year averaged over 5 years and no more than 50mSv in any one year Lens Equivalent Dose Limit 150mSv per year TRN US O1 Page 52 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual Extremity eg Finger Equivalent Dose Limit 500mSv per year over any 1cm These representative exposure levels are additive to other sources of exposure for workers The following dose rates may be expected from patients with implants of approximately 2GBq when taken approximately 5 6 hours after implant 0 25m 18 8 uSv hr microSieverts hour 0 5m 9 2 wSv hr Im 1 5 wSv hr 2m 0 4 pSv hr 4m lt 0 1 uSv hr In the adjoining room at the wall immediately behind patient s bed head the measurement was lt 0 1 uSv hr Typical measurements within limits are 20uSv in any hour and 250uSv in any seven days 1 40 4 Handling the Device 1 40 4 1 Receipt When receiving the device or the pre measured specific patient dose the product should only be handled to the extent required to verify the correct device has been delivered Unpacking from the Type A package will generally be required and if hospital regulations require or allow it the lead pot may be opened to visualize the product for any obvious irregularities It may be helpful to visually inspect the device on arrival so that any fault that may preclude use can be identified at the earliest possible time After fulfilling incoming inspection requirements the device sho
53. al antibody CC49 A phase I trial C nical Cancer Research vol 6 no 8 pp 3095 3102 Thamboo T P Tan K B Wang S C amp Salto Tellez M 2003 Extra hepatic embolisation of Y 90 microspheres from selective internal radiation therapy SIRT of the liver 3 Pathology vol 35 no 4 pp 351 353 Throm S 2003 Activities of the COMP Pharmazeutische Industrie vol 65 no 11 pp 1114 1115 Tian J H Xu B X Zhang J M Dong B W Liang P amp Wang X D 1996 Ultrasound guided internal radiotherapy using yttrium 90 glass microspheres for liver malignancies Journal of Nuclear Medicine vol 37 no 6 pp 958 963 Triller J Rosler H Geiger L amp Boer H U 1994 Method of superselective radioembolisation of liver tumours with 90Yttrium resin particles RoFo Fortschritte auf dem Gebiete der Rontgenstrahlen und der Neuen Bildgebenden Verfahren vol 161 no 5 pp 425 431 Vallbohmer D Quabeck K Muller Brand J amp Erhard J 2003 Advanced hepatocellular carcinoma Case report and review of the literature Tumor Diagnostik und Therapie vol 24 no 3 pp 95 97 TRN US O1 Page 105 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual Vallera D A Elson M Brechbiel M W Dusenbery K E Burns L J Skubitz K M Jaszez W B Ramsay N K Panoskaltsis Mortari A Kuroki D W Wagner J E amp Kersey J H 2003 Preclinical studies targeting normal and leukemic he
54. al from exposure to the released individual is unlikely to exceed 5 mSv Written instructions as to how to minimize exposure to other individuals are to be issued if their exposure rate is likely to exceed 1 mSv In Australia see Recommendations for the Discharge of Patients Undergoing Treatment with Radioactive Substances ARPANSA 2002 the effective dose to the general public should not exceed 1 mSv per year but for an appropriately informed carer providing support for the patient the constraint is relaxed to 5 mSv When patient specific dose estimates to family members and members of the general public are not available it is recommended that patients only be released when the ambient dose equivalent rate at 1m from the patient does not exceed 25 uSv hr Measurements around patients who have received SIRT see section 8 9 3 show that this dose rate is unlikely to be exceeded even on the day of treatment The patient should observe the following recommended precautions after receiving treatment with SIR Spheres microspheres a no travel on public transport including air travel lasting more than 2 hours for 1 week b avoid crowded public places for 1 week c do not sleep in the same bed as your partner for 1 week d no contact with children or pregnant women for 1 week and e adult visitors may approach the patient for periods of a few minutes at a time but for prolonged periods they should stay more than 2 metres 6 feet away for
55. anatomy e arteriovenous shunting e liver function e renal function if chemotherapy is proposed e general ability of the patient to tolerate implanted radiation As many of these assessments are radiological most units treating patients with SIR Spheres microspheres prefer to perform a preliminary radiological work up including e hepatic angiogram e combined angiogram CTA scan e embolisation of the gastro duodenal or other artery that might result in inadvertent delivery of SIR Spheres microspheres and e MAA nuclear medicine SPECT scan This allows proper planning for the delivery of SIR Spheres microspheres at the scheduled time 1 7 2 General In addition to the specialized assessments outlined patients should be assessed for general well being Routine liver function renal and hematological testing is normally performed as part of the monitoring protocol for any ongoing chemotherapy Baseline measurements are generally required to assess toxicity These general markers also indicate overall health status and the patient s potential to tolerate radiation treatment The patient should be generally well and considered fit to undertake radiation therapy Patients unwell from their cancer concurrent chemotherapy or other non malignant disease may not tolerate radiation therapy 1 7 3 Hepatic Vascular abnormalities The most common vasculature abnormalities are discussed in Chapter 5 of this document TRN US 01 Page 12 of 11
56. and then again using the normal liver dose as the limiting factor The lower of the two activities calculated should be used To determine the activity implanted to accommodate a limiting lung dose Equation 7 Aging Drung Miung 49670 Equation 8 Azoiat Azung 100 L Therefore Equation 9 Atotat Drung Ming LOO L 49670 Where D ung is the dose to the lung TRN US 01 Page 35 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual Mrung is the mass of the lung Aung s the activity to the lung ATotai 18 the total activity L the percentage lung shunting To determine the activity implanted to accommodate a limiting normal liver dose Equation 10 A Total Diss UTIN MTumor ate Missed 49670 1 L 100 Calculation of Tumor and Normal Liver Volumes Tumor and liver volumes can generally be determined using the diagnostic package associated with the CT scanner If an older scanner is used the CT scan of the liver is performed using 10mm slices The tumor and total liver areas are traced out for each slice of the CT scan This is traced using a graphics tablet and the total areas multiplied by 10mm to give the volume of tumor and normal liver These values are used in Equation 3 to determine tissue radiation dose 1 24 SIR Spheres Microspheres Implant Procedure SIR Spheres microspheres can be implanted via the hepatic artery in one of two ways either via an implanted catheter with port or transfemorally Dedicated Delivery Appara
57. appropriate ion chamber dose calibrator NOTE Accurate measurement requires fully suspended SIR Spheres microspheres so it is important to make all measurements quickly 3 Return the shipping vial to the lead delivery pot and place it in the shielded work area Replace the lid on the lead delivery pot TRN US 01 Page 30 of 110 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 TRN US 01 Sirtex Medical Training Manual Completely remove centre of aluminium crimp seal from sterile v vial with forceps to expose septum and swab septum with an alcohol wipe Place sterile v vial in the dedicated acrylic v vial holder This provides stability and shielding for the sterile v vial Place the v vial holder near the lead pot containing the SIR Spheres microspheres in the shielded working area Insert a short 25g needle through the septum of the v vial until it just pierces the septum to create a vent The v vial is now ready to receive SIR Spheres microspheres Determine the volume of SIR Spheres microspheres to be withdrawn from the shipping vial to provide the required patient radiation dose Resuspend the SIR Spheres microspheres by inverting the shipping vial several times Remove lid from the lead delivery pot to expose SIR Spheres microspheres shipping vial Partially remove centre of aluminium crimp seal from SIR Spheres microspheres shipping vial with forceps to expose septum and swab septum with an alcohol wipe h
58. apy for hepatic metastases II The blood supply to hepatic metastases Journal of Surgical Research vol 34 no 1 pp 25 32 TRN US O1 Page 90 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual Stubbs R S 2003 Local radio ablative techniques for liver tumours In Malignant Liver Tumours current and emerging therapies 2nd Edition Ed Clavien PA Jones and Bartlett Sudbury Massachusettes pp 281 305 Stubbs R S Cannan R J 2002 Selective internal Radiation Therapy with 90Yttrium Microspheres for Primary and Metastatic Cancer Confined to the Liver In Mult Treatment Modalities of Liver Tumours N Habib Editor Kluwer Academic Plenum Publishers New York pp 305 321 Stubbs R S amp Cannan R J 1999 Active treatment of colorectal hepatic metastases New Zealand Family Physician vol 26 no 4 Stubbs R S Cannan R J amp Mitchell A W 2001 Selective internal radiation therapy SIRT with 90Yttrium microspheres for extensive colorectal liver metastases Hepato Gastroenterology vol 48 no 38 pp 333 337 Stubbs R S Cannan R J amp Mitchell A W 2001 Selective internal radiation therapy with 90yttrium microspheres for extensive colorectal liver metastases Journal Of Gastrointestinal Surgery vol 5 no 3 pp 294 302 Stubbs R and S Wickremesekera 2004 Selective internal radiation therapy SIRT a new modality for treating patients with colorectal liver metastases HPB vol
59. are that fine bore catheters may block unless the SIR Spheres microspheres are delivered as a very dilute suspension Small bore catheters and needles may block with SIR Spheres microspheres The Stopcock Control Knob on the front of the Delivery Box makes it possible to operate the 3 Way stopcock of the Delivery Set without reaching into the box The Stopcock Control Knob is limited to a one quarter turn when properly engaged This limit is a safety feature designed to prevent the injection of SIR Spheres microspheres into the Flushing Tube 1 25 1 Equipment Required Delivery Set Delivery Box including V Vial Holder V Vial SIR Spheres microspheres two 20ml syringes filled with water for injection See also 8 9 11 for general equipment requirements 1 25 2 Assembly of Delivery Set in Delivery Box 1 Dispense the required patient specific dose of SIR Spheres microspheres from the shipping vial into the V Vial The volume of the patient specific dose should be 3 5mls Zf the total volume in the V Vial is less than 3ml add sufficient extra water for injection NOT SALINE to bring the volume to a minimum of approximately 3ml 2 Confirm that the dose of SIR Spheres microspheres contained in the V Vial is correct for the patient 3 The Medical Physics or Nuclear Medicine technician or pharmacist drawing up the patient specific radiation dose should put the V Vial into the V Vial Holder and replace the screw cap on the acrylic V Vial Holder
60. arterial infusion of 90yttrium microspheres International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics vol 40 no 3 pp 583 592 Lau W Y Ho S Leung W T Chan M Lee W Y amp Johnson P J 2001 What determines survival duration in hepatocellular carcinoma treated with intraarterial yttrium 90 microspheres Hepato Gastroenterology vol 48 no 38 pp 338 340 Lau W Y Leung T W T Ho S Chan M Leung N W Y Lin J Metrewelli C amp Li A K C 1994 Diagnostic pharmaco scintigraphy with hepatic intra arterial technetium 99m macroaggregated albumin in the determination of tumour to non tumour uptake ratio in hepatocellular carcinoma British Journal of Radiology vol 67 no 794 pp 136 139 Lau W Y Leung T W T Leung K L Ho S Leung N Chan M Lin J amp Li A K C 1994 Cytoreductive surgery for hepatocellular carcinoma Surgical Oncology vol 3 no 3 pp 161 166 Lau W Y 2002 Management of hepatocellular carcinoma Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh vol 47 no 1 pp 389 399 TRN US O1 Page 101 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual Lauffer J M Mai G Berchtold D Curti C G Triller J amp Baer H U 1999 Multidisciplinary approach to palliation of obstructive jaundice caused by a central hepatocellular carcinoma Digestive Surgery vol 16 no 6 pp 531 536 Lee Y T N 1983 Regional management of liver m
61. artery if it is necessary to deliver SIR Spheres microspheres to the left lobe of the liver If there is no tumor in the left lobe then it can be ignored In a minority of patients the gastro duodenal artery arises from the same point as the bifurcation of the common hepatic artery into right and left hepatic arteries It is imperative that the SIR Spheres microspheres not be delivered into the gastro duodenal artery as this will result in the SIR Spheres microspheres lodging in the duodenum and pancreas with severe side effects In this situation the gastro duodenal artery should be either embolized to occlude it before delivering the SIR Spheres microspheres into the hepatic artery or alternatively the catheter can be passed separately into the right and left arteries and part of the SIR Spheres microspheres implanted into each side TRN US O1 Page 25 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual VARIATIONS IN ARTERIAL BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE LIVER Diagram 1 RH ee V as Normali L 50 amici N SMA normal R SPL 20 co G SN SMA Ss YX SMA ae Be Q D RH Tepiaced RH Gecessory LH Fe LH RH LG RH LH wis WV c SPL SPL 17 cp NsMa co n sma replaced accessory RH LH Kees SRE d 3 n cp NNS SMA ae trifurcation S a 50 In the normal setting the gastro duodenal GD artery comes off the common hepatic artery proximal to the bifurcation into the right hepatic RH and left hepatic LH arteries The le
62. as stomach or duodenum The catheter that is inserted into the hepatic artery must be placed well distal to the gastro duodenal artery in order to prevent SIR Spheres microspheres going to the duodenum and stomach If there is any possibility of SIR Spheres microspheres passing down the gastro duodenal artery then the implant must not proceed It is often preferable to block the gastro duodenal artery with an intraluminal coil and or gel foam or other agent to prevent SIR Spheres microspheres from flowing to the duodenum No harm will occur if the gastro duodenal artery is blocked During the implant procedure the radiologist must repeatedly check with fluoroscopy to make sure that SIR Spheres microspheres are being delivered to the liver and that reflux is not occurring back down the artery as this will result in spillage into other organs such as the stomach and duodenum Note Virtually all complications from SIR Spheres microspheres arise from the inadvertent injection of SIR Spheres microspheres into small blood vessels that go to the pancreas stomach or duodenum If this is prevented then implantation of SIR Spheres microspheres is a very safe procedure See also section 4 6 of this document regarding preventing gastritis TRN US O1 Page 41 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual 1 29 Abnormalities of Liver Vascular Anatomy Common anomalies in vascular supply are documented in Chapter 5 of this document A Radiological work up prior to the
63. asses it is frequently possible to selectively catheterize the arteries supplying only tumor and deliver the SIR Spheres microspheres directly to the tumor with preservation of the remaining non tumorous liver This has two benefits Firstly the dose received by the tumor is far greater than when the TRN US O1 Page 109 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual whole SIR Spheres microspheres dose is delivered into the general hepatic circulation and secondly as the normal liver is not being irradiated it provides a great margin of safety This is by far the preferred method of treating these patients 2 Dose reduction If the tumor masses are numerous and it is not possible to selectively target only tumor with selective catheterization then the dose should be reduced by approximately 25 below that which would be delivered if the background liver function was not impaired It is not possible to provide accurate levels of dose reduction and the physician should use discretion when calculating the dose However a dose reduction of 25 for patients with moderately impaired liver function should be tolerated In patients with severely impaired liver function when the serum bilirubin level is greater than twice normal or when the serum albumin level is reduced by more than 15 then SIRT should not be administered at all There are several potential methods for calculating the SIR Spheres microspheres dose to be administered to patients Physicians a
64. ate is unlikely to be exceeded even on the day of treatment We recommend the following precautions are followed when the patient is discharged e the patient must proceed directly home and remain there until the usual limit of release is reached If the patient must travel by public transport the traveling time must not exceed 2 hours TRN US O1 Page 81 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual e he she must be given a letter explaining the treatment they have received including information on the amount of activity administered when administered and simple precautions for minimizing the dose to others e he she should also be given a letter that can be given to a medical doctor if they need general medical care during the period they are radioactive e he she should wear a wristband until the activity has reached an approved level as set by regulators This wrist band should identify that the patient has received a radioactive implant and have a contact number in case medical attention is required e he she should avoid any prolonged close contact with other people especially children and pregnant women until the implanted activity has decayed In the event of a patient dying while in the hospital the body may be move to the mortuary in the usual manner The hospital radiation safety officer should be consulted before any procedures are performed on the body The maximum level of activity below which disposal of deceased persons can
65. ay continue these observations at home if admitted as a day patient The patient should be kept supine for 6 hours with full mobilization after 24 hours If a femoral closure device is used the manufacturer s instructions should be followed The patient can receive normal nutrition and fluids as tolerated immediately after the procedure With regard to contamination all body fluids and secretions have been monitored in the past for activity To date only light contamination typically 25 50 KBq per liter of urine per GBq of dose in urine has been detected in the first 24 hours post implant Therefore e there is no need to collect bed linen rubbish or items of clothing e if staff need to change catheter bags drainage bags etc then gloves are to be worn and the bags are to be discharged into the sluice and flushed twice and e the patient may use the toilet in private facilities using a double flush of the cistern See also 8 9 16 for advice upon discharge 1 41 5 Medical Testing and Other Interventions During the first few days after implant it may be necessary for medical tests to be performed These may include imaging clinical examinations or taking of tissue or fluid samples In some cases a surgical procedure may be necessary These need not be related to their treatment with SIR Spheres microspheres As general guidance a procedure can be safely undertaken when the person TRN US 01 Page 60 of 110 Sirtex Medical Tra
66. be changed staff should wear gloves The used dressings and gloves are to be placed in the DISPOSABLE black bag which is returned to the medical physics department for storage and disposal and e if further intervention is required the senior physicist must be informed Nursing the Patient Patients can be moved to their room after a short time in the recovery room Ideally rooms should be single bed units although this is not essential Measurements about a patient with an implant of more than 1 11GBq revealed Bremsstrahlung radiation of the order of 15 microsieverts per hour uSv hr at a distance if 15cm from the liver Data from patients implanted with an average of 2 1GBq emitted the following Bremsstrahlung radiation at approximately 5 6 hours post implantation at the following distances from the patient s abdomen 0 25m 18 8 uSv hr 0 5m 9 2 uSv hr 1 0m 1 5 uSv hr 2 0m 0 4 pSv hr 4 0m lt 0 1 wSv hr Measurements taken in the room next door to the patient at the wall immediately behind the patient s bed head lt 0 1 pSv hr The radiation hazard presented by the patient to staff is minor as the penetration ability of the implanted radiation confines it largely within the patient The following precautions should still be observed e staff do not require monitoring but film badges may be placed at the head of the bed and at the bedside TRN US O1 Page 80 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual e to indicate that the patien
67. calculate the T N activity ratio calculated as activity per unit mass of the organ or tissue which is the ratio of the concentrations of SIR Spheres microspheres in the tumor and normal liver compartments after they have been delivered into the hepatic artery and corrected for any SIR Spheres microspheres that are shunted to the lungs as determined by the nuclear medicine break through scan To determine the T N ratio Equation 4 should be used Equation 4 T N ATumor MTumor A tive M river Where T N r is the tissue normal ratio of the activity in the tumor and normal liver per unit mass of each of these compartments Atumor 1S the activity in tumor Mrumor is the mass of tumor Ativer iS the activity in the normal liver Mtiver is the mass of the normal liver As some of the SIR Spheres microspheres delivered into the hepatic artery will shunt into the lungs a correction factor has to be made to account for activity that is lost into the lungs If the total amount of yttrium 90 activity that is delivered is Arot and the percent lung shunting L then the amount that goes to the lungs Arung is given by TRN US O1 Page 34 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual L Equation 5 Lung activity Arung Arotal X too Where Atotqi is the amount of yttrium 90 delivered to the patient and L is the percent lung shunting The percent lung shunting is calculated from the nuclear scan and is Percent lung shunting 100 x Arung At
68. cational purposes only Your attention is directed to the U S prescribing information for SIR Spheres which may be obtained from the Sirtex Medical office any member of staff or from the website at www sirtex com TRN US O1 Page 6 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual FACILITIES SIR Spheres microspheres are only available to facilities appropriately approved for handling of therapeutic levels of radioactivity for medical use or for handling of brachytherapy devices Such facilities are licensed in the USA under the provisions of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission as per Title 10 of the Code of Federal Regulations Part 35 Licenses must be appropriate to cover the process In other jurisdictions the relevant Euratoms in the EEC and Radiation Regulations in various other localities apply TRN US O1 Page 7 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual SIR SPHERES MICROSPHERES PRODUCT INFORMATION 1 1 Structure amp Function 1 1 1 Physical Characteristics SIR Spheres microspheres consists of biocompatible microspheres designed to be between 20 60um microns in diameter containing yttrium 90 a high energy pure beta emitting isotope with no primary gamma emission The upper size limit of the microspheres allows delivery to the tumors via the hepatic artery The lower size limit prevents the microspheres passing from the arterial circulation through the tumor vasculature and into the venous circulation The microspheres remain trapped wit
69. clearance and cleaning surgical instruments during the procedure Spill Pack Box 2 Item Purpose Single Use Materials e Plastic bags Receive waste e Absorbent plastic backed pads Place over spills for rapid containment and assistance in removal e Paper hand towels General use e Plastic overshoes Reduce spread of contamination and protection for staff dealing with the spill e Plastic apron Reduce spread of contamination and protection for staff dealing with the spill e Single use gloves General use Trefoil Tape and Pens Labeling containers with contaminated materials Surgical Gown Staff protection Decon Concentrate 10 Remove all spilled material from surfaces TRN US O1 Page 58 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual 1 40 6 3 Room Clearance Room clearance is generally the responsibility of the radiation safety officer or medical physicist All contaminated materials disposable or recoverable must be available to stock take throughout the procedure and particularly for final reconciliation at the end Once stock take is complete containers can be sealed for removal to the storage or disposal area as appropriate All gowns and other surgical equipment should be monitored using the radiation monitoring equipment for contamination at the conclusion of the procedure and if contaminated bagged and sent to the storage area to await lau
70. crospheres lodging in excess amounts in the hepatic parenchyma or other organs such as the pancreas gastro duodenum or the stomach An angiogram is required to identify the detail of hepatic vascular anatomy This angiogram must be assessed by a physician skilled in scan interpretation with a view to identifying any anomalous vessels leading to other organs Such vessels may not be easy to see and should be deliberately sought Clinical proctoring is provided and the issues concerning the identification of such vessels is addressed 1 15 Variations in Arterial Blood Supply to the Liver The following common anomalies in vascular supply must be noted In 20 of patients there will be an accessory right hepatic artery arising from the superior mesenteric artery see Diagram 1 b below This accessory right hepatic artery will supply most of the right lobe of liver and is easily demonstrated on an angiogram If present it must be accessed to deliver SIR Spheres microspheres to the right lobe of the liver as well as the main hepatic artery otherwise the radiation will not be delivered to tumors in the right lobe of the liver In 17 of patients an accessory left hepatic artery will arise from the left gastric artery see Diagram 1 c below This accessory left artery is usually difficult to demonstrate on an angiogram and is often not recognized at the time of angiography It is usually possible to get a co axial catheter into this
71. ct or pancreas will cause acute abdominal pain acute pancreatitis or peptic ulceration High levels of implanted radiation and or excessive shunting to the lung may lead to radiation pneumonitis Excessive radiation to the normal liver parenchyma may result in radiation hepatitis The patient may emit low levels of radiation for several weeks therefore care must be taken with pregnant women and children in close proximity to the patient This device is permanently implanted and cannot be retrieved There is no evidence to date that the decayed microspheres remaining in the tumor or liver cause adverse reactions This product is radioactive US CFR Title 10 of the Code of Federal Regulations Part 35 the European Euratoms and other regional and state regulations regulate use of this device These regulations must be followed when handling SIR Spheres microspheres See Section 8 1 1 12 Product Incidents And Post Operative Adverse Effects 1 12 1 Reporting We request that all product incidents be reported to the company Sirtex encourages reports of all events whether serious or not Small details that may be relevant to the event should be included Adverse events should be reported as they occur Events may be reported by telephone to any Sirtex personnel in hard copy fax or via the Sirtex web site www sirtex com In addition Incident Report Forms are available from Sirtex Serious Adverse Event forms are provided for in all Clinical
72. d for activity measurements of SIR Spheres microspheres At regular intervals it is advisable to recheck that calibration remains accurate This can be easily achieved by requesting a manufacturer activity measurement with a device To ensure that calibration is meaningful the other factors that can influence the activity measurements must be as consistent as possible for each measurement made in the Capintec Potential areas of inaccuracy are e the activity measured e the volume of the source e the shape of the container holding the source e the material of the container holding the source and e homogeneity of the suspension The accuracy of measurement may be dependent on the range of activity being measured At the suggested settings measurements up to 3GBq are generally linear and consistent If alternative settings are used linearity and consistency should be confirmed TRN US O1 Page 28 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual The volume of the source may alter the accuracy of measurement due to self shielding that can occur with short penetration beta emissions A slight inaccuracy occurs between measurements taken on a 3GBq device and a confirmatory measurement of residual activity after a patient dose is withdrawn from the vial This can be minimised by ensuring the microspheres are fully suspended at the time of each measurement Allowing the microspheres to settle changes the effective volume of the source and contributes to
73. dbecnsesvenssssesadeee 29 6 5 Preparation Guidelines cscsccscsscscccsscsscscssccessscceesscsesccssesccessscessscssescesssscessssseessesseses 30 6 6 Step By Step Example ocsscssiseicccscsecevsossetsscsosscecsnssedeccsnsacecencsedasesnsesvsasseotecesebssosnassosecccesaseseass 30 CHAPTER 7 SIR SPHERES MICROSPHERES IMPLANT PROCEDURE 0000 32 7 1 Dose Calculations sccccccsscccsscsssssssccssscssscsssssssssssssscssscsssssssscssscssssnessnsssnesssessesssesesesessoess 32 7 1 1 Empiric Method of Dose Activity Calculation for Treatment c cccccseesseerteeeees 32 7 1 2 Partition Model for Calculation of Dose Activity of SIR Spheres microspheres 33 7 2 SIR Spheres Microspheres Implant Procedure ccssscsccsssscsecssscecscccesccessssersscseeseees 36 7 3 Use of the Delivery ApparatuSs e ssesseessecssecssecsseossocssocssooesoossoossoossoosssosssosssosssosssesssesssesssess 36 73 1 Equipment Required aciccacine cil iene ine ania alannbnn aeaieen 37 7 3 2 Assembly of Delivery Set in Delivery BoX cccccccccssecsseeeteceseceeeeeseeeseeeseeeeeeaeenaes 37 7 4 Hepatic Artery Port Implantation eessessseosseossoossoossocesoossoossooesoossoossoosssosssosssosssossssesssesssee 39 7 5 Trans Femoral Implantation e sseessoessoosooesooessossooessosssosssosssosssosesoesssesssesssesssesssessseessosssoss 40 7 6 Radiological Placement of Catheter e sesssesssesssecssesssecsseosoossooesoossoos
74. dergoes standard staging for extent of disease in the liver and extra hepatic dissemination This involves a standard battery of tests particularly of liver and renal function tumor markers chest X rays or CT scans and other imaging suggested by symptoms or history At this point the decision on resectability or otherwise of the liver cancer and the relative merits of doing so in light of extra hepatic dissemination can be made Non resectable patients with limited extra hepatic disease are potential candidates for treatment with SIR Spheres microspheres The initial work up for staging provides many of the data regarding patient suitability for treatment particularly general well being liver status and extent and location of disease At this stage the patient will have an angiogram to determine the suitability of the hepatic vasculature and a technetium scan to determine the extent of lung shunting These are both generally performed via a transfemoral catheter placed in the hepatic artery If both of these parameters are suitable then the patient can be treated At this stage a decision on use of concurrent or sequential chemotherapy can be made This may be as an adjunct to SIR Spheres microspheres as many chemotherapeutics are radio sensitizers Use of chemotherapy and the specific chemotherapy to use is the decision of the treating doctor but is subject to regional regulatory restriction Please refer to the Package Insert for the in
75. dications for use which describes the method and type of chemotherapy approved in various jurisdictions In terms of the patient procedures the decision to use chemotherapy and the mode of administration determines whether the patient will have a catheter with access port implanted into the hepatic artery or a temporary transfemoral catheter placed The catheter will need to be implanted to accommodate regional chemotherapy and SIR Spheres microspheres can be implanted via this catheter If systemic chemotherapy or no chemotherapy is intended then a transfemoral catheter can be placed for the implant and removed immediately after the procedure TRN US O1 Page 15 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual For patients receiving regional chemotherapy a surgical procedure for implanting the port is required In cases where regional chemotherapy to the liver is anticipated the catheter and port may be implanted as part of earlier procedure such as removal of the primary tumor from the bowel For patient receiving no chemotherapy or systemic chemotherapy a second angiogram is required on the day of implant to guide the placement of the transfemoral catheter If the microspheres are to be implanted via a transfemoral catheter the procedure takes place in a catheter suite or laboratory to accommodate the placement of the catheter The procedure takes approximately an hour from starting to place the catheter until it is removed It is recommended t
76. dix 9 Appendix 10 Appendix 11 Appendix 12 Appendix 13 Appendix 14 Appendix 15 Appendix 16 TRN US O1 Sirtex Medical Training Manual Radiation Dosimetry and Effects cccsscssscsccsscesccssscessesseesscssesscesesceesssseessesees 68 Estimated Effective Dose sccscscsssscssscsssccssscssscsssnssssssssssssssscssscsssssssscsssseesees 72 Patient Documentation scssccsscsssscsssccsscssscnssenessssssecssesesesscssscssssssescsessoesees 73 Radiation and Training Requirements Checklist scsssssssscsssesssscssssseeees 76 Radiation Exposure for Staff during Dose Preparation ccsscssssscssseseceeeee 78 Radiation Exposure for Staff Implanting the Device ssssssssscecscceesseeese 79 Patient Nursing Care cccccsscssscsssscssscssscssscssssssssnessesssssssesssessscsessssescssssoesees 80 Implantation Room Set Up cccsscssssscsssscssscssscssssessssesessscssecssesssescsssnesees 83 Resectability and Extent of Liver Disease sccsscssssscccsccsscescecssserssessesee 84 Extrahepatic Disease sccsesscssscsssscssscssscssscssssssssnsssssssssssesesesescssssssessseses 85 Clinical Data EE AEA A E A EE 86 ReferentESossessosssssrsssoesssessosvsssstesssstsssssst ss tessssssis sses Error Bookmark not defined Use Of Sir Spheres In Patients With Impaired Liver Function 06 109 Page 5 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual O
77. e V Vial In order to deliver this last remaining amount out of the V Vial push long needle to bottom of V Vial then inject air into tubing D Approx 8 10mls This will cause all the remaining fluid to empty from the V Vial Care must be taken to prevent air from entering the tubing going to the patient 20 If using a transfemoral catheter the specialist should periodically stop the delivery of SIR Spheres microspheres and inject IV contrast through the Flushing Tube B and perform fluoroscopy This is an essential step to ensure that the catheter remains in the correct position in the hepatic artery at all times and also to ensure that no reflux is occurring back down the hepatic artery 21 Itis absolutely essential to ensure that none of the SIR Spheres microspheres are allowed to enter the gastroduodenal artery or other small arteries that pass from the liver to the stomach or duodenum If there is any risk of this occurring then abandon the procedure Note only specialists who have received instruction from Sirtex Medical are to deliver SIR Spheres microspheres 22 When the delivery has been completed the catheters are flushed and the tubing removed Directions for the use of the Delivery Apparatus are included with the Delivery Set These directions should be read in their entirety prior to use and Sirtex recommends a practice run using a demonstration set available from Sirtex before the implantation procedure Th
78. e acrylic Delivery Box and Delivery Set is provided by Sirtex and the use of these accessories is recommended to provide distance shielding and containment of any spillage The Delivery Box contains a removable v vial holder as described in Chapter 6 The v vial containing the patient radiation dose can be delivered from the nuclear medicine department to the implant suite in this holder The Delivery Box can be placed onto a tray with an absorbent plastic backed liner and placed on a surgical trolley close to the patient near the point of implantation This will be the groin area for those being treated transfemorally and the upper abdomen or lower chest for those with an implanted catheter with port General Equipment Local regulations should be followed regarding the equipment generally required for radioactive treatment and the methods for collecting waste The following provides some guidance to equipment that may be useful In general any waste containers should be placed onto absorbent plastic backed pads as a measure to contain any spillage Equipment falls into two groups e the items routinely required for the procedure and e additional items that may be required in the case of contamination ie a spill pack The spill pack includes similar items to those required generally however a dedicated pack is recommended to ensure there are adequate supplies to effectively control any contamination For convenience the general items and
79. e based on the percentage of liver replaced by tumor is empirical however this method was used in the phase III randomized trial of SIR Spheres microspheres in metastatic liver cancer from large bowel This method achieved a 52 response rate when used with regional hepatic perfusion chemotherapy with FUDR compared with 25 response in patients treated only with regional hepatic chemotherapy Progressive Disease was delayed for approximately 20 months in patients treated with SIR Spheres microspheres compared with 10 months for those who received only FUDR Although SIRT is generally considered a palliative treatment there has been experience of histological cure of patients who were considered to have advanced non resectable tumors In a phase III randomized clinical trial of patients with metastatic disease from large bowel some patients had their tumors down staged to allow resection for cure There are additional reports in the scientific literature of patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma being treated with SIR Spheres microspheres and subsequently being resected for cure See Appendix 11 Reference 7 A response rate of nearly 90 has been demonstrated in both the New Zealand and Hong Kong patients In New Zealand as in Australia nearly all patients had metastatic disease while in Hong Kong the majority had primary cancer Many patients treated in Hong Kong were treated with concurrent systemic chemotherapy while in New Zealand and Aus
80. e design of the Delivery Apparatus allows protection of staff and patient from radiation and correct delivery of the microspheres The Delivery Apparatus should be set up in close proximity to the patient The apparatus can be assembled on a steel tray and placed at the side of the patient 1 26 Hepatic Artery Port Implantation Generally this method of implantation would be used if the port were also to be used for other treatment such as regional hepatic perfusion chemotherapy This is commonly undertaken for patients with liver metastases and the chemotherapy is added to potentiate the effect of SIR Spheres microspheres The decision to use chemotherapy in addition to SIR Spheres microspheres rests with the treating doctor A surgeon who is totally familiar with this technique must undertake insertion of TRN US O1 Page 39 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual the hepatic artery port Attention to small surgical details can have a dramatic effect on the success or complications of the procedure There are several additional factors that should be noted if SIR Spheres microspheres are to be implanted through a port These include The hepatic artery catheter should be placed into the arterial supply of the liver so that the catheter perfuses all the liver There are frequently small arteries that pass from the common hepatic artery and sometimes from the right and left hepatic arteries to the stomach and the duodenum These smal
81. e of extrahepatic disease in patients demonstrating diminished or stable disease in liver imaging studies TRN US 01 Page 85 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual APPENDIX 14 CLINICAL DATA SIR Spheres microspheres have been used to treat over 2 000 patients in a variety of clinical settings in US Australia New Zealand Europe and Asia These include trial patients in Phase 1 2 and 3 trials in major teaching hospitals and non trial patients Approximately 170 patients have been treated in Perth Australia since 1987 and approximately 200 in Hong Kong since 1991 and over 40 in New Zealand since 1997 Of those treated in Australia approximately 130 have been treated in phase 1 and 2 clinical trials and a randomized phase III clinical trial of 70 patients closed in June 1997 In the randomized trial using SIR Spheres microspheres together with regional hepatic perfusion chemotherapy and regional hepatic perfusion chemotherapy as the comparator significant tumor regression was observed in the vast majority 75 of patients treated with SIR Spheres microspheres This translates into a clinically but not statistically significant increase in survival time of 26 between those patient treated with SIR Spheres microspheres plus chemotherapy and those treated with chemotherapy alone There are currently no reliable predictive factors to indicate which patients will benefit most from SIR Spheres microspheres Determining the required radiation dos
82. e stomach secondary to hepatic embolization with radioactive yttrium microspheres in the treatment of metastatic colon cancer Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology vol 19 No 3 pp 347 349 OTHER REFERENCES HCC Metastatic Breast Cancer Abstracts Bailey W Little A Lim L Gibbs P amp Dowling R 2004 Yttrium 90 microsphere hepatic artery embolization in the treatment of non resectable hepatic malignancy Australasian Radiology Vol 48 No 2 A4 Bester L N Driver and C Hodges 2004 Targeted arterial chemo embolisation using Yttrium 90 SIR Spheres Clinical experience Clinical Oncology Society of Australia Abstract O113 Boan J Marti Climont J M Martinez A Sangro B Rodriguez J Penuelas I amp Richter JA 2004 Selective Internal Radiation Therapy of Primary or Metastatic Hepatic Tumors with yttrium 90 microspheres European Journal of Nuclear Medicine Vol 31 Sup 2 Abstract P954 Coldwell D Nutting C amp Kennedy A 2004 Initial clinical results in the treatment of unresectable hepatic tumors with resin based yttrium 90 radioembolization Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology Vol 27 Sup 1 Abstract 9 4 2 TRN US O1 Page 92 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual Coldwell D Nutting C amp Kennedy A 2005 Treatment of Hepatic Metastases from Breast Cancer with Yttrium 90 SIR Spheres Radioembolization Society of Interventional
83. e tumor in the right lobe If there are separate right and left arteries and there are tumors in both lobes then SIR Spheres microspheres will need to be separately delivered into both arteries The radiologist must look carefully for these small branches and if in doubt take whatever steps are necessary to ensure that SIR Spheres microspheres are never injected if there is any possibility that they might enter these small aberrant vessels as even a small number of SIR Spheres microspheres in the stomach or duodenum will cause severe inflammation The options in this situation are as follows a pass the catheter well beyond the offending artery b block the artery with a coil or c abandon the transfemoral procedure and have a surgeon implant a port into the hepatic artery and ligate the offending vessels These abnormalities must be fully visualized to ensure that all of the SIR Spheres microspheres will be reliably delivered to the tumor Furthermore the presence of small arteries leading from the main hepatic arteries to other organs must be identified if present and avoided or blocked during implant to prevent unintentional irradiation of abdominal organs If the implanting physician cannot assure that the vascular anatomy will result in the required placement of microspheres then SIR Spheres microspheres should not be implanted TRN US O1 Page 27 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual DOSE PREPARATION PROCEDURE 1 17 Dose Cal
84. ect contact Contamination from SIR Spheres microspheres is removable contamination and is therefore easily spread It is however also removable with normal cleaning procedures In general the radiation safety officer takes charge of decontamination The standard procedures in facilities may vary but are likely to be similar to the example described here 1 The first task is to prevent access to the contaminated area This protects staff and limits spread of contamination 2 The radiation officer dons appropriate protective wear As SIR Spheres microspheres contamination consists of a liquid spill of non volatile materials respiration equipment is generally unnecessary Full length surgical clothing is generally standard for a facility and a gown should be placed over this Plastic disposable overshoes and a plastic disposable apron should be considered in light of a liquid spill Double gloves are recommended Generally the hair is covered in a cap and protective eyewear is worn as radiation protection and splash protection 3 A radiation monitor is required and should be placed in a fixed position on a non contaminated surface All measurements should be taken by holding the item in front of the monitor This provides stable background readings and allows interpretation of the measurements In the absence of a non contaminated surface a second person also in protective clothing should hold the monitor in a fixed position The officer per
85. ed and returned to the medical physics department or other designated area for decay until safe for laundering or other disposal Where possible surgical instruments should be decontaminated in the procedure room TRN US 01 Page 83 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual APPENDIX 12 RESECTABILITY AND EXTENT OF LIVER DISEASE Patients should be deemed non resectable if they meet any one of the following criteria e multiple liver tumors together with involvement of both lobes e tumor invasion of the hepatic confluence where the three hepatic veins enter the IVC such that none of the hepatic veins could be preserved if the tumors were resected e tumor invasion of the porta hepatis such that neither the origin of the right or left portal veins could be preserved if resection were undertaken e widespread tumors such that resection would require removal of more liver than required to sustain life Diagnosis of resectability should be undertaken via imaging with triple phase contrast angio portal CT scanning or MRI The extent of tumor can be assessed using tumor markers such as CEA carcinoembryonic antigen or AFP alpha fetoprotein These are non specific tumor markers which are frequently elevated in hepatic cancer The extent of active tumor is generally reflected in the blood level of patients who secrete these markers Abnormalities in liver function tests provide additional clinical information regarding the extent of disease Mark
86. ede nsesddbad eaeaces deuandecscaudecsacneidee snanavedonsnda seven feds headda bourse lpuaddens Seance 47 8 42 Documentatie irna a te isin dee atin ty BE ide nc A oan a Taal aseeees 47 8 5 Equipment oisiccissseccsnsscesnssoncnssdecssconsdseseseonssecensesssnsedgonsconassosnseenssecouessnsessoqundceuccsssessooseasesenseses 48 8 5 1 Radiation Measurement ccccesccesscesscessceescececeecsaecsseceseceseceseeseeeeeeseeeeeseeeeeeeeesaes 48 8 6 Shielding is inceiesicasseccckevececssersctocdeccsesnsscasnednaesnseacenssdndeansetesctaseaseleduaossdeseatnelaccacsonednsdesievesnsvecseuds 49 8 7 Personne EEEE E EE EE EEE E E E E EA EEEE 50 8 8 Checklist os sccczesssscsccceiceseecsecntcoasstcdoossaes scsdnebceateasaceaubadeceadddeeceaouicoucssedcaestesdeadesseseesssani acasseadse 50 8 9 Radiation Safety With SIR Spheres Microspheres ccscssssscssssccscscssseesssserssssesecssees 51 8 9 1 General Principles cccecccesccesscessceesceeseeeseeescecscecsaecsaecsaecnsecesesseeeseeeseeeseseeeseeeaeesaes 51 8 9 2 Monitoring for Radiation ccccecccecscesssessseescecceeeecaeceseceseceseeseeeeeseeeeeseseeseeeseneennes 52 8 9 3 Exposure Levels irera ee En a aa T e setole chs ea TEn R Esisi 52 8 9 4 Handling The Device aeaaaee a S see bat aaaea n aen con teat aani based 53 8 9 5 Radiation and Dose Preparation cccecccesscesssesseessecsseeeseceseceseeseeceeeeeeeeeeseeeseeeaeesaes 55 8 9 6 Radiation and the Implantation Proced
87. edly abnormal synthetic and excretory liver function tests preclude treatment with SIR Spheres microspheres Patients who have disease considered resectable for cure should not receive treatment with SIR Spheres microspheres For those patients who are not resectable for cure the extent of the liver disease is a determinant of the radiation dose required TRN US O1 Page 84 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual APPENDIX 13 EXTRAHEPATIC DISEASE An assessment of the presence and extent of extra hepatic disease is required to determine the potential benefit of regional radiation treatment for the individual patient SIR Spheres microspheres provide regional treatment only and use of SIR Spheres microspheres in patients with disseminated disease and in whom the liver disease is not the life threatening event is questionable Furthermore decisions regarding concurrent use of chemotherapy may rest with diagnosis of extra hepatic disease The most common sites of extra hepatic disease include the abdominal cavity abdominal and clavical lymph nodes the lung and bones Patients should generally undergo a CT scan of the chest abdomen and pelvis a CT scan of the liver and abdomen supplemented with a chest X ray and abdominal pelvic ultrasound A bone scan will detect skeletal metastases Further investigations should be conducted on the basis of the clinical index of suspicion Tumor markers such as CEA and AFP can be used to detect the presenc
88. ee Appendix 1 1 12 3 2 Acute Pancreatitis A yttrium 90 nuclear scan will determine if the microspheres have lodged in the pancreas or other organs but additional tests such as serum amylase are also indicated if pancreatitis is diagnosed If this were to occur the patient should be treated using best standard practice including pain relief and intravenous fluids TRN US O1 Page 22 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual 1 12 3 3 Acute Peptic Ulceration The development of acute peptic ulceration is suggested by the recognised symptoms of ulcer disease and diagnosed by endoscopy If this were to occur the patient should be treated using best standard practice including pain relief gastric acid blocking drugs and intravenous fluids Treatment is the same as for any cause of acute peptic ulceration 1 12 4 Delayed Serious Events 1 12 4 1 Radiation Pneumonitis High levels of implanted radiation and or excessive shunting to the lung may lead to radiation pneumonitis This may be suspected if patients develop a non productive cough several days or weeks after the implantation of SIR Spheres microspheres and is diagnosed by chest X ray Patients should be treated with systemic corticosteroids and supportive care until the disease has subsided 1 12 4 2 Radiation Hepatitis Excessive radiation to the normal liver parenchyma may result in radiation hepatitis This can be difficult to diagnose and may appear many weeks after the implantatio
89. eld in forceps Do not fully remove crimp seal Insert a 25g needle through the septum of the shipping vial to create a vent ensuring the needle is well clear of the contents of the shipping vial Use a shielded 5mL syringe with a 20 22g spinal needle at least 70mm long to puncture the septum of the shipping vial Re suspend SIR Spheres microspheres with vigorous mixing by quickly drawing up and expelling the SIR Spheres microspheres in the shielded 5mL syringe at least six times Quickly draw up the volume of SIR Spheres microspheres containing the calculated dose into the shielded 5mL syringe Carefully remove the 20 22g needle from the shipping vial recap the needle using forceps and set the dose aside To check the dose activity of the v vial contents patient specific dose return the shipping vial to the ion chamber dose calibrator to verify by measuring the difference If additional activity is required repeat steps 12 to 14 above to obtain the correct patient dose as determined at item 7 above If the total volume in the shielded syringe is less than 3mLs draw up enough sterile water for injection to make up to a total volume between 3 and 5mLs Insert the 20 22g spinal needle into swabbed septum of sterile v vial and deliver the specific patient dose of SIR Spheres microspheres from the shielded syringe into sterile v vial Note this step should be done ONCE only Remove the vent needle from the v vial ensure lid of t
90. emsstrahlung radiation than acrylic Where possible storage of microspheres should be in a separate shielded area away from the general work area Shielding is best provided by acrylic However if a general lead shielded area is available this is usually sufficient In facilities preparing the specific patient doses excess SIR Spheres microspheres need storage until decayed sufficiently for disposal These excess microspheres are generally left in the shipping vial which should remain in the lead pot until disposal Other items requiring storage may include recoverable and disposable equipment or materials from the dose preparation implant or immediate after care procedures Items that become contaminated during these procedures may require storage before meeting limits that allow disposal or routine cleaning by the standard hospital systems Depending on the storage area set up items may be separated into areas for recoverables and disposables which may be further separated into those with biological contamination and those without 1 40 4 3 Disposal There are three general principles for managing disposal of radioactive waste these are e Delay and Decay e Concentrate and Contain and e Dilute and Disperse Generally the principle of delay and decay applies to SIR Spheres microspheres and any items that may be contaminated with yttrium 90 This principle works well because yttrium 90 has a short half life thus decay time to safe d
91. er of patients over which it was collected This gives some doses below 0 02mSv Two lots of data are available these are sequential 3 month results Lens Finger mSv mSv GBq mSv GBq mSv GBq First 3 month period Shallow dose 0 07mm 0 17 0 054 0 025 f 0 3 Deep dose 10mm lt 0 02 lt 0 02 0 002 Second 3 month period Shallow dose 0 07mm Deep dose 10mm 1 Data can also be presented as doses received per GBq handled TRN US O1 Page 78 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual APPENDIX 9 RADIATION EXPOSURE FOR STAFF IMPLANTING THE DEVICE Here exposure data is presented for staff involved in the implantation procedure The data are presented for the radiologist implanting the microspheres and the radiation safety officer Data were collected over two sequential 3 month periods In the second 3 month period the radiologist placed the catheter whilst a separate physician performed the actual implant Data are presented here as average exposure per patient treated and again as average exposure per GBq administered Lens Finger mSv GBq mSv mSv GBq mSv mSv GBq Radiologist catheter placement amp implantation First 3 month period Shallow dose 0 07mm 0 008 0 0035 0 296 0 13 0 045 Deep dose 10mm Radiologist catheter placement only Second 3 month period Shallow dose 0 07mm Deep dose 10mm Physician implantation only Second 3 month period Shall
92. eral Principles As the device is radioactive it must be regarded as being a serious radiation hazard to the hands of the staff preparing the specific patient dose and the staff involved in the implant procedure This includes the staff responsible for room clearance after the procedure typically the radiation safety officer but possibly also nurses Furthermore the operations of preparing a specific patient s dose implanting the SIR Spheres microspheres and clearing the delivery apparatus after the procedure must be regarded as having the potential to be a serious contamination hazard The procedure must be regarded as being e potentially a serious radiation hazard to the hands of staff preparing the individual patient dose and to the radiologist surgeon or other doctor implanting the microspheres and e potentially a serious contamination hazard Devices should be stored and handled in accordance with all local regulations pertaining to radioactive implantable device Once the device has been implanted the patient becomes the radiation source The hazard posed to others by the patient is significantly less that that of the device alone due to tissue absorption of the emissions There are three general radiation safety principles which are e operations should be performed as quickly as possible e staff should maintain as great a distance as possible from the isotope and e appropriate shielding should be used wherever possible
93. erapy Validation of intraoperative dosimetry Radiology vol 175 no 1 pp 253 255 Buscombe J R 2002 Interventional nuclear medicine in hepatocellular carcinoma and other tumours Nuclear Medicine Communications vol 23 no 9 pp 837 841 Campbell A M Bailey I H amp Burton M A 2000 Analysis of the distribution of intra arterial microspheres in human liver following hepatic yttrium 90 microsphere therapy Physics in Medicine and Biology vol 45 no 4 pp 1023 1033 Cao X He N Sun J Tan J Zhang C Yang J Lu T amp Li J 1999 Hepatic radioembolization with Yttrium 90 glass microspheres for treatment of primary liver cancer Chinese medical journal vol 112 no 5 pp 430 432 Carr B I 2002 Hepatic artery chemoembolization for advanced stage hce Experience of 650 patients Hepato Gastroenterology vol 49 no 43 pp 79 86 Casey J L Pedley R B King D J Green A J Yarranton G T amp Begent R H J 1999 Dosimettric evaluation and radioimmunotherapy of anti tumour multivalent Fab fragments British Journal of Cancer vol 81 no 6 pp 972 980 TRN US O1 Page 96 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual Cremonesi M Ferrari M Zoboli S Chinol M Stabin M G Orsi F Maecke H R Jermann E Robertson C Fiorenza M Tosi G amp Paganelli G 1999 Biokinetics and dosimetry in patients administered with 111In DOTA Tyr3 octreotide Im
94. es must be as homogeneously suspended as possible to reduce inaccuracies due to changes in source geometry 1 37 Shielding Shielding of staff from radiation requires e distance between staff and the radiation source use of remote handling equipment e deliberate barriers when working with isotopes e appropriate protective clothing and e working areas that will contain or restrict any contamination Radiation protection for other hospital occupants and the general public is generally achieved through restriction of access to nuclear medicine departments or equivalents and through strict controls on disposal of radioactive waste Distance between staff and the radiation source is achieved in most areas by physical distance between working areas and storage areas Only staff involved in a procedure should be in attendance Furthermore staff should stand well clear at stages not directly involving them The general rule is doubling the distance from any radiation source reduces the radiation exposure to 25 Distance therefore provides significant shielding particularly with the short penetration radiation produced by yttrium 90 Beta emissions from yttrium 90 are absorbed well by the air hence the double distance rule overstates the radiation received at any given distance These principles should be applied in the area preparing the specific patient dose the implant suite and the ward The shipping vial the v vial containing the pat
95. esearch data demonstrate that almost 90 of the liver tissue receives less than the dose predicted by assuming uniform distribution and a third of the tissue receives less than one third of the predicted dose This means that for inferred doses to the liver of 70 80 Gray one third of the liver receives approximately 20 25 Gray This contributes to the lack of clinical radiation hepatitis at these doses Doses to tumor are normally 4 6 times those in the liver thus radiation doses of 70 80 Gray in the normal liver relate to 280 480 Gray in tumors Depending on the dose distribution in the tumor this may still result in some tumor tissue receiving less than a tumoricidal dose The other factor contributing to the radiation dose pattern within the liver is the position of the microspheres within the parenchyma The pathogenesis of radiation damage to the liver is dominated by vascular injury in the central vein region External beam radiation causes alterations to the centrilobular areas such as eccentric wall thickening and indistinct central veins and this is part of the pattern of radiation hepatitis SIR Spheres microspheres also cause tissue damage but the pattern is different Macroscopically there is infarction necrosis and fibrosis with nodularity and firmness Microscopically there are occasional microinfarcts in portal areas including chronic inflammation Radiation from microspheres is deposited primarily in the region of the portal tr
96. etastases II Cancer Investigation vol 1 no 4 pp 321 332 Lehnert T Otto G amp Herfarth C 1995 Therapeutic modalities and prognostic factors for primary and secondary liver tumors World Journal of Surgery vol 19 no 2 pp 252 263 Leichner P K Yang N C Frenkel T L Loudenslager D M Hawkins W G Klein J L amp Order S E 1988 Dosimetry and treatment planning for 90Y labeled antiferritin in hepatoma International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics vol 14 no 5 pp 1033 1042 Leimer M Kurtaran A Smith Jones P Raderer M Havlik E Angelberger P Vorbeck F Niederle B Herold C amp Virgolini I 1998 Response to treatment with yttrium 90 DOTA lanreotide of a patient with metastatic gastrinoma Journal of Nuclear Medicine vol 39 no 12 pp 2090 2094 Leung W T Lau W Y Ho S Chan M Leung N Lin J Ho K C Metreweli C Johnson P J Li A K C Novell J R amp Hilson A J W 1994 Selective internal radiation therapy with intra arterial iodine 131 lipiodol in inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma Journal of Nuclear Medicine vol 35 no 8 pp 1313 1320 Li A K C 1999 Grey Turner Memorial Lecture Changing role of liver surgeons World Journal of Surgery vol 23 no 1 pp 1 5 Lin M 1994 Radiation pneumonitis caused by yttrium 90 microspheres Radiologic findings American Journal of Roentgenology vol 16
97. facilities will generally require a beta counter These items of equipment should be kept in good working order and routinely calibrated for their purpose These items of equipment are generally held in the Nuclear Medicine Department or equivalent however a beta counter is also required in the implant suite as part of routine monitoring for room clearance and if necessary decontamination procedures Measuring and monitoring equipment is not routinely required in post implant room or ward TRN US O1 Page 48 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual The dose calibrator may not have been previously calibrated for yttrium 90 and this will need to be done before routine use for preparing specific patient doses Yttrium 90 is a short penetration beta emitter and the geometry of the source in the vial can affect measurement determination due to self shielding effects It is therefore imperative that e the microsphere slurry is as well dispersed and uniform as possible when taking measurements This requires measurements to be taken quickly after dispersion before the microspheres settle to any appreciable extent and e all measurements of a device be made in a container of the same dimensions and shape This means that confirmation of the radiation dose drawn from the shipping vial and placed into the v vial as described in Module 4 should be confirmed by difference by re measuring the activity left in the shipping vial Again the microspher
98. ficers trained in radiation safety issues and authorized users trained specifically in the principles and use of SIR Spheres microspheres Individual patient doses of SIR Spheres microspheres may be prepared at the medical institution or at a licensed nuclear pharmacy These facilities also have appropriately licensed personnel trained in the preparation of doses of SIR Spheres microspheres 1 4 2 Ordering SIR Spheres microspheres are provided on an individual patient order basis This requires the order to be placed in advance of anticipated need Typically 7 to 10 days should be allowed between placing an order and availability of the SIR Spheres microspheres Ordering can be done via fax to the company or via email once a treatment centre or individual doctor has been certified and an account established Delivery can only be made to licensed premises with an authorized user of SIR Spheres microspheres SIR Spheres microspheres is only available from Sirtex or it s authorized distributors More detail on licensing is available in Chapter 8 Section 8 4 1 of this document SIR Spheres microspheres are being monitored in clinical practice by post market vigilance Post marketing data incident reports or complaints may be supplied to Sirtex at any time via direct contact telephone or electronic contact TRN US O1 Page 10 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual SELECTIVE INTERNAL RADIATION THERAPY SIRT 1 5 Principles of Therapy With
99. forming the decontamination should avoid holding or touching the monitor after decontamination begins 4 All personnel in the area of the contamination should be monitored and if non contaminated should leave the area 5 Contaminated personnel should be decontaminated before addressing contamination in the facility 5 1 Remove all contaminated clothing and place it directly into an appropriate receptacle without placing it on any surface contaminated or not 5 2 If there is contamination on the skin the officer should wipe the area using a disposable paper towel moistened with water or soapy water Wiping should be from the periphery of the contamination towards the centre to avoid spreading the isotope 5 3 Care needs to be taken not to spread or drip water into the eyes nose mouth or ears 5 4 After each wipe is used it should be monitored and then placed directly into the appropriate waste receptacle 5 5 Wiping should continue until monitored wipes demonstrate that the contamination has been removed TRN US O1 Page 63 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual 5 6 Due to the normal dress standards in an isotope measuring or implant facility the only skin likely to be exposed to the risk of contamination is the face and neck As such washing with water and soap is best avoided due to the risk of rinsing spheres into the eyes or nose etc and the risk of spreading contamination via splashing 5 7 Soap is not generally required
100. ft gastric LG and splenic SPL arteries come off the coeliac axis separately b 20 When the right hepatic RH artery is replaced the whole blood supply to the right lobe comes off the superior mesenteric artery SMA In the case of an accessory right hepatic artery the vasculature off the coeliac axis is normal but there is an additional right hepatic artery off the superior mesenteric artery c 17 When the left hepatic LH artery is replaced the whole blood supply to the left lobe comes off the left gastric LG artery In the case of an accessory left hepatic artery the vasculature of the common hepatic artery is normal but there is an additional left hepatic artery off the left gastric artery d 3 In this situation the entire common hepatic artery arises from the superior mesenteric artery e 9 A trifurcation occurs when the bifurcation of the left hepatic and right hepatic arteries occurs at the same spot as the take off of the gastro duodenal GD artery f There are specific cases of an accessory right gastric artery originating from the left hepatic artery and passing in the gastro hepatic omentum back to the lesser curvature of the stomach TRN US O1 Page 26 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual Note In about 10 of patients there are small arterial branches that take origin from either the common hepatic artery or right or left hepatic arteries and pass back to the stomach and duodenum These small arteries are
101. g delivery of radioisotopes must have restricted access SIR Spheres microspheres will normally be delivered to the hospital one day before intended implantation In all facilities a secure storage area that may be shielded with lead or acrylic is generally required In Treatment Centers that receive specific radiation doses pre measured and packed at a separate nuclear medicine facility or pharmacy such a restricted area may be all that is required Where facilities receive 3GBq devices for the preparation of the specific patient doses further regulations are likely to apply These regulations are likely to address for example e the floor and surface specifications typically these need to be clean undamaged smooth and seamless Floors must generally be watertight and services are therefore generally provided through the wall Surfaces are designed to reduce dust and be easy to clean e work spaces these should generally be arranged to allow traffic without obstruction Workflow should be arranged to reduce movement of isotopes and passing traffic Generally movements of isotopes during operations should not involve leaving the restricted area e a storage area for isotopes and for material decaying until suitable for disposal this is often shielded and at the back of the area away from passing traffic If lead bricks are used on a bench to provide a shielded storage area the bench will need to support the weight e sinks and drai
102. ge of shunting to the lungs is determined from a nuclear medicine scan using technetium 99m labeled on macroaggregated albumin 99m TC MAA for imaging The Tc MAA is injected via catheter placed in a similar manner to that which will be used to deliver the SIR Spheres microspheres that is either a trans femoral catheter or surgically implanted catheter plus port placed into the hepatic artery at the time of the pre treatment angiogram The patient is positioned under a gamma camera and the regions of interest are defined as the liver and lungs The activity of MAA particles that pass through the liver and lodge in the lungs can then be calculated The amount of MAA that has escaped through the liver and lodged in the lungs can then be expressed as the percent lung shunting Normally this is less than 10 in patients with metastatic disease arising from the colon or rectum If the percent lung shunting is more than 10 then the amount of SIR Spheres microspheres delivered to the patient must be reduced The technique for performing a nuclear medicine breakthrough scan is in Appendix 1 of this document LID Hepatic and Renal Status While accepting that patients are likely to have abnormalities in their hepatic function as a result of their disease the liver must be sufficiently robust to tolerate radiation treatment Patients need to have adequate liver function as reflected by a normal serum albumin and clotting factors together with a normal bili
103. gulation protective clothing This includes at least a protective coat or gown preferably with full length sleeves but must also include a lead apron during the implant procedure if it occurs in an angiography suite Disposable booties may be necessary in the nuclear medicine department The microspheres form a slurry so there is always a potential risk of contamination as doses are drawn and delivered between vials and when connecting and disconnecting tubes during the implant procedure Double gloves are recommended to allow removal of a contaminated outer glove with a gloved hand As the product is fluid all persons present during the procedure are strongly advised to wear protective shoe covers 1 38 Personnel Personnel involved in any aspect of handling SIR Spheres microspheres must be suitably qualified and be appropriately trained to deal specifically with this device This includes nuclear medicine staff staff involved in the implantation procedure and in post implant care of the patient Such staff require the support of a radiation safety officer or expert in radiation physics and licenses for the facility will normally require that such expertise is available to ensure safe use of isotopes within the facility 1 39 Checklist A checklist of the general requirements is included in Appendix 7 of this document TRN US O1 Page 50 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual 1 40 Radiation Safety with SIR Spheres Microspheres 1 40 1 Gen
104. h bowel pancreas or other abdominal organs Furthermore if the pre assessment angiogram and MAA nuclear medicine scan demonstrates significant reflux of hepatic arterial blood to the stomach pancreas or bowel SIR Spheres microspheres should not be implanted See Chapter 5 of this document for more information 1 11 8 Other Considerations 1 11 8 1 Extra Hepatic Disease As SIR Spheres microspheres provides local radiotherapy to the liver their place in the management of patients with disseminated or extra hepatic disease is questionable in the absence of an ancillary treatment regime for the distant disease 1 11 8 2 Overall Patient Well being SIR Spheres microspheres are contraindicated in patients not sufficiently well to undertake the implantation procedure If patients are to have a port implanted they must be medically fit for this TRN US 01 Page 20 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual surgical procedure Patients unwell from their cancer or other non malignant disease require appropriate assessment before considering SIR Spheres microspheres as an option 1 11 8 3 Pregnancy Children Women of childbearing age requiring SIR Spheres microspheres should be treated when non pregnancy can be ascertained Safety in pregnancy and childhood has not been established and SIR Spheres microspheres should not be implanted into these patients 1 11 9 Other Inadvertent delivery of SIR Spheres microspheres to the gastrointestinal tra
105. hat a SPECT scan of the upper abdomen per performed immediately after implantation of SIR Spheres microspheres The SPECT scan will detect the Bremsstrahlung radiation from the yttrium 90 SPECT scan to confirm the placement of the microspheres in the liver This is recommended but in the event of acute significant abdominal pain this should be done to check for microspheres in other abdominal organs Patients are removed to a recovery room for approximately one hour before being transferred to the ward Patients may stay over night for observation or to comply with local radiation regulations Day patients may proceed home as instructed by their doctor Patients having the transfemoral procedure should remain supine for approximately 6 hours after the procedure to reduce complications with the transfemoral artery puncture wound Alternatively dedicated arterial wound closures may be used 1 10 Preventing Gastritis through Appropriate Assessment The SIRT complication of gastritis is seen as a problem with many centers The incidence occurs more commonly when there is not a lot of familiarity in administering SIRT and is therefore considered to be training and experience related It is common in new users and rarely seen with experienced hands 1 10 1 How it occurs Gastritis happens when microspheres get into the stomach duodenum This can only occur by the microspheres passing to the gut through small arteries that take origin from around the he
106. he v vial holder is secure and the plug is in place Remove the vent needle from the shipping vial and replace the lid of the lead delivery pot Page 31 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual SIR SPHERES MICROSPHERES IMPLANT PROCEDURE 1 23 Dose Calculations There are two methods for calculating the activity of SIR Spheres microspheres to implant Empiric and Partition 1 23 1 Empiric Method of Dose Activity Calculation for Treatment 1 23 1 1 Basic The empiric method recommends a standard amount of activity which is varied only according to the size of the tumor within the liver This technique has been applied in clinical trials when SIR Spheres microspheres have been used in conjunction with hepatic perfusion chemotherapy with FUDR The recommended activity to be implanted for varying degrees of tumor involvement of the liver is in the table Activity Recommendations Estimated Degree of Recommended Yttrium 90 Tumor Involvement of the Liver Amount for Treatment gt 50 3GBq 25 50 2 5GBq lt 25 2GBq The amount of yttrium 90 should be reduced according to the dose adjustment table in the Clinical Module if the percentage lung shunting is greater than 10 1 23 1 2 Body Surface Area BSA Method A variant of the empiric method is to adjust the activity implanted according to the size of the tumor within the liver and the size of the patient This technique has been applied in clinical trials in which SIR Spheres m
107. her forms of impaired liver function SIRT involves administering SIR Spheres microspheres into the hepatic arterial circulation following which the SIR Spheres microspheres preferentially target tumor within the liver This results in the tumor receiving a high dose of radiation However some spheres always reach the normal hepatic parenchyma and therefore the normal liver receives a small radiation dose Generally SIRT is well tolerated as the radiation dose to the normal liver is small and any damage is not clinically significant and is soon repaired However patients with pre existing liver damage as in cirrhosis have impaired ability to tolerate any insult to the normal liver For this reason patients with HCC can frequently not have their tumor resected as removal of only a small portion of the remaining normal liver leads to progressive liver failure Patients with pre existing cirrhosis also have an impaired ability to tolerate SIRT Radiation doses that are tolerated by healthy hepatic parenchyma may cause irreversible damage to cirrhotic liver Therefore the radiation dose delivered to the normal liver compartment must be reduced in these patients There are two ways to reduce the chance of seriously damaging the normal liver in cirrhotic patients viz selectively targeted delivery of SIR Spheres microspheres or dose reduction 1 Selectively targeted delivery of SIR Spheres When HCC develops as a single or small number of tumor m
108. hin the vasculature of the tumors and deliver a radiation dose to the surrounding tissue The microspheres do not degrade and remain permanently implanted They are not retrievable unless the tumor is resected at a later stage The microspheres are biocompatible but have demonstrated a mild dermal sensitivity in an animal model This has not been demonstrated in humans The microspheres are supplied for single patient use with an activity of 3GBq 10 at the calibration time and date SIR Spheres microspheres are suspended in pyrogen free water for injection to a total of 5ml per 3GBq This allows the activity required for implantation into individual patients to be measured as a volume The device is supplied with a decay graph to allow for estimation of the remaining activity of the product on arrival This should be separately verified The device forms a suspension of microspheres in the water for injection Each device is moist heat sterilized and single use only SIR Spheres microspheres are 3GBq 10 of activity as a single dose device from which the individual patient dose is calculated and drawn The activity of the microspheres rather than their weight or volume determines the number of microspheres delivered to any individual patient The total radiation required by a patient is dependent on the extent of tumor tissue and is at the discretion of the treating physician 1 1 2 Properties Yttrium 90 is a pure beta emitting isotope The p
109. iad and away from the central vein thus minimising the damage pattern seen in radiation hepatitis from external beam sources Therefore radiation doses to healthy liver parenchyma are determined by e the distance from microspheres e the number of microspheres present e the activity of the microspheres implanted The tissue receiving the highest dose is that immediately surrounding the tumor Microspheres lodge preferentially in the growing rim of the tumor as the centre may become necrotic and avascular as the tumor size increases The damage to this area of parenchyma is unavoidable and probably contributes to destruction of micro infiltrates in this region The remainder of the liver receives less radiation than would be predicted from assuming a homogeneous distribution of radiation dose throughout the parenchyma as discussed previously Hence the radiation dose to the normal liver can be as high as 80 Gray without a significant risk of radiation hepatitis when distributed as point sources TRN US O1 Page 70 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual Other organs may receive radiation doses if microspheres are inadvertently implanted into them The primary organ of concern is the lung as a small percentage of microspheres will always shunt through the liver and into the lung It is important to ensure that the radiation dose to the lung is kept to a tolerable limit and this can be calculated from the MAA nuclear scan as described in Chapter
110. ibodies CZ nics in Oncology vol 5 no 1 pp 93 103 Perez C A Cosmatos D Garcia D M Eisbruch A amp Poulter C A 1993 Irradiation in relapsing carcinoma of the prostate Cancer vol 71 no 3 SUPPL pp 1110 1122 Perry J F Strasser S I George J Farrell G C amp McCaughan G W 2003 Pharmacotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy vol 4 no 12 pp 2175 2185 Quadri S M Shao Y Blum J E Leichner P K Williams J R amp Vriesendorp H M 1993 Preclinical evaluation of intravenously administered 111In and 90Y labeled B72 3 immunoconjugate GYK DTPA in beagle dogs Nuclear Medicine and Biology vol 20 no 5 pp 559 570 Ramsey D E amp Geschwind J F H 2002 New interventions for liver tumors Seminars in Roentgenology vol 37 no 4 pp 303 311 Riccabona G 2000 Abundance of therapeutic procedures Nuclear medicine not only for diagnosis but also for effective treatment Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift vol 112 no 11 A pp 24 33 Richman C M amp DeNardo S J 2001 Systemic radiotherapy in metastatic breast cancer using 90Y linked monoclonal MUC 1 antibodies Critical Reviews in Oncology Hematology vol 38 no 1 pp 25 35 Roebuck D J 1998 Letter to the editor Interventional radiology in children with hepatobiliary thabdomyosarcoma 2 Medical and Pediatric Oncology vol 31 no 3 pp 187 188 Rosch
111. ibrator Calibration The most common dose calibrators in use are ion chambers Capintec is a widely used brand and the information in this section pertains to Capintecs If other dose calibrators or other brands of ion chambers are used the manufacturer s instructions regarding calibration for yttrium 90 sources should be consulted Published work and general experience suggests that a dial setting of 775 with a multiplication factor of 70 or a dial setting of 48 with a multiplication factor of 10 will give consistent readings for yttrium 90 sources between 1GBq and 3GBq over a range of volumes These settings should be used initially and adjusted if necessary as a result of calibration activities In general if more than one dial setting and multiplication factor provide consistent and reliable measurements one should be adopted as the standard The manufacturer of SIR Spheres microspheres calibrates its ion chambers with secondary national standards To calibrate the Capintec the manufacturer s ion chamber measurement at time and date of manufacture is supplied with the first few generally three 3 devices The device should be measured in the Capintec and the activity measurements compared allowing for decay Adjustments to the settings should be made to bring the measurement from the Capintec to 10 of the manufacturer supplied measurement An alternative is to apply a correction factor These settings should then be the standard use
112. icrospheres have been used in conjunction with systemic chemotherapy using 5 fluorouracil and leucovorin Equation 2 is used to calculate the activity of yttrium 90 to be implanted This equation requires e the patient s Body Surface Area BSA to be calculated from the patient s weight and height using equation 1 e the percentage of the liver that is replaced with tumor as calculated from the CT scan This will usually result in 1 3 2 5GBq of yttrium 90 being given to the patient Equation 1 Determination of BSA TRN US O1 Page 32 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual e BSA is calculated from a weight height chart BSA m 0 20247 x height m x weight kg Equation 2 e Activity of SIR Spheres in GBq BSA 0 2 VONAGE OL A l volume of tumour volume of normal liver The BSA method is recommended for patients having concurrent systemic chemotherapy or for particularly small patients Again it should be noted that the calculated activity of yttrium 90 may have to be further reduced if the percentage lung shunting is greater than 10 as demonstrated by the Nuclear Medicine Break through scan 1 23 2 Partition Model for Calculation of Dose Activity of SIR Spheres microspheres This method involves implanting the highest possible activity to the tumor while maintaining radiation dose to sensitive tissues such as the lung and the normal liver Therefore this method provides the highest radiation dose
113. ient radiation dose all instruments and disposable items used for preparing the dose and implanting the device should be handled with forceps to reduce finger doses TRN US O1 Page 49 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual Appropriate barriers to provide shielding will be a mandatory requirement As SIR Spheres microspheres are a beta emitter with a short penetration distance shielding requirements are less than those for gamma emitters The device itself requires the greatest level of shielding The product is therefore shipped and delivered in a package known as a Type A package Transfer of the patient dose from the shipping vial to the v vial should be a shielded procedure This can be done while both vials are in lead pots but it is essential that this procedure be undertaken behind an acrylic or lead shield This may be of any configuration but an acrylic shield with a cover angled open away from the operator works well The shield should allow easy access generally from the side of the operator s hands Acrylic provides good shielding for beta emitters and being optically clear provides an unobstructed field of vision As an added precaution the work area for dose preparation must be on a tray with a disposable absorbent lining to contain any contamination from accidental spillage The specific patient dose is encased in an acrylic shield for transport to the implant suite and during the implant procedure All staff must wear re
114. iley W Lichtenstein M 2005 Prospective study of treatment with selective internal radiation therapy spheres in patients with unresectable primary or secondary hepatic malignancies Internal Medicine Journal Vol 35 pp 222 227 TRN US O1 Page 89 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual Lim L Gibbs J Shapiro J Yip D Dowling R Lichtenstein M Little M Bailey W amp Smith D 2004 Prospective study of selective internal radiation therapy SIR spheres in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer previously treated with 5FU COSA abstract P26 Lin M 1994 Radiation pneumonitis caused by yttrium 90 microspheres Radiologic findings American Journal of Roentgenology vol 162 no 6 pp 1300 1302 Liu L X Zhang W H amp Jiang H C 2003 Current treatment for liver metastases from colorectal cancer World Journal of Gastroenterology vol 9 no 2 pp 193 200 Mantravadi R V P Spigos D G Tan W S amp Felix E L 1982 Intraarterial yttrium 90 in the treatment of hepatic malignancy Radiology vol 142 no 3 pp 783 786 Marn C S Andrews J C Francis I R Hollett M D Walker S C amp Ensminger W D 1993 Hepatic parenchymal changes after intraarterial Y 90 therapy CT findings Radiology vol 187 no 1 pp 125 128 Moroz P amp Gray B N 2000 Radiotherapy in the treatment of advanced liver cancer Current status and future directions Asian Jour
115. in an animal model TRN US 01 Page 19 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual 1 11 6 Previous Treatment Regimes 1 11 6 1 External Beam Radiation SIR Spheres microspheres should not be implanted into patients who have had previous external beam radiation therapy to the liver 1 11 6 2 Other chemotherapy There are currently no safety data pertaining to the use of CPT11 irinotecan camptosar or oxaliplatin in the period before or within several months after treatment with SIR Spheres microspheres 1 11 7 Liver Status 1 11 7 1 Liver Function Tests SIR Spheres microspheres should not be used in patients who have ascites or are in clinical liver failure SIR Spheres microspheres are contraindicated if pre assessment investigations demonstrate markedly abnormal synthetic and excretory liver function tests 1 11 7 2 Portal Vein Thrombosis Portal vein thrombosis precludes all forms of embolic therapy and is a contraindication for SIR Spheres microspheres 1 11 7 3 Degree of Lung shunting SIR Spheres microspheres are directly contraindicated in patients with greater than 20 lung shunting determined by the nuclear medicine break through scan as an unacceptably high dose of radiation will be shunted from the liver to the lung 1 11 7 4 Hepatic Vascular Anatomy SIR Spheres microspheres are contraindicated in patients with abnormal vascular anatomy that would result in significant reflux of hepatic arterial blood to the stomac
116. ining Manual performing it receives less than 1 mSievert 100mrem In such cases additional precautions are not normally required This should be determined by measurement at one meter from the patient or tissue sample before such procedures are conducted as the exposure rate may differ on an individual basis depending on patient anatomy disease condition shunting and others 1 41 6 Visitors and Contacts Visitors may generally be allowed for periods of 30 40 minutes Pregnant visitors or children under 15 should be asked not to visit in the first two days and should be wary of spending too much time in close proximity to the patient the first week after implant see also 8 9 16 1 1 41 7 Patient Release 1 41 7 1 Discharge Procedures Generally the ward is formally notified in writing of the discharge date or the date to suspend precautions Sample instructions are given in Appendix 6 of this document Generally the patients are physically well after the implant Many centers may choose to admit the patient for overnight observation but normally there is no medical reason to hospitalize them However in most jurisdictions there are legal limits for patient release and these may be a fixed limit of activity or determined by the radiation dose received by others in contact with the patient For example in the USA 10CFR 35 75 states that patients may be released from hospital if the total effective dose equivalent to any other individu
117. ioimmunoglobulin therapy RIT Mutagenesis vol 5 no 5 pp 461 468 Nijsen J F W het Schip A D Hennink W E Rook D W van Rijk P P amp de Klerk J M H 2002 Advances in nuclear oncology Microspheres for internal radionuclide therapy in liver tumours Current Medicinal Chemistry vol 9 no 1 pp 73 82 Oberg K 2003 Diagnosis and treatment of carcinoid tumors Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy vol 3 no 6 pp 863 877 Ooi L L amp Premaraj J 2002 Re 188Rhenium TDD lipiodol in treatment of inoperable primary hepatocellular carcinoma A case report Annals of the Academy of Medicine Singapore vol 31 no 1 p 132 Order S E Klein J L amp Leichner P K 1986 90Yttrium antiferritin a new therapeutic radiolabeled antibody International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics vol 12 no 2 pp 277 281 Order S E 1990 The theoretical implications and experimental and clinical results of radiolabeled antiferritin Acta Oncologica vol 29 no 6 pp 689 694 TRN US 01 Page 103 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual Paganelli G amp Chinol M 2003 Radioimmunotherapy Is avidin biotin pretargeting the preferred choice among pretargeting methods For European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging vol 30 no 5 pp 773 776 Pawlikowska T R B Hooker G Myers M amp Epenetos A A 1986 Treatment of tumours with radiolabelled ant
118. is may be a better option The combination of radiation and chemotherapy addresses the liver disease and the circulating chemotherapy the distant disease In this scenario the SIR Spheres microspheres would need to be implanted via a transfemoral catheter which would be removed after the implantation procedure 1 11 3 Contraindications SIR Spheres microspheres are contraindicated in patients who have e had previous external beam radiation therapy to the liver e ascites or are in clinical liver failure e markedly abnormal synthetic and excretory liver function tests LFTs e greater than 20 lung shunting of the hepatic artery blood flow determined by Technetium MAA scan e pre assessment angiogram that demonstrates abnormal vascular anatomy that would result in significant reflux of hepatic arterial blood to the stomach pancreas or bowel TRN US O1 Page 18 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual e disseminated extra hepatic malignant disease e been treated with capecitabine within the two previous months or who will be treated with capecitabine at any time following treatment with SIR Spheres microspheres e portal vein thrombosis 1 11 4 Warnings e Inadvertent delivery of SIR Spheres microspheres to the gastrointestinal tract or pancreas will cause acute abdominal pain acute pancreatitis or peptic ulceration e High levels of implanted radiation and or excessive shunting to the lung may lead to radiation pneumonitis
119. isposal levels is not extensive Furthermore the penetration of emissions in air reduces the relative risks of storing the isotope this is further enhanced by appropriate shielded storage The delivery set v vial catheters and other single use disposables will contain small residual quantities of microspheres and require monitoring for radioactivity These items are to be disposed of according to local procedures This may involve storage to decay prior to disposal through the usual facility waste system All gowns and surgical gear must be monitored at the end of each procedure TRN US O1 Page 54 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual Contaminated items should be bagged labeled and returned to the medical physics department or other designated area for decay until safe for laundering or other disposal Where possible surgical instruments may be decontaminated in the procedure room The shipping vial will contain residual microspheres not required for the patient dose These vials are to be stored to decay if necessary in accordance with local regulation and disposed of appropriately through the general waste system The dilute and disperse principle may be used for any body fluids from the patient that may require disposal through the general sewage system in the first 24 hours after implant Trace amounts of radioactivity have been detected in urine in the past in the order of 25 50 KBq per liter of urine per GBq of dose which can generall
120. l vessels must be ligated at the time of inserting the port and catheter Failure to ligate these small vessels may result in SIR Spheres microspheres lodging in the stomach or duodenum at the time of SIRT and this may result in severe complications The catheter is usually placed into the hepatic artery by inserting it through the gastro duodenal artery but may need to be placed into another artery The diameter of the catheter should be at least 0 8mm If smaller diameter catheters are used they may block during the delivery of SIR Spheres microspheres The gallbladder may be removed to prevent SIR Spheres microspheres from causing radiation necrosis of the gallbladder This is most likely to occur with concurrent use of hepatic artery chemotherapy which frequently causes chemical cholecystitis The patient must recover from any surgical operations before being treated with SIR Spheres microspheres These may include removal of primary cancer elsewhere removal of the gallbladder or the implantation of the port and catheter It is important to deliver the SIR Spheres microspheres slowly into the hepatic artery If this is done too quickly the microspheres may reflux back down the hepatic artery and lodge in the pancreas stomach or other organs The catheter should be flushed at regular intervals during the delivery procedure to ensure the microspheres do not block the catheter If a pump has been inserted SIR Spheres micr
121. ling therapeutic radioactive devices the local regulation takes precedence and must be observed 1 33 Facility Requirements Facilities using SIR Spheres microspheres are subject to a number of requirements These relate to the facility itself the documentation and licensing required and the personnel and equipment that must be on site The information provided here is a general guide only and the exact requirements for each jurisdiction must be determined before introducing SIR Spheres microspheres into the facility to avoid breaches of accreditation standards 1 34 Physical Requirements The physical requirements of the facility can be divided into a number of sections these being e an area to receive the product e an area to prepare the specific patient radiation doses e an area to implant the device e an area for storage of microspheres and items used in dose preparation or implantation that may be contaminated and are awaiting disposal or recovery e an area for disposal of waste materials e an area to accommodate observe and nurse the patient after implant until their release TRN US O1 Page 45 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual The minimum requirement for all areas in which isotopes are used is e access strictly limited to those staff members with appropriate authorization e no opportunity for access by the general public e physical barriers warning signs and alarms if appropriate The area receiving or takin
122. matopoietic cells with yttrium 90 labeled anti CD45 antibody in vitro and in vivo in nude mice Cancer Biotherapy and Radiopharmaceuticals vol 18 no 2 pp 133 145 Van Eijck C H J De Jong M Breeman W A P Slooter G D Marquet R L amp Krenning E P 1999 Somatostatin receptor imaging and therapy of pancreatic endocrine tumors Annals of Oncology vol 10 no SUPPL 4 p S177 S181 Virgolini I Kurtaran A Angelberger P Raderer M Havlik E amp Smith Jones P 1999 MAURITIUS Tumour dose in patients with advanced carcinoma Italian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology vol 31 no SUPPL 2 p 5227 8230 Virgolini I Traub T Novotny C Leimer M Fuger B Li S R Patri P Pangerl T Angelberger P Raderer M Andreae F Kurtaran A amp Dudczak R 2001 New trends in peptide receptor radioligands Quarterly Journal of Nuclear Medicine vol 45 no 2 pp 153 159 Virgolini I Traub T Novotny C Leimer M Fuger B Li S R Patti P Pangerl T Angelberger P Raderer M Burggasser G Andreae F Kurtaran A amp Dudczak R 2002 Experience with Indium 111 and Yttrium 90 labeled somatostatin analogs Current Pharmaceutical Design vol 8 no 20 pp 1781 1807 Virgolini I Britton K Buscombe J Moncayo R Paganelli G amp Riva P 2002 In and Y DOTA lanreotide results and implications of the MAURITIUS trial Seminars in
123. mls over 3 seconds is used then large arteries will be seen very clearly However in order to see the small arteries that pass from the liver hilum to the stomach and duodenum it is necessary to load up the arteries with contrast and this means giving a lot of contrast For instance it is necessary to inject something like 3 4ml sec for 5 seconds a total of 15 20mls of contrast in one angiogram run Ifa lot of contrast is injected over a long period such as 5 seconds then all the small arteries will fill with contrast and can then be seen It is highly likely that the cases where there gastritis occurs yet the angiogram looks acceptable that this is a result of the angiogram not demonstrating these small arteries that go to the stomach duodenum If they are not seen then the Interventional Radiologist is going to say they were not there However they would be shown to be there if a large forceful bolus of contrast had been used It is important to ensure that all IRs use a lot of contrast as shown above with the initial angiogram assessment of patients After the initial angiographic assessment the IR can use whatever is wanted because the only time a lot of contract is used is when they are trying to look for the small arteries that are the cause of gastritis 1 11 Use of Chemotherapy with SIR Spheres microspheres 1 11 1 Indications for Use SIR Spheres microspheres are indicated for the treatment of unresectable metastatic liver tumors from
124. motherapy alone Most patients develop a post operative fever that starts immediately after implantation of SIR Spheres microspheres and can last from a few days to a week The fever does not necessarily indicate sepsis but may be related to the embolic effect of the microspheres and the acute toxic effects on the tumor If there is any suspicion of bacterial infection investigate and treat appropriately Many patients experience nausea that may last up to several weeks and this may occasionally be severe enough to require anti emetic medication that should be continued until the symptoms subside Many patients experience significant abdominal pain immediately after administration of SIR Spheres microspheres and may need pain relief with narcotic analgesia The pain generally subsides within an hour or so but patients may require oral analgesia for up to several days 1 12 3 Immediate Serious Abdominal Pain 1 12 3 1 Possible Causes Immediate excessive abdominal pain after implantation of SIR Spheres microspheres may indicate that microspheres have been inadvertently delivered to other organs such as the pancreas stomach or duodenum see also Section 4 6 of this document This will result in acute pancreatitis or peptic or duodenal ulceration A post implantation nuclear scan will verify the placement of the microspheres This is performed with a gamma camera which will pick up the secondary Bremsstrahlung radiation from the yttrium 90 S
125. n of SIR Spheres microspheres It is suspected if there is unexplained progressive deterioration in liver function The diagnosis can be confirmed by histologic examination of core liver biopsy If the diagnosis is suspected or proven then patients should be treated with systemic corticosteroids and supportive care until the inflammation settles 1 13 Radiation Dosimetry 1 13 1 Point Source Beta Radiation There is no simple way to precisely know the radiation dose delivered to tumors normal liver or adjacent organs when SIR Spheres microspheres are implanted This is because Y90 only emits pure beta radiation with limited penetration range in tissue Mathematical calculations of the dose from a Y90 point source of beta radiation show that the dose is largely confined to a distance of 2 3 mm from the point source see Point Source Beta Radiation in Appendix 4 The total dose at any particular position of interest in the implanted tissue can be found by summing together the contributions from all of the individual point sources in the vicinity Hence the deposited dose is highly dependent on the distribution of microspheres and this cannot be known with any great precision other than by microscopic examination of tissue after implantation has occurred see for example Campbell AM Bailey IH Burton MA Tumor dosimetry in human liver following hepatic yttrium 90 microsphere therapy Phys Med Biol 2001 46 487 498 Such analyses do confirm that
126. nal of Surgery vol 23 no 1 pp 32 41 Moroz P Anderson J E M Van Hazel G amp Gray B N 2001 Effect of selective internal radiation therapy and hepatic arterial chemotherapy on normal liver volume and spleen volume Journal of Surgical Oncology vol 78 no 4 pp 248 252 Nakhgevany K B Mobini J Bassett J G amp Miller E 1988 Nonabsorbable radioactive material in the treatment of carcinomas by local injections Cancer vol 61 no 5 pp 931 940 Nijsen J F W het Schip A D Hennink W E Rook D W van Rijk P P amp de Klerk J M H 2002 Advances in nuclear oncology Microspheres for internal radionuclide therapy in liver tumours Current Medicinal Chemistry vol 9 no 1 pp 73 82 Novell J R Hilson A amp Hobbs K E F 1991 Therapeutic aspects of radio isotopes in hepatobiliary malignancy British Journal of Surgery vol 78 no 8 pp 901 906 Salem R Thurston K G Carr B I Goin J E amp Geschwind J F H 2002 Yttrium 90 microspheres Radiation therapy for unresectable liver cancer Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology vol 13 no 9 II p 223 S229 Stribley K V Gray B N amp Chmiel R L 1983 Internal radiotherapy for hepatic metastases I The homogeneity of hepatic arterial blood flow Journal of Surgical Research vol 34 no 1 pp 17 24 Stribley K V Gray B N amp Chmiel R L 1983 Internal radiother
127. ncer by Cao et al Chin Med J 1999 112 430 432 Chinese medical journal vol 114 no 4 pp 433 434 Ho S Lau J W Y Leung T W T Dancey J E amp Goin J 2001 Intrahepatic 90Y microspheres for hepatocellular carcinoma multiple letter Journal of Nuclear Medicine vol 42 no 10 pp 1587 1589 Ho S Lau W Leung T W T Johnson P 1998 Internal radiation therapy for patients with primary ot metastatic liver cancer Cancer 83 pp 1894 1907 Huie M Greiner L Thomas J Mulkerin D Smith R Welsh J McDermott J Neider R Bianco J amp Holen K 2004 Institutional series of selective internal radiation therapy SIRT for liver predominant metastatic colorectal cancer Journal of Clinical Oncology Vol 22 14S Abstract 3665 Keng G H W amp Sundram F X 2003 Radionuclide therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma Annals of the Academy of Medicine Singapore vol 32 no 4 pp 518 524 Kennedy A Coldwell D Nutting C Overton C amp Sailer S 2005 Liver Bracytherapy for unresectable Colorectal Metastases US Results 2000 2004 ASCO GI Symposium Hollywood Florida Abstract 145 TRN US O1 Page 93 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual Lau W Ho S Leung T 2002 Internal Radiation Therapy Throughthe Hepatic Artery in Multi treatment Modalities of Liver Tumours N Habib Editor 2002 Kluwer Academic Plenum New York pp 323 344 Lau W
128. ndering Surgical instruments should be cleaned in Decon to decontaminate them Once decontaminated they can be handled in the normal manner Once all materials and staff are removed from the room a final check with the radiation monitor should verify that the room is not contaminated and is ready for re use All staff should be checked including soles of shoes hands and body before leaving the area 1 41 Radiation Safety with the Patient 1 41 1 General Once the patient has received the implant they effectively become the radiation source The minimal penetration distance of the beta emissions in tissue means that patients pose a very small radiation risk to staff and other contacts Some general precautions should be observed and local regulations may over ride these general guidelines Pregnant staff should not be involved in treating or nursing these patients at any stage 1 41 2 Immediate Post Implant Care The patient may be moved from the treatment room into a recovery room This is particularly the case for a transfemoral implant as angiography suites are heavily utilized If the implant is via an implanted catheter and takes place in a routine treatment room the patient can remain in the room It is worthwhile having a qualified staff member in attendance for about an hour after the implant to observe the patient answer any questions the patient may have and monitor for any unusual circumstances If any dressings such as
129. ns generally any drains designated as waste disposal are separated from other drainage systems in the facility Sinks and basins should generally be wrist or foot operated to reduce possible contamination Any sinks into which radioactive waste is poured should have splash free water flow e safety these generally include appropriate emergency exits wash and first aid stations e lighting fluorescent lighting is generally avoided in counting rooms as they increase the background counts in Geiger Muller tubes or liquid scintillation counters e pressure generally radiation facilities are held under negative pressure to contain contamination This list is not exhaustive and local regulations must always be consulted Note Although aseptic transfer of the microspheres from the shipping vial to the v vial is required this procedure should not be performed under a laminar flow hood Laminar flow hoods protect the product from contamination by the operator by directing air flow onto the operator This is inappropriate with a radioactive material The rigor of the regulation is generally determined by the types and quantities of isotopes handled by the facility as well as the kinds of manipulations undertaken on the isotopes Generally the TRN US O1 Page 46 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual requirements for handling diagnostic isotopes are lower than for therapeutic levels and gamma emitters require greater infrastructu
130. ntact with the contamination Itis also possible to walk on these if necessary in areas where large spills have occurred Decontamination is by wiping the area with disposable paper towels moistened with water or a suitable cleaner such as Decon These towels should be monitored before being placed directly into the appropriate receptacle for disposal 8 At completion of the decontamination process the radiation officer should be monitored for contamination and all disposables and protective clothing should be bagged appropriately 9 All bags should be sealed and tagged before removal to the disposal area The derived working limits DWL above which a surface is deemed to be contaminated are based on external radiation as the limiting hazard for beta radiation For hand contamination the limiting hazard is skin irritation for beta radiation The ICRP DWL for beta radiation in an active area is 10 Bq per cm One microsphere has an activity of approximately 30 40 Bq so spillage of a single microsphere constitutes a hazard requiring decontamination End of Program TRN US O1 Page 64 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual APPENDIX 1 NUCLEAR MEDICINE BREAK THROUGH SCAN Guideline for Performing a Nuclear Medicine Break Through Scan The purpose of performing a Nuclear Medicine Break Through Scan is to assess arterial perfusion of the liver and the fraction of radiopharmaceutical tracer that will pass through the liver and lodge in
131. nto the acrylic SIR Spheres Delivery Box provided for this purpose and SIR Spheres microspheres are delivered using the disposable SIR Spheres Delivery Set 1 20 Activity Calculations The activity of the yttrium 90 must be determined by measurement using an appropriate dose calibrator such as an ion chamber on arrival or at the time of dose preparation Confirmation that the correct activity has been drawn from the vial should also be directly verified by measurement Drawn doses must allow for decay during the time between dose preparation and implantation The decay table supplied with the device can be used for this purpose The activity of SIR Spheres microspheres implanted will usually be in the range of 1 5 2 5GBq TRN US O1 Page 29 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual 1 21 Preparation Guidelines The following guidelines are for preparing an individual patient radiation dose All activity measurements should be conducted using fully suspended SIR Spheres microspheres to avoid inconsistencies associated with self shielding due to geometry changes A pictorial step by step dispensary poster is available upon request from Sirtex All manipulations and handling of SIR Spheres microspheres must be undertaken by trained staff approved to handle therapeutic radioisotopes All handling of SIR Spheres microspheres is undertaken using aseptic technique standard radiation protection methods and equipment The physician in cha
132. nts from the liver to the lungs but also determines the distribution in the liver between the tumor and normal tissue In the liver this allows the tumor to normal ratio of activity to be determined TRN US O1 Page 33 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual If the partition model is used then the radiation dose to the normal liver parenchyma should not exceed 80Gray in patients with normal liver and 70Gray in patients with cirrhosis The dose to the lung should not exceed 25Gray The dose received by the tumor has no upper limit Use of the partition model requires two measurements to be made e measurement of the volume of tumor and normal liver determined from a CT scan and e measurement of the proportion of technetium 99 labeled MAA activity that lodges in the tumor normal liver and lung as determined from a gamma SPECT scan nuclear medicine breakthrough scan The following equation is used to calculate the radiation dose received by an organ after SIR Spheres microspheres have been delivered to that organ Note All activities are in GBq and masses in g grams Equation 3 49670 x Total yttrium 90 activity in organ or tissue in GBq Tissue Radiation Dose Gy y Mass of the organ or tissue in grams Therefore to calculate the radiation dose received by the tumor normal liver tissue or lung we need to calculate the volumes of those tissue compartments know the amount of yttrium 90 activity that will be implanted
133. ogy Abbreviations NMT Nuclear Medicine Technician or Pharmacist RSO Radiation Safety Officer NMP Nuclear Medicine Physician Med Onc Medical Oncologist Rad Onc Radiation Oncologist Actions Required from this Checklist eg Training dates Licence renewals Calibrations Equipment Actions Person Responsible Date Completed End of Checklist TRN US O1 Page 77 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual APPENDIX 8 RADIATION EXPOSURE FOR STAFF DURING DOSE PREPARATION An example of data obtained from thermoluminescent detectors TLD worn by an operator preparing individual patient doses is presented below TLDs were worn on the trunk collar and fingers Note that in this case the operator s trunk was shielded by a lead wall while carrying out the dispensing operation The collar detector approximates the dose received by the lens of the eye Detectors were worn for 3 month periods and then analysed The TLDs were used to calculate the dose at 0 07mm depth representing a surface dose as well as the dose at 10mm depth representing a deep dose Surface doses only were calculated for fingers The data represent the dose per patient treated In cases where the cumulative dose over several patients failed to reached detection levels 0 02mSv the data are stated as such Data below this number represent detection above the limit and divided by the numb
134. ol 19 no 4 pp 350 360 TRN US O1 Page 97 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual Ensminger W 1989 Hepatic arterial chemotherapy for primary and metastatic liver cancers Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology vol 23 no SUPPL p S68 S73 Erwin W D amp Groch M W 2002 Quantitative radioimmunoimaging for radioimmunotherapy treatment planning Effect of reduction in data sampling on dosimetric estimates Cancer Biotherapy and Radiopharmaceuticals vol 17 no 6 pp 699 711 Fisher D R 2003 Assessments for high dose radionuclide therapy treatment planning Radiation Protection Dosimetry vol 105 no 1 4 pp 581 586 Fox R A Klemp P F B Egan G Mina L L Burton M A amp Gray B N 1991 Dose distribution following selective internal radiation therapy International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics vol 21 no 2 pp 463 467 Fricker J 2001 Drugs with a magnetic attraction to tumours Drug Discovery Today vol 6 no 8 pp 387 389 Fusai G amp Davidson B R 2003 Management of colorectal liver metastases Co orectal Disease vol 5 no 1 pp 2 23 Georgiades C S Ramsey D E Solomon S amp Geschwind J F H 2001 New nonsurgical therapies in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma Techniques in Vascular and Interventional Radiology vol 4 no 3 pp 193 199 Geschwind J F H Salem R Carr B I Soulen M C Thurston K G Goin K
135. om that point to each microsphere in the neighbourhood of that point Microspheres greater than 8mm from any point will not contribute to the radiation dose to that point The depth dose relationship can be used to determine the dose contribution of each microsphere and TRN US O1 Page 68 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual the total dose is the sum of all doses from contributing microspheres The dose received by any tissue point is thus given by D 9890 A r L r Gray for 0 lt r lt L where Q is the activity of ith microsphere in MBq and r is the distance to the ith microsphere in mm The effective range of electrons L is taken to be 8mm Microspheres can be assumed to represent point sources of activity so that there is no lower limit on r but 7 0 In any case the value of 1 is most unlikely to be precisely 0 A plot of dose D normalised by the dose that would have been received if the activity was uniformly distributed throughout the liver D against the percentage of tissue receiving more than D would show that the vast majority of the liver receives less than D D is calculated using the formula D Gy 4 97 x 10 4 W where A is the total activity in MBq contained in a mass of liver of W kg see Fox RA Klemp PFB et al Dose distribution following selective internal radiation therapy Int J Radiation Oncology Biol Phys 1991 21 2 463 467 These mathematical manipulations can be performed in a research set
136. on to the core of large tumors hence the inability to ensure complete tumor cell death The core may harbor viable cells despite the necrosis 1 6 Clinical experience Over 2 000 people have now been treated with SIR Spheres microspheres at 84 locations in 11 countries across the globe The largest treating countries are the USA Australia New Zealand and Hong Kong with treatment experience rapidly growing in Germany Spain and the UK Treatment has been predominantly for liver metastases derived from Colorectal Cancer in Western Countries and for Hepato Cellular Carcinoma in the Asian countries 1 7 Patient Selection 1 7 1 Assessment Criteria Summary Patient selection is critical to providing a benefit with acceptable risk SIR Spheres microspheres should only be used for patients with liver cancer not suitable for surgical resection with curative intent In addition the liver should be the dominant site of disease as SIR Spheres microspheres provide regional treatment Patients will also require detailed assessment before considering TRN US 01 Page 11 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual treatment to ensure that the microspheres will be delivered to the tumor in sufficient doses to treat the tumor while sparing the normal liver and other organs unacceptable radiation doses Assessment consists of determination of e resectability e extent of disease in the liver e presence and extent of extra hepatic disease e hepatic vascular
137. ons Ward Notification of Discharge Nuclear Medicine Yttrium SIR Spheres microspheres Ward Clinic Family Name Patient Number Dr in Charge Forenames DOB Dr Requesting Patient Address PATIENT DISCHARGE CEASE PRECAUTIONS Activity Implanted cee Date of Implant 2 2 0 0 a en TRN US O1 Page 74 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual Sample of Discharge Letter THE HOSPITAL Address Isotope Yttrium 90 SIR Spheres microspheres Activity Form Microspheres Site Liver Time amp Date Implanted You are being discharged from this hospital after having received treatment with radioactive material For the safety of yourself and others would you please carry out the following instructions 1 Proceed straight home and as far as possible remain at home for the next days i e until 2 Avoid or limit close contact with young children and pregnant women until 3 Please carry this form with you and show it to your doctor if you require medical attention of any kind within the eRtis days i e until 0 To Whom It May Concern This patient has received a radiotherapeutic treatment for liver cancer with yttrium 90 microspheres If major medical attention is required or if you require further information would you please contact The Physicist in Charge The Hospital Telephone 0e eee Physicist in Charge
138. or to SIR Spheres Microspheres Implant Most units treating patients with SIR Spheres microspheres prefer to perform a preliminary radiological work up including e hepatic angiogram e combined angiogram CTA scan e embolisation of the gastro duodenal or other artery that might result in inadvertent delivery of SIR Spheres microspheres and e MAA nuclear medicine SPECT scan See also Section 4 6 of this document regarding preventing gastritis The radiologist must look carefully for small arterial branches and if in doubt take whatever steps are necessary to ensure that SIR Spheres microspheres is never implanted if there is any possibility that they might enter these small aberrant vessels A small number of SIR Spheres microspheres in the stomach or duodenum will cause severe inflammation The options in this situation are e pass the catheter well beyond the offending artery e block the artery with a coil gel foam or other suitable device and e abandon the transfemoral procedure and have a surgeon implant a port into the hepatic artery and ligate the offending vessels TRN US O1 Page 24 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual HEPATIC VASCULAR ANATOMY Many patients exhibit anomalies of hepatic vascular architecture This raises two main concerns firstly vascular anomalies may prevent appropriate placement of the catheter into the hepatic artery for the delivery of SIR Spheres microspheres these anomalies can lead to mi
139. ospheres are implanted via the side port of the pump In some types of pumps eg Medtronic the side port can only be accessed with a gauge 24 or smaller needle Whilst SIR Spheres microspheres can be injected through this small needle there is an increased risk of the microspheres clogging the needle during injection The operator should therefore inject a very dilute suspension of SIR Spheres microspheres to prevent clogging of the needle If clogging does occur it can usually be cleared by pulling back on the syringe and then injecting once more This can only be done if SIR Spheres microspheres are being injected into the side port directly from a shielded syringe The Delivery Set can be used but in the event of clogging pull back on the syringe connected to Tube D is not possible due to the one way valves in the Delivery Set If the pump does not have a separate side port then it cannot be accessed to implant SIR Spheres microspheres 1 27 Trans Femoral Implantation The hepatic artery catheter is inserted via the femoral artery under X ray guidance If this is the preferred method of implantation an experienced radiologist must perform the procedure TRN US O1 Page 40 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual The procedure for delivering the SIR Spheres microspheres is similar to using a port except that the femoral artery catheter is connected to the Delivery Set Once the catheter has been correctly sited in the hepatic artery
140. ow dose 0 07mm Deep dose 10mm Radiation Safety Officer First 3 month period Shallow dose 0 07mm 0 0045 Deep dose 10mm Radiation Safety Officer Second 3 month period Shallow dose 0 07mm lt 0 02 lt 0 02 0 324 0 14 0 0017 Deep dose 10mm 1 Data can also be presented as doses received per GBq administered TRN US O1 Page 79 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual APPENDIX 10 PATIENT NURSING CARE General The patient may be removed to the recovery room following the implantation procedure Patients should receive general nursing care and hospital accommodation in line with local regulations pertaining to patients with therapeutic radioactive implants The patient can receive normal nutrition and fluids as tolerated immediately after the procedure If any further patient care is required in the immediate post procedural period it can be safely conducted in the recovery room The recovery room is ideally a single bed unit The following precautions should be observed while the patient is in the recovery room e the medical physicist or radiation safety officer should remain in attendance to monitor for any unusual conditions and answer any questions regarding radiation issues that the patient may have This is generally for a period of an hour e pregnant staff should not attend the patient e if dressings to the implant site wound need to
141. p 1101 1105 Gray B N Burton M A Kelleher D K Anderson J amp Klemp P 1989 Selective internal radiation SIR therapy for treatment of liver metastases Measurement of response rate Journal of Surgical Oncology vol 42 no 3 pp 192 196 Gray B N Burton M A Kelleher D Klemp P amp Matz L 1990 Tolerance of the liver to the effects of Yttrium 90 radiation International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics vol 18 no 3 pp 619 623 Grillo Lopez A J 2001 The important role of monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of non Hodgkin s lymphomas Oncology Spectrums vol 2 no 10 pp 700 705 Halley S Walker T Gray B N Tan L amp Burton M A 2000 Microsphere distribution within a metastatic liver tumour following selective internal radiation therapy GI Cancer vol 3 no 3 pp 193 197 Hellman S 1985 Iodine 131 antiferritin a new treatment modality in hepatoma A radiation therapy oncology group study Journal of Clinical Oncology vol 3 no 12 p 1569 Herba M J Illescas F F Thirlwell M P Boos G J Rosenthall L Atri M amp Bret P M 1988 Hepatic malignancies Improved treatment with intraarterial Y 90 Radiology vol 169 no 2 pp 311 314 Herba M J amp Thirlwell M P 2002 Radioembolization for hepatic metastases Seminars in Oncology vol 29 no 2 pp 152 159 Ho S Lau W Y Leung T W T Chan M
142. p spurting from the needle due to pressure as it is withdrawn from the v vial Lead pot lids should be kept on unless the vial is being directly accessed Once the dose in the v vial has been confirmed the v vial should be transferred quickly using tongs to the acrylic v vial holder The residual microspheres should remain in the shipping vial in the lead pot in the designated storage area The patient dose in the acrylic holder should be similarly stored until required 1 40 5 2 Equipment Related to Radiation Safety The syringe used to draw the specific patient dose should be shielded preferably in a acrylic shield To reduce the risk of spillage from a very full syringe a 5 ml syringe is recommended even if volumes less than this are required Various brands of syringes may fit well into particular shields The syringe shields routinely used by Sirtex fit 5ml Terumo syringes very well Additional shielding is recommended for dose preparation This could be lead or acrylic A convenient configuration is shielding with an acrylic windshield with easy side access for performing the tasks Performing the dose preparation on a tray with a low lip lined with an absorbent disposable material will assist in containing any drips that may occur Standard protective clothing and eyewear are recommended The procedure generates a number of disposable items these being e needles and syringes absorbent pads and wipes e operator s
143. patic hilum This can occur when the microspheres are inadvertently injected into small arteries that are either a misinterpreted by the user as an artery and thinks it is just another left sided liver artery supplying blood to the left lobe of the liver when it is actually going to the gut this is very common The main culprit is a right gastric artery that takes origin from the left hepatic and it is not recognized as or considered to be a small artery supplying the left lobe of the liver or b the user does not know the aberrant artery is present because it was not seen on the angiogram In about 15 of patients there can be other small vessels that are very small TRN US O1 Page 16 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual and hard to see on an angiogram and which pass from the liver to the gut These are the cause of most of the problems with gastritis 1 10 2 How to avoid it The question is why does the user not see these small vessels as in b above on the angiogram When doing the initial angiogram to assess patients a catheter is placed in the main hepatic artery and contrast injected to look at all the vessels On the basis of what is seen a plan is formulated as to where to inject the SIR Spheres microspheres There has been a move in angiography to use the least amount of contrast as possible This might be good for patients but it is extremely inappropriate for SIR Spheres microspheres If a small amount of contrast eg 8
144. patient is about 9 2 uSv per hour so travel for 11 hours will transmit a dose of 100 uSv to a person sitting 0 5m from the patient The allowable travel time increases as the activity decays The recommendation is no longer than 2 hours for the first week 1 41 8 Patient Death In the event of a patient dying while in the hospital the body may be move to the mortuary in the usual manner The hospital radiation safety officer should be consulted before any procedures are performed on the body The maximum level of activity below which disposal of deceased persons can proceed without special precautions depends on the mode of disposal e g embalming burial cremation and will vary in different jurisdictions Typical examples include Necropsy 1SOMBq Cremation Burial 1 00GBq Embalming 150MBq TRN US O1 Page 62 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual 1 42 Dealing with Contamination All contamination with SIR Spheres microspheres should be treated seriously Being a solid suspended in liquid contamination for SIR Spheres microspheres is likely to be on surfaces or people rather than airborne In the absence of an obvious event routine cleaning and monitoring of surfaces work areas floors and equipment should be conducted Decontamination procedures are the same regardless of resulting from an occult or obvious event Contamination may be transferred from one surface to another such as bench to hand to bench or surface to person via dir
145. plications for internal radiotherapy with 90Y DOTATOC European Journal of Nuclear Medicine vol 26 no 8 pp 877 886 Cremonesi M Ferrari M Chinol M Stabin M G Grana C Prisco G Robertson C Tosi G amp Paganelli G 1999 Three step radioimmunotherapy with yttrium 90 biotin Dosimetry and pharmacokinetics in cancer patients European Journal of Nuclear Medicine vol 26 no 2 pp 110 120 D Orazio A I amp Fisher M D 2001 Rituximab as first line and maintenance therapy for patients with small lymphocytic lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia C nical Lymphoma vol 2 no 3 pp 139 144 Dancey J E Shepherd F A Paul K Sniderman K W Houle S Gabrys J Hendler A L amp Goin J E 2000 Treatment of nonresectable hepatocellular carcinoma with intrahepatic 90Y microspheres Journal of Nuclear Medicine vol 41 no 10 pp 1673 1681 Dawson L A 2005 Hepatic Arterial Yttrium 90 microspheres Another treatment option for hepatocellular carcinoma Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology Vol 16 pp 161 164 De Herder W W amp Lamberts S W J 2003 Somatostatin analog therapy in treatment of gastrointestinal disorders and tumors Endocrine vol 20 no 3 pp 285 290 De Jong M Breeman W A P Bernard H F Kooij P P M Slooter G D Van Eijck C H J Kwekkeboom D J Valkema R Macke H R amp Krenning E P 1999 Therap
146. procedure is common 1 30 Catheter Selection 1 30 1 Co axial system This is a safe atraumatic approach with a high success rate and is the preferred method Catheterize the coeliac axis with a simple single curved 5F non tapered catheter depending on the size of the artery Use a micro catheter co axially and the appropriate micro guide wires to catheterize the hepatic artery proper and its branches It may be preferable to use a micro catheter but the operator must be aware that fine bore catheters may block unless the SIR Spheres microspheres are delivered as a very dilute suspension Small bore catheters and needles may block with SIR Spheres microspheres 1 30 2 SF Catheter This method is more traumatic than the co axial system Success rate of correct placement is lower as it is more difficult to accurately place the tip of the catheter in the exact position within the hepatic artery anatomy Success depends on the hepatic artery anatomy size and tortuosity Size 4F catheters can be used but 6F are too large and stiff Use a simple single curved 5F non tapered catheter depending on aorta size to catheterize the coeliac axis Advance the catheter over an 035 guide wire to the desired site This catheter tip configuration is only suitable for some hepatic artery anatomy with larger diameter vessels Another useful catheter is a double curved catheter The tip configuration is somewhat similar but it has an excellent modifica
147. proceed without special precautions depends on the mode of disposal e g embalming burial cremation and will vary in different jurisdictions TRN US 01 Page 82 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual APPENDIX 11 IMPLANTATION ROOM SET UP The room where the SIR Spheres microspheres are implanted such as Catheter Suite or Operating Room should be set up with appropriate equipment The important concepts are to separate contaminated and non contaminated materials and recoverable and non recoverable items A typical set up may be as follows e Two wire baskets each lined with a black plastic bag Label one basket DISPOSABLE and the other RECOVERABLE Use trefoil tape to indicate radiation hazard to prepare the labels e A surgical trolley with the following items on the top shelf which is lined with an absorbent plastic backed pad o Sharps container for RECOVERABLE instruments and syringes o Sharps container for DISPOSABLE instruments and syringes o Container for Decon to decontaminate surgical instruments e A contamination monitor on the bottom shelf A medical physicist or radiation safety officer must be available for all implants and is responsible for control of contamination All disposable and recoverable items that are contaminated must be available for stock take or counting as per standard nursing procedures All gowns and surgical gear must be monitored at the end of each procedure Contaminated items should be bagged label
148. re advised to use the BSA formula method found in this manual in Section 7 7 1 1 2 of this manual End of Document TRN US O1 Page 110 of 110
149. re than most beta emitters The area for implanting the microspheres has some basic requirements these being e separation from other procedures due to radioactive nature of the device e separation with solid partitioning rather than curtaining avoids intrusion and potential accidents e sterile access to the hepatic artery via port or transfemoral catheter e an ability to contain and readily decontaminate any radiation spills and e adequate floor space for the necessary personnel and equipment If the patient is having the microspheres implanted via a transfemoral catheter the procedure must take place in an appropriate area such as an angiography suite or laboratory After the implant the patient requires observation general nursing care and accommodation Most facilities accommodate patients in single rooms although a multi bed unit with reasonable spacing between beds is sufficient provided the patient is confined to the bed space This is because the patient s body attenuates the majority of the radiation Whether patients are in single or multi unit rooms the rooms should be away from high traffic areas for staff visitors and other patients Most facilities group such patients in a single ward with staff experienced in nursing patients treated with radioisotopes No other special facilities are required for the patient 1 35 Documentation and Licensing 1 35 1 Licensing Licensing of the facility in some form i
150. redited facilities and is highly recommended for all staff handling SIR Spheres microspheres All staff generally wear film badges or some form of personal dosimeters Badges should be worn to provide representative doses For example if a lead apron is standard protective clothing for the trunk badges should be worn under the apron In the case of SIR Spheres microspheres where finger doses are potentially high monitoring rings may be used As most detectors do not differentiate between gamma and beta doses it is important to wear the rings facing away from the fluoroscopic X ray source during transfemoral implants 1 40 3 Exposure Levels The following exposure levels are representative for the technician or pharmacist preparing a typical patient dose and for the physician implanting that prepared dose Trunk Lens of Eye Hands mSv mrem mSv mrem mSv mrem Pharmacist Shallow Dose 0 07mm 0 027 2 7 0 026 2 6 0 35 35 Deep dose 10mm 0 003 0 3 0 004 0 4 Physician Shallow Dose 0 07mm 0 038 3 8 0 12 12 0 32 32 Deep dose 10mm 0 004 0 4 0 054 5 4 Radiation Safety Officer Shallow Dose 0 07mm lt 0 02 lt 2 0 04 4 0 2 20 Deep dose 10mm 0 01 1 0 017 1 7 Various regulatory bodies may determine acceptable occupational radiation exposure limits International Commission on Radiological Protection IRCP Occupational Radiation Dose Limits are as follows
151. rge of the patient must determine the activity required by the patient The activity of SIR Spheres microspheres is calculated for the time of delivery into the patient using the decay table supplied with the device e The nuclear medicine technician or radio pharmacist should verify the activity of the shipped dose using the institution s radiation measuring equipment e Using aseptic technique the required amount of SIR Spheres microspheres are removed from the shipping container and delivered into the v vial The yttrium 90 activity in the v vial should be confirmed and corrected if necessary If required additional water for injection should be added to bring the volume in the v vial to a minimum of 3ml e The v vial is placed into the v vial holder which is the dedicated acrylic shield The v vial holder containing the v vial is transported to the patient treatment room 1 22 Step By Step Example The recommended method for preparing a patient specific radiation dose of SIR Spheres microspheres follows The procedure should be undertaken in a lead shielded or acrylic box if available otherwise leave SIR Spheres microspheres shipping vial in delivery lead pot during the procedure 1 Invert the lead pot several times before opening the lead pot to re suspend the microspheres which will have settled during shipping 2 Quickly open the pot and remove the shipping vial with tongs and determine the total activity using an
152. rinotecan based treatment arms Interim report on a phase I dose escalation study Clinical Oncology Society of Australia Abstract P27 van Hazel G Pavlakis N Goldstein D amp Olver I 2005 Selective Internal Radiation Therapy SIRT Plus Systemic Chemotherapy with Oxaliplatin 5 Fluorouracil and Leucovorin A Phase I Dose Escalation Study ASCO GI Symposium Hollywood Florida Abstract 265 van Hazel G Blanshard K S Steward W P amp Sharma R A 2005 Selective Internal Radiation Therapy SIRT plus systemic chemotherapy with Irinotecan A phase I dose escalation study ASCO GI Symposium Hollywood Florida Abstract 108 Additional References 2001 Comments on Hepatic radioembolization with yttrium 90 glass microspheres for treatment of primary liver cancer by Cao et al Chin Med J 1999 112 430 432 Chinese medical journal vol 114 no 4 pp 433 434 Anderson J H Goldberg J A Bessent R G Kerr D J McKillop J H Stewart I Cooke T G amp McArdle C S 1992 Glass yttrium 90 microspheres for patients with colorectal liver metastases Radiotherapy and Oncology vol 25 no 2 pp 137 139 Antoniw P Farnsworth A P H Turner A Haines A M R Mountain A Mackintosh J Shochat D Humm J Welt S Old L J Yarranton G T amp King D J 1996 Radioimmunotherapy of colorectal carcinoma xenografts in nude mice with yttrium 90 A33 IgG and tri fab TFM
153. roperties are Half life 64 1 hours Energy of beta particles Maximum 2 27MeV Mean 0 93MeV Range Maximum in air 9621mm Maximum in tissue 11mm Mean in air 3724mm TRN US O1 Page 8 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual Mean in tissue 2 5mm Effective treatment time when isotope is applied to infinity 92 4 hours In a therapeutic application of decay to infinity 94 of the radiation dose is delivered in 11 days Fractional Bremsstrahlung yield At maximal energy 2 27MeV In air 0 0089 In water 0 0081 In bone 0 0110 At mean energy 0 93MeV In air 0 0037 In water 0 0034 In bone 0 0043 The fractional Bremsstrahlung yield may be roughly estimated from the following formula Et Z f 3000 where f fractional Bremsstrahlung Z atomic number Er transitional energy ofthe beta particles 1 2 Calibration SIR Spheres microspheres are intended for use on the day of calibration At the date and time of calibration the activity in the vial matches the activity printed on the label 3GBq 10 The microspheres may be used for up to 24 hours after calibration Beyond 24 hours the number of microspheres required to provide sufficient activity increases by approximately 30 and this may exceed the vascular capacity of the tumors in some patients Calibration for the day of use means that the microspheres will be more active on arrival at the treatment centre particularly if they arrive the day before Microspheres are t
154. rubin Radiation treatment to the liver will result in further short term abnormalities in liver function in particular transient but possibly significant increases in alkaline phosphatase AP and aspartate transaminase AST These abnormalities should subside within a few weeks Continued monitoring of liver function tests is recommended to determine the outcome of treatment This includes monitoring for stabilization in liver function tests due to control of disease as well as TRN US O1 Page 13 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual monitoring for continued disturbances that may indicate absence of patient benefit or treatment related toxicity Renal status must be adequate to accommodate any concurrent chemotherapy that may be administered as part of the treatment plan 1 8 General Recommendations from Assessments Patients in whom the liver tumors are resectable should not receive SIR Spheres microspheres Exceptions to this include patients with disease elsewhere such as the lung in which case resection is not for cure and would not generally be of benefit In such patients the liver cancer should be the significant site of disease and represent the most immediate life threatening event The use of SIR Spheres microspheres to provide regional treatment to a single organ is questionable in patients with widely disseminated disease The decision on the potential benefit of treatment in such cases rests with the treating doctor Hepa
155. s sssssccccssssscssssccesssscecsscsesccccssceesssseesseseees 10 BIA Certificati n sie secs cet deaek a a a Ea a a A E E E A ET R iata 10 3 42 Orderin sarea peed ak cole e E E E tdeid Sts Donati in Cab eustees 10 CHAPTER 4 SELECTIVE INTERNAL RADIATION THERAPY SIRT cccsssssseees 11 4 1 Principles of Therapy With Yttrium 90 Microspheres cccccssscssscssscsssssssessseseseoess 11 4 2 Climical x Prien Ce iicsccsssessisissssecsecsvessdsosssesnssseessdcevussteensvendssosnsesesssossessoseessvedseeeds sosbessenaceeaess 11 4 3 Patient Selection scccscccssssscsssssssscssscssscssssnssensssncssssssesesescscsescssssssescssscsesssessnssnesssessonss 11 4 3 1 Assessment Criteria SUMMALY 0 00 ccccecescesceseeeseeeseeeseeeseecsaecsecesecesecnseeseeeeeeeeeneenes 11 ABD Gemierall E E E E T SA ESS 12 4 3 3 Hepatic Vascular abnormalities cccecccccseeseessseeceesceeeecaecsaeceseceseenseeseeeeeeeeeneeaes 12 4 3 4 Arteriovenous SHUNING cecceccesccessceseceseeeeeeeeeeeeseeeseecsaecsaecaecesecesecseesereseeeeeeeeses 13 430 Hepaticvand Renal Status aciiijeesseisceivcasiscesushs odecndd eceondsavbeovsanytiensi oodeeesasaeaensooieeneeas 13 4 4 General Recommendations from Assessments cssccssscsssccsscssseresssssssscssscssssscsscseees 14 4 5 Normal Routine for Patients Receiving Treatment csccsscssccsccsssesscccsscesssseessssseses 15 4 6 Preventing Gastritis through Appropriate A
156. s is fully assembled injecting water from the syringe on tube D will cause the SIR Spheres microspheres to swirl into a suspension and pass into tube C and then into tube A that is connected to the patient TRN US O1 Page 38 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual With the safety bar at the 3 o clock position deliver slowly from the Delivery Syringe connected to tube labeled D at a rate of approximately 5ml per minute It is important to deliver slowly to reduce the possibility of SIR Spheres microspheres refluxing back down the hepatic artery and into other organs such as the stomach or the pancreas In order to achieve a slow delivery rate and to maintain the SIR Spheres microspheres in suspension the flow from the delivery syringe may be given in pulses of 0 25ml 0 5ml separated by a pause Use all 20ml of water for injection 18 At all times observe the V Vial and tubing to ensure that the SIR Spheres microspheres are flowing properly and there is no leakage blockage or air bubbles at the needle septum interface If delivery of the microspheres is paused for any reason continually flush lines with water for injection from tube B to prevent microspheres in the lines from settling out and blocking If blockage does occur it can be cleared by flushing water with the flushing syringe 19 When the whole 20mls in syringe D has been delivered there will still be some water and SIR Spheres microspheres left in th
157. s likely to be required The licensing required to introduce SIR Spheres microspheres into a facility generally depends on the licensing currently in place and reflects the type and quantity of isotopes on site and how the facility intends to handle the device In addition to licensing the facility staff responsible for using or performing various tasks using radioisotopes may require individual licenses There may be a set application process and licenses to be issued on the basis of qualifications and or positions held in the facility by the applicant which are likely to require routine renewal 1 35 2 Documentation In addition to facility or personnel licenses other documentation is generally required to accommodate the use of therapeutic isotopes within the facility Such documentation generally includes certification or licenses supported by evidence of compliance with a raft of industry TRN US O1 Page 47 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual standards for facilities equipment installation and maintenance This documentation would normally be part of the requirements to be met to receive the license for the facility Routine audit of the facility and supporting documentation may be part of general hospital or radiation safety accreditation systems The other documentation that is normally required is procedural and this would cover standard working procedures and records for all staff handling isotopes These procedures and records
158. s likely to be significant for sources on the scale 10 100 micron Furthermore it is known that SIR Spheres microspheres do not distribute uniformly within each of the tumor and parenchymal compartments Secondly MIRD theory assumes that for beta radiation no dose is received in organs adjacent to the source organ because of their geometric separation i e the absorbed fraction is zero for adjacent organs Therefore if the liver is considered the source no other organs will receive any radiation This is an inaccurate representation as a large serosal tumor lying adjacent to the stomach will deliver a radiation dose to that organ due to the penetration of beta radiation in tissue However there is no easy way to calculate what this dose might be This applies to adjacent organs such as the stomach TRN US O1 Page 69 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual pancreas and gastrointestinal tract However based on penetration depth of beta emissions the lungs will receive no radiation in the absence of lung shunting The partition model was developed from basic MIRD methodology to provide an estimate of the radiation dose separately to tumor and normal liver The partition model considers the liver and tumor to be effectively separate organs from the point of view of MIRD The partition model relies on accurate information relating to the degree of lung shunting liver mass tumor mass and T N ratio Pathogenesis of Radiation Damage R
159. sed by R Loevinger et al in Radiation Dosimetry by Hine and Brownell 1956 pps 693 716 These equations have been applied to calculate the beta dose rate to tissue at increasing distances from a 1 MBq point source of yttrium 90 The results are shown in Table 1 below Also shown are the calculated doses as a percentage depth dose of the peak dose Table 1 Dosimetry from a point source of Y90 Dist from P cm Dose Rate c Gy sec Depth Dose 0 165 0 0883 100 00 0 2 0 0589 66 73 0 3 0 0214 24 37 0 4 0 0088 9 93 0 5 0 0038 4 33 0 6 0 0017 1 97 0 7 0 0008 0 92 0 8 0 0004 0 44 0 9 0 0002 0 21 1 0 0 0001 0 10 Dose in Gy cGy s x 3600 x 92 5 x 1 100 This theoretical example demonstrates that the dose is largely confined to 2 3mm from the point source This means that dosimetry is determined largely by the distribution of the microspheres and clusters thereof in the tumor and the liver The same applies for any microspheres shunted to the lung or inadvertently placed into other organs SIR Spheres microspheres result in a heterogeneous point source radiation distribution in the liver This has been demonstrated by microscopic examination of implanted tissues Campbell AM Bailey IH Burton MA Tumor dosimetry in human liver following hepatic yttrium 90 microsphere therapy Phys Med Biol 2001 46 487 498 The dose at any point in any tissue sample can be calculated by computing the distance fr
160. ses Radiation doses to the gonads are unlikely given the proximity to the liver and vascular anatomy Similarly radiation doses to the bone marrow are unlikely and data have not demonstrated myelosuppression with SIR Spheres microspheres TRN US 01 Page 71 of 110 APPENDIX 5 Sirtex Medical Training Manual ESTIMATED EFFECTIVE DOSE The table estimates the effective dose for yttrium 90 for various percentages of lung shunting from 0 30 Liver Dose Lung Dose Effective Dose Liver Activity Lung Activity mGy MBq mGy MBq mSv MBq 100 0 26 1 4 5x 107 1 39 95 5 24 8 2 48 1 63 90 10 23 4 5 00 1 88 80 20 20 8 9 95 2 38 70 30 18 2 14 90 2 88 The table estimates the effective dose for technetium 99m for various percentages of lung shunting from 0 30 Liver Dose Lung Dose Effective Dose Liver Activity Lung Activity mGy MBq mGy MBq mSv MBq 100 0 0 101 0 006 0 0079 95 5 0 096 0 012 0 0083 90 10 0 091 0 017 0 0088 80 20 0 082 0 028 0 0097 70 30 0 072 0 039 0 0106 TRN US O1 Page 72 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual APPENDIX 6 PATIENT DOCUMENTATION Sample Ward Instruction Doctor in Charge Doctor Requesting Isotope Yttrium 90 Microspheres SIR Spheres Intrahepatic Implantation Medical Physicist Date Time Activity NATURE OF HAZARD MINOR RADIATION RED AND YELLOW SIGN CONTAMINATION HAZARD INSTRUCTION IDENTIFICAT
161. soosssosssosssosssossssesssesssee 41 7 7 Abnormalities of Liver Vascular Anatomy sesssesssesssesssesssossecsseossoossocssocesoossoossoossoossoossoo 42 7 8 Catheter Selection ccccscsssssssscssscssscssesscsessscssscssscssssssscsscsssnssnessnessssssssssssssesssessscoeees 42 TRN US 01 Page 3 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual TSA Coaxial Syste ee ed eea a A EE E E E a aE Te EE EE E E Ea aaa 42 ESD SE Catheter a a E a a a EA RA a ra n iaa aS 42 7 9 Peri Procedural Precautions s seessessessesoosseesoeseesoesosseesoesseeoorsesoecoorseesoesessoesoesoesoosseesorseseoesee 42 7 9 1 Peri Procedural Medications s micen ien eee e a e E 42 T92 SPECT M giga a a a aa a S aa iaa aras 43 7 93 Patient MOnitoring sne sarea anea n R T E O E R aa weet 44 CHAPTER 8 RADIATION cies sssceaece eienenn isnciene isons paseta ce aeseanus nck tesnticatenes toccaeciliseetes tsnceuweivcersiies 45 8 1 Radiation Regulationi ccicccsssicccsccscaccecsavccssscsoccccdsenvessonsoonsessesueceenssoossseeasesscnsceccdeodioavencssocnsesns 45 8 2 Facility Requirements ciscrccccccccsesscoossssconsseendconessscnessosnsceencevesscosescsenaddcestcovesosenassecsaceseoesens 45 8 3 Physical Requirements ccccscssssscsssscccscescccsssscesssccecccccesceesesceessccssscssesccessscesssssesssesseses 45 8 4 Documentation and Licensing ssesssesssesssossoossocssocssocssoossoossooesoossoossoosssosssosssosesossssesssesssee 47 SA ACENSIING co 20 E oben c
162. ssessment csscccssccccsscsscecssccesssserssscseees 16 EGT SHOWA OCCUTS aeaniee ERE co daacens tere E E e E E coisas Weeki S 16 46 2 How toavoid sne ae aea e r a aeaa aa anae i eaa Eaa Ea 17 4 7 Use of Chemotherapy with SIR Spheres microspheres sseessoessoessosssosssoessoessosssoesssesseeo 17 4TA Indications for User v ccsscasccceiscductieasaccedunse e a i E 17 ATZ Technique r a e aa aara aeaa ea raaa aE aea aaa 18 A CoN A O a a A S 18 ANA Warming Sienai a EE EEA aces a Ei EE E dees EES 19 ATS E PA ENLO EE E E I Uoendesesanbavdacnadedeansautegueenies 19 4 7 6 Previous Treatment Regimes cecccecccesscsseeeeesseeeseeceeeeeseeeseecssecsaecaecssecesecneesaeeees 20 TRN US 01 Page 2 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual ATI Taver Status 6s nrn E EE EEEE E EE ET E E aip aE 20 4 7 8 Other Considerations cccccesccesscesscessceeeeeeeeeeeeeeseceaeeeseeeaaecsaecaeceseceseeneeseeeseeeeeeeeags 20 ATO Other cine a E ie eens een ee caine anne aan iene 21 4 8 Product Incidents And Post Operative Adverse Effects scccsscccssscsccscsscsecssseesssseeses 21 Aull REPOTUMG tees sccskisiseciots sneaked a A a a a A A E sandesanhanaces equates tenauledbcquds 21 4 32 Generalna t ai ieee ies ab anne adenine when aa 22 4 8 3 Immediate Serious Abdominal Pain ee eeceesceesceeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeecsseseeesseeseneeaes 22 4 8 4 Delayed Serious Events szicccevsceetscieckccscvecadesvces cscs E EE EEE 23 4 9 Radiation
163. t and get a new one Remove cover from shorter needle attached to the tube labeled D This tube contains a one way valve to prevent any SIR Spheres microspheres flowing back into the delivery syringe Insert the short needle D through one side of septum and push it into the V Vial all the way up to the hub t is important that this needle goes to the bottom of the V Vial so that when water is injected it will swirl the SIR Spheres microspheres into a thin suspension The SIR Spheres microspheres will be decanted from the top of the V Vial An excessively concentrated suspension of SIR Spheres microspheres may cause clogging in the fine catheter Remove cover from Long Needle labeled C Insert the Long Needle through the V Vial septum until it penetrates approximately 10mm below the surface of the water in the V Vial containing the SIR Spheres microspheres SZR Spheres microspheres delivered to the patient must be decanted from the top of the V Vial so the suspension remains dilute and does not clog the catheter Remove cap on tube A and connect tube A to the patient either via a surgically implanted hepatic artery port or to a trans femoral catheter It is preferable not to use another 3 way stopcock to the patient because the SIR Spheres microspheres may deposit in the corners of the 3 way stopcock and become trapped The apparatus is now ready for delivery of the SIR Spheres microspheres When the apparatu
164. t is radioactive a sign should be placed at the head of the bed and an identity band with the trefoil or similar symbol to indicate radiation should be worn by the patient e pregnant staff should not nurse the patient e visitors may be allowed for 30 40 minutes Visitors under 15 years of age and pregnant visitors should be cautioned regarding spending the full time in close proximity to the patient e the patient should be confined to single bed facilities or the bed space until advised by the medical physicist or radiation safety officer Previous monitoring of all body fluids has revealed only light contamination detected in urine 25 50kBq per liter per GBq of dose in the first 24 hours after implant and no contamination of other fluids Therefore e there is no need to collect bed linen rubbish or items of clothing e should the patient need catheter bags drainage bags etc and these require changing then staff should wear gloves and discharge the bags into the sluice and flush twice and e the patient may use the toilet in single bed facilities In the case of a patient requiring an abdominal drain the medical physicist or radiation safety officer should monitor the fluid If the fluid is radioactive the doctor should be informed as high activity may indicate the need for medical intervention If any intervention is required while the implant is still radioactive the patient is to be managed in accordance with local regula
165. the end of the catheter is connected to the SIR Spheres microspheres Delivery Set that has been primed with water for injection SIR Spheres microspheres are then delivered into the trans femoral catheter The radiologist should periodically check the position of the catheter to ensure it remains correctly sited during the delivery procedure SIR Spheres microspheres must be delivered slowly at a rate of no more than 5ml per minute as rapid delivery may cause reflux back down the artery into other organs At the conclusion of the procedure the catheter is removed and the patient returned to the ward for observation before discharge 1 28 Radiological Placement of Catheter As there are frequent arterial abnormalities in the blood supply to the liver the radiologist must be familiar with these anomalies see Chapter 5 of this document If there are tumors in both lobes every attempt should be made to deliver the SIR Spheres microspheres into the main hepatic artery so that radiation is distributed to both lobes of the liver If the tumors are limited to one lobe the catheter can be selectively inserted into the lobar artery supplying only that lobe thus sparing the normal lobe This is an excellent method of delivering high radiation activity to the tumor while at the same time ensuring that one lobe of the liver is unaffected by the radiation It is essential that SIR Spheres microspheres are not delivered to other organs in particular the pancre
166. those over the port or the transfemoral wound need attendance staff should wear gloves as a matter of routine It may be advantageous to wear double gloves Any dressings removed should be placed into a plastic bag labeled as a radiation hazard and sent to the radiation facility for storage and subsequent disposal TRN US 01 Page 59 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual 1 41 3 Accommodation The facilities required to accommodate patients after implant have been previously described at the start of this module Additional measures that may be implemented include the following Local regulations may mandate these or stricter measures To indicate that the patient is radioactive a sign should be placed at the head of the bed and an identity band with the trefoil or similar warning of radiation hazard should be worn by the patient In many facilities a written ward instruction is issued for radioactive patients Examples of both these are in Appendix 6 of this document The patient should generally be confined to the bedspace or private facilities until discharged or otherwise advised by the Radiation Safety Officer 1 41 4 General Nursing Care See also Appendix 10 of this document Patients may be nursed in general ward with routine observations of pulse BP respiration etc as for any equivalent small operative procedure For transfemoral patients the groin incision should be observed for 24 hours for hematoma formation The patient m
167. tic vascular anatomy that is anomalous should be examined with care Selective placement of the catheter may overcome accessory vessels and allow reliable placement of the microspheres It is important to identify accessory or replacement vessels in particular a gastro duodenal artery arising from the main hepatic artery distal to the origin of the left hepatic artery This vessel is difficult to visualize and if present may deliver microspheres to the gastrointestinal tract This anomaly occurs in perhaps 10 of patients and if present the gastro duodenal artery must be occluded before implanting SIR Spheres microspheres Alternatively the catheter should be placed well into the right and left hepatic arteries separately If there is an inability to take either of these options the patient must not receive SIR Spheres microspheres A number of patients will have tortuous vasculature that will preclude accurate and reliable placement of the catheter Any circumstance that reduces the ability to reliably deliver SIR Spheres microspheres to the desired location precludes use of the microspheres in that patient The percent lung shunting may alter the activity that can be safely implanted commensurate with acceptable risk of radiation pneumonitis The following recommendations apply Percent Lung Shunting Activity of SIR Spheres microspheres lt 10 Deliver full amount of SIR Spheres 10 to 15 Reduce amount of SIR Spheres by 20 15 to
168. ting on tissue samples but are not applicable to a clinical situation in which it is not possible to predict the absolute ratio of microspheres that will distribute to the tumor and normal liver compartments just by estimating the size of the liver The tumor to normal arterial blood flow ratio and hence the radiation dose is highly variable between patients and between different metastases within the same patient The assumption that yttrium 90 microspheres provide a homogeneous radiation source is inaccurate This is the result of the considerable variation in arterial blood flow between segments of the liver and the microspheres being delivered as a series of heterogeneously distributed point sources of radiation This provides highly variable radiation doses to individual cells Reports of radiation doses to normal liver tissue from yttrium 90 microspheres that exceed known lethal doses from external radiation sources are thus only inferred as not all cells receive doses at this level App 4 2 MIRD Theory and the Partition Model Standard MIRD theory has several limitations when applied to calculations of dosimetry from implanted SIR Spheres microspheres Firstly it assumes uniform distribution of activity throughout the source organ in this case the liver We know this is not the case as the microspheres partition between the tumor and the healthy parenchyma in relative concentrations given by the T N ratio Heterogeneity of distribution i
169. tion to make it suitable for super selective catheterization of the hepatic artery 1 31 Peri Procedural Precautions 1 31 1 Peri Procedural Medications To date over 1 500 patients with liver cancer have been treated using SIRT since SIR Spheres microspheres were approved in 2002 by the US Food and Drug Administration and the product was CE Marked for the EU Over 85 of these patients have been treated as outpatients defined as stays in hospital of 23 hours or less Most patients are discharged within eight hours of treatment TRN US 01 Page 42 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual Optimizing peri procedural care and discharge planning of all patients is very important This is especially so for patients receiving SIRT as most of these patients are treated in the palliative setting where quality of life is an important consideration The following clinical recommendations have been developed by physicians experienced in treating patients with liver cancer using SIRT 1 31 1 1 Gastrointestinal prophylaxis to prevent GI inflammation and ulceration A proton pump inhibitor e g omeprazole or pantoprazole or H2 blocker e g ranitidine commencing 1 week prior to treatment with SIRT and continuing for 4 weeks post treatment is recommended While the Interventional Radiologist must ensure that SIR Spheres microspheres do not enter the GI tract radiation from large volume tumors in the left lobe of the liver overlying the stomach may be s
170. tions pertaining to radioactive devices The relevant radiation authority should advise medical or surgical staff of standard procedures to be observed and the radiation risk posed by the intervention Medical surgical staff should proceed or not according to these procedures taking into account the radiation risks relative to patient benefit The discharge of patients following treatment by radioactive substances is permitted subject to local regulations For example in the USA 10CFR 35 75 states that patients may be released from hospital if the total effective dose equivalent to any other individual from exposure to the released individual is unlikely to exceed 5 mSv Written instructions as to how to minimize exposure to other individuals are to be issued if their exposure rate is likely to exceed 1 mSv In Australia see Recommendations for the Discharge of Patients Undergoing Treatment with Radioactive Substances ARPANSA 2002 the effective dose to the general public should not exceed 1 mSv per year but for an appropriately informed carer providing support for the patient the constraint is relaxed to 5 mSv When patient specific dose estimates to family members and members of the general public are not available it is recommended that patients only be released when the ambient dose equivalent rate at 1m from the patient does not exceed 25 uSv hr Measurements around patients who have received SIRT see the table above show that this dose r
171. to remove contamination as the microspheres and the water in which they are suspended are not sticky or tenacious on skin or other surfaces 5 8 The radiation officer should always perform the personnel decontamination in a controlled manner Self removal of contamination generally increases the risk of spreading contamination 6 Once all staff have been decontaminated and removed from the area the facility can be decontaminated 7 The radiation officer uses reports from the staff involved direct observation and objective measurements to determine the extent of contamination 7 1 7 2 7 3 7 4 7 5 The first step is to mark out the area of contamination At no stage should anyone cross through this area as it will spread contamination As a beta emitter shielding of the area is not generally required however this should be at the discretion of the radiation officer Decontamination should begin from the periphery and work towards the centre Forward progress should only occur after objective measurements on the materials used to wipe surfaces or instruments demonstrate that the immediate area is clean An initial step can begin with covering the area of spill with disposable plastic backed absorbent pads These offer a number of advantages They will absorb the liquid and microspheres and the plastic backing prevents the contamination coming though to the top of the cover This allows these to be picked up without direct co
172. tralia the majority of patients received regional chemotherapy Currently the best evidence for the use of SIR Spheres microspheres is in metastatic disease arising largely from primary disease in the large bowel as the phase 3 randomized clinical trial was conducted with these patients although there is considerable experience in using SIR Spheres microspheres in hepatocellular carcinoma Other liver cancers have been treated with SIR Spheres microspheres but the numbers are small As the randomized phase III trial provides the strongest evidence for response with SIR Spheres microspheres this is the current indication for use TRN US O1 Page 86 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual APPENDIX 15 REFERENCES Colorectal Liver Metastases Anderson J H Goldberg J A Bessent R G Kerr D J McKillop J H Stewart I Cooke T G amp McArdle C S 1992 Glass yttrium 90 microspheres for patients with colorectal liver metastases Radiotherapy and Oncology vol 25 no 2 pp 137 139 Andrews J C Walker S C Ackermann R J Cotton L A Ensminger W D Shapiro B amp Feinendegen L E 1994 Hepatic radioembolization with yttrium 90 containing glass microspheres Preliminary results and clinical follow up Journal of Nuclear Medicine vol 35 no 10 pp 1637 1646 Archer S amp Gray B 1989 The vascularisation of small liver metastases British Journal of Surgery 76 pp 545 548 Blanchard
173. tus must be used providing a safe environment for the implant procedure Use of the Delivery Apparatus is mandatory in the USA 1 25 Use of the Delivery Apparatus The Delivery Apparatus consists of a Delivery Set a V vial and the Delivery Box A video and a pictorial step by step dispensary poster which shows the set up and use of the Delivery Apparatus is available upon request from Sirtex The acrylic Delivery Box with the V Vial holder acts to shield the operating room staff from beta radiation emitted by SIR Spheres microspheres The Delivery Set and V Vial are used for the delivery of SIR Spheres microspheres SIR Spheres microspheres can be administered via the hepatic artery by one of two routes e atrans femoral catheter or e an implanted hepatic artery port If a needle is used to puncture an implanted hepatic artery port then the internal diameter of the needle must not be less than 0 65mm i e gauge 20 If a port is used to deliver the SIR Spheres TRN US O1 Page 36 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual microspheres then it is absolutely necessary to be completely sure that the catheter is placed correctly so that the SIR Spheres microspheres go only to the liver and not to any other organs such as the duodenum or stomach If a trans femoral catheter is used then it should have as large an internal diameter as possible in order to prevent blocking It may be preferable to use a micro catheter but the operator must be aw
174. ufficient to irritate the stomach and cause gastritis and ulceration 1 31 1 2 Anti nausea prophylaxis Anti emetics e g ondansetron or granisetron for post treatment nausea are recommended and should be commenced on the morning of the day of SIRT treatment 1 31 1 3 Post embolization syndrome prophylaxis Fever malaise and lethargy can occur as a result of the radiation injury and embolic effect of the SIR Spheres microspheres on the tumor neo vasculature Provided the patient is not diabetic and oral steroids are not otherwise contra indicated a tapering dose of oral corticosteroids e g methyl prednisolone or dexamethasone is recommended 1 31 1 4 Pain control Oral analgesia e g ketorolac may be required for 1 week following treatment to relieve pain from radiation injury and the embolic effect of SIR Spheres microspheres and liver capsular pain from tumor edema 1 31 1 5 Antibiotic prophylaxis The use of empirical antibiotic prophylaxis is not routinely recommended and should be based upon assessment of each patient s individual infection risk 1 51 2 SPECT Imaging Sirtex recommends a SPECT scan of the upper abdomen be performed immediately after implantation of SIR Spheres microspheres The SPECT scan will detect the Bremsstrahlung radiation from the yttrium 90 to confirm placement of the microspheres in the liver This is an optional test used for confirmation of correct placement only TRN US 01 Page 43 of 11
175. uld be stored appropriately inside the Type A package until the patient radiation dose is to be drawn If the microspheres are delivered pre measured confirm the product is as ordered and in good order and return it to its shielded container for storage until implant time To visually inspect the microspheres the shipping vial or v vial as applicable must be removed from the lead pot This should be done using long forceps or tongs to reduce radiation doses to fingers Furthermore if acrylic shielding is available the inspection should be through such shielding TRN US O1 Page 53 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual 1 40 4 2 Storage The duration of storage will vary depending on when the facility receives the SIR Spheres microspheres Devices are generally delivered the day before intended implant to allow time for dose preparation During storage the SIR Spheres microspheres should remain in the shielding in which they were shipped whenever possible At the least this should be the lead pot if not the Type A package Pre measured doses are also likely to be delivered in a lead pot If the nuclear medicine department prepares a patient dose in advance the v vial should be placed into the acrylic v vial holder for storage until required The lead pots or acrylic shields are effective in absorbing the beta emission from yttrium 90 Bremsstrahlung radiation is produced as the emissions hit the shielding and lead will cause more Br
176. ung Ativer ATumor Note As the lung is largely filled with air the CT scan cannot be used to measure the volume of the lung parenchyma and hence an estimation of 1000cc is made For the purpose of calculating tissue mass all tissue densities are estimated at 1gm cc If the lung mass is estimated to be 1000g then the radiation dose to the lung can be calculated from Equation 3 The percent lung shunting can be calculated from the nuclear medicine break through scan The tumor and normal liver radiation doses can also be simply calculated by first calculating the amount of yttrium 90 activity that remains in the liver Ajjye and tumor Atumor which is given by Equation 6 Equation 6 Ativer T Tumor Atotal F ALung The tissue radiation dose that will be delivered to the normal liver and tumor can be calculated from Equation 3 The nuclear medicine break through scan is used to determine the activity ratio between tumor and normal liver As the total Ariver ATumor is known from Equation 6 and the activity ratio also known the individual Aziver and Atumor can easily be calculated The volume and hence mass of tumor and normal liver can be measured from a CT scan In practical terms in order to calculate the total activity to be implanted while keeping the radiation doses to organs within desired limits the following equations should be used The activity required should be calculated using the lung dose as the limiting factor
177. unquantifiable self shielding effects of water air and the container The shape of the container should be consistent to minimise changes in the geometry of the source and thus self shielding effects For this reason the activity of the patient dose in the v vial is confirmed by re measuring the remaining activity in the shipping vial The container material also contributes to the activity measurement as the penetration through plastic is substantially greater than through glass A correction factor for the container is not generally necessary for glass containers This potential inconsistency is removed if all measurements for SIR Spheres microspheres are taken in the shipping vial 1 18 Dose Preparation Preparation of the individual patient dose will be undertaken by a Sirtex trained approved dispenser either within the medical institution using the SIR Spheres microspheres or by a nuclear dispensing facility elsewhere Results of data obtained from thermoluminescent detectors TLD worn by an operator preparing individual patient doses can be found in Appendix 8 of this document TLDs were worn on the trunk collar and fingers 1 19 Preparation of an Individual Patient Radiation Dose The patient specific activity as determined by the doctor is drawn from the shipping vial and placed into the v vial The v vial is then placed into the acrylic v vial holder and transported to where the patient will be treated The v vial holder is placed i
178. ure ccccccecsseesseeseceeeceeeceeeeeeeeeeseeeseeeeeesaes 57 8 10 Radiation Safety with the Patient oeoseossoessosssosssosssosssosesossssssssesssesssesssessseessesssosssesssosso 59 8 10 1 EAI EE E A AE E ES EE E E ES 59 8 10 2 Immediate Post Implant Care ccccccesccescceseceeeceeeceeeeeseeeeseeeseeeseeeseecaeenseeneenaeens 59 8 10 3 Accommodation seeen a r E e ach a ETa 60 8 10 4 General Nursing Care ccccccccssccssecsseceseceseceeecseeceeceeeseesaecsaecaeceseceaeeneeseeeseeeeneeesgs 60 8 10 5 Medical Testing and Other Interventions ccccecsceecseecseeseeesseessecseeenecnseenaeens 60 8 10 6 Visitors and CONACUS te ccceis se cs conn scesdaesndeivesncebaaesvecuats suchagitesedediveudebenneeeceeen te leeeere des 61 8 10 7 Patient Releaseics a aa aea a a aea aa aan E a aE aE aaa 61 8 10 8 Patient Death ysive E chotedduts ong donvala Uocea staat S E EST 62 8 11 Dealing with Contamination s sesesoossoossooesoossooesoosssosssosssosssossssesssesssesssesssesssecssesssesssesssoess 63 Appendix 1 Nuclear Medicine Break Through Scan c sscccsscsscscssscecsscsesescsscceseseessssseses 65 Appendix 2 Table of Toxicity from Phase 3 HAC Trial sssssscsssssscsscsssssscsscesseeeees 66 Appendix 3 Table of Toxicity for Phase 2 IV Trial e ssesssesssesssesssesssesssessoossoossoossoossoossoossoo 67 TRN US O1 Page 4 of 110 Appendix 4 Appendix 5 Appendix 6 Appendix 7 Appendix 8 Appen
179. y be dispersed to acceptable levels by the double flushing of a standard cistern Limits on activity for disposal of various isotopes using the various methods of waste management apply in most jurisdictions Knowledge of and compliance with applicable radioactive material disposal regulations is mandatory Facilities generally have strict policies to ensure compliance to this important issue 1 40 5 Radiation and Dose Preparation Of all personnel handling the device staff preparing specific patient doses handle and manipulate the highest activity This is particularly so if the dose is prepared the day before the implant Dose preparation is therefore undertaken in an approved facility which may be a registered or certified nuclear medicine pharmacy or dispensary or a nuclear medicine department within a hospital or other facility 1 40 5 1 Procedures Related to Radiation Safety SIR Spheres microspheres product has been designed and packed to reduce the radiation hazards associated with all stages of handling including dose preparation Although the device consists of solid microspheres these are suspended in slurry to allow the specific patient dose to be withdrawn as a volume in an essentially sealed system that is a needle and syringe This provides two important safety features these being the ability to conveniently add shielding to the handling process and a low risk of spilling the microspheres The shipping vial is delivered in
180. y of neuroendocrine tumors with radiolabeled somatostatin analogues Quarterly Journal of Nuclear Medicine vol 43 no 4 pp 356 366 DeNardo G L DeNardo S J O Donnell R T Kroger L A Kukis D L Meares C F Goldstein D S amp Shen S 2000 Are radiometal labeled antibodies better than iodine 131 labeled antibodies comparative pharmacokinetics and dosimetry of copper 67 iodine 131 and yttrium 90 labeled Lym 1 antibody in patients with non Hodgkin s lymphoma C nical Lymphoma vol 1 no 2 pp 118 126 DeNardo G L DeNardo S J Peterson J J Miers L A Lam K S Hartmann Siantar C amp Lamborn K R 2003 Preclinical evaluation of cathepsin degradable peptide linkers for radioimmunoconjugates Clinical Cancer Research vol 9 no 10 II pp 3865s 3872s DeNardo S J DeNardo G L Yuan A Richman C M O Donnell R T Lara P N Kukis D L Natarajan A Lamborn K R Jacobs F amp Hartmann Siantar C L 2003 Enhanced therapeutic index of radioimmunotherapy RIT in prostate cancer patients Comparison of radiation dosimetry for 1 4 7 10 tetraazacyclododecane N N N N tetraacetic acid DOTA peptide versus 2IT DOTA monoclonal antibody linkage for RIT C inical Cancer Research vol 9 no 10 II pp 3938s 3944s Ducreux M Lartigau E Eschwege F amp Etienne J P 1995 Radiotherapy of malignant liver tumours Gastroenterologie Clinique et Biologique v
181. yet to be completed Regional chemotherapy together with the radiation provides intense therapy to liver tumors This mode of chemotherapy would be an option for patients with disease confined to the liver The high extraction ratio of FUDR by the liver leaves only small amounts in systemic circulation This reduces the systemic toxicity of the chemotherapy but also reduces the ability to effectively treat any extra hepatic disease A further disadvantage is the requirement to implant a catheter into the hepatic artery and connect it to a port For up to 12 days a month the patient must use a pump containing the FUDR which may be external or implanted and the therapy is delivered via the catheter to the liver This is cumbersome and intense therapy but may provide additional benefit for patients with confined disease If patients were to receive regional chemotherapy then SIR Spheres microspheres would be delivered via the catheter and port implanted for the chemotherapy An alternative is systemic chemotherapy with 5FU leucovorin irinotecan or other approved chemotherapeutic regimes This provides less intense liver chemotherapy but as there are substantial circulating levels extra hepatic disease may be treated There is currently less experience with systemic chemotherapy and SIR Spheres microspheres published The systemic circulation of the drugs may increase side effects of the chemotherapy but for patients with extra hepatic metastases th
182. ypically manufactured from 45 to 48 hours before calibration to allow time for shipping The calibration time date and reference time zone is on the label The time zones for labeling include New York east coast time for the USA Greenwich Mean Time for Europe and Sydney east coast times for the Asia Pacific area This means for example that in the USA a device labeled as 3GBq at 1800 hours New York time will be at 3GBq at 1700 hours in TRN US 01 Page 9 of 110 Sirtex Medical Training Manual Chicago 1600 hours in Denver and 1500 hours in Los Angeles These time adjustments need to be made when calculating the activity of SIR Spheres microspheres and preparing patient doses SIR Spheres microspheres are not recommended for implantation before calibration time and date 1 3 Regulation SIR Spheres microspheres are regulated and approved in all major markets USA EU and Australia by therapeutic goods legislation as a medical device The product is classified in the USA as a Class II product and in EU and Australia as an AIMD Active Implantable Medical Device Copies of all certification may be obtained upon request See Section 8 1 of this manual for information on radiation regulation 1 4 How to Order SIR Spheres Microspheres 1 4 1 Certification SIR Spheres microspheres are used in restricted medical institutions that hold the appropriate license to handle SIR Spheres microspheres These institutions have radiation safety of

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